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![[Spanish War Ensign
(1785-1931)]](https://calendarstemplates.com/es-1785.gif "[Spanish War
Ensign (1785-1931)]")
![[Flag
of Peru of 1820]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe_1820a.gif "[Flag of
Peru of 1820]")
![[Peru
flag 1820- 1822]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe_1820e.gif "[Peru flag
1820- 1822]")
![[Provisional Flag of Peru of
1822]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe_1822o.gif "[Provisional Flag of
Peru of 1822]")
![[Flag
of Peru of 1822-1825]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe_1823.gif "[Flag
of Peru of 1822-1825]")
![[Flag
of Peru 1825-1836]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe_1825.gif "[Flag of
Peru 1825-1836]")
![[State
Flag of Peru]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe_s.gif "[State Flag of
Peru]")
![[Peru civil flag]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pe.gif "[Peru civil flag]")
Governors and Captains General, Adelantado and
Chief constables of New Castile
(Gobernador y Capit�n general, adelantado y
alguacil mayor de Nueva Castilla)
26 Jul 1533 - 26 Jun 1541 Francisco Pizarro
Gonz�lez (b. 1478? - d.
1541)
26 Jun 1541 - 16 Sep 1542 Diego de Almagro
II "El Mozo" (b. 1520 - d. 1542)
(acting, de facto)
16 Sep 1542 - 15 May 1544 Crist�bal Vaca
de Castro (interim) (b. c.1492 - d. 1566)
Viceroys of Peru (Virreyes del
Per�)
15 May 1544 - 18 Jan 1546 Blasco N��ez
Vela y Villalba (b. c.1490 -
d. 1546)
(Real Audiencia and Gonzalo Pizarro
prisoner 18-24 Sep 1544)
18 Sep 1544 - 9 Apr 1548 Gonzalo
Pizarro y Alonso (interim) (b. 1510 - d. 1548)
(in rebellion, enters Lima 28 Oct 1544)
13 Aug 1546 - 27 Jan 1550 Pedro de la Gasca
(Lagasca) (b. 1493 - d. 1567)
(president of Real
Audiencia de Lima;
remains in Panama until Apr 1547)
27 Jan 1550 - 14 Sep 1551 Andr�s de
Cianca (1st time) (b. c.1513
- d. 1553)
(president of Real Audiencia
de Lima)
14 Sep 1551 - 21 Jul 1552 Antonio de
Mendoza y Pacheco (b.
c.1493 - d. 1552)
21 Jul 1552 - 11 Apr 1553 Andr�s de Cianca (2nd
time) (s.a.)
(president of the Real Audiencia de
Lima)
11 Apr 1553 - 29 Jun 1556 Melchor Bravo de
Saravia Sotomayor (b. 1512 - d. 1577)
(president of the Real Audiencia de Lima)
29 Jun 1556 - 30 Mar 1561 Andr�s Hurtado de
Mendoza, (b. c.1500 - d.
1561)
marqu�s de Ca�ete
17 Apr 1561 - 20 Feb 1564 Diego L�pez de
Z��iga y Velasco, (b. c.1500 - d. 1564)
conde de Nieva
20 Feb 1564 - 2 Sep 1564 Juan de
Saavedra (interim) (b.
1501 - d. 1572)
2 Sep 1564 - 26 Nov 1569 Lope Garc�a
de Castro (interim) (b. 1516 - d. 1576)
26 Nov 1569 - 23 Sep 1581 Francisco de
Toledo
(b. 1515 - d. 1584)
23 Sep 1581 - 12 Mar 1583 Mart�n Enr�quez
de Almansa y Ulloa (b. 1508/11 - d. 1583)
12 Mar 1583 - 21 Nov 1585 Crist�bal
Ram�rez de Cartagena (d. 1594)
(president of the Real Audiencia de
Lima)
21 Nov 1585 - 20 Nov 1589 Fernando Torres
de Portugal y (d. 1592)
Mes�a Venegas y Ponce de Le�n,
conde de Villardompardo
8 Jan 1590 - 24 Jul 1596 Garc�a
Hurtado de Mendoza y (b. 1535
- d. 1609)
Manrique, marqu�s de Ca�ete
24 Jul 1596 - 18 Jan 1604 Luis de Velasco,
marqu�s de (b. 1539 - d.
1617)
Salinas
18 Jan 1604 - 10 Feb 1606 Gaspar de Z��iga
Acevedo y (b. 1560 - d.
1606)
Fonseca, conde de Monterrey
10 Feb 1606 - 26 May 1606 Diego de N��ez de
Avenda�o (b. 15.. - d.
1607)
(president of the Real Audiencia de Lima)
26 May 1606 - 21 Dec 1607 Juan Fern�ndez de Bo�n
(b. 1549 - d.
1615)
21 Dec 1607 - 18 Dec 1615 Juan Manuel de Mendoza y
(b. 1571 - d. 1628)
Manrique Hurtado y Padilla,
marqu�s de Montesclaros
18 Dec 1615 - 31 Dec 1621 Francisco de
Borja y Arag�n, (b. 1581 - d.
1658)
pr�ncipe de Esquilache
1 Jan 1622 - 25 Jul 1622 Juan Jim�nez de
Montalvo (b. 1561 -
d. 1621)
(president of the Real Audiencia de Lima)
25 Jul 1622 - 14 Jan 1629 Diego Fern�ndez de
C�rdoba y (b. 1578 - d. 1630)
L�pez de las Roelas Benavides y
Melgarejo, marqu�s de Guadalc�zar
14 Jan 1629 - 18 Dec 1639 Luis Jer�nimo
Fern�ndez de Cabrera (b. 1589 - d. 1647)
Bobadilla Cerda y Mendoza,
conde de Chinch�n
18 Dec 1639 - 20 Sep 1648 Pedro �lvarez de
Toledo y Leiva, (b. 1585 - d. 1654)
marqu�s de Mancera
20 Sep 1648 - 24 Feb 1655 Garc�a Sarmiento
de Sotomayor (b. c.1595 - d. 1659)
Enr�quez y Luna, conde de
Salvatierra e marqu�s de Sobroso
24 Feb 1655 - 31 Dec 1661 Luis Enr�quez de
Guzm�n y Coresma, (b. c.1610 - d. 1667)
conde de Alba de Liste
31 Dec 1661 - 16 Mar 1666 Diego de
Benavides y de la Cueva, (b. 1607 - d. 1666)
conde de Santisteban
16 Mar 1666 - 21 Nov 1667 Bernardo de
Iturriaza (1st time) (b. 1608 - d. 1678)
(interim)
21 Nov 1667 - 6 Dec 1672 Pedro Fern�ndez de
Castro Andrade (b. 1634 - d. 1672)
y Portugal, conde de Lemos
6 Dec 1672 - 15 Aug 1674
Bernardo de Iturriaza (2nd time) (s.a.)
(interim)
15 Aug 1674 - 7 Jul 1678 Baltasar de la
Cueva Enr�quez, (b. 1626 - d. 1686)
conde de Castellar
7 Jul 1678 - 20 Nov 1681 Melchor de
Li��n y Cisneros, (b. 1629 - d.
1708)
arzobispo de Lima (interim)
20 Nov 1681 - 15 Aug 1689 Melchor de
Navarra y Rocaful, (b. 1626 - d.
1691)
duque de la Palata
15 Aug 1689 - 22 Sep 1705 Melchor
Porto-Carrero y Lasso de (b. 1636 - d. 1705)
la Vega, conde de Monclova
22 Sep 1705 - 7 Jul 1707 Miguel N��ez
de Sanabria (1st time)(b. 1645 - d. 1729)
(president of the Real Audiencia de
Lima)
7 Jul 1707 - 22 Apr 1710 Manuel Oms
de Santa Pau Olim de (b. 1651 - d.
1710)
Sentamanat y Lanuza, marqu�s de
Castell dos Rios
22 Apr 1710 - 14 Sep 1710 Miguel N��ez
de Sanabria (2ns time)(s.a.)
(president of the Real
Audiencia de Lima)
14 Sep 1710 - 2 Mar 1716 Diego Ladr�n
de
Guevara,
(b. 1641 - d. 1718)
obispo de Quito
2 Mar 1716 - 15 Aug 1716 Mateo de la
Mata Ponce de Le�n (b. c.1645 - d. 1720)
(president of the Real Audiencia de Lima)
15 Aug 1716 - 5 Oct 1716
Diego Morcillo Rubio de
Au��n (b. 1642 -
d. 1730)
(1st time) (interim)
5 Oct 1716 - 26 Jan 1720 Carmino
Nicol�s
Caracciolo,
(b. 1671 - d. 1727)
pr�ncipe de Santo Buono
26 Jan 1720 - 14 May 1724 Diego Morcillo
Rubio de Au��n (s.a.)
(2dd time)
14 May 1724 - 4 Jan 1736 Jos� de
Armend�riz y Perurena (b.
1670 - d. 1740)
Garru�s de Usechi y Urquijo,
marqu�s de Castelfuerte
4 Jan 1736 - 12 Jul 1745 Jos� Antonio
de Mendoza Caama�o (b. 1667 - d. 1746)
y Sotomayor, marqu�s de
Villa-Garc�a, conde de Barrantes
12 Jul 1745 - 12 Oct 1761 Jos� Antonio
Manso de Velasco (b. 1688
- d. 1767)
y Sanchez de Samaniego,
(from 1748) conde de Superunda
12 Oct 1761 - 17 Jul 1776 Manuel de Amat y
Junient Planella (b. 1704 - d. 1790)
Aimeric y Santa Pau
17 Jul 1776 - 21 Jul 1780 Manuel de Guirior
y Portal de (b. 1708 - d.
1788)
Huarte y Edoza�n, marqu�s de
Guirior
21 Jul 1780 - 6 Apr 1784 Agust�n de
J�uregui y Aldecoa (b.
