C. Rajagopalachari
Chakravarti Rajagopalachari (10 Disamba 1878 - 25 Disamba 1972), wanda aka fi sani da Rajaji ko CR, wanda kuma aka sani da Mootharignar Rajaji (Rajaji , Scholar Emeritus ), ɗan ƙasar Indiya ne, marubuci, lauya, kuma mai fafutukar ƴancin Indiya . [1] Rajagopalachari shine Gwamna Janar na ƙarshe na Indiya, wanda ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka soke wannan mukami bayan Indiya ta zama jamhuriya a shekarar 1950. Shi kaɗai ne Gwamna Janar ko Mataimakin Shugaban Indiya da aka haifa a Indiya; duk waɗanda suka taɓa riƙe waɗannan mukamai 'yan ƙasar Birtaniya ne. [2] Ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci kuma ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara samun kyautar farar hula mafi girma a Indiya, Bharat Ratna . Yana da kusanci da Gandhi da Nehru. Ya yi adawa da amfani da makaman nukiliya sosai, kuma ya kasance mai goyon bayan zaman lafiya da kwance damarar makamai a duniya, har zuwa rasuwarsa yana da shekaru 94 a shekarar 1972.
Rajagopalachari ya kuma yi aiki - a lokuta daban-daban - a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya, Firayim Ministan Fadar Shugabancin Madras, Gwamnan Yammacin Bengal (yana aiki a wannan mukamin lokacin da Sarki ya naɗa shi ya karɓi mulki daga Lord Mountbatten), memba na majalisar ministocin ƙasa a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Ƙungiyar Indiya, da kuma Babban Ministan Jihar Madras. Rajagopalachari ya kafa Swantra Party a cikin 1959.
An haifi Rajagopalachari a ƙauyen Thorapalli na Hosur taluk a gundumar Krishnagiri ta Tamil Nadu . Yaro ne mara lafiya, kuma iyayensa suna jin tsoron kada ya daɗe yana rayuwa.[3] Ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Tsakiya da ke Bengaluru, da Kwalejin Shugabanci da ke Madras . A shekarun 1900 ya fara aikin lauya a kotun Salem. Da ya shiga siyasa, ya zama memba kuma daga baya ya zama Shugaban karamar hukumar Salem.[4] Ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin mataimakan siyasa na Mahatma Gandhi, ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Rowlatt, inda ya shiga ƙungiyar rashin haɗin kai, Vaikom Satyagraha, da kuma ƙungiyar rashin biyayya ta farar hula . A shekarar 1930, Rajagopalachari ya fuskanci barazanar ɗaurin kurkuku lokacin da ya jagoranci Vedaranyam Salt Satyagraha a matsayin martani ga zanga-zangar Dandi . A shekarar 1937, an zaɓi Rajagopalachari a matsayin Firayim Minista na Fadar Shugabancin Madras[4] kuma ya yi aiki har zuwa 1940, lokacin da ya yi murabus saboda sanarwar yaƙi da Birtaniya ta yi wa Jamus. Daga baya ya yi kira da a yi haɗin gwiwa kan ƙoƙarin yaƙin Birtaniya kuma ya yi adawa da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Indiya .Ya fi son tattaunawa da Muhammad Ali Jinnah da kuma ƙungiyar Musulmi kuma ya gabatar da abin da daga baya aka san shi da tsarin CR. A shekarar 1946, an naɗa Rajagopalachari Ministan Masana'antu, Kayayyaki, Ilimi da Kuɗi a Gwamnatin Riƙo ta Indiya, sannan a matsayin Gwamnan West Bengal daga 1947 zuwa 1948, Gwamna-Janar na Indiya daga 1948 zuwa 1950, Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Tarayyar Turai daga 1951 zuwa 1952 da kuma Babban Ministan Jihar Madras daga 1952 zuwa 1954. A shekarar 1959, ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar Indian National Congress sannan ya kafa jam'iyyar Swatantra, wadda ta yi yaƙi da Congress a zaɓen 1962, 1967 da 1971 . Rajagopalachari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kafa ƙungiyar adawa da majalisar dokoki a Jihar Madras a ƙarƙashin CN Annadurai, wadda ta lashe zaɓen 1967. Ya rasu a ranar 25 ga Disamba 1972 yana da shekaru 94 kuma an yi masa jana'iza ta gwamnati.
