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Allergy

From Wikipedia
allergy
Image
academic discipline, type of disease, signs den symptoms, type of disorder
Subclass ofimmunoglobulin mediated immune response, hypersensitivity Edit
Age of onsetany age Edit
Has causeallergen Edit
Has effectrunny nose, allergic response Edit
Studied byallergology Edit
Health specialtyimmunology Edit
Genetic associationIL2, EPS15, DNAH5, ABL2 Edit
ICPC 2 IDA92 Edit

An allergy be an exaggerated immune response wer de body mistakenly dey identify an ordinarily harmless allergen as a threat.[1][2][3][4] Allergic reactions dey give rise to allergic diseases such as hay fever, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, food allergies, den anaphylaxis.[5] Symptoms of allergic diseases fi include red eyes, an itchy rash, sneezing, coughing, a runny nose, shortness of breath, anaa swelling.[6][7][8]

Common allergens dey include pollen, certain foods, metals, insect stings, medications, den materials, such as latex.[1][9] De development of allergies be secof genetic den environmental factors.[9] De mechanism of allergic reactions dey involve immunoglobulin E antibodies (IgE) wey dey bind to an allergen den then to a receptor on mast cells anaa basophils, wer dem trigger de release of inflammatory chemicals such as histamine.[10] Diagnosis typically be based on a person ein medical history.[7] Further testing of de skin anaa blood fi be useful insyd certain cases.[7] Positive tests, however, no necessarily fi mean der be a significant allergy to de substance in question.[11]

Early exposure of kiddies to potential allergens fi be protective.[12] Treatments for allergies dey include avoidance of known allergens den de use of medications such as steroids den antihistamines.[13] Insyd severe reactions, injectable adrenaline (epinephrine) be recommended.[14] Allergen immunotherapy, wich gradually dey expose people to larger den larger amounts of allergen, be useful give sam types of allergies such as hay fever den reactions to insect bites.[13] Ein use insyd food allergies be unclear.[13]

Allergies be common.[15] In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis,[16] food allergy affects 10% of adults and 8% of children,[17] den about 20% get anaa na dem get atopic dermatitis at sam point in time.[18] Depending on de country, about 1–18% of people get asthma.[19][20] Anaphylaxis dey occur in between 0.05–2% of people.[21] Rates of chaw allergic diseases appear to be increasing.[22][23][24] Na de word "allergy" first be used by Clemens von Pirquet insyd 1906.[9]

Analytical chemist Georgina Ross (Wageningen University & Research) about allergies

References

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  1. 1 2 McConnell TH (2007). The Nature of Disease: Pathology for the Health Professions. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 159. ISBN 978-0-7817-5317-3.
  2. ↑ "Allergy Defined | AAAAI". www.aaaai.org. Retrieved 2025-07-04.
  3. ↑ "Allergy | British Society for Immunology". www.immunology.org. Retrieved 2025-07-04.
  4. ↑ Resch, Klaus; Martin, Michael U. (2008), "Allergy", Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology (in English), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp. 58–64, doi:10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_231, ISBN 978-3-540-38918-7, retrieved 2025-07-04
  5. ↑ "Types of Allergic Diseases". NIAID. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Environmental Allergies: Symptoms". NIAID. 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  7. 1 2 3 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (July 2012). "Food Allergy An Overview" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016.
  8. ↑ Bahna SL (December 2002). "Cow's milk allergy versus cow milk intolerance". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 89 (6 Suppl 1): 56–60. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)62124-2. PMID 12487206.
  9. 1 2 3 Kay AB (2000). "Overview of 'allergy and allergic diseases: with a view to the future'". British Medical Bulletin. 56 (4): 843–64. doi:10.1258/0007142001903481. PMID 11359624.
  10. ↑ "How Does an Allergic Response Work?". NIAID. 21 April 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  11. ↑ Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D (December 2008). "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force". Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 101 (6): 580–92. doi:10.1016/S1081-1206(10)60220-7. PMID 19119701.
  12. ↑ Sicherer SH, Sampson HA (February 2014). "Food allergy: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 133 (2): 291–307, quiz 308. Bibcode:2014JACI..133..291S. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.020. PMID 24388012.
  13. 1 2 3 "Allergen Immunotherapy". 22 April 2015. Archived from the original on 17 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  14. ↑ Simons FE (October 2009). "Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment" (PDF). The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 124 (4): 625–36, quiz 637–38. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025. PMID 19815109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013.
  15. ↑ "Allergic Diseases". NIAID. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 18 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  16. ↑ Wheatley LM, Togias A (January 2015). "Clinical practice. Allergic rhinitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (5): 456–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1412282. PMC 4324099. PMID 25629743.
  17. ↑ Bartha, Irene; Almulhem, Noorah; Santos, Alexandra F. (2024-03-01). "Feast for thought: A comprehensive review of food allergy 2021-2023". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 153 (3): 576–594. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.918. ISSN 0091-6749. PMC 11096837. PMID 38101757.
  18. ↑ Thomsen SF (2014). "Atopic dermatitis: natural history, diagnosis, and treatment". ISRN Allergy. 2014 354250. doi:10.1155/2014/354250. PMC 4004110. PMID 25006501.
  19. ↑ "Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention: Updated 2015" (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma. 2015. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-17.
  20. ↑ "Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention" (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma. 2011. pp. 2–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-20.
  21. ↑ Grammer, Leslie C. (2012). Patterson's Allergic Diseases (7 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-4511-4863-3.
  22. ↑ Simons FE (October 2009). "Anaphylaxis: Recent advances in assessment and treatment" (PDF). The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 124 (4): 625–36, quiz 637–38. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.08.025. PMID 19815109. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2013.
  23. ↑ Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A (February 2010). "Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies". Allergy. 65 (2): 152–67. Bibcode:2010Aller..65..152A. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x. PMID 19912154. S2CID 19525219.
  24. ↑ Pongdee T. "Increasing Rates of Allergies and Asthma". American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology.
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  • "Allergy". MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
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