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Taiwan

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Republik China
Anthem: 
中華民國國歌
Zhōnghuá Mínguó Guógē
"Lagu menua Republik China"
Flag anthem: 
中華民國國旗歌
Zhōnghuá Míngúo Gúoqígē
"Lagu menira nasional Republik China"
Image
Indu menuaTaipei[lower-alpha 1][2]
25°04′N 121°31′E / 25.067°N 121.517°E / 25.067; 121.517
Nengeri ti pemadu besaiNengeri Taipei Baru
Jaku resmiJaku China Standard[lower-alpha 2][5][6][7]
Urup rasmiChina Tradisional[8]
Jaku nasional[lower-alpha 5]
Raban bansa
(2016)[12]
Pengarap
(2020)[13]
PerintahRepublik separuh bepresiden beserakup[14][15]
• Presiden
Lai Ching-te
Hsiao Bi-khim
Cho Jung-tai
Han Kuo-yu
Hsu Tzong-li
Aum KaunsilLegislative Yuan[lower-alpha 7]
Penumbuh
• Republik China ditumbuhka
10 October 1911[lower-alpha 8]
25 October 1945
7 December 1949
Menua
• Pemesai
36,197 km2 (13,976 bt2)[16][17]
Penyampau tubuh
• 1 July 2022 estimate
Neutral increase 23,894,394[18] (56th)
• 2010 census
23,123,866[19]
• Pemayuh tubuh
650/km2 (1,683.5/sq mi) (17th)
GDP (PPP)2023 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.685 trillion [20] (20th)
• Per capita
Increase $72,485[20] (15th)
GDP (nominal)2023 estimate
• Total
Decrease $751.930 billion[20] (21st)
• Per capita
Decrease $32,339[20] (30th)
Gini (2017)Negative increase 34.1[21]
sedang
HDI (2021)Increase 0.926[lower-alpha 10][22]
amat tinggi · 19th
Mata duitNew Taiwan dollar (NT$) (TWD)
Zon jamUTC+8 (Jam Standard Nasional)
Kod ISO 3166TW
TLD Internet.tw, .台灣, .台湾[23]

Taiwan,[lower-alpha 11] tauka nama resmi iya Republik China [lower-alpha 12] nya sebengkah menua[27] ba Asia Timur.[lower-alpha 15] Pulau besai Taiwan ke mega dikelala enggau nama Formosa, ba entara Tasik China Timur enggau Selatan ba Tasik Pasifik barat laut, enggau Republik Rakyat China (PRC) ba barat laut, Jipun ba timur laut, enggau Filipina ba selatan. Iya ngembuan pemesai 35,808 kilometer persegi (13,826 batu persegi), enggau bukit ti nguasa dua pertiga timur enggau tanah rata ba tiga pertiga barat, ke alai populasyen iya ti balat urban. Kandang menua ke dipegulai ke dikuasa Taiwan bisi 168 bengkah pulau .[lower-alpha 16] dalam semua mungkur 36,193 kilometer persegi (13,974 batu persegi).[16][39] Kandang nengeri metropolitan ti pemadu besai ditumbuhka Taipei (indu nengeri), Nengeri Taipei Baru, enggau Keelung. Nengah urung 23.9 juta iku orang, Taiwan entara menua ke pemadu mayuh mensia.

Asal nama

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Nama ungkup pulau

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Dalam Daoyi Zhilüe (1349), Wang Dayuan ngena "Liuqiu" nyadika nama pulau tu, tauka sekeda bagi semak enggau Penghu.[40] Ba endur bukai, nama tu dikena ungkup Pulau-pulau Ryukyu tauka sechara spesifik Okinawa; nama Ryūkyū nya tukuh Liúqiú dalam jaku Jipun. Nama tu mega ayan ba Bup Sui (636) sereta pengawa keterubah ke bukai, tang bala pakar enda sejaku nama tu ditujuka ungkup Ryukyu, Taiwan tauka Luzon.[41]

Nama Formosa (福爾摩沙) udah bisi kenyau 1542, lebuh bala pelayar Portugis nuliska nya ba kar sida enggau nama Ilha Formosa ("beautiful island" dalam jaku Portugis).[42][43] Nama Formosa lama lama "nganti nama ke bukai dalam litericha Eropah"[44] lalu mengkang dikena orang ke bejaku Inggeris nyentuk ngagai abad ke-20.[45]