1708 - d. 1784)
4 Nov 1780 - 6 Apr 1781 Tupac
Amaru II� (in rebellion) (b. 1738 -
d. 1781)
(= Jos� Gabriel Condorcanqui Noguera)
6 Apr 1784 - 25 Mar 1790 Teodoro Francisco
de Croix, (b.
1730 - d. 1791)
conde de Croix
25 Mar 1790 - 6 Jun 1796 Francisco
Gil de Taboada y Lemos (b. 1736 - d. 1809)
y Villa Mar�n
6 Jun 1796 - 19 Mar 1801 Ambrosio
O'Higgins, marqu�s
(b. 1716 - d. 1801)
de
Osorno
19 Mar 1801 - 5 Nov 1801 Manuel
Antonio de Arredondo y (b.
1738 - d. 1822)
Pelegr�n
(president of the Real Audiencia de Lima)
5 Nov 1801 - 20 Aug 1806 Gabriel de
Avil�s y del Fierro, (b. 1730 - d.
1810)
marqu�s de Avil�s
20 Aug 1806 - 7 Jul 1816 Jos�
Fernando Abascal y Sousa, (b.
1743 - d. 1827)
marqu�s de la Concordia
7 Jul 1816 - 29 Jan 1821 Joaqu�n de
la Pezuela y S�nchez (b. 1761 - d.
1830)
Mu�oz de Velasco, marqu�s de
Viluma
29 Jan 1821 - 9 Dec 1824 Jos� de la
Serna y Mart�nez de (b. 1770 -
d. 1832)
Hinojosa
16 Dec 1824 - 30 Dec 1824 Juan P�o Camilo
de Trist�n y (b. 1773 -
d. 1860)
Moscoso
Carasa y M�zquiz (acting)
Captain-general and Chief of the Liberation Army of
Peru
8 Sep 1820 - 3 Aug 1821 Jos�
Francisco de San
Mart�n (b. 1778 - d.
1850) Mil
y Matorras
Protector of Peru (also in use Protector of the
Liberty of Peru)
3 Aug 1821 - 20 Sep 1822 Jos�
Francisco de San
Mart�n
(s.a.)
Mil
y Matorras
Presidents of the Sovereign Constituent Congress
20 Sep 1822
Toribio Rodr�guez de Mendoza y
(b. 1750 - d. 1825) Non-party
Collantes (acting)
20 Sep 1822 - 22 Sep 1822 Francisco Xavier de Luna
Pizarro (b. 1780 - d. 1855) Non-party
y Pacheco Araus
Supreme Governing Junta
22 Sep 1822 - 27 Feb 1823 Jos� Domingo de
la Merced de La (b. 1778
- d. 1830) Mil
Mar y Cort�zar (president)
+ Felipe
Antonio Alvarado y de (b. 1785 - d.
1832) Non-party
Toledo Pimentel
+ Manuel Jos�
de Salazar
y (b.
1777 - d. 1850) Non-party
Baqu�jano, conde de Vista Florida
Grand Marshal of the Armies of the Peruvian Republic,
commissioned by the
Sovereign Congress to temporarily administer the
Executive Power of it
27 Feb 1823 - 28 Feb 1823 Jos�
Bernardo de Tagle
y
(b. 1779 - d. 1825) Mil
Portocarrero, marqu�s de Trujillo
Presidents
28 Feb 1823 - 23 Jun 1823 Jos� Mariano de
la Cruz de la Riva (b. 1783 - d. 1858) Mil
Ag�ero y S�nchez Boquete
(continues in dissidence in Trujillo to 25 Nov
1823)
23 Jun 1823 - 20 Jul 1823 Antonio Jos�
Francisco de Sucre (b. 1795 - d.
1830) Mil
y Alcal�
(general-in-chief of United Liberation Army of Peru)
20 Jul 1823 - 18 Feb 1824 Jos� Bernardo de
Tagle
y
(s.a.)
Mil
Portocarrero
(supreme
political and military chief to 16 Aug 1823)
Liberator President of the Republic of
Colombia, and in charge
of the Dictatorial Power of the Republic of Peru
18 Feb 1824 - 10 Feb 1825 Sim�n Jos� Antonio de la
Sant�sima (b. 1783 - d. 1830) Mil
Trinidad Bol�var y Palacios
Liberator President of the Republic of
Colombia, Liberator of Peru,
and in charge of the Supreme Command of it
10 Feb 1825 - 30 Nov 1826 Sim�n Jos� Antonio de la
Sant�sima (s.a.)
Mil
Trinidad Bol�var y Palacios
President of the Council of the Government of the
Republic of Peru
3 Sep 1826 - 9 Jun 1827 Jos�
Andr�s de Santa Cruz
(b. 1792 - d.
1865) Mil
Villavicencio y Calahumana
(from 7 Jun
1827, acting Chief in charge of the Executive Power)
Presidents
9 Jun 1827 - 22 Aug 1827 Manuel Jos�
de Salazar y Baqu�jano (b. 1777 - d. 1850)
Non-party
(acting)
22 Aug 1827 - 6 Jun 1829 Jos� Domingo
de la Merced de La (s.a.)
Mil
Mar y Cort�zar (president of the Republic
in charge of the Executive Power to 20 Apr 1828)
6 Jun 1829 - 1 Sep 1829 Antonio
Guti�rrez de La Fuente (b. 1796
- d. 1878) Mil
(provisional supreme chief)
1 Sep 1829 - 20 Dec 1833 Agust�n
Gamarra y Messia (1st time)(b. 1785 - d. 1841) Mil
(provisional to 20 Dec 1829)
20 Dec 1833 - 21 Dec 1833 Vacant�
21 Dec 1833 - 11 Aug 1836 Luis Jos� de las
Mercedes de
(b. 1795 - d. 1847) Mil
Orbegoso y Moncada Galindo
(provisional)
4 Jan 1834 - 24 Apr 1834 Pedro Pablo
Berm�dez Ascarza (b.
1793 - d. 1852) Mil
(provisional supreme chief, in rebellion)
23 Feb 1835 - 7 Feb 1836 Felipe
Santiago de Salaverry del (b. 1806 - d.
1836) Mil
Solar
(supreme chief, in rebellion)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
24 Feb 1825 - 3 Apr 1825 Jos� Domingo
de La Mar y Cort�zar (s.a.)
Mil
(1st time)
3 Apr 1825 - 5 Jan 1826 Jos� Hip�lito
Un�nue y Pav�n (b.
1755 - d. 1833) Non-party
(1st
time) (acting)
5 Jan 1826 - 25 Feb 1826 Jos� Domingo de La
Mar y Cort�zar (s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
25 Feb 1826 - 29 Jun 1826 Jos� Hip�lito Un�nue
y Pav�n (s.a.)
Non-party
(2nd time) (acting)
29 Jun 1826 - 7 Jun 1829 Jos� Andr�s de
Santa Cruz
(s.a.)
Mil
Villavicencio y Calahumana
7 Jun 1829 - 12 Sep 1835 the
presidents
12 Sep 1835 - 10 Oct 1835 Agust�n Gamarra y
Messia
(s.a.)
Mil
10 Oct 1835 - 28 Dec 1835 Juan Bautista de Lavalle
y Zugasti (b. 1779 - d. 1851) Mil
Dec 1835 - 1836
Manuel Bartolom� Ferreyros y de
(b. 1793 - d. 1872) Non-party
la Mata
�Presidential vacancy:
(a) 20-21 Dec 1833: In the absence of a
constitutionally designated successor, the National
Convention declared the impossibility of filling the
office of President, and elected Luis
Jos� de las Mercedes de Orbegoso y Moncada
Galindo (s.a.) as Provisional
President on 20 Dec 1833, leaving the office vacant
pending his swearing-in on 21 Dec 1833.
2adopted
the title: Don Jos� Primero, por la gracia de Dios,
Inca Rey del Per�, Santa Fe, Quito, Chile, Buenos
Aires y Continentes de los mares del Sur, Duque de la
Superlativa, Se�or de los C�sares y Amazonas con
dominio en el gran Paititi, Comisario Distribuidor de
la Piedad Divina por el Erario sin Par ("Joseph
First, by the grace of God, Inca
King of Peru, Santa Fe, Quito, Chile, Buenos Aires and
Continents of the South Seas, Duke of Superlative, Lord
of the Caesars and Amazons with dominion in the Great
Paititi, Divisional Commissioner of Divine Mercy for the
Unparalleled Treasury").
Divided Peru and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
![[Flag of the
Peru-Bolivia Confederation 1837-1839]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pbc.gif "[Flag of the Peru-Bolivia Confederation
1837-1839]")
|
Note: In 1836 Andr�s de Santa
Cruz, president of Bolivia, launched a project to
confederate Peru and Bolivia under his "Protectorship."
In Peru he began by having an Assembly proclaim on 17
Mar 1836 the South-Peruvian State, following on 11 Aug
1836 by a similar proclamation of the North-Peruvian
State; in each case he became the new state's "Supreme
Protector" with full powers. The Peru-Bolivian
Confederation was proclaimed 28 Oct 1836; Santa Cruz was
its Supreme Protector, while remaining Supreme Protector
of each of the Peruvian States as well as President of
the Bolivian Republic. The Confederation lasted until 20
Feb 1839. In each of the Peruvian States there was from
1837, under the Supreme Protector, a Provisional
President.
President of Bolivia, Supreme Protector of the
South and North-Peruvian States3
28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839 Jos�
Andr�s de Santa
Cruz
(s.a.)
