Byzantine Arewacin Afirka

Byzantine Afirka a kusa da 600

 

Byzantine North Africa
events in a specific year or time period (en) da epoch (en)
Bayanai
Fuskar	Maghreb (mul)
Ƙasa	Tunisiya

  Mulkin Byzantine a Arewacin Afirka ya kai kimanin shekaru 175. Ya fara ne a cikin shekaru 533/534 tare da sake mamaye yankin da ke cikin Daular Romawa ta Yamma ta Daular Roman ta Gabas a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma ya ƙare a lokacin mulkin Justinian II tare da cin nasarar Carthage (698) da kuma sansanonin Byzantine na ƙarshe, musamman Septem (708/711), a yayin fadada Islama.

Tsarin gudanarwa na yankin da farko ya kasance daidai da tsarin gudanarwa na Roman da ya kasance a cikin shekaru 300 da suka gabata. Saboda haka, ikon farar hula ya kasance a hannun wani prefect na Praetorian, shugaban babban ikon gudanarwa na farar hula a cikin Daular Roman. Duk da haka, ikon soja ya kasance a kan Magister militum per Africam. Wadannan iko sun haɗu cikin ofishi ɗaya daga 591 a ƙarshe, kuma Gabashin Roman Arewacin Afirka ya zama zuciyar ɗaya daga cikin exarchates guda biyu, tare da kafa wanda Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roman Maurice (582-602) ya sami damar magance sakamakon wuce gona da iri ta hanyar haɗuwa da rarraba. Babu wani canji a cikin waɗannan tsarin gudanarwa da ya faru har zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Byzantine.

Sake mamaye wannan yankin ya kasance mafi mahimmancin dabarun da tattalin arziki kuma mafi dorewa daga duk nasarorin da aka samu a Yamma. Yayinda aka kafa mulkin Lombard a wasu sassan Gabashin Romawa Italiya bayan 568 da mulkin Gabashin Roma a kudancin Spain ya zo ƙarshe a cikin yakin Romawa da Farisa na ƙarshe, yankunan da aka sake cin nasara a Maghreb sun kasance gaba ɗaya a hannun Gabashin Roma har zuwa Nasarar Larabawa a Arewacin Afirka. Wannan ya sanya yankin ya zama mafi mahimmancin dutse na Roman / Byzantine na Gabas a Yamma.

Yanayin farko

Saurin kafa mulkin Roman na Gabas a Maghreb na yau shine sakamakon karuwar siyasa a lardunan Afirka na tsohuwar Daular Yamma da kuma jihar da ta gaji Jamusanci na Vandals, wanda ya fi dacewa da rushewar ikon yanki da tsarin gudanarwa.

Tsohon Yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 5 da farkon karni na 6.

Tsarin ƙarin gudanarwa na Imperium Romanum bayan 395

Tare da rabuwa da daular a cikin 395, duk yankunan Romawa a Afirka a yammacin Babban Sirte sun zama wani ɓangare na Daular Romawa ta Yamma. Musamman, waɗannan sune lardunan Tripolitania, Byzacena, Zeugitana (wanda ake kira Proconsularis provincia ko Afirka proconsularis), Numidia, Mauretania Sitifensis, Mauretania Caesariensis da Mauretania Tingitana. Wadannan larduna za a iya la'akari da su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, a matsayin zuciyar daular yamma, tunda sun ba Italiya hatsi kuma sun samar da babban ɓangare na kudaden harajin daular yamma. Daga 429 sun shiga cikin rikice-rikicen siyasa na ƙaurawar mutane da Vandals suka haye a Septem. Bayan kisan Sarkin sarakuna Valentinian III a cikin 455 a ƙarshe, babu wani yanki a Afirka da ke ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma.

Mulkin ɓarna

Masarautar Vandal 'yan shekaru kafin cin nasarar Romawa ta Gabas, ta raunana ta hanyar rabuwa da hare-haren Moorish.