Dalam taun 1603, sebengkah armada ekspedisyen China besangkai ba endur di Taiwan ke dikumbai Dayuan, siti leman nama "Taiwan", ke datai ari jaku Siraya.[46][47][48] Ba pun kurun ke-17, Kompeni Hindia Timur Belanda numbuhka pos komersial ba Kubu Zeelandia (ba Anping kemaya tu) ba betin pasir ke benama "Tayouan".[49] Nama tu udah nyadi ethnonim ungkup bansa asal Taiwan ke besemak,[47] Taivoan, ti diklasifikasyenka kala nyadi raban mit bansa Siraya.[47][50]

Guna nama China kemaya tu (臺灣 / 台灣) nyadi rasmi sepenumu 1684 lebuh jeman dinasti Qing nengah penumbuh Prefektur Taiwan ti bepalan ba Tainan kemaya tu. Nengah pemansang iya ti jampat serata tanah besai Taiwan nyau kelama-lama dikelala enggau nama "Taiwan".[51][52][53][54]

Nota

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Nama dalam jaku asal

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  1. ↑

Penerang

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  1. ↑ Taipei nya penuduk rasmi perintah Republik China taja Konstitusyen Republik China enda nentuka indu menua de jure.[1]
  2. ↑ Mandarin nyadi leman jaku China ti standard[3]
    Jaku China Vernakular (dikena dalam mayuh penyadi)
    Jaku China Klasik (dikena dalam pengerami tauka formal, pengawa pengarap tauka budaya, dokumen rasmi, pemutus undang-undang enggau kot sereta dokumen akim)[4]
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Not designated but meets legal definition.
  4. ↑ Suah dikelala enggau nama "jaku Taiwan", tu dikumbai leman jaku Hokkien.
  5. ↑ A national language in Taiwan is legally defined as "a natural language used by an original people group of Taiwan and the Taiwan Sign Language".[11]
  6. ↑ Orang penakan orang asal-Han disengkaum dalam itung orang Han.
  7. ↑ While the tricameral parliament continues to exist de jure, the National Assembly (electoral college) was de facto suspended in 2005 and the Control Yuan (upper house) ceased to be a parliamentary chamber de facto in 1993 leaving the Legislative Yuan (lower house) as the de facto unicameral chamber.
  8. ↑ The formal proclamation of the statehood for the Republic of China was on 1 January 1912.
  9. ↑ Interpretations on whether this entails a complete transfer of the territory's sovereignty to the Republic of China vary. Japan renounced its claims to Taiwan and the Pescadores in the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952; see Retrocession Day, Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan and political status of Taiwan.
  10. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama HDI-1
  11. ↑ There are four contemporary geopolitical definitions of the extent of "Taiwan":
    1. The common name referring to the state, also known as the "Republic of China" (ROC), including all 168 islands administered by the ROC, collectively known as Taiwan Area;[24]
    2. The traditional Taiwan region (本島地區), which consists of the main island of Taiwan and its surrounding islands, including the Penghu islands,[25][26] but excludes Kinmen, Matsu, and Wuqiu, those are traditionally parts of Fujian Province, and also excluding the ROC-controlled South China Sea Islands;
    3. The traditional region without Penghu, which is sometimes regarded as a separate region;
    4. The main island of Taiwan (Formosa) alone, excluding all the offshore islands nearby.
  12. ↑ See etymology below.
  13. ↑ Bellwood's definition: "Island Southeast Asia includes Taiwan, the Philippines, Brunei and the Sarawak and Sabah provinces of East Malaysia (northern Borneo), and all of the islands of Indonesia to the west of New Guinea."
  14. ↑ Robert Blust: "The major western island groups include the great Indonesian, or Malay Archipelago, to its north the smaller and more compact Philippine Archipelago, and still further north at 22 to 25 degrees north latitude and some 150 kilometres from the coast of China, the island of Taiwan (Formosa). Together these island groups constitute insular (or island) Southeast Asia."
  15. ↑ Despite the conventional definition to include Taiwan as part of East Asia, there is some variability as to whether Taiwan is also included in the region of Maritime Southeast Asia. Some scholars, such as Peter Bellwood and Robert Blust,[28][lower-alpha 13][lower-alpha 14] include Taiwan as part of Southeast Asia in their definition.
  16. ↑ According to official data from Executive Yuan and local governments of Taiwan, Taiwan Area consists of total 168 naturally occurring islands.
    1. Taiwan (Formosa) and its offshore islands (22)[29]
    2. Penghu Islands (90)[30][31]
    3. Kinmen, including Wuqiu (17)[32][33][34]
    4. Matsu Islands (36)[35][36]
    5. Pratas Island (1) [37][38]
    6. Spratly Islands (2, Taiping and Zhongzhou)

