Jump to content

Gajimare

Gyara hanyoyin mahaɗar
Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Imagegajimare
type of meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara
Image
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nayanayi da meteorological phenomenon (en) Fassara
Kayan haɗituririn ruwa, droplet (en) Fassara da ice crystal (en) Fassara
Yana haddasasun dog (en) Fassara
Karatun tasamuwar gajimare da sauyin yanayi
Digital Atlas of Idaho URL (en) Fassarahttps://digitalatlas.cose.isu.edu/clima/imaging/cldfr.htm
Image
Cloudscape a kan Borneo, wanda tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya ta daukaTashar sararin samaniya ta kasa da kasa

  A cikin ilimin yanayi, girgije shine aerosol wanda ya kunshi tarin ganuwar ruwa, lu'ulu'u na kankara, ko wasu barbashi, wanda aka dakatar a cikin yanayi na jikin duniya ko irin wannan sararin samaniya.[1] Ruwa, da farko, ya ƙunshi ɗigon ruwa da lu'ulu'u. A Duniya, ana samar da girgije ne sakamakon satar iska lokacin da aka sanyaya shi zuwa wurin raɓa, ko kuma lokacin da ya sami isasshen danshi, yawanci a cikin nau'in tururin ruwa, daga tushen da ke kusa don ɗaga ma'anar raɓa zuwa yanayin zafin jiki.

Ana ganin girgije a cikin homosphere na Duniya, wanda ya haɗa da troposphere, stratosphere, da Mesosphere. Nephology shine kimiyyar girgije, wanda ake gudanarwa a cikin reshen kimiyyar lissafi na girgije na meteorology. Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya tana amfani da hanyoyi biyu na kiran girgije a cikin yadudduka na homosphere, Latin da Sunan gama gari.

Nau'ikan jinsuna a cikin troposphere, yanayin da ya fi kusa da farfajiyar Duniya, suna da sunayen Latin saboda karɓar sunan Luke Howard na duniya wanda aka gabatar a 1802. Ya zama tushen tsarin kasa da kasa na zamani wanda ke raba girgije zuwa siffofi biyar na zahiri wanda za'a iya raba shi ko rarraba shi cikin matakan tsawo don samun nau'ikan asali goma. Babban siffofi guda biyar sune takalma ko sutura, tarin cumuliform, bands na stratocumuliform, rolls, ko ripples, hasumiyoyin cumulonimbiform sau da yawa tare da saman fibrous, da cirriform wisps ko patches. Girgije mai ƙarancin matakin ba shi da wani prefixes mai alaƙa da tsawo. Koyaya ana ba da nau'ikan stratiform da stratocumuliform na tsakiya- yayin da bambance-bambance masu girma na waɗannan nau'ikan guda biyu sama- ɗauke da prefix cirro-. A cikin Yankin- girgije na stratocumuliform, ana amfani da prefix strato- ga nau'in nau'in ƙananan amma an sauke shi daga bambance-bambance na tsakiya da na sama don kauce wa prefixing sau biyu tare da alto- da cirro-. Nau'ikan jinsuna tare da isasshen madaidaiciya don zama fiye da matakin ɗaya ba sa ɗaukar kowane prefixes da ke da alaƙa da tsawo. Ana rarraba su a hukumance a matsayin ƙananan ko matsakaicin matakin dangane da tsawo wanda kowannensu ya fara, kuma an fi nuna su a matsayin masu yawa ko tsaye. Yawancin jinsuna goma da aka samo ta wannan hanyar rarrabuwa za a iya raba su cikin nau'o'i kuma a kara rarraba su cikin iri-iri. Ƙananan girgije masu tasowa waɗanda suka kai ƙasa zuwa farfajiyar duniya ana ba su sunayen gama gari hazo da hazo amma ba su da sunayen Latin.

A cikin stratosphere da mesosphere, girgije suna da sunaye na yau da kullun ga manyan nau'ikan su. Suna iya samun bayyanar mayafi ko takalma, wisps, ko bands ko ripples, amma ba tarin ko hasumiyoyi ba kamar yadda yake a cikin troposphere. Ana ganin su akai-akai, galibi a yankunan polar na Duniya. An lura da girgije a cikin yanayi na wasu taurari da watanni a cikin Tsarin hasken rana da bayan haka. Koyaya, saboda halaye daban-daban na zafin jiki, galibi ana haɗa su da wasu abubuwa kamar methane, ammoniya, da sulfuric acid, da ruwa.

Girgije na Tropospheric na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye akan Canjin yanayi a Duniya. Suna iya nuna hasken da ke shigowa daga Rana wanda zai iya taimakawa ga tasirin sanyaya inda kuma lokacin da waɗannan girgije ke faruwa, ko kama radiation mai tsawo wanda ke nunawa daga farfajiyar Duniya wanda zai iya haifar da tasirin dumama. Tsayi, tsari, da kauri na girgije sune manyan abubuwan da ke shafar dumama ko sanyaya na duniya da yanayi. Girgije da ke sama da troposphere suna da ƙarancin gaske kuma suna da ƙanƙanta don samun wani tasiri akan canjin yanayi. Girgije shine babban rashin tabbas a cikin Yanayin yanayi.[2]

Magana

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Asalin kalmar "dufa" ana iya samunsa a cikin kalmomin Tsohon Turanci clud ko clod, ma'ana tudu ko tarin dutse. A farkon karni na 13, an yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin kwatanci don girgije, saboda kamanceceniya a bayyanar tsakanin dutse da cumulus heap cloud. A tsawon lokaci, amfani da kalmar ta maye gurbin Tsohon Turanci weolcan, wanda shine ainihin kalmar ga girgije gabaɗaya.[3][4]

Nomenclatures na Homospheric da rarrabawar giciye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Teburin da ke biyowa yana da fa'ida sosai kamar samfurin girgije wanda ya dogara da shi. Akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin salon nomenclature tsakanin tsarin rarraba da aka yi amfani da shi don troposphere (Latin mai tsauri sai dai don aerosols na ƙasa) da kuma hanyar da aka yi šomišwa don matakan da suka fi girma na homosphere (kalmomin gama gari, wasu ba bisa ka'ida ba daga Latin). Koyaya, waɗannan tsare-tsaren guda biyu, dukansu biyu an ba su izini kuma suna amfani da su ta Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya, suna raba rarraba nau'ikan siffofin jiki da matakan tsawo don samun nau'ikan tropospheric 10, [5] hazo da hazo waɗanda ke samuwa a matakin ƙasa, da ƙarin manyan nau'ikan sama da troposphere. Tsarin cumulus ya haɗa da nau'o'i huɗu waɗanda ke nuna girman tsaye wanda zai iya shafar matakan tsawo.

