{"id":5199,"date":"2020-11-24T17:18:02","date_gmt":"2020-11-24T22:18:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/?p=5199"},"modified":"2021-11-04T21:21:52","modified_gmt":"2021-11-05T01:21:52","slug":"podering_war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/podering_war\/","title":{"rendered":"Pondering War by Muriel Tillinghast (Members Blog)"},"content":{"rendered":"

(Download this document here<\/a>)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>I was in my third year at Howard University when I had an unusual opportunity to travel to Southeast Asia.\u00a0 One of my stops was in the Philippines \u2014 an archipelagic country, a big word for a nation of islands, in this case about 7600 islands or so.\u00a0 Two things among other insights have stayed with me.\u00a0 One was Corregidor.\u00a0 It was the gateway island that controlled entry into Manila Bay, the entry to the island of Luzon which houses the capital city, Manila.\u00a0 With a small group, I\u00a0 descended \u201cThe Rock,\u201d as it was called, some 20-odd years after the Japanese surrender.\u00a0 It established for me what the expression \u201cdug in\u201d actually means in war-talk.\u00a0 Observing this place in its dormancy, I could imagine its functionality as an unground city in war.\u00a0 \u00a0 Chroniclers of WWII\u00a0 have said that the Battle for Corregidor rivaled and surpassed the horrors of the infamous war camp Bataan, and we all know the hell that was.<\/span><\/p>\n

At a later point, I went to the US Military Cemetery in Manila.\u00a0 \u00a0 I had been to cemeteries before, but except for my visits to the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington, this seemed different.\u00a0 There was a stillness \u2014 not just a solemnity\u00a0 \u2014\u00a0 which silenced my head as I looked over the thousands of white crosses placed just so indicating a body was buried there.\u00a0 In many cases, the body had no name, some mother\u2019s son given to the earth, nameless, gone.\u00a0 It was profoundly sobering.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Changing the focus a bit, on another occasion I went to a piano concert.\u00a0 Now I am not given to concerts in particular, but this one was for a girl who was a prodigy, a genius who was Black.\u00a0 Philippa Schuyler was in concert. \u00a0 Her chosen instrument was the piano which was the original instrument for this magnificent music of which you just now heard a part.\u00a0 Her selected work was all 10 movements of \u201cPictures in an Exhibition\u201d by\u00a0 Modest Mussorgsky.\u00a0 The last movement is \u201cThe Great Gate of Kiev\u201d which you heard as you were assembling for this talk.\u00a0 Philippa Schuyler died in South Vietnam in the war, one of many.\u00a0 Philippa, a well prepared, multi-lingual, multi-talented woman of genius,\u00a0 was slammed and buffeted by racism.\u00a0 She would never be acknowledged.\u00a0 Even though we never met, I never forgot her.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Envision with me our coming to a large building,\u00a0 the one just up ahead.\u00a0 This imagery may not hold of all this speech, but hang in there with me for now.\u00a0 We won\u2019t go in yet and push open those huge doors.\u00a0 Let\u2019s stop.\u00a0 I want our conversation to be edifying\u00a0 Know now that I don\u2019t have answers; I have only perplexities.<\/span><\/p>\n

I have been wrestling with how to present this topic of \u201cwar\u201d\u00a0 to you in a way that has meaning and leaves you with something on your mind. I have pondered on how to hold this topic steady, to control the narrative,\u00a0 and to be clear in this limited period of time.\u00a0 Let\u2019s see. . . .<\/span><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s do the numbers as they say on NPR:\u00a0 the first of the World Wars<\/span> brought us 20 million dead with 21 million more wounded; <\/span> 110,000 more of them never returned or were MIA.<\/span>\u00a0 A half-million children became \u00a0 \u00a0 fatherless in England alone.<\/span>\u00a0 Then came along the Spanish Lady<\/span> or the Influenza of 1918.\u00a0 It was so impactful that it is considered the reason the world war stopped \u2014 more soldiers were dying of it than of bullets.\u00a0 Killing between 675,000 to 750,000<\/span> Americans alone, that pandemic made its documented presence in 1918, but it was suspected some time before that date.\u00a0 It killed between 50 to 100 million people world-wide<\/span> by the time it abated.\u00a0 Then came WWII<\/span> in less than 20 years with the human count by its conclusion some 6 years later of 50 – 56 million military and civilian fatalities with approximately 19 – 28 million war-related deaths due to disease and famine for a total of about 85 million people.<\/span>\u00a0 Out of the 50 – 56 million deaths, 50 – 55 million were civilians.<\/span> Sixteen million Germans<\/span> died with 415,000 MIAs.<\/span><\/p>\n

