Skip to main content

Advertisement

Springer Nature Link
Log in
Menu
Find a journal Publish with us Track your research
Search
Saved research
Cart
  1. Home
  2. Atlas of Parasitic Pathology
  3. Chapter

Protozoan Diseases

  • Chapter
  • pp 13–95
  • Cite this chapter
Save chapter
View saved research
Image Atlas of Parasitic Pathology
Protozoan Diseases
  • K. Salfelder3,
  • T. R. de Liscano3 &
  • E. Sauerteig3 

Part of the book series: Current Histopathology ((CUHI,volume 20))

  • 4930 Accesses

  • 3 Altmetric

Abstract

Protozoans are unicellular parasites. Several protozoans, e.g. Giardia lamblia. Trichomonas vaginalis, Blastocystis hominis and Cryptosporidium spp., are present in the lumens of hollow organs without invasion of tissues. Only a few of the numerous protozoan species are pathogenic for man

Download to read the full chapter text

Chapter PDF

Similar content being viewed by others

Image

Synchronization of Pathogenic Protozoans

Chapter © 2017
Image

Protozoa

Chapter © 2023
Image

Protozoal Infections

Chapter © 2022

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, books and news in related subjects, suggested using machine learning.
  • Embryonal Neoplasms
  • Parasite biology
  • Parasitic liver diseases
  • Protozoa and Algae
  • Parasitology
  • Parasitic infection

References

  1. Schenone, H. and Rojas, A. (1989). Algunos datos y observaciones pragmáticas en relación a la epidemiolgía de la enfermedad de Chagas. Bol. Chil. Parasitol, 44, 66

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Brass, K. (1955). Statistische Untersuchungen über die idiopathische Myokarditis im Raum Valencia, Venezuela. Frankf. Z. Path, 66, 77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Doehnert, H. R. and Motta, G. (1965). Enfermedad de Chagas y miocarditis crónica. Arch. Venez. Med. Trop. Parasit. Med, 5, 124

    Google Scholar 

  4. Maeckelt, G. A. (1965). El Diagnóstico Parásito-immunológico de la Infección Chagásica. Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas

    Google Scholar 

  5. Salfelder, K. (1971). Pathologisch-anatomische Probleme der Chagas-myokarditis, Krongressber. II. Tag. Oester. Ges. Tropenmed., IV. Tag. Dtsch. Tropenmed. Ges. Verlags. Kont. H. Scheffler, Luebeck, p. 72

    Google Scholar 

  6. Sauerteig, E. (1978). Es todavia la enfermedad de Chagas un problema de salud publica? Hospital “Dr. Luis Razetti”, Barinas/-Venezeula

    Google Scholar 

  7. Novoa Montero, D. A. (1983). Chagas disease and chronic myocardiopathy: An epidemiologic study of four Venezuelan rural communities. Doctoral thesis. The Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  8. Novoa Montero, D. A. (1990). Similar death rates among chagasic and non-chagasic Venezuelan rural adults through a 1 2-yearfollowup study. XL Convert. An. ASOVAC, Cumaná/Venezuela

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chandler, F. W. and Watts, J. C (1988). Immunofluorescence as an adjunct to the histopathologic diagnosis of Chagas disease. J. Clin. Microbiol, 26, 567

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schottelius, J. (1984). Differentiation between Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli on the basis of their sialic acid contentTropenmed. Parasit, 35, 160

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ley, V., Andrews, N. W., Robbins, E. S. and Nussenzweig, V. (1988). Amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi sustain an infective cycle in mammalian cells. J. Exp. Med, 168, 649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Fiedler, F. (1899). Festschr. 4. Stadtkrankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt

    Google Scholar 

  13. Tanowitz, H. B. et al. (1990). Enhanced platelet adherence and aggregation in Chagas disease: a potential pathogenic mechanism for cardiomyopathy. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 43, 274

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Morris, S. A. et al. (1990). Pathophysiological insights into the cardiomyopathy of Chagas disease. Circulation, 82, 1900

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Andrade, S. G. (1990). Influence of Trypanosoma cruzi strain on the pathogenesis of chronic myocardiopathy in mice. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 85, 17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jaffé, R. Dominguez, A., Kozma, C and Gavaller, B. V. (1962). Bemerkungen zur Pathogenese der Chagaskrankheit. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit, 12, 2

    Google Scholar 

  17. Cossio, P. M. et al. (1977). Chagasic cardiopathy. Immunopathologic and morphologic studies in myocardial biopsies. Am. J. Pathol., 86, 533

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Koeberle, F. (1959). Cardiopathia parasympathicopriva. Münch. Med. Wschr, 101, 1308

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Oliveira, J. S. M. (1985). A natural model of intrinsic heart nervous system denervation: Chagas’ cardiopathy. Am. Heart J, 110, 1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Amorim, D. S. et al. (1982). Chagas disease as an experimental model for studies of cardiac autonomic function in man. Mayo Clin. Proc, 57, 42

    Google Scholar 

  21. Davila, D. F. (1988). Heart rate response to atropine and left ventricular function in Chagas heart disease. Int. J. Cardiol, 21, 143

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Fuenmayor, A. J. et al. (1988). The Valsalva maneuver, a test of the functional status of cardiac innervation in chagasic myocarditis. Int. J. Cardiol, 18, 351

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Casado, J., Davila, D. F. et al. (1990). Electrocardiographic abnormalities and left ventricular systolic function in Chagas heart disease. Int. J. Cardiol, 27, 55

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Davila, D. F. (1988). Vagal stimulation and heart rate slowing in acute chagasic myocarditis. J. Auton. Nerv. Syst, 25, 233

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gottberg, C. F. et al. (1988). Heart rate changes in acute chagasic myocarditis. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 851

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Amorim, D. S. and Olsen, E. G. J. (1982). Assessment of heart neurons in dilated (congestive) cardiomyopathy. Br. Heart J, 47, 11

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Amorim, D. S. (1981). Is there autonomic impairment in (congestive) dilated cardiomyopathy. Lancet, 1, 525

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Davila, D. F. (1989). Cardiac parasympathetic abnormalities. Cause or consequence of Chagas’ heart disease? Parasitol. Today, 5, 327

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Sauerteig, E. (1991). Chagaskrankheit. In Tropenmedizin in Klinik und Praxis. Thieme Verlag, Germany (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  30. Schoening, B. (1989). The dog as reservoir host of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. Trop. Med. Parasit, 40, 500

    Google Scholar 

  31. Schmidt, H. (1983). The pathogenesis of trypanosomiasis of the CNS. Virchows Arch. (Pathol. Anal) 399, 333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Sudarto, M. W. (1990). Immunohistochemical demonstration of Trypanosoma evansi in tissues of experimentally infected rats and a naturally infected water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). J. Parasitol, 76, 162

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Emeribe, A. O. et al. (1990). Platelet aggregation inhibition in Trypanosoma vivax infection of sheep. Cent. Afr. J. Med, 36, 1

