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<style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif; mso-ansi-language:SV; mso-fareast-language:SV;} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=purple style='tab-interval:65.2pt;word-wrap: break-word'> <div class=WordSection1> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:16.0pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>QUALITY-CONTROL OF INFORMATION:</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><br> On the concept of accuracy of information in data-banks and in management information systems</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto;text-align:center'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(Version 251223-1655)<br> &nbsp;This page's URL web address &lt;</span><span lang=SV><a href="http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/diss-avh.html"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>http://www8.informatik.umu.se/~kivanov/diss-avh.html</span></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&gt; and &lt;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/diss-avh/AvhDunn1972"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>https://archive.org/details/diss-avh/AvhDunn1972</span></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&gt;)</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Ivanov,&nbsp;Kristo&nbsp;(1972).&nbsp;<i>Quality-control of information: On the concept of accuracy of information in data-banks and in management information systems.&nbsp;</i>Stockholm: The&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTH_Royal_Institute_of_Technology"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)</span></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. (Doctoral dissertation, 258 pages).&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Copies can&nbsp;downloaded&nbsp;as instructed below, while earlier they could be ordered from the USA's&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Technical_Information_Service"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>National Technical Information Service&nbsp;NTIS</span></i></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, order # PB-219297. Ref.&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissertations_Abstracts"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Dissertation Abstracts International</span></i></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;1974, Vol 35A, 3, p. 1611-A. Internationally the text is catalogued at the National Library of Sweden-Library Information System:&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/256993?vw=full"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>LIBRIS</span></i></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.&nbsp;<br> <br> The PhD dissertation was presented to the faculty of the&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institute_of_Technology"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Royal Institute of Technology</span></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;(KTH) for public disputation and defense on 11 December 1972, at 2:00 pm in the hall of the&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College#Other_uses"><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>college</span></a></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,&nbsp;<span class=SpellE>Valhallav�gen</span>&nbsp;79, Stockholm.<br> <br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>PREFATORY NOTE</span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(rev. 240522-1600)</span></b><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>IN GENERAL <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>For a proper reading and appreciation of this text and its numerous links, please refer initially to my </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://ia800107.us.archive.org/14/items/Research_201802/Research.html#Disclaimer"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>General disclaimer</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>This prefatory note consists of some updating and overlapping texts that were written on different occasions, starting from the publishing of the dissertation in year 1972, and that I have not yet had the occasion of melt them down in a single text, which would amount to an updating and extension of my original dissertation.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The doctoral dissertation on&nbsp;<i>Quality-control of information&nbsp;</i>develops the scientific meaning and foreshadows the necessity of what later came to be named the&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Wiki</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>-concept, especially as related to  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki#Trust_and_security"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Trust and security</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> . Quality-control in terms of the wiki-concept can be seen as a theory of <span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>security of computer systems</span> as indicated in the conclusions expressed at the end of other texts about </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/hci_20200910"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>human-computer interaction - HCI</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/Debate_201801"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Information and debate</span></i></a></span><i><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and about </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/kant-gramont"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Computerization</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> of the whole society that today unfolds into the hype of </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/chat-gpt-agi"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Artificial General <span class=SpellE>Inteligence</span> and ChatGPT</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, while struggling about&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://ia804505.us.archive.org/15/items/kivanov_informatik_BLOG/BLOG.html#Conspiracy"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>fake news and conspiracy theories</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. <span style='mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>The implications for Artificial General Intelligence in my dissertation<i> </i>written mainly in 1971 are outlined in its Appendix 11, pages A11.6-A11.9 on  Human thinking and manipulation of symbols , extended to pages A11.10-A11.13 on  Information quality and Law , all the while, as remarked on page A12:2, I had not yet available West Churchman s, at the time newly published synthesizing book </span></span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/Index_20180206_1053"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Design of Inquiring Systems</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A general problematization of so called fake news and