Purportedly, there are universal reasons for the initiation of war \u2014 the offensive strategies \u2014 but they are too numerous to enumerate here with much specificity except to say that they tend to be either culture-bound, primed with stoked anger and\/or tied to economic reasons often for private benefit which is cloaked or more concealed.<\/span><\/p>\n

Military art or science<\/span> is extensive, but I would submit that it is largely focused on current circumstances: the study of tactics and strategies in the current experience(s),\u00a0 next to nil on history, the manufacturing and use of weaponry, and the disciplining and deployment of the military fighters on all three spaces \u2014 land, sea, and air \u2014 to secure objectives operating within whatever standards exist or are enforceable by their commanders.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Reading about some of the world\u2019s implacable problems, I wrestled with various phrasing, \u201cto win the hearts and minds of people.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0 I wondered how this made any kind of sense?\u00a0 And, if so, to whom?\u00a0 The military was obliterating the people and their land \u2014 blowing up the ground and grinding the people to dust.\u00a0 What minds were they going to win? How was that supposed to happen?\u00a0 You can still hear that kind of thinking right up to today\u2019s American presence in Afghanistan and Syria.\u00a0 And, another expression, \u201ca war to end all wars.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0 Nonsensical and superficial, if hopeful.<\/span><\/p>\n

That a people had the right to choose their own government, I had been taught that this was an axiom of American foreign policy.\u00a0 It certainly was hammered home in my public school education.\u00a0 Then I read about the \u201cBanana Republics\u201d and American foreign policies in South America with the training of their military at the U.S. Army School of the Americas\u00a0 in Atlanta, Georgia.\u00a0 That taught me foursquare that the right to chose one\u2019s own style and kind of government\u00a0 independent of any major power is not operative nor has it ever been likely the case since the founding of this republic.\u00a0 That certainly came home in the Vietnam War where America dropped more bombs in little Vietnam and its neighboring countries than in all of WWII.<\/span> Even with all of that, how can you kill an idea as fundamental as independence?<\/span><\/p>\n

That said, it should be clear\u00a0 that what is publicly spoken, is far from the whole picture.\u00a0 Is this duplicity at its height?\u00a0 Probably.\u00a0 Most certainly, it is the fact that policy is complicated by the winding of private \u2014 generally corporate interests \u2014 into national policy and the public is certainly the last to know the real deal.\u00a0 They are not taught or encouraged to look beneath the surface.<\/span><\/p>\n

How quickly the enemy of yesterday can become the friend of today. \u00a0 Reading about the stranglehold the Third Reicht had on almost all of Western Europe, I was floored by the courage that the Russians exhibited in finally turning back Germany\u2019s eastern advance.\u00a0 Then I wondered how this country and her sister, England, could turn against not only their ally but their essential partner and enter into the so-called \u201cCold War?\u201d\u00a0 Further, why would the U.S. embrace former Nazis, high and low, and bring them to this country and\/or facilitate them going into South America?\u00a0 These were former enemies, dangerous men!\u00a0 Is America not a good friend?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