Mil
Villavicencio y Calahumana
3Proclaimed Protector
de la Confederaci�n Per�-Boliviana ("Protector of
the Peru-Bolivian Confederation") by Art. 41 of the pact
signed at Tacna 1 May 1837, pending the ratifications
and swearing-in; in anticipation of the ratifications
which were never completed, Supremo Protector de los
Estados Sud y Nor-Peruanos ("Supreme Protector of
the South and North-Peruvian States") was replaced by Supremo
Protector de la Confederaci�n Per�-Boliviana
("Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation")
on or after 3 Aug 1837) and, on rare occasions, Supremo
Protector de los Estados de la Confederaci�n
("Supreme Protector of the States of the
Confederation").
|
|
![[Flag of South-Peruvian
State 1836-1839 (Peruvian-Bolivian
Confederation)]](https://calendarstemplates.com/pbc-s.gif "[Flag of South-Peruvian
State 1836-1839 (Peruvian-Bolivian
Confederation)]")
| Map
of South Peru |
Capital:
Cuzco (Cusco) |
Population:
500,000 (1840, est.) |
17 Mar
1836
South-Peruvian State (Estado Sud-Peruano)
constituted as an
independent state by departments of Arequipa,
Ayacucho, Cuzco
and Puno (also styled Republic of the
South of Peru, or South-
Peruvian Republic).
28 Oct 1836
Part of the
Peru-Bolivia Confederation.
22 Feb
1839
Government ceases to function in accordance with a
treaty made
with the
representatives of Peru in Cuzco 22 Feb 1839.
17 Mar 1836 - 19 Mar 1836 Jos� Nicol�s Fern�ndez de Pi�rola (b. 1788 - d. 1857) Non-party
y Flores del Campo
(acting for Santa Cruz)
Supreme Protector of the South-Peruvian State
17 Mar 1836 - 20 Feb 1839 Jos� Andr�s de Santa Cruz (s.a.) Mil
Villavicencio y Calahumana
(also Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian
Confederation 28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839)
Provisional Presidents of the South-Peruvian State
17 Sep 1837 - 12 Oct 1838 Ram�n de Herrera Rodado (b. 1799 - d. 1882) Mil
12 Oct 1838 - 22 Feb 1839 Juan Camilo P�o de Trist�n y (s.a.) Non-party
Moscoso Carasa y M�zquiz
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
1836 - 1837 Juan P�o Camilo de Trist�n y (s.a.) Non-party
Moscoso Carasa y M�zquiz
1837 - 1838 Jos� Joaqu�n Casimiro Ola�eta y (b. 1795 - d. 1860) Non-party
G�emes
North-Peruvian State
|
|
| Map
of North Peru |
Capital:
Lima |
Population:
850,000 (1840, est.) |
11 Aug
1836
North-Peruvian State (Estado Nor-Peruano) constituted
as an
independent state by departments of Amazonas,
Jun�n, Libertad
and Lima
(also styled Republic of the North of Peru,
or
North-Peruvian Republic).
28 Oct 1836
Part of the
Peru-Bolivia Confederation.
30 Jul 1838
Proclaimed an independent and free
state.
17 Feb
1839
Polity disintegrates upon the occupation of the capital
by the armed forces of Peru.
20 Feb
1839
Santa Cruz submits his formal resignation.
11 Aug 1836 - 16 Aug 1836 Luis Jos� de las Mercedes de (s.a.) Mil
Orbegoso y Moncada Galindo
(acting for Santa Cruz)
Supreme Protector of the North-Peruvian State
16 Aug 1836 - 17 Feb 1839 Jos� Andr�s de Santa Cruz (s.a.) Mil
Villavicencio y Calahumana
(also Supreme Protector of the Peru-Bolivian
Confederation 28 Oct 1836 - 20 Feb 1839)
Honorary President of the North-Peruvian State, in charge of the Executive Power of the State
23 Aug 1837 - 30 Jul 1838 Luis Jos� de las Mercedes de (s.a.) Mil
Orbegoso y Moncada Galindo
(appointed by Supreme Protector 21 Aug 1837)
Provisional President of the Republic
30 Jul 1838 - Nov 1838 Luis Jos� de las Mercedes de (s.a.) Mil
Orbegoso y Moncada Galindo
(in opposition to Peru-Bolivian Confederation,
and, from 23 Aug 1838 to Peru; abandoned Lima
after 21 Aug 1838 and moved to Callao and
continued to hold the office to Nov 1838
when he submitted to the Confederation)
Provisional President of the North-Peruvian State
11 Aug 1838 - 17 Feb 1839 Jos� Mariano de la Cruz de la (s.a.) Mil
Riva Ag�ero y S�nchez Boquete
(took office between 11 Aug 1838 and 27 Aug 1838 in
Tarna, Jun�n; entered Lima on or after 10 Nov 1838)
Presidents of the Council of Ministers
1836 - 1837
Mariano de Sierra y
Velarde (b. 1797 - d.
1860) Mil
2 May 1837 - 17 Aug 1837 Jos� Maria
Galdeano y Mendoza (b. 1782 -
d. 1863) Non-party
Peru
23 Aug
1838
Peruvian Republic (also in sporadic official
use Republic of Peru).
28 Sep 1881 - 23 Oct 1883 Chilean
occupation.
28 Jul
1980
Republic of Peru
Presidents
24 Aug 1838 - 18 Nov 1841 Agust�n Gamarra y
Messia (2nd
time)(s.a.)
Mil
(provisional to 11 Jul 1840)
4 Jan 1841 - 20? May 1841 Manuel Ignacio de
Vivanco e
(b. 1806 - d. 1873) Mil
Iturralde
(supreme
chief, in rebellion)
18 Nov 1841 - 16 Aug 1842 Manuel Men�ndez y
Gorozabel (b.
1793 - d. 1847)
(1st time) (acting)
16 Aug 1842 - 19 Oct 1842 Juan Cris�stomo
Torrico Gonz�lez (b. 1808 - d. 1875)
Mil
(supreme chief)
19 Oct 1842 - 16 Mar 1843 Juan Francisco de
Vidal La Hoz (b. 1800 - d.
1869) Mil
(acting; in rebellion from 28 Jul 1842)
16 Mar 1843 - 20 Mar 1843 Justo Figuerola y
Estrada
(b. 1771 - d. 1854)
(1st time) (acting)
20 Mar 1843 - 17 Jun 1844 Manuel Ignacio de
Vivanco e
(s.a.)
Mil
Iturralde (supreme director, in rebellion from
20 Feb 1843 and continuing to 22 Jul 1844)
3 Sep 1843 - 17 Feb 1844 Domingo
Nieto
M�rquez
(b. 1803 - d. 1844) Mil
(president of the provisional supreme governing
junta of "Free Departments", in rebellion)
21 Feb 1844 - 10 Dec 1844 Ram�n Castilla y
Marquesado (b.
1797 - d. 1867)
(president of the provisional supreme governing
junta of "Free Departments", in rebellion
to 31 Aug 1844)
17 Jun 1844 - 10 Aug 1844 Domingo El�as y
Carbajo (1st time) (b. 1805 - d. 1867)
(political and military chief)
10 Aug 1844 - 11 Aug 1844 Manuel Men�ndez y
Gorozabel
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
11 Aug 1844 - 7 Oct 1844 Justo
Figuerola y
Estrada
(s.a.)
(2nd time) (acting)
7 Oct 1844 - 20 Apr 1845 Manuel
Men�ndez y
Gorozabel
(s.a.)
(3rd time) (acting)
20 Apr 1845 - 20 Apr 1851 Ram�n Castilla y
Marquesado
(s.a.)
Mil
(1st time)
20 Apr 1851 - 5 Jan 1855 Jos� Rufino
Echenique y Benavente (b. 1808 - d. 1887)
Mil
20 Dec 1853 - 7 Jan 1854
Domingo El�as y Carbajo (2nd time) (s.a.)
(Political Chief, in rebellion)
5 Jan 1855 - 24 Oct 1862 Ram�n
Castilla y
Marquesado
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)(provisional [in rebellion from 1 May 1854]
to 24 Oct 1858)
24 Oct 1862 - 3 Apr 1863 Miguel de
San Rom�n y
Meza (b.
1802 - d. 1863) Mil
3 Apr 1863 - 9 Apr 1863 Vacant�
9 Apr 1863 - 5 Aug 1863 Pedro
Nolasco Diez Canseco y (b. 1815 -
d. 1893) Mil
Corbacho (1st time)(acting)
5 Aug 1863 - 8 Nov 1865 Juan
Antonio Pezet y Rodr�guez (b.
1809 - d. 1879) Mil
de
la Piedra (acting)
1 Mar 1865 - 24 Jun 1865 Mariano
Ignacio Prado
Ochoa (b. 1826
- d. 1901) Mil
(provisional supreme chief, in rebellion)
8 Nov 1865 - 28 Nov 1865 Pedro
Nolasco Diez Canseco
y (s.a.)
Mil
Corbacho (2nd time)
(acting, in rebellion from 25 Jun 1865)
28 Nov 1865 - 7 Jan 1868 Mariano
Ignacio Prado Ochoa
(s.a.)
Mil
(1st time)(provisional supreme chief
to 15 Feb 1867; provisional to 31 Aug
1867)
7 Jan 1868
Luis La Puerta y Mendoza
(acting) (b. 1811 - d. 1896) Mil
(president of the council of ministers, declined
office)
7 Jan 1868 - 2 Aug 1868 Pedro
Nolasco Diez Canseco
y (s.a.)
Mil
Corbacho (3rd time)
(acting, in rebellion from 22 Sep 1867)
2 Aug 1868 - 22 Jul 1872 Jos� Toribio
Balta
Montero
(b. 1814 - d. 1872) Mil
22 Jul 1872 - 26 Jul 1872 Tom�s Guti�rrez
Rojas
(d.
1872)
Mil
(supreme chief; de facto to 23 Jul
1872)
26 Jul 1872 - 2 Aug 1872 Mariano
Herencia Zevallos (acting) (b. 1820 - d. 1873) Mil
2 Aug 1872 - 2 Aug 1876 Manuel
Justo Pardo y
Lavalle (b. 1834 -
d. 1878) PC
2 Aug 1876 - 23 Dec 1879 Mariano
Ignacio Prado Ochoa
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
23 Dec 1879 - 12 Mar 1881 Jos� Nicol�s Baltasar
Fern�ndez (b. 1839 - d. 1913) PN
de Pi�rola y Villena (1st time)
(supreme chief to 22 May 1880, then supreme
chief and protector
of the indigenous race,
continuing in rebellion
to 31 Jul 1881 and
then as president and protector of the
indigenous race to 28 Nov
1881)
12 Mar 1881 - 28 Sep 1881 Francisco Garc�a
Calder�n y (b. 1834
- d. 1905)
Mart�nez Landa (provisional)
(nominally continues to arrest and
deportation 6 Nov 1881)
Chilean Governor
17 May 1881 - 23 Oct 1883 Patricio Lynch
Solo de Zald�var (b. 1824 - d.