Samfuri:Diagonal split header Stratiform ba tare da convective ba
 Cirriform mafi yawa ba convective ba
 Stratocumuliform iyakance-convective
 Taron da aka yi amfani da shi
 Cumulonimbiform mai ƙarfi-convective
Matsayi mai zurfi Ruwan da ke Mai haske Rashin haske ko juyawa Ƙungiyoyin da ba su da haske
Babban matakin [6] Nitric acid da ruwa PSC veils Tsarin zagaye na PSCnacrean PSC Lenticular nacreus PSC
Matsayi mai girma Cirrostratus Cirrus Cirrocumulus
Matsakaicin matsakaici Altostratus Altocumulus
Hasumiya tsaye [7] Cumulus congestus Cumulonimbus
Matsayi da yawa ko matsakaici tsaye Nimbostratus Cumulus mediocris
Ƙananan matakin Stratus Stratocumulus Cumulus humilis ko fractus
Matsayi na sama Haushi ko hazo

Tarihin kimiyyar girgije

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ba a yi nazarin girgije na dā a ware ba, amma an lura da su a hade tare da wasu abubuwan yanayi har ma da sauran kimiyyar halitta. Kusan 340 KZ, masanin falsafar Girka Aristotle ya rubuta Meteorologica, aikin da ke wakiltar jimlar ilimin lokacin game da kimiyyar halitta, gami da Yanayi da yanayi. A karo na farko, hazo da girgije daga inda hazo ya fadi ana kiransu meteorous, wanda ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci meteoros, ma'ana 'sama a sama'. Daga wannan kalmar ne kalmar zamani meteorology ta fito, nazarin girgije da yanayi. Meteorologica ya dogara ne akan fahimta da kallo mai sauƙi, amma ba akan abin da yanzu ake la'akari da hanyar kimiyya ba. Duk da haka, shi ne aikin farko da aka sani wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya magance batutuwa masu yawa na yanayi a hanyar da ta dace, musamman sake zagayowar ruwa.[8]

g
Rarraba girgije na Tropospheric ta hanyar tsawo na faruwar. Nau'ikan nau'ikan nau-ikan nau'o'in nau'ikan da suka dace ba su iyakance ga matakin tsawo guda ɗaya ba; waɗannan sun haɗa da nimbostratus, cumulonimbus, da wasu daga cikin manyan nau'ikan cumulus.

Bayan ƙarni na ra'ayoyin hasashe game da kafawa da halayyar girgije, an gudanar da karatun kimiyya na farko a farkon karni na 19 ta hanyar Luke Howard a Ingila da Jean-Baptiste Lamarck a Faransa. Howard ya kasance mai lura da tsari tare da tushe mai ƙarfi a cikin harshen Latin, kuma ya yi amfani da asalinsa don rarraba nau'ikan girgije daban-daban a cikin 1802. Ya yi imanin cewa binciken kimiyya na canza fasalin girgije a sararin sama na iya buɗe mabuɗin hasashen yanayi.

Lamarck ya yi aiki da kansa a kan rarraba girgije a wannan shekarar kuma ya zo da wani tsari na suna daban wanda ya kasa yin tasiri har ma a cikin ƙasarsa ta Faransa saboda ya yi amfani da sunayen Faransanci da jimloli masu ban mamaki da na al'ada don nau'ikan girgije. Tsarinsa na nomenclature ya haɗa da nau'ikan girgije 12, tare da sunayen kamar (wanda aka fassara daga Faransanci) girgije mai hazo, girgije mai laushi, da girgije mai kama da gogewa. Sabanin haka, Howard ya yi amfani da Latin da aka yarda da shi a duniya, wanda ya kama da sauri bayan an buga shi a 1803. A matsayin alamar shahararren shirin suna, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus kuma mawaki Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ya rubuta waƙoƙi huɗu game da girgije, ya keɓe su ga Howard.

Wani bayani game da tsarin Howard ya sami karbuwa a hukumance ta Taron Yanayi na Duniya a cikin 1891. Wannan tsarin ya rufe nau'ikan girgije na tropospheric kawai. Koyaya, binciken girgije sama da troposphere a ƙarshen karni na 19 ya haifar da ƙirƙirar tsarin rarrabuwa daban-daban waɗanda suka koma ga amfani da sunaye da jimloli waɗanda suka ɗan tunatar da hanyoyin rarrabuwa na Lamarck. Wadannan girgije masu girma, kodayake an rarraba su ta waɗannan hanyoyi daban-daban, duk da haka suna da kama da wasu siffofin girgije da aka gano a cikin troposphere tare da sunayen Latin.[6]

Kafawa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana iya samun girgije na ƙasa a ko'ina cikin mafi yawan homosphere, wanda ya haɗa da troposphere, stratosphere, da mesosphere. A cikin waɗannan yadudduka na yanayi, iska na iya zama mai cikewa sakamakon sanyaya zuwa wurin raɓa ko ta hanyar samun danshi da aka kara daga tushen da ke kusa.[9] A cikin yanayin ƙarshe, saturation yana faruwa lokacin da aka ɗaga maɓallin raɓa zuwa yanayin zafin iska.

Adiabatic sanyaya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Adiabatic sanyaya yana faruwa ne lokacin da daya ko fiye daga cikin uku masu yiwuwa - convective, cyclonic / frontal, ko orographic - ya haifar da wani yanki na iska dauke da tururin ruwa marar ganuwa ya tashi ya sanyaya zuwa wurin raɓa, zafin jiki wanda iska ta cika. Babban hanyar da ke bayan wannan tsari shine sanyaya adiabatic.[10] Yayin da iska ta sanyaya zuwa wurin raɓa kuma ta zama mai cike, tururin ruwa yana raguwa don samar da ɗigon girgije. Wannan kwantar da hankali yawanci yana faruwa a kan ƙwayoyin kwantar da ƙura kamar gishiri ko ƙura waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta don a riƙe su sama ta hanyar yaduwar iska ta al'ada.[11][12]

Halitta na juyin halitta na girgije daga cumulus humilis zuwa cumulonimbus capillatus incus

Ɗaya daga cikin wakili shine motsi na iska wanda ya haifar da dumama hasken rana a matakin farfajiyar.[11] Rashin daidaituwa na iska yana ba da damar samar da girgije na cumuliform a cikin troposphere wanda zai iya samar da ruwan sama idan iska ta isa ta yi ruwa.[13] A lokuta masu ban sha'awa, ɗagawa na convective na iya zama mai ƙarfi don shiga cikin tropopause kuma tura girgije saman cikin stratosphere.[14]

Ɗauki na gaba da cyclonic suna haɗuwa a cikin troposphere lokacin da aka tilasta iska mai ɗorewa sama a gaban yanayi da kewayen cibiyoyin matsin lamba ta hanyar tsari da ake kira convergence.[15] Yankunan zafi da ke da alaƙa da cyclones na extratropical suna haifar da mafi yawan girgije na cirriform da stratiform a kan yanki mai faɗi sai dai idan iska mai zafi mai zuwa ba ta da daidaituwa, a wannan yanayin cumulus congestus ko cumulonimbus girgije yawanci ana saka su a cikin babban girgije mai hazo.[16] Gabaɗaya sanyi suna motsawa da sauri kuma suna samar da layin girgije, waɗanda galibi suna da stratocumuliform, cumuliform, ko cumulonimbiform dangane da kwanciyar hankali na iska mai dumi a gaban gaba.