But there\u2019s a little more about which I couldn\u2019t reconcile so just work with me a bit more.\u00a0 The Great Powers ignored the Spanish Civil War<\/span>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 that was the precursor to the great conflagration of World War II. <\/span>\u00a0 Some suggest that if it had been won by the legitimately elected democratic forces, it could have nipped Hitler\u2019s moves in the bud. Weren\u2019t the European communists and socialists the first to signal that Hitler and his cohorts were evil and deadly?\u00a0 Why didn\u2019t the general population heed? Why are we still dancing around some of this same thinking in this country in the year 2020?\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Hatred \u2014 for real or imagined \u201creasons\u201d \u2014 bursts forth when opportunity allows.\u00a0 The psychotics and sociopaths are seemingly always with us, but they need fertile ground on which to grow politicly.\u00a0 Did the United States encourage the importation of significant numbers of these types from Europe in the great westward expansion of this country increasing the already present sense of white domination and nationalism?\u00a0 What accounts for this in real terms?\u00a0 Can information actually sweep away gross, intentioned ignorance?<\/span><\/p>\n

Why is mankind so unwilling to grow, admit past errors, improve judgment, and make amends where possible and allowed?\u00a0 Surely, we by now, especially in the so-called west, we should realize that all of us are on the same small planet in the solar system and that no one group owns the earth!\u00a0 Why is that a continued fantasy?<\/span><\/p>\n

I remember talking with the small shopkeepers who occupied every corner in my neighborhood for blocks.\u00a0 I was an inquisitive kid and so I asked them, how did they end up in my part of the city.\u00a0 Who were they with their thick accents, where did they come from? \u00a0 They showed me the tattoos on their forearms, gotten at some place called a concentration camp.\u00a0 I was 5 or 6 years old, maybe a little older.\u00a0 They told me that they were \u201cDPs\u201d displaced persons, people found by the Allies and released after the defeat of Germany. They were everywhere. \u00a0 At the time, in my unsophisticated mind, it was just something I stuck in my memory bank.\u00a0 Later, when reading about the displacement of Native Peoples here in this country, I saw great similarities.\u00a0 Who\u2019s the copy cat?\u00a0 When I read about the Serbs and Croats efforts to vanquish the Moslems in Central Europe, doesn\u2019t it sounded like a replay of the same kind of machinery and treachery we have seen and heard before?<\/span><\/p>\n

Somewhere along the line,\u00a0 I came to the recognition that government and private interests work by symbiosis particularly in the area of\u00a0 foreign policy; you might say they are intertwined.\u00a0 The mission and policy outcomes of war have many layers most of which cannot be easily resolved, certainly not publicly.\u00a0 Often the reason for the current war is because of some things\/issues\/bad blood which occurred in past ones. There\u2019s no finality to the action however intense and singular. \u00a0 Sense and reason are often sacrificed on the altar of bloodlust.\u00a0 The essence or kernels fundamental to both the mission and outcome are more soundly found out through diligent research rather than through the blather of politicians.\u00a0 We are still figuring out pieces of the American Revolution much less the hundreds of war situations during and since then.<\/span><\/p>\n

Now maybe if you understand that, this comment may now resonate: \u201cthe first casualty of war is truth.\u201d\u00a0 You are only told what you \u201cneed to know\u201d and that is very little. \u00a0 And, all you really need to know is to how to conform and support the troops whether in or out of uniform.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Elaborate embellishments cover all of the following :\u00a0 (1) coveted land and resources \u2014 almost never stolen people, (2) retribution for some past actions of a prior war as in the debacle of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the rub could go back centuries, but it only went to the previous world war \u2014 20 years earlier \u2014 for Hitler\u2019s enmity to find harvest; and, (3) finally on my list, displacing current residents \u2014 the wrong people in the wrong place at the wrong time, I will let you apply that to situations with which you are familiar.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

War\u2019s violence brings about new trauma, new causes for hate because there are new violations.\u00a0 And, war is going to make things right, yes?\u00a0 No, that is what the propaganda machine spews.\u00a0 The state\u2019s or the empire\u2019s military might has to spin for itself a \u201cbelievable myth\u201d that not only soldiers will buy, but that the general population will support as well. \u00a0 The more vile or villainous the \u201ccausal act or actions,\u201d the stronger the anticipated popular response.\u00a0 But here\u2019s the hitch:\u00a0 wars almost never go the way the initiators anticipate for a variety of reasons.\u00a0 In protracted wars, privation usually visits the home country in some ways.\u00a0 But most interestingly, the people calling for the war never seem to fight in them.\u00a0 They send somebody else\u2019s sons and now daughters to do their deeds.\u00a0 Indeed, war is an odd affair.\u00a0 Full of moronic behaviors and thoughts to say the least.\u00a0 In the meanwhile,\u00a0 people are dying and all of the attendant destruction is occurring.<\/span><\/p>\n