    Note: The Senkaku Islands (known as "Diaoyu" or "Diaoyutai" in standard Chinese), which are an archipelago of 8 islands and islets in the East China Sea, are controlled by Japan, and are disputed by the ROC and the PRC (People's Republic of China) as being a part of Taiwan. Japan administers the Senkaku Islands as a part of the Ryukyu Islands.

Kereban sanding

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  1. ↑ "Since the implementation of the Act Governing Principles for Editing Geographical Educational Texts (地理敎科書編審原則) in 1997, the guiding principle for all maps in geographical textbooks was that Taipei was to be marked as the capital with a label stating: "Location of the Central Government"". 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 1 November 2019.
  2. ↑ "Interior minister reaffirms Taipei is ROC's capital". Taipei Times. 5 December 2013.
  3. ↑ "推動雙語國家政策問題研析". ly.gov.tw (in Cina). 23 July 2013.
  4. ↑ "法律統一用語表-常見公文用語說明" (PDF) (in Cina). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  5. ↑ "Chapter 2: People and Language". The Republic of China Yearbook 2012 (in Inggeris). Government Information Office. 2012. p. 24. ISBN 978-986-03-4590-2. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  6. ↑ Government Information Office (2010). "Chapter 2: People and Language" (PDF). The Republic of China Yearbook 2010 (in Inggeris). 中華民國政府出版品. p. 42. ISBN 978-986-02-5278-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2011.
  7. ↑ Liao, Silvie (2008). "A Perceptual Dialect Study of Taiwan Mandarin: Language Attitudes in the Era of Political Battle". In Chan, Marjorie K. M.; Kang, Hana (eds.). Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20) (PDF) (in Inggeris). Vol. 1. The Ohio State University. p. 393. ISBN 978-0-9824715-0-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2013.
  8. ↑ "行政院第3251次院會決議". ey.gov.tw (in Cina). December 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  9. ↑ "Hakka Basic Act". law.moj.gov.tw. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  10. ↑ "Indigenous Languages Development Act". law.moj.gov.tw. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  11. ↑ 國家語言發展法. law.moj.gov.tw (in Cina). Retrieved 22 May 2019.
  12. ↑ The Republic of China Yearbook 2016. Executive Yuan, R.O.C. 2016. p. 10. ISBN 978-986-04-9949-0. Retrieved 31 May 2020. Ethnicity: 70 percent Hoklo; 15 percent Hakka 10–15 percent mainlanders; 2 percent indigenous Austronesian peoples
  13. ↑ "Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 2 April 2015. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019.
  14. ↑ Kucera, Ondrej (1 July 2006). "Is Taiwan a Presidential System?". China Perspectives (in Perancis). 2006 (4). doi:10.4000/chinaperspectives.1036. ISSN 1996-4617. S2CID 152497908.
  15. ↑ "Taiwan - Chiang Kai-shek's Government, Democratization, and Constitutional Reforms". Britannica. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "TAIWAN SNAPSHOT". Retrieved 15 March 2020.
  17. ↑ Penyalat nyebut: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tiada teks disediakan bagi rujukan yang bernama cia-factbook
  18. ↑ "Population of Taiwan as of July 2022".
  19. ↑ "General Statistical analysis report, Population and Housing Census" (PDF). National Statistics, ROC (Taiwan). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Taiwan)". International Monetary Fund. 10 October 2023.
  21. ↑ "Percentage share of disposable income by quintile groups of income recipients and measures of income distribution". stat.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 26 June 2019.
  22. ↑ "國情統計通報（第 195 號）" (PDF). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2021.
  23. ↑ "ICANN Board Meeting Minutes". ICANN. 25 June 2010.
  24. ↑ "Laws and Regulations Regarding Mainland Affairs". mac.gov.tw. Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan. 17 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2021. Article 2: The following terms as used in this Act are defined below.
    1. "Taiwan Area" refers to Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and any other area under the effective control of the Government.