Image
Windy evening twilight enhanced by the Sun's angle. Clouds can visually mimic a tornado resulting from orographic lift.

Tushen ɗagawa na uku shine iska da ke tilasta iska a kan shingen jiki kamar dutse (lifting orographic). [11] Idan iska ta kasance mai ɗorewa gabaɗaya, babu wani abu da ya zama girgije na lenticular. Koyaya, idan iska ta zama mai laushi kuma ba ta da kwanciyar hankali, ruwan sama ko tsawa na iya bayyana.

Ana ganin girgije da kowane ɗayan waɗannan wakilai masu ɗagawa suka kafa a cikin troposphere inda waɗannan wakilai suka fi aiki. Koyaya, tururin ruwa wanda aka ɗaga zuwa saman troposphere za'a iya ɗauka har ma da mafi girma ta hanyar raƙuman ruwa inda ci gaba da kwantar da hankali zai iya haifar da samar da girgije a cikin stratosphere da mesosphere.

Rashin sanyaya ba tare da adiabatic ba

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da sanyaya adiabatic wanda ke buƙatar wakili mai ɗagawa, akwai manyan hanyoyin da ba na adiabatics ba guda uku don rage yawan zafin iska zuwa ma'anar raɓa. Conductive, radiational, da evaporative sanyaya ba sa buƙatar wani abu mai ɗagawa kuma yana iya haifar da condensation a matakin farfajiyar wanda ke haifar da samuwar hazo.[17][18]

Ƙara danshi ga iska

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Za'a iya ƙara manyan hanyoyin tururin ruwa da yawa zuwa iska a matsayin hanyar samun satar ba tare da wani tsari na sanyaya ba: evaporation daga ruwa mai laushi ko ƙasa mai laushi, [9] [19] hazo ko virga, [20] da kuma gumi daga tsire-tsire.

Rarrabawar Tropospheric

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rarraba a cikin troposphere ya dogara ne akan matsayi na rukunoni tare da siffofin jiki da matakan tsawo a saman. Wadannan an rarraba su cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsuna goma, mafi yawansu za'a iya raba su cikin nau-o'in kuma a kara rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan da ke ƙasa da matsayi.[21]

Image
Cirrus fibratus girgije a watan Maris

Girgije a cikin troposphere yana ɗaukar siffofi biyar na zahiri bisa ga tsari da tsarin tsari. Ana amfani da waɗannan siffofin don manufar nazarin tauraron dan adam.[22] An ba su a ƙasa a cikin kimanin tsari mai tasowa na rashin daidaituwa ko aikin convective.[23]

  • Nonconvective stratiform girgije bayyana a cikin yanayin iska mai ɗorewa kuma, gabaɗaya, suna da shimfiɗa, tsarin takarda wanda zai iya samuwa a kowane tsawo a cikin troposphere.[24] Ƙungiyar stratiform ta raba ta hanyar tsawo a cikin jinsunan cirrostratus (high-level), altostratus (tsakiyar-mataki), stratus (ƙananan-mataki). Ana yawan ɗaukar hazo a matsayin girgije mai tushe. Ruwan yana iya samuwa a matakin farfajiyar a cikin iska mai tsabta ko kuma yana iya zama sakamakon ƙananan girgije wanda ke raguwa zuwa ƙasa ko matakin teku. Sabanin haka, ƙananan girgije suna haifar da lokacin da aka ɗaga hazo sama da matakin ƙasa a lokacin yanayin iska.
  • Girgije na cirriform a cikin troposphere suna cikin jinsin cirrus kuma suna da bayyanar da aka raba ko rabin-merged filaments. Suna samuwa a tsawo mai tsawo a cikin iska wanda galibi yana da kwanciyar hankali tare da ƙaramin ko babu aikin convective, kodayake ɓangarori masu yawa na iya nuna haɓakawa da ke haifar da iyakantaccen matakin convection inda iska ba ta da kwanciyaraka.[25] Ana iya samun girgije mai kama da cirrus, cirrostratus, da cirrocumulus a sama da troposphere amma ana rarraba su daban ta amfani da sunaye na yau da kullun.
  • Stratocumuliform girgije duka cumuliform da halaye na stratiform a cikin nau'ikan juzu'i, ripples, ko abubuwa.[5] Gabaɗaya suna samuwa ne sakamakon iyakantaccen convection a cikin iska mai ɗorewa wanda aka ɗora shi da Layer juyawa.[26] Idan Layer na juyawa ba ya nan ko mafi girma a cikin troposphere, karuwar rashin daidaituwa na iska na iya haifar da yadudduka na girgije don bunkasa saman a cikin nau'ikan turrets wanda ya kunshi siffofi da aka saka.[27] Ƙungiyar stratocumuliform ta kasu kashi biyu cikin cirrocumulus (babban matakin, strato-prefix ya sauke), Altocumulus (tsakiyar matakin, strano-prefix da ya sauke), da stratocumulus (ƙananan matakin). [5]
  • Abubuwan da ke tattare da girgije suna bayyana a cikin tarin da aka ware ko tufts.[28] Su ne samfurin da aka samo asali amma gabaɗaya kyauta-convective inda babu wani juyawa a cikin troposphere don iyakance ci gaban tsaye. Gabaɗaya, ƙananan girgije na cumuliform suna nuna rashin daidaituwa. Babban nau'ikan cumuliform alama ce ta rashin daidaituwa na yanayi da aikin convective.[29] Dangane da girman su na tsaye, girgije na nau'in nau'in cumulus na iya zama ƙananan matakin ko matakai da yawa tare da matsakaici zuwa tsayi mai tsawo.
  • Cumulonimbus girgije ne mafi girma free-convective girgije, wanda ke da tsawo tsaye. Suna faruwa a cikin iska mai matukar damuwa kuma galibi suna da siffofi a saman sassan girgije wanda wani lokacin ya haɗa da saman anvil. [11][5] Wadannan girgije sune samfurin convection mai karfi wanda zai iya shiga cikin ƙananan stratosphere.