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Grootenhuis, J. G. (1990). Susceptibility of African buffalo and Boran cattle to Trypanosoma congolense transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis. Vet. Parasitol, 35, 219

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Sachs, R. Mehlitz, D. and Zillmann, U. (1984). Sleeping sickness in West-Africa: parasitological-epidemiological field studies in LiberiaZbl. Bakt. Hyg. A, 258, 384

    Google Scholar 

  36. East African Trypanosomiasis Research Organization Report. (1965). Authorities of the East African Common Services Organization

    Google Scholar 

  37. Brun, R., Jenni, L, Schoenenberger, M. and Schell, K. F. (1981). In vitro cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense, and T. gambiense. J. Protozool, 28, 470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Poltera, A. A., Ows, R. and Cox, J. N. (1977). Pathological aspects of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Uganda. Virchows Arch. Abt. Path. Anal 373, 249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. de Raadt, P. and Koten, J. W. (1968). Myocarditis in Rhodesian trypanosomiasis. E Afr. Med. J, 45, 128

    Google Scholar 

  40. Brink, A. J. and Weber, H. W. (1966). Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) of East, Central and West Africa compared with South African endomyocardiopathies. S. A. Med. J, 40, 455

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Poltera, A. A. and Cox, J. N. (1977). Pancarditis with valvulitis in endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) and in human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). A comparative histological study of four Uganda cases. Virchows Arch. Abt. A. Path. Anal, 275, 53

    Google Scholar 

  42. Price, E. W. and Fitzherbert, M. (1965). Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Med. J, 3, 57

    Google Scholar 

  43. Bryceson, A. D. (1969). Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, I. The clinical and histological features of the disease. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 63, 708

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Pringle, G. (1957). Oriental sore in Iraq. Historial and epidemiologic problems. Bull. Endem. Dis. (Baghdad), 2, 41

    Google Scholar 

  45. Mutinga, M. J., Kihara, S. M., Lohding, A., Mutero, C. M., Ngatia, T. A. and Karanu, F. (1989). Leishmaniasis in Kenya: description of leishmaniasis of a domestic goat from Transmara, Narok District, Kenya. Trop. Med. Parasitol, 40, 91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Krampitz, H. E. (1981). Primary and secondary skin leishmaniasis in experimental rodent hosts. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. I Abt. Orig. A, 250, 191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cillari, E. et al. (1990). Rapid quantitative method for measuring phagocytosis of Leishmania promastigotes using a double radio labelling method. J. Immunol. Meth, 130, 57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Akhtar, M. et al. (1991). Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by fine needle aspiration biopsy; report of a case. Diagn. Cytopathol, 7, 172

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Pessoa, S. B. and Barreto, M. P. (1948). Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana. Min. de Educacao e Saude, Rio de Janeiro

    Google Scholar 

  50. Pifano, F. and Scorza, J. V. (1960). Aspectos immunologicos de las leishmanias que parasitan al hombre, con especial referencia a la Leishmania brasiliensis Pifano, Medina y Romero, 1957. Arch. Venez. Med. Trop. Parasit. Med, 111, 16

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kerdel-Vegas, F. (1966). Histopatologia de la Leishmaniasis americana. Med. Cutánea, 3, 267

    Google Scholar 

  52. Convit, J., Rodriguez, G., Henriquez, A. J. and Medina, R. (1968). Histopatologia de la Leishmaniasis Tegumentaria Americana. Derm. Venez, XI, 475

    Google Scholar 

  53. Pons, R., Serano, H. and Marmol Leon, P. (1974). Incidencias de la Leishmaniasis tegumentaria americana en poblaciones del Dtt. Miranda del Edo. Zulia (Venezuela). Kasmera (Univ. del Zulia), 5, 31

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kahl, L. P. etal. (1991). Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis: comparative pathology of golden hamsters infected with isolates from cutaneous and mucosal lesions of patients residing in Tres Bracos, Bahia, Brazil. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 44, 218

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Montenegro, J. (1926). A cutis-reaccao na leishmaniose. Ann. Fac. Med Sao Paulo, 1, 323

    Google Scholar 

  56. Salinas, G. et. al. (1990). Detección de amastigotes en leishmaniasis cutanea y mucocutanea por el método de immunoperoxidasa, usando anticuerpo policlonal: sensibilidad y especifidad comparadas con métodos convencionales de diagnostico. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 84, 53

    Google Scholar 

  57. Scorza, J. V., Valera, M., Scorza, C de, Carnevali, M., Moreno, E. and Lugo-Hernandez, A. (1979). A new species of Leishmania parasite from the Venezuelan Andes region. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 73, 293

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Piekarski, G. (1987). Medical Parasitology. Springer-Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  59. Barker, D. C and Butcher, J. (1983). The use of DNA probes in the identification of leishmanias: discrimination between isolates of the Leishmania mexicana and L. braziliensis complexes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 11, 285

    Google Scholar 

  60. Goto, H. et al. (1990). A case of multiple lesion mucocutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Vianna) braziliensis infection. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 93, 48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Salfelder, K. (1971). Erfahrungen bei der pathologisch-anatomischen Diagnose von tiefen Mykosen und Parasitosen. Beitr. Path, 143, 197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Arriaga, A. D. de (1977). Leishmaniasis Muco-cutánea en los Hospitales de Mérida y Barinas. Trabajo de Ascenso, Fac. de Med. ULA, Merida

    Google Scholar 

  63. Sotto, M. N., Yamashiro Kanashiro, E. H., da Mata, V. L. and de Brito, T. (1989). Cutaneous leishmaniasis of the New World: diagnostic immunopathology and antigen pathways in skin and mucosa. Acta Trop. Basel, 46, 121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Grocott, R. G. (1955). A stain for fungi in tissue sections and smears, using Gomori’s methenamine silver nitrate technique. Am. J. Clin. Path, 25, 975

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Salfelder, K., Liscano, T. R. de and Sauerteig, E. (1990). Atlas of Fungal Pathology. Kluwer Academic Publishers

    Google Scholar 

  66. Travi, B., Rey-Ladino, J. and Saravia, N. G. (1988). Behavior of Leishmanias braziliensis s. 1. in golden hamsters: evolution of the infection under different experimental conditions. J. Parasitol, 74, 1059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Heilmann, A., Doehnert, G. and Wohlenberg, A. (1971). Tödlich verlaufende Leishmaniasis visceral bei Mittelmeerurlaubern. Dtsch. Med. Wschr, 96, 31

    Google Scholar 

  68. Loehr, H. and Wolf, H. (1978). Viszerale Kala-azar-Erkrankung beim Kind. Dtsch. Med. Wschr, 103, 424

    Google Scholar 

  69. Alencar, J. E. (1978). Leishmaniose visceral no Brazil. Rev. Med. Univ. Fed. Ceara, 17, 129

    Google Scholar 

  70. Gottstein, U., Steiner, K., Hank, H., Klimaschewski, G. and Sedlmeyer, I. (1975). Kala-azar eine wichtige Krankheit nicht nur der Tropen. Dtsch. Med. Wschr, 100, 2022