1886) Mil
Presidents
- in opposition to Chilean occupation, two
insurrectionary governments developed:
(1)
15 Nov 1881 - 28 Oct 1883 Lizardo Montero
Flores (acting) (b. 1832 - d.
1905) Mil
28 Oct 1883 - 2 Mar 1884
Andr�s Avelino C�ceres Dorregaray
(b. 1833 - d. 1923) Mil
(acting [nominally for Garc�a Calder�n], continuing in
dissidence to 16 Jul 1884, then as
president to 3 Dec 1885)
(2)
31 Aug 1882 - 3 Dec 1885 Miguel
Iglesias Pino de
Arce (b. 1830 - d.
1909) Mil
(supreme chief to 30 Dec 1882, "Regenerator President"
1 Jan 1883 - 1 Mar 1884, then provisional)
3 Dec 1885 - 3 Jun 1886 Manuel
Antonio Arenas
Merino (b. 1808 - d.
1891)
(acting)(president of council of ministers)
3 Jun 1886 - 10 Aug 1890 Andr�s
Avelino C�ceres Dorregaray
(s.a.)
Mil/Cons
(1st time)
10 Aug 1890 - 1 Apr 1894 Remigio
Morales
Berm�dez
(b. 1836 - d. 1894) Mil/Cons
1 Apr 1894 - 10 Aug 1894 Justiniano
Borgo�o Casta�eda
(b. 1836 - d. 1921) Cons
(acting)
10 Aug 1894 - 20 Mar 1895 Andr�s Avelino
C�ceres Dorregaray
(s.a.)
Mil/Cons
(2nd time)
20 Mar 1895 - 8 Sep 1895 Manuel
Gonz�lez de Candamo Iriarte (b. 1841 - d. 1904) PC
(1st time)(president of governing junta)
8 Sep 1895 - 8 Sep 1899 Jos�
Nicol�s Baltasar Fern�ndez de
(s.a.)
PD
Pi�rola y Villena (2nd time)
8 Sep 1899 - 8 Sep 1903 Jos�
Gabriel Eduardo Octavio L�pez (b. 1847 - d.
1912) PC+PD
de Roma�a y Albizuri
8 Sep 1903 - 7 May
1904 Manuel Gonz�lez de Candamo Iriarte
(s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
18 Apr 1904 - 24 Sep 1904 Serapio Calder�n
Chirinos (b. 1843 - d.
1922) PC
(acting [for Candamo to 7 May 1904])
24 Sep 1904 - 24 Sep 1908 Jos� Sim�n Pardo
y
Barreda
(b. 1864 - d. 1947) PC
(1st time)
24 Sep 1908 - 24 Sep 1912 Augusto
Bernardino Legu�a
y (b. 1863 -
d. 1932) PC
Salcedo (1st time)
24 Sep 1912 - 4 Feb 1914 Eduardo
Guillermo Billinghurst (b. 1851 - d.
1915) PD
Angulo
4 Feb 1914 - 18 Aug 1915 �scar Raymundo
Benavides Larrea (b. 1876 - d.
1945) Mil
(1st time)(president of government
junta to 15 May 1914, then provisional)
18 Aug 1915 - 4 Jul 1919 Jos� Sim�n
Pardo y
Barreda
(s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
4 Jul 1919 - 25 Aug 1930 Augusto
Bernardino Legu�a
y
(s.a.)
PDR
Salcedo (2nd time)
(provisional to 12 Oct 1919)
25 Aug 1930 - 27 Aug 1930 Manuel Mar�a
Ponce Brousset
(b. 1874 - d. 1966) Mil
(president of military government junta)
27 Aug 1930 - 1 Mar 1931 Luis Miguel
S�nchez
Cerro
(b. 1889 - d. 1933) Mil
(1st time)(in rebellion 22-26 Aug 1930 as supreme
military and
political chief; from 27
Aug 1930,
president of
[military to 29 Aug 1930] government junta)
1 Mar 1931 - 5 Mar 1931 Ricardo
Leoncio El�as
Arias (b. 1874
- d. 1951) Non-party
(president of provisional government
junta)
5 Mar 1931 - 11 Mar 1931 Gustavo A.
Jim�nez
(b. 1886 - d. 1933) Mil
(president of transitional government junta)
11 Mar 1931 - 8 Dec 1931 David
Samanez Ocampo y Sobrino (b.
1886 - d. 1947) Ind
(president of national government junta)
8 Dec 1931 - 30 Apr 1933 Luis Miguel
S�nchez
Cerro
(s.a.)
UR
(2nd time)
30 Apr 1933
(hours) Jos� Mat�as
Manzanilla Barrientos (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
Ind
(acting)(president of council of ministers)
30 Apr 1933 - 8 Dec 1939 �scar
Raymundo Benavides Larrea
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
8 Dec 1939 - 28 Jul 1945 Manuel
Carlos Prado y Ugarteche (b. 1889 - d.
1967) CC
(1st time)
28 Jul 1945 - 29 Oct 1948 Jos� Luis Pablo
Bustamante y Rivero(b. 1894 - d. 1989) FDN
30 Oct 1948 - 1 Jun 1950 Manuel
Arturo Odr�a
Amoretti (b.
1897 - d. 1974) Mil
(1st time)(provisional to 31 Oct 1948,
then president of military government junta)
1 Jun 1950 - 28 Jul 1950 Zen�n
Noriega
Ag�ero
(b. 1900 - d. 1957) Mil
(president of military government junta)
28 Jul 1950 - 28 Jul 1956 Manuel
Arturo Odr�a
Amoretti (s.a.)
PRP
(2nd time)
28 Jul 1956 - 18 Jul 1962 Manuel Carlos
Prado y Ugarteche
(s.a.)
MDP
(2nd
time)
18 Jul 1962 - 20 Jul 1962 Ricardo P�o P�rez
Godoy
(b. 1905 - d. 1982) Mil
+ Nicol�s Eduardo Lindley L�pez (b.
1908 - d. 1995) Mil
+ Juan Francisco Torres
Matos (b. 1906 - d.
1995) Mil
+ Pedro Vargas Prada
Peirano (b. 1912 -
d. 1997) Mil
(joint
command of the armed forces)
20 Jul 1962 - 3 Mar 1963 Ricardo P�o
P�rez
Godoy
(s.a.)
Mil
(president of government junta)
3 Mar 1963 - 28 Jul 1963 Nicol�s
Eduardo Lindley L�pez
(s.a.)
Mil
(president of government junta)
28 Jul 1963 - 3 Oct 1968 Fernando
Sergio Marcelo Marcos (b. 1912 -
d. 2002) AP
Bela�nde Terry (1st time)
3 Oct 1968
(hours) Revolutionary
Government
- Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (b. 1910 - d.
1977) Mil
- Mario Castro de Mendoza
(b. 1910 - d. ....) Mil
- Alberto L�pez Causillas
(b. c.1910 - d. 19..)Mil
3 Oct 1968
(hours) Revolutionary
Junta
- Ernesto Montagne S�nchez
(b. 1916 - d. 1993) Mil
Benavides
-
Ra�l R�os Pardo de Zela
(b. 1909 - d. 1974) Mil
- Alberto L�pez Causillas
(s.a.)
Mil
3 Oct 1968 - 30 Aug 1975 Juan
Francisco Velasco Alvarado
(s.a.)
Mil
30 Aug 1975
(hours) Revolutionary
Junta
- �scar Vargas
Prieto
(b. 1917 - d. 1989) Mil
- C�sar Podest� Jim�nez
(b. 1921 - d. 1995) Mil
- Jorge Luis Parodi Galliani (b.
1923 - d. 2010) Mil
30 Aug 1975 - 28 Jul 1980 Francisco Remigio
Morales Berm�dez (b. 1921 - d. 2022) Mil
Cerrutti
28 Jul 1980 - 28 Jul 1985 Fernando Sergio
Marcelo Marcos
(s.a.)
AP
Bela�nde Terry (2nd time)
28 Jul 1985 - 28 Jul 1990 Alan Gabriel
Ludwig Garc�a P�rez (b. 1949 - d.
2019) APRA
(1st time)
28 Jul 1990 - 21 Nov 2000 Alberto Kenya
Fujimori Fujimori (b. 1938 - d. 2024)
NM-C'90;
(president of the Government of Emergency
1999: AEP
and National Reconstruction 5 Apr 1992 - 6 Jan
1993)
10 Apr 1992 � 11 Apr 1992 Carlos Garc�a y
Garc�a
(b. 1927 - d. 2016) C'90
(in opposition; appointed
by Congress,
not recognized by Fujimori)
21 Apr 1992 - 5 Jan 1993 M�ximo
San Rom�n C�ceres (b.
1946)
C'90;1993 Ind
(in opposition; appointed by Congress,
not recognized by Fujimori)
13 Nov 2000 - 22 Nov 2000 Ricardo M�rquez
Flores (b.
1943)
C'90/AEP
(acting
[for Fujimori to 21 Nov 2000])
22 Nov 2000 - 28 Jul 2001 Valent�n Demetrio
Paniagua Corazao (b. 1936 - d. 2006) AP
28 Jul 2001 - 28 Jul 2006 Alejandro
Celestino
Toledo
(b.
1946)
PP
Manrique
28 Jul 2006 - 28 Jul 2011 Alan Gabriel
Ludwig Garc�a P�rez
(s.a.)
APRA
(2nd time)
28 Jul 2011 - 28 Jul 2016 Ollanta Mois�s Humala
Tasso (b. 1962)
PNP
28 Jul 2016 - 23 Mar 2018 Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Godard (b.
1938)
PPK
23 Mar 2018 - 9 Nov 2020 Mart�n Alberto
Vizcarra Cornejo (b.