Matakan da jinsuna

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tropospheric girgije ya samo asali a kowane Matakai uku (wanda ake kira etages) bisa ga tsawo sama da farfajiyar Duniya. Rukunin girgije a cikin matakan ana yin su ne don dalilan Atlas na girgije, lura da yanayin ƙasa, da Taswirar yanayi. Tsawon tsayi na kowane matakin ya bambanta dangane da yankin latitudinal. Kowane matakin tsawo ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsuna biyu ko uku waɗanda aka bambanta da su ta hanyar jiki.[30][5]

Matsayi na yau da kullun da nau'ikan jinsuna an taƙaita su a ƙasa a cikin kimanin tsari mai saukowa na tsawo wanda kowannensu ya saba.[31] Girgije mai matakai da yawa tare da mahimman madaidaiciya an jera su daban kuma an taƙaita su a cikin kimanin tsari mai tasowa na rashin daidaituwa ko aikin convective.[23]

Matsayi mai girma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Image
Babban cirrus na sama-hagu ya haɗu cikin cirrostratus na dama da wasu cirrocumulus na dama

Babban girgije yana samuwa a tsawo na 3,000 zuwa 7,600 a cikin yankuna masu zafi, 5,000 zuwa 12,200 a yankuna masu matsakaici, da 6,100 zuwa 18,300 a wurare masu zafi. Dukkanin girgije na cirriform an rarraba su a matsayin masu girma, don haka sun zama nau'in cirrus guda ɗaya (Ci). Stratocumuliform da stratiform girgije a cikin tsawo mai tsawo suna ɗauke da prefix cirro-, suna samar da sunayen jinsin cirrocumulus (Cc) da cirrostratus (Cs). Idan ana nazarin hotunan tauraron dan adam masu iyakancewar girgije ba tare da tallafawa bayanai daga abubuwan lura na mutum kai tsaye ba, bambance-bambance tsakanin siffofi ko nau'ikan jinsuna ya zama ba zai yiwu ba, kuma an gano su gaba ɗaya a matsayin babban nau'in (ko ba bisa ka'ida ba a matsayin nau'in cirrus, kodayake ba duk manyan girgije suna da nau'in cerrus ko nau'in ba). [32]

  • Genus cirrus (Ci) - waɗannan galibi ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta ne masu laushi, fari, cirriform, girgije mai ƙanƙara wanda ke nunawa a sararin sama mai launin shudi.[25] Cirrus gabaɗaya ba su da convective sai dai castellanus da floccus subtypes waɗanda ke nuna iyakantaccen convection. Sau da yawa suna samuwa tare da babban jetstream kuma a gefen gaba ko ƙananan matsin lamba inda zasu iya haɗuwa cikin cirrostratus.[33] Wannan nau'in girgije mai girma ba ya samar da hazo.[31]
  • Genus cirrocumulus (Cc) - wannan fararen fararen farar farar fararen farantin farar farantin fararen farashi ne na iyakantaccen convection. Ya ƙunshi lu'ulu'u na kankara ko ɗigon ruwa mai sanyaya wanda ke bayyana a matsayin ƙananan ƙuƙwalwar ƙuƙwalwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi ko layi tare da ripples kamar yashi a kan rairayin bakin teku.[34] Cirrocumulus wani lokaci yana samuwa tare da cirrus kuma ana iya haɗa shi ko maye gurbinsa da girgije na cirrostratus kusa da gefen gaba na tsarin yanayi mai aiki. Wannan nau'in nau'in wani lokaci yana samar da virga, hazo wanda ke narkewa a ƙasa da tushe na girgije.[16]
  • Genus cirrostratus (Cs) - cirrostrato wani nau'i ne mai laushi wanda ba shi da ma'ana wanda yawanci ke haifar da halo wanda ya haifar da refraction na Hasken rana. Rana da Wata suna bayyane a bayyane.[35] Cirrostratus ba ya samar da hazo, amma sau da yawa yana kauri cikin altostratus a gaban gaba mai dumi ko yankin matsin lamba, wanda wani lokacin yakan yi.

Matsakaicin matsakaici

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Image
Yanayin fitowar rana yana ba da haske ga girgije mai suna altocumulus stratiformis perlucidus
Image
Altostratus translucidus kusa da saman hoto mai kauri cikin altostratus opacus kusa da kasa (duba kuma 'nau'in da iri-iri')

Girgije marasa tsayi a matakin tsakiya ana gabatar da su ta hanyar alto-, sama- samar da sunayen jinsin Altocumulus (Ac) don nau'ikan stratocumuliform da altostratus (As) don nau-ikan stratiform. Wadannan girgije na iya zama ƙasa da 6,500 feet (2,000 m) m (6,500 sama da farfajiyar a kowane latitude, amma yana iya dogara da 13,000 feet (4,000 m) m (13,000 kusa da sanduna, 23,000 feet (7,000 m) m (23,000 a tsakiyar latitudes, da 25,000 feet (7,600 m) m (25,000 a cikin wurare masu zafi. Kamar yadda yake tare da girgije mai tsawo, manyan nau'ikan jinsuna suna da sauƙin ganewa ta hanyar idon mutum, amma rarrabe tsakanin su ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam kadai ba zai yiwu ba. Lokacin da bayanan tallafi na abubuwan lura na ɗan adam ba su samuwa ba, waɗannan girgije galibi ana gano su gaba ɗaya a matsayin matsakaicin nau'in akan hotunan tauraron dan adam.[32]

  • Genus Altocumulus (Ac) - Wannan matsakaicin matakin girgije ne na iyakantaccen convection wanda yawanci yakan bayyana a cikin nau'ikan ɓangarori marasa daidaituwa ko ƙarin takardu da aka shirya a cikin ƙungiyoyi, layi, ko raƙuman ruwa.[36] Altocumulus na iya kama da cirrocumulus a wasu lokuta, amma yawanci ya fi kauri kuma ya ƙunshi cakuda ruwan da lu'ulu'u na kankara, don haka tushe suna nuna aƙalla wasu launin toka.[37] Altocumulus na iya samar da virga, ruwan sama mai sauƙi wanda ke narkewa kafin ya kai ƙasa.[38]
  • Genus altostratus (As) - Altostratus matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin ne ko mai haske wanda ba shi da ma'ana na launin toka / shuɗi-gris wanda sau da yawa yakan kasance tare da gaba mai dumi da kuma wuraren da ke da matsin lamba. Altostratus yawanci yana kunshe da ɗigon ruwa, amma ana iya haɗa shi da lu'ulu'u na kankara a tsawo mafi girma. Yaduwar altostratus na iya samar da haske mai ci gaba ko hazo mai saurin lokaci.[39]

Ƙananan matakin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Image
Cumulus humilis tare da stratocumulus stratiformis a gaba (duba kuma 'nau'i da iri-iri')
Image
Cumulus humilis girgije a watan Mayu

Ana samun ƙananan girgije daga kusa da farfajiyar har zuwa 6,500 feet (2,000 m) m (6,500 . Nau'ikan jinsuna a wannan matakin ko dai ba su da prefix ko ɗaukar wanda ke nufin wani halaye ban da tsawo. Girgije da ke samuwa a matakin ƙasa na troposphere gabaɗaya suna da tsari mafi girma fiye da waɗanda ke samuwa a tsakiyar da matakan sama, don haka ana iya gano su ta hanyar siffofin su da nau'ikan jinsinsu ta amfani da hotunan tauraron dan adam kadai.[32]