Rajagopalachari kwararren marubuci ne wanda ya bayar da gudummawa mai ɗorewa ga adabin Ingilishi na Indiya kuma ana yaba masa da rubuta waƙar Kurai Onrum Illai wacce aka saita a cikin kiɗan Carnatic . Ya fara ayyukan kame kai da shiga haikali a Indiya kuma ya ba da shawarar ɗaga darajar Dalit. An soki shi da gabatar da nazarin tilas na Hindi da Tsarin Ilimin Firamare na Madras a Jihar Madras, wanda aka soki a matsayin manufar ilimin gado da aka tsara don ci gaba da tsarin zamantakewa. [5] Masu suka kan danganta fifikonsa a siyasa da matsayinsa na wanda Mahatma Gandhi da Jawaharlal Nehru suka fi so. Gandhi ya bayyana Rajagopalachari a matsayin "mai kiyaye lamirina". A lokacin rayuwarsa, ya kuma sami laƙabin 'Mango na Salem'. [3] [6]
Rayuwar farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Rajagopalachari ga Chakravarti Venkatarya Achari (Iyengar) da matarsa Singaramma a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 1878 a ƙauyen Thorapalli da ke wajen Hosur, a gundumar Hosur taluk, gundumar Krishnagiri, Fadar Shugabancin Madras, Raj na Burtaniya . Mahaifinsa shi ne munsif na Thorapalli. Ya fito daga dangin Hindu Brahmin waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyar Sri Vaishnava . [7] Ma'auratan sun riga sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu, Narasimhachari da Srinivasa.
Rajagopalachari, yaro ne mai rauni kuma marar lafiya, wanda ya kasance abin damuwa ga iyayensa waɗanda ke jin tsoron kada ya daɗe yana rayuwa. Tun yana ƙarami, an shigar da shi makarantar ƙauye a Thorapalli [8] sannan yana ɗan shekara biyar ya ƙaura tare da iyalinsa zuwa Hosur inda Rajagopalachari ya yi rajista a Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati ta RV. [8] Ya ci jarrabawarsa ta ƙarshe a shekarar 1891 kuma ya kammala karatunsa a fannin fasaha daga Kwalejin Tsakiya, Bangalore a shekarar 1894. [8] Rajagopalachari ya kammala karatun lauya daga Kwalejin Shugabanci, Madras a shekarar 1897.
Rajagopalachari ta auri Alamelu Mangalamma a shekarar 1897 lokacin tana da shekaru goma kuma ta haifi ɗanta kwana ɗaya bayan cikarta shekaru goma sha uku. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya biyar, 'ya'ya maza uku: CR Narasimhan, CR Krishnaswamy, da CR Ramaswami, da 'ya'ya mata biyu: Lakshmi Gandhi ( née Rajagopalachari) da Namagiri Ammal. [9] Mangamma ya mutu a shekarar 1916 inda Rajagopalachari ya ɗauki nauyin kula da 'ya'yansa kaɗai. [9] An zaɓi ɗansa Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Narasimhan a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki ta Krishnagiri daga Lok Sabha a zaɓen 1952 da 1957, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan majalisar dokoki na Krishnagiri daga 1952 zuwa 1962. [10] [11] Daga baya ya rubuta tarihin rayuwarsa ta mahaifinsa. 'Yar Rajagopalachari, Lakshmi, ta auri Devdas Gandhi, ɗan Mahatma Gandhi [9] yayin da jikokinsa suka haɗa da mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa Rajmohan Gandhi, masanin falsafa Ramchandra Gandhi da tsohon gwamnan West Bengal Gopalkrishna Gandhi . [12] Babban jikan Rajagopalachari, Chakravarti Rajagopalachari Kesavan, mai magana da yawun Jam'iyyar Congress ne kuma Amintaccen Kwamitin Majalisa na Tamil Nadu .
Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Kan Indiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sha'awar Rajagopalachari ga harkokin jama'a da siyasa ta fara ne lokacin da ya fara aikin lauya a Salem a shekarar 1900. Yana da shekaru 28, ya shiga Majalisar Dokokin Indiya kuma ya halarci zaman Calcutta na 1906. An yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Indiya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, daga baya ya zama memba na gundumar Salem a shekarar 1911. A shekarar 1917, an zaɓe shi shugaban ƙaramar hukuma kuma ya yi aiki daga 1917 zuwa 1919 [13] a lokacin ne ya ɗauki nauyin zaɓen ɗan Dalit na farko a ƙaramar hukumar Salem. A shekarar 1917, ya kare mai fafutukar 'yancin kai na Indiya P. Varadarajulu Naidu daga zargin tayar da zaune tsaye kuma bayan shekaru biyu ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar Rowlatt. Rajagopalachari aboki ne na kud da kud da wanda ya kafa Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company VO Chidambaram Pillai, kuma masu fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Indiya Annie Besant, Subramania Bharati da C. Vijayaraghavachariar sun yi masa matukar sha'awa.
Bayan Mahatma Gandhi ya shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya a shekarar 1919, Rajagopalachari ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mabiyansa. Ya shiga cikin ƙungiyar rashin haɗin kai kuma ya daina aikin lauya. A shekarar 1921, an zaɓe shi a Kwamitin Aiki na Majalisar Dokoki kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar na jam'iyyar [14] kafin ya fara samun babban ci gaba a matsayin shugaba a lokacin zaman Majalisar Dokokin Indiya na 1922 a Gaya lokacin da ya yi adawa da haɗin gwiwa da gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kuma shiga cikin majalisun dokoki na tarihi da Dokar Gwamnatin Indiya ta 1919 ta kafa. A lokacin da Gandhi ke kurkuku, Rajagopalachari ya jagoranci ƙungiyar "Babu Masu Canji", waɗanda suka ƙi tsayawa takara a zaɓen Majalisar Dokoki ta Masarautar da sauran majalisun dokoki na larduna, suna adawa da "Masu Canji" waɗanda suka ba da shawarar shiga majalisar. Lokacin da aka kada kuri'ar amincewa da kudirin, "Masu Canji" sun yi nasara da kuri'u 1,748 zuwa 890, wanda ya haifar da murabus daga manyan shugabannin Majalisar, ciki har da Pandit Motilal Nehru da CR Das, Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Indiya. Lokacin da Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta rabu a shekarar 1923, Rajagopalachari memba ne na Kwamitin Binciken Rashin Biyayya ga Jama'a. [14] Ya kuma kasance cikin ƙungiyar Vaikom Satyagraha da ke yaƙi da rashin taɓawa a tsakanin 1924-25. A wani jawabi da ya yi a bainar jama'a a ranar 27 ga Mayu 1924, ya tabbatar wa mabiya addinin Hindu masu damuwa a Vaikom cewa, "Mahatmaji ba ya son a kawar da tsarin kabila amma yana da'awar cewa ya kamata a kawar da rashin taɓawa... Mahatmaji ba ya son ku ci abinci tare da ' yan Thiyya ko Pulayas . Abin da yake so shi ne mu kasance a shirye mu kusanci ko mu taɓa wasu mutane yayin da kuke kusantar saniya ko doki ".
A farkon shekarun 1930, Rajagopalachari ya fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Majalisar Tamil Nadu. Lokacin da Gandhi ya shirya zanga-zangar Dandi a shekarar 1930, Rajagopalachari ya karya dokokin gishiri a Vedaranyam, kusa da Nagapattinam, tare da mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai na Indiya Sardar Vedaratnam . An yanke wa Rajagopalachari hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na tsawon watanni shida, sannan aka tura shi zuwa gidan yarin Trichinopoly Central. Daga baya aka zaɓe shi a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Tamil Nadu. [14] Bayan aiwatar da Dokar Gwamnatin Indiya a shekarar 1935, Rajagopalachari ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sa Majalisar Dokokin Indiya ta shiga cikin babban zaɓen 1937. [14]
Liyafar maraba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masu suka sun yi iƙirarin cewa ya gaza auna tunani da motsin jama'a a gwamnatocin larduna da na jihohi. Gabatarwarsa da harshen Hindi da kuma Tsarin Ilimin Firamare da aka Gyara a 1953 (wanda masu suka suka yi wa lakabi da Manufofin Ilimi na Gado) [15] [5] sun kasance abin suka mai yawa. Matsayinsa na zaman lafiya a lokacin ƙungiyar Quit India da kuma tsarin CR ɗinsa ya fusata yawancin abokan aikinsa a Majalisar Dokokin Indiya.