Let\u2019s bring this conversation home.\u00a0 Between the jabs from our current political leadership and the internet-trolls combined with what had been underground arch-right menaces, I hear the word \u201cwar\u201d frequently.\u00a0 It is bandied about in the media lightly, to my thinking, without real concern or warning.<\/span><\/p>\n

Wars begin in the hearts and minds of men.\u00a0 It has been a man\u2019s game.\u00a0 For at least the last 2, 000 years, for the want of control of particular resources or people, men have marched, ridden,\u00a0 and since WWII flown hundreds if not thousands of miles to acquire and satisfy the avarice of their leadership.\u00a0 Beneficence is not a common factor in war, so those in the way \u2014 women and children, non-combatants all \u2014 pay with their lives and means, blatantly a case of being in the wrong place at the wrong time.<\/span><\/p>\n

I have also wondered, have you, has there ever been a day without war anywhere at any time?\u00a0 I would be grateful to know of one.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Here are some thoughts on the world stage:\u00a0 the constant wars in Asia with the growth and contraction of China\u2019s sense of empire; the national expansion in Japan towards a single country and its ravishing\u00a0 and plunder of Manchuria, Korea, and China proper; much earlier the movement of the Mongol khans into Europe who shook the earth with the thundering hoofs of between 130 to 150 thousand men on horseback; the constant wars in Europe as the peevish greed of church and state churned the countrysides from Rome to Scandinavia into battlefields for who would dominate whom in Europe and later, the New World; the subjugation and vanquishing of Native Peoples in the New World; the kidnapping and enslaving of Africans to turn the forested regions of that New World into agricultural gain; the wars about whose god is God and what books and writings about Him were acceptable or not and on and on. . . .\u00a0 These are my wars that I have wrestled with for this talk.<\/span><\/p>\n

War\u2019s restlessness is part and parcel of the American tradition, that this country \u2014 according to reliable sources has had less than 25 years of so-called \u201cpeace\u201d since it began in 1617.\u00a0 And, what is \u201cthe peace?\u201d Well, that\u2019s another conversation for another day.\u00a0 The opposite of war is no war, peace is a much greater concept yet to be fully understood or explored.<\/span><\/p>\n

Established as a colony, and moved on to being a settler state, and later a nation, this country has maintained an on-going war with Native Peoples from the beginning. The level of destruction to them should be obvious when we call out Native American words that mark our rivers, mountains, counties, streets and states in language given by those people but they not around or are no longer here. I mention that the bounty coaxed from the land and its profits have never been shared with the formerly enslaved population or the mill and factory workers who eked out a living\u00a0 in the industrial transference of raw materials into consumer goods.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

Organized labor fought many a bloody battle for what we have come to recognize as the ordinary work week and basic demands for workers\u2019 rights and dignity in the work place.\u00a0 Those unionists faced constant military and para-military might fixed to waylay or obliterate their demands.\u00a0 As a complete absurdity to me is that the police have a union!\u00a0 Do we make a mockery of everything?\u00a0 Is every idea up for sale?<\/span><\/p>\n

So \u201cwar\u201d can and does become internal.\u00a0 We call them by many words, but civil unrest, civil war just about covers it. Organized labor made many missteps regarding race and now it faces a\u00a0 backlash from people who never struggled, and therefore have a loose meaning as to the efforts made.\u00a0 However,\u00a0 for a brief period, at least, they have enjoyed the \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 hard-won benefits of other\u2019s sacrifice.<\/span><\/p>\n

You can see today what the progeny of the anti-democratic forces are willing to devalue in our fragile democracy as you observe the current struggles at the federal level.\u00a0 Whether you actively admire or are merely passive in your participation in our political process, you have some understanding of those who would throw it all away and what that will mean going forward.\u00a0 They are those who are deranged and ignorant of the basic tenets of right and wrong, justice and injustice, and think they will not have to finally pay the paymaster.\u00a0 Everyone pays the piper one way or another!<\/span><\/p>\n