  • Genus stratocumulus (Sc) - Wannan nau'in nau'in shine nau'in girgije na iyakantaccen convection, yawanci a cikin nau'ikan ɓangarori marasa daidaituwa ko takardu masu yawa kamar altocumulus amma suna da abubuwa masu girma tare da inuwa mai zurfi.[40] Stratocumulus sau da yawa yana nan a lokacin yanayin rigar da ya samo asali daga wasu girgije na ruwan sama, amma kawai zai iya samar da ruwan sama mai haske da kansa.[41]
  • Species cumulus humilis - Waɗannan ƙananan girgije ne masu kyau waɗanda ke da kusan tushe a kwance da saman da aka shimfiɗa, kuma ba sa samar da ruwan sama.[42]
  • Genus stratus (St) - Wannan nau'i ne mai laushi ko wani lokacin nau'in nau'in da ba a haɗa shi ba wanda wani lokacin yayi kama da hazo mai tsawo.[43] Sai kawai ruwan sama mai rauni zai iya fadowa daga wannan girgije, yawanci drizzle ko dusar ƙanƙara.[44][45] Lokacin da girgije mai ƙarancin ƙasa ya ragu zuwa matakin farfajiyar, ya rasa kalmomin Latin kuma an ba shi sunan gama gari hazo idan ganuwar farfajilar ƙasa da 1 km (0.62 mi) . [46] Idan ganuwar ta kasance 1 km ko mafi girma, ana kiran ƙarancin da ake gani.[47] 

Matsayi da yawa ko matsakaici tsaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Image
Nimbostratus tare da virga

Wadannan girgije suna da ƙananan- zuwa matsakaicin matsakaicin matakan da ke samuwa a ko'ina daga kusa da farfajiyar zuwa kusan 8,000 feet (2,400 m) m (8,000 da kuma saman da zasu iya fadada zuwa tsakiyar tsawo kuma wani lokacin mafi girma a cikin yanayin nimbostratus.

  • Genus Nimbostratus (Ns) - Wannan yana da launin toka mai duhu, mai matakai da yawa tare da babban matsayi a kwance kuma yawanci matsakaici zuwa zurfin ci gaban tsaye wanda ke da haske daga ciki.[48] Nimbostratus yawanci yana samuwa daga matsakaicin matsakaici altostratus, kuma yana haɓaka aƙalla matsakaici a tsaye [49] lokacin da tushe ya ragu zuwa matakin ƙasa yayin hazo wanda zai iya kaiwa matsakaici zuwa ƙarfin nauyi.[50] Yana samun ci gaba mafi girma a tsaye lokacin da a lokaci guda yake girma sama zuwa babban matakin saboda babban sikelin gaba ko cyclonic lift.[51] nimbo- prefix yana nufin ikonsa na samar da ruwan sama ko dusar ƙanƙara a kan yanki mai faɗi, musamman a gaban gaba mai dumi. Wannan nau'in girgije mai zurfi ba shi da wani tsari mai tsawo na kansa, amma yana iya kasancewa tare da nau'ikan cumulonimbiform masu tsawo. [50] Masana ilimin yanayi da ke da alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Meteorological ta Duniya (WMO) a hukumance sun rarraba nimbostratus a matsayin matsakaicin matakin don dalilai na synoptic yayin da suke nuna shi a matsayin matakin da yawa. Masana ilimin yanayi masu zaman kansu da malamai sun bayyana sun rabu tsakanin waɗanda suka fi bin tsarin WMO [49] da waɗanda suka rarraba nimbostratus a matsayin ƙananan matakin, duk da girmansa na tsaye da kuma tsarin farko na yau da kullun a cikin tsakiya. [50][52][53]
  • Species cumulus mediocris - Wadannan cumuliform girgije na free convection suna da bayyane-cut, matsakaici-gris, tushe mai laushi da fari, saman da aka rufa a cikin nau'in ƙananan tsiro kuma gabaɗaya ba sa samar da hazo.[42] Yawanci suna samuwa a matakin ƙasa na troposphere sai dai a lokacin yanayin da ke da ƙarancin zafi, lokacin da tushen girgije zai iya tashi zuwa tsakiyar tsawo. Cumulus mediocris an rarraba shi a hukumance a matsayin ƙananan matakin kuma an fi nuna shi a matsayin mai matsakaici wanda zai iya haɗawa da matakin tsawo fiye da ɗaya.

Hasumiya tsaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Image
Ruwan cumulonimbus calvus da aka ware a kan hamadar Mojave, yana fitar da ruwan sama mai nauyi
Image
Kwayar halitta guda Cumulonimbus capillatus incus

Wadannan manyan nau'ikan cumuliform da cumulonimbiform suna da tushe na girgije a cikin wannan ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin matakin kamar nau'ikan tsaye masu yawa da matsakaici, amma saman kusan koyaushe suna faɗaɗa cikin manyan matakan. Ba kamar girgije da ba su da ƙaruwa a tsaye, ana buƙatar a gano su da sunayensu ko raguwa a duk abubuwan lura da jirgin sama (METARS) da tsinkaye (TAFS) don gargadi matukan jirgi game da yiwuwar yanayi mai tsanani da rikici.[7]

  • Species cumulus congestus - Karin rashin daidaituwa na iska na iya haifar da cumulus mai zaman kansa don girma sosai har zuwa lokacin da tsawo na tsaye daga tushe zuwa saman ya fi girma fiye da faɗin tushe na girgije. Tushen girgije yana da launin launin toka mai duhu kuma saman yana kama da cauliflower. Wannan nau'in girgije na iya samar da matsakaici zuwa ruwan sama mai nauyi [42] kuma an sanya shi Towering cumulus (Tcu) ta Ƙungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya (ICAO).
  • Genus cumulonimbus (Cb) - Wannan nau'in nau'in yana da nauyi, mai tsawo, cumulonimbiform taro na girgije mai sauƙi tare da launin toka mai duhu zuwa kusan baƙar fata da kuma saman da ya fi tsayi a cikin siffar dutse ko babbar hasumiya.[54] Cumulonimbus na iya samar da tsawa, ruwan sama mai tsanani na gida wanda zai iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma nau'ikan walƙiya iri-iri ciki har da girgije zuwa ƙasa wanda zai iya samar da gobarar daji.[55] Sauran yanayi mai tsanani na iya ko a'a ba su da alaƙa da tsawa kuma sun hail da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi, ƙanƙarar iska mai ƙarfi, fashewa, da guguwa.[56][57] Daga cikin duk waɗannan abubuwan da suka shafi cumulonimbus, walƙiya ita ce kawai ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan da ke buƙatar tsawa ya faru tunda walƙiya ce ke haifar da tsawa. Cumulonimbus girgije na iya samuwa a cikin yanayin iska mara daidaituwa, amma suna da mahimmanci kuma suna da ƙarfi lokacin da suke da alaƙa da Yanayin sanyi mara daidaituwa.