1963)
PPK
(declared suspended by Congress 30 Sep - 1 Oct 2019,
did not
recognize suspension)
30 Sep 2019 - 1 Oct 2019 Mercedes Ar�oz
Fern�ndez (f) (b.
1961) Ind
(acting for suspended Vizcarra,
appointed by Congress)
10 Nov 2020 - 15 Nov 2020 Manuel Arturo Merino de
Lama (b.
1961)
AP
15 Nov 2020 - 17 Nov 2020 Vacant�
17 Nov 2020 - 28 Jul 2021
Francisco Rafael
Sagasti
(b. 1944) Mor
Hochhausler
28 Jul 2021 - 7 Dec 2022
Jos� Pedro Castillo
Terrones (b. 1969)
PNPL;6-2022 Ind
7 Dec 2022 - 10 Oct 2025 Dina Ercilia
Boluarte Zegarra (f) (b. 1962)
Ind
10 Oct 2025 - 17 Feb 2026 Jos� Enrique Jer� Or�
(b.
1986) PDSP
18 Feb 2026 - 28 Jul 2026 Jos�
Mar�a Balc�zar
Zelada
(b. 1943) PNPL
28 Jul 2026
-
Keiko Sof�a Fujimori Higuchi (f) (b. 1975)
FP
Prime ministers (presidents of the Council of
Ministers)
14 Feb 1857 � 12 Apr 1858 Jos� Mar�a Raygada y
Gallo
(b. 1795 - d. 1859) Mil
12 Apr 1858 - 13 Jul 1858 Manuel Ort�z de Zevallos
y Garc�a (b. 1812 - d. 1882)
(interim)
Jul 1858
Juan Manuel del Mar y
Bernedo (b. 1805 - d.
1862)
(interim)
15 Jul 1858 - Jun 1859 Miguel de San Rom�n
y Meza
(s.a.)
Mil
Jun 1859 - Sep 1859 Jos�
Fabio Melgar y Valdivieso (b. 1802 - d.
1872)
15 Sep 1859 - 9 Jun 1860 Juan Miguel del
Carpio Melgar (b. 1795 -
d. 1869)
9 Jun 1860 - Aug 1860 Juan
Antonio Pezet y Rodr�guez
(s.a.)
Mil
de
la Piedra
1860 - 1862
Manuel
Morales
(b. 1814 - d. 18..)
1862 - 24 Oct 1862 Juan
Antonio Ribeyro Estada
(b. 1810 - d. 1886)
(1st time)
27 Oct 1862 - 10 Apr 1863 Jos� Gregorio Paz Sold�n
y Ureta (b. 1808 - d. 1875)
10 Apr 1863 - 11 Aug 1864 Juan Antonio
Ribeyro Estada
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
11 Aug 1864 - 14 Oct 1864 Manuel Costas y
Arce
(b. 1820 - d. 1883)
14 Oct 1864 - 11 Apr 1865 Jos�
Allende (1st time)
(b. 1793 - d. 1873) Mil
11 Apr 1865 - 12 Jul 1865 Manuel Ignacio de
Vivanco e
(s.a.)
Mil
Iturralde
14 Jul 1865 - 6 Nov 1865 Pedro Jos�
Calder�n
(b. 1832 - d. 1885)
Aug 1865 - 26 Sep 1865 Mariano
Ignacio Prado Ochoa
(s.a.)
Mil
(1st
time)(under Pedro Diez Canseco)
26 Sep 1865 - 15 Nov 1865 Juan Antonio Ugarteche
Posadas (b. 1804 - d. 1871)
Mil
(under Pedro Diez Canseco)
15 Nov 1865 - 28 Nov 1865 Francisco Javier
Mari�tegui y
(b. 1793 - d. 1884)
Teller�a
28 Nov 1865 - 15 Feb 1867 Mariano Ignacio Prado
Ochoa (s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)(provisional)
2 Mar 1867 - 26 Apr 1867 Pedro
Jos� Tordoya Montoya
(b. 1813 - d. 1883) Non-party
3 Jun 1867 - 9 Oct 1867 Pedro Paz
Sold�n y Ureta (1st time)(b. 1809 - d. 1876)
10 Oct 1867 - 12 Oct 1867 Luis La Puerta
y Mendoza
(s.a.)
Mil
12 Oct 1867 - 8 Jan 1868
Pedro Paz Sold�n y Ureta (2nd time)(s.a.)
26 Jan 1868 - 2 Apr 1868 Jos� Luis
G�mez S�nchez y Rivero (b. 1799 - d. 1881)
2 Apr 1868 - 2 Aug 1868
Antonio Guti�rrez de La Fuente (s.a.)
Mil
4 Aug 1868 - 13 Apr 1869 Pedro G�lvez
Eg�squiza
(b. 1822 - d. 1872) Lib
16 Apr 1869 - 1 Aug 1871 Juan
Francisco Balta y Montero (b. 1806 -
d. 1892) Mil
2 Aug 1871 - 7 Dec 1871 Jos� Allende
(2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
7 Dec 1871 - 22 Jul 1872 Jos� Jorge Loayza y
Coss�o (b. 1827 -
d. 1904)
(1st time)
26 Jul 1872 - 2 Aug 1872 Juan Antonio
Ribeyro Estada
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
2 Aug 1872 - 3 Sep 1873 Jos�
Miguel Medina Elera
(b. 1804 - d. 1884) Mil
3 Sep 1873 - 1 Feb 1875 Jos�
Eusebio S�nchez
Pedraza (b. 1823 -
d. 1903)
1 Feb 1875 - 2 Aug 1876 Nicol�s Ram�n
Freire Gonz�lez
(b. 1808 - d. 1887) Mil
2 Aug 1876 - 26 Aug 1876 Manuel
Antonio Arenas Merino (s.a.)
(1st time)
26 Aug 1876 - 1 Jun 1877 Teodoro La
Rosa
(b. 1818 - d. 1882)
4 Jun 1877 - 18 Jun 1878 Juan Buend�a
y
Noriega
(b. 1816 - d. 1895) Mil
19 Jul 1878 - 16 Dec 1878 Jos� Jorge Loayza
y Coss�o (s.a.)
(2nd time)
17 Dec 1878 - 19 May 1879 Manuel Yrigoyen
Arias y Larrea (b. 1829 - d. 1912)
(1st time)
19 May 1879 - 16 Oct 1879 Manuel de
Mendiburu
Bonet
(b. 1805 - d. 1885) Mil
16 Oct 1879 - 18 Dec 1879 Manuel Gonz�lez
de la Cotera (b. 1817 - d.
1884) Mil
- insurrectionary government
of Nicol�s de Pi�rola -
15 Jan 1881 - 30 Nov 1881 Aur�lio Garc�a y
Garc�a
(b. 1834 - d. 1888) Mil
- insurrectionary
government of Francisco
Garc�a Calder�n
-
12 Mar 1881 - 18 Jul 1881 Aur�lio
Denegri Valega (1st time) (b. 1840 - d.
1909) PC
18 Jul 1881 - 6 Nov 1881 Camilo Nicanor
Carrillo Mart�nez (b. 1830 - d. 1901) Mil
- insurrectionary government of Lizardo Montero -
Nov 1881 - 4 Jan 1882 Rafael
Fern�ndez de Villanueva (b. 1839
- d. 1831) PC
Cortez
4 Jan 1882 - 4 Sep 1882 Juan
Manuel
Arbaiza
(b. 1831 - d. 1898)
4 Sep 1882 - 20 Jan 1883 Camilo Nicanor
Carrillo Mart�nez (s.a.)
Mil
20 Jan 1883 - Apr 1883
Manuel Velarde Seoane (1st time) (b. 1833 -
d. 1900) Mil
Apr 1883 - 20 Oct 1883
Mariano Nicol�s Valc�rcel Salazar (b. 1850 - d.
1921) PC
- insurrectionary government of
Miguel Iglesias -
3 Jan 1883 - 27 Aug 1883 Lorenzo
Iglesias Pino de Arce (b. 1844 - d.
1885) Mil
27 Aug 1883 - 7 Apr 1884 Manuel Antonio
Barinaga y Ratto (b. 1831 - d. 1897)
(1st time)
8 Apr 1884 - 9 May 1885 Mariano
Castro Zald�var Iglesias (b. 1828 - d. 1906)
14 May 1885 - 3 Dec 1885
Jos� Joaqu�n Iglesias Pino de Arce
(b. 1822 - d. 1888) Mil
- insurrectionary government
of Andr�s Avelino C�ceres -
Jul 1884 - Oct
1884 Epifanio
Serpa Arana
(b. 1835 - d. 1900)
Oct 1884 - Nov 1884 C�sar
Canevaro Valega
(b. 1846 - d. 1922) Cons
Nov 1884
Juan Francisco Oviedo
Mollinedo (b. 1816 - d. 1893)
- unified government of Peru -
3 Dec 1885 - 3 Jun 1886 Manuel Antonio
Arenas Merino (s.a.)
(3rd time)
3 Jun 1886 - 6 Oct 1886 Pedro
Alejandrino del Solar Gabas (b. 1829 - d.
1909) Cons
(1st time)
6 Oct 1886 - 22 Nov 1886 Jos� Nicolas
Aran�bar y Llano (b. 1835 - d. 1903)
22 Nov 1886 - 22 Aug 1887 Pedro Alejandrino
del Solar Gabas (s.a.)
Cons
(2nd time)
22 Aug 1887 - 12 Sep 1887 Mariano Santos
�lvarez Villegas (b. 1823 - d. 1893)
12 Sep 1887 - 5 Oct 1887 Carlos Mar�a
El�as de la Quintana (b. 1841 - d. 1907)
Cons
(1st time)
5 Oct 1887 - 8 Nov 1887
Raymundo Morales Arias (interim) (b. 1857 - d.
1920)
8 Nov 1887 - 8 Mar 1889 Aur�lio
Denegri Valega (2nd time) (s.a.)