As war has maintained itself in many societies across time and space, there seems to always be a level of \u201cprofessionalism\u201d which persists despite the futility of the war itself.\u00a0 With a seemingly permanent social status, the persons and actions have found their way into the social structure; it signals permanency in the political agenda going forward.<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

There are cracks and arrangements in the machinery of war where recognition for sheer survival requires cooperation over conflict.\u00a0 Sometimes that has reached the national and international stage, that is what treaties<\/span> are all about.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cOn 12 June 1941, the representatives of Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa as well as representatives of the exiled governments from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia, and the Free French, met in London to sign the Declaration of St. James Palace to pledge their solidarity in fighting aggression until victory against the Axis powers was won.\u201d<\/span> The Declaration\u00a0proclaimed that \u201cthe only true basis of enduring peace is the willing cooperation of free peoples in a world in which, relieved of the menace of aggression, all may enjoy economic and social security.”\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

WWII finally halted on September 2, 1945.\u00a0 Approximately 6 weeks later on October 24, 1945, 51 countries came together to create the\u00a0United Nations or the\u00a0UN.\u00a0 Its purpose was to promote peace and cooperation around the world.\u00a0 The event was to be observed by all member countries.<\/span>\u00a0 \u2026.\u00a0We have seen the effort and the evisceration.\u00a0 Yet the U.N. endures\u00a0 —\u00a0 there is nothing else to take its place — and, so does war.\u00a0 Seventy-five years for a very difficult job, happy birthday United Nations, take a bow!<\/span><\/p>\n

Why does the Republican Party hate the UN? This is what I think.\u00a0 Cutting through the verbiage, this is the bottom line. They conjure up many things, but I think that the corporate partners of the Republican\/Federal\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 government structure do not want or ever intend to be held accountable for their operations, overt or covert.\u00a0 And, they certainly have no intention of being held accountable before any world body, particularly one dominated in any form or manner by people of color.\u00a0 Period, the end of discussion!\u00a0 Where are the Democrats on the U.N.?\u00a0 From my observation, the Dems have been milquetoast.\u00a0 There has been no champion for the United Nations in this country for decades.\u00a0 And the failure<\/span> pay up and bring forward its billion-dollar dues is mind-boggling.\u00a0 I guess they would rather kill using the military, than spending the funds to diplomatically let the UN do what it needs to do.<\/span><\/p>\n

The military of the\u00a0United States is deployed in\u00a0more than 150 countries\u00a0around the world, with approximately 165,000 of its active-duty personnel permanently assigned outside the\u00a0United States\u00a0and its territories excluding Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria.<\/span><\/p>\n

When we come to the 20th century, we come to the marriage of technology and military might that is, in fact, capable of eradicating huge populations in current and future time. This echos the warning of Dwight Eisenhower some 50 years ago, \u201cBeware of the military-industrial complex.\u201d<\/span>\u00a0 The use of depleted uranium in Fallujah<\/span> (Iraq) and apparently throughout Iraq and the Gulf Wars, not to mention the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki has rendered normal childbearing and normal children out of the question for women in those\u00a0 areas.\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

And, while in the past, somehow human life has endured, that question remains open to shaky speculation as atomic power and its acquisition has unsecured the dominance in international warfare of the super powers and put its access in the hands of interests which function differently who have other bridges to burn. \u00a0 What will the future bring?\u00a0 I do not know. \u00a0 This is our hope.<\/span><\/p>\n

In closing I give you this most famous quotation from the\u00a0 the Hindu text, the\u00a0 Bhagavad-Gita, which has been quoted by many across time.\u00a0 Most recently, however, it is attributed to J. Robert Oppenheimer, Father of the atomic bomb, winner of that bitter race to create and control atomic\u00a0 <\/span>energy that the Third Reich was also trying to establish,\u00a0 but here it is:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u201cNow I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thank you.<\/span><\/p>\n