Nau'o'in

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake kira nau'ikan jinsuna waɗanda ke nuna takamaiman bayanai na tsarin da zasu iya bambanta bisa ga kwanciyar hankali da halaye na iska na yanayi a kowane lokaci da wuri. Duk da wannan matsayi, wani nau'in jinsin na iya zama nau'i na nau'i fiye da ɗaya, musamman idan jinsunan suna da nau'i ɗaya na jiki kuma sun bambanta da juna galibi ta hanyar tsawo ko matakin. Akwai 'yan jinsuna, kowannensu zai iya danganta da nau'ikan nau'ikan jiki fiye da ɗaya.[58] Ana rarraba nau'ikan jinsuna a ƙasa bisa ga siffofin jiki da jinsunan da kowannensu ke da alaƙa da su. An lissafa siffofi, jinsuna, da nau'o'in daga hagu zuwa dama a cikin kimanin tsari mai tasowa na rashin daidaituwa ko aikin convective.[23]

Hanyoyi da matakan Stratiform ba tare da convective ba
 Cirriform mafi yawa ba tare da convective ba
 Stratocumuliform iyakance-convective
 Taron da aka yi amfani da shi
 Cumulonimbiform mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi
Matsayi mai girma CirrostratusSamfuri:Blist Cirrus ba tare da convective ba
wanda ba na convective baSamfuri:Blistiyakancewar convectiveSamfuri:Blist		 CirrocumulusSamfuri:Blist
Matsakaicin matsakaici AltostratusSamfuri:Blist AltocumulusSamfuri:Blist
Ƙananan matakin StratusSamfuri:Blist StratocumulusSamfuri:Blist CumulusSamfuri:Blist
Matsayi da yawa ko matsakaici tsaye NimbostratusSamfuri:Blist CumulusSamfuri:Blist
Hasumiya tsaye CumulusSamfuri:Blist CumulonimbusSamfuri:Blist

Mai ɗorewa ko mafi yawanci mai ɗorewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Daga cikin rukuni mai laushi, cirrostratus mai girma ya ƙunshi nau'o'i biyu. Cirrostratus nebulosus yana da bayyanar da ba ta da cikakkun bayanai.[59] Cirrostratus Fibratus wani nau'in da aka yi da filaments da aka haɗu da su wanda ke wucewa zuwa ko daga cirrus.[60] Altostratus na tsakiya da nimbostratus na matakai da yawa koyaushe suna da shimfiɗa ko bayyanar rarraba kuma saboda haka ba a raba su cikin nau'o'i ba. Low stratus yana daga cikin nau'in nebulosus [59] sai dai idan aka fashe shi cikin ragged sheets na stratus fractus (duba ƙasa). [49][58][61]

Girgije na cirriform yana da nau'o'i uku marasa ma'ana waɗanda zasu iya samuwa a cikin yanayin iska mai ɗorewa. Cirrus fibratus ya ƙunshi filaments wanda zai iya zama madaidaiciya, mai laushi, ko kuma wani lokaci ana karkatar da shi ta hanyar shear iska.[60] Nau'in uncinus yayi kama da haka amma yana da ƙugiyoyi masu juyawa a ƙarshen. Cirrusпетиatus ya bayyana a matsayin tabo mai duhu wanda zai iya nuna haske mai launin toka.[58]

Fayil:Lenticular Cloud in Wyoming 0034b.jpg
Altocumulus lenticularis da ke faruwa a kan duwatsu a Wyoming tare da ƙananan layuka na cumulus mediocris da mafi girma layuka na cirrusпетиatus

Stratocumuliform genus-types (cirrocumulus, altocumulus, da stratocumulus) waɗanda ke bayyana a cikin mafi yawan iska mai ɗorewa tare da iyakantaccen convection suna da nau'o'i biyu kowannensu. Nau'in stratiformis yawanci suna faruwa a cikin takardu masu yawa ko a cikin ƙananan wuraren inda akwai ƙananan aiki.[62] Clouds na jinsunan lenticularis suna da siffofi masu kama da ruwan tabarau a ƙarshen. Ana ganin su a matsayin girgije na tsaunuka, amma yana iya faruwa a ko'ina a cikin troposphere inda akwai iska mai karfi tare da isasshen kwanciyar hankali na iska don kula da tsarin girgije gaba ɗaya. Wadannan nau'o'in biyu za a iya samun su a cikin manyan, matsakaici, ko ƙananan matakan troposphere dangane da nau'in stratocumuliform ko nau'ikan da ke cikin kowane lokaci.[49][58][61]

Rashin jituwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nau'in fractus yana nuna rashin daidaituwa mai canzawa saboda yana iya zama rarraba nau'ikan nau'ikan siffofi daban-daban na jiki waɗanda ke da halaye daban-daban. Wannan nau'in na iya kasancewa a cikin nau'in ragged amma mafi yawa tsayayyen takalma (stratus fractus) ko ƙananan ragged cumuliform tarin tare da ɗan rashin daidaituwa (cumulus fractus).[58][61][63] Lokacin da girgije na wannan nau'in ke da alaƙa da tsarin girgije mai yawa a tsaye kuma wani lokacin a kwance, ana rarraba su azaman girgije na kayan haɗi a ƙarƙashin sunan pannus (duba sashi akan ƙarin fasalulluka). [64]

An ga murfin girgije a yawancin sauran taurari a cikin Tsarin hasken rana. Girgije mai zurfi na Venus ya ƙunshi sulfur dioxide (saboda aikin dutsen wuta) kuma ya bayyana kusan gaba ɗaya. An shirya su a cikin manyan yadudduka uku a tsawo na kilomita 45 zuwa 65 wanda ke rufe farfajiyar duniya kuma yana iya samar da virga.  Ba a gano nau'ikan cumuliform da aka saka ba, amma ana ganin nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa na stratocumuliform a wasu lokuta a saman Layer wanda ke nuna ƙarin girgije na Layer a ƙasa. A kan Mars, an gano noctilucent, cirrus, cirrocumulus da stratocumulus da suka hada da ruwa-ice galibi kusa da sanduna.[65][66] An kuma gano hazo na kankara a kan Mars.[67]

