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[ { "type" : "literal", "value" : "Les J\u00FCrchen (mandchou : \u1835\u1860\u1867\u185D\u1828 Ju\u0161en, prononc\u00E9 : [\u02A4u\u0283\u0259n];chinois : \u5973\u771F (n\u01DAzh\u0113n)) sont un peuple aujourd'hui disparu qui se d\u00E9veloppa en Mandchourie sous l'empire khitan (907-1125). Ce terme est utilis\u00E9 pour d\u00E9crire collectivement un certain nombre de peuples d'Asie orientale parlant le toungouse qui vivent dans le nord-est de la Chine, une r\u00E9gion qui sera plus tard connue sous le nom de Mandchourie. Ayant v\u00E9cu avant le XVIIIe si\u00E8cle, les J\u00FCrchens sont les anc\u00EAtres en ligne directe des Mandchous qui fonderont la dynastie Qing. Les origines des J\u00FCrchens sont obscures et les diff\u00E9rents groupes composant ce peuple ont des modes de vie vari\u00E9s, pouvant \u00EAtre des chasseurs-cueilleurs, des pasteurs nomades ou des agriculteurs s\u00E9dentaires. G\u00E9n\u00E9ralement d\u00E9pourvus d'autorit\u00E9 centrale et communicant peu entre eux, de nombreux groupes J\u00FCrchens tombent sous l'influence des dynasties voisines, leurs chefs payant un tribut et occupant des postes nominaux en tant que commandants h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaires des gardes-fronti\u00E8res. Les fonctionnaires chinois de la dynastie Ming (1368-1644) ont class\u00E9 les diff\u00E9rents peuples J\u00FCrchens en trois groupes, refl\u00E9tant la proximit\u00E9 relative de ces derniers avec la Chine : 1. \n* Jianzhou (chinois : \u5EFA\u5DDE ; litt. \u00AB Pr\u00E9fecture construite \u00BB) Des tribus j\u00FCrchens, dont certaines \u00E9taient m\u00E9lang\u00E9es avec des populations cor\u00E9ennes et chinoises, vivant \u00E0 proximit\u00E9 du fleuve Mudan, des montagnes Changbai et du Liaodong. Ils sont r\u00E9put\u00E9s pour leur capacit\u00E9 \u00E0 coudre des v\u00EAtements similaires \u00E0 ceux des Chinois et vivent de chasse et de p\u00EAche, d'agriculture s\u00E9dentaire et de commerce de perles et de ginseng. 2. \n* Haixi chinois : \u6D77\u897F ; litt. \u00AB Ouest de la mer \u00BB) Des tribus J\u00FCrchens, dont le nom provient du fleuve Haixi ou Songhua. Les Haixi comprennent plusieurs tribus ind\u00E9pendantes et de grande taille, largement r\u00E9parties entre les pasteurs nomades \u00E0 l'ouest et les agriculteurs s\u00E9dentaires \u00E0 l'est. Ce sont les J\u00FCrchens qui sont le plus fortement influenc\u00E9s par les Mongols. 3. \n* Yeren (chinois : \u91CE\u4EBA ; litt. \u00AB Homme sauvage \u00BB), terme parfois utilis\u00E9 par les commentateurs chinois et cor\u00E9ens pour d\u00E9signer tous les J\u00FCrchens. Il d\u00E9signe plus sp\u00E9cifiquement les habitants des r\u00E9gions peu peupl\u00E9es du nord de la Mandchourie, au-del\u00E0 des vall\u00E9es des fleuves Liao et Songhua. Ces tribus vivent de la chasse, de la p\u00EAche, de l'\u00E9levage de porcs et d'une certaine agriculture migratoire. De nombreux \u00AB J\u00FCrchens Yeren \u00BB, comme les Nivkhes (qui parlent une langue isol\u00E9e), les Negidales, les Nanai, les Oroqen et les Evenks, sont aujourd'hui consid\u00E9r\u00E9s comme des groupes ethniques distincts. Les J\u00FCrchens sont surtout connus pour avoir fond\u00E9 deux dynasties ayant conquis tout ou partie du territoire chinois. La premi\u00E8re est la dynastie Jin (1115-1234) fond\u00E9e par Wanyan Aguda. Ce dernier finit par envahir l'empire de Khitans et le Nord de la Chine, repoussant les Song au Sud. Les Jin sont la premi\u00E8re dynastie r\u00E9gnant sur la Chine \u00E0 faire de P\u00E9kin leur capitale sous le nom de Zhongdu (\u4E2D\u90FD, \u00AB Capitale du Milieu \u00BB). Ils subissent les attaques de Gengis Khan et de ses descendants, voyant leur territoire se faire grignoter pendant trois d\u00E9cennies par les Mongols avant de finalement dispara\u00EEtre. Un royaume des J\u00FCrchen va perdurer en Mandchourie durant le si\u00E8cle suivant, jusqu'\u00E0 la fondation de la dynastie Qing (1616/1636-1912). Il faut noter que cette dynastie porte au moment de sa cr\u00E9ation le nom de \"Jin post\u00E9rieurs\", en r\u00E9f\u00E9rence \u00E0 celle de 1115. Elle est fond\u00E9e par Nurhachi (r. 1616-26), un chef J\u00FCrchen Jianzhou qui unifie la plupart des tribus J\u00FCrchen, qui incorpore toute leur population dans des r\u00E9giments militaires h\u00E9r\u00E9ditaires connus sous le nom de Huit Banni\u00E8res. Il ordonne \u00E9galement la cr\u00E9ation d'un alphabet j\u00FCrchen bas\u00E9 sur l'\u00E9criture mongole. 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