conspiracy theories beyond  alternative facts (in Swedish  <span class=SpellE>f<span lang=SV style='font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;color:windowtext;mso-ansi-language:SV'><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktaresistens"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>aktaresistens</span></a></span></span> ) or in deeper meaning </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradigm_shift"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>paradigm shift</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>worldview</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, is found in my paper on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/kivanov_informatik_Theo"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Information and theology</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>especially in the chapter on  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://ia601405.us.archive.org/17/items/kivanov_informatik_Theo/Theo.html#Galileo"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Galileo affair</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> . Such problematization is applied later in my papers on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/rus-ukr"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Russia-NATO-Ukraine information crisis</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span></i><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/israel-hamas-240210"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Information: <span class=SpellE>Massmedia</span> and Israel-Hamas war</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>and </i></span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/WikiDemoCracy"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Wikipedia democracy and <span class=SpellE>Wikicracy</span></span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. The theological dimension of the problem is emphasized by the phenomenon of governmental censorship in democratic western countries of the world, where early censorship based on criminalization of atheism, such as in the historical case of the </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism_dispute"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Atheism dispute</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>of philosopher Gottlob Fichte, has been substituted by criminalization of antisemitism, depending upon its various controversial </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.unz.com/runz/israel-gaza-the-masks-come-off-in-american-society/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>definitions by controversial mass media</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, including the  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_Holocaust_denial"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Legality of Holocaust denial</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> .<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The narrow academic approach to the discussion of  alternative facts is, else, basically done in terms of simplified Kantian philosophy, </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/�sa_Wikforss"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>as implicitly done in Sweden</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. The discussion starts rhetorically with the presentation of an oversimplified conflict between  reason and overpowering  feelings that undermine the logic of facts. Philosophically, however,  Reason was split into (the critiques of) theoretical and practical reason, and both are synthesized in the (critique) of judgment into an aesthetics which is soon reduced to art and further down to  design , as outlined in the historical criticism of Kant s approach that I revive in my paper on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/kant-gramont"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Computerization as abuse of formal science</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. The concept of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>design,</i> that </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/index.htmll/GeaAvhSummary/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>only exceptionally is sometimes problematized in academic research</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, risks to become a </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.bokus.com/bok/9780262526708/the-design-way/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>catchword that today lends prestige to all engineering effort</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, not the least to computer-related efforts. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Design is an approach based on a volume and kind of literature that is routine for philosophers. It is, however  mind-blowing , overwhelming the minds of most common educated modern citizens (see for instance the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> s  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-reason/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Kant s account of reason</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> ). It divorces the question from common sense and from advanced psychology that historically was derived from philosophy, and from theology and religion, which are replaced by a nominal  democracy that cannot work without the participation of common educated citizens. The whole approach is criticized in my above-mentioned essay on the phenomenon of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>computerization </i>of the whole society.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>In this previously mentioned paper on the Ukraine information crisis, I report the ultimate observation and insight that fundamentally all information is fake (the more so in war, when &quot;the first victim is truth&quot;) if it is not accompanied by what my dissertation focused on: an estimate of an <i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>error </i>term. And that ultimately the determination of the error term depends upon the people s ethics and aspects covered in </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Shapin"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Steven Shapin</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> s </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.se/-/en/Steven-Shapin/dp/0226750191"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Social History of Truth</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>as well as the possibility of citizens' </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>freedom of speech</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. It is usually guaranteed in <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>democracy,</i> but it is highly problematic as historically analyzed in the classic </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Democracy-America-Alexis-Tocqueville/dp/0226805360"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Democracy in America</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>by Alexis de Tocqueville, and forcefully exposed by e.g. </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/tage-lindbom"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Tage Lindbom</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> in his book </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Myth-Democracy-Tage-Lindbom/dp/0802840647"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The Myth of Democracy</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Today these aspects tend to be trivialized by their unconscious reduction to (Wikipedia s) </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_facts"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>alternative facts</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (and its section on  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_facts#See_also"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>see also</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> ), </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>fake news</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misinformation"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>misinformation</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> and </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinformation"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>disinformation</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, seasoned with references to </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>groupthink</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (and its  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupthink#See_also"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>see also</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> ). Societal focus on trendy  disinformation has motivated my writing a special paper on the issue with the title </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/Disinfo"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Disinformation as a myth</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. Further trivialization takes place when information is qualified by ad-hoc terms such as those catalogized in my above-mentioned text on quality-control of information. </span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Examples<span style='color:#2C2C2C'> I give in my dissertation are </span></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#202122;background:white; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>validity, reliability, dependability, correctness, timeliness, exactness, usefulness, consistency, authenticity, completeness, degree of detail, recency, controllability, goodness, trueness, relevance, pertinence, acceptability, refinement, approximation, currency, rightness, coverage, etc. A final and definitive example of trivialization appears in a cynical interpretation of </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensemaking#Weick's_approach_to_sensemaking"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>simplified post-modern thought</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#202122;background:white; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'> that, I have seen, appeals to careerist post-doctoral students who promote their dissertation by means of  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://ia601800.us.archive.org/4/items/Debate_201801/Debate.html#A6"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US'>socialization</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US'> in an academic subculture of  sense-making , by adducing the additional qualifier of information  plausibility where<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US; mso-fareast-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:1.0cm'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>People <span class=SpellE>favour</span><span class=apple-converted-space> </span></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>plausibility over accuracy</span></i><span class=apple-converted-space><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122;background:white; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> i</span></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>n accounts of events and contexts [& ]: &quot;in an equivocal, postmodern world, infused with the politics of interpretation and conflicting interests and inhabited by people with multiple shifting identities, an obsession with accuracy seems fruitless, and not of much practical help, either.&quot;</span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Wikipedia s page on the </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_lie"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Big Lie</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>can be finally seen as an oblivion of the basic problem of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>the myth of democracy </i>since it forgets the basic problem and presupposition of democracy, namely the question of who wants what and why, and that a majority, </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/ConscienceAndTruth"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>even if feeling of having a good conscience</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, does not necessarily want the good and right. A whole book that logically illustrates the limitations of democracy but without theological grounds ends in a sort of cynicism is the not yet translated Brazilian essay by </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo�o_Uch�a_Cavalcanti_Netto"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>J. Cavalcanti Netto</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com.br/Democracia-Joao-Uchoa-Cavalcanti-Netto/dp/857823264X"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Democracia, um Mito</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>[Democracy, a Myth]. Anybody who perceives having a good conscience can feel authorized to conceive a <i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>big lie, </i>with all the complexity which is hidden in the theological discussions under the classical label of </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credo_quia_absurdum"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Credo quia absurdum</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>[</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US'>I believe because it is absurd].</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language: EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The intellectual insight obtained from the mentioned sources regarding the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'>myth</i> <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>of democracy </i>was finally supported by other insights obtained during my above-mentioned work in understanding the information system of the Russia-NATO-Ukraine crisis. A complementary demonstration came from the debacle of democratic free expression, or official mistrust of freedom in communication and power of argumentation, as displayed in governmental </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.journalisten.se/nyheter/russia-todays-sajt-blockerad-i-sverige"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>western censorship</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> of news from the Russian network </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT_(TV_network)#Responses"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Russia Today</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (RT) and </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_(news_agency)#International_bans_and_restrictions"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Sputnik News</span></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. In Sweden this was directed by decision of </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.pts.se/en/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>The Swedish Post and Telecom Authority</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (corresponding to USA s FCC), following </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/03/02/eu-imposes-sanctions-on-state-owned-outlets-rtrussia-today-and-sputnik-s-broadcasting-in-the-eu/"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>EU imposed sanctions</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> announced 2 March 2022, while all those western countries are not in war. EU imposed sanctions were later imposed on persons who were anonymously judged to be politically incorrect, as in the case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Baud&amp;oldid=1328951501#Biography">Jacques Baud</a>. He </span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#202122; background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>was blacklisted by the European Union as a person spreading Russia's propaganda and targeted by European sanctions, which included an asset freeze and a travel ban in the EU</span></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. This is one main reason why the quality of information ultimately converges on theological questions that motivated my blog on <i><a href="https://archive.org/details/Disinfo">Disinformation</a>,</i> </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://ia904505.us.archive.org/15/items/kivanov_informatik_BLOG/BLOG.html#Conspiracy"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Conspiracy theories</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> my early essay on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/BeliefAndReason-InSystemsDesign"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Belief and Reason</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, </span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>later on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/kivanov_informatik_Theo"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Information and Theology</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>already mentioned above, and finally a comment on </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/ConscienceAndTruth"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Conscience and Truth</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>WITH REPEATED AND ADDITIONAL DETAILS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The dissertation, written long ago in 1971-1972 in a naturally narrow disciplinary context of a university, and prior to all above-mentioned refinements, forestalls the possibilities of computer technology more than twenty years before the advent of its initial partial implementation in&nbsp;<i>the&nbsp;</i></span><span class=SpellE><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiWikiWeb"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>WikiWikiWeb</span></i></a></span></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(see below). An ultimate most known example is&nbsp;</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>the online encyclopedia&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Wikipedia</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#202122;background:white;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, the most popular wiki-based website, and one of the most widely viewed sites in the world.&nbsp;</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It also foreshadows by 40 years the scientific meaning and one main answer to the problem of  </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fake_news"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>fake news</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> as triggered by social media.&nbsp;</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The consequent problems of all this were addressed later in articles about&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/WikiDemoCracy"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Wikipedia democracy and&nbsp;<span class=SpellE>wikicracy</span>: editing Wikipedia</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and conceptually in&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/Debate_201801"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Information and debate</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>while the search for ultimate theological implications is outlined in essays on&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/kivanov_informatik_Theo"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Information and Theology</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>and&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/ManKvi1979"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:purple;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Reason and Gender</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;The main ideas of the dissertation itself and their juridical implications are summarized in the book (in Swedish)&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/SysutvecklRattsakerhetSAF"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Systems development and&nbsp;rule</span></i></a><a href="https://archive.org/details/SysutvecklRattsakerhetSAF"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;of law</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Further technical details are found in the account of the computer programmer who developed the first wiki by starting to code the&nbsp;<span class=SpellE>WikiWikiWeb</span>&nbsp;in 1994:&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Cunningham"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Ward Cunningham</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;with his book&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Wiki-Way-Quick-Collaboration-Web/dp/020171499X"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The wiki way</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(2001)<i>,&nbsp;</i>co-authored with&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Leuf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Bo&nbsp;Leuf</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. The latter also expressed the core of the consequent idea of participatory design and computer-supported cooperative work in his book&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Peer-Collaboration-Sharing-over-Internet/dp/0201767325"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Peer to peer: Collaborating and sharing over the Internet</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(2002).