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DNS support for your VPC - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
DNS hostnamesDNS attributes in your VPCDNS quotasView DNS hostnames for your EC2 instanceView and update DNS attributes for your VPCPrivate hosted zones

DNS support for your VPC

Domain Name System (DNS) is a standard by which names used on the internet are resolved to their corresponding IP addresses. A DNS hostname is a name that uniquely and absolutely names a computer; it's composed of a host name and a domain name. DNS servers resolve DNS hostnames to their corresponding IP addresses.

Public IPv4 addresses enable communication over the internet, while private IPv4 addresses enable communication within the network of the instance (either EC2-Classic or a VPC). For more information, see IP Addressing in your VPC.

We provide a DNS server (the Amazon Route 53 Resolver) for your VPC. To use your own DNS server, create a new set of DHCP options for your VPC. For more information, see DHCP options sets for your VPC.

DNS hostnames

We provide your instance in a VPC with public and private DNS hostnames that correspond to the public IPv4 and private IPv4 addresses for the instance. We do not provide DNS hostnames for IPv6 addresses.

Private DNS hostnames

A private (internal) DNS hostname resolves to the private IPv4 address of the instance. The private DNS hostname takes the form ip-private-ipv4-address.ec2.internal for the us-east-1 Region, and ip-private-ipv4-address.region.compute.internal for other Regions (where private-ipv4-address is the reverse lookup IP address). You can use the private DNS hostname for communication between instances in the same network, but we can't resolve the DNS hostname outside the network that the instance is in.

When you launch an instance into a VPC, it always receives a private DNS hostname.

Public DNS hostnames

A public (external) DNS hostname takes the form ec2-public-ipv4-address.compute-1.amazonaws.com for the us-east-1 Region, and ec2-public-ipv4-address.region.compute.amazonaws.com for other Regions. The Amazon DNS server resolves a public DNS hostname to the public IPv4 address of the instance outside the network of the instance, and to the private IPv4 address of the instance from within the network of the instance. For more information, see Public IPv4 addresses and external DNS hostnames in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Linux Instances.

When you launch an instance into a VPC, it receives a public DNS hostname if it has a public IPv4 address, and if both the DNS hostnames and DNS support attributes for your VPC are set to true. For more information, see DNS attributes in your VPC.

DNS attributes in your VPC

Your VPC has attributes that determine whether instances launched in the VPC receive public DNS hostnames that correspond to their public IP addresses, and whether DNS resolution through the Amazon DNS server is supported for the VPC.

Attribute Description
enableDnsHostnames

Indicates whether instances with public IP addresses get corresponding public DNS hostnames.

If this attribute is true, instances in the VPC get public DNS hostnames, but only if the enableDnsSupport attribute is also set to true.

enableDnsSupport

Indicates whether the DNS resolution is supported.

If this attribute is false, the Amazon Route 53 Resolver server that resolves public DNS hostnames to IP addresses is not enabled.

If this attribute is true, queries to the Amazon provided DNS server at the 169.254.169.253 IPv4 address (or the reserved IP address at the base of the VPC IPv4 network range plus two) and the fd00:ec2::253 IPv6 address will succeed. The IPv6 address is only accessible on EC2 instances built on the Nitro System. For more information, see Amazon DNS server.

The following rules apply:

  • If both attributes are set to true, the following occurs:

    • Instances with a public IP address receive corresponding public DNS hostnames.

    • The Amazon Route 53 Resolver server can resolve Amazon-provided private DNS hostnames.

  • If either or both of the attributes is set to false, the following occurs:

    • Instances with a public IP address do not receive corresponding public DNS hostnames.

    • The Amazon Route 53 Resolver cannot resolve Amazon-provided private DNS hostnames.

    • Instances receive custom private DNS hostnames if there is a custom domain name in the DHCP options set. If you are not using the Amazon Route 53 Resolver server, your custom domain name servers must resolve the hostname as appropriate.

  • If you use custom DNS domain names defined in a private hosted zone in Amazon Route 53 , or use private DNS with interface VPC endpoints (AWS PrivateLink), you must set both the enableDnsHostnames and enableDnsSupport attributes to true.

  • The Amazon Route 53 Resolver can resolve private DNS hostnames to private IPv4 addresses for all address spaces, including where the IPv4 address range of your VPC falls outside of the private IPv4 addresses ranges specified by RFC 1918. However, if you created your VPC before October 2016, the Amazon Route 53 Resolver does not resolve private DNS hostnames if your VPC's IPv4 address range falls outside of these ranges. To enable support for this, contact AWS Support.