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Martinez, N. A. and Pons, A. R. (1941). Primer caso de Kala-azar en Venezuela. Gac. Med. Caracas, 48, 329

    Google Scholar 

  72. Pifano, F. (1954). Estado actual del Kala-azar en Venezuela. Arch. Venez. Pat. Trop, 2, 213

    Google Scholar 

  73. Swenson, C. L, Silverman, J., Stromberg, P. C, Johnson, S. E., Wilkie, D. A., Eaton, K. A. and Kociba, G. J. (1988). Visceral leishmaniasis in an English foxhound from an Ohio research colony. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 193, 1089

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. White, M. R., Chapman, W. L. Jr. and Hanson. W. L (1989). A comparison of experimental visceral leishmaniasis in the opossum, armadillo and ferret. Lab. Anim. Sci, 39, 47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Laurenti, M. D. et. al. (1990). Experimental visceral leishmaniasis: sequential events of granuloma formation at subcutaneous inoculation site. Int. J. Exp. Pathol, 71, 791

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Lujan, R. et al. (1990). Leishmania braziliensis in the squirrel monkey: development of primary and satellite lesions and lack of cross-immunity with Leishmania donovani. J. Parasitol, 76, 594

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Falk, S., Helm, E. B. Hubner, K. and Stutte, H. J. (1988). Disseminated visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Pathol. Res. Pract, 183, 253

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Ponce, C. et al. (1991). L donovani chagasi: new clinical variant of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Honduras. Lancet, 337, 67

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Duarte, M. I., Mariano, O. N. and Corbett, C. E. (1989). Liver parenchymal cell parasitism in human visceral leishmaniasis. Virchows Arch. A, 415, 1

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ferrer, L, Rabanal, R. M., Domingo, M., Ramos, J. A. and Fondevila, D. (1988). Identification of Leishmania donovani amastigotes in canine tissues by immunoperoxidase staining. Res. Vet. Sci, 44, 194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Faust, E. C. and González-Mugaburu, L. (1965). Parasitological surveys in Cali, Departamento del Valle, Colombia, XI. Intestinal parasites in ward Silva, Cali during four years period. 1956-1960. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 14, 276

    Google Scholar 

  82. Cotte-Roche, C. et. al. (1991). Role de la giardiase dans la dyspepsie non ulcereuse. Presse Med, 20, 936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Arashima, Y. et. al. (1990). Studies on the giardiasis as the zoonosis. Kansenshogaku-Zasshi, 64, 295

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Romia, S. A. et. al. (1990). Virulence of Giardia lamblia isolates to laboratory mice. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol, 20, 633

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Amini, F. (1963). Giardiasis and steatorrhea. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 66, 190

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Peterson, H. (1973). Clinical significance of G. lamblia (Lamblia intestinalis). Acta Hepatogastroenterol. (Stuttg.), 20, 449

    Google Scholar 

  87. González Carbajal Pascual, M., Cayon, R., Pérez, A. and Sotto, A. (1988). Value of endoscopic smears of the duodenal mucosa in the diagnosis of giardiasis in adults. Rev. Gastroenterrol. Mex, 53, 37

    Google Scholar 

  88. de Regnier, D. P., Cole, L., Schupp, D. G. and Erlandsen, S. L. (1989). Viability of Giardia cysts suspended in lake, river, and tap water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 55, 1223

    Google Scholar 

  89. Ament, M. E. and Rubin, C. E. (1972). Relation of giardiasis to abnormal intestinal structure and function in gastrointestinal immunodeficiency. Gastroenterology, 62, 216

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Takano, J. and Yardley, J. M. (1965). Jejunal lesions in patients with giardiasis and malabsorption. An electron microscopic study. Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp, 116, 413

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Rosekrans, P. C. M., Lindeman, J. and Meijer, C. J. L. M. (1981). Quantitative histological and immunohistochemical findings in jejunal biopsy specimens in giardiasis. Virchows Archiv. A. (Pathol. Anal), 393, 145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Khanna, R. et al. (1990). An ultrastructural analysis of changes in surface architecture of intestinal mucosa following Giardia lamblia infection in mice. Gastroenterol. Jpn, 25, 649

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Oberhuber, G. and Stolte, M. (1990). Giardiasis: analysis of histological changes in biopsy specimens of 80 patients. J. Clin. Pathol, 43, 641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Feo, L. G. (1944). The incidence and significance of Trichomonas vaginalis infestation in the male. Am. J. Trop. Med, 24, 195

    Google Scholar 

  95. Scimeca, J. M., Culberson, D. E., Abee, C R. and Gardner, W. A. Jr. (1989). Intestinal trichomonads (Trichomonas mobilensis) in the natural host Saimiri sciureus and Saimiri boliviensis. Vet. Pathol, 26, 144

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Honigberg, B. M. (1978). Trichomonads of importance in human medicine. In Kreier, J. P. (Hrsg) Parasitic Protozoan II. Academic Press: New York London San Francisco

    Google Scholar 

  97. Asami, K. (1952). Bacteria-free cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis. Kitasato Arch. Exp. Med, 25, 149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Heckel, N. J. (1936). A study of the pathologic alterations in the female bladder and urethra resulting from infection with Trichomonas vaginalis. J. Urol, 35, 520

    Google Scholar 

  99. Crowley, E. (1964). Trichomonas prostatis and trichomenorrhea. A new link in the diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis. J. Urol, 91, 302

    Google Scholar 

  100. Miller, M. J., Matthews, W. H. and Moore, D. F. (1968). Amebiasis in Northern Saskatchewan. Can. Med. Assoc. J, 99, 696

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Rolfini, R. G. (1965). Enterocolitis grave en el material autopsico de Mérida. Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida/Venezuela

    Google Scholar 

  102. Liscano, T. R. de (1978). Amibiasis. Revision del Material Anatomo-Patologico de Merida. Trabajo de Ascenso, Fac. de Medicina, ULA, Merida/Venezuela

    Google Scholar 

  103. Rigothier, M. C, Vuong, P. N. and Gayral, P. (1989). A new experimental model of cecal amebiasis in rats. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp, 64, 185

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Becker, I., Pérez Tamayo, R., Montfort, I., Alvizouri, A. M., Pérez and Montfort, R. (1988). Entamoeba histolytica: role of amebic proteinases and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in acute experimental amebiasis in the rat. Exp. Parasitol, 67, 268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Chadee, K. and Meerovitch, E. (1989). Entamoeba histolytica: diffuse liver inflammation in gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with experimentally induced amebic liver abscess. J. Protozool, 36, 154

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Yu, Y. and Lian, W. N. (1991). Histopathology of experimental hepatic amebiasis. Chung-Kuo, 9, 35

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Koppats, K. etal. (1990). Colitis ulcerosa oder Amoebenkolitis-ein kasuistischer Bericht. Z. Ges. Inn. Med, 45, 25