&nbsp;</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>An example of more recent research on related detailed secondary issues is&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3290605.3300247"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Effects of moderation and opinion heterogeneity on attitude towards the online deliberation experience</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(CHI'19 Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Human Factors in Computing). At a less detailed level, with the diffusion and increased use of the Internet news areas of research have been opportunely created building upon the very same basic idea, displaying new problems and old ones under new names.<i>&nbsp;</i>New split areas that are often divorced from basic considerations of philosophy of science have been catalogued under such names as&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-supported_cooperative_work"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Computer-supported cooperative work</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,&nbsp;</span></i><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participatory_design"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Participatory design</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>,&nbsp;</span></i><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_intelligence"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Collective intelligence</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, and&nbsp;</span></i><span lang=SV><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn-taking"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Cooperative overlap/Turn-taking</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(see also other related areas in their respective Wikipedia-sections named  See also ).<i>&nbsp;</i>Contrasting artificial and human intelligence, in lack of understanding of what intelligence is to begin with, leads also to studies such as&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=view_citation&amp;hl=en&amp;user=k1m13jkAAAAJ&amp;citation_for_view=k1m13jkAAAAJ:M7C5BM2v8n8C"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#954F72;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Human trust in artificial intelligence</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>It requires, in turn, an understanding of&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Design-Inquiring-Systems-West-Churchman/dp/0465016081"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#4B64FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The design of inquiring systems</span></i></a></span><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;</span></i><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(complementary index&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/chuindex"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#4B64FF; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>here</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>)<i>&nbsp;</i>and&nbsp;</span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/hci_20200910"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#4B64FF;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The meaning of human-computer interaction</span></i></a></span><i><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style: italic'>that today is challenged when seen in the context of </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/chat-gpt-agi"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Artificial General Intelligence and ChatGPT</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:#2C2C2C;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>.</span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> For a proper reading and appreciation of this text and its numerous links, please refer initially to my </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://ia800107.us.archive.org/14/items/Research_201802/Research.html#Disclaimer"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>General disclaimer</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><br> DOWNLOADS<br> Local download from this site of the dissertation in pdf-format:<br> </span><span lang=SV><a href="IvanovDissQualityControlInfo.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Whole download (18 MB, 259 pp.)</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, all parts in one <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Earlier arrangement, download in three parts:<br> </span><span lang=SV><a href="diss1of3.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Part 1 of 3 (22 MB)</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> - Abstract, Contents, Introduction, and up to including chapter 3, see &quot;</span><span lang=SV><a href="diss-avhcontents.html"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Contents</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&quot;<br> </span><span lang=SV><a href="diss2of3.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Part 2 of 3 (44 MB)</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> - Chapters 4 and 5, including Conclusions<br> </span><span lang=SV><a href="diss3of3.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Part 3 of 3 (48 MB)</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> - Appendixes 1-12, and References/Bibliography <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>&nbsp;<br> <br> ABSTRACT <br> This paper is intended to assist those who develop, use, maintain, audit, or in general may be affected by so-called Data-Banks and Management Information Systems. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>One purpose</span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'> of the paper is to recognize the importance of accuracy, or more generally of quality of information. Data-Banks and Management Information Systems may typically imply some processing performed on externally obtained measurements and pre-processed inputs, while their outputs may be stored and used by people in unknown contexts. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>To the extent that this happens it becomes more difficult to expect that the quality of information can be represented by a measure of effectiveness of systems and subsystems in relation to operational goals. Thus, a <i>second purpose</i> of this paper is to suggest some possibilities of attaching a measure of quality to discrete items of information, such as coded observations and intermediate computational results. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>The paper consists of five chapters supporting five sets of statements regarding the consequences of present practices, and what can be done to implement the most necessary improvements. Illustrative examples emphasize administrative applications such as in public planning and in industrial manufacturing. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=SV><a href="diss-avhcontents.html"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>CONTENTS</span></a></span><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span lang=SV><a href="diss-conclusions.html"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>CONCLUSIONS</span></a></span><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>KEY WORDS (updated list)<br> Information system design, data integrity, privacy, security, secrecy, reliability, validity, precision, EDP auditing, system management, data-management, data base, actor network, inquiring systems, dialectics, cybernetics.<br> <br> <br> ---------------- <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'><br> SOME EVALUATIVE REFERENCES<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(1) By </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill_Eisenhart"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Churchill Eisenhart</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (1972). <em><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards</span></em>. (Letter, pdf-format: Click </span><span lang=SV><a href="AvhEisenhart1972.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>here</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.)<br> <br> (2) By </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://books.google.se/books?id=A2R9jyqHwHcC&amp;pg=PA200&amp;lpg=PA200&amp;dq=edgar%2Bs.%2Bdunn%2Bjr.&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=BsHCEnPalS&amp;sig=90Z1WWqthA-ZIbSxD1qsiqS674Q&amp;hl=en&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=edgar%20s.%20dunn%20jr.&amp;f=false"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Edgar S. Dunn, Jr.</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (1972). <em><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Resources for the Future Inc.</span></em>, author of </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Social-Information-Processing-Statistical-Systems-change/dp/0471227471"><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Social information processing and statistical systems</span></i></a></span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> </span></i><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(1974). (Letter, pdf-format: Click </span><span lang=SV><a href="AvhDunn1972.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>here</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>.)<br> <br> (3) By </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hsdept/bios/shapin.html"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Steven Shapin</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (1994): Long after the publication of the dissertation a book by Steven Shapin, </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3626633.html"><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>A Social History of Truth</span></i></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>, indirectly details and confirms many historical roots of its scientific approach. It can be seen as extending the dissertation and its applicability in discussing truth vs. secrecy in communication and information technological (CIT) systems as related to the following keywords: measurement, reasonable agreement, accuracy-precision-certainty-exactness, error-failure, probabilistic discourse, conflict-cooperation, power-politics-religion, political correctness, system trust, and CIT-users-specialists as &quot;invisible technicians&quot;. Most relevant pages: 24, 26, 30, 32, 211-3, 216-220, 223-4, 226-8, 230-1, 310-1, 314, 318, 328-9, 338-9, 342, 350, 352-3, 355, 389, 412-3.<br> <br> (4) By </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.dataqualitypro.com/blog/measuring-data-quality-for-ongoing-improvement-laura-sebastian-coleman"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Laura Sebastian-Coleman</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (2013). </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/book/9780123970336/measuring-data-quality-for-ongoing-improvement"><em><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Measuring Data Quality for Ongoing Improvement</span></em></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> (see </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://booksite.elsevier.com/9780123970336/downloads/Sebastian-Coleman_Appendix%20D.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Appendix D</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language: EN-US'>.) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(5) Further evaluative references are contained in reviews of the book (in Swedish) about privacy vs. security that was published in 1986 on the basis of the published doctoral dissertation, [permitted download, pdf-format 66 MB] </span><span lang=SV><a href="https://archive.org/details/SysutvecklRattsakerhetSAF"><span class=SpellE><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Systemutveckling</span></i></span><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> och <span class=SpellE>R�ttss�kerhet</span></span></i></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> [Systems development and rule of law]. Cf. e.g. the </span><span lang=SV><a href="SysutvecklRattsSeipelReview1988.pdf"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>review</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'> by Peter Seipel (in Swedish) in Cecilia Magnusson &amp; Olav Torvund (eds.) </span><em><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>Myndighetsdata och R�ttss�kerhet: Nordisk �rsbok i R�ttsinformatik, </span></em><span lang=SV style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>(Norstedts, 1988, ISBN 91-1-887351-0, <span class=SpellE>pp</span>. 193-196.) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>(6) The permanent timeliness of the subject of the dissertation and its further development is also suggested by more recent problems of scientific method as exposed in Lachlan J. Gunn, et al. &quot;Too good to be true: when overwhelming evidence fails to convince.&quot; Proceedings of The Royal Society A. To be published (as per Jan. 7, 2016.). <span class=SpellE>Arxiv</span> pre-print: arxiv.org/abs/1601.00900. Summary by Lisa Zyga in </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://phys.org/news/2016-01-evidence-bad.html"><em><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>Why too much evidence can be a bad thing</span></em></a></span><span style='font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. (January 4, 2016.), also at: </span><span lang=SV><a href="http://phys.org/news/2016-01-evidence-bad.html#jCp"><span lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>http://phys.org/news/2016-01-evidence-bad.html#jCp</span></a></span><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>. <o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </body> </html>