By default, both attributes are set to true in a default VPC or a VPC created by the VPC wizard. By default, only the enableDnsSupport attribute is set to true in a VPC created any other way. To check if your VPC is enabled for these attributes, see View and update DNS attributes for your VPC. If you enable DNS hostnames and DNS support in a VPC that didn't previously support them, an instance that you already launched into that VPC gets a public DNS hostname if it has a public IPv4 address or an Elastic IP address.

DNS quotas

Each EC2 instance limits the number of packets that can be sent to the Amazon Route 53 Resolver (specifically the .2 address, such as 10.0.0.2, and 169.254.169.253) to a maximum of 1024 packets per second per network interface. This quota cannot be increased. The number of DNS queries per second supported by the Amazon Route 53 Resolver varies by the type of query, the size of response, and the protocol in use. For more information and recommendations for a scalable DNS architecture, see the Hybrid Cloud DNS Solutions for Amazon VPC whitepaper.

If you reach the quota, the Amazon Route 53 Resolver rejects traffic. Some of the causes for reaching the quota might be a DNS throttling issue, or instance metadata queries that use the Amazon Route 53 Resolver network interface. For information about how to solve VPC DNS throttling issues, see How can I determine whether my DNS queries to the Amazon provided DNS server are failing due to VPC DNS throttling. For instructions on instance metadata retrieval, see Retrieve instance metadata in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Linux Instances.

View DNS hostnames for your EC2 instance

You can view the DNS hostnames for a running instance or a network interface using the Amazon EC2 console or the command line.

The Public DNS (IPv4) and Private DNS fields are available when the DNS options are enabled for the VPC that is associated with the instance. For more information, see DNS attributes in your VPC.

Instance

To view DNS hostnames for an instance using the console

  1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

  2. In the navigation pane, choose Instances.

  3. Select your instance from the list.

  4. In the details pane, the Public DNS (IPv4) and Private DNS fields display the DNS hostnames, if applicable.

To view DNS hostnames for an instance using the command line

You can use one of the following commands. For more information about these command line interfaces, see Access Amazon VPC.

Network interface

To view the private DNS hostname for a network interface using the console

  1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.

  2. In the navigation pane, choose Network Interfaces.

  3. Select the network interface from the list.

  4. In the details pane, the Private DNS (IPv4) field displays the private DNS hostname.

To view DNS hostnames for a network interface using the command line

You can use one of the following commands. For more information about these command line interfaces, see Access Amazon VPC.

View and update DNS attributes for your VPC

You can view and update the DNS support attributes for your VPC using the Amazon VPC console.

To describe and update DNS support for a VPC using the console

  1. Open the Amazon VPC console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/vpc/.

  2. In the navigation pane, choose Your VPCs.

  3. Select the checkbox for the VPC.

  4. Review the information in Details. In this example, both DNS hostnames and DNS resolution are enabled.

    The DNS Settings tab

  5. To update these settings, choose Actions and then choose either Edit DNS hostnames or Edit DNS resolution. When prompted, select or clear Enable, and then choose Save changes.

To describe DNS support for a VPC using the command line

You can use one of the following commands. For more information about these command line interfaces, see Access Amazon VPC.

To update DNS support for a VPC using the command line

You can use one of the following commands. For more information about these command line interfaces, see Access Amazon VPC.

Private hosted zones

To access the resources in your VPC using custom DNS domain names, such as example.com, instead of using private IPv4 addresses or AWS-provided private DNS hostnames, you can create a private hosted zone in Route 53. A private hosted zone is a container that holds information about how you want to route traffic for a domain and its subdomains within one or more VPCs without exposing your resources to the internet. You can then create Route 53 resource record sets, which determine how Route 53 responds to queries for your domain and subdomains. For example, if you want browser requests for example.com to be routed to a web server in your VPC, you'll create an A record in your private hosted zone and specify the IP address of that web server. For more information about creating a private hosted zone, see Working with private hosted zones in the Amazon Route 53 Developer Guide.

To access resources using custom DNS domain names, you must be connected to an instance within your VPC. From your instance, you can test that your resource in your private hosted zone is accessible from its custom DNS name by using the ping command; for example, ping mywebserver.example.com. (You must ensure that your instance's security group rules allow inbound ICMP traffic for the ping command to work.)

You can access a private hosted zone from an EC2-Classic instance that is linked to your VPC using ClassicLink, provided your VPC is enabled for ClassicLink DNS support. For more information, see Enabling ClassicLink DNS support in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Linux Instances. Otherwise, private hosted zones do not support transitive relationships outside of the VPC; for example, you cannot access your resources using their custom private DNS names from the other side of a VPN connection. For more information, see ClassicLink limitations in the Amazon EC2 User Guide for Linux Instances.

Important

If you use custom DNS domain names defined in a private hosted zone in Amazon Route 53 , the enableDnsHostnames and enableDnsSupport attributes must be set to true.