    Google Scholar 

  108. Mironov, N. A. and Soskin, la M. (1990). A fatal case of amebic dysentery (Russ.). Med. Parazitol. Mosk, 58, 9

    Google Scholar 

  109. Hossain, A., Bolbol, A. S., Chowdhury, M. N. and Bakir, T. M. (1989). Indirect haemagglutination (IHA) test in the serodiagnosis of amoebiasis. J. Hyg. Epidemiol. Microbiol. Immunol, 33, 91

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Salfelder, K. (1961) Ueber eine kontrastreiche Anfärbung von Entamoeba histolytica im Gewebe. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit, 12, 273

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Brown, M. etal. (1991). Detection of HIV-1 in Entamoeba histolytica without evidence of transmission to human cells. AIDS, 5 93

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Nadler, S. et al. (1990). Appendiceal infection by Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides sterocoralis presenting like acute appendicitis. Dig. Dis. Sci, 35, 603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Spencer, H. (ed.) (1973). Tropical Pathology. Handb. Spez. Path. Anat. Bd. 8, Springer Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  114. Trautmann, M. et al. (1990). Multiple Amobenleberabszesse: sonographische Diagnostik und ultraschallgezielte Punktion. Ultra-schall Med, 11, 142

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Disko, R. and Schinkel, T. (1979). Zur Diagnose des Amöben-Leberabszesses. Eine Studie an 107 Fällen. Münch Med. Wschr, 121, 1536

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Davson, J., Jones, D. M. and Turner, L. (1988). Diagnosis of Meleney’s synergistic gangrene. Br. J. Surg, 75, 267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Arroyo, G. and Quinn, J. A. Jr. (1989). Association of amoebae and actinomyces in an intrauterine contraceptive device user. Acta Cytol 33, 298

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Arroyo, G. and Elgueta, R. (1989). Squamous cell carcinoma associated with cervicitis. Report of a case. Acta CytoL, 33, 301

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Konstantinov, G. S. and Blokhin, A. V. (1988). The morphology of amebiasis. Arkh. Patol, 50, 44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Witschel, H., Sundmacher, R. and Seitz, H. M. (1984). Amoeben-Keratitis. Ein klinisch-histopatologischer Fallbericht. Klin. Mbl. Augenheilk, 185, 46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Florakis, G. J., Folberg, R., Krachmer, J. H., Tse, D. T., Roussel, T. J. and Vrabec, M. P. (1988). Elevated corneal epithelial lines in Acanthamoeba keratitis. Arch. Ophthalmol, 106, 1202

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Wilhelmus, K. R., McCulloch, R. R. and Osato, M. S. (1988). Photomicrography of Acanthamoeba cysts in human cornea. Am. J. Ophthalmol, 106, 628

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Karayianis, S. L, Genack, L. J., Lundergan, M. K. and Schumann, G. B. (1988). Cytologic diagnosis of acanthamoebic keratitis. Acta Cytol 32, 491

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Beattie, A. M. et. al. (1990). Acanthamoeba keratitis with two species of Acanthamoeba. Can. J. Opathalmol, 25, 260

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Brass, K. (1973). Meningo-encefalitis amebiásica primaria (por Naegleriasis). Arch. Venez. Med. Trop, 5, 291

    Google Scholar 

  126. Garcia Tamayo, J., González, J. E. and Martinez, A. J. (1980). Meningoencefalitis amibiana primaria y encefalitis granulomatosa amibiana. Rev. Med. Venez, 27, 84

    Google Scholar 

  127. Ayers, K. N. Billups, L. H. and Garner, F. M. (1972). Acanthamebiasis in a dog. Vet. Pathol, 9, 221

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Culbertson, C. G., Smith, J. W., Cohen, H. K. and Minner, J. R. (1969). Experimental infection of mice and monkeys by acanthamoeba. Am. J. Path, 35, 185

    Google Scholar 

  129. Martinez, A. J., Duma, R. R., Nelson, E. C. and Moretta, F. L. (1973). Experimental Naegleria meningoencephalitis in mice. Lab. Invest, 29, 121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Willaert, E. and Stevens, A. R. (1980). Experimental pneumonitis induced by Naegleria fowleri in mice. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 74, 779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Harwood, C. R. Rich, G. E., McAleer, R. and Cherian, G. (1988). Isolation of Acanthamoeba from a cerebral abscess. Med. J. Aust., 148, 47

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Martinez, A. J. and Janitschke, K. (1985). Acanthamoeba, an opportunistic micro-organism. A review. Infections, 35, 251

    Google Scholar 

  133. Anzil, A. P. et. al. (1991). Amebic meningoencephalitis in a patient with AIDS caused by a newly recognized opportunistic pathogen. Leptomyxid ameba. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med, 115, 21

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Michel, R. and De Jonckheere, J. F. (1983). Isolation and identification of pathogenic Naegleria australiensis (De Jonckheere 1981) from pond water in India. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 77, 878

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Kadlec, V., Skvárová, J., Cerva, L. and Nebáznivá, D. (1980). Virulent Naegleria fowleri in indoor swimming pool. Folia Parasitol. Prag, 27, 11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Michel, R. and Just, H. M. (1984). Acanthamoeben, Naeglerien und andere freilebende Amoeben in Kühl-und Spülwasser von Zahnbehandlungseinheiten. Zbl. Bakt. I. Abt Orig. B, 179, 56

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Michel, R., Roehl, R. and Schneider, H. (1982). Isolierung von freilebenden Amoeben durch Gewinnung von Nasenschleimhautabstrichen bei gesunden Probanden. Zbl. Bakt I Abt Orig. B, 176, 155

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Culbertson, C. G. (1971). The pathogenicity of soil amebas. Ann. Rev. Microbiol, 25, 231

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Martinez, A. J. (1991). Infection of the central nervous system due to Acanthamoeba. Rev. Infect. Dis, 13, Suppl. 5, 399

    Google Scholar 

  140. Kwame Ofori-Kwakye et al. (1986). Granulomatous brain tumour caused by Acanthamoeba. J. Neurosurg, 64, 505

    Google Scholar 

  141. Patras, D. and Andujar, J. J. (1966). Meningoencephalitis due to Hartmanella (Acanthamoeba). Am. J. Clin. Path, 44, 226

    Google Scholar 

  142. Robert, V. B. and Rorke, L. B. (1973). Primary amebic encephalitis probably from Acanthamoeba. Ann. Int. Med, 79, 174

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Matson, D. O., Rouah, E., Lee, R. T., Armstrong, D., Parke, J. T. and Baker, C. J. (1988). Acanthameba meningoencephalitis masquerading as neurocysticercosis. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J, 7, 121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Brumpt, E. (1912). Blastocystis hominis n. p. et formes voisines. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot, 5, 725

    Google Scholar 

  145. Zierdt, C. H. et. al. (1967). Protozoan characteristics of Blastocystis hominis. Am. J. Clin. Pathol, 48, 495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Zierdt, C. H. (1983). Blastocystis hominis, a protozoan parasite and intestinal pathogen of human beings. Clin. Biol. Newslett, 5, 57