  25. ↑ "Taiwan Relations Act". ait.org.tw. American Institute in Taiwan. 30 March 2022. Archived from the original on 19 August 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. ...Section. 15. For purposes of this Act- 2. the term "Taiwan" includes, as the context may require, the islands of Taiwan and the Pescadores (Penghu).
  26. ↑ "Geography". Penghu County Government. Archived from the original on 9 December 2022. Retrieved 14 December 2022. Penghu locates on the Taiwan Strait between China and Taiwan in Asia. It is the only island county of Taiwan... The utmost west isle (of Penghu) is also the utmost west boundary of Taiwan.
  27. ↑ Multiple sources:
    • Kort, Michael (2005). The Handbook Of East Asia. Lerner Publishing Group. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-7613-2672-4. Retrieved 26 June 2022. South Korea is another emerging economic powerhouse, as is the Republic of China (ROC), a small country that occupies the island of Taiwan in the shadow of its enormous and hostile mainland neighbor, the PRC.
    • Fell, Dafydd (2018). [[[:Templat:GBurl]] Government and Politics in Taiwan]. Routledge. p. 305. ISBN 978-1-317-28506-9. Moreover, its status as a vibrant democratic state has earned it huge international sympathy and a generally positive image. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
    • Campbell, Matthew (7 January 2020). "China's Next Crisis Brews in Taiwan's Upcoming Election". Bloomberg Businessweek. No. 4642. pp. 34–39. Much has changed in Taiwan since Chiang's day, but this liminal quality has never really gone away. By almost any functional standard, it's a sovereign country
    • Carolan, Christopher (May 2000). "The "Republic of Taiwan": Legal-Historical Justification for a Taiwanese Declaration of Independence" (PDF). New York University Law Review. 75 (2): 429–468. Retrieved 17 March 2022. These six criteria demonstrate that under international law Taiwan merits recognition as an independent state and as such is already a de facto state.
    • Zagoria, Donald S. (30 October 2003). [[[:Templat:GBurl]] Breaking the China-Taiwan Impasse]. ABC-CLIO. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-313-05755-7. OCLC 1058389524. Taiwan possesses all of the elements of a sovereign state: a legitimate government, population, and a well-defined territory. The fact is that the People's Republic of China (PRC), while claiming sovereignty over Taiwan, has never ruled Taiwan since the PRC's establishment in 1949. Thus, Taiwan is in fact a sovereign country from our perspective. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help)
  28. ↑ Bellwood, Peter S. (2017). First islanders: prehistory and human migration in Island Southeast Asia (First ed.). Wiley Blackwell. ISBN 9781119251552.
  29. ↑ "國情簡介-土地" [Country profile-Territories] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Executive Yuan. 2022. Archived from the original on 4 March 2022. 臺灣本島及其21個附屬島嶼面積共3萬5886.8623平方公里。 [The main island of Taiwan and its 21 associated islands have a total area of 35,886.8623 square kilometers.]
  30. ↑ "Measure of the area". Penghu County Government. 2022. Archived from the original on 28 December 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  31. ↑ "澎湖縣各行政區域島嶼簡介" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Kun Shan University. 2022. Archived from the original on 1 July 2020. 澎湖群島原為64個島嶼組成，經2005年澎湖縣政府重新進行澎湖群島島嶼數量清查，係由90座大小島嶼所組成。 [The Penghu Archipelago was conventionally considered to comprise 64 islands. In 2005, the Penghu County Government re-scrutinized the total number of islands in the archipelago, which consists of 90 islands of varying sizes.]
  32. ↑ "自然環境" [Natural Environment] (PDF). 金門縣第四期（104–107年）離島綜合建設實施方案 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Development Council, Executive Yuan: 44. 23 December 2014. 金門縣總面積151平方公里，除大金門本島外，尚包括小金門、大膽、二膽、東碇、北碇等17個島嶼。西距廈門外港約10海浬，東距臺灣約150海浬，為一典型大陸型島嶼。 [The total area of Kinmen County is 151 square kilometers. In addition to the main island of Kinmen, the county also includes Xiaokinmen, Dadan, Erdan, Dongding and Beiding for a total of 17 islands. It is about 10 nautical miles away from the Port of Xiamen to the west and 150 nautical miles away from Taiwan to the east. It is a typical continental island.]