Da yake magana game da Rajagopalachari, Sarojini Naidu, wanda bai taɓa yin mu'amala da shi ba, ya ce 'dila na Madras busasshe ne mai tunani Adi Shankaracharya yayin da Nehru shi ne Buddha mai daraja da tausayi'.
Duk da cewa shahararsa a matakin yanki ta canza sosai, Rajagopalachari ya sami damar yin amfani da ikonsa a kan siyasar larduna musamman saboda shugabannin ƙasa kamar Gandhi, Patel da Nehru sun fifita shi. Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Tamil Nadu, K. Kamaraj, da kuma mafi yawan shugabannin larduna sun yi adawa da shi a shekarun 1940, Rajagopalachari ya dage kan matsayin da ya yi tasiri a siyasar yankin ta hanyar goyon bayan abokan aikinsa a tsakiya. [9]
Rajagopalachari koyaushe shine babban ɗan adawar Tamil Brahmin na ƙungiyar Dravidian . [16] An zarge shi da goyon bayan Sanskrit da kuma goyon bayan Hindu, duk da goyon bayansa mai tsanani ga zanga-zangar kin jinin Hindu ta 1965. [16] Rajagopalachari ya yi iƙirarin cewa jati shine "mafi mahimmancin abu a cikin tsarin al'ummarmu". Christophe Jaffrelot ya yi jayayya cewa Rajagopalachari da sauran shugabannin siyasa ciki har da Mahatma Gandhi da Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel sun yaba da tsarin kabila a kaikaice da kuma kai tsaye a matsayin manne da ke haɗa tsarin zamantakewa tare. [17] [18] A matsayinsa na gwamna, Rajaji ya ce,
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "C. Rajagopalachari: The icon India needs today". 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 10 December 2016.
- ↑ "How Rajendra Prasad (and not Rajaji) became India's first president". 26 January 2016. Archived from the original on 30 November 2016.
- 1 2 "Mango of Salem: C. Rajagopalachari". siliconeer.com/current/ (in Turanci). 4 October 2019. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2025.
- 1 2 "Remembering C Rajagopalachari: 10 interesting facts about India's last Governor-General". India Today (in Turanci). 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
- 1 2 "How TN painstakingly built a public education system, and why it's crumbling now". thenewsminute.com. 1 June 2018. Archived from the original on 26 July 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ↑ Ramakrishnan, T. (4 March 2026). "Tamil Nadu's saga of controversial Governors begins with Sri Prakasa of the 1950s". The Hindu (in Turanci). Retrieved 4 March 2026.
- ↑ Harad, Tejas (14 June 2017). "Does Ramachandra Guha have a caste?". Newslaundry (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "ourleadersp50". - 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "oxforddnb". - ↑ "Statistical Report on General Elections 1951 to the First Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
- ↑ "Statistical Report on General Elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha" (PDF). Election Commission of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2014. Retrieved 15 August 2010.
- ↑ Guha, Ramachandra (15 August 2009). "The Rise and Fall of the Bilingual Intellectual" (PDF). Economic and Political Weekly. XLIV (33). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 November 2022. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "ourleadersp52". - 1 2 3 4 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named "pillarsp88". - ↑ "Those Were The Days: How Rajaji's 'kula kalvi thittam' became a controversial education reform". dtnext.in. 15 December 2019. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020.
- 1 2 Padmaja, R. "RAJAJI AS A SOCIAL REFORMER". RJISAC Journal - Research journal of Indian studies (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ↑ Vivek, T. R. (10 August 2017). "Don't belittle Rajaji and Gandhi to make Ambedkar look taller". Newslaundry. Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe. "Defenders of Varna". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