A wasu sassan yammacin Roman Arewacin Afirka a cikin 439, tare da cin nasarar Carthage da Vandals suka yi a ƙarƙashin sarkinsu Geiseric, an kafa daular mai zaman kanta da yawancin mayaƙan Jamus ke mulki. Wannan Masarautar Vandal ta mamaye yankin yammacin Bahar Rum tare da rundunarta mai ƙarfi kuma ta kawo Corsica da Sardinia, Tsibirin Balearic da yammacin Sicily a ƙarƙashin ikonsa. Wannan ya kasance mai matukar tasiri ga Yammacin Roma, saboda Afirka lardin ne mai arziki kuma mai yawan birane; Baya ga samar da zaitun, aikin lardin a matsayin hatsi ga Yammaci na Roma, musamman Italiya, yana da muhimmancin gaske.

A cikin 441 yunkurin Roman na Gabas don kayar da rundunar Vandal kuma kawo karshen mulkin su ya gaza. Maimakon haka, Daular Romawa ta Yamma dole ne ta amince da mulkin Vandal a gabashin Numidia a cikin yarjejeniya a cikin 442. A cikin 468, masarautar Vandals ta zama manufa ta wani, a wannan lokacin babban aiki, hadin gwiwa tsakanin Daular Yamma a ƙarƙashin Anthemius da Daular Roma ta Gabas a ƙarƙashin Leo I. Koyaya, wannan kamfen ɗin Vandal ya gaza sosai, galibi saboda Sarkin Vandal Geiseric ya yi nasarar ƙone manyan jiragen ruwa na Roma. Bayan hare-haren Vandal a bakin tekun gabashin Roman Illyricum (kuma mai yiwuwa gazawar wani, karamin yakin Romawa a cikin 470), Sarkin sarakuna na gabashin Roma Zeno ya tabbatar da dangin Geiseric a cikin yarjejeniya (foedus) a cikin 475 mallakar lardin Afirka da tsibirai; daga baya babu sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin Masarautar Vandal da Daular Roma ta Gabas na shekaru da yawa.

A cikin shekaru 94 na wanzuwarsa, masarautar Vandals ta kasance da rikice-rikice na daular kan rinjaye kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta hanyar bambancin tsakanin mutanen Nicene Roman da Vandals, waɗanda aka Romanized amma sun bi bangaskiyar Arian na Kristanci. Bugu da kari, suna da matsaloli masu yawa wajen kare iyakokin kasa daga Berbers ko kuma kiyaye Berbers a karkashin mulkin Vandal a karkashin iko. Wannan halin da ake ciki ya sa manyan masu mallakar ƙasa da ƙananan masu mallakar su karfafa gonakin su. Koyaya, sabanin ra'ayoyin tsofaffi, lokacin Masarautar Vandal ba zamanin raguwar tattalin arziki ba ne, maimakon dangantakar kasuwanci ta ci gaba, kodayake mai yiwuwa an iyakance ta da 'yancin kai na Masarautar vandal da manufofin kasashen waje masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Geiseric.

Yankunan Roman-Berber

A cikin shekaru da suka biyo bayan 439, Numidia da lardunan tsohuwar Mauritania da farko sun kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Roman na Yamma. A nan, Sarkin sarakuna na Yammacin Roma Valentinian III ya amince da tada sojoji masu zaman kansu ta manyan masu mallakar ƙasa saboda yana fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da hare-hare a yankin Vandal. Bayan kisan Valentinian III, wannan matsayin mai kula da yaƙi na manyan masu mallakar ƙasa ya haifar da rushewar waɗannan larduna zuwa ƙananan daular, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin Berber a cikin jama'a na sauran yankin Bahar Rum kuma musamman a yankin da ke kusa da Carthage. Numidia da yankunan bakin teku na lardunan Mauritania nan da nan Vandals suka ci nasara, amma bayan mutuwar Sarkin Vandal Huneric a cikin 484, wasu sun rabu da Masarautar Vandal. Yankunan Roman-Berber sun ci gaba a ko'ina cikin lardunan Mauritania, sama da duka Regnum Maurorum et Romanorum tare da babban birnin Altava, wanda muhimmancinsa ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa har zuwa 570s. Halin Berber na musamman na waɗannan yankuna, waɗanda galibi ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Vandal ba kuma sun kasance tsohuwar Roman Yamma, yanzu an ƙaryata su gaba ɗaya. Musamman, yankunan da ke kusa da Altava da Lixus da Volubilis a cikin yammacin Mauretania Tingitana sun nuna ci gaba da kasancewa da tsoffin haɗin kasuwanci da rubutun kabarin Latin, a wasu lokuta har zuwa shekara ta 655. Bugu da kari, ƙananan masarautun wannan yankin sun yi maraba da Romawa da yawa waɗanda Vandals suka tsananta musu saboda addini da sauran dalilai.

Ƙarshen Masarautar Vandal

Yakin yaƙi a lokacin yaƙin Vandal .

A cikin shekarunta na ƙarshe, Masarautar Vandal ta kewaye da ƙananan masarautun Roma-Berber kuma tana ƙarƙashin hare-hare daga gare su. A karkashin sarki na karshe na Vandal, Hilderic, wanda yake da niyyar cimma matsaya tare da Gabas da kuma juya baya daga Arianism, matsalolin siyasa na kasashen waje da na cikin gida na daularsa sun karu sosai, tare da cin nasarar Vandal a kan Berbers wanda ya kai ga faduwarsa a hannun Gelimer a cikin 530. Sarkin Vandal na karshe Gelimer, a gefe guda, ba wai kawai ya ga kansa yana fuskantar barazanar daga Berbers ba bayan juyin mulkin, har ma ya aika da wani ɓangare na sojojinsa da rundunarsa zuwa Sardinia don kawo karshen tashin hankali da mai daraja Godas ya yi a can, kuma a lokaci guda dole ne ya fuskanci wani tashin hankali na gwamnan Tripolitan Prudentius da farko ya kalli komai.

A karkashin wadannan yanayi, Sarkin sarakuna na Gabashin Roma Justinian I ya fara yakin Vandal a cikin 533, wanda kuma ya ba shi damar karkatar da hankali daga sakamakon tashin hankali na Nika na shekarar da ta gabata. Ya aika da sojoji karkashin jagorancin Belisarius da sojoji 15,000 da sojan doki zuwa Carthage da ƙaramin sojoji don tallafawa Prudentius a Tripolitania. Wadannan dakarun sun sami damar cinye mafi yawan yankin Vandals a cikin watanni tara - yanayin da zai iya zama abin farin ciki da gaskiyar cewa wasu ƙananan daular Roman-Berber sun ga dalilin yaƙi a faduwar Hilderich a irin wannan hanyar kamar yadda Sarkin Romawa na Gabas ya yi.

Addini

Bangaskiyar Kirista

Kiristanci ya bazu a yankin Maghreb na yau a lokacin Roman daga karni na 3 kuma shine addini mafi rinjaye a ƙarshen zamanin d ̄ a kuma mai yiwuwa ma a farkon Zamanin Tsakiya. Har zuwa addinai uku na Kirista an wakilta su a nan, wanda ya ɓace a ƙarshe ta hanyar Islama daga farkon karni na 8.

Cocin Roman Imperial (Nicene-Chalcedonian)

Yawancin Kiristoci a cikin Maghreb sun kunshi Kiristoci na Latino-Nicene, waɗanda don haka sun kasance cikin bangaskiyar da ita ce addinin jihar na Daular Roma. Mulkin Vandal tare da haɗin gwiwar da ke tattare da bangaskiyar Latin-Nicene ya kuma yi tasiri a zamanin Roman na Gabas. A gefe guda, ikon jihar da tasirin kai tsaye na Paparoma ba su nan kusan ƙarni daya. Wannan ya buƙaci kuma ya kafa wani matakin cin gashin kansa daga manyan malamai na coci da malaman addini, waɗanda ba sa son mayar da su ga Sarkin sarakuna na Gabas. Yankin musamman ya kasance a buɗe ga muhawara ta addini fiye da sauran larduna na Daular Roma. A gefe guda, al'ummomin Kirista na Latino-Nicene a cikin Maghreb sun haɓaka ƙin duk wani karkatarwa daga majalisun ecumenical. Har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan Byzantine suka yi ƙoƙari su cimma yarjejeniya tare da addinan gabas ta hanyar sulhu kamar jayayya ta surori uku ko monotheletism, an ƙi wannan a cikin Maghreb kamar yadda yake a Italiya kuma ta haka ne ya ɗora nauyin haɗin kai na daular. Tare da fadada sararin samaniya, yawan jama'a da ikon tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta da mallakar Italiya na Daular Byzantine da kuma sakamakon karamin dogaro da Byzantine Maghreb, wannan har ma ya haifar da rabuwa. Masanin addinin Girka Maximus Confessor, wanda ya zauna a Maghreb tsakanin 628 da 645 kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun cocin Afirka, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan kuma ya fahimci sabon rukunan a matsayin sulhu da ba za a iya tsammani ba tare da Monophysites kuma ya hukunta monotheletism a cikin majalisa ta Lateran karkashin jagorancin Paparoma Martin I.

Sauran ƙungiyoyi

A cikin Maghreb, tun farkon matakin karshe na tsananta wa Kiristoci a Daular Roma, Donatism (mai suna bayan Donatus Magnus, 315 zuwa 355 na Donatists) ya rabu da Cocin Yamma a ƙarni na 4 da 5. Wannan rabuwa, wanda ya bunkasa nasa ilimin coci, ya kasance iyakance ga arewa maso yammacin Afirka. Al'ummomin Donatist sun kasance bangaskiya mafi girma a Mauretania Sitifensis da Numidia har zuwa tsanantawar Romawa ta yamma daga 411 zuwa gaba, sun kasance daidai da al'ummomin Latin-Nicene a yankunan yammacin lardunan Mauritanian da Tripolitania, yayin da suke da karfi a cikin Byzacena kuma suna wakiltar a duk sauran sassan Afirka, inda suke da alama sun kasance musamman a yadu tsakanin Berbers. An kuma danne Donatists a ƙarƙashin Vandals da kuma ƙarƙashin Romawa na Gabas. A zamanin Byzantine, hanyarsu ta ɓace. Har zuwa inda aka tsananta wa Donatists a cikin ƙananan masarautun Roman-Berber ba a bincika su ba, amma idan aka ba da shaidar haƙuri na addini a lokacin Vandals da rashin wani bayani game da murkushewa daga baya, ana iya musanta tsanantawa.

Nasarar da Arian Vandals suka yi ta kasance tare da isowar Arianism a matsayin bangaskiyar Kirista ta uku a Maghreb, wanda, a matsayin addinin jihar na Masarautar Vandal, ya bambanta da ka'idar Nicene na sarakuna na duka rabin Romawa, amma kuma na mafi yawan jama'a a Magh Reb. An kori malamai, an rushe masallatai kuma masu bi na Nicene Confession sun sanya su cikin matsin lamba. Koyaya, tsanantawar da Vandals suka yi ya gamu da juriya daga Kiristoci na Katolika da kuma Donatists kuma ya ƙare tare da sake dawo da Roman na Gabas. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Arians ma 'yan tsiraru ne da aka zalunta.

Tun daga wannan lokacin har zuwa nasarar da Larabawa suka yi, akwai Latin-Nicene, Girkanci (Byzantine) -Nicene da Homoean-non-Nicène (Arian) kuma mai yiwuwa ma da Kiristoci na Donatist a Arewacin Afirka da Sardinia.

Ba a san lokacin da al'ummomin Yahudawa na farko a Maghreb suka kasance ba, saboda 'yan kasuwa na Yahudawa na iya zama a can lokacin da Finikiyawa, wadanda su ma Semitic ne, suka kafa wuraren kasuwanci. A ƙarshe tun lokacin da aka kafa birnin Aelia Capitolina da lardin Palaestina na Hadrianic, Yahudawa a ƙarshe sun warwatse a matsayin mutane masu mahimmanci da haɗin kai. Da yake ƙaura zuwa ƙasashen waje, Yahudawa sun zauna a cikin Roman Maghreb. Tun lokacin da Berbers suka tuba zuwa addinin Yahudanci, ba a riga an bayyana ba game da lokacin kafin Islama har zuwa wane irin yadda Yahudawa na Maghreb suka kasance na Berber ko Isra'ila. Musamman, labarin ya tashi cewa ƙungiyar Kāhina ta Yahudawa ce. Sabanin haka, wanzuwar harshen Yahudanci-Berber tabbas ne.

Kamar Donatists da Arians - na ƙarshe bayan cin nasarar Masarautar Vandal da Romawa na Gabas suka yi, Yahudawa ma sun fuskanci zalunci, musamman game da haramtacciyar yin addini, wanda ya sami ƙarni na farko a ƙarƙashin Justinian I kuma a cikin 632 a ƙarƙashin Heraclius tare da umarni don tilasta juyowa a duk faɗin daular kuma ya shafi Byzantine Arewacin Afirka. Yana yiwuwa cewa kafin wannan manufofin Kiristanci, Yahudawa sun koma sassa na Mauretania Tingitana waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin Byzantine ba. A cikin bincike na baya-bayan nan, duk da haka, an nuna cewa aiwatar da dokar a duk fadin daular yana da matukar shakku kuma asalin ma'auni mai yiwuwa ne na yanayin eschatological; ana fatan cewa wannan zai daidaita jihar a lokacin tashin hankali na addini. Daga ƙarshe, duk da haka, dabarun mulkin mallaka sun gaza, kuma addinin Yahudanci a Maghreb ya kasance mai ƙarfi

Gundumar Firayim Minista ta Afirka 533-590

Ragowar Basilica na Damous El Karita a Carthage, cocin da ya sami fadadawa sosai a cikin karni na 6. An gano kusan raguwa 14,000 na rubuce-rubuce yayin gano cocin wani lokaci tsakanin 1876 da 1892.

After Belisarius had annihilated the Vandal Kingdom with his unexpectedly quick victories over Gelimer at the Battle of Ad Decimum and the Battle of Tricamarum, its territories – and thus the economically strongest province of the former Western Roman Empire – became re-incorporated into the Roman Empire without major war-related destruction.

Justinian ya dawo da tsohuwar rarrabuwar gudanarwa, amma ya ɗaga gwamnan gaba ɗaya a Carthage zuwa matsayi mafi girma na Prefecture na Praetorian, ta haka ne ya kawo ƙarshen Diocese na Afirka na gargajiya ga Prefecture of Italy (sa'an nan har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin Ostrogothic Kingdom). An sanya larduna bakwai - hudu consular, uku praesides - an sanya su:

An tattauna yaƙe-yaƙe, tashin hankali na addini da gudu a cikin tarihin zamani, amma an ba da hankali sosai ga gaskiyar cewa sake cin nasara ya sa duk kasuwanni na Daular Roma ta Gabas kuma daga baya kuma Italiya ta sake samun damar samar da kayayyakin Afirka. Bugu da kari, dangantakar kasuwanci mai zurfi tare da Daular Frankish an tabbatar da ita ta hanyar gano tsabar kudi. Bugu da kari, lokutan tashin hankali, musamman tawaye da Berbers na daular ko mamayewar Berbers na kasashen waje, ba su haifar da tara tsabar kudi ba kamar yadda lamarin ya kasance a yankin Balkan a cikin kwatankwacin lokacin. Bugu da kari, maganganu masu ban mamaki a cikin tushe an iyakance su ga lokutan mutum na kimanin shekaru 170, wanda wani muhimmin lokaci na rikice-rikice ya fadi a farkon lokacin Prefecture na Firayim Minista na Afirka.