  33. ↑ "About Kinmen". Kinmen County Government. 8 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022.
  34. ↑ "金門的地理與歷史概說" [The overview of geography and history of Kinmen] (PDF). 第四章 金門的地理、歷史與總體經濟分析 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). National Taiwan Normal University: 131–134. 20 February 2006.
  35. ↑ Guy Plopsky (22 February 2017). "Taiwan's Cold War Fortresses". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
  36. ↑ "連江縣志 地理志" (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 馬祖資訊網. 12 May 2011. 馬祖列島所涵括的36座島嶼分屬四鄉，各鄉除了包括有聚落發展的較大島嶼外，還轄有數座無人島礁。 [Matsu islands encompass 36 Islands which are divided into four townships. In addition to the larger islands with inhabitants, each township also has numerous uninhabited islands and reefs]
  37. ↑ Lung Tsun-Ni (龍村倪) (1998). 東沙群島-東沙島紀事集錦 (in Chinese (Taiwan)). 臺灣綜合研究院. p. 13. ISBN 957-98189-0-8. Archived from the original on 30 January 2009. 東沙島為東沙群島唯一島嶼 [Pratas Island is the only island in the Pratas Islands]
  38. ↑ "Limits in the Seas – No. 127 Taiwan's Maritime Claims" (PDF). United States Department of State. 15 November 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 July 2020. The Pratas Reef lies 230 miles to the southwest of the southern tip of Taiwan. It consists of an island in the mouth of a semicircular shoal open to the west.
  39. ↑ Economic Development R.O.C (Taiwan) (Report). National Development Council (Taiwan). p. 4. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  40. ↑ Thompson (1964), p. 166.
  41. ↑ Thompson (1964), p. 163.
  42. ↑ "Chapter 3: History" (PDF). The Republic of China Yearbook 2011. Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). 2011. p. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2012.
  43. ↑ "Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century". National Palace Museum. Archived from the original on 14 April 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  44. ↑ Davidson (1903), p. 10: "A Dutch navigating officer named Linschotten [sic], employed by the Portuguese, so recorded the island in his charts, and eventually the name of Formosa, so euphonious and yet appropriate, replaced all others in European literature."
  45. ↑ see for example:
  46. ↑ Thompson 1964, p. 178.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Jenco, Leigh K. (2020). "Chen Di's Record of Formosa (1603) and an Alternative Chinese Imaginary of Otherness". The Historical Journal. 64: 17–42. doi:10.1017/S0018246X1900061X.
  48. ↑ "閩海贈言". National Central Library (in Cina). pp. 21–29. Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
  49. ↑ Valentijn (1903), p. 52.
  50. ↑ Mair, Victor H. (2003). "How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language". Pīnyīn.info. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014. Retrieved 5 April 2018. The true derivation of the name "Taiwan" is actually from the ethnonym of a tribe in the southwest part of the island in the area around Ping'an. As early as 1636, a Dutch missionary referred to this group as Taiouwang. From the name of the tribe, the Portuguese called the area around Ping'an as Tayowan, Taiyowan, Tyovon, Teijoan, Toyouan, and so forth. Indeed, already in his ship's log of 1622, the Dutchman Cornelis Reijersen referred to the area as Teijoan and Taiyowan.
  51. ↑ 蔡玉仙; et al., eds. (2007). 府城文史 (in Cina). Tainan City Government. ISBN 978-986-00-9434-3.
  52. ↑ Shih Shou-chien, ed. (2003). 福爾摩沙 : 十七世紀的臺灣、荷蘭與東亞 [Ilha Formosa: the Emergence of Taiwan on the World Scene in the 17th Century] (in Cina). Taipei: National Palace Museum. ISBN 978-957-562-441-5.
  53. ↑ Kato, Mitsutaka (2007) [1940]. 昨日府城 明星台南: 發現日治下的老臺南 (in Cina). Translated by 黃秉珩. 臺南市文化資產保護協會. ISBN 978-957-28079-9-6.
  54. ↑ Oosterhoff, J.L. (1985). "Zeelandia, a Dutch colonial city on Formosa (1624–1662)". In Ross, Robert; Telkamp, Gerard J. (eds.). Colonial Cities: Essays on Urbanism in a Colonial Context. Springer. pp. 51–62. ISBN 978-90-247-2635-6.
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