\n

\u00a01 During the conflict, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers) fought against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Romania, Japan and the United States (the Allied Powers).
\n2<\/span>\u00a0World War I casualties – Centre europ\u00e9en Robert Schuman.\u00a0 www.centre-robert-schuman.org\u00a0\u203a userfiles \u203a files \u203a REPE\u2026PDF World War I casualties – Centre europ\u00e9en Robert Schuman
\n3<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>The Lost Doughboys \u2014 The Hunt Continues for American \u2026 \u00a0 <\/span>militaryhistorynow.com\u00a0\u203a 2016\/03\/09 \u203a the-lost-doughboys.
\n4 <\/span>A lot of\u00a0children\u00a0had a tough time during the war as their fathers, brothers and uncles\u00a0were\u00a0away serving. Over 500,000\u00a0children\u00a0lost their father in World War One. It\u00a0was\u00a0the biggest loss of fathers in modern British history.
\n<\/span>Childhood in WW1 – Black Country Living Museum.
\n5 <\/span>I<\/span>ts origin was from a tiny, hardscrabble, rural town in Kansas, in Haskill County to be exact <\/span>1918 Flu History Documentary, Youtube.\u00a0 And,<\/span>The site of origin of the 1918 influenza pandemic and its \u2026\u00a0 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\u00a0\u203a pmc \u203a articles \u203a PMC340389.\u00a0 Jan 20, 2004 \u2014\u00a0In actuality, by then the county was free of\u00a0influenza.\u00a0Haskell County,\u00a0Kansas, is the first recorded instance anywhere in the world of an outbreak\u00a0…
\n<\/span>by JM Barry\u00a0\u00b7 2004\u00a0\u00b7 Cited by 122\u00a0\u00b7 Related articles
\n6 <\/span>“Is the World Due for an Influenza Pandemic?” | Mount Sinai …
\n<\/span>www.mountsinai.org\/about\/newsroom\/2019\/is-the…
\n7 Ibid
\n8<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>The main combatants were the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and\u00a0Japan) and the Allies (France, Great Britain,\u00a0the United States,\u00a0the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China).Sep 10, 2020.
\n9 <\/span>World War II casualties – Wikipedia
\n<\/span>en.wikipedia.org\u00a0\u203a wiki \u203a World_War_II_casualties
\n10 <\/span>World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70\u201385 million people perished, or about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion).
\n<\/span>World War II casualties – Wikipedia
\n<\/span>en.wikipedia.org\u00a0\u203a wiki \u203a World_War_II_casualties
\n11 Fourteen million were killed internally:\u00a0 6 million Jews, the\u00a0 then Jehovah Witnesses, handicapped, homosexuals, mentally challenged, political enemies and people that get on the Nazi\u2019s nerves.\u00a0 The rest maybe attributable to those Germans killed in their displacement from occupied territories at the end of the war.
\n12 \u00a0Military art\u00a0is a field of theoretical research and training methodology in\u00a0military science\u00a0used in the conduct of\u00a0military\u00a0operations on land, in the maritime or air\u00a0\u2026 Military art (military science) – Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org\u00a0\u203a wiki \u203a Military_ar
\n13 <\/span>How does a conquering army overcome resistance from the local population? For the United States, the answer has often taken the form of the somewhat nebulous concept of <\/span>\u201c<\/span>winning hearts and minds.\u201d
\n<\/span>. . .Essentially, the United States tried to convince the native population that they have been liberated and that their quality of life has been improved by a benevolent American invasion.\u201d\u00a0 \u201cWinning Hearts and Minds\u201d – The Long History of a Failed …www.warhistoryonline.com\u00a0\u203a instant-articles \u203a winning-\u2026\u00a0 Oct 3, 2018
\n14 <\/span>Woodrow Wilson\u2019s World\u00a0War\u00a0of 1914\u20131918. Originally idealistic, it is now mainly used sardonically. The war to end war – Wikipedia \u00a0 en.wikipedia.org\u00a0\u203a wiki \u203a The_war_to_end_war
\n15 <\/span>A visual record of the largest aerial bombardment in history
\n<\/span>Between 1965 and 1975, the United States and its allies dropped\u00a0more than\u00a07.5 million tons of\u00a0bombs\u00a0on\u00a0Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia\u2014double the amount dropped on\u00a0Europe\u00a0and Asia during\u00a0World War II. \u00a0 \u00a0 Bombing Missions of the Vietnam War – Esri\u00a0 storymaps.esri.com\u00a0\u203a stories \u203a vietnam-bombing