8 Mar 1889 - 4 Apr 1889 Jos�
Mariano Jim�nez
Wald
(b. 1843 - d. 1901)
(1st time)
4 Apr 1889 - 10 Feb 1890 Pedro
Alejandrino del Solar Gabas
(s.a.)
Cons
(3rd time)
11 Feb 1890 - 10 Aug 1890 Manuel Yrigoyen
Arias y Larrea (s.a.)
Cons
(2nd time)
11 Aug 1890 - 25 Jul 1891 Mariano Nicol�s
Valc�rcel Salazar
(s.a.)
PC
25 Jul 1891 - 14 Aug 1891 Alberto Elmore
Fern�ndez de
(b. 1844 - d. 1916)
C�rdoba (1st time) (interim)
14 Aug 1891 - 24 Aug 1891 Federico Herrera
(1st time) (b.
1845 - d. 1892) Cons
24 Aug 1891 - 14 Oct 1891 Justiniano
Borgo�o Casta�eda
(s.a.)
Cons
19 Oct 1891 - 13 Apr 1892 Federico Herrera
(2nd time) (s.a.)
Cons
(interim to 27 Nov 1891)
13 Apr 1892 - 30 Jun 1892 Juan Ibarra y
Ortiz
(b. 1836 - d. 1912) Mil
(acting
to 2 May 1892)
30 Jun 1892 - 3 Mar 1893 Carlos Mar�a
El�as de la Quintana (s.a.)
Cons
(2nd time)
3 Mar 1893 - 11 May 1893 Manuel
Velarde Seoane (2nd time) (s.a.)
Cons
11 May 1893 - 1 Apr 1894 Jos� Mariano
Jim�nez
Wald
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
2 Apr 1894 - 10 Aug 1894 Baltasar
Garc�a Urrutia Muro (b. 1838 - d.
1890)
10 Aug 1894 - 16 Nov 1894 Ces�reo
Chacaltana
Reyes
(b. 1845 - d. 1906) PC
(1st time)
16 Nov 1894 - 20 Mar 1895 Manuel Yrigoyen
Arias y Larrea
(s.a.)
Cons
(3nd time)
20 Mar 1895 - 8 Sep 1895 Vacant
8 Sep 1895 - 29 Nov 1895 Antonio Bent�n La
Fuente y Palomera(b. 1826 - d. 1897) PD
30 Nov 1895 - 5 Aug 1896 Manuel
Antonio Barinaga y Ratto (s.a.)
(2nd time)
8 Aug 1896 - 23 Dec 1897 Manuel Pablo
Olaechea Guerrero (b. 1843 - d.
1913) PD
25 Nov 1897 - 13 May 1898 Alejandro L�pez
de Roma�a Alvizuri (b. 1846 - d. 1917) PD
16 May 1898 - 8 Sep 1899 Jos� Jorge
Loayza y Coss�o
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
8 Sep 1899 - 14 Dec 1899 Manuel Mar�a
G�lvez Eg�squiza (b. 1838
- d. 1917)
14 Dec 1899 - 30 Aug 1900 Enrique Eugenio
Manuel de la Riva (b. 1857 - d. 1930) PC
-Ag�ero
Riglos (1st time)
30 Aug 1900 - 2 Oct 1900 Enrique
Coronel-Zegarra Castro (b. 1851 - d.
1919) PD
2 Oct 1900 - 11 Sep 1901 Manuel
Domingo Melquiades de (b.
1848 - d. 1931) PC
Almenara Butler
11 Sep 1901 - 9 Aug 1902 Ces�reo
Chacaltana
Reyes
(s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
9 Aug 1902 - 4 Nov 1902 Ces�reo
Octavio Deustua Escarza (b. 1849 - d.
1945)
4 Nov 1902 - 8 Sep 1903 Manuel
Eugenio Larrabure y Unanue (b. 1844 - d. 1916)
8 Sep 1903 - 14 May 1904 Jos� Pardo y
Barreda
(s.a.)
PC
14 May 1904 - 24 Sep 1904 Alberto Elmore
Fern�ndez de
(s.a.)
C�rdoba (2nd time)
27 Sep 1904 - 1 Aug 1907 Augusto
Bernardino Legu�a
y
(s.a.)
PC
Salcedo
1 Aug 1907 - 9 Oct 1907 Agust�n
Tovar Aguilar
(b. 1852 - d. 1915) PC
9 Oct 1907 - 24 Sep 1908 Carlos
Alberto Washburn Salas (b.
1854 - d. 1925)
Fuenzalida
24 Sep 1908 - 8 Jun 1909 Eulogio Iglesias
Romero Salcedo (b. 1855 - d. 1931)
8 Jun 1909 - 14 Mar 1910 Rafael
Fern�ndez de Villanueva (b. 1839
- d. 1931) PC
Cortez
14 Mar 1910 - 20 Mar 1910 Javier Prado y
Ugarteche (1st time)(b. 1871 - d. 1921) PC
20 Mar 1910 - 22 Jun 1910 Melit�n Francisco
Porras Osores (b. 1860 - d. 1944)
(interim)
22 Jun 1910 - 3 Aug 1910 Javier Prado y
Ugarteche (2nd time)(s.a.)
PC
3 Aug 1910 - 21 Oct 1910 Germ�n Schreiber
Waddington (b.
1862 - d. 1930) PC
(1st time)
3 Nov 1910 - 27 Dec 1910 Jos�
Salvador Cavero Ovalle
(b. 1850 - d. 1940) Cons
27 Dec 1910 - 31 Aug 1911 Enrique Carlos
Basadre Stevenson (b. 1848 - d. 1925)
31 Aug 1911 - 24 Sep 1912 Agust�n Guillermo
Ganoza Cavero (b. 1854 - d.
1926) PC
24 Sep 1912 - 23 Dec 1912 El�as Malpartida
Franco
(b. 1842 - d. 1924) PD
24 Dec 1912 - 24 Feb 1913 Enrique Varela
Vidaurre (1st time) (b. 1856 - d. 1914)
Mil
24 Feb 1913 - 17 Jun 1913 Federico Luna y
Peralta (b.
1853 - d. 1927) PC
17 Jun 1913 - 27 Jul 1913 Aur�lio Sousa y
Matute (1st time) (b. 1860 - d. 1925) PD
27 Jul 1913 - 4 Feb 1914 Enrique
Varela Vidaurre (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mil
4 Feb 1914 - 15 May 1914 Vacant
15 May 1914 - 1 Aug 1914 Pedro E. Mu�iz
Sevilla
(b. 1862 - d. 1915) Mil
1 Aug 1914 - 22 Aug 1914 Manuel
Melit�n Carvajal Ambulodegui(b. 1847 - d. 1935)
Mil
22 Aug 1914 - 11 Nov 1914 Aur�lio Sousa y
Matute (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PD
11 Nov 1914 - 19 Feb 1915 Germ�n Schreiber
Waddington
(s.a.)
PC
(2nd time)
19 Feb 1915 - 18 Aug 1915 Carlos Isaac
Abril
Galindo
(b. 1863 - d. 1925) Mil
18 Aug 1915 - 27 Jul 1917 Enrique
Eugenio Manuel de la Riva (s.a.)
PC
-Ag�ero
Riglos (2nd time)
27 Jul 1917 - 6 Dec 1918 Francisco
Tudela y
Varela
(b. 1876 - d. 1962) PC
6 Dec 1918 - 18 Dec 1918 Ricardo Lorenzo
Flores Gavi�o (b. 1854 - d.
1939) PL
18 Dec 1918 - 28 Apr 1919 Germ�n Arenas y
Loayza (1st time) (b. 1871 - d.
1948) PC
28 Apr 1919 - 4 Jul 1919 Juan Manuel
Zuloaga
(b. 1862 - d. 1944) Mil
4 Jul 1919 - 7 Oct 1922 Germ�n
Legu�a y Mart�nez Jakeway (b. 1861 - d.
1928) PDR
7 Oct 1922 - 12 Oct 1924 Julio
Enrique Ego-Aguirre Dongo (b.
1865 - d. 1941) PDR
12 Oct 1924 - 7 Dec 1926 Alejandrino
Magui�a
(b. 1864 - d. 1935) PDR
7 Dec 1926 - 12 Oct 1929 Pedro Jos�
Rada y
Gamio
(b. 1873 - d. 1938) PDR
12 Oct 1929 - 24 Aug 1930 Benjam�n Huam�n
de los Heros (b.
1878 - d. 1936) PDR
24 Aug 1930 - 25 Aug 1930 Fernando
Sarmiento Ram�rez
(b. 1874 - d. 1939) Mil
25 Aug 1930 - 28 Aug 1930 Vacant
28 Aug 1930 � 24 Nov 1930 Luis Miguel S�nchez
Cerro
(s.a.)
Mil
24 Nov 1930 � 1 Mar 1931 Antonio Beingolea
Balarezo (b. 1881 - d.
1950) Mil
1 Mar 1931 - 8 Dec 1931 Vacant
8 Dec 1931 - 28 Jan 1932 Germ�n
Arenas y Loayza (2nd time) (s.a.)
Ind?
28 Jan 1932 - 13 Apr 1932 Francisco R.
Lanatta Ram�rez
(b. 1879 - d. 1945) UR
13 Apr 1932 - 20 May 1932 Luis �ngel Flores
Medina
(b. 1899 - d. 1969) UR
20 May 1932 - 10 Sep
1932 Ricardo Rivadeneira
Barnuevo (b. 1872 -
d. 1954) Ind
10 Sep 1932 - 22 Dec 1932 Carlos Zavala
Loayza
(b. 1882 - d. 1957) Ind
24 Dec 1932 - 29 Jun 1933 Jos� Mat�as Manzanilla
Barrientos
(s.a.)
UR;4-1933 Ind
29 Jun 1933 - 24 Nov 1933 Jorge Prado y
Ugarteche
(b. 1887 - d. 1970) PC
24 Nov 1933 - 18 May 1934 Jos� de la Riva
Ag�ero y Osma (b. 1885 -
d. 1944) PND
18 May 1934 - 24 Dec 1934 Alberto Rey de
Castro y Roma�a (b. 1869 - d.
1961)
24 Dec 1934 - 18 May 1935 Carlos Arenas y
Loayza
(b. 1885 - d. 1955) Ind
18 May 1935 - 13 Apr 1936 Manuel Esteban Rodr�guez
D�vila (b. 1883 - d. 1952) Mil
13 Apr 1936 - 12 Apr 1939 Ernesto Montagne
Markholz
(b. 1885 - d. 1954) Mil
12 Apr 1939 - 8 Dec 1939 Manuel
Ugarteche
Jim�nez
(b. 1872 - d. 1942)
8 Dec 1939 - 3 Dec 1944 Alfredo Solf y
Muro
(b. 1872 - d. 1969)
9 Dec 1944 - 28 Jul 1945 Julio Juan
Luis East Trevi�o (b. 1876 -
d. 1953)
28 Jul 1945 - 31 Jan 1946 Juan Rafael Atalo
Bela�nde Diez (b. 1886 - d.
1970) FDN
Canseco
31 Jan 1946 - 12 Jan 1947 Julio Ernesto
Portugal Escobedo (b. 1894 - d.
1972) FDN
12 Jan 1947 - 30 Oct 1947 Jos� Remigio
Alzamora Freundt (b. 1891 - d.
1953) Mil
30 Oct 1947 - 17 Jun 1948 Roque Augusto
Sald�as Maninat (b. 1892 -
d. 1974) Mil
(1st time)
17 Jun 1948 - 27 Oct 1948 Armando Revoredo
Iglesias
(b. 1897 - d. 1978) Mil
27 Oct 1948 - 28 Jul 1950 Vacant
28 Jul 1950 - 9 Aug 1954 Zen�n Noriega
Ag�ero
(s.a.)
Mil
9 Aug 1954 - 15 Jul 1956 Roque
Augusto Sald�as Maninat
(s.a.)
Mil
(2nd time)
15 Jul 1956 - 28 Jul 1956 Juan Ezequiel
Mendoza Rodr�guez (b. 1902 - d. 1995)
Mil
28 Jul 1956 - 9 Jun 1958 Manuel Cisneros
S�nchez (b.
1904 - d. 1971) MDP
9 Jun 1958 - 17 Jul 1959 Luis Gallo
Porras
(b. 1893 - d. 1972) MDP
17 Jul 1959 - 24 Nov 1961 Pedro Gerardo
Mar�a Beltr�n (b. 1897 - d.
1979) Ind
Espantoso
24 Nov 1961 - 18 Jul 1962 Carlos
Gregorio Jos� Moreyra y Paz (b. 1898 - d. 1981)
MDP
Sold�n
18 Jul 1962 - 28 Jul 1963 Nicol�s Eduardo
Lindley L�pez
(s.a.)
Mil
28 Jul 1963 - 31 Dec 1963 Julio �scar
Trelles
Montes
(b. 1904 - d. 1990) AP
31 Dec 1963 - 15 Sep 1965 Fernando Leopoldo
Enrique Schwalb (b. 1916 - d. 2002) AP
L�pez-Aldana (1st time)
15 Sep 1965 - 6 Sep 1967 Daniel
Becerra de la
Flor
(b. 1906 - d. 1987) AP
6 Sep 1967 - 17 Nov 1967 Edgardo
Seoane
Corrales
(b. 1903 - d. 1978) AP
17 Nov 1967 - 30 May 1968 Ra�l Ferrero
Rebagliati
(b. 1911 - d. 1977) Ind
30 May 1968 - 2 Oct 1968 Oswaldo
Hercelles
Garc�a
(b. 1908 - d. 1969) Ind
2 Oct 1968 - 3 Oct 1968 Miguel
El�as Mujica
Gallo
(b. 1910 - d. 2001) Ind
3 Oct 1968 - 31 Jan 1973 Ernesto
Montagne
S�nchez
(s.a.)
Mil
31 Jan 1973 - 1 Feb 1975 Luis Edgardo
Mercado Jarr�n
(b. 1919 - d. 2012) Mil
1 Feb 1975 - 30 Aug 1975 Francisco
Remigio Morales Berm�dez
(s.a.)
Mil
Cerrutti
30 Aug 1975 - 31 Jan 1976 �scar Vargas
Prieto
(s.a.)
Mil
31 Jan 1976 - 16 Jul 1976 Jorge Fern�ndez
Maldonado Solari (b. 1922 - d. 2000)
Mil
16 Jul 1976 - 30 Jan 1978 Guillermo Arbul�
Galliani
(b. 1921 - d. 1997) Mil
30 Jan 1978 - 31 Jan 1979 �scar Molina
Pallochia
(b. 1921 - d. 1990) Mil
31 Jan 1979 - 27 Jul 1980 Pedro �ngel
Richter Fern�ndez-Prada(b. 1921 - d. 2017) Mil
28 Jul 1980 - 9 Dec 1982 Manuel Ulloa
El�as
(b. 1922 - d. 1992) AP
9 Dec 1982 - 10 Apr 1984
Fernando Leopoldo Enrique Schwalb
(s.a.)
AP
L�pez-Aldana (2nd time)
10 Apr 1984 - 13 Oct 1984 Sandro Tiziano
Mari�tegui Chiappe (b. 1922 - d. 2013) AP
13 Oct 1984 - 27 Jul 1985 Luis Ciro
P�rcovich Roca
(b. 1931 - d.
2017) AP
28 Jul 1985 - 26 Jun 1987 Luis Juan Alva
Castro
(b.
1942)
APRA
26 Jun 1987 - 17 May 1988 Guillermo Larco
Cox (1st time) (b. 1932 - d.
2002) APRA
17 May 1988 - 13 May 1989 Armando
Villanueva del Campo
(b. 1915 - d. 2013) APRA
13 May 1989 - 30 Sep 1989 Luis Alberto
F�lix S�nchez S�nchez (b. 1900 - d. 1994) APRA
30 Sep 1989 - 27 Jul 1990 Guillermo Larco
Cox (2nd time)
(s.a.)
APRA
28 Jul 1990 - 15 Feb 1991 Juan Carlos
Hurtado
Miller
(b.
1940)
Ind
15 Feb 1991 - 6 Nov 1991 Carlos
Guillermo Torres y Torres (b. 1942 - d.
2000) Ind
Lara
6 Nov 1991 - 6 Apr 1992 Alfonso
Arturode los Heros P�rez- (b.
1939)
Ind
Albela
6 Apr 1992 - 28 Aug 1993 �scar de la
Puente
Raygada
(b.
1938)
Ind
28 Aug 1993 - 17 Feb 1994 Jos� Alfonso
Ernesto Bustamante y (b.
1941)
C'90
Bustamante
17 Feb 1994 - 28 Jul 1995 Efra�n Goldenberg
Schreiber (b.
1929 - d. 2025) C'90
28 Jul 1995 - 3 Apr 1996 Dante
C�rdova
Blanco
(b.
1943)
C'90-NM
3 Apr 1996 - 4 Jun 1998 Alberto
�talo Luis Pandolfi Arbul� (b. 1940)
C'90-NM
(1st
time)
4 Jun 1998 - 21 Aug 1998 Javier
Maximiliano Alfredo
(b. 1932 - d. 2024) APRA
Hip�lito Valle Riestra Gonz�lez
Olaechea
21 Aug 1998 - 3 Jan 1999 Alberto
�talo Luis Pandolfi Arbul�
(s.a.)
C'90-NM
(2nd time)
3 Jan 1999 - 10 Oct 1999
V�ctor Dionicio Joy Way
Rojas (b.
1947)
C'90-NM
10 Oct 1999 - 29 Jul 2000 Jos�
Alberto Bustamante Bela�nde (b. 1950 - d.
2008) Ind
29 Jul 2000 - 25 Nov 2000 Luis Federico
Beltr�n Salas (b. 1950 - d.
2021) Ind
Salas Guevara Schultz
25 Nov 2000 - 28 Jul 2001 Javier P�rez de Cu�llar
de la (b. 1920 - d. 2020) UPP
Guerra
28 Jul 2001 - 11 Jul 2002 Roberto Enrique
Da�ino Zapata (b.
1951)
Ind
11 Jul 2002 - 23 Jun 2003 Luis Mar�a
Santiago Eduardo Solari (b.
1948)
PP
de la Fuente
23 Jun 2003 - 12 Dec 2003 Martha
Beatriz Merino Lucero (f) (b.
1947)
Ind
12 Dec 2003 - 15 Aug 2005 Carlos Ernesto
Fernando Ferrero (b. 1941 - d.
2025) PP
Costa
16 Aug 2005 - 28 Jul 2006 Pedro
Pablo Kuczynski Goddard
(s.a.)
Ind
28 Jul 2006 - 14 Oct 2008 Jorge Alfonso
Alejandro del (b.
1950)
APRA
Castillo G�lvez
14 Oct 2008 - 11 Jul 2009 Yehude Simon
Munaro
(b. 1947)
PHP
11 Jul 2009 - 13 Sep 2010 �ngel Javier Vel�squez
Quesqu�n (b. 1960)
APRA
14 Sep 2010 - 18 Mar 2011
Jos� Antonio Chang Escobedo
(b. 1958)
APRA
19 Mar 2011 - 28 Jul 2011 Rosario del Pilar
Fern�ndez (b. 1955)
APRA
Figueroa (f)
28 Jul 2011 - 10 Dec 2011
Salom�n Lerner Ghitis
(b. 1946)
Ind
11 Dec 2011 - 23 Jul 2012
�scar Eduardo Vald�s Dancuart
(b. 1949)
Ind
23 Jul 2012 - 29 Oct 2013 Juan Federico Jim�nez
Mayor (b. 1964)
Ind
31 Oct 2013 - 24 Feb 2014 C�sar Villanueva
Ar�valo (1st time)(b. 1946)
MRNA/Ind
24 Feb 2014 - 22 Jul 2014 Ren� Helbert Cornejo
D�az (b.
