Fall of Imperial China

Abahai Aisin Gioro Alliance armies banners barbarian Boxers bureaucratic Canton capital central government century Ch'ien-lung Ch'ing Dynasty Chang Chang Chih-tung Chinese civil clan command commercial Confucian cultural defeat degree-holders Dorgon dynastic cycle dynasty's economic elite emperor empire empress dowager English Feng forces foreign gentry's Hakka Hunan Hung Hung-chang Japanese K'ang Yu-wei K'ang-hsi land landlords late imperial leaders Li Hung-chang Liang likin lineages lower gentry Macao magistrate major Manchu ment merchants military militia Ming Ming Dynasty Mongol monopoly movement Nanking north China Nurhaci officials opium Opium War peasants Peking period political Portuguese Prince provincial railway rank rebellion rebels reform regime reign revenue revolution revolutionary River rural salt secret societies self-strengthening Shanghai sheng-yuan Shih social soldiers Sun Yat-sen taels Taiping Taiping Rebellion throne Tientsin tion trade treaty troops Tseng Kuo-fan Tz'u-hsi University Press upper gentry uprising Western White Lotus yamen Yangtze Yuan Shih-k'ai Yung-cheng