\n16 <\/span>Excerpt from a speech delivered in 1933, by Major\u00a0General Smedley Butler, USMC. War is just a racket. A racket is best described, I believe, as something that is\u00a0\u2026\u00a0 <\/span>Military Force:\u00a0United States Marine Corps. \u00a0 Smedley Butler on Interventionism.\u00a0 fas.org\u00a0\u203a man \u203a smedley.
\n17 <\/span>The Spanish Civil War: A Trial Run for World War II | nationalinterest.org\u00a0\u203a feature \u203a the-spanish-civil-war-trial- \u00a0 And,
\n<\/span>Spanish Civil War:\u00a0 Jul 17, 1936 \u2013 Apr 1, 1939\u00a0 Spanish Civil War – Wikipedia
\n<\/span>en.wikipedia.org\u00a0\u203a wiki \u203a Spanish_Civil_War
\n<\/span>WWII dates:\u00a0 September 1, 1939 \u2013 September 2, 1945.\u00a0 World War II: Summary, Combatants & Facts – HISTORY www.history.com\u00a0\u203a topics \u203a world-war-ii-history
\n18 The military of the\u00a0United States is deployed in\u00a0more than 150 countries\u00a0around the world, with approximately 165,000 of its active-duty personnel permanently assigned outside the\u00a0United States\u00a0and its territories excluding Afghanistan, Iraq and Syria
\n19 <\/span>Under international law, a treaty is any legally binding agreement between states (countries). A treaty can be called a Convention, a Protocol, a Pact, an Accord, etc.; it is the content of the agreement, not its name, which makes it a treaty.
\n20 <\/span>History of the United Nations | United Nations.www.un.org\u00a0\u203a model-united-nations \u203a history-united-n…
\n21 <\/span>Saturday,\u00a0October 24
\n<\/span>United Nations Day 2020 Saturday, October 24; www.un.org \u203a events \u203a unday
\n<\/span>During\u00a0World War II, the\u00a0Allies\u2014known\u00a0formally as the United Nations\u2014adopted as their basic war aims the\u00a0Four Freedoms\u00a0freedom of speech,\u00a0freedom of religion,\u00a0freedom from fear, and\u00a0freedom from want.[15][16]\u00a0Towards the end of the war, the\u00a0United Nations Charter\u00a0was debated, drafted, and ratified to reaffirm “faith in\u00a0fundamental human rights, and dignity and worth of the human person” and commit all member states to promote “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion”.[17]\u00a0When the atrocities committed by\u00a0Nazi Germany\u00a0became fully apparent after the war, the consensus within the world community was that the\u00a0UN\u00a0Charter did not sufficiently define the rights to which it referred.[18][19]\u00a0It was deemed necessary to create a universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals so as to give effect to the Charter’s provisions on human rights.[20] <\/span>www.scribd.com<\/span>\u00a0\u203a document \u203a Universal-Declaration-o…<\/span><\/a>
\n22 Of the U.S. arrears to the UN totaling over $1.3 billion, $612 million was payable under Helms-Biden. The remaining $700 million resulted from various legislative and policy withholdings.
\n<\/span>United States and the United Nations – Wikipedia<\/span><\/p>\n

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(Download this document here) \u00a0I was in my third year at Howard University when I had an unusual opportunity to travel to Southeast Asia.\u00a0 One of my stops was in the Philippines \u2014 an archipelagic country, a big word for a nation of islands, in this case about 7600 islands or so.\u00a0 Two things among […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[95,108],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-lucy","category-members-blog"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5199","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5199"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5199\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5383,"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5199\/revisions\/5383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5199"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5199"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/bsec.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5199"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}