Python | Output using print() function

Python print() function prints the message to the screen or any other standard output device. In this article, we will cover about print() function in Python as well as it’s various operations.

Python print() Function Syntax 

Syntax : print(value(s), sep= ‘ ‘, end = ‘\n’, file=file, flush=flush)

Parameters: 

• value(s): Any value, and as many as you like. Will be converted to a string before printed
• sep=’separator’ : (Optional) Specify how to separate the objects, if there is more than one.Default :’ ‘
• end=’end’: (Optional) Specify what to print at the end.Default : ‘\n’
• file : (Optional) An object with a write method. Default :sys.stdout
• flush : (Optional) A Boolean, specifying if the output is flushed (True) or buffered (False). Default: False

Return Type: It returns output to the screen.

Though it is not necessary to pass arguments in the print() function, it requires an empty parenthesis at the end that tells Python to execute the function rather than calling it by name. Now, let’s explore the optional arguments that can be used with the print() function.

Example

In this example, we have created three variables integer, string and float and we are printing all the variables with print() function in Python.

name = "John"
age = 30

print("Name:", name)
print("Age:", age)

Name: John
Age: 30

How print() works in Python?

You can pass variables, strings, numbers, or other data types as one or more parameters when using the print() function. Then, these parameters are represented as strings by their respective str() functions. To create a single output string, the transformed strings are concatenated with spaces between them.

In this code, we are passing two parameters name and age to the print function.

name = "Alice"
age = 25

print("Hello, my name is", name, "and I am", age, "years old.")

Hello, my name is Alice and I am 25 years old.

Python print() Function with Examples

Python String Literals

String literals in Python’s print statement are primarily used to format or design how a specific string appears when printed using the print() function.

• \n: This string literal is used to add a new blank line while printing a statement.
• “”: An empty quote (“”) is used to print an empty line.

Example

This code uses \n to print the data to the new line.

print("GeeksforGeeks \n is best for DSA Content.")

GeeksforGeeks 
 is best for DSA Content.

Python “end” parameter in print()

The end keyword is used to specify the content that is to be printed at the end of the execution of the print() function. By default, it is set to “\n”, which leads to the change of line after the execution of print() statement.

Example

In this example, we are using print() with end and without end parameters.

# This line will automatically add a new line before the
# next print statement
print ("GeeksForGeeks is the best platform for DSA content")

# This print() function ends with "**" as set in the end argument.
print ("GeeksForGeeks is the best platform for DSA content", end= "**")
print("Welcome to GFG")

GeeksForGeeks is the best platform for DSA content
GeeksForGeeks is the best platform for DSA content**Welcome to GFG

Print Concatenated Strings

In this example, we are concatenating strings inside print() function in Python.

print('GeeksforGeeks is a Wonderful ' + 'Website.')

GeeksforGeeks is a Wonderful Website.

Output formatting

In this example, we are formatting our output to make it look more attractive by using str.format() function.

a,b,=10,1000
print('The value of a is {} and b is {}'.format(a,b))

The value of a is 10 and b is 1000

Python Input

In this example, we are using print() and input() in Python to take user input and print it in the output.

n = input('Enter the Number: ')

print('Number Entered by User:',n)

print(type(n))

Output

Enter the Number: 20
Number Entered by User: 20
<class 'str'>

Flush parameter in Python with print() function

The I/Os in Python are generally buffered, meaning they are used in chunks. This is where flush comes in as it helps users to decide if they need the written content to be buffered or not. By default, it is set to false. If it is set to true, the output will be written as a sequence of characters one after the other. This process is slow simply because it is easier to write in chunks rather than writing one character at a time. To understand the use case of the flush argument in the print() function, let’s take an example.

Example

Imagine you are building a countdown timer, which appends the remaining time to the same line every second. It would look something like below:

3>>>2>>>1>>>Start

The initial code for this would look something like below as follows: 

import time

count_seconds = 3
for i in reversed(range(count_seconds + 1)):
    if i > 0:
        print(i, end='>>>')
        time.sleep(1)
    else:
        print('Start')

So, the above code adds text without a trailing newline and then sleeps for one second after each text addition. At the end of the countdown, it prints Start and terminates the line. If you run the code as it is, it waits for 3 seconds and abruptly prints the entire text at once. This is a waste of 3 seconds caused due to buffering of the text chunk as shown below :

Though buffering serves a purpose, it can result in undesired effects as shown above. To counter the same issue, the flush argument is used with the print() function. Now, set the flush argument as true and again see the results.

import time

count_seconds = 3
for i in reversed(range(count_seconds + 1)):
    if i > 0:
        print(i, end='>>>', flush = True)
        time.sleep(1)
    else:
        print('Start')

Output

Python print() flush argument

Python “sep” parameter in print()

The print() function can accept any number of positional arguments. To separate these positional arguments, the keyword argument “sep” is used.

Note: As sep, end, flush, and file are keyword arguments their position does not change the result of the code. 

Example

This code is showing that how can we use the sep argument for multiple variables.

a=12
b=12
c=2022
print(a,b,c,sep="-")

12-12-2022

Example

Positional arguments cannot appear after keyword arguments. In the below example 10, 20 and 30 are positional arguments where sep=’ – ‘ is a keyword argument.

print(10, 20, sep=' - ', 30)

Output

  File "0b97e8c5-bacf-4e89-9ea3-c5510b916cdb.py", line 1
    print(10, 20, sep=' - ', 30)
                            ^
SyntaxError: positional argument follows keyword argument

File Argument in Python print()

Contrary to popular belief, the print() function doesn’t convert messages into text on the screen. These are done by lower-level layers of code, that can read data(message) in bytes. The print() function is an interface over these layers, that delegates the actual printing to a stream or file-like object. By default, the print() function is bound to sys.stdout through the file argument. 

With IO Module

This code creates a dummy file using the io module in Python. It then adds a message “Hello Geeks!!” to the file using the print() function and specifies the file parameter as the dummy file.

import io

# declare a dummy file
dummy_file = io.StringIO()

# add message to the dummy file
print('Hello Geeks!!', file=dummy_file)

# get the value from dummy file
print(dummy_file.getvalue())

Hello Geeks!!

Writing to a File with Python’s print() Function

This code is writing the data in the print() function to the text file. 

print('Welcome to GeeksforGeeks Python world.!!', file=open('Testfile.txt', 'w'))

Output

Python Print()

Python | Output using print() function – FAQs

What Are the Different Parameters of print()?

The print() function in Python has several parameters that allow you to control its behavior:

1. objects: One or more objects to be printed. Multiple objects are separated by spaces by default.
2. sep: A string inserted between objects. Default is a single space.
3. end: A string appended after the last object. Default is a newline ('\n').
4. file: An object with a write method, like sys.stdout (default) or a file object.
5. flush: A boolean specifying whether to forcibly flush the stream. Default is False.

Syntax:

print(*objects, sep=' ', end='\n', file=sys.stdout, flush=False)

How to Format Output with print() in Python?

You can format output in several ways:

1. Using the format() method:
2. Using f-strings (Python 3.6+):
3. Using the % operator:

name = "Alice"
age = 30
print("Name: {}, Age: {}".format(name, age))

name = "Alice"
age = 30
print(f"Name: {name}, Age: {age}")

name = "Alice"
age = 30
print("Name: %s, Age: %d" % (name, age))

How to Print Without a Newline in Python?

To print without a newline, you can set the end parameter to an empty string or any other string of your choice.

Example:

print("Hello", end="")
print("World")

Output:

HelloWorld

How to Use ‘end' and ‘sep' Parameters in print()?

Using the end Parameter

The end parameter specifies what to print at the end of the output. The default is a newline character.

Example:

print("Hello", end=" ")
print("World")

Output:

Hello World

Using the sep Parameter

The sep parameter specifies the separator between multiple objects. The default is a space.

Example:

print("Hello", "World", sep=", ")

Output:

Hello, World

Combined Example

Example using both sep and end parameters:

print("Hello", "World", sep=", ", end="!")

Output:

Hello, World!

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