Dukansu Jupiter da Saturn suna da girgije na cirriform na waje wanda ya ƙunshi ammoniya, [68] wani nau'i na tsakiya wanda aka yi da ammonium hydrosulfide, da kuma ciki na girgije na ruwa. [69][70] An san cumulonimbus da aka saka a kusa da Babban Red Spot a kan Jupiter. [71] Ana iya samun nau'ikan nau'ikan guda ɗaya da ke rufe Uranus da Neptune, amma dukansu sun ƙunshi methane. Wata ta Saturn Titan tana da girgije na cirrus da aka yi imanin cewa ya ƙunshi mafi yawa daga methane.[72] Aikin Cassini-Huygens Saturn ya gano shaidar girgije na polar stratospheric.[73]

Wasu taurari a waje da tsarin hasken rana an san su da girgije na yanayi. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an sanar da gano girgije mai kauri a cikin yanayi na Kepler-7b, [74] [75] kuma, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, a cikin yanayi da GJ 436 b da GJ 1214 b. [76] [77] [78][79]

A cikin al'adu da addini

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Image
Joshua yana wucewa Kogin Urdun tare da Akwatin Alkawari (1800) na Benjamin West, yana nuna Yahweh yana jagorantar Isra'ilawa ta cikin hamada a matsayin ginshiƙi na girgije

Clouds suna taka muhimmiyar rawa ta almara ko wadanda ba kimiyya ba a al'adu da al'adun addini daban-daban. Mutanen Akkadians na dā sun yi imanin cewa girgije (a cikin yanayin yanayi, mai yiwuwa ƙarin fasalin Mama) shine ƙirjin allahiyar sama Antu, [80] kuma ruwan sama madara ce daga ƙirjinta. A cikin Littafin Fitowa, an bayyana Yahweh kamar yadda yake jagorantar Isra'ilawa a cikin hamada a cikin "ginshiƙi na girgije" da rana da kuma "ginshiƙan wuta" da dare. A cikin Nana-linkid="1245" href="./Mandaeism" id="mwB2o" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism, ana ambaton Utra (mutane na sama) a wasu lokuta a matsayin wanda ke cikin anan ("dabbobin sama"), wanda kuma za'a iya fassara shi azaman mata.

A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tsohuwar Girka The Clouds, wanda Aristophanes ya rubuta kuma ya fara yin shi a City Dionysia a cikin 423 BC, masanin falsafa Socrates ya bayyana cewa Clouds ne kawai alloli na gaskiya kuma ya gaya wa babban hali Strepsiades kada ya bauta wa kowane alloli banda Clouds, amma ya yi musu girmamawa shi kaɗai. A cikin wasan, Clouds suna canza siffar don bayyana ainihin yanayin duk wanda ke kallon su.[81] Ana yaba musu da tushen wahayi ga mawaƙa masu ban dariya da masana falsafa; [81] su ne masanan maganganu, game da Magana da sophistry kamar yadda suke "abokai".[81]

A cikin Hamlet na Shakespeare, yarima ya yi wa dan majalisa Polonius ba'a ta hanyar nuna siffofi daban-daban da ba su dace ba a cikin girgije ɗaya, wanda Polonius ya yarda da shi a kowane lokaci.[82]

A kasar Sin, girgije alamomin sa'a da farin ciki ne. Ana tunanin girgije mai yawa yana nuna farin ciki na har abada [83] kuma ana cewa girgije na launuka daban-daban suna nuna "albarka da yawa". [83]

Binciken girgije na al'ada ko kallon girgije sanannen aiki ne wanda ya haɗa da kallon girgije da neman siffofi a cikinsu, wani nau'i na pareidolia.[84][85]  

  1. ↑ "Weather Terms". National Weather Service. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  2. ↑ Ceppi, Paulo; Williams, Ric (11 September 2020). "Why clouds are the missing piece in the climate change puzzle". The Conversation (in Turanci). Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  3. ↑ Harper, Douglas (2012). "Cloud". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  4. ↑ "Cloud". The Free Dictionary. Farlex. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Cloud Identification Guide, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  6. 1 2 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Upper atmospheric clouds, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  7. 1 2 de Valk, Paul; van Westhrenen, Rudolf; Carbajal Henken, Cintia (2010). "Automated CB and TCU detection using radar and satellite data: from research to application" (PDF). EUMETSAT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  8. ↑ Frisinger, H. Howard (1972). "Aristotle and his Meteorologica". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 53: 634. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1972)053<0634:AAH>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0477.
  9. 1 2 Bart van den Hurk; Eleanor Blyth (2008). "Global maps of Local Land-Atmosphere coupling" (PDF). KNMI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  10. ↑ Nave, R. (2013). "Adiabatic Process". gsu.edu. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). "Humidity, Saturation, and Stability". vsc.edu. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  12. ↑ Horstmeyer, Steve (2008). "Cloud Drops, Rain Drops". Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  13. ↑ Freud, E.; Rosenfeld, D. (2012). "Linear relation between convective cloud drop number concentration and depth for rain initiation". Journal of Geophysical Research. 117 (D2): n/a. Bibcode:2012JGRD..117.2207F. doi:10.1029/2011JD016457. ISSN 0148-0227.
  14. ↑ Long, Michael J.; Hanks, Howard H.; Beebe, Robert G. (June 1965). "TROPOPAUSE PENETRATIONS BY CUMULONIMBUS CLOUDS". Defense Technical Information Center. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
  15. ↑ Elementary Meteorology Online (2013). "Lifting Along Frontal Boundaries". vsc.edu. Retrieved 20 March 2015.
  16. 1 2 "Mackerel sky". Weather Online Ltd. Retrieved 21 November 2013.
  17. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (2009). "Radiational cooling". American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2008.
  18. ↑ Fovell, Robert (2004). "Approaches to saturation" (PDF). University of California in Los Angeles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 February 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2009.
  19. ↑ JetStream (2008). "Air Masses". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  20. ↑ National Weather Service Office (2009). "Virga and Dry Thunderstorms". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  21. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Principles, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 9 May 2017.
  22. ↑ E.C. Barrett; C.K. Grant (1976). "The identification of cloud types in LANDSAT MSS images". NASA. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  23. 1 2 3 Pilotfriend, ed. (2016). "Meteorology". Pilotfriend. Retrieved 19 March 2016.
  24. ↑ NASA, ed. (2015). "Stratiform or Stratus Clouds". Archived from the original on 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  25. 1 2 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Cirrus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  26. ↑ Laufersweiler, M. J.; Shirer, H. N. (1995). "A theoretical model of multi-regime convection in a stratocumulus-topped boundary layer". Boundary-Layer Meteorology. 73 (4): 373–409. Bibcode:1995BoLMe..73..373L. doi:10.1007/BF00712679. S2CID 123031505.
  27. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Altocumulus Castellanus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  28. ↑ Stommel, H. (1947). "Entrainment of Air into a Cumulus Cloud". Journal of Meteorology. 4 (3): 91–94. Bibcode:1947JAtS....4...91S. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1947)004<0091:EOAIAC>2.0.CO;2.
  29. ↑ Mossop, S. C.; Hallett, J. (1974). "Ice Crystal Concentration in Cumulus Clouds: Influence of the Drop Spectrum". Science. 186 (4164): 632–634. Bibcode:1974Sci...186..632M. doi:10.1126/science.186.4164.632. PMID 17833720. S2CID 19285155.
  30. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Appearance of Clouds, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  31. 1 2 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (1995). "WMO cloud classifications" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2005. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  32. 1 2 3 Colorado State University Dept. of Atmospheric Science, ed. (2015). "Cloud type identification by satellites" (PDF). Colorado State University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 April 2006. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  33. ↑ Vincent J. Schaefer (October 1952). "Cloud Forms of the Jet Stream". Tellus. 5 (1): 27–31. Bibcode:1953Tell....5...27S. doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1953.tb01032.x (inactive 6 December 2025).CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of Disamba 2025 (link)
  34. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Cirrocumulus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  35. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Cirrostratus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  36. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Altocumulus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  37. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Ac Compared With Cc, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  38. ↑ Met Office, ed. (2017). "Mid Level Clouds – Altocumulus". Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  39. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Altostratus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  40. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Stratocumulus, International Cloud Atlas". Archived from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  41. ↑ Met Office, ed. (2016). "Stratocumulus". Retrieved 10 April 2018.
  42. 1 2 3 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Cumulus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  43. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Stratus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  44. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Drizzle, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  45. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Snow Grains, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  46. ↑ Colorado State University, ed. (2000). "Stratus and Fog". Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  47. ↑ Met Office, ed. (2017). "Difference Between Mist and Fog". Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  48. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Nimbostratus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  49. 1 2 3 4 Clouds Online (2012). "Cloud Atlas". Archived from the original on 2012-04-04. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  50. 1 2 3 Koermer, Jim (2011). "Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique". Plymouth State University. Archived from the original on 1 July 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2015.
  51. ↑ American Meteorological Society (2012). "Glossary of Meteorology". Retrieved 9 January 2014.
  52. ↑ Hatheway, Becca (2009). "Cloud Types". Windows to the Universe, US National Earth Science Teachers Association (NESTA). Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  53. ↑ "cloud: Classification of Clouds". Infoplease.com.
  54. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Cumulonimbus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  55. ↑ Scott A (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire". Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol. 164 (1–4): 281–329. Bibcode:2000PPP...164..281S. doi:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9.
  56. ↑ National Center for Atmospheric Research (2008). "Hail". University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2009.
  57. ↑ Renno, N. O. (2008). "A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices" (PDF). Tellus A. 60 (4): 688–699. Bibcode:2008TellA..60..688R. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2019. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Species, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  59. 1 2 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Nebulosus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  60. 1 2 World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Fibratus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  61. 1 2 3 Boyd, Sylke (2008). "Clouds – Species and Varieties". University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on 30 December 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2012.
  62. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Stratiformis, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 2 June 2017.
  63. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Species Fractus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  64. ↑ World Meteorological Organization, ed. (2017). "Accessory Cloud Pannus, International Cloud Atlas". Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  65. ↑ SPACE.com staff (28 August 2006). "Mars Clouds Higher Than Any on Earth". SPACE.com.
  66. ↑ "Clouds Move Across Mars Horizon". Phoenix Photographs. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 19 September 2008. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  67. ↑ Carr, M. H.; Baum, W. A.; Blasius, K. R.; Briggs, G. A.; Cutts, J. A.; Duxbury, T. C.; Greeley, R.; Guest, J.; Masursky, H. (January 1980). "NASA SP-441: Viking Orbiter Views of Mars". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 2012-01-14. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  68. ↑ Phillips, Tony (20 May 2010). "Big Mystery: Jupiter Loses a Stripe". Nasa Headline News – 2010. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  69. ↑ Ingersoll, A.P.; Dowling, T.E.; Gierasch, P.J.; Orton, G.S.; Read, P.L.; Sanchez-Lavega, A.; Showman, A.P.; Simon-Miller, A.A.; Vasavada, A.R. "Dynamics of Jupiter's Atmosphere" (PDF). Lunar & Planetary Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2007.
  70. ↑ Monterrey Institute for Research in Astronomy (11 August 2006). "Saturn". Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  71. ↑ "Thunderheads on Jupiter". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 8 September 1997. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  72. ↑ "Surprise Hidden in Titan's Smog: Cirrus-Like Clouds". Mission News. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 3 February 2011. Archived from the original on 16 April 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2011.
  73. ↑ Elizabeth Zubritsky (2016). "NASA Scientists find impossible cloud on titan". Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  74. ↑ Chu, Jennifer (2 October 2013). "Scientists generate first map of clouds on an exoplanet". MIT. Retrieved 2 January 2014.
  75. ↑ Demory, B. O.; De Wit, J.; Lewis, N.; Fortney, J.; Zsom, A.; Seager, S.; Knutson, H.; Heng, K.; Madhusudhan, N.; Gillon, M.; Barclay, T.; Desert, J. M.; Parmentier, V.; Cowan, N. B. (2013). "Inference of Inhomogeneous Clouds in an Exoplanet Atmosphere". The Astrophysical Journal. 776 (2): L25. arXiv:1309.7894. Bibcode:2013ApJ...776L..25D. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/776/2/L25. S2CID 701011.
  76. ↑ Harrington, J.D.; Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (31 December 2013). "Release 13-383 – NASA's Hubble Sees Cloudy Super-Worlds With Chance for More Clouds". NASA. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  77. ↑ Moses, J. (2014). "Extrasolar planets: Cloudy with a chance of dustballs". Nature. 505 (7481): 31–32. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...31M. doi:10.1038/505031a. PMID 24380949. S2CID 4408861.
  78. ↑ Knutson, H. A.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Homeier, D. (2014). "A featureless transmission spectrum for the Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b". Nature. 505 (7481): 66–68. arXiv:1401.3350. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...66K. doi:10.1038/nature12887. PMID 24380953. S2CID 4454617.
  79. ↑ Kreidberg, L.; Bean, J. L.; Désert, J. M.; Benneke, B. R.; Deming, D.; Stevenson, K. B.; Seager, S.; Berta-Thompson, Z.; Seifahrt, A.; Homeier, D. (2014). "Clouds in the atmosphere of the super-Earth exoplanet GJ 1214b". Nature. 505 (7481): 69–72. arXiv:1401.0022. Bibcode:2014Natur.505...69K. doi:10.1038/nature12888. PMID 24380954. S2CID 4447642.
  80. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  81. 1 2 3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Strauss1966".
  82. ↑ "Very like a whale. What's in a cloud?". Logic(s) (16). 27 March 2022. Retrieved 23 October 2025.
  83. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named "Ding".
  84. ↑ "Cloudgazing". Discover the Forest. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 23 November 2020.
  85. ↑ "Do You See Faces In The Clouds? The Science of Pareidolia". 20 July 2015.
Daga "https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gajimare&oldid=954003"