Jump to content

極

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 极
極 U+6975, 極
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6975
← 楴
[U+6974] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 楶 →
[U+6976]

Translingual

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

極 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+8, 12 strokes, Cangjie input 木一水一 (DMEM) or 木弓水一 (DNEM), four-corner 41914, composition ⿰木亟)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 542, character 2
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 15181
  • Dae Jaweon: page 929, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1240, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+6975

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 極
simp. 极*

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 極
Spring and Autumn Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Image Image
Characters in the same phonetic series (茍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
亟 *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ
茍 *kɯɡ
殛 *kɯɡ
極 *ɡɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯɡ): semantic 木 (“tree, wood”) + phonetic 亟 (OC *kʰɯɡs, *kɯɡ) – originally meaning a crossbeam rafter.

Etymology

[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kak (“expensive; at its peak”) (STEDT). Cognate with 亟 (OC *kɯɡ, “urgent”), 殛 (OC *kɯɡ, “to kill”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 極
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕi³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕi⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡ɕi⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕji²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕi¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕi⁵³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕi²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕi³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕi²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕi³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /d͡ʑiɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑiəʔ²/
Wenzhou /d͡ʑai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰi²²/
Tunxi /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕi²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰit̚⁵/
Taoyuan /kʰit̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kek̚²/
Nanning /kek̚²²/
Hong Kong /kik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kik̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ki²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kek̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kek̚³/
Rime
Character 極
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 群 (30)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 渠力切
Baxter gik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɡɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɡɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɡiek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/gik̚/
Li
Rong 		/ɡiək̚/
Wang
Li 		/ɡĭək̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/gi̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 極
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jí
Middle
Chinese 		‹ gik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɡ](r)ək/
English extreme

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 極
Reading # 1/1
No. 5738
Phonetic
component 		茍
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		極
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡɯɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

極

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) ridgepole; ridgepiece
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) highest position; top rank
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) throne; seat of state
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) highest point; top; peak
    登峰造極／登峰造极  ―  dēngfēngzàojí  ―  to reach great heights
  5. extremity; limit; end; utmost point
  6. extreme; of the highest degree; utmost; furthest; final
    極品／极品  ―  jípǐn  ―  item of the highest quality
    極限／极限  ―  jíxiàn  ―  limit, the utmost limits
  7. extremely; exceedingly; very
    極不滿意／极不满意  ―  jí bù mǎnyì  ―  extremely dissatisfied
    肥牛切得極薄。 [MSC, trad.]
    肥牛切得极薄。 [MSC, simp.]
    Féiniú qiē de jí báo. [Pinyin]
    The beef was sliced extremely thin.
  8. (after adjectives) to the extreme
    痛苦極了／痛苦极了  ―  tòngkǔ jí le  ―  extremely painful
  9. (Cantonese, after verbs) at great length; repeatedly or continuously
    講極都唔明／讲极都唔明 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 gik6 dou1 m4 ming4 [Jyutping]  ―  not understand despite lengthy explanation
    搵極都搵唔到嘅？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    揾极都揾唔到嘅？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    wan2 gik6 dou1 wan2 m4 dou3 ge2? [Jyutping]
    Why can I still not find it?
    副眼鏡抹極都係咁污糟。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    副眼镜抹极都系咁污糟。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    fu3 ngaan5 geng3-2 maat3 gik6 dou1 hai6 gam3 wu1 zou1. [Jyutping]
    These glasses are still so dirty even though I kept wiping them.
  10. (Cantonese, after adjectives) at most
    貴極咪都係廿蚊。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    贵极咪都系廿蚊。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gwai3 gik6 mai6 dou1 hai6 jaa6 man1. [Jyutping]
    Its price is at most $20.
  11. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) highest norm; highest standard
  12. (Wu) to be anxious; to worry; to disturb oneself
  13. (Wu) to fear
  14. (Wu) to deny a wrongdoing; to cheat
    賴極皮／赖极皮 [Shanghainese]  ―  6la-jiq-bi [Wugniu]  ―  cheater in games (who e.g. objects to losing, being thrown out of the game, or who denies having cheated)
  15. (geography, physics) pole
    北極／北极  ―  běijí  ―  north pole
    陰極／阴极  ―  yīnjí  ―  negative pole, cathode
  16. (astronomy) synonym of 北極星 / 北极星 (Běijíxīng), North Star, Polaris
  17. quindecillion (1048)
  18. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to reach (the limit or standard)
    物極必反／物极必反  ―  wùjíbìfǎn  ―  a thing turns into its opposite if pushed too far
    位極人臣／位极人臣  ―  wèijírénchén  ―  to have reached the highest official positions
  19. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to exhaust; to do one's utmost
  20. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to study deeply; to examine deeply
  21. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 殛 (jí, “to punish”)