1962) Ind
22 Jul 2014 - 2 Apr 2015 Ethel Ana del
Rosario Jara (b.
1968)
PNP
Vel�squez (f)
2 Apr 2015 - 28 Jul 2016 Pedro �lvaro
Cateriano Bellido (b.
1958)
Ind
(1st
time)
28 Jul 2016 - 17 Sep 2017 Fernando Mart�n
Zavala Lombardi (b. 1971)
Ind
17 Sep 2017 - 2 Apr 2018 Mercedes Ar�oz
Fern�ndez (f)
(s.a.)
PPK
2 Apr 2018 - 11 Mar 2019
C�sar Villanueva Ar�valo (2nd time)(s.a.)
APP
11 Mar 2019 - 30 Sep 2019 Salvador Alejandro Jorge
del Solar (b. 1970)
Ind
Labarthe
30 Sep 2019 - 15 Jul 2020
Vicente Antonio Zeballos Salinas (b.
1963)
Ind
15 Jul 2020 - 6 Aug 2020 Pedro
�lvaro Cateriano Bellido (s.a.)
Ind
(2nd time)
6 Aug 2020 - 11 Nov 2020 Walter Roger Martos
Ru�z
(b. 1957 - d. 2025) Ind
11 Nov 2020 - 18 Nov 2020 �ntero Flores-Ar�oz
Esparza (b.
1942) Ind
18 Nov 2020 - 29 Jul 2021 Violeta Berm�dez
Valdivia (f) (b.
1961)
Ind
29 Jul 2021 - 6 Oct 2021 Guido Bellido
Ugarte
(b.
1979)
PNPL
6 Oct 2021 - 1 Feb 2022
Mirtha Esther V�squez Chuquil�n (f)(b.
1975)
FA
1 Feb 2022 - 8 Feb 2022 H�ctor Valer
Pinto
(b. 1959) Ind
8 Feb 2022 - 25 Nov 2022 An�bal Torres
V�squez
(b. 1942) Ind
25 Nov 2022 - 10 Dec 2022 Betssy Betzabet Ch�vez
Chino (f) (b.
1989)
PNPL
10 Dec 2022 - 21 Dec 2022 Pedro Miguel Angulo
Arana
(b. 1960)
Ind
21 Dec 2022 - 6 Mar 2024 Luis Alberto
Ot�rola Pe�aranda (b.
1967)
Ind
6 Mar 2024 - 14 May 2025 Gustavo Lino
Adrianz�n Olaya (b.
1966)
Ind
14 May 2025 - 14 Oct 2025 Eduardo Arana Ysa
(b.
1965)
Ind
14 Oct 2025 - 24 Feb 2026
Ernesto Julio �lvarez
Miranda (b.
1961)
Ind
24 Feb 2026 - 17 Mar 2026 Denisse Azucena Miralles
(f) (b.
1976)
Ind
17 Mar 2026 - 28 Jul 2026 Luis Enrique Arroyo
S�nchez (b.
1956)
Non-party
28 Jul 2026
-
Luis Fernando Galarreta Velarde (b.
1971) FP
|
|
![[Flag of modern Inca
People (Peru, Bolivia, Chile)]](https://calendarstemplates.com/inca.gif "[Flag of
modern Inca People (Peru, Bolivia, Chile)]")
�Presidential
vacancies:
(b) 3-9 Apr 1863: After the death of President Miguel
de San Rom�n y Meza (s.a.) on 3 Apr 1863, the
functions of President devolved on the First Vice
President Juan Antonio Pezet y Rodr�guez de la Piedra
(s.a.), who had left on tour to Europe; the Second
Vice President Pedro Nolasco Diez Canseco y Corbacho
(s.a.) resided in Arequipa and returned to the
capital, Lima, where he assumed executive authority on
9 Apr 1863, pending the return of Pezet;
(c) 15-17 Nov 2020: The resignation of Manuel Arturo
Merino de Lama (s.a.) from the office of President was
accepted by a resolution of the Congress (passed on 15
Nov 2020) which declared the office vacant and called
for the election of a President of the Congress who,
as constitutional successor, would assume the
presidency of the Republic. Francisco Rafael Sagasti
Hochhausler (s.a.) was elected President of the
Congress on 16 Nov 2020 and took oath of office as
President on 17 Nov 2020.
Territorial Disputes: Peru rejects Bolivia's
claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign
corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border;
Bolivia continues to press for a sovereign corridor to
the Pacific Ocean; any concession Chile makes to Bolivia
to grant them a sovereign corridor requires approval by
Peru under the terms of their treaty; in Jan 2018, the
International Court of Justice ruled that Chile is not
legally obligated to negotiate a sovereign corridor to
the Pacific Ocean with Bolivia; Chile and Ecuador
rejected Peru's Nov 2005 unilateral legislation to shift
the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime
boundaries along the parallels of latitude to
equidistance lines out to 200 nautical miles, which
would give Peru 37,900 square kilometers of water; organized
illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated
Peru's shared border; problems also include crossborder
illegal migration, human trafficking, and contraband
smuggling; in 1999, Tiwinza memorial park was created on
lands that remains sovereign Peruvian territory, but
Ecuador has the right to maintain and administer it in
perpetuity.
Party abbreviations: AP
= Acci�n Popular (People's Action, center-right,
nationalist, est.7 Jul 1956); APP
= Alianza Para el Progreso (Alliance for Progress,
populist, liberal conservative, center-right, est.8 Dec
2001); APRA = Alianza Popular
Revolucionaria Americana "Partido Aprista" (American
Popular Revolutionary Alliance, "Aprista
Party", social democratic, center-left, banned
1931-45 & 1948-56, est.7 May 1924); FA =
Frente Amplio por Justicia, Vida y Libertad "Frente
Amplio" (Broad Front for Justice, Life and
Liberty "Broad Front", leftist coalition, democratic
socialist, decentralization, anti-Fujimori, est.21 Jun
2013); Ind =
Independiente (Independent); FP =
Fuerza Popular (Popular Force, conservative, right-wing
populist, neoliberal, Fujimorist, formerly Force 2011,
NM successor, est.9 Mar 2010); Mor = Partido
Morado (Purple Party, reformist, social liberal,
progressive, est.16 Oct 2016); MRNA
= Movimiento Independiente Regional "Nueva
Amazon�a" (Regional Independent Movement "New
Amazon", democratic decentralist, Amazon�a
and San Martin regionalist, est.1983);
PDSP = Partido Democr�tico
'Somos Per�' (Democratic Party "We Are Peru",
christian democratic, decentralization, est.11 Sep
1997); PHP = Partido
Movimiento Humanista Peruano (Peruvian Humanist
Movement Party, reformist, humanist, center-left, est.29
Jun 2001); PNP =
Partido Nacionalista Peruano (Peruvian
Nationalist Party, socialist, nationalist, est.3 Oct
2005); PNPL = Partido Pol�tico Nacional Per�
Libre (Free Peru National Political Party,
socialist, Marxist-Leninist, social conservative,
anti-imperialist, federalist, Mari�teguism,
anti-Fujimorism, 13 Aug 2008-1 Feb 2013 named Movimiento
Pol�tico Regional "Per� Libre" ['Free Peru'
Political Regional Movement], 1 Feb 2013-2016 named
Per� Libertario [Libertarian Peru], est.15
Jan 2016); UPP =
Uni�n por el Per� (Union for Peru, centrist, social democratic,
Ethnocacerism [Peruvian ethnonationalism], est.21
Sep 1994); Mil =
Military;
- Former parties:
AEP = Alianza Electoral Per� 2000 (Electoral
Alliance Peru 2000, pro-Fujimori coalition incl. C'90,
NM, 1999-2000); CC = Coalici�n
Conservadora (Conservative Coalition, conservative
electoral coalition, incl. Acci�n Republicana, Partido
Nacionalista, UR, 1939-1945); C'90 =
Cambio '90 (Change 1990, conservative, Fujimori
personalist, populist, anti-communist, 1995-2000 in
coalition with NM, 5 Oct 1989-26 Sep 2013); Cons
= Partido Constitucional (Constitutional Party,
constitutional conservative, 1884-1896); DC
= Partido Dem�crata Cristiano (Christian Democratic
Party, social christian, est.17 Jan 1956);
FD = Frente Democr�tico "FREDEMO"
(Democratic Front, conservative coalition, 1989-1990); FDN
= Frente Democr�tico Nacional
(National Democratic Front, Partido Pueblo [APRA]-based
democratic, coalition, 1944-1948); MDP
= Movimiento Democr�tico de Pradista (Pradista [later
Peruvian] Democratic Movement, liberal, 1956-1981); PC
= Partido Civilista (Civil Party, moderate conservative,
anti-militarist, founded as Sociedad Electoral
de Independientes, 1871-1930); NM
= Nueva Mayori� (New Majority, conservative, Fujimori
personalist, 1995-2000 in coalition with
C'90, 1992-2010, replaced by FP); PD
= Partido Democr�ta (Democratic Party, liberal,
1884-1914); PDR
= Partido Democr�tico Reformista
(Democratic Reformist Party, 1920-1930);
PL = Partido Liberal Peruano
(Liberal Party, liberal conservative, split from PD,
1901-1923); PPK = Peruanos
Por el Kambio (Peruvians for Change, center-right, P.
Kuczynski personalist, 15 Oct 2014-2 Mar 2019, merged
into Contigo 2019-2021); PN
= Partido Nacional (National Party, est.1882); PND
= Partido Nacional Democr�tico; PP
= Per� Posible (Possible Peru, A. Toldedo personalist,
liberal, center-left, 1994-2016); PRP
= Partido Restaurador del Per� (Peruvian Restoring
Party, Manuel Odr�a personalist, 1950-1962); UR
= Uni�n Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Union, corporatist
fascist, anti-communist, 1931-1945)
� Ben Cahoon