    Google Scholar 

  147. Zierdt, C. H. (1991). Blastocystis hominis-past and future. Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 4, 61

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Tirado Castrillo, de A. et al. (1989). Frecuencia de infeccion por Blastocystis hominis: un ano de estudio. IV Congreso Panamer. Infect, Caracas, Febrero 1989

    Google Scholar 

  149. McClure, H. M. et. al. (1986). Blastocystis hominis in pig-tailed macaque, a potential enteric pathogen for nonhuman primates. Lab. Anim. Sci, 30, 890

    Google Scholar 

  150. Zierdt, C. H. et. al. (1988). Biochemical and ultrastructural study of Blatocystis hominis. J. Clin. Microbiol, 26, 965

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Matsumoto, Y. et. al. (1987). Light-microscopical appearance and ultrastructure of Blastocystis hominis, an intestinal parasite of man. Zbl. Bakt. Mikrobiol. Hyg. A, 264, 379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Zierdt, C. H. and Tan, H. K. (1976). Ultrastructure and light microscope appearance of Blastocystis hominis in a patient with enteric disease. Z. Parasitenkd, 50, 277

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Sheehan, D. J. et. al. (1986). Association of Blastocystis hominis and symptoms of human disease. 24, 548

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Markell, E. K. and Udkow, M. P. (1986). Blastocystis hominis: Pathogen or fellow traveller. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 35, 1028

    Google Scholar 

  155. Enzensberger, W., Helm, E. B., Fischer, P. A. and Stille, W. (1985). Toxoplasmosis of the CNS: an important neurological complication of AIDS. Trop. Med. Parasit (Suppl. 11), 36, 19

    Google Scholar 

  156. Seitz, H. M. and Kersting, G. (1985). Toxoplasma infection in AIDS patients. Trop. Med. Parasit (Suppl. II), 36, 15

    Google Scholar 

  157. Tschirhart, D. and Klatt, E. C (1988). Disseminated toxoplasmosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med, 112, 1237

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Grossniklaus, H. E. et al. (1990). Toxoplasma gondii retinochoroiditis and optic neuritis in acquired deficiency syndrome. Report of a case. Ophthalmology, 97, 1342

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Matturri, L. et al. (1990). Cardiac toxoplasmosis in pathology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Panminerva Med, 32, 194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Salfelder, K., Sauerteig, E. and Novoa, M. D. (1987). Protozoan Infections in Man. Schwer-Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  161. Frenkel, J. K., Dubey, J. P. and Miller. N. L. (1970). Toxoplasma gondii in cats. Fecal stages identified as coccidian oocysts. Science, 167, 893

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Ruiz, A. and Frenkel, J. K. (1980). Toxoplasma gondii in Costa Rican cats. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 29, 1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Dubey, J. P. and Gendron-Fitzpatrick, A. P. (1988). Fatal toxoplasmosis and enteroepithelial stages of Toxoplasma gondii in a Pallas cat (Felis manul). J. Protozool, 35, 528

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Dubey, J. P. et al. (1990). Acute primary toxoplasmic hepatititis in an adult cat shedding Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 197, 1616

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Siim, J. C, Biering-Sorensen, U. and Moller, T. (1963). Toxoplasmosis in domestic animals. Adv. Vet. Sci, 8, 335

    Google Scholar 

  166. Dubey, J. P., Ott-Joslin, J., Torgerson, R. W., Topper, M. J. and Sundberg, J. P. (1988). Toxoplasmosis in black-faced kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus melanops). Vet. Parasitol, 30, 97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Cummings, J. F., de Lahunta, A., Suter, M. M. and Jacobson, R. H. (1988). Canine protozoan polyradiculoneuritis. Acta Neuropathol. Beri, 76, 46

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Bjerkas, I. and Presthus, J. (1989). The neuropathology in toxoplasmosis-like infection caused by a newly recognized cyst forming sporozoon in dogs. APMIS, 97, 459

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Dubey, J. P. (1988). Lesions in transplacental induced toxoplasmosis in goats. Am. J. Vet. Res, 49, 905

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Dubey, J. P. (1989). Lesions in goats fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts. Vet. Parasitol, 15, 133

    Google Scholar 

  171. Piekarski, G. (1989). Medical Parasitology. Springer-Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  172. Werner, H., Schmidtke, L. and Thomaschek, C. (1963). Toxoplasma Infektion und Schwangerschaft. Klin. Wschr, 41, 96

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Desmonts, G. and Gonvreur, J. (1974). Congenital toxoplasmosis. A prospective study of 378 pregnancies. N. Engl. J. Med, 290, 1110

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Hay, J., Graham, D. I. and Aitken, P. P. (1984). Congenital toxoplasmosis and mental subnormity. J. R. Soc. Med, 77, 344

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Dubey, J. P. et. al. (1990). Lesions in fetal pigs with transplacentallyinduced toxoplasmosis. Vet. Pathol, 27, 411

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Zimmermann, L. E. (1961). Ocular pathology of toxoplasmosis. Survey Ophthalmol, 6, 832

    Google Scholar 

  177. Piringer-Kuchinka, A. (1952). Eigenartige mikroskopische Befunde an excidierten Lymphknoten. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Path, 36, 352

    Google Scholar 

  178. Von Arx, D. P. (1988). Cervicofacial toxoplasmosis. Br. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg, 26, 70

    Google Scholar 

  179. Soto Urribarri, R. and Soto, Tarazon, S. de (1990). Tratamiento y evolución de la toxoplasmosis ganglionar. Kasmera, 18, 1

    Google Scholar 

  180. Skrabalo, Z. and Deanovic, Z. (1957). Piroplasmosis in man. Report of a case. Docum. Med. Geogr. Trop, 9, 11

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Fitzpatrick, J. E. P., Kennedy, C C, McGeown, M. G., Oreopoulos, D. G., Robertson, J. H. and Goyaunwo, M. A. O. (1969). Further details on third recorded case of babesiosis in man. Br. Med. J, 2, 770

    Google Scholar 

  182. Garnham, P. C. C, Donnelly, J., Hoogstrael, H., Kennedy, C C and Walton, C. A. (1969). Human babesiosis in Ireland: Further observations and the medical significance of this infection. Br. Med. J, 2, 768

    Google Scholar 

  183. Western, K. A., Benson, G. D., Gleason, N. N. et al. (1970). Babesiosis in a Massachusetts resident. N. Engl. J. Med, 283, 285

    Google Scholar 

  184. Anderson, A. E., Cassady, P. B. and Healy, G. R. (1974). Babesiosis in man. Am. J. Clin. Path, 62, 612

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Babes, V. (1888). Sur I’hemoglobinurie bactérienne du boeuf. C. R. Acad. Sci (Paris), 107, 692