Compounds

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Chinese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
萬／万 (wàn) 億／亿 (yì) 兆 (zhào) (Taiwan) 京 (jīng) (Taiwan) 垓 (gāi) 秭 (zǐ) 穰 (ráng) 溝／沟 (gōu) 澗／涧 (jiàn) 正 (zhèng) 載／载 (zài) 極／极 (jí)
萬億／万亿 (wànyì)
(Mainland China) 		億億/亿亿
(Mainland China)

Pronunciation 2

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

極

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 亟 (“fast; speedy”)
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 亟 (“anxiously”)

Pronunciation 3

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

極

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 亟 (“repeatedly”)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
極

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. extreme
  2. pole (e.g. North Pole); extremity, zenith
  3. quindecillion

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
極
ごく
Grade: 4
goon
Alternative spelling
極く

From Middle Chinese 極 (MC gik).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Adverb

[edit]

極(ごく) • (goku) 

  1. very, extremely
    ごく稀(まれ)に
    goku mare ni
    very rarely; seldom
    ごく普通(ふつう)
    goku futsū
    very ordinary
    ごく限(かぎ)られた人(ひと)
    goku kagirareta hito
    a very limited group of people
Usage notes
[edit]

This term is usually spelled in hiragana, as ごく (goku).

Numeral

[edit]

極(ごく) • (goku) 

  1. [from 1627] 1048, quindecillion

See also

[edit]
Japanese numerals
104 108 1012 1016 1020 1024 1028 1032 1036 1040 1044 1048
万 (まん, ​man) 億 (おく, ​oku) 兆 (ちょう, ​chō) 京 (けい, ​kei) 垓 (がい, ​gai) 秭 (し, ​shi) 穣 (じょう, ​jō) 溝 (こう, ​kō) 澗 (かん, ​kan) 正 (せい, ​sei) 載 (さい, ​sai) 極 (ごく, ​goku)

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
極
きょく
Grade: 4
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 極 (MC gik).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

極(きょく) • (kyoku) ←きよく (kyoku)?

  1. extreme, extremity, height, zenith
    疲(ひ)労(ろう)困(こん)憊(ぱい)の極(きょく)に達(たっ)する
    hirō konpai no kyoku ni tassuru
    to become extremely exhausted
    (literally, “to reach the highest level of fatigue”)
  2. (physics, astronomy, geometry) pole

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 極 (MC gik). Recorded as Middle Korean 극 (kuk) (Yale: kuk) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

極 (eumhun 다할 극 (dahal geuk))

  1. hanja form? of 극 (“pole; extremity”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

極: Hán Việt readings: cực[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
極: Nôm readings: cặc[1], cức[1], chẳng[2], cọc[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of cực
    1. (colloquial) extremely; utterly; extraordinarily
    2. miserable; unhappy
  2. chữ Nôm form of cặc (“(very vulgar) cock, prick, dick”)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Hồ (1976).
  5. ^ Bonet (1899).
  6. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=極&oldid=92200820"