urinous ...: (sel urineux) an ammonium salt. Occasionally any alkaline salt.
... of wormwood: potassium carbonate, K2CO3, or possibly potassium hydrogen carbonate, KHCO3
Saturn: In astrological and alchemical thought, the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity. Saturn was associated with lead (plumbum)
Scheele's green: an acidic copper(II) arsenite, CuHAsO3, named for Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
Schlippe's salt: sodium sulfantimonate, Na3SbS4.9H2O, named for Carl Friedrich von Schlippe.
Sch�llkopf's acid: apparently, Sch�llkopf had three. 1-naphthol-4,8-disulfonic acid, 1-naphthylamine-4,8-disulfonic acid, and 1-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid. (Click here for structures.)
Seignette's salt: see rochelle salt. Peter Seignette was an apothecary at Rochelle.
Seven planets, seven metals: In astrological and alchemical thought, the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity. The associations were:
sorrel salt: potassium hydrogen oxalate, KHC2O4 (sal acetosella, salt of lemon)
Spanish white: bismuth oxychloride, BiOCl, or oxynitrate, BiONO3
spirit (spiritus): an essence or extract that can be prepared from another substance as by distillation. If not specified, spirits refer to alcohol (ethanol).
... of wine (spiritus vini): concentrated aqueous ethanol, C2H5OH, typically prepared by distilling wine; see aqua vitae. [Fahrenheit, Helmont, Mayow, Scheele, et al.]
... of wood: methanol
stannum glaciale: bismuth (literally glacial tin)
sugar of lead (saccharum saturni: lead acetate, Pb(CH3CO)2.3H2O
sulphovinic acid: ethyl hydrogen sulfate, C2H5.HSO4, the product of the reaction of sulfuric acid with ethyl alcohol
Sun (Sol): In astrological and alchemical thought, the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity. The sun was associated with gold (aurum).
sweet salt: sodium chlorite, NaClO2.
Sylvius's febrifuge salt: potassium chloride, KCl; named for the iatrochemist Franciscus Sylvius
tartar: (tartar of wine) potassium hydrogen tartrate, KHC4H4O6 [Stahl]
cream of ... (cremor tartari): tartar purified into small white crystals.
... A: an isotope of polonium produced in thorium decay, namely 216Po (half-life = 0.15 s).[Soddy]
... C: The names of two radioisotopes, both produced in thorium decay, included thorium C. Simple thorium C was an isotope of bismuth, namely 212Bi (half-life = 61 min); thorium C' was an isotope of polonium, namely 212Po (half-life = 0.3 µs) [Rutherford, Soddy]
... D: an isotope of thallium produced in thorium decay, namely 208Tl (half-life = 3 min). [Soddy 1 & 2]
... X: an isotope of radium produced in thorium decay, namely 224Ra (half-life = 3.6 d). [Rutherford, Soddy]
thymol blue: thymolsulphonphthalein, C27H30O5S, an acid-base indicator that changes from pink to yellow as the pH is raised through 2.2 and then to blue as the pH is raised through 8.8
... I: is simply the most abundant isotope of uranium, 238U.
... II: an isotope of uranium produced in uranium decay, namely 234U (half-life = 2.5x105 y). [Soddy 1, 2, & 3]
... X: There were two uranium X produced in uranium decay. Uranium X1 (simply uranium X before the discovery of uranium X2) was an isotope of thorium, namely 234Th (half-life = 24 d); uranium X2 was an isotope of protactinium 234Pa. [Crookes; Rutherford; Soddy 1, 2, & 3]
... yellow: sodium uranate, Na2UO4, a pigment used in glass and ceramics
... salt: (sel urineux) an ammonium salt, or occasionally, any alkaline salt
vegetable alkali: usually crude or purified potassium carbonate, K2CO3 (pearl ash), sometimes specified as mild vegetable alkali or fixed vegetable alkali. Caustic vegetable alkali is potassium hydroxide. [Davy]
Venus: In astrological and alchemical thought, the seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with seven metals also known in antiquity. Venus was associated with copper (cuprum).
virginium (Vi or Vm): a name proposed for element 87 (francium) in a report of detection of the element whose validity was ultimately not recognized.
vermilion: mercury(II) sulfide, HgS, a red pigment; also known as cinnabar. (See minium.)
vis viva: energy. The law of conservation of energy was originally phrased in terms of vis viva [Clausius, Joule, Kelvin, Mayer]
vitamin (or sometimes vitamine, from "vital amine" [Funk]): an organic substance essential in small quantities to the normal health of an animal. Vitamins must typically be supplied to the animal through diet. The chemical names for some vitamins follow. For structures, see this tutorial at Washington University St. Louis..
... A: retinol, C20H30O, a fat-soluble vitamin derived from carotenes
... B: a group of water-soluble, heat labile compounds that typically serve as co-enzymes. They include many examples that contain amine groups (as in "vital amine").
... C: ascorbic acid, C6H8O6, a water-soluble vitamin found in many fruits and green vegetables
... D: This fat-soluble vitamin consists of steroid derivatives including ergocalciferol, C28H44O, and cholecalciferol, C27H44O.
... E: This vitamin occurs in four naturally occuring forms, called α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol. The α form, C29H50O2, has the greatest activity; the β- and γ- forms have one fewer methyl group, and the δ- form two fewer.
vitriol: a sulfate, especially iron sulfate; see copperas.
water glass (also soluble glass): a hydrated sodium silicate, Na2Si4O9.xH2O, either an amorphous solid or in thick aqueous solution, used as a binder or adhesive.
wolfram: a name of Germanic origin originally applied to a native iron manganese tungstate and later to the element tungsten, hence the symbol W.
xylenol blue: 1,4-dimethyl-5-hydroxybenzenesulfonphthalein, an acid-base indicator that changes from red to yellow as the pH is raised through 2 and then to blue as the pH is raised through 8.8.
