paaT) (1988) . EKoocrw:; «LUYXPOVT] ErroXT]» EflE Exoocs«; «EAAT]V1KU Tpduuurn» ISBN 960-224-081-4 KEVtP1KT] ()UiElWT]: EKOOm;u:;: «ruyxpOVT] Erroxi]», ZUAOYYOlJ II, A8t)vu TT]A. 3640713, 3642734 EKoom;u:;: «EAAT]V1KU rpUpI1UTU», Iluvsmornuiou 34, 10679 A8i]vu TT]A. 3610064, 3636658 Fiu TOV a7tAOIKO vou, sncvnoruo n Kat toropiu octvovrur atOV't"UV KaEloAou HI 86~a Kat ()EV VOHl1;ov't"UV yla 1"1'] q>i] 11 T] 1"OU<; onv cr1"Oxacr1"cOv. Emtlouououv EV1"OVa va ~aAOUV tn ElEIlEAla uu«; llap~tcrnKi]<; II'lJXOAOyia<; Kat .()EV 1"T]V i]ElEAav cri;P~lPlcrIlEVT] o s no nucvio muro - rn rin rrOAAcOV crU1;T]1"i]crEffiV EKEiVT]<; 1"T]<; Erroxi]<; - i]ElEAav va 1"T]V q>ua~ouv 1l0VOl 1"Ou<;. H lI'uxoAoyia avarr1"UxElT]KE usou urto 1"T]V rrpaKuKi] Kat OXl uno 1"T] ElEffipia, cr1"T] vsupf crO~lEUKi] yT]. H EKrrat()EUnKi] Kat rrat()lKi] lI'uxoAoyia Kat T] IlEAE1"T] -rorv avarri]pffiv (BlYKOWKl), T] Bspunain Kat T] IlEAE1"T] 1l0vo1;UYffinKcOV ()l()UllffiV (Aoupiu), T] ()la()lKacria ()larrAacrT]<; EWOlcOV os rrat()la crXOAlKi]<; T]AlKia<; (Aeovnso), Ol II'UXOAOYlKE<; rrAEUpE<; 1"T]<; ElKovoypaq>T]crT]<; ttov rrapalluEllcOV Kat T] avarrW~T] 1"T]<; rrat()lKi]<; VOT]llocrUVT]<; (Zarrop01;E1"<;), 0 rporro.; IlE 1"OV onoto tu rrat()la llaElaivouv va XPT]crtllorrolOUV ru mo arrAa EpyaAEia (rKaArrEplV), T] avarr1"u~T] Kat T] ()lallopq>fficrT] 1"T]<; Ilvi]IlT]<; crE rrat()la crXOAlKi]<; T]Auda<; (ZiVWEVKO), OAa aU1"Ct ()EV sivrn rrapCt 1"uxaia ()EiYlla't"U uno 1"OV Ka1"CtAOYO rrov rrpO~AT]IlCt1"ffiV IlE tu oxoiu xorumoo rrpcuv Ol EpEUVT]1"E<; 1"1']<; oIlCt()a<; cr1"T]V onoto T]yEi1"O 0 BlYKOWKl, Kat, IlE't"Ct 1"0 ElCtva1"O 1"OU, 0 Aeovnse Kat 0 Aouptu, I'i ' nurouq, T] Elsffipia i]'t"UV 1"0 usco Kat 0Xl 0 oxortot; .. HElEAav OAOl 1"OU<; vn npooqispouv ern IlEYCtAT] IlE't"UIlOPq>fficrT] rrou yl VO't"UV oro oofhsruco KPCt1"O<; Kat rn Ka1"Ctq>Epav. . Exnvnv rn rrCtV't"a Yla vu crtYOUPEU1"OUV on T] \jIuxoAoyia ea npoceeps oon YlVO't"UV o ' aU1"i] 1"T] IlS't"UIlOPq>fficrT] Kat Yla vn rrCtpEllllU a~lOAOyT] ElEcrT] ovcuscc o ru; CtAAE<; Errlcr1"i]IlE<;. Min Kat IllACtIlE Yla rrpaKUKi], 0 BlYK01"crKl Eypall'E: «H nsrpu rrou CtOl1"T]nKCt 1"OU XPOVlU Kat IlE1"Ct un ' aU1"O Siopio rrpcs IlEAO<; 1"T]<; crUV't"UK't"lKi]<; smrpomu; uno 1"OV aKa()T]llalKO Bxuvruup MrrEX1"Epsq>. 0 BlYK01"crKl ~EKiv1']crE EK()i()ov1"a<; ru Epya 1"OU IAtCt'Epsvurroopyx, ~EKa xpOVla upyorepn, Eixav rrapayCtYEl svuv roco IlEYCtAO OYKO ()OUAlCt<; rrou Ela i]'t"UV a()Uvaw vn EK()oElEi OAT], Kat ()ucrKoAEUOV't"av vu ~pOUV EK()OUKO OiKO v ' avaACt~El 1"0 EPYO uuro, AAACt T] Errtcr1"i]IlT] EXEl 1"OV ()lKO 1"T]<; rpono vu ()iVEl xivnrpn Kat vn yivEml T] i()la avmllol~ij. ~ouAEUav AOlrrov IlE rrCtElo<; Yla xa1"ipl 1"OU IlEAAOV1"O<;. Iltorsuav, orrffi<; stns upyorspn 0 1"aAaV1"OUX0<; cro~lEnKo<; cruyypaq>Ea<; MlxaijA MrrouAYKCtKOq>, on «rn XElpoypaq>a ()EV Kaiyov't"Ul». Kat tu 11 8tKU LOUe; XEtpoypaq>a 8EV KUTJKaV. Erri:!';TJaav aKOJ.lTJ Kat uno ru; 8TJptW8iEe; TTJe; Va!,;tanKi]e; Eta~oAi]e; Kat EK8i80vWt nxouu. MEptKOi IjfUXOAOYOt 8£v i]aav TOaO rrpo8uJ.lot va exoocouv rn i:pya LOUe;. Ot xutvoupvtot xmpoi ospvouv xutvoupytu Tpayou8ta .. Ioo»; Ot rraAtOTEpOt 8aaKaAOt va nporuiouv rn mo aya1tTJJ.li:va LOUe; 8TJJ.ltOupyi]uuro TWV rrEpaaJ.li:vwv Xpovwv va usivouv uvsxooru, ijaro rov avayvci:JatTj va to xpivst ,0 iowe;. 3i:pro on 0 1tpOAoyoe; 1tpi:1tEt va 1tEptypUIjfEt "Co J3tJ3Aio Kat va 1tEt KUn yta to auyypaq>i:a, aAAu i:maaa tOY WUtO J..lOU va KUVEt xrrn uAAo. Kat iaroe; va stvoi KaAutEpa, ytati eium otvoupoc on 0 nvcyvdiorrp; 9a unopsost va xpivst to i:pyo J..lE rn OtKU tOU OEOOJ..li:va. To onuavnxo yta J..li:va sivm on autij Tj E~avtATjnKij J..lEAi:tTj J..lOU ~U1tVTjaE EUXUptatEe; aVaJ..lvijaEte; yta xovnvouc uou av9pci:J1toue; Kat J..lOU 1tpoKuAEaE aKi:IjfEte;. EA1ti~ro Ot avayvci:JatEe; uAArov xropci:Jv va KaAooEXtOUV autij rnv ropaia eusmptn va OOUV uno usee to n i:XEt yiVEt uno rou; IjfUXoAoyoue; orn xci:Jpa J..lae;. H OOUAtU tOU emcmuovo sivm 1tUVta i:vae; ouaKoAoe; rpo- 1t0e; va KEpoi~Et KavEie; rn 1tpOe; "Co ~EtV. Oi Ema"CijJ..lOVEe; i:xouv va KUvouv J..lE Aoyta, aAAu KataAaJ3aivouv "COV aq>optaJ..lo roo J..lEyUAOU pdicou 1tOtTjtij 'Oom Mav"C!:Aa"CUJ..l, 1tOU d1tE on 0 Aoyoe; unopsi va Eivat oupxo Kat to IjfroJ..li xapu. KaOqyrrrr,c; BAavrifllp Zivtaevxo Kpuruco Ilcvemorruuo Moaxae; 14 AlrA AOrIA xno TO I;vrrPAcDEA H , . roipo nuroo rou ~l~Aiou cHppayi(HTjKE ro cp€hvo1t(opo 1'OU 1979 CHTjV TucpAioa onou ytvo ruv svo oldNi:e; oounooto ~E 8i:~a TTjV aauvEiOTjTTj \jfUxoAoYlKij OpaaTTjplOTTjm. DOAAi:e; EKaTovTaOEe; smaTij~OVEe; an ' 01..0 TOV xoouo, ~a~i Kat rroAAoi \jfUxoAoyol nn ' aUTij TTj xffipa, dxav aUYKEvTpro8d aTTjV nporrsuouon TTje; aO~lEnKije; I'scopyiae;. Mspucsc rroM yvroaTi:e; Kat arrapaiTTjTEe; cprovi:e; na~ljfav ~E TTjV arrouaia roix; nn ' aUTij TTjV rroAUyAroaaTj xoprooia. ~m TnTj TTje; OEKaETiae; rou '70 Tj aO~lETlKij ljfuxoAoyia urri:aTTj ao~api:e; arrffiAElEe;, au~rrEplAa~~avo~i:vou rou Buvrrrou roiv Aoopic Kat AEOVTlECP. Auroi Ol 800 awxaaTi:e; Oli:cpEpav ~ELa~U WUe; aAAa touq svcovs Tj axi:aTj roix; ~E WV AE~ BlYKOTaKl, WV av8prorro rtou Ka80oTjyouaE ru; E1tlaTTj~OVlKi:e; TOUe; rrpoarra8w:e;. Ma8TjTi:e; Kat auvEpyaTEe; ron BlYKOTcrKl, dXav xm oi iOWl orraooue;, ~EPlKOi arro roue orroiou; ijaav nupovrc; o ro OlE8vi:e; oopoop o rnv TucpAioa. Toix; svoivcv oopnrc OEa~a ~tae;' KOLVije; 8EropTjTlKije; ~i:tYKEvJ..lrrEpYK rtou rrapouaiaaE J..lta Ev8tai:1YKEVJ..lrrEpyK KaVOVtaE va ouvcvrnoro TOV a8EAv a"CO Nnpxounpoc (t\atKO Koutonpurro Dat8Eiae;) Kat 8i8a~E otnv AKa8T)J..lia KouuouVtv EpEUVci>V "COU. Auro "COV 08i]yT)aE va ypacpEi o ro Inrpuco Ivorrrouro ouv cpot"CT)"Ci]e;, npdrro a"CT) Moaxa Kat J..lE"Ca a"CO Xdpxojio, av Kat rrrnv i]8T) Ka8T)yT)"Ci]e;. Knru ru; ETClaKi:\jfW; "COU a"CO Xupxojio 19 yw va OOCH:l E~E'taCH;l<;, 0 B1YK6'taKl i:ooaE auyxpovro<; uio aE1pa OWAE~EroV yw 'tT!V \jIuX0A.oyia crnv AKaol"II..lia 'PuXOVwpoA.oyia<; 'tTJ<; Ooxpovtuc. 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Ami) TJ cpyaoiu ouvcxw~ TOV napi:oupc, Kat nl~ aq>ti:pwoc OATJ TOU TTJ DtavOta, OAO TOU TO 1ta80~ Kat TTJ ()UvaIlTJ· OUTC TJ npproortu OUTC Kallta aAATJ OUOKOAia DCv unopoucnv va TOV unorpc~iJ~ouv uno KdvTJ TTJ 0TJllaVTtKiJ Kat ouvcpnuorucn spycoto. E>ullallat 1tOU c1ttoKi:q>8TJKa TOV BtYKOTOKt OTaV iJTaV 1tOAU appwOTO~ ru TcAWTaia Xpovta TTJ~ swi)~ TOll. «Ms KaAcoav va 1taw OTO LOUxouut va IlcACTi)ow TOU~ 1ttei)KoU~ OTO xsvrpo-uvtlpomoetorov m8i)KWV», 1l0U stns. «Eivm 1tOAU CVDtaq>tpovoa DovAta Kat 8a stvnt 1tto i)ouxa rc npaYllaTa sxei. AAAa q>o~allat va naw 1l0VO~ uou .. Epxwat llaSi uou» Tou umrvrncc xwpi~ DtOTaYIlO: «Bi:~ata 8a U8w» .. Ouox; DCV UAo1totiJ8TJIWV 1tOTi: uurd ru oxi:Dta. H uyda TOU BtYKOTOKt XCtpoTi:pC\jIL Ili:8avc OTO ouvuropio LCpCIl1tptaVt M1tOp. 0 BtYKOTOKt uyunouoe r«; Dtq>OPOUIlCVC~ H~Ct~ Kt CKq>paOCt~ Kat TOU~ ypiq>ou~ 1tOU unopouonv va mrpoov Dtaq>opc~ epunvetsc. . OTaV KaTaAa~c on 1ti:8atvc, ru TCAwTaia TOU Aoyta i)Tav: «Eium srotuoc ... » Kat aUTO, Il1tOpOUOC va CPIlTJVWTd ue Dtaq>opCTtKOU~ Tp01tOU~. 38 «0 MOT1:APT THI: 'I'YXOAOrIA1:" (Mru qlOVW(JtlKtl OVWAAOYtl I()!:WV ',U:W~U roiv Aproup Ih:rpoql(JKI, Pounv rlaKOJ.l1t(JOV, l:ripEv TOUAJ.lIV, ;\EP BIYKor(JKI, BAOVriJ.llp ZiVr(JEVKO, rKEOPYKI l:r.vrpopi t(JKI, MI)(otlA I'wpo(Ji:qI(JKI, MaiKA KOOUA, BO(JiAI Nropivroql, T~i:IJ.l<; Bsprc, AAEl;livtp AoiJplG Kal AAEl;h Af.OVtlEIjI)* O[I{JwcrnKu uovo tvu rrpuy~u ~u; I:V- 6wtpi:PI;1 otT) ~w~: T) IjIIJXIK~ ~u; KUTUcrt<1aT)", EKUto~~()PW (JEAiiSu; tXOliV yputpci yw TT)V Urrf.lKOvlaT) tOIJ r.a(J)n:pIKO(' KOcr~OIJ TOll uvOp(orrolJ UI),(1 TU wlOn:H{J~UTU Ullt~~ TT)<; iSOll)~1(1~ - 01 VO~OI tT); rr\,f.i;~(1TIK~<; S(J}~<; rot. llVOpl;)non - /il:\, i:xoliV UKO~T) [lp£8£i, I~av na~Aotp, Eitcoat xprj\'/(l (I\TlhD/U:\'lh'I;"; J1l:iJrt/; tn; (I\'I;m jill; l"I:lJjllh'/j, rll}(ll1rt/Plrirt/w: (l1u/lm.pllpopli.:;) fO)I' ~l;)l')\', '" ItO IiIKO ~O\) vou aun; T) aAi)8EIG EiVOl tooo crrOlXEUilliT)<; oco ~lU KAi~aKa, AAE~avrp Iloooxw, Moroupr KUI IaAIi:pt OETPOwu Tep E>Ero Kat La LOU Kuioupoc Tep Kuioupt». at \jIUXOAOYOt IlEAELOU(Jav TTJV \jIUXTt Kat ot lAooocpia<; OTO Ilcvsmo-rruuo TOU ~lKUYO civet napilEv£<; uno TO upOpo TOU «0 Morcopr TT]<; 'l'uXoAoyia<;» nou OT]ilOOlEilTT]KE OTO The New York Review of Books crru; 28 ~En-rEilPpiou 1978. 42 Tat, Kat TOV TpOnO 1.11: TOV onolo amTt um:pTUkTat ,OTTJV KA.TJPOVOlllKl'J i:1lro<; rrov KCl.lVOUPYlroV Cl.ULci:JV blbCl.YIlu(Jll<;, IlET TOU Cl.VSpci:J1tOU. AUTij (JUIl1tEPlACl.Il~oPSUTci:JV rtpoq LO q>ro<; KCI.l 11 EpWVCI. ylCi. rnv Cl.AijGElCi. IlE(Jro Tll<; IlCl.SllIlCl.LlKij<; Cl.V «bEV sivrn o rnv oooto q>CI.lVOIlEVCI. Tll<; iblCl.<; Td~'7C;; LlEV eivm Ol TEAWLCl.iol xpixot (JE IllCi. (JXEbOV Cl.TEPIlOVll Cl.Au(JibCl. 1tPO(JCl.PIlOYci:Jv 1tOU (JUVTEAOUVTCI.l (J' OAOKAllpO LOV I;;rovLCl.VO KO(JIlO;» To Cl.KOAOUSO E1tEl(JoblO bdXVEl 1tro<; Cl.KOIlCi. KCI.l LCI. nrouucc 1tElpitIlCl.TCI. LOU n ij (J' EVCI. (JKUAO KCI.l rnv iblCl. (JLlYllij IllCi. llAEKTPlKij Tij<;, EVCI. E~Cl.pTllmCl.Ko EPESl(JIlCI. ylCI. LO KEVTpO TpOq>ij<;. To llAEKTPlKo EPESl(JIlCI. 1tPOKCl.Ad Tci:JpCI. 0Xl IllCi. E1tlSELlKij Cl.VTibPCI.(Jll Cl.AAtKij Cl.VTibPCI.(Jll: LO 1;;ci:J0 (JTpEq>f.TCl.l npoc LOV 1tElPCl.IlCl.Ll(JTij, yAEiq>ETCl.l KCI.l Cl.pxil;;El VCI. EXEl £KKPl(Jll mEAou 01tro<; OTCl.V 1tpOKElLCl.t V· Cl.PXi(JEl· VCI. rproet. To iblO Cl.1tOTEAE(JIlCI. £1tlWYX O'1~OCJl£U~i:vo oro PiPA\O Kotvcovtxiu; I:1tmrljwr; atnv EI.L1. 1917-1927. Mooxa> 1928, O£A. 25-46. 45 ZINTrENKO: Tu T£AEULaia xpOVla 0PlOIlEVOl Il£YelAOl ~EVOl £KbOTlKOl OlKOl txouv bllll0pavK, H IfIvXIj rov avOpci)J[ov. zrou DllllOatEtJTllKE TOV IOl)A 11 TOU 1917 Kat napouoiasE TOV svuv ami TO\)<; Duo Dp6~olJ<; rrou aKOAotJOIlOE 11 pwatKiJ ljIuxoAo1'ia o tu; napa~ovt<; Tl1<; Erravclmaoll<; .. Hruv uio rrpoorraOcla vu Enavau(JTJ<; LOU avSpomou Kat TTJ<; q>U(JTJ<; oArov trov aAArov srovmvrov reAa(JllaTrov, utu otaq>opa rtou ureOOEtKVUETat areo TTJV rei(JTTJ Ila<; Kat r«; KaSTJIlEptVt<; Ila<; EllreEtpi£<;». 0 T(JEAreavoq> SEroPTJ(JE 1:0 yqOVO<; ouv I-lta encvsvonotnon rrov pdiorov 'l'UXOAOYroV rtou uvnnpooroneucv aVTi9ETE<; TU(JEt<;. Eins on «aUTO unopsi va SEropTJSd TJ apxi] yta TTJV svonoinon rrov proorov 'l'UxoAoyrov (JE utu KOtVi] repo(JreaSEta». «To EproTTJlla "noioc Sa avareTU~Et TTJV 'l'uxoAoyia", rtou repo(Jq>a-ra OtaipE(JE q>tAO(JOq>OU<;, 'l'UXOAOYOU<; Kat q>u(JtoAoyOU<;, avi]KEt, EAreil;;oullE, (JW reapEASov». Ttnoro OEV Sa unopoucs va sivui TCtO llaKpta uno TTJV t(JWptKi] aAi]SEta '0(J0 aUTi] TJ Oi]Aro(JTJ. To a(Jull~i~a(JLO areOodxSTJKE Kat reaAt a(Jull~i~a(Jw Kat npiv reEpa(JEt Katpo<;, TJ llaKpOXPOVTJ OtallaXTJ IlELa~U rtov Suo 'l'UXOAOytroV tytVE q>avEpi] (JE OAOU<; . . Evcc t(JLOptKO<; OEV Sa oU(JKoAwTEi va (JKtaypaq>i](JEt TTJV E~apTTJ(JTJ rrov 'l'UxoAoytKrov tOEroV areo TTJ YEVtKi] nopeto TTJ<; KOtVroVtKi]<; sroi]<;. Yreapxouv EreapKd<; llapTupiE<; yta va LO areood~ouv. 0 Spiall~o<; i] TJ i]na rrov Soo 'l'UxoAoytrov rep0(JOtoptl;;oTav AoytKa areo TTJV aKIli] Kat TTJV reapaKIli] rrov xowevuconoxvnxrov aAAayrov Kat ~acrtl;;oTav (JTTJV repooowLlKi] Kat avLtOpa(JLtKi] OtaSEcrTJ TTJ<; KaSE Ereoxi]<; . ... To 1914 LO uvotYlla roo IV(JLlLOuwu 'PuxoAoyia<; xatpEn'J9TJKE areo TTJ uio IlEpta areo LOV na~Aoq> Kat nrto TTJV dAATJ areo svov snioxoso nou uIlVTJ(JE TTl IlEAtTTJ TTI<; «KaT' EtKOVa SWU q>U(JTI<; TTJ<; 'l'Uxi] <;». AUTO OdXVEt KaSapa orov t(JLOptKO Ll<; ouvsneuz; uurou LOU reapa~Evou ouvoououou ttov OUO a(JUIl~i~a(JTrov 'l'UXOAOytroV nou EvroSTJKav snupuveiuxu EKEivTJ TTJV nuspu. nt(JTEuro, AOtTCOV, OLl IlETa are' 01.' aUTU, OEV XPEtal;;ETat va E~TJYTJSd TJ ~acrtKi] repOTa(JTJ KaTro areo TTJV onoia reptreEt xuvek; va ~AtreEt TTJV 'l'uxoAoyia (JTTJV E~~Ll. To t(JLOptKO tpyo TTJ<; 'l'uxoAoyia<; (JE uio Ereava(JTanKi] xropa stvrn va KaVEt 'tTlv 'l'uxoAoyia Ilta q>UcrtKi] ETCt(JTi]IlTJ, (JullreATJProvovTa<; rnv t(JWptKi]· OtaipEcrTJ Kat svonoinon OAroV rrov SELlKroV YVro(JEroV nou KaTtKTTJ(JE TJ 'l'uxoAoyia KaS' OATJ 'tTJ llaKptVi] icropic 'tTJ<; (J' tva 1l0VO ETCt(JTTJlloVtKO (Ju(JTTJlla. TOYAMIN: To KEVTptKO npoorono au'ti]<; 'tTJ<; ioropinq i]mv 0 AE~ UlltovO~t't<; BtYKO't(JKt, noo retSavE uno q>ulla'tiro(JTJ LOV Iouvn LOU 1934 (JE TJAtKia rpurvru Eq>TU xpovrov. Ta 'tEA.Emaia xpovta TTI<; I;;roi]<; LOU BtYKOT(JKt i]Tav tva<; reupE'troOTJ<; ayrova<; 0POIlOU svevno (JTTJV upprocrnn LOU. CHmv i(Jro<; uno Ll<; reAw'taiE<; OtavotE<;, nou too(Jav (JTTJ At~TJ «reUpE'troOTJ<;» TTJV tOtOIlOPq>TJ 49 ouv9ETll two HI Tll<;). dEV arooll aVnAT)\j1Erov Kat Tll ouvEi811011 - Kat nupsuetve KUptapxouoa 1l0pq>it OW; ousllTito£tl; IltXPl TOV nporopo OCtvaTO TOU. Kt ouox, aKOlla Kat OTll ~O~tETtKTt . Evoio n, !lOVO ora TtAll Tll~ bEKaETia~ TOU 1950 Ctpxtoav ot t8tE~ TOU BtYKOTOKt vu aOKOUV rnv 1tAY} Pll E1ti8paoTt TOU~ 1tCtvro OTllV emornuovucn \j1uxoAoyia. MtXPt TO 1962 TO ovouc TOU itTav YVroOTO OTll iluOll os OXtoll IlE TO t~U1tVO TEOT yta Tll IlEAtTll Tll~ OUAAll\j111~ CVVOlWV a1to ru 1tat8tCt IlE Tll XPllcrtl101toillOll a1tAWV KU~roV 1tatxvt8toU, Kat yta Ilta 8ttVE~1l crnv onoio sm wXw~ Il1tOPEOC vu 8tallq>tO~llTTtm;t Tt~ a1tO\j1Et~ TOU Zov ntast 1tCtvro OTO POAO Tll~ EOroTEPtKTt~ (it «CyroKEVTPtKTt~») OlltAia~ OTll sroit TOU 1tat8LOU. H 811llooiwoll ora aYYAtKCt TO 1934 Tll~ uovovpmpior; TOU LKi:lpl] Kat )1Aw(J(Ja«< MIT Flpec», 1962) t800E uiu 1tPWTll YEl)Oll rrp; aVaAUnKTt~ TOU 1tpoo£yytOll~ OTOU~ Auepucovouc. AAACt rropo, emrsAOU~, txoullE Ilta uvnnpooroneurucf E1ttAOyTt rrov 8EroPllTtKWV TO\) Soxiuicov OE Ilta veo O\)AAOyTt 1tOU eroiunos 0 MCttKA KOOUA Kat Ol OUVEpyCtTE~ TOU IlC TOV TiTAO 0 VOV~ (JTI]V KOlvwvia. To ~t~Aio tXEt 8U0 IlEyCtAE~ apETt~: Flpoctourdorrpcs IlE rnv EVEPYO oUllllETOXit TOU A.P. Aoupiu, 01tOtE unopsi vu tXEt rnv a~irooll Ott eivci tYKUpO. Eniorp; 8ivf.t rnv EtKOVa 1tOU OAOl XpEtaSollaoTE yta TO OAO 8EropllTtKO EyxEiPlllla roo Bi.YKOTOKt, a1to TO ortoio ot IlEAtTE~ TOU 1tCtvro ern OKt\j111 Kat Tll YAwooa a1tOTEAOUV TO tva, aAACt 1l0VO TO tva Iltpo~. ~ENTPaBIT~KI: H npocoopo TOU BtYKOTtAoooq>ia rnc, unopci vo yivct KaTavollTTt 1l0VO Iltoa a1tO TO tOTOptKO 1tAaioto OTO ortoio CtpXtm; va EpyCtsETat, 811Aa8Tt ru; YEVtKt~ ypallllt~ Kat TCtOEt~ OTllV E1ttOTitllll rtou uvanruooovrov OllYXPOVro~. H tOTO pia Tll~ \j1uXoAoyia~ eivai urrio reuro ouv8ETll Kat OUVTapaKTtKit, 01tro~ Kat 11 \j1uxoAoyia 11 i8ta.· Ioox; tva 1tpCtYlla 1tOU 1tpt1tEt vo roviotlei 1tCtvro un ' OAa stvot Ott 11 \j1uxoAoyia U1titP~E yi.a 1tOAU xmpo - oxouu Kat usou OTOV EtKOOTO «ucvo - a1tAW~ tva KOIlIlCtTt Tll~ q>tAoooq>ia~. YrrTtPxav q>tAOOOq>Ot 1tOU aoxoAouvrav IlE IjIUXOAOytKCt 1tpO~AitllaTa. a tvac; nn ' uurou; itTav 0 Eq>WptTll~ Tll~ 1tEtpallaTtKTt~ ljIuxoAoyia~, 0 BiAXEAIl BOUVT .. AAAot rertot q>tAOOOq>Ot OUIl1tEptACtIl~avav avTt1tpOOW1tOU~ Tll~ OXOAit~ TOU BipTtAOOOq>qt TOU YKf.OtaA tt- 0IlOU, BEpTXCttIlEP, Kooxc Kat upvorspc 0 KOUPT Atoutv, eivat 1tEptOOOTEpO \j1UXOAOYOt 1tapCt q>tAOOOq>Ol OTll 11£8080 f.pyaoia~ TOU~. at q>tAOOOq>Ot 1tOU aoxoAouvrav IlE \j1UXOAOytKCt 1tpO~Aitllam £TEtVaV OAO Kat mo 1tO).U vo Et8tKEUOVTat. Tnv i8ta OTtYIlTt ouvsflmve Kat TO aVTi8ETO: 11 \j1uxoAoyia avtmu~E svuv Et8tKO TP01tO vo aVTtAall~CtvEtat rn omvopevc, Kat Ilta Ct1t0\j111 8tKTt Tll~ yta TOV xoouo. 51 . ETm 11 KaTuaraall yivorcv OAO Kat mo auv8ETll. Kt aUTO sivct rtou KUVEt rov BiAXEAjl Bouvr, svcv jlEYUAO Kat EKAErrTUajlEVO qnAoaoq>o Kat lIIUXOAOYO, rooo Evihaq>Epovra. AVErrTU~E aUTO rrou AEycrat Volkspsychologie (AaOljfUxoAoyia) Eva EUlOe; IjfUXoAoytKi]e; KotvWVlOAoyiae;. ~ll~toUpYllaE snionc, ro nproro, o rnv ouo io , EtOtKWjlEVO ivo rrrouro rrEtpa~anKi]e; IjfUXOAOYiae;, ern AEtljfia. TOYAMIN: r.Tllv Etaaywyi] roue oro 0 vov~ atnv xotvcovia. 0 MUtKA KOOUA Kat 11 r.uA~ta r.KpirrVEp Eq>taWUV, rroAu oruo tu, rnv rrpoaoxi] jlae; o rov BiAXEAjl BOUVT, ouv WV KOtVO nveuuo.nxo rrpoopo~o Tlle; ljfuxoAoyiae; TWV usotov TOU sucocrou ouovo, rooo orn Peete ooo Kat o rnv AjlEptKi] .. Ouo»; npsnst ajlEaWe; va cnusuocooue on 11 epsovo o ru; Duo xWpEe; auvExia811KE jlE aq>ETllpia EVTEAWe; Otaq>0pEnKu TllJ;jlUra Tlle; Epyuaiae; TOU ... 0 BOUVT rrpOTEtVE HIV KaTllyoPll~anKi] urroljfll on ot auv8nEe; vonrucst; AEtWupyiEe;, i] orrwe; i]rav TOTE yvwaTEe;, Ot «aVWTEpEe; IjfUXOAOytKEe; Actwupyice;» (sxouctc aVU~VllaTJ Kat ErraywytKOe; aUAAOYWjlOe;, yta rrapUOEty~a), OEV unopouonv «at ' apxftv va jlEAET1l80uv uno rrEtpajlanKOUe; IjfuxoAoyoUe;. Yrroan;ptsE on unopououv va Epwv1l80uv uovo arro toropiKEe; jlEAETEe; TWV rroAtnajltKwv npotovrrov, orrwe; Aai:KEe; icropisc, E8tjla Kat yAwaaa . . Orov ~Eq>UyOUjlE ano WV xoouo TWV Tmjlrrll~uTwv xopqiirouc, TWV q>WTEtvWV o nueiorv Kat UAAWV rooo «arrAWV aw811jlUTWV», unctvoous a' Eva auv8Ew Kat rroAt najltKU pU8jltSOjlEVO ~aaiAEto. Ta mo AErrTu Siovorrnxn ouivouevc rrou cuvcvrouus EKEi OEV rruipvouv ru; jlOpq>Ee; non naipvoov arrAWe; aav «arrOTEAEajlUTa» OtKOUjlEVtKWV «ct.riorv- nou AEtTOUpyouv jlllxavtKU, aAAu OWq>EPOUV arro xous.roupc aE xous.roupc. Kuru TTJ YVWjlTJ TOU BOUVT, OEV etvat on aUTEe; ot «aUV8ETEe; OtavOllnKEe; ActwupyiEe;» OEV unopouv va jlEAET1l80uv Ka80Aou smornuovuco. Ilpsnst arrAWe;, va EPWV1l80uv E~ETusovrae; Kat rnv EtOtKi] roix 8Eall, ollAaoi], ouv npoiovrn Tlle; icropucrj; E~i:A.t~lle; Tlle; av8pw1ttVlle; KOUA roupuc Kat xoivoivioc. Ttu va XPllm~orroti]aou~E TOV opo roo iotou TOU Bouvr, arrOTEAOuv TO 8E~a OXt Tlle; rrEtpajlanKi]e; ljfuxoAoyiae; aAAU jlwe; mo EpjlllVwnKi]e; Kat tawptKi]e; Volkspsychologie. To uovo jlEpOe; Tlle; ljfuxoAoyiae; TOU Bouvr rrou EiXE emppon or«; HVWjlEVCe; nOAtTEiEe; uno TOTE, i]rav ro neipcuo ruco WU npoypcupu. Ono»; Etai]x811auv a' aUTi] TTJ xwpa uno rov jlu811Ti] WU TOV E.B. Tirosvep, Ot rrEtpajlanKEe; TEXvtKEe; WU BOUVT arroxwpia811Kav KUTU rnv uq>t~i] roue uno TO rrpwrapXtKO 8EwPllnKo rouq rrAaimo Kat KaT01ttV YEVtKEu811KUV Kat XPllmjlOrrOti]811Kav aav ~OVTi:A.O yta rnv urroAotrrll «IjfUXOAOytKi] smo num». r.w jlEra~u, ot nspicoorepor uuspuccvoi ljfuxoMyot EXOUV rrUpa~AEIjfEt tu rrapUAAllAU auyypu~jlara rou BOUVT yta rnv Volkspsychologie Kt ETm EXOUV rryvortost rn E1ttXEtpi]~UTU WU yw TOV toropnconoxmcruco xupaKTi]pu OAWV TWV 52 «uvcorspeov Otavoll'tlKci>v AEl'tOupytci>V» Kat yta 'to o n aivut ~.ui'talO va avasll'tu KavEi~ OtKOU~EVtKi:~ OXi:OEt~ al'tia~-arro'tEAi:o~a'to~ 0'tO «nvdrrepo Survonruco f3aoiAElO». r.'tll r.Of3tE'tlKi] Proo iu, av'ti9E'ta, 'to ioropucous.to-nxo urrof3a9po no» npooosps II 'ta emornuovucd i:pya rou r.i:'tO"EVO'tEpE~ 'l'UxoAoytKi;~ AEl'toupyiE~» .... Erot, II oouAia rrov [iOtwv rrov proorov 'l'u'XoAoywv] avarr'tux911KE OOUV rnv «emornuovucn ~i:90oo» ~E 'to 9E'tlKtO~0 .. OXt on rriJpav ouv EUayyi:AtO r«; npostoonomos«; 'tOU Bouvr va unv rrpoorra9i]oouv va EpEUVnOOUV r«; avci>'tEpE~ OtavOll'tlKi:~ AEt'tOupyiE~ netpcuunKa, aAAa ro rrEtpa~a'ta non i:Kavav c ' au 'to 'to «uvdrtspo- f3aoiAEtO iJ'tav rrav'ta hat OXEOtaO~i:va roors va rraipvouv urro'l'll roue oXEnKou~ rroAt'tlo'tlKOU~ Kat lO'tOptKOU~ rrapayov'tE~. H ouva~ll rtov E~rrEtptKci>v ~EAE'tci>v rou BtYKO'tOKt, yta 1t(ipaOEty~a, i:XEt Ka'ta rroAU oXi:oll ~E 'to YEYOVO~ on apviorcv va ~EKtviJOEt unouovdivovruc 'to «rrEtpa~a'tlKO aV'tlKEi~EVO» 'toJ.> arr' oAa ro o'tOlXEia rou rrEptf3aAAov'to~ rou - orrw~ Kavouv ouxvu rroAAoi rrEtpa~a'ttKoi IjfUxoAoYOt O'tl~ HnA - aAAa, ovr ' uurou, E~hasE 'tll o ounspupopd rtov uvtucstuevrov rou 1tav'ta OE oXi:oll ~E rnv tOtai'tEPll «nos.rnorucotoropucrp roue KC'.'tao-raoll. rIAPOr.Ect>r.KI: 0 BtYKO'tOKt i:f3AErrE 'tll ~ap~tOnKiJ 'l'uxoAoyia oXt ouv jnu 0xoAi] (orrw~ II OUVEtP~tKiJ, II rrEtpa~anKiJ Kat aAAE~ oxoAi:~), ana ouv 'tll uovn smcrnuovucn ljfuxoAoyia. Av'ti9E'ta ~E EKEivou~ roue ouyyparrou~ nou apxtsav 53 ~.lla aVUcrtKTJ ljfuxoAoyiu EXEl 01KOOOllll8d mrvco os a'tu8cpa 8EIlEA1U. AAAa uuro EKUVE 'tll IlE8000AOY1KTJ cvcuopetoon 'tll<; E1tla'tTJllll<;, rnv uvu8EwPlla11 'tWV 8EIlEA1WOWV q>IAoaoq>IKWV 10EWV 1tOO ~piaKOV'tat Ka'tw U1t' uo'tTJ 't11 Ol1tAi] smo num, UKOIlU 1t1O E1tciyouau. H icropucn ljfuxoAoyiu 'tOY xmpo 't11<; E1tuvaa'tuall<; 1tEP1EiXE roou 1tpaYllu'tu 1tOU i]'tuv ~EVU, E'tEPOYEVi] KUl uaull~i~uCHu IlE 'tl<; ruosu; 1tOU II Ennvcorcon EiXE ElauyayEI os OATJ rnv 1tOAlna'tlKTJ swrj, 1tOU IlIU uvu8EwP11a11 KUl KPl'tlKi] 'tll<; 1tUPUOOcrtUKi]<; ljfuxoAoyiu<; i]'tUV U1tUpui't11't11. Aurf II uvu8EwPlla11 EylVE Ka'tW U1tO rnv laxupi] emppon 'tll<; UIlEP1KUVI Ki]<; um XE ~1O PW'tlKi]<; (oounepupoptc'n Ki]<;) ljfuxoAoyiu<;. 'Hrov EVU EV'tEAW<; KU1VOUPYlO q>atVOIlEVO ornv tnropin 'tll<; prootKi]<; ljfuxoAoyiu<;, 1tOO nptv i]mv Ka'tw U1t' rnv smppon 'tWV YEPIlUV1- KWV KUl UYYA1KWV, Kat w<; EVU cnueto KUl 'tWV YUAA1KWV 10EWV. Ilcp ' OAU curu, TJ smppori roo UIlEP1KUV1KOU ll1tlXE~lOPWIlOU UV'tUVUKAUa8llKf: mote os rourn 'tll xwpu Ku8w<; dXf: uvuou8d ouv IlIU uVE~ap't11- 'tll smornpovucn 'taall E1t11PWaIlEvll U1tO 'tll PWcrtKi] UV'tlKEIIlEV1Ki] axoAi]. H OIOUXi] rrov E~uP'tllIlEVWV uvmvuKAuanKwv ~PWKO'tUV ern ~aall rou UIlf:P1KUV1KOU oucrnunroc, Kat 0 Foixrrcov, 0 1tU'ti:pu<; 'tOU Il1tlXE!3lOplallou, OiKU1U XUPUK'tllPiSEI 'tOY na~Aoq> KUl 'tOY M1tEK'tEPEq> w<; 10pU'tE<; 'tll<; 8EWpiu<;. Ttc 1tPW'tll oopn, 11 PWcrtKi] \j!uxoAoyiu OEV eiXE U1tAW<; UVU1t'tuX8d UVf:~ap't11'tu UAAa dXf: TJ i01U snnpsccei EV'tOVU rnv ljfuxoAoyiu ce aAAU IlEPll 'tOU xoouou, E101KO'tf:PU cr«; HVWIlEVE<; nOA1'teiE<; .. Erot, II UIlEP1KUV1Ki] emppon i]'tUV IlIU E1tUVf:WUywyi] 't11<; 1tUA10'tEPll<; PWcrtKi]<; smpponc. 'One»; KUl vc ' XE1, 01 Prooot, UKOAou8wv'tu<; 'tOU<; AIlEP1KUVOU<;, OlaKi]pu~UV ori II ljfuxoAoyiu aivm uin E1tW'ti]llll 'tll<; aUIl1tEplq>opa<; 'tWV SWV'tUVWV 1tAUalla'twv. To 1921, o na~EA M1tAOVaKI oro Aotciuto navw atnv etuatnuovttcn IjIvxoAoyia, 1tpoa1ta8TJaE v ' cvcuopqxocsi rnv ljfuxoAoyiu, vn 0lllllOupyi]aEI uic ljfuxoAoyiu 0Xl uovo xwpi<; ljfuXi] una Kat xwpi<; auvEiollall (i] IjfUXoAoY1Ka q>atVOIlEVU), ouv uic q>UOlKi] Ema'tllllovlKi] 8EWpiu 'tll<; aUIl1tEplq>opa<;. H KatVOUpY1U 10EU iJ'tuv rmpiuo rr] ornv Enovccrccn KUl TJ Il1tlXE~lOpla'tlKiJ ljfuxoAoyiu apXlaE v ' U1tAWVE'tat 1tOAU ypiJyopu oro PWOlKO EOUq>O<;, uv'tlKu81a'twv'tu<; rnv 1tUPUOOOlUKiJ EIl1tE1P1KiJ IjfuxoAoyiu. r.'tllv ouoiu, o rnv AIlEP1KiJ Ku8w<; KUl ern Prootn, 11 cuurrspupoPlOAOY1KiJ ljfuxoAoyiu i]'tuv IlIU E1tEK'tuall 't11<; 1taAll<; IlE'tU~U 'tWV DUO IjfUXOAOY1WV nou uvuq>EP811KE 1t1O novro. H PWOlKi] EKooXiJ rou UIlEP1KUV1KOU Il1tlXE!3lOplallou KUP1UPXEi'tUI University Press», Cambridge (Mass.), 1979, ad .. 204. 55 am) rpsu; toi:Ee;: rnv E7tt8u~ia va umipXEt svo crspeo IjfUXOAOytKO ouonwa YEvEnKa Kat ~a81wanKa Ptsro~i:vo mlvro ern f3aoll ron emornuovucoo UAtO~OU, rnv E1tl8Ullia va AEYllovi) aivm ava~q>taf3i)'tll'ta uic uvrtopccn, 01tro~ sivat i:va~ 1tUpE'tO~ 1tOU aVEf3aivEt. AAAa elver ouvanj ~ta ljfuxoAoyia q>AEYIlOVWV Kat 1tUPE'tWV; Av llljfUxoAoyia, au~q>rova ~E 'tOY M1tAOVaKt, aivct uio E1tta'ti)llll 'tll~ aU~1tEptq>opa~, bllAaoi) 'to ouvoxo nov xrvnoerov, tore 1tOta a'totXEia Kat note Kpt'ti)pta 9a Ila~ snsrpsncv va DtaKpivoU~E n~ xtvnos«; 1tOU EVOtaq>i:pouv rnv IjfUXOAOyia uno EKEivE~ 1tOU stvat aaXE'tE~ npoc aU'ti)v, 01tro~ yta 1tapaDEtYlla II 1tEpia'taAall ; Qa'toao, II a't£A.Eta uurtov rtov npdmov npoo ncfleuov yta Ilta xmvoopyio ljfuXoAoyia stvci II a't£A.Eta TWV 1tPWTWV P'lfliJ.TWV. H Ka'tEu9uvall 1tOU 809llKE i)'tav II aroa'ti) Kat cuvrouo oOi)YllaE os ~ta vso Ota'tu1troall 'tll~ toi:a~ 'tll~ ava~opq>roall~ 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~. To 1923, o Kopvixoo, crnv i:K9Eai) roo II onoto otaf3aa'tllKE oro E9vtKO ~uvi:Dpto 'l'uXovwpoAoyia~ ~E 'ti'tAO «~uyxpoVll ljfuxoAoyia Kat ~ap~ta~o~», rovios rnv avaYKll va Eq>ap~oa'tEi II ~E90ooAoyia 'tOU DtaAEK'ttKOU UAla~ou ornv ljfuxoAoyia. H iOta toi:a a'tllPix9llKE uno roue ~'tpou~ivaKt, M1tAOVaKt Kat aAAou~... Auro all~droaE Ilta a1tOq>amanKi) Kat ta'tOptKi) Ka~1ti) crnv aVa1tW~ll 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~. H ljfuxoAoyia uvuyvroptos 'tOY suuro 'tll~ ouv ~ap~tanKi) E1tta'ti)llll . . EKavE 'tOY enuro 'tll~ (JVVeU)'lTiJ. ~i:po~ 'tll~ «mDllpa~ a1toypaq>i)~ 'tll~ uAtanKi)~ tOWAoyia~» Kat ronotlsmos 'tOY scuro 'tll~ auvEtoll'ta ornv umjpeoiu 'tll~ E1tavaa'taall~. Tnv ibta any~i), ~EKivllaE 1tavro o rov flOVO t5poflo 1tOU 9a E~aaq>aA.tSE rnv 1tpay~a'troall 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ ro~ E1tta'ti)~ll~· H 1tpOObO~ 1tavro a' cvo EV'tEAW~ xctvoopyto 1tEoio a1toodX'tllKE rpouspd ouaKoAll. ~uvoowo'tav uno Aa9ll Kat KaKOu~ U1toAoytallou~, Kat ern 9Eropia 'tOU btaAEK'ttKoU uA.ta~ou Kat ornv ljfuxoAoyia rnv ibta. ~EV 1tpi:1tEt va ~Exva~E on II ~ap~ta'ttKi) ljfuxoAoyia eivct 0 to ropucoq a'tOXo~ 'tll~ E1tOXi)~ Ila~, i:va~ a'toXO~ 1tOU unopsi va UA01tot1l9d ~OVO IlE r«; auvouaa~i:vE~ 1tpOa1ta9E1E~ upxsrrov YEVEWV IjfUXOAOYroV, oton ot Ai:~Et~ «~ap~tanKrj ljfuxoAoyia» OEV all~aivouv Ka1totov tOtai'tEpo KMbo 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ i) uiu totai'tEPll 'taall usee a' au'trjv. Au'ti:~ Ot A.i:~Et~ onuuivoov E1tta'tllllovtKrj ljfuxoAoyia ro~ ouvo),o, II ~ap~ta'ttKrj ljfuxoAoyia eivut ouvcovuuo 'tll~ E1tta'tll~ovtKi)~ ljfuxoAoyia~, Kat 11' au'ti) rnv svvotu II ~ap~tanKrj ljfuxoAoyia 9a eivat 'to xopuouio Ka'top9ro~a ~ta~ ~aKpoxpovll~ ta'toptKi)~ nopeicc; ~i:aro 'tll~ onoicc II ljfuxoAoyia 9a yivEt q>uatKi) E1tta'ti)~ll. . H 1tpOa1ta9Eta va OtKobO~1l9Ei II ljfuxoAoyia novro ern f3aall 'tOU 57 ihaAEKnKOlJ UAIOIlOlJ OEV i]'WV EV'tEAro<; xmvoupytc. «H 10Ea va ooSd ~Ha llap~lonKi] 1tEplypaaiVE'tal 1tWe; avaYKaO'tTJKE va crpcest one; \jIUXOAOY1KEe; EWOtEe; ylll va E~TJYT]OEt emvoueva 'tTJe; KIlAAt'tExV1KT]e; xnt aW9TJnKT]e; aV'tiATJ\jITJe; 1tOU 9EWPOUOE 1tapa~Eva. 'OIlWe; uuro 1tOU T]'tUV apX1Ka uic 1tapEKKAtOTJ Kl Eva opyavo, rov OOT]YTJOE va ola'tU1tWOEt rnv E~T]e; EPW'tTJOTJ: ri stvci TJ OUVEibTJOTJ; AU'tT] TJ iota TJ ouw;ioTJoTJ npoq rnv onoio o'tpaEpE va olaf3aO"El 7tOna ~l~A.ia. Tn aAU'ta 7tpO~Ai]~a't!l 'tl"l<; ljIuxoAoyia<; ~E'tuA.ixSllKav unpoorn 'tOU ~E OAll 'tOU<; rnv 7tOAU7tAoKo'tll'ta Kat n<; avnSEO"El<;. To 1926 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl EypaljlE Eva ~l~Aio 7taVW cr«; lO"'tOplKE<; O"UVE7tElE<; 'tll<; KpiO"ll<; ornv ljIuxoAoyia, 7tOU onuuivet on EiXE 7tapEl 'tll SEO"ll 'tOU ~ESOOOAOyOU O"E O"XEO"ll IlE rnv ljIuxoAoyia. . APXlO"E va Spn, Ka'ta Ka7tOlO 'tP07tO, IlEO"a oro O"UVOAO 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; Kat apXlO"E va O"usll'ta 'to 7tE7tPWIlEVO 'tll<;, ollAaoi] va SE'tEt ElolKa ~ESOOoAoYlKa Epw'ti]~a'ta . . HSEAE va cvcyvroptcst 'tll SEO"ll 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; O"E O"XEO"ll IlE oAa r ' uAAa 7tOAlnO"nKa ocwouevc Kat va ~aSEt rt Sa i]'tav oro ~f:A.AOV Kat npo.; nom Ka'tEuSuvO"ll Sa ovcnruccorcv. Mm 'tEna 7tpoo"EYYlO"ll, ~E~ata, OEV 'tOY EIl7tOOlO"E uno 'to va ElO"XWpEi OAO xrn 7t1O f3aSla IlEO"a ornv ljIuxoAoyia, va yivat Eva<; SEwPllnKo<; IjIUXOAOY0<; KUl va O"usll'ta rn 7tpO~Ai]lla'tu 'tll<; O"uvEiOllO"ll<;, 'tll<; npocomucornrcc Kat rtov O"ll~Eiwv. Kat 0"' au 'to ~oi]Sllo"E 'to 7tapEASOV 'tOU O"'tll q>lAoAoyia Kat II E~OlKEiWO"i] 'tOU ~E ro 7tpO~Ai]lla'tU rtov O"llllEiwv KUt 'tll<; O"ll~EtwnKi]<;. 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl YVWPtSE KaAu n<; O"Usll'ti]o"El<; ~E't!l~iJ nov orpouxroopus.iortov Kat rrov o7taOWv 'tll<; lO"'tOPlKi]<; YAWO"O"OAoyia<;, xrn EiXE E~7tOno'rai ~E rnv lOEa 'tOU O"u~f3ohO"~ou. AlO"SavO'tav 7tOAU aVE'ta O"E umv uno r«; 7t1O 7tpO~All~anKE<; 7tEPlOXE<; O"KEljIll<; 'tll<; E7tOXi]<; 'tOU, 'to 7tPO~AllIlU 'tOU O"U~f30AOU Kat 'tOU onustou. Exsivo 'tOY xmpo, 0 O"U~~OAtO"~O<; aVi]KE O"'tll q>tAOAOyiu Kal ern YAWO"O"OAOyiu Kat 0Xl ornv ljIuxoAoyia. To yqovo<; on 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl i]'tav YVWO"'tll<; uuttov rrov 7tpo~All~a'twv U7tO rn «7tPOIjIUXoAoYlKa» 'tOU Xpovta Kat 'to yqovo<; on i]'tav EVi]IlEP0<; yta n<; O"usll'ti]o"El<; O"'tll q>lAOAOyiu, YAWO"O"OAoyia Kat atO"SllnKi], EiXE WpU'tEPE<; O"UVE7tElE<;. EtO"i]yaYE ornv ljIuxoAoyiu Eva O"w~a LOEWY 7tOU W<; rots 'tll<; i]'tav ~EVE<;. ~EV 'ti<; o"KEq>'tllKE U7tO uovoc 'tOU au'tE<; n<; lOEE<; aAAa r«; ~E't!lq>U'tEIjIE O"E VEU EUq>O Pll Yll. o BlYKO'tO"Kt opunoe o mv ljIuxoAoyiu Kat U~Eo"W<; KU'ta7tlUO"'tllKE ~E ro O"USll'ti]O"l~U O"ll~Eiu 'tll<;. Ken rs no ~7t0pOUo"E va O"u~~Ei ~OVO O"'tll ~ESuO"nKi] OEKUE'tia 'tOU 1920 oruv OAOl Ol 7tpOllyOU~EVOl 'tP07tOl O"KEIjIll<; Eixav xuruppsixret ~E'ta 'tryv Ennvuoruon. To q>aO"~a rrov lOEWV 7tOU E10"i]yaYE 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl, ~EVO npo; rnv 7tapaOOO"lUKi] ljIuxoAoyiu, XPEluSo'tav EtOlKOU<; rporrouq O"usi]'tllO"ll<; IWl avaAuO"ll<;. KUl 7ti]PE 7tOAAOU<; U7t' uurouc 'tOU<; rponou; uno 'tll q>lAoAoyia Kat 'tll yAWO"O"oAoyia. H SEO"ll 'tOU W<; ~ESOOOAOyOU O"E O"XEO"ll IlE rnv OAO'tll'ta 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; Kat II lO"WptKi] a7tOljlll 7tOU EiXE Yl' uu'ti]v' II IlEyuAll 7tpoO"oxi] 7tOU EOOO"E O"W 7tpof3All~ll rou onustoo Kat II W7tOSE'tTIO"ll 'tOU O"ll~Eiou 0"'t0 7tP0O"Ki]vlO' II ioropucf 7tpoo"EYYlO"ll 7tOU i]'tav E7tiO"ll<; 61 Souucn, Ka8w~ Ka1 T] 1tpocrreu8£la vn n~ crUV8Ecr£1 - au'tu ijcrav, Ka'tu rnv ureo\Vij 1l0U, crT]IlEia-KA£lb1U crnv £pyacria Ka1 r«; 18E£~ 'tOU A£~ B1YKOtcrKl. AreobEix8T]K£ Ollv Ka'tEcr'tp£\Vav 'to reapabocrtaKo nvruceiuevo 'tT]~ \VUXOAOYl1"ij~ avuAucrT]~. . Auto XP£lUS£'tU1 KUreOta £re£;£pyacria. o B1YKO'tcrK1 Beropei, ue t£AEiw~ 'tlJmKOU~ opooc, 'to ouuncpupopuco crxijlla «av'tibpacrT]-£pi:81crlla» Ka1 nuipvei EVa reoAu areAo 1l0V'tEAO yta vn cruST]'tijcrn 'to £pw'tT]lla oro o noio 01 \VUXOAOY01 tT]~ rK£cr'tUA't Eixav cnovrncst npo reOAAOU: uv eivat 01 av8pwTClv£~ £VEpy£l£~ Kat K1 Vticr£l~ cvnopcceu; ce opiouevo £p£8icrlla'ta. UcrtKU T] areuv'tT]crT] non Sivet civet npvrrnxn. l'tOu~ 'l'UXOAOyOU~ 'tT]~ rKEcr'tUA't up£cr£ vn AEV£ on uv OA£~ 01 av8pwTClv£~ £VEpyE1£~ ijcrav cvnopdceu; o ' EVa Epi:81crj.ta, OAOl j.ta~ 8a Kuvall£ rnv KiVT]crrj vu pi;OUIl£ Eva YPullj.ta Ku8E tpopu non nepvouonue bireAa uno Eva ypalllla'tOK1~wno. 0 B1YKO'tcrK1 xpT]crtj.tore01Ei EVa UAAO reapub£lYlla non npoooeps 0 crxoAacrnKo~ tp1AocrOtpO~ rou Meouuovo Mnouptvruv. 0 re£pitpT]llo~ YU1bapo~ rou ~picrKE'ta1 unpoo ro ce Suo otopoix; uno ouvo, Kat 1lT] areotpacrisov'tU~ noiov va tpU£l, re£8aiv£1 uno rnv neivo. AE£l 0 B1YKO'tcrK1: a~ ure08Ecroull£ on T] cuunepupop« rou SWOU eivm repuY)lan bOj.tT]IlEVT] 11' uuro 'tOY rpono. 'Ouex; Bo 1tapEj.t£v£ 'to y£yov6~ on T] ouunepupopa rou av8pw1tou eivat opyavW)lEvT] btatp0pEnKu. Tlou EYKEl'tat T] btatpOPU; H D1atpopu elver on 0 uv8pwreo~ £lcrUY£l Eva (Ji(j.Ja o rnv xo rdorucrT] nou re£p1yputp£'tU1 uno 'tT] tp0pj.touAa «£pi:Oicrlla-aviibpacrT]». IluipVEl Eva vouiou« Kat A.En: cv J)yn xopovc , 1tT]yaivw nptorapa Kat uv J)y£l YPulllla'ta 1tT]yaivw b£;lU. Kat u ' ouro 'tOY rpono ;£b1aAuv£1 'to biAT]lllla nou Sev unopel vo Aucr£l 0 YU1bapo~. 0 uv8pwreo~ £lcrUY£l Eva cvnxstpevo, rou £re£v8U£l Eva vonun, Kat Il£'tu evepyei ouuqxovo 11£ 'to vonun, KOAAUIl£ E't1KE't£~ ce o.n civet yupw Ila~: Eva~ «KaAO~» uv8pwreo~ 1tpEreE1 vn eivct ayareT]'to~, Eva~ «KaKO~» uv8pwreo~ npsner vn etvor j.t1crT]'t0~. To uovo 1tOU XP£lUsE'tat etvui vu J)UAOU)lE ru; crWcrtE~ erucercc. o B1YKO'tcrKl Ka'tayputp£l rnv KOlVij aAij8£la on 0 xocuo; rou av8pw1tou eivci Y£llu'tO~ crT]IlEia, on ornv 1tpaYllanKo'tT]'ta SOUIlE o ' svnv xoouo YEllu'to cnueto, Ka1 on oi EVEPYE1E~ j.ta~ Sev repocrblOpisovrut uno ro ovruceiusvo au'tu Ka8wu'tu aAAu uno rn cnusto nou roix; EXOUV b08d. Apvo tepn 0 Koupr A10U1V aVErew;£ au'tij rnv 1bEa A.i;yov'ta~ 0't1 oAa ro ovnxetuevo yupw )la~ ouiverct vn £TCl8UIlOUV Kun: Eva yAuK1crj.ta 8EA£1 vu tpayw8d, Eva 'tcrtyupo 8EA£1 vn 'to xunvioouv. Auto tpEPVE1 'toy AlOUtV moto oro repoJ)AT]lla 'tT]~ epunvsinc. o B1YKO'tcrK1 U1t0opt~ rnv areOKaAOUaaV «cvopvnVT]»), 8£v arew8uvEtat npo; £;Wr£plKa ovnxetuevc aAAa npo; rov av8pwreo. To cnueto eivut tva~ rpono.; ava80llT]aT]~ rT]~ auvd8T]aT]~ rou av8pwreou Kat smpporu; arT] auv£i8T]aT] aAAwv av8pwrewv. Auril T] l8ta nou 8tarurew8T]K£ uno rov Bryxoroxr npiv uico ouovu, eivut reoAu £n:iKatPT] oriuepu. NTABINTO: 0 BlYKOtT]J.lo~ 1l£8080AOyo~ rT]~ \VuxoAoyia~ Kat rcov avOpwTCl vmv £TClarT]IlWV y£vlKa .. OIlW~, ern aO~l£nKil \VuxoAoyia, ouro ro reoAu vvrooro y£yovo~ tX£l 8T]AW8£i TClO reoAH~ q>opt~ are' ooo tXEl awara aUST]rT]8£i, AOYW rtov reAataiwv avaq>opa~ nou ulOOtrT]aav Ol epeuvnrsq, or orroiot y£vlKa D£V I;£retpaaav rnv rpi:xouaa KaraaraaT] rT]~ \VUXOAOYlKil~ 8f.wpia~ rT]~ 8paarT]plorT]ra~, moreuovruq, xm txovra~ ~acrtllou~ AOyou~, on avril T] KaraaraaT] repotpXEtal Karw8£iav uno ro tpyo rou, Kat ollw~, Illa rs nu Betopto 8£v aUllre£plAall~av£l cvvote ; apKEtt~ Yla uiu otoorn 8£wpT]aT] rT]~ 1l£8080Aoyia~ rou Bryxoroxt. Bt~ata uv rov ~Hre£l Kav£i~ uovo oov npoSpopo Illa~ aUyK£KpllltvT]~ \VUXOAOYlKil~ 8£wpia~, tore 0 Bryxorox. 8a reptre£l vo 8£wpT]8£i uovo \jIUXOAOyO~. AAAa 11' uuro rov rpono, 0 pOAO~ rou Btvxoroxt w~ J.l£0080AOyOU 8' ayvoT]8£i, il ro reoAl) reoAu, areAw~ Oa ~£~atw8£i T] ureap;il rou, 'OIlWS ro TClO a;lOaT]J.l£iwro civet on 0 £yy£vil~ auv8£allo~ IlEtal;u rT]~ 1l£8080Aoyia~ Kat rou nerpcucrtcuou areor£A£i rov nupnvo rT]~ £pyaaia~ rou, Auto Ila~ 08T]y£i a' tva evounpepov repo~AT]J.la.· EX£l £TClaT]llav8£i y£vlKa, ax£80v, on ureapxouv opiouevc; ovrupcce«; oro i:pyo rou Btvxo trnct. 0 lKulretpt v moreuet on T] ovrupccn tYK£ltat oro £v8taq>tpov rou Bryxoroxi Yla ru auvata8illlara Kat crnv op80AoytanKil 8taT] rnv on:oia reilp£ apyqr£pa orov rouse rT]~ \VuXoAoyia~. 0 EAKOVlV ~Hre£l rnv ovrupcon auril oro xaalla IlEta;u rT]~ icropucrj; IlE8080u rou BtYKoraKl Kat rT]~ avn8laaroAil~ nou KaVEl ocov neopo r«; «nos.rnorucsq» Kat r«; «ououcsq» \VUXlKt~ A£ltoupyi£~. 0 A£OVtlEq> £iX£ aUAAa~£l oe ~a80~ rT] q>uaT] auril~ rT]~ avriq>aaT]~. Iltorsus on un:ilpx£ KareOta aaullq>wvia IlEtal;u rtov nporucetov rou Bryxoroxt xrn rT]~ uAoreoiT]ail~ roix, Sivovrdc Ila~ trcrt rnv r£AlKil evopocn Iltaa o rq ~a8ur£pT] AoytKil rrov avtlAil\V£wv rou Bwxoroxi ooov aq>opa rnv \VUXOAOYlKil Beropin rT]~ 8paarT]plOrT]ra~. Av repoxwpilaoull£ retpa are' auril rT] 8taT] , ot «ovrupuoeu;» rou Btvxorox; are£lKovisouv rn m)v8EtT] aAAT]A£rei8paaT] nov Suo o\V£wv rT]~ 8paarT]plOrT]ra~ rou w~ 1l£8080AOyOU Kat w~ netpcurmorn. To tpyo rou Bryxorox: oev civet uovoxouunro: 0 Bryxoroxt w~ \VUXOAOyO~ Sev XPT]crtlloreoiT]a£ OA£~ r«; wKalpi£~ nou rou t80a£ 0 Bryxoroxt w~ 1l£8Q80AOyO~ Kat 8£v ~acrta£ OAE~ roo r«; \VUXOAOYlKt~ t8tE~ mrvco ern 8lKil rou 1l£8080Aoyia. Kat Ol Suo aurt~ o\V£t~ rT]~ 8paarT]plOrT]ra~ rou £;EAix8T]Kav, Kat 0Xl mivro Ilast. Ilpsnet va tXEl 63 £1ticrrle; Ka'tU YOU Kavde; ru 1l0VaOtKU xapaKHIPti~oAa crpnuusvn svcvno OTT]V t8ta TT]e; \VuxoAoyiae; we; «EretGTi]IlT]e; TT]e; \Vuxi]e;». 0 oxono; oAwv TWV TCtoEWV i]taV va Kavouv TT]V \VuxoAoyia cvn csiuevucn. ita va reETlJXOUV cutov TO oxono TOUe; 01 \VUXOAOYOI noov tnHIlOt v ' nrmpvnbouv TT] IlEAtTT] onouovorprors lJTCOKEtllEVtKWV oTOtXEiwv TT]e; avOpWTCtVT]e; \Vuxi]e;· H \Vuxi] ureo~aOllioTT]KE EiTE OE OUOTT]lla ouunepupopucdiv cvnopncerov i] OE ouvouaouo El;apTWIlEVWV aVTavaKAaOHKWV, i] 0' tva OUVOAO, «KotvWVtKWV StOEWV» i] «xotvmvixrov POAWV» orewe; Sa tAEyE tvae; mOT]yT] Ti] e;. Tt oi]llatvE aUTO OE oxtOT] IlE ro repo~Ai]llaTa TT]e; ouvEi8T] OT] e;; nOAAOi ETCtlj>avEie; cofnsrucot \vUXOAOYOt (0 MreAOVOKt Kat 0 Mnopoooxi) 0XE80v nvvonccv uuro TO repo~AT]lla. Fliorsunv on i]mv i:l;w uno tn opio TT]e; ETCtOTT]IlOVtKi]e; \VuxoAoyiae; ytaTi 8EV IlreopOIJOE va IlEAETT]OEi IlE avnKEtIlEvtKi:e; IlE0080ue;. AVTiOETa, Ilta aAAT] 0lla8a \VlJXOAoywv IlE apXllYo TOV Kopvts.oip, OEWPOUOE TT] ouvd8T]0T] we; TO ~aG\Ko aVHKdllEVO TT]e; \VuxoAoyiae;. Yrei]pxav uxoun IlEPtKOi \VlJXOAoYOt, u ' ETCtKElj>aAi]e; TOV TOEAreaVOIj>, non snsusvov OTT]V reapa80maKi] \VlJXOAoyia TT]e; olJvd8T]0T]e;. ea tllota~E Ott Ot TPW; nupumrvro nporcoeu; El;avTAouv KaOE 8uvaTi] GTaoT] unsvovn OTO repo~AT]lla TT]e; ouvEi8T]0T]e;, 0 BtYKOTOKt 0IlWe; ne; aVTtKpOlJGf: OAEe;.· Eonnoe TO Ij>paYlla TWV repoureoOtoEwV one; onotcc dxav nepioptosi TOlJe; EaUTOUe; TOlJe; Ot cojnerucoi \VUXOAOYOI TWV xpovwv EKEiVroV x,wpie; va to KataAa~ouv. 0 Ij>paYlloe; aUTOe; npospXOTav nno TT] OtoT] nou EiXE yiVEt GtwreT]pa Kat nouvuloflqru 8EKTi] are' OAoue;: '1 (Jvvd(j'l(J'I unopei va j1{;A{;T'IOei j10VO onox; T'IV j1dnov(J{; '1 vnOKelj1eVIK~ ej1n{;lpIK~ If/1JxoAoyia. 0 BtYKOTOKt xunnpcpe va I;EE TT] ouvEi8T]0T] Gay «TOV xoivo mpsvrr] TWV \VUXtKWV AEtToupytWV», «TT] OKT]Vi] mrvco OTT]V oreoia I;ETUAiYETat T] \Vuxi]» - orrotuorptore IlEA.ETT] TT]C; ouotu; TT]e; Oa i]mv oorouuro a8iJvaTT], Kat 1l0VO T] reEptypalj>i] TWV t8taiTEpwv omvousvoiv nou oXETii~ovmt 11' aUTi] Bo i]mv 8uvaTi]. 65 ita va 808Ei (HT] ouvetonon uio 8taq>opEitKij l.u:8080AoytKij 8Ean (XPT]crtlloreOtW Erei"rT]8Ee; "tOUC; OPOUC; 1"WV Sexoeruov 1960 Kat 1970 YW1"i aU1"Oe; 0 £KauyxpOvtaIlOe; ~0T]8u ornv EKq>paaT] 1"T]e; t8Eae; "tOU BtYK01"aKt yta rnv oreoia 8EV ureijpx£ Ka1"UAAT]AT] opoxovto o rnv Ereoxij rou), snpene xovetc va nvcvvoptcet 1"0 a1"peowi 1"T]~. repaYllanK01"T]1"ae; nou 1"T]v repoa8toptsE. Kat 0 BtYK01"aKt 1"0 Ka1"op8waE nuro nupouotdsonae; 1"T] auvEi8T]aT] ouv Eva a1"otxEio a1"T] 80llij 1"T]e; [;pya(J[aK~C; c5paatnptotnuu; "tOU av8pwreou. H t8Ea on T] ouvetonon Ka80pisEtat uno 1"T]v EpyacrtaKij 8paa1"T]ptornrn 08ijyT]aE "tOV BtYK01"aKt crnv t8Ea 1"WV «\jIuxoAoytKWV EpyaAEiwv», t£xvT]1"U 8T]Il1OUpyijllaw tT]e; av8pwreo1"T]We; nou uvttnpocomeuouv Eva a"tOtxEio 1"OU noxrncuo». ApXtKU ij1"av orpouusvo npot; ro «E;(t»), n:poe; 1"OV araipo, aAAu Em:tta a1"puq>T]Kav repoe; «ru IlEaa, o rov i810 "tOV enuro- yta va yivouv "to usco 8u:u8uvaT]e; 1"T]e; 8tKije; Ilae; \jIUXtKije; AEt"tOupyiae;. 0 BtYKOtaKt Beeopouoe ro cnueio onv re nn «\jIuxoAoytKU EpyaAEia» .. E~AEreE ro aUIl~oAa u ' Eva 8tKO rou rpono, oXt onv aVtaVaKAaa1OAoyoe; (nou Beropouce Eva cnueto ouv aUIl~anKO Epf:8talla ueco oro oucrnuu 1"WV El;ap1"WIlEVWV uvtuvuxkncrnxtov), OU1"E onv exnpoorono; roo q>poi:8tallou ortou Eva onueto 8EWpEi1"at ouv onruco aUIl~oAo 1"WV aauvEi8T]1"wv oputov, ita 1"OV BtYK01"aKt, Eva cnueto eivui tva aUIl~oAo "to onoio EXn opiopsvq cnuccto rrou 8T]lltoUPyij8T]KE Ka1"U tT]V ioropio 1"OU reOAt riouou. AU1"ij T] Il£taxEiptaT] 1"OU aUIl~oAoU XPOVoAoYEi1"at uno ru npdrro Epya roo BtYK01"aKt n:uvw o rnv \jIuxoAoyia rrj; 1"EXVT]e; Kat 1"T]V av8pwmanKij q>tAOAoytKij rou npoioropin aUVOAtKu. Mn:OPEi KavEie; va ;Exwpiest apKE1"te; 1"UaEte; non ennpscccv rov BtYK01"OKt: toropucn YAwaaoAoyia, T] aKE\jIT] rou XOUllreOA1", 1"OU l1"UtvxaA, ron Ilnreunviu, jlEAEtT]1"Ee; ue aUYYEvtKO reVEujla orewe; 0 Mreaxciv, 0 aUIl~OAtaIlOe; a1"T] AOY01"Exvia Kat 1"T]V 1"EXVT] o rov EtKOa1"O nuovo Kat m8avov or £pyaaiEe; "tOU EpnVUvt V1"E loaip reuvw ern aT]IlEtWttKij. H t8Ea "tOU o nueiou we; «\jIuxoAoytKou EpyaAEiOlJ» eivm uio uno r«; mo En:tWXT]IlEVEe; Eq>aplloyEe; 1"T]e; aT]IlEtWnKije; u"fa "tOU BtYK01"aKt: eivm 0 jlap;tajloe; Kat T] aT]jlEtWnKij. . Erot, 0 BtYKOtaKt evounpeporcv yta "to pOAO 1"WV oucrruurrcrv tWV cnusuov we; IlEaoAa~T]nKwv EpyaAEiwv, aAAu "to Bempouce uuro onv Ilta EreEK1"aaT] 1"T]e; t8Eae; rou Map; yta "to rewe; Eva EpyaAElO ij opyuvo IlEaoAa~Ei o rnv EpyacrtaKij 8paa1"T] piorrjr«. ita rov Map; Kat rov . EVYKEAe;, T] epjuo io sivm T] ~acrtKij lloPq>ij 1"T]S av8pwmvT]e; 8paa1"T]pt01"T]1"ae;. Bptoxerm oro 8EIlf:A.ta 1"T]e; onoiuc- 8ijre01"E E;ijyT]aT]e; 1"T]e; xorvrovnconos.rnoruop; ioropice; Kat 1"WV \jIUxoAoytKWV xapaK1"T]ptanKwv rou nrouou. H avuAuaij rou; 1"OVtSE on xnru rnv EK1"EAEaT] 1"T]e; EpyacrtaKije; 8paa1"T]pt01"T]We; Ot uv8pwreOt 66 8EV llE'ta~aAAOUV a1tA6<; 'tT] q>UOT] aAAa Kat uuroi Ot i8tot llE'ta~aAAOvrm Ka'ta rnv nopsto al1'ti]. Fro 'tOY Map;, T] epvooto eivm apXtKa ... «uto 8ta8tKaaia 1tOU auv~EAEimt IlE'ta;u av8p(imou Kat q>uaT]<;, Ilta 8ta8tKaaia Ka'ta rnv ortoin o av8pro1t0<;, IlEaro 'tT]<; 8tKi]<; rou 8paa'tT]pto'tT]'ta<;, ;EKtva, pU8IlU~Et, x,u EHYXEt n<; UAtKE<; avn8paaEt<; ueru;u rou i8tou Kat 'tT]<; q>uaT]<;. AVnJ.lE'tro1tisEt 'tT] q>uaT] ouv Ilta uno r«; 8tKE<; 'tT]<; guvaIlEt<;, 8E'tOv'ta<; ce KivT]aT] XEpta, 1t08ta Kat KEq>aAt, ru; q>UcrtKE<; 8uvallEt<; rou 8tKOU 'tOU orounroq, yta va t8to1tot T]8d rnv 1tapayroyi] 'tT]<; q>uaT]<; oe Ilta 1l0pq>i] 1tOU va elver npoocpuoousvn cr«; 8tKi:<; rou avaYKE<;. ~pwv'ta<; srot 1tavro o rov E;ro'tEPtKO xoouo K(lt aAAasov'ta<; 'tOY, aAAasEt mu'toxpova 'tT] 8tKi] rou q>uaT]. Avanruooet r«; 8uvallEt<; 1tOU xoiuouvrm usou rou Kat n<; unorcooet orov 8tKO rou i:AEYXO» .. Erot, Ot av8pro1tOt 8EV rtupuusvouv .allE'ta~AT]'tOt i] aVE1tT]pscoroi uno 'tT] aUJ.lJlE'tOxi] rou; o rnv EpyacrtaKi] 8paa'tT]pto'tT]'ta 1tOU uerouopqxcvet 'tT] q>uaT]. lUVEXW<; mT] PEasov'tat nn ' aU'ti] tT] Spuornpiornr« Kat uno n<; nnurrnoeu; 1tOU 8T]lltoupyoUVtat yt' ourou; onv a1tO'tEAEaJ.la 'tT]<; E1ti8paaT]<; 1tOU au'ti] EiXE 1tavro ern q>uaT]. Ta EpyaAEia ru o noin stvoi 8ta8i:crtlla ce Ka1tOto t8tai'tEpo a'ta8to 'tT]<; toropinq ovruvcxxouv 'to E1ti1tE80 'tT]<; EpyacrtaKi]<; Spuornptornrue, XpEtasovmt vsoi runot opydvoiv yta va ouvrexecroov Ot auVEXW<; E;EAtaaOIlEvE<; Vi:E<; 1l0pq>i:<; EpyacrtaKi]<; 8paa'tT] ptornrnc. H aAAT] 1tAWpa rou 8taAEK'ttKOU voutounroz; eivat Ott 'to Ka8E VEO E1ti1tE80 EpyaAEirov i] opvuvtov 1tpOKaAEi EVa vso yupo rpomov nvriAT]\VT]<; Kat 8paaT]<; 1tavro c rov xoouo. Au'ti] T] nrspuovn 8taA£K'ttKi] nopcto eivm t8tah£pa aT]J.lavnKi] o rnv 1tEpi1t'troaT] rtov aT]IlEirov. ME'ta~aAAovmt auvEXW<; yta va uvnuertomoouv KatvOupytE<; Kama'taaEt<; aAAa 8EV stvci 1ta8T]nKoi U1tT]pi:'tE<; 'tT]<; 8paa'tT]pto'tT]'ta<; .. Exouv J.lEYaAT] E1ti8paaT] o rnv nupouon Kat IlEAAOV'ttKi] 1l0pq>i] nou unopet va 1tapEt au'ti] T] 8paa'tT]pto'tT]m. Auto civet svo onueio 1tOU 'tOvisE'tat yta uioo nuovn rtcpo uno rou; aO~tE'tlKOU<; cnueuorucou; .. Ornv 1tpoa1ta80UJ.lE va Ka'taAa~ouIlE 'tOY pOAO rou opyuvoo i] rou EpyaAEiou J.lEaa oro Beropnruco 1tAaicrto rou Bryxorcxr, 8EV npsnsi va ;ExvallE on nporou apxiaEt va evounpeperm yta ru \VUXoAoytKa 8i:llam, i]mv aT]IlEtrona'ti]<;. . Evuq uno 'tOU<; J)acrtKOu<; nxpovtoviuiouc Ai80U<; 'tT]<; \VuxoAoyia<; rou i]'tav T] ouoiornru llE'ta;u 'tT]<; t8i:a<; rou Map; yta 'to 1tw<; 'to EpyaAEio i] 'to opvnvo IlEaOAa~Ei o rnv EIlq>avi] av8pwm vn EpyacrtaKi] 8paa'tT] pto rnro Kat 'tT]<; aT]IlEtronKi]<; t8i:a<; yta 'to 1tW<; ru cuornuuro aT]IlEirov IlEaoAa~ouv nvdueoo cr«; av8pwmvE<; xotvmvtxst; AEt'tOupyiE<; Kat 'tT] aKi:\VT]. Kat an<; 8uo nepurnooeu; 'to SElla eivci on ru opyava 8EV XPT]crtJ.101tOtoUvrm uovo uno rou; av8pw1tou<; yta v ' aAAa;ouv rov xoouo. ME'taIlOPq>wvouv Kat PcyouAapouv roix; av8pw1tou<; Ka'ta 'tT] 8tapKEta aU'ti]<; 'tT]<; 8ta8tKaaia<;. Trope npooipnro 0 Aouotvr (a'tO ~t~A.i.o rou, I:ofJU:TlK~ 67 (J1Jf.1elWTlKf,.. uta avOoAoyia. 1977) EX£t SE: ME 'tOY BtYKO'tlKI: H npoo mrfletu va EVtU~Ouv rnv \VuxoAoyia o rnv E~EAtKnK1i SEwpia EYWE uno roue yvwUAUioll urro to ~l~Aio toll Bryxo roxi H ava:rrrv';t/ rwv avibtcpcov nveouatuabv AElroVpYIWV, nou CYlV£ yta utu OIl'tA£~T) ltCtVOl oro i:pyo toll Brvxorcxr (~lKCtyO. OKrw~pT) 23-26, 1980), 68 TC'tuX8T]KE crm8taKU Kat avu\VwcrE onuuvrucd rnv npocupuoo-rucornrc 'tOU opycviouou. 2ETCpo~aAE tva oAoKAT]po ETCotK080JlT]Jla rrrouucrov JlT]xavtcrJlrov crUJlTCEPto ooo Kat oro EpyacrniplO. TOYAMIN: Ta tEAw'Wia nsvnvru Xpovta £xouv yiVEt 1tOAH~ tpEUVE~ o ru; HnA ce 8tuq>opou~ KAu80u~ tT]~ \VuxoAoyia~, veupoxoyia~, yAwcrcroAoyia~ Kat EK1tai8wcrT]~, aAAu 8EV tXEt 8T]l1lOUpYT]9Ei ptn KOtVli 9EwpT]nKli EtKOVa nou va unopei va evorounncoet oAa rou; r ' a1to'tEA£crl1a'ta .. Eror, Ot 8tuq>opot KAu80t licrav Kat ;Exwptcr'toi KAU- 80t. ~E8011£vWV rtov Beructo nxtov nvrt), li\VEWV yta rnv «emornuovncn I1t90(0» nou KUptapxouv crnv al1EptKavtKli \VuXoAoyia, Ot I1mXE~lOptcrnK£~ Emcr'tliI1E~ £xouv rroAAa1tAamacr't£i crE 8EKU8E~ rroAu Et8tKWI1tvc~ Kat w~ srri to 1tAcicr'tOv 11T] ErrT]pEUsoucrE~ T] uiu rnv UAAT] urto- 8tatp£crEt~. . Erot, Ot I1mXE~tOptcr't£~ cmcr'tliI10vE~ £xouv Stopvovoost rnv £pwvu roix; nnvm o rnv apxli on ooo mo nsptoptouevu Kat mo svrovo civet Ka90ptcrl1£vT] uio EPW'tT]crT], rooo mo «emornpovucn- £ivat ... BA£1tOUV 'to eurreipuco rou; £pyo ouv rnv Errt8iw;T] I1ta~ crrrncrnKli~ crucrxtncrT]~ l1£1"a;U rtov apt911T]nKWV a;twv nov «nooorucd U1tOAoyiml1wV» I1E'W~AT]'twv. l'tT]v Etcraywyli roix; oro ~t~Aio 0 vov~ GT1Jv KOlvwvia 0 MutKA Kooo), Kat T] LUAJ)Ul lKpi1tW;p crlJl11tEptACtI1J)uvouv svov rrapU;Evo arroAoytcrl10 rrovnetpupurtxrov I1E908wv rou BiYKO'tcrKt: «Ot uvuqiopsc rou Btvxoroxi ... oe rrEtpUl1ata 1tOU £ywav oro Epyacrtlipto rou I1CPtKt~ q>oPf:~ aq>i]vouv roix; avayvwcr'tE~ I1E uio aicr9T]crT] al1T]xavia~. ~EV rrapoumusCt crXE80v Ka90Aou nporrovevn 8E8ol1£va Kat ot 1tEptAli\Vct~ eivat 1tOAU yCVtKt~. Ilou eivnt Ot o trrno nxet; Jl£1"pi]crEt~ non va moronoiouv av ot nnpurnpnoe«; uvruvuxxouv "1tpaYl1anKU" ycyovo'ta i] OXt;» Exelvot nou aivrn eunortouevot I1E 'tT] I1E9080Aoyia 'tT]~ rrctpal1anKli~ \VuxoAoyia~, 01tW~ cq>apl1os£1"at oro al1EptKavtKU Epyacr'tlipta, ioo»; rsivouv v ' aq>atptcoov 'tOY opo «nstpouu- uno ru; JlEAf:'tE~ rou Bryxoroxi Kat va r«; 9EWpi]crouv Kun Aiyo ncpcmrvco uno Ev8taq>f:poucrE~ E1tt8Ei;Et~ it npoKa'tapK'ttK£~ I1EA£'tE~ ... » o Koons, Kat T] lKpirrvEp Sa npsnei I1UAA.ov v ' corersuovrm. nOAAU KAamKu rrEtpUl1a'ta oru; q>umKt~ C1ttcr'tliI1E~, uno 'to ncipcuo 'tT]~ «crq>aipa~ nou KUAUCt» rou raAtAaiou Kat I1£1"U, sivm o.n aKpl~w~ xrn rou Bivcoroxi, 8T]Aa8li, «evounpepooce; cm8ci;cl~ li rrpoKa'WpKnK£~ I1EA£'tc~» rrou £xouv tT] 8iJval1T] v' avoi;ouv vsoix; opisov'tc~ evopuorp; Kat EI;EPEUVT]crT]~ ... Fro rrapu8clYl1a, Ot \VUxoYAwcrcroAoyol ornv AI1EptKi] f:XOUV rnv 'tucrT] va I1EA£1"OUV 0Xl 'to rrw~ cruAAal1~uvolJV ru 1tat8lU OAoKAT]pa AEt'tOupytKU «YAwcrmKu rratxvi8ta» aAAu nepiccorepo 'to rrw~ 8al1uSOUV r«; l8taitEPE~ ypal1l1anK£~ O\VEt~ tT]~ YAwcrcra~, rr·x· 'tT] xpi]crT] rou I1tAAOV'tO~ Xpovou. l'tO I1c'ta;u rroAAoi Sunxot VWPOAOYOl £Xouv 70 aoxoATJO£i J.lE TlI; KAtVtKE~ StaTapaXE~ HOV £yKEq>aAtKWV AEtTOUpytWV OTOU~ EV1iAtKOU~ xwpi~ v ' aVapWTTJOOUV J.lE OO~apOTTJTa yta Tt~ lTpollyoullEvE~ avalTTUi;laKE~ SH:pyaoiE~ IlEOW TWV orroimv ThtE~ AEtTOUpyiE~ UpXtOav V' ovnnpocomeuovrot £yKEq>aAtKU KaTU rnv lTatStK1i llAtKia. Knvsvoc; OTTJ ~UOTJ S£V lTEtpallaTi~£Tat Kat SEV ypUq>Et, IT.X. IlE TTJ oo~apoTllTa lTOU TO sxnve 0 Aoupin, yta TOOO Staq>0PETtKU OEllaTa OlTW~ TO OUvSpOIlO TTJ~ aq>aoia~, Ot lTOAtTtOTtKt~ Staq>opE~ OTa 1l0VTEAa oUAAOytGIlWV, TJ StaVOTJTtK1i avulTTUi;TJ OTOU~ 1l0VO~UYWTt~OU~ StSuJ.lOU~ Kat TO omvouevo TTJ~ tStoq>ufa~ OTOU~ aptOJ.lllTtKOU~ UlTOAOytOIlOU~. lTllV lTpaYllaTtKOTllTa lTOAU AiYOt cuepucovoi \jIUXOAOYOt Oa OKEq>TOVTaV EOTW va KUVOllV KUTt TETtO. Kat lTUAt, ~A.tlTOVTU~ TO uno TTJ Mooxa, ot oucpucuvot \jIUXOAoyot ouivovrm va sivci lTOAwlltvOt - uno EAAEt\jlTJ EVO~ eupurcpou lTAatoiou lTOU va ETCtKEVTPWVETat OTOU~ tOTOPtKOlTOAtTtOTtKOU~ opoix; TTJ~ oup nepupopdc - OE SUO EVTOva cvnxpououevec q>tAOOOq>tKf:~ OEKTE~, 1i tS£OAoytKE~ q>aTpi£~, Kat OAOt TOU~ q>aivovTat va civet SEOIlWIlEVOt 11£ t n Ilta 1i TTJV UAATJ lTapuTai;TJ, eire TOU «tSWAtOIlOU» £iTE TOU «J.l11xavtOTtKOU UAl0J.l0U». AUTO~ eivm 0 AOyO~ lTOU ESooav TOOO AiYTJ ollJ.laoia OTO OTJIl£io lTOU 0 BtYKOTOKt Kat Ot OUVEPyUT£~ TOU ~p1iKav TOOO cnouduio, STJAaS1i TTJV nopetn Sio Tll~ o noinc 0 KOOIlO~ TWV «tSEWV» Kat 0 KOOIlO~ TWV «UAtKWV oporv- ~piOKOUV TO OUOtaOTtKU tGTOptKO OTJIlElO Evwo1i~ TOU~, IlE TTJV KOtV1i £VOWIlUTWOTJ OTTJ ~w1i TOU KUO£ lTatStoU, Gay alTOTn£Olla TTJ~ KOtVWVlKOlToiTJoTJ~ Kat TOU £KlTOAtTtOJ.lOU TOU . ... Knuio olluSa SEV Siver OTOV EKlTOAtTtOIlO Kat TTJV KOtVWVtKOlToiTJOTJ TTJV iSta OEWPTJTtK1i cnuncto lTOU TOU~ Sivouv Ot Prooot. Ot «tSWAtOTE~»ETCtlltvouv Ott dllaoTE uno TTJV apx1i lTOAtTtOTtKU ovro, Ot «IlTJxavtoTtKoi UAtOTE~» ~A.tlTOUV TOV EKlTOAtTtOIlO alTAW~ Gay Ilta nxouo aVTiSpaoll TTJ~ oixnccruce ~toAOytK1i~ Ila~ q>UOll~ OTl~ lTapaAAayt~ TWV UAtKWV KaTaOTUm;wv. Kat O:l~ Suo lTEPtlTTWOEt~, 11 OEWpTJTlK1i cnuccto TOU EKlTOAtTt0IlOU W~ tGTOptKOU onueiou EVWOTJ~ TWV «tSEWV» Kat TWV «UAtKWV optov- XUVETat lTOAU EUKoAa. AOYPIA:· Eva lTatSi lTOU aVTlAall~uvETat Eva UYVWOTO avTtK£iIlEVO xwpi~ va TO KaTavoIlU~Et, TO avTtAall~uv£Tat IlEOW UAAWV \jIUXtKWV AEt TOUpytcOV un ' 0, tt Eva~ Eq>TJ~O~ 0 onotoc EXEt SallUoEt TTJ YAwooa Kat avaAUEt Tt~ EtOEPXOJ.lEVE~ lTATJpoq>opiE~ J.lE TTJ ~o1iOEla AEKTtKWV EVVOtWV. To lTatSi lTOU nnoxr« TTJ ouv1iOna va ~yU~Et ouunepeouum uno Tt~ lTpOOWTCtKE~ TOU eunetpisq XPTJGtIlOlTot£i Staq>0p£TtKO cuorrjuo \jIUXtKWV IlEOWV Kat ~aoi~ETat OE Staq>opETtKO OUOTTJlla \jIUXtKWV AEtTOUPYlWV nrro svnv Eq>TJ ~O lTOU lTpaYllaTEUETat TTJV KUOE lTpui;TJ T11~ OUlllTEPtq>OpU~ TOU IlE KaVOVE~ lTOU i:xouv 0XTJJ.laTloT£i ouv alTOT£A.EOlla Tll~ KOtvWVtK1i~ TOU ElllTEtpia~. 71 H E1ttKpO:tTjaTj U~EaffiV evrumooerov a'tTjv 1tEpi1t'tffiaTj roo 1tatbtou avnKa8ia'ta'tat orov t~KI: H 8£ffipia tOU BlYKOtaKl yta ru; avm't£pf.e; nvsourmKte; A£lto\)pyif.e; paais£'taL os Suo \)1t08i:a£le;: on TJ \jIUXlKTJ Spuorrjpio- * A.P. t\OUPIa, Iltivca atnv iatopuot avd.71wc,1J rwv yvwartKwv (jlcpyaaIwv, £KIi. «Neonxu», M6axa, 1974, aLA. 22-24. 72 rnru xapaK'tTJPis£tat uno tTJ ~£OOAaPTJOTJ, Kat ort 01 \jIUX1Ki:e; A£l toupyi£e; rrpoi:Pxovtal uno bpaOtTJplo'tTJta TJ orroia iJmv apXlKa C~ffit£P1KTJ Kal «bla\jlUX1KTJ». 3£Klvmvme; nxo rnv apXTJ roo . EVYK£Ae;, o B1YKotOKl urrootTJPiS£l on TJ \jIuxoAoyia tOU av8pmrrou i:X£l i:va btaKPltlKO yvmplo~a TrOD rrTJya~cl urro to POAO tTJe; cpyaoiae; Kat 'tTJ XPTJOTJ Kat KaraOKWTJ cpyaAElffiV otTJV rrapaYffiYlKTJ Spnornptornrc. Auto to blaKpltlKO otOlXdo i:YK£ltat orov «llcOoAaPTJIli:vO» xapaKtTJpa tTJe; \jIUX1KTJe; bpaotTJplotTJrae; orov av8pffirro .. Eroi, OtTJ 8£ffipia roo B1YKO'tOK1, rn £pyaAEla Kat tn OTJllcia stvut 0lloAoya ~ta Kat rn buo paoisovml O£ Il£OOAaPTJnKTJ A£ltoupyia. H XPTJatllorroiTJoTJ OTJ~ElffiV (Ai:~£ffiV, OXTJ~atffiv, KArr.), bTJAabTJ TJ ~£tapaOTJ O£ ~£OOAaPTJtlKTJ bpaOtTJplo'tTJta, aAAas£l tTJ bO~TJ tTJe; \jIUXlKTJe; Spuornptornroz; 11£ tOV iblO rpoxo non TJ XPTJOTJ £pyaAElffiV aAAa~£l ne; Xl uovo rnv ovcopcooTJ tTJe; arrapXTJe; rtov \jIUXlKcilV A£lwupYlmv aAAU Kat HIV Karav6TJoTJ 'tTJe; Y£V1KTJe; nopsicc 'tTJe; avarrru~ TJe; roo nrouoo. H 10tOplKTJ rrpooi:YY10TJ tTJe; av8pmmvTJe; \jIUXTJe; i:XEl avarrtlJXOr:i cocouo ncprooorepo ora i:pya tou AEOVtl!:

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H o\)v£iSTJOTJ eivai ywha'l aAAu 110VO )l£ rnv svvotu rou on TJ atol1tKi) O\)vEiSTJOTJ Ssv Ilrropd va \)1tUp~£t xffipie; tTjv xotvcovucn o\)v£iSTJoTJ Kat tTJ YAo>ooa, nou Sivoov to rrpaYl1anKo unoorprouo. Kntu tTJ AEltO\)pyia tTJe; \)AtKi)e; 1tapaYffiyi)e;, ot uvElpffirrol 1tapuyo\)v £rrioTJe; tTJ YAo>ooa, nou S£v sivot 110VO Eva opyuvo emxoivrovicc aAAu sivm £rrioTJe; Kat I1ta arroEli)KTJ svvoidiv noo EXOUV rrapaxElEi uno rnv KOt vrovin. 74 H rraAaton:PTJ \jIuxoAoyia El£wpou> roue, 0 BtYKOtOKt otpa> rou rralDtoU «DOIl£itat» Etm orrc.oe; Soueirm, AOYW nov «noxrncrucororopucrov o\)vElT)Kffiv" IlEOa o ru; onoisq i;;£l). Auro nou ~£KivT)O£ v' aVaKaAU\jl£t 0 BlYKOtOKt TJtav to rrffie; O\)Vt£AOUVtat a\)tEe; Ol aAAaYEe; Kat rrOt£e; UAA£e; Y£VlKOt£p£e; A£lto\)pyi£e; arraoxoAouV. Knro tT) DtKTJ roo yvffillT), Scv paoii;;ovtat pEpata OUt£ rruvw crnv wpillavoT) 1l0VO aAAU OUt£ rruvw ern DT)lltoupyia £~aptffill£vwV avtavaKAaOrtKffiv 1l0VO. Ki uxouu nsptccorspo, oa i], mo oUYKCKpllli:va, «Ano nou«; unoIjIEle; ... IlrrOPOUIlE va 8EwPOUIlE to "vonun" KUrrOlO\) OPO\) i] i:K: H EVOWIlUTW0T) W\) vorumro.; OTT)V svvotn slvut Illa rrOAl) lDlaiTCpT) Kat IjI\)XOAOYlKU oootnorucq AElTO\)Pyia T) onoto DCV aival Ka80AO\) uurouurr] i] o nvuiuiu. H ETrlOTT)1l0VlKi] IjI\)XoAoyia YVWpiSEl aUTi] TT) AEl toopvio 1l0VO one; lDlaiTCpCe; EKDT)AWOEle; TT)e;: o ro i]mv svo EiDOe; ltv£lJllaTlKi]e; rrpu~T)e; Dtas£lJYIli:VT)e; oxo r«; eucovec i] TT)V ollLAia. Fliorsonv on i]tav T£A£iwe; rrAi]PTJs nptv uno onoruorprots svopp8TJ i:K uno TT)V apxi] Kat uvrunuvrn (J ami] tT)V \)rro8£0T) 11£ TT) Oi:OT) TO\) mrvro OTT)V rrcpirrAOKT), lOtOPlKU npocoioptolli:VT) ffivl:tat KatU rnv nopsto tTJC; KOlVffiVtKTJC; Kat totOptKTJC; avurrtu~TJC; ouv arrOtEAEo~a rou POAOU rov orcoio rraisEt TJ YAffiooa OtTJv KOlVffiVtKTJ ioropio tTJC; av8pffirrotTJrac;. Aun»; aivm 0 AOYOC; TrOD TJ OKE'VTJ, TJ orroia oro rrpffita otubta tTJC; toropiuc TJrav TJ ibta ~ta OUYKEKPt~EVTJ bpaotTJptotTJta, TrOD ~OVO npyorspu EytVE ~ta ou~rrUKVffi~EVTJ, !:(Jffi'tEptKTJ btEpyaoia, OEV unopei va 8EffipTJ8d ouv apxtKTJ «rrVEU~anKTJ» rrpu~TJ. H OKE'VTJ EXEt tTJ btKTJ tTJC; KOtVffiVtKTJ io ropin, YAWOatKEC; piSEC; Kt svuv EVEPYO xapaKtTJpa j.lEooAaPTJtTJ yta tTJ yvffioTJ. 3EKtvffivtac; un ' aUtEC; o'ttC; OKE'VEtC;, 0 BtYKOtOKt rrpoorr&.8TJoc v' uvnvvropicst Eva xivntpo nou va rrpoffi8Ei Ku8E OKE'VTJ Kat OUv8EtTJ KataoKWTJ rrou uno KOVtU unopei va outvsttn '(IlTJ EtKOVtKTJ» Kat «IlTJ AEKttKTJ», aAAU no» OtTJV rrpay~attKOtTJta eivui arrdpwc; TrW OUV8EtTJ aKptpffic; ErrEtbTJ TJ iDta TJ OKE'VTJ urropai va 8EffipTJ8d uovo ouv 'VUXOAOytKTJ cvornto IlE KOlVffiVtKTJ rrpOEAWOTJ. Axouo Kat TJ rraparrUVffi avtiATJ'VTJ, Katu tTJV orroia TJ OKE'VTJ E~q>avisErat ~Eoa uno ~ta OtabtaKTJ ou~rrUKVWOTJ Kat AEKttKTJ Spno rnpiornro otpall~EVTJ soorrcpucd, unovost on TJ ~Era~opq>ffiOTJ tTJC; OKE'VTJC; OE ypa~lltKTJ olltAia bEV sivut U~EOTJ aAAu ~EOOAaPdtat Kat OUVErrUYEtat svov Evbt&.~EOO KpiKO, svov nrrupnttrrro IlTJxavtO~o yta va uAorrotTJ8Ei TJ 8EOTJ tOU BtYKOtOKt on «TJ OKE'VTJ rrpay~atffivEt roy suuro tTJC; otTJ Ai;~TJ». 1:u~q>ffiva Ill: rov BtYKOtOKt, TJ «EOffitEptKTJ o~tAia» sivor 0 m)vbEO~OC; IlEra~U tTJC; nporrovevoi«; «OKE'VTJC;» Kat tTJC; UoratTJC; E~WtEPtKTJC; Evap8PTJC; EKq>paOTJC;· H EOffitEPtKTJ OlltAia, autoc; 0 arrapaitTJtoc; OUVDEO~OC; o rnv nopsta tTJC; E~EAt~TJC; tTJC; OKE'VTJC; OE EKq>paOTJ, bEV E~tOwvorav uno tOV BtYKOtOKt ~E rnv «OlltAia ~E roy scuro» TJ IlE rnv «O~tAia XffipiC; TJXo» rcou Surrnpet OAEC; ru; ypa~l1attKEC; ~Opq>EC; tTJC; ypa~lltKTJC; E~ffitEPtKTJC; o~tAiac;. H «olltAia IlE tOV suuro» bcv 8a IlrrOPOUOE va EXEt KalltU 'VUXOAOytKTJ AEltOupytKOtTJta. ArrAffic; 8a btTrAaoiasE to Xpovo tTJC; DtaIlOPq>ffiOTJC; tTJC; E~ffitEPtKTJC; ypa~lltKTJC; o~tAiac; Kat bEV 8a npootpspc xnvsvn q>ffiC; o rn ()tEpyaoia tTJC; YEVEOTJC; tTJC; o~tAiac;. H EOffitEPtKTJ O~tAia, orrffiC; tTJV EVVOOUOE 0 Bryxorcrct, EXEt rrOAU btaq>OpErtKTJ bO~TJ Kat f.KtEAEl rrOAU oaq>dc; AEtroUpyiEC; TrOD btaq>EpOlJV Kat uno tTJ OKE'VTJ Kat uno tTJV E~ffitf.PtKTJ o~tAia. . 79 · Eva uro~o 1WU EXEt ~tav avtiATj\jlTj rnv onoto eEAEt va eEaEt oe axi]~a YAffiaatKi]<; EKUatKU, Aomov, ro ElE~a tTj<; EKH. Auri] Tj EaffitEptKi] o~tAia, u~op~KI: H \jIuxoAoyia oTJjlf:pa aoxoA£iwt OAO Kat nsprcOOT£PO 11£ £IlTr£tptKEe; Il£Ah£e; nnpu 11£ 9£roPTJTtKo. eporniuuro Kat 0TJllaD£U£Wt llo.AAOV uno ruosu; DtatAocroq>ia.· OJlW~ 11 anairllcrll rtou npo~aAE 0 Bryxo roxt crXEHKa JlE rll YEVIKiJ \jIuxoAoyia, 0l1AaoiJ utu EIOIKtl JlEeOooAoyia crUYKEKP1Jli:vll~ \jIUxoAoYIKtl~ i:pwva~, OEV i:XEl oxouu uvnucrmmorst cnapKffi~. Eoffi EIOIKa apJlOsEl 11 KplrtKiJ rou Bryxoroxt navro crrll eErtKlcrrtKtl Iota o n 11 xpior] ornv \jIuxoAoyia unopsi va ~EnEpacrrd JlE rll 06Jlllcrll Jlta~ uuo rnpd EJlnElpIKtl~, «Xropi~ nporuosic» EmcrriJJlT]~ 11 onoiu anoq>EuYEl roy JlEeOOOAOYIKO «olaAoYlcrJlO», xrn nou EYKaraAEinEl rt~ npocrnaeEtE~ va xorovoncei ro AOYo xrn rnv to ropucr] uoipu rll~. 0 Bryxo roxt uvcospcnn crnv nporucn o n rtnoro OEV unopsi va ~YEI uno rll crUyK parT] crT] . MiAllcrE usruoopucc yta OUO runou~ ouornudtrov rtou Otaq>i:pouv «ern crracrT] roue anEvaVH orn JlEeOOOAOYIKiJ paxoKoKaAla nou rt~ crrT]piSEt». H JlEeOooAoyia stvut ono»; T] crnovouAtKiJ crrtlAll oro sffio. Ta anAa sffia, ono»; ru orpaiotu, EXOUV E~rocrKEAEro, Xropi~ 010 ro Ki:Auq>o~ roue, yivovnn utn aJlopq>l1 Jlasa. Fur ru uvdrrspu sffia, 0 EvoocrKcAEro~ npocospet EcrrorEpIKiJ unocrriJpt~T]. 0 O"1lJlaVrtKO~ cuspixovo.; \jIuxoA6yo~ M. KErA, KAEivovra~ ro 90 81Eevi:~ l:uvi:opto '¥UxoAoyrov oru; HnA, eins on T] \jIuxoAoyia sivut uic rspccrnu Jli:ooucra rtou ea rT]~ XPllcriJlwav «usptxc KOKaAa». l:uJlq>rova JlE roy Bryxoroxi, T] Jlap~tcrnKtl q>lAocroq>ia ea unopouos va npocospst roy uvdrtspo runo JlEeOOOAOYIKtl~ opyavrocrT]~, Jlla~ opyavrocrT]~ nou OEV crUVOi:E-ral E~rorEptKa JlE ro crffiJla rT]~ EmcrriJJlT]~ aAAa npooeepst svo o'rspso crrtl plYJla yta ru; npooooix; rT]~ JlE 06JlT]crll urto ru JlEcra . . Exouv yiVEl nOAAi:~ aAAayi:~ orn q>ucrT] xut rll JlOpq>iJ rll~ \jIuxoAoyia~ ru rCAwraia nsvnvr« XpOVta. YnoKAlVOJlEVll oru; Em-raYE~ rT]~ 1[paKnKtl~, i:XEl f.lcr~aAEl JlE OPJliJ orou; napaoocrtaKOU~ Xffipou~ Kat EXEl EtcrXWpiJcrEl crE nOAAoiJ~ vsou; roueiq nou nopo civet oucrKoAo va EnonrWeouv. Ot crUVOEcrEl~ rll~ Kal Ot aAAT]AEmopacrEt~ rll~ JlC aAAc~ EmcrrtlJlE~ - q>UcrlKE~, xorvcivucsc Kat Eq>aPJlocrJli:vE~ - tXOlJV cuvetotpspst ornv Eni:Kracrll Kat npoooo rll~ aAAa i:xouv EnicrT]~ KaraAtl~El crnv napanEpa Otaq>oponoillcrtl rT]~ os rousiq nou xavouv rn JlEra~U roue crUVOEcrT]. H Em tUxia rrov olEmcrrllJloVtKffiv JlcAErffiv, 11 cnuuoiu rrov onoioiv eivui q>avEpiJ, cruXva 0l1JllOuPyEi uiu napaoo~l1 Karacrracrll crnv \jIuxoAoyia: JlEPIKi:~ q>OPE~ tva~ crUYKEKP1Jli:VO~ KAaoo~ rll~ \jIuxoAoyia~ eivut mo creve crlJVOEJli:VO~ JlE uio crXErtKtl (JlT] \jIUXOAOYIKtl) EmcrrtlJlT] napa JlE aAAou~ roustc rT]~ \jIUXOAOYIKiJ~ yvfficrT]~ auriJ~ KaeWurtl~. l:iJJlEpa, ru ouvopn rT]~ \jIuxoAoyia~ OEV stvm JlOVO mo nAana aAAa Kat eoAa. H JlEeOooAoytKtl anpocrc~ia uvunoocuxru oOT]yd os «cruyxucrT] rrov opoiv», xm Jlla Kat T] YAfficrcra Kat 11 crKE\jIll stvoi axffiptcrrE~, o mv . 82 au~avOIlEvll orsrpornre rlle; rEAWraiae;. 1:uxvli ouvuvrcus ouvoucouou; avououov xorcoxeixov onou, crullq>rova 1110 rnv KaucrnKti napartiPllcrll rou B1YKOrcrK1, «11 oupu rou EVOe; ouorriuuroc sivut cruvOEIlf:Vll 1110 ro KEq>UA1 rou UAAOU, K1 f:XOUV ro orouu xcnoroo rpiroc avullEcru roix;». 8avEit;ovrm crrOlxda Y1' uurou; roue; ouvdoaouoi»; uno UAAOUe; roustc: KU~EpvllnKti Kat xotvcovtoxoyiu, rll Bsropiu rlle; Ail'Vlle; anoq>ucrErov Kat rnv avepronollErpia. MEp1Kf:e; q>opf:e; crq>payit;£rat anAroe; uuro 1110 rll llay1Ki) Af:~TJ «ouornuu» Kat Eq>oOlut;Erat 11' svc q>avraxrEpo llaellllanKo ll11xav1crllo crXEOtacrllf:VO va Soosi uiu qxnvoIlEV1Kti covsnsrc, E1tlcrrllIlOV1Ki) ouvallll Kat aKpi~Eta os utu cruAAoyti srepoyevrov orot XEiroV. H EKrErallf:vll XPi)crll rlle; rExvoAoyiae; roiv unoxoyrortov E~acrq>aAit;E1 rllv aurOllarll £nE~Epyacria trov nstpcuurucrov OEOOIlf:vrov Kat avaKouq>it;E1 ro lluaAO rou Emcrrtillova uno rte; AElLoupyiEe; pourivoc, Sivovnn; roo rnv WXf:pta y1a avat;tirllcrll vseov npo~Allllurrov Kat AiJosrov. AAAU uuro q>f:PVE1 xovrc roy Kivouvo 1l1ae; «EpamrExv1Ktie; npocrf:YY1crlle; crnv Emcrri)llll» crnv onoiu avnruxellKE ~ima 0 B1YKorcrK1 uvcospouevoc crrll crspeorunn XPi)crll trov rExv1Krov IlEeoorov Kat crXESicrv, uiu rucrll uovorovrp; avanapayroyi)e; uurtov nov Il£eoorov xropie; OtaPKi) KPlL1Ki) rrov EW01roV, a01uKonll IlEeOOOAOY1Ki) spyuoiu Kat £~ovuX1crnKti E~f:racrll yta va E~aKp1~rocrE1 av 01 neipuuurucoi lla8tluurucoi Il11Xav1crllOi XPllcr1llonowuvrat Y1a v ' anavrlleoUV sporrnosu; nou sivca uno rnv apxi) Aaveacrllf:VEe;. H au~avollEvll Eniopacrll rrov lOEroV roo B1YKorcrK1 avu roy KOcrj.10 oq>EiAErm oro ycyovoe; on ElXE uic mo ~ae1U avriAll\j111 rrov npaYIlUrrov an' 0, rt UAA01 rlle; Enoxtie; rou, aq>ou ElXE ~EKlVi)crE1 uno rllllap~lcrnKti Bsropiu, crXELtKU uc rnv toropucn nopcin Kat rucrE1e; crnv \j1uxoAoyia. Auto q>aivErm Kaeapu oro aVf:KOOrO f:PYo rou H /(JTOP1KIj onuaaia tnt; IfIVXOAOY1KIje; xpiam;" ro onoto E~Erut;£l IlEYUAll YKUlla Booixtov npo~Allllurrov rlle; OOIli)e; Kat rlle; ouvaIl1Ki)e; 0X1IloVO rlle; \j1UXOAOY1Ktie; yvrocrlle; aAAU Kat rlle; Emcrrllllov1Ki)e; yvrocrlle; YEVtKU ce crucrXf:ncrllllE rll q>tAOcrOq>lKti yvrocrll. 1:' uuro ro XE1poypaq>0, nou ypuq>rllKE npiv uno uioo nuovu, 0 cruyypaq>f:ae; q>aivcrat va cruAAoyit;crat Eprori)llara ru onoiu rtopu ~picrKovrm oro smxevrpo roiv oxsursrov uutrov nou IlEAEroiJV rtopo \j1uxoAoyia, q>lAocroq>ia Kat rnv toropiu rlle; Emcrri)Il11e;· 01 IlcAcrllrf:e; nou sivut ullEcra ouvdsusvor 1110 r qv emornuovucn IlEAtrll rou avepronou Ka1 Lte; aAAayte; rou yvropit;ouv nsptooorspo uno KUeE UAAOV rnv avuYKll ytn Ilia KP1rtKti avuAucrll otaq>oprov crro1XElroV, UnOef:crErov, euncipucov YCViKEUcrEroV, Kat yw rnv E~UAE1\j111 rrov * To XElpoypaq>o auto, ltOll ypaq>t'lKC to 1926, altapti1;ctal uno 250 OaKtlJAoypaq>'l~tVl:C; OCAiocc; Kat ltEplAa~paVEtal crov npdrro rouo tWV E1tlAEy~tVWV cpyoiv toll BlYKOtOKI (UltO tKOOO'l alto tiC; EKOOOCIC; "DCvtaYKoYKIKa»). 83 «uouosuov» o rr] yvwcrTj. M' aurti rnv svvotu IlEyaAWVEt crtillEpa Tj a~ia rrov i:pyrov rou Bryxo roxt. H npouvooepousvn spyuoiu Kaiaypaq>Et rnv avanw~Tj roo Bryxoroxi nporoo smvonosr svc orspso smornuoVtKO npoypuuuu ytn rnv speuvc rou ~acrtcrlli:vo navro o rnv noxrnonxotoroptxn ti svopvuvn avriAll\j1ti rou, ~ullq>rova 11' aurti rnv avriATj\jlTj, Tj oouAta ron \jIuxoAoyou stvm va IlEAErticrEt ru opyuvn (EpyaAda, cnusta) Ili:crro roiv onoirov «q>UcrtKi:e;» \jIUxtKi:e; otEpyacriEe; yivovrat noxrno-nxsc, Kat E~rorEptKi:e; AEt'tOupyiEe; eccorepucsuovrm yta va q>rta~ouv ro «tOtocrKEuacrlla» nou cruvtieroe; eEropEirat nroe; stvci ro nrouo Kat 0 avanaAAorpiroroe; unOKEtIlEVtKOe; rou xoouoc, H «\jIuxoAoytKti YEvwAoyia» roo Bryxoroxi i:XEt r«; pisEe; rTje; o ' auri:e; rte; tOi:Ee;. Kuru napaoocrTj, EIlq>aviSovrat crnv npwrTj crEAioa roo Xpovt KOU rlle; crxoA tie; rou, . Ouo»; upxei va crrpaq>oUIlE npoc ro uvsxooro i:pyo rou navro ornv xpicn o rnv \jIuxoAoyia yta va OOUIlE ru npaYllara Karro uno Otaq>0pEnKo q>roe; Kat v ' avaKaAuljloullE roy rspco no OYKO IlEeoooAoytKtie; oouAtae; nou npoTjytieTjKE rrov EtOtKWIli:vrov E1ttcrrTjIlOVtKWV E1ttrwYllarrov 1110 ru onoto cpyorspu cruvoi:eTjKE ro ovouo rou Brvxoroxi, 0 Bryxoroxi 0 q>tAocroq>oe;, 0 IlEeoooAoyoe; rTje; E1ttcrrtiIlTje; nponopEUellKE rou Bryxoroxt rou IlEAErTjrti rrov avwrEprov\jluxtKWV AEnoupytwV, rou oTjlltoUpyou rTje; noxrnonxotoropucrp; avriATjIjlTje; crnv \jIuxoAoyia, Kat Tjyi:rTj Iltae; uno ne; IlEyaAiJrEpEe; cro~tErtKi:e; crxoAi:e; \jIuxoAoyiae;. Etouxouofhpcs 0 naAtOrEpOe; Bryxorcxr; Evro to XEtpoypaq>o rou i:IlEtVE avi:Kooro, OEV unapXEt allq>t~oAia on ot toi:Ee; rou XPTjcrtllonottieTjKav. Mnopsi Kavde; va avaq>i:pEt Kt aAAa npo qvouusvu crnv to'ropiu onou toi:Ee; nou npOTjytieTjKaV rTje; Enoxtie; roue; ypaq>rTjKav os xapri aAAa nupsuetvcv ayvrocrrEe; ornv E1ttcrrTjllovtKTt xorvornru ysvucc. Ot avi:KoorEe; crTjIlEtwcrEte; roo Asovcpvro vru Bivrot Kat ru crXOAlU roo Nrtvrspo onou uvurpsrret r«; ei:crEte; roo EA~i:nou Iltivco (JTOV dv()pW1[o, sivci EvOtaq>i:povra vroxoousvru IlEyaATje; npojvexrnKtie; a~iae; ai-Aa OEV Eixav Kallta emppon navro crnv nvwllanKti cruoccctpo rTje; Enoxtie; roue.' Ouo»; OEV IlnoPOUIlE va noous ro ioto yta ru XEtpoypaq>a rou Bryxoroxt. 0 cruyypaq>i:ae; nEpnptyuptSorav uno cruvaO£Aq>OUe; onuoou; rTje; vi:ae; \jIuxoAoyiae; Kat uno nOAAoue; llaeTjri:e;. 8EV unapXEt allq>t~oAia on roue; ota~i~acrE ru; nporcosu; uurou rou uvsxooroo UAtKoU. Toix; IlEri:OrocrE rnv avriATj\jlti rou Kat rqv avaAucrti roo yta rTj q>ucrTj rTje; smo rnuovucrp; yvwcrTje;, Kat uuro i:OOcrE rTj IlEeOooAoyia no» crrtipt~E rTj IlEri:nEna opacrrTjptorTjra rTje; crxoAtie; rou, H suneipiu rou Brvxoroxi sivut svu napaOEtYlla yt ' uuro rtou rwpa ea ovollaSallE cruAAoytcrlloi navro ornv ioropio rTje; E1ttcrrtiIlTje;, nou nponvouvrui rTje; otKo06IlTjcrTje; EVOe; Bsrtxou crucrrtillarOe;. Eivui svo dooe; «KpntKtie; rou IjIUxoAoytKOU AOYou», aAAa utu xprnxr] nou 84 «uxnvovpmpci- ro UJrOptKO ron uovomrn Kat aVaAUCt npaYllanKa 8d)01li:va. Eivui uurovonro on E8w ru 8E8olli:va i:xouv aAAll crllllacria an' o.n ru 8E8olli:va ern cruv1l8tcrlli:vll EllnEtptKiJ smcrnun. 0 BtYKO,crKt rovics on ~CKtVOUcrE ano rnv avaAucrll 8c8olli:vrov «E~atPEnKa YEVtKOU xapaK,t'jpa, ono»; yta napa8EtYlla, i:vae; t8tai-rEpoe; ,unoe; \jIuxoAoytKOlJ oucrriuuroc, ot ,acrCte; Kat 11 uoipu 8taq>oprov 8EroptWV, 8taq>0pEe; 1li:8080t yvwcrlle;, Emcr'llIlOVtKt'je; m~tVOllllcrlle; Kat 8taypallIla,rov, KAn.» Kat on 8f.V ru E~t-raSE ano AOY1KiJ, aq>llPlllli:vll ano\jlll aAAa «cuv opiorucu 8E8olli:va o rnv roropio 'lle; Emcr,t'jlllle;, ouv ouvxexpurevu, srov,ava icroptxc YEyovom 1110 ne; ,acrne; roue, apPllxru ouvosuevu usou orn llaXll, onou pIJ81lisouv cruvEXwe; ro svu ro ano ... cr'll yvrocrtaKt'j-8EroPllnKt'j roue; ouotu, 811Aa8iJ ooov aq>opa rnv uvnororyiu roue; us 'llv npaYllanKo'llm nou sivat q>naYIlf.Va va C~llYt'jcroUV». Me '11 Ai:~ll 8E8olli:va EVVOOUcrE qxnvousvo nou acrxoAouvrut IlC rnv avamu~ll 'lle; Emcr,t'jlllle; roe; EVOe; crucr,t'jllaroe; Et8tKOU ,UnOIJ. Msou o ' ouro ro nAaicrto, ru 8E8olli:va YlVOV,at 8EroPllnKi:e; f.VVOtEe; nou ouvosovrm 1110 rnv aKlliJ Kat napaKIlt'j OAoKAllProv crIJcr'lllla,rov 10 mcrnuovt KWV aA 118EtWV, 1110 Ka-racr,acrEte; K picnc, KAn. Terroo d80ue; «usru-Scoouevc- urturrouv 8taq>opf.nKi:e; 8EropiEe; nno ru; crUYKEKptlli:vEe; cmornuovixc; 8EroplEe;. 0 Bryxoroxi ro YVWptSE nOAu KaAa uuro orov i:ypa\jlc yta rnv Emcr'llIlOVtKt'j IlCAt-rll 'lle; i8tae; 'lle; Emcr,t'j1111 e;. 8f.v 8a t'j,av unEp~oAt'j va noullE on 0 8taAoytcrlloe; navro o rnv Emcr,t'jllll YEVtKa, utu ioropucn npocrtYYtcrll crnv avaAucrll trov npo~Alllla,rov 'lle; AoytKt'je; Kat 'lle; Ilc8080Aoyiae; 'lle; yvwcrlle;, t'j,av unupuimrn npouno8ccrll yta ro IlE,i:nEt1p i:pyo rou BtYKO,crKt. o BtYKO,crKt 8EV npoxwPllcrE uno anpiopt E~E,acrEte; yta ro n 8a unopoucs vn sivut YEVtKa 11 Emcr,t'jJlll 'lle; \jIuxoAoyiae; aAAa uno Ilta 8tEtcr8unKt'j IlEAt-rll rtov io ropucc au8EvnKwv uoporov 1110 ne; orrotsc 11 8uva'O'llm amt'j npaYlla,wvEmt. Ttu KElVOV, 11 ioroplo civet svo rspccmo f.pyacr,t'jpto, svo ytyavnaio nEtpallanKO otK0801l11lla onou 8oKtllaSoV,at un08i:crEte;, 8cropiEe; Kat crxoAi:e;. Ilptv xcrumucrrst 1110 rnv nEtpallanKt'j \jIuxoAoyia, ~u8icr'llKc oru; EpyacriEe; ourou rou spyuornpiou. Ilporou nrrpet ouv uvrucsiusvo 'lle; IlEAi;'l1e; rou '11 crKi:\jIll Kat rnv OlltAia rrov mn.Suov, E~i:mcrE rou; xopnou; 'lle; 8tavoTjnKt'je; Spuornptorrrn«; o rnv ucrm'll EK8t'jArocrt'j 'lle;, '11 80Ilt'j 'lle; emcrnuoVtKt'je; yvwcrlle;. Tov 0811Youcrc 11 noAU yvrocr,t'j llap~tcrnKt'j 8i:crll on ot nOAu avan,uYIli:Vf.e; Ilopq>i:e; 8ivouv tva KAEt8i ytu rn llucrnKa roiv cr,otXEtro8wv uopqxov, Fur napa8EtYlla, cine on 11 H~ll stvut ro «i:Jl~PUO 'lle; f.mcr-rt'jlllle;»· . Ouo»; 8EV 1lf.Ai;'TjcrE au,t'j rnv EIl~puaKt'j 1l0pq>t'j aAAa tll AEtroupyia rou emornuovucoo opou, tll Ai:~ll noo i:q>EPC ro IlEyaAu,cpo onucotnxo ~apoe;. ME tOY i8to rpono, avaq>i:p- 811KE oro 8i:lla ron «KUKAOU avnAt'j\jlErov Kat yEyovo,rov rtou EVtcrxuouv r«; avnAt'j\jlf.te;», os crXi:crll Jlf. rnv c~tAt~ll TTje; EmcrTt'jlllle;. Ana 85 upyo rspu 11 oxomn roo UAAa~E Kat ru CUpiIlW,U rou nuvro oro ucocposmnsoo oOt'jYllcrav crnv E~t'jYllcrll roo crXllllancrlloU EVVOtWV ano ru natOtu. Tn crucr'lllltKt'j avuAucrll 'll~ crunOYtKt'j~ Emcr'llIlOVtKt'j~ crKtljlll~ aKoAouOllcrE uio OEropia nuv(J) cr'll crucrtlllltKt'j OOIlt'j 'll~ a-rolltKt'j~ cruvdollcrll~. Tn crlJYKptcrll rrov emomuovucrov avnAt'jIjlF.rov IlE ru F.pyaAda F.pyacria~, rtou Kat ru OllO unopouv va yivouv anaPXatrolli:va, aKOAou{hlcrc II EvoPyavllljIUxoAoyia IlE Tll Otcrll Tll~ on ru EpyaAda aivat usoo Ka-ravollcrll~ TOU xoouoo Kat Ka,acrKWt'j~ Ilta~ Ecrro'EPtKt'j~ -roll sucovoc . . OAE~ Ot BacrtKt~ cprott'jm:t~ 'll~ yvrocrtaKt'j~ opacrTll ptornrcc, II crxtcrT] Ilc,a~lJ OEroPllnKwv Kat eunsipucrov W:AE'WV, IlEra~U At~T]~ Kat svvoiuc, Ot rpcrtot xpt'jcrT]~ rrov svvouov ro~ EtOtKWV «cpyaAdrov» nou Ka,aAt'jyouv cs aAAayi:~ oro m:ptEXOIl£vo roo uvnxstusvou, 11 npU~T] Kat to OtavollnKo 'll~ cvrtororyo, OAa au,u £~nucrOllKav npdrm oro nAaicHO 'T]~ E~EAtcrcrOIlEvT]~ smornuovocrp; yvwcrT]~. Movo utpou E~E,ucrTT]KaV avai:pcl va Kamnt'jcrcl T] npollyotJIlEVll vtsrcputvrcrtKt'j q>UcrtKt'j ljIuxoAoyia*. NT ABINTOcI>: Mur Ev8taIAocroq>ia. I'i ' aUTO, onox; i:ypaljlc 0 i8LO~ 0 BtYKc)TcrKI, rimv unapo irnro va 8llIlLO\JPyt'jCJEt i:va IjIUXOAOytKO avuAoyo rou Kcoasaiou: Kt EVW to tpyo TOl) Map~ £iX£ unon,Ao Mia KPITlKr, navco atnv lloAlwa; otxovouia, Xpt;ta!,;oTav Twpa va 800d ilia Il£OOOOAOYIKt'j xpt TlKt'j rll~ EITlCJTl1Il0VIKt'jC; ljIuxoAoyiac;. nOAAOi uvOpronol ciXav rsrto CJxi:8la tK£lVT] rnv tnoXt'j. 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Erot , ot epwvllri::e; 7[pt7[Et va Bpoov oXt uiu ore nxn, uovoourororr; Ocropt«, anu rll ouValltKt'j crXtcrll IlEra~U rlle; «Erre~llYllllanKt'je; apxt'je; Kat rou nvnxstuevou rrou IlEA.ErUrat». l:ullq>rova IlE roy Bryxorcxi, 11 j.!EOOOOA.OytKt'j avuAucrll o rnv '!'uX0A.oyia sivnt OpOIlOe; O\7[A.t'je; KarEuO\Jvcrlle;. _ Flproru, 7[pi::7[Et KavEie; va 7[poxropt'jcret a7[0 roy \J7[upxovra EVVOtOA.OytKO ll11xavtcrllo, E10tKorEpa a7[0 r«; 1l0VUbEe; rlle; aVUA.ucrlle;, npo; rnv unouovoxm rlle; E7[E~ llYllllanKt'je; apxt'je; Kat Ileru nioto, E~erut;ovrae; 01.0 ro uovomrn a7[0 ro 07[0io 11 q>tA.OcrOq>tKt'j svvotu vivsnn E7[E~llyT]llanKt'j apxt'j ornv '!'uX0A.OytKt'j OEropia Kat uvunrixroovror; uurrtv m OEropia IlE j3ucrll rll Of.Oolli::VT] E7[E~llYllllartKt'j apxt'j. 0 87 BtYKOtO"Kl a1toKUAEO"E aun'! ullli:8080 «AOYtK010"-roptKti» O"E aVTi8EO"'l IlC t nv «tU1ttKOAOytKrl ». H E7totK0801l'lttKti' 7tAWpa aUttie; t'le; Jlf:8080u O"UViO"TaTat O"TO Ott 0 BIYKOtO"Kt a7ti:8£t~E rnv avuYK'l va otK0801l118d svc \jIUXOAOytKO O"llO"T'llla O"E i5uirpopa (Jrdi5ra. ro Ku8c O"tabto 8E V' a7t0IlOVWVCtat Kat va nspi ypaq>Etat AE7tTOIlCpci)e; (O"UIl7tEptAall~avoIlEvrov O"ta8irov 7tOll ot 7tEptO"O"OtEPOt \jIlJXOAoyot tlle; C7tOxtie; ron a7tAWe; bEV 7tpoO"Exav tOTE). H tvvota roiv 7tOAAa7tAWV O"ta8irov tiTav O"TEva O"uv8CIltVll IlE rnv avuYKll va ~pc80uv !1wd(ovw; «pitcot 7tOU O"uv8tovtat IlCTa~U roix; uno (JI)v8EtEe; O"xto"Ete;, Kat t8taitEpa YEVEttKte;. AUTti 11 YEVtKti apxij 08tiYllO"E O"E uiu o"Etpa cnucvnxrov ouunspcoudrcov. npWTO, 0 8po1l0e; rtpoq rnv oncooouncn uu«; llap~tO"ttKije; \jIUXOAOyiae; IlE ro ouvouuouo unouovcousvorv Oi:O"EroV 8taAEKttKOU UAtO"Il0U Kat ouyxsxpurevcov \jIllXOAOytKWV Bsropnov civet a8tt~080e;. 0 BtYKOtO"Kt t8Et~E Ott yta uiu Ttna O"uv8EO"ll tiTav a7tapaiT'l-rot «Ev8tUIlEO"ot O"UV8EO"Il0t». npoxropWVtae; uno rnv EYYEVti AoytKti Tlle; llap~tO"ttKtie; q>tAoO"oq>iae;, 7tpt7tEt xovstc va KataO"KElJaO"Et Ilta avtiO"totXll IlE8080- Aoyia Yia rnv \jIuxoAoyia Kat IlETa, aq>ou i:XEt C17tOIlOVWO"CI ilIa E7tE~llYllllaTlKij apxij, unopei v ' aVa7tTU~Et o"UYKEKptlli:VEe; 8EropiEe;. 8EUtEpO, aUTijll apxij Bpt811KE avnlltTro7tll IlE rnv I8ta on 11 \jIuxti tXEt uic O"UYKEKPIIli:vll llAtKti 8i:0"1l usco O"TO otouu, yta 7tapU8EIYlla, O"tOV EYKi:q>aAo. Ilupoxtvnoe rnv spsuvu yta Ilta EI8tKij Ev8tallEO"ll npuyuutucorrrru 11 onoia tmapXEt IlETa~U Tlle; t;rotie; Kat Tlle; avOpwmv'le; \jIuxtie;. Movo utu aVTiAll\jlll 7tOU 8a c~i:q>pat;E ilIa rsnu 7tpaYllattKOT'lLa 8a Il7tOpOUo"E va 8pUo"EI ouv utc E7tE~llYllllanKti apxij Ili:O"a ornv KaTllYoPIKti Il11Xavti Iltae; Il'l avayroytKtie; \jIUXOAOYIKije; 8Eropiae;. TtAoe;, 'l yEVIKt; apxti tOU BtYKOTO"Kl Uq>'lO"E tva unorunrouo OtO t;ijTlllla rtov Ilovaorov avuAuO"lle;. 1:E O"Xi:o'l 11' aUTO, ouXVU yivsrui uvuoopc O"T'lV 7tapaTtiPllO"'l TOU BtYKOTO"Kt on ot XllIlIKi:e; t8tOTllTEe; TOU VEpOU 8EV unopouv va IlEAET1l80uv IlE TO va 8tatpE8d 7tapa7ttpa O"E a8taipETa O"UO"TanKU, nrouu u8poyovou Kat o~uyovou (avaAuO"ll O"tOtXdrov). 0 BtYKOTO"Kt smusvst on 7tpi:7tEt KavEic; va ~PEt rnv EAUXIO"tll llovu8a 11 onoiu 8taTllPd r«; t8tOtllTEe; TOU O"UVOAOU, ro uopio VEPOU (bllAa8ij, avuAlloll Tlle; llova8ae;). Autti 11 aya7tlllli:vll nopouotoi- 0"11 TOU Bryxoroxt O"uvti8roe; Bsropeirut ouv Ilta i:v8El~1l t'le; E1tt8Ulliae; ron va EYKaTaAEl\jlEt Tll O"TOt XEtaKij avuAuO"ll Kat v ' avat; llttiO"Et ru; OAtKte; llova8Ee;. ilotoO"o, usou OTO 7tAaiO"to ron oucmuiuroc rrov IlE8080AoytKwV ron a7to\jlcrov, 11 t8i:a TOU BtYKOTO"Kt yta Tllv avuYKlllltae; «llova8taiae; avuAuO"lle;» EIlq>avit;ETat IlE btaq>OPETlKO q>roe; .. H rev amij 11 t8i:a 7tOU TOV 08ijYllo"E va EyKataAEl\jlCt rnv 7tEpiq>llllllll1ttXEBwptO"TlKt; q>0PIlOUAa «Ept8tO"lla-avTi8paO"ll') 11 onoio 7tpOU7t08i:tEt svcv UIlEO"O npoootoPtO"Il0 Kat va \jIa~Et yta tvav IlEout;ovTa O"UV8EO"Il0 yta va 800Et utu 88 l·u::8000AoYlKi} OUVOxi} 0111 8Eropia lOU. AUlO OOi}YllOE OlO lplllEpte; Oxi}lla lOU, 1110 svuv OUlllEcrO OUVOEOIlO non tXEl 111 1l0pq>ij lOU <<\jIUXOAOYlKOU EpyaAEiou», nou i}oll avaq>tp811KE EOW roe; llllEyaAU1Epi} lOU avaKaAu\vll: E10l, ouv tva AOYlKO anoltAEolla Oro01WV 111080001..0- YlKWV apxwv, Kali:All~E crnv lota llle; opaolllPlollllae; roe; EnE~llYlllla- nKije; apxi}e; llle; \VUXoAoYlKi}e; 8Eropiae;. . Llllv \VuxoAoyia KUptaPXOUOE 11 rumxn AOYlKij npiv Kat IlEla lOY BlYK010Kl. AUlO qxnvornv 010 oAa: one; avaAoyice; 1110 ru; q>UcrtKte; E1tlOli}Jlf:e; Kat lllv iOta rnv npootYYloll 010 ouvxexpiusv« \VUXoAoYlKa npo~Aijllala. H \VuxoAoyia llle; ayroyi}e; eivm tva sroVtaVO napaoElYlla. H lota on 11 yvwoll coroxrnrrn Iltoro llle; YEviKWolle; uno 10 OUYKEKPllltvo 010 aq>llPlllltvo stvor tva xapaKlllPlonKo napaoElYlla llle; lU1tlKije;-AOYlKije; Kal EllnElplKi}e; npootyytOlle; o rnv \VuxoAoyia. 0 BlYK010Kl avtlpf.\VE aUli} rnv npootYYloll oro 1930 1110 ro tpyo lOU navro OlO 0Xllllanollo rrov YEVlKEUOEC\>V .. EOEl~E on aUli} 11 npoocyYlOll OEV uvno roryoixss crnv npaYllanKi} \VuxoAoYlKi} olEPyaoia rrov YEVlKCUOCrov Kat np01ElVE on 11 OlaAEKnKi} AOYlKi} npocospe uin AUOll· nap' oAa curn, 11 laoll aUli} avanlux811KE npaYllanKa crnv \VuxoAoyia IlEla 10 ' 60, npoxropWVtae; uno KCl rtou orcuurncs sxetvoc Kat Kalro ano rnv allEOll smppor] rtov lOEWV lOU. Tropu, Ollroe;, yivorcv 1110 Baoll svuv nEpinAOKO ll11xaVl. nOAAoi rousu; llle; E1tlOlijlllle; Bptcxovrca nopc Et(Ei nou ~PlOKOtaV one; apxee; llle; OEKaEllae; lOU ' 60 11 \VuxoAoyia llle; ayroyi}e;, ElolKa 11 YEVlKij \VuxoAoyia Kat 11 IlE8000Aoyia llle; \VuxoAoyiae;. AU10e; sivct aKpl~We; xrn 0 Aoyoe; nou ioroe; 11 oEKaElia lOU '80 va sivut Ilaplupae; Illae; avaytvVllolle; lOU BlYK010Kl. H \VuxoAoyia ouv ouvoxo, Kat ElOtK01Epa 11 8Eropia llle; opaOlllPlOllllae; nou avtnlu~av 0 BlYK010Kt, o Aeovnse Kat 0 Aoupiu, EXEl q>laOEt 0' Eva cnusto onou EllKOAa unopsi v ' aq>0llolwOEl ne; nOAu avaYKaiEe; IlE8000AOYlKte; 8EropiEe; lOU BlYK010Ki. Kat V' avanlU~El ne; OUYKEKpi.IlEVEe; lotEe; lOU 0111 ~aolllltae; oUYXPovlle; IlE8000Aoyiae; xrn AOYlKije;. H \VuxoAoyia EXEl uiu ~EXroPlOlij 8toll aVclllcoa one; E1tlOli}IlEe;: Ilc uic urtspuvrn xrn oloaKnKij trrropiu moro llle;, nspvn Illa OUOKOAll nepiooo 0llllaoEIlEvll urto utu OUVEXi} speovu yta 10 uvrtxstuevo Kat 111 IlE8006 llle;. AU10 yiVEtal 1110 q>OVlO ollllavnKte; cmolllllOvlKte; E1tllEU~Ele; oUVOOWOIlEVEe; uno onouoaