Python Modules

Python Module is a file that contains built-in functions, classes,its and variables. There are many Python modules, each with its specific work.

In this article, we will cover all about Python modules, such as How to create our own simple module, Import Python modules, From statements in Python, we can use the alias to rename the module, etc.

What is Python Module

A Python module is a file containing Python definitions and statements. A module can define functions, classes, and variables. A module can also include runnable code.

Grouping related code into a module makes the code easier to understand and use. It also makes the code logically organized.

Create a Python Module

To create a Python module, write the desired code and save that in a file with .py extension. Let’s understand it better with an example:

Example:

Let’s create a simple calc.py in which we define two functions, one add and another subtract.

# A simple module, calc.py
def add(x, y):
    return (x+y)

def subtract(x, y):
    return (x-y)

Import module in Python

We can import the functions, and classes defined in a module to another module using the import statement in some other Python source file.

When the interpreter encounters an import statement, it imports the module if the module is present in the search path.

Note: A search path is a list of directories that the interpreter searches for importing a module.

For example, to import the module calc.py, we need to put the following command at the top of the script.

Syntax to Import Module in Python

import module

Note: This does not import the functions or classes directly instead imports the module only. To access the functions inside the module the dot(.) operator is used.

Importing modules in Python Example

Now, we are importing the calc that we created earlier to perform add operation.

# importing  module calc.py
import calc

print(calc.add(10, 2))

Output:

12

Python Import From Module

Python’s from statement lets you import specific attributes from a module without importing the module as a whole.

Import Specific Attributes from a Python module

Here, we are importing specific sqrt and factorial attributes from the math module.

# importing sqrt() and factorial from the
# module math
from math import sqrt, factorial

# if we simply do "import math", then
# math.sqrt(16) and math.factorial()
# are required.
print(sqrt(16))
print(factorial(6))

Output: 

4.0
720

Import all Names 

The * symbol used with the import statement is used to import all the names from a module to a current namespace.

Syntax:

from module_name import *

What does import * do in Python?

The use of * has its advantages and disadvantages. If you know exactly what you will be needing from the module, it is not recommended to use *, else do so.

# importing sqrt() and factorial from the
# module math
from math import *

# if we simply do "import math", then
# math.sqrt(16) and math.factorial()
# are required.
print(sqrt(16))
print(factorial(6))

Output

4.0
720

Locating Python Modules

Whenever a module is imported in Python the interpreter looks for several locations. First, it will check for the built-in module, if not found then it looks for a list of directories defined in the sys.path. Python interpreter searches for the module in the following manner –

• First, it searches for the module in the current directory.
• If the module isn’t found in the current directory, Python then searches each directory in the shell variable PYTHONPATH. The PYTHONPATH is an environment variable, consisting of a list of directories.
• If that also fails python checks the installation-dependent list of directories configured at the time Python is installed.

Directories List for Modules

Here, sys.path is a built-in variable within the sys module. It contains a list of directories that the interpreter will search for the required module.

# importing sys module
import sys

# importing sys.path
print(sys.path)

Output:

[‘/home/nikhil/Desktop/gfg’, ‘/usr/lib/python38.zip’, ‘/usr/lib/python3.8’, ‘/usr/lib/python3.8/lib-dynload’, ”, ‘/home/nikhil/.local/lib/python3.8/site-packages’, ‘/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages’, ‘/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages’, ‘/usr/local/lib/python3.8/dist-packages/IPython/extensions’, ‘/home/nikhil/.ipython’]

Renaming the Python Module

We can rename the module while importing it using the keyword.

Syntax:  Import Module_name as Alias_name

# importing sqrt() and factorial from the
# module math
import math as mt

# if we simply do "import math", then
# math.sqrt(16) and math.factorial()
# are required.
print(mt.sqrt(16))
print(mt.factorial(6))

4.0
720

Python Built-in modules

There are several built-in modules in Python, which you can import whenever you like.

# importing built-in module math
import math

# using square root(sqrt) function contained 
# in math module
print(math.sqrt(25)) 

# using pi function contained in math module
print(math.pi) 

# 2 radians = 114.59 degrees
print(math.degrees(2))  

# 60 degrees = 1.04 radians
print(math.radians(60))  

# Sine of 2 radians
print(math.sin(2))  

# Cosine of 0.5 radians
print(math.cos(0.5))  

# Tangent of 0.23 radians
print(math.tan(0.23)) 

# 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 = 24
print(math.factorial(4))  

# importing built in module random
import random

# printing random integer between 0 and 5
print(random.randint(0, 5))  

# print random floating point number between 0 and 1
print(random.random())  

# random number between 0 and 100
print(random.random() * 100)  

List = [1, 4, True, 800, "python", 27, "hello"]

# using choice function in random module for choosing 
# a random element from a set such as a list
print(random.choice(List)) 


# importing built in module datetime
import datetime
from datetime import date
import time

# Returns the number of seconds since the
# Unix Epoch, January 1st 1970
print(time.time())  

# Converts a number of seconds to a date object
print(date.fromtimestamp(454554))  

Output:

5.0
3.14159265359
114.591559026
1.0471975512
0.909297426826
0.87758256189
0.234143362351
24
3
0.401533172951
88.4917616788
True
1461425771.87

We have covered Python Modules and it’s operations like create, import, etc. This article will give the overview about Python modules so that you can easily create and use modules in Python.

Also Read:

• Basics Of Python Modules
• How to Install a Python Module?
• 10 Interesting modules in Python to play with

Python Modules – FAQs

What are the Modules in Python?

In Python, a module is a file containing Python code that can define functions, classes, and variables, and can also include runnable code. These modules are used to organize Python code logically, making the code easier to understand and use. Modules can be imported into other modules or into the main part of the program, enabling code reuse and namespace management.

What is a Python Module vs Package?

• Module: A module in Python is a single file (with a .py extension) that contains Python code. It can include variables, functions, classes, and even runnable code.
• Package: A package is a collection of Python modules under a common namespace. In practice, it is a directory that contains a special file __init__.py (which may be empty) and one or more module files and sub-packages. Packages allow for a hierarchical structuring of the module namespace using dot notation (e.g., package.module).

What is the Most Popular Module in Python?

One of the most popular and widely used Python modules is NumPy, especially among scientists and engineers. NumPy provides support for large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical functions to operate on these arrays. Its capabilities and speed make it fundamental for numerical computations in Python, forming the basis for other libraries like Pandas, SciPy, and machine learning libraries such as TensorFlow and scikit-learn.

What is a pip in Python?

pip is the package installer for Python. It allows you to install and manage additional libraries and dependencies that are not distributed as part of the standard library. With pip, you can install packages from the Python Package Index (PyPI), where thousands of packages are available for use. pip handles package installation, upgrades, and removal, and is an essential tool for every Python programmer.

How Do I List All Modules in Python?

To list all available modules in Python, you can use the help() function in a Python interpreter session:

1. Open your Python interpreter by simply typing python or python3 in your command prompt or terminal.
2. Type help().
3. At the help prompt, type modules.

Alternatively, you can use the pkgutil module programmatically to list all installed modules:

import pkgutil

# List all installed modules
for module in pkgutil.iter_modules():
    print(module.name)

This script will print the names of all modules currently installed in your Python environment, including those in standard libraries and those you’ve installed via pip.

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