Implementation of Locally Weighted Linear Regression

LOESS or LOWESS are non-parametric regression methods that combine multiple regression models in a k-nearest-neighbor-based meta-model. LOESS combines much of the simplicity of linear least squares regression with the flexibility of nonlinear regression. It does this by fitting simple models to localized subsets of the data to build up a function that describes the variation in the data, point by point.

This algorithm is used for making predictions when there exists a non-linear relationship between the features.
Locally weighted linear regression is a supervised learning algorithm.
It a non-parametric algorithm.
doneThere exists No training phase. All the work is done during the testing phase/while making predictions.

Suppose we want to evaluate the hypothesis function h at a certan query point x. For linear regression we would do the following:

$Fit $\theta$ to minimize $\sum_{i=1}^{m}\left(y^{(i)}-\theta^{T} x^{(i)}\right)^{2}$

$Output $\theta^{T} x$$

For locally weighted linear regression we will instead do the following:

$Fit $\theta$ to minimize $\sum_{i=1}^{m} w^{(i)}\left(^{(i)} y-\theta^{T} x^{(i)}\right)^{2}$$

$Output $\theta^{T} x$$

where w(i) is a is a non-negative “weight” associated with training point x(i). A higher “preference” is given to the points in the training set lying in the vicinity of x than the points lying far away from x. so For x(i) lying closer to the query point x, the value of w(i) is large, while for x(i) lying far away from x the value of w(i) is small.
w(i) can be chosen as –
$w^{(i)}=\exp \left(-\frac{\left(x^{(i)}-x\right)^{T}\left(x^{(i)}-x\right)}{2 \tau^{2}}\right)$

Directly using closed Form solution to find parameters-

$\theta=\left(X^{\top} W X\right)^{-1}\left(X^{\top} W Y\right)$

Code: Importing Libraries :

import numpy as np 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt 
import pandas as pd 
  
plt.style.use("seaborn")

Code: Loading Data :

# Loading CSV files from local storage 
dfx = pd.read_csv('weightedX_LOWES.csv') 
dfy = pd.read_csv('weightedY_LOWES.csv') 
# Getting data from DataFrame Object and storing in numpy n-dim arrays 
X = dfx.values 
Y = dfy.values

Output:

Code: Function to calculate weight matrix :

# function to calculate W weight diagnal Matric used in calculation of predictions 
def get_WeightMatrix_for_LOWES(query_point, Training_examples, Bandwidth): 
  # M is the No of training examples 
  M = Training_examples.shape[0] 
  # Initialising W with identity matrix 
  W = np.mat(np.eye(M)) 
  # calculating weights for query points 
  for i in range(M): 
    xi = Training_examples[i] 
    denominator = (-2 * Bandwidth * Bandwidth) 
    W[i, i] = np.exp(np.dot((xi-query_point), (xi-query_point).T)/denominator) 
    return W 

Code: Making Predictions:

# function to make predictions 
def predict(training_examples, Y, query_x, Bandwidth): 
  M = Training_examples.shape[0] 
  all_ones = np.ones((M, 1)) 
  X_ = np.hstack((training_examples, all_ones)) 
  qx = np.mat([query_x, 1]) 
  W = get_WeightMatrix_for_LOWES(qx, X_, Bandwidth) 
  # calculating parameter theta 
  theta = np.linalg.pinv(X_.T*(W * X_))*(X_.T*(W * Y)) 
  # calculating predictions 
  pred = np.dot(qx, theta) 
  return theta, pred

Code: Visualise Predictions :

# visualise predicted values with respect 
# to original target values 
  
Bandwidth = 0.1
X_test = np.linspace(-2, 2, 20) 
Y_test = [] 
for query in X_test: 
  theta, pred = predict(X, Y, query, Bandwidth) 
  Y_test.append(pred[0][0]) 
horizontal_axis = np.array(X) 
vertical_axis = np.array(Y) 
plt.title("Tau / Bandwidth Param %.2f"% Bandwidth) 
plt.scatter(horizontal_axis, vertical_axis) 
Y_test = np.array(Y_test) 
plt.scatter(X_test, Y_test, color ='red') 
plt.show() 

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My Personal Notes

Oct	NOV	Dec
	26
2019	2020	2021

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