    Google Scholar 

  186. Enigk, K., Friedhoff, K. and Wirahadiredja, S. (1963). Die Piroplasmosen der Wiederkäuer in Deutschland. D. Tierärztl. Wschr, 70, 422

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Mclnnes, E. F. et al. (1991). An outbreak of babesiosis in imported sable antelope (Hippotragus niger). J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc, 62, 30

    Google Scholar 

  188. Walter, G. and Weber, G. (1981). Untersuchungern zur Übertragung (transstadial, transovarial) von Babesia microti, Stamm’ Hannover’l, in Ixodes ricinus. Tropenmed. Parasit, 32, 228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Marcus, L. C, Valigorsky, J. M., Fanning, W. L, Joseph, T. and Glick, B. (1982). A case report of transfusion induced babesiosis. J. Am. Med. Assoc, 284, 465

    Google Scholar 

  190. Carr, J. M. et. al. (1991). Babesiosis. Diagnostic pitfalls. Am. J. Clin. Pathol, 95, 774

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Dubey, J. P. (1976). A review of Sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc, 169, 1061

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Lipscomb, T. P. et. al. (1989). Intrahepatic biliary coccidiosis in a dog. Vet. Pathol, 26, 343

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Heydorn, A. O. (1977). Beitrage zum Lebenszyklus der Sarkosporidien. IX. Entwicklungszyklus von Sarcocystis suihominis n. sp. Berl. Munch. Tieraerztl. Wschr, 90, 218

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Frenkel, J. K. et al. (1979). Sarcocystinae: Nomina dubia and available names. Z Parasitenk, 58, 115

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Dubey, J. P. et. al. (1991). Acute sarcocystosis-like disease in a dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 198, 439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Gaibova, G. D. and Radchenko, A. I. (1990). An electron microscopic study of the macro-and microcysts of coccidia in the genus Sarcosystis from buffalo. Tsitologiia, 31, 801

    Google Scholar 

  197. Borrow-Hagi, A. et. al. (1989). Sarcocystis in Somali camel. Parasitologia, 31, 133

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Latimer, K. S. et al. (1990). Myocardial sarcocystosis in a grand eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) and a Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis). Avian Dis, 34, 501

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Bunyaratvey, S., Bunyawongwiroj, P. and Nitiyanant, P. (1982). Human intestinal sarcosporidiosis: report of six cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 31, 36

    Google Scholar 

  200. Beaver, P. C, Gadgil, R. K. and Morera, P. (1979). Sarcocystis in man: a review and report of five cases. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 28, 819

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Pamphlett, R. and O’Donoghue, P. (1990). Sarcocystis infection of human muscle. Aust. N. Z. J. Med, 20, 705

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Abdel-Mawla, M. M. (1990). Ultrastructure of the cyst wall of S. lindemanni with pathological correlations. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol, 20, 319

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Piekarski, G. (1989). Medical Parasitology. Springer-Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  204. French, J. M., Whitby, J. L. and Whitfield, A. G. W. (1964), Steatorrhea in man infected with coccidiosis (Isospora belli). iGastroenterology, 47, 642

    Google Scholar 

  205. Sanders, A. (1967). Human infection with Isospora belli. Am. J. Clin. Path, 47, 347

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Mehlhorn, H. and Peters, W. (1983). Diagnose der Parasiten des Menschen, einschliefißich der Therapie einheimischer und tropischer Parasitosen. Gustav Fisher-Verlag

    Google Scholar 

  207. Webster, B. H. (1957). Human isosoporiasis. A report of three cases with necropsy findings of one case. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 6, 86

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Trier, J. S. et al. (1974). Chronic intestinal coccidiosis in man: Intestinal morphology and response to treatment. Gastroenterology, 66, 923

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Colebunders, R., Lusakumuni, K., Nelson, A. M., Gigase, P., Lebughe, I., van Marck, E., Kapita, B. Francis, H., Salaun, J. J., Quinn, T. C. et al. (1988). Persistent diarrhoea in Zairian AIDS patients: an endoscopic and histological study. Gut, 29, 1687

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Rene, E., Marche, C, Regnier, B., Saimot, A. G., Vilde, J. L, Perrone, C, Michon, C, Wolf, M. Chevalier, T., Vallot, T. et al. (1989). Intestinal infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective study in 132 patients. Dig. Dis. Sci, 34, 773

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Silverman, J. F. et. al. (1990). Small-intestinal brushing cytology in the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis in AIDS. Diagn. Cytopath, 6,193

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Burchard, G. D. and Kern, P. (1985). Kryptosporidiose bei Patienten mit und ohne AIDS. Mil Oesterr. Ges. Tropenmed. Parasit, 7, 33

    Google Scholar 

  213. Casemore, D. P., Sands, R. L. and Curry, A. (1985). Cryptosporidium species a ‘new’ human pathogen. J. Clin. Pathol, 38, 1321

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Tirado, de A. L. C, Hidalgo, C. and Morales, O. (1988). Brote familiar de criptosporidiosis en Venezuela. Conv. An. ASOVAC, Maracay

    Google Scholar 

  215. Harp, J. A., Wannemuehler, M. W., Woodmansee, D. B. and Moon, H. W. (1988). Susceptibility of germfree or antibiotic treated adult mice to Cryptosporidium parvum. Infect. Immun, 56, 2006

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Gibson, S. V. and Wagner, J. E. (1986). Cryptosporidiosis in guinea pigs: a retrospective study. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 1, 1033

    Google Scholar 

  217. Rehg, J. E. Gigliotti, F. and Stokes, D. C. (1988). Cryptosporidiosis in ferrets. Lab. Anim. Sci, 38, 155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Goodwin, M. A. and Brown, J. (1988). Histologic incidence and distribution of Cryptosporidium sp. infection in chickens: 68 cases in 1986. Avian Dis, 32, 365

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Wages, D. P. and Ficken, M. D. (1989). Cryptosporidiosis and turkey viral hepatitis in turkeys. Avian Dis, 33, 191

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Boch, J., Goebel, E. et al. (1982). Kryptosporidose-Infektion bei Haustieren. Berl. Münch. Tierärztl. Wschr, 95, 361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Hatkin, J. M. etal. (1990). Experimental biliary cryptosporidiosis in broiler chickens. Avian Dis, 34, 454

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Mair, T. S. et al. (1990). Concurrent Cryptosporidium and coronavirus infections in an Arabian foal with combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Vet. Rec, 126, 127

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Argenzio, R. A. et al. (1990). Villous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, cellular infiltration, and impaired glucose-Na absorption in enteric cryptosporidiosis of pigs. Gastroenterology, 98, 1129

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Mead, J. R. et al. (1991). Chronic Cryptosporidium parvum infections in congenitally immunodeficient SCID and nude mice. J. Infect. Dis, 163, 1297

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Kim, C. W., Joel, D., Woodmansee, D. and Luft, B. J. (1988). Experimental cryptosporidiosis in fetal lambs. J. Parasitol., 74,1064

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Bayer, R. et al. (1990). Immunotherapeutic efficacy of bovine colostral immunoglobulins from a hyperimmunized cow against cryptosporidiosis in neonatal mice. Infect. Immun, 58, 2962

    Google Scholar 

  227. Levy, M. G., Ley, D. H., Barnes, H. J., Gerig, T. M. and Corbett, W. T. (1988). Experimental cryptosporidiosis and infectious bursal disease virus infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens. Avian Dis, 32, 803

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Lindsay, D. S., Hendrix, C. M. and Blagburn, B. L. (1988). Experimental Cryptosporidium parvum infections in opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J. Wild/. Dis, 24, 157

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Travis, W. D. et. al. (1990). Respiratory cryptosporidiosis in a patient with malignant lymphoma. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med, 114, 519

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Gupta, N., Sehgal, R., Mahajan, R. C, Banerjee, A. K. and Ganguly, N. K. (1988). Role of immune complexes in cerebral malaria. Pathology, 20, 373

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Stevenson, M. M. and Kraal, G. (1989). Histological changes in the spleen and liver of C57BL/6 and A/J mice during Plasmodium chabaudi AS infection. Exp. Mol. Pathol, 51, 80

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Wangoo, A. et. al. (1990). Immunosuppression in murine malaria: suppressor role of macrophages and their products during acute and chronic Plasmodium berghei infection. APMIS, 98, 407

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Udagama, P. V., Atkinson, C. T., Peiris, J. S., David, P. H., Mendis, K. N. and Aikawa, M. (1988). Immunoelectron microscopy of Schüffner’s dots in Plasmodium vivax-infected human erythrocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 131, 48

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Majori, G. et al. (1990). Two imported malaria cases from Switzerland. Trop. Med. Parasitol, 41, 439

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Prasad, R. N. et al. (1990). Detection of multiple invasion of erythrocytes by Plasmodium vivax. Trop. Med. Parasitol, 41, 437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Nash, G. B., O’Brien, E., Gordon-Smith, E. C. and Dormandy, J. A. (1989). Abnormalities in the mechanical properties of red blood cells caused by Plasmodium falciparum. Blood, 1, 855

    Google Scholar 

  237. Pongponratn, E., Riganti, M., Harinasuta, T. and Bunnag, D. (1989). Electron microscopic study of phagocytosis in human spleen in falciparum malaria. Southeast. Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 20, 31

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Aikawa, M. (1988). Morphological changes in erythrocytes induced by malarial parasites. Biol. Cell, 64, 173

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Torii, M., Adams, J. H., Miller, L. H. and Aikawa, M. (1989). Release of merozoite dense granules during erythrocyte invasion by Plasmodium knowlesi. Infect Immun. 57, 3230

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Aikawa, M. (1988). Human cerebral malaria. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 39, 3

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Riganti, M. et al. (1990). Human cerebral malaria in Thailand: a clinico-pathological correlation. Immunol. Lett, 25, 199

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Boonpucknavig, V. etal. (1990). An immunofluorescence study of cerebral malaria. A correlation with histopathology. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med, 114, 1028

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Pongponratn, E. et al. (1991). Microvascular sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in human falciparum malaria: a pathological study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 44, 168

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Yamada, M., Steketee, R., Abramowsky, C, Kida, M., Wirima, J., Heymann, D., Rabbege, J., Breman, J. and Aikawa, M. (1989). Plasmodium falciparum associated placental pathology: a light and electron microscopic and immunohistologic study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 41,161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. McGregor, I. A., Wilson, M. E. and Billewicz, W. Z. (1983). Malaria infection of the placenta in the Gambia, West Africa; its incidence and relationship to stillbirth, birthweight and placental weight. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 11, 232

    Google Scholar 

  246. Ognibene, F. P., Masur, H. et. al. (1988). Nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis without evidence of Pneumocystis carinii in asymptomatic patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Ann. Intern. Med, 109, 874

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Hartz, J. W. et al. (1985). Granulomatous pneumocystosis as a solitary pulmonary nodule. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med, 109, 466

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Barrio, J. et al. (1986). Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia presenting as cavitating and noncavitating solitary pulmonary nodules in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, 134, 1094

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Bleiweiss, I. et al. (1988). Granulomatous Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in three patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Chest 94, 580

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Pilon, V. A. et al. (1987). Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. N. Engl. J. Med, 316, 1410

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Leoung, G. (1989). Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. AIDS Clinical Care, 1, 9

    Google Scholar 

  252. Baumgarten, R. et. al. (1990). Pulmonales ‘Pneumozystom’-granulomatoes-nekrotisierende Pneumozystose bei einem AIDS-Patienten. AIFO, 6, 297

    Google Scholar 

  253. Comite du Consensus de la premiere conference de consensus en therapeutique anti-infectieuse de langue francaise. La pneumocystose au cours de I’infection par le VIH. Rev. Pneumol. Clin, 46, 141

    Google Scholar 

  254. Salfelder, K., Schwarz, J., Sethi, K. K., Gonzalez, R., Liscano, T. R. de and Carlesso, J. (1965). Neumocistosis, p. 141. Universidad de Los Andes, Merida/Venezuela

    Google Scholar 

  255. Salfelder, K., Liscano, T. R. de, Gonzalez, R. and Carlesso, J. (1967). Pauciparasitic pneumocystosis. Mykosen, 10, 589

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Vanek, J. and Jirovec, O. (1952). Parasitaere Pneumonie:‘Interstitielle’ Plasmazellenpneumonie der Frühgeborenen, verursacht durch Pneumocystis carinii. Zbl. Bakt I. Abt. Orig, 158, 120

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Giese, W. (1953). Pathogenese und Ätiologie der interstitiellen plasmazellulären Sauglingspneumonie. Verb. Dtsch. Ges. Path, 36, 284

    Google Scholar 

  258. Gryzan, S., Paradis, I. L. et. al. (1988). Unexpectedly high incidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection after lung-heart transplantation. Implications for lung defense and allograft survival. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis, 137, 1268

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Pavlica, F. (1966). The first observation of congenital Pneumocystis pneumonia in a fully developed still-born child. Ann. Paediatr, 198, 177

    Google Scholar 

  260. Gill, V. J., Nelson, N. A., Stock, F. and Evans, G. (1988). Optimal use of the cytocentrifuge for recovery and diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage and sputum specimens. J. Clin. Microbiol, 26, 1641

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Jarnum, S., Rasmussen, E. F., Ohlsen, A. S. and Sorensen, A. W. S. (1968). Generalized Pneumocystis carinii infection with severe idiopathic hypoproteinemia. Ann. Int. Med, 68, 138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Barnett, R. N., Hull, J. G., Vortel, V., Kralove, H. and Schwarz, S. (1969). Pneumocystis carinii in lymph nodes and spleen. Arch. Path, 88. 175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Carter, T. R., Cooper, P. H., Petri, W. A. Jr., Kim, C. K., Walzer, P. D. and Guerrant, R. L. (1988). Pneumocystis carinii infection of the small intestine in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am. J. Clin. Pathol, 89, 679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Freeman, W. R., Gross, J. G., Labelle, J., Oteken, K., Katz, B. and Wiley, C. A. (1989). Pneumocystis carinii choroidopathy. A new clinical entity. Arch. Ophthalmol, 107, 863

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Unger, P. D., Rosenblum, M. and Krown, S. E. (1988). Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum. Pathol, 19, 113

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Schmid, O. (1964). Studien zur Pneumocystis-Erkrankung des Menschen. I. Mitt. Das wechselnde Erscheinungsbild der Pneumocystis Pneumonie beim Saugling. Konkordante und diskordante Form. Pneumocystis granulomatosa. Frankf. Z. Path, 74, 121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. De Carneri, I. (1958). The frequency of balantidiasis in Milan pigs. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, 52, 475

    Google Scholar 

  268. Arean, V. M. and Koppisch, E. (1956). Balantidiasis. A review and report of cases. Am. J. Path, 32, 1089

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Walter, P. D., Judson, F. N., Murphy, K. D. et. al. (1973). Balantidiasis outbreaks in Truk. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 22, 33

    Google Scholar 

  270. Jaffé, R. and Kann, C. (1943). Sobre el Balantidium coli en el apéndice y la apendicitis balantidiana. Rev. Sudam. Morfol, 1, 74

    Google Scholar 

  271. Wenger, F. (1943). Absceso hepatico producido por el Balantidium coli. Kasmera (Univ. Zulia), 2, 433

    Google Scholar 

  272. Westphal, A. (1957). Experimented Infektionen des Meerschweinchens mit Balantidium coli. Z. Tropenmed. Parasit, 8, 288

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Garcia-Pont, P. H. and Ramirez, de Arellano, G. (1966). Fatal balantidial colitis. Bol. Assoc. Med. Puerto Rico, 58, 195

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Isasa Mejia, G. (1955). Balantidiasis vaginal. Antioquia Med, 5, 488

    Google Scholar 

  275. Matsubayashi, H. et al. (1959). A case of Encephalitozoon-like body infection in man. Pathology, 67, 181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. van Dellen, A. F., Stewart, C G. and Botha, W. S. (1989). Studies of encephalitozoonosis in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus pygerythrus) orally inoculated with spores of Encephalitozoon cuniculi isolated from dogs (Canis familiaris). Onderstepoort. J. Vet. Res, 56, 1

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  277. Van Heerden, J., Bainbridge, N., Burroughs, R. E. and Kriek, N. P. (1989). Distemper-like disease and encephalitozoonosis in wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). J. Wildl. Dis, 25, 70

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  278. Cutlip, R. C. and Beall, C W. (1989). Encephalitozoonosis in arctic lemmings. Lab. Anim. Sci, 39, 331

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Ansbacher, L. Nichols, M. F. and Hahn, A. W. (1988). The influence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi on neural tissue responses to implanted biomaterials in the rabbit. Lab. Anim. Sci, 38, 689

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Powell, S. et al. (1989). Microsporidiosis in a lovebird. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest, 1, 69

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Bjerkas, I. (1990). Brain and spinal cord lesions in encephalitozoonosis in mink. Acta Vet Scand, 31, 423

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Wicher, V. et. al. (1991). Enteric infection with an obligate intracellular parasite, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, in an experimental model. Infect. Immun, 59, 2225

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Margileth, A. M., Strano, A. J., Chandra, R. et al. (1973). Disseminated nosematosis in an immunologically compromised miant. Arch. Path, 95, 145

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Zender, H. O., Arrigoni, E., Eckert, J. and Kapanci, Y. (1989). A case of Encephalitozoon cuniculi peritonitis in a patient with AIDS. Am. J. Clin. Pathol, 92, 352

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Rijpstra, A. C, Canning, E. U. et. al. (1988). Use of light microscopy to diagnose small-intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS. J. Infect Dis, 157, 827

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Greenson, J. K. et al. (1991). AIDS enteropathy: occult enteric infections and duodenal mucosal alterations in chronic diarrhea. Ann. Intern. Med, 114, 366

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Orenstein, J. M. et. al. (1990). Intestinal microsporidiosis as a cause of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: a report of 20 cases. Hum. Pathol, 21, 475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Kotler, D. P. et al. (1990). Small intestinal injury and parasitic diseases in AIDS. Ann. Intern. Med, 113, 444

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Peacock, C. S. et. al. (1991). Histological diagnosis of intestinal microsporidiosis in patients with AIDS. J. Clin. Pathol, 44, 558

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Shadduk, J. A. et al. (1990). Isolation of a microsporidian from a human patient. J. Infect Dis, 162, 773

    Google Scholar 

  291. Friedberg, D. N. et al. (1990). Microsporidial keratoconjunctivitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Ophthalmol, 108, 504

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Tiner, J. D. (1988). Birefringent spores differentiate Encephalitozoon and other microsporidia from coccidia. Vet. Pathol, 25, 227

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Ashton, N. and Wiransnha, P. A. (1973). Encephalitozoonosis (nosematosis) of the cornea. Br. J. Ophthalmol, 57, 669

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Davis, R. M. et. al. (1990). Corneal microsporidiosis. A case report including ultrastructural observations. Ophthalmology, 97, 953

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Marcus, P. P., Van der Walt, J. J. and Burger, P. J. (1973). Human tumour microsporidiosis. Arch. Path, 95, 341

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Investigación en Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida, Venezuela, SA

    K. Salfelder (Prof. Titular), T. R. de Liscano (Prof. Titular) & E. Sauerteig (Profesor Asesor)

Authors
  1. K. Salfelder
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  2. T. R. de Liscano
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. Sauerteig
    View author publications

    Search author on:PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Salfelder, K., de Liscano, T.R., Sauerteig, E. (1992). Protozoan Diseases. In: Atlas of Parasitic Pathology. Current Histopathology, vol 20. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2228-3_2

Download citation

  • .RIS
  • .ENW
  • .BIB
  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2228-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4988-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2228-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Keywords

  • Visceral Leishmaniasis
  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
  • Trypanosoma Cruzi
  • Reservoir Host
  • Entamoeba Histolytica

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation

  • Find a journal
  • Publish with us
  • Track your research

Footer Navigation

Discover content

  • Journals A-Z
  • Books A-Z
  • Subjects A-Z

Publish with us

  • Journal finder
  • Publish your research
  • Language editing
  • Open access publishing

Products and services

  • Our products
  • Librarians
  • Societies
  • Partners and advertisers

Our brands

  • Springer
  • Nature Portfolio
  • BMC
  • Palgrave Macmillan
  • Apress
  • Discover

Corporate Navigation

  • Your US state privacy rights
  • Accessibility statement
  • Terms and conditions
  • Privacy policy
  • Help and support
  • Legal notice
  • Cancel contracts here

162.159.114.120

Not affiliated

Springer Nature

© 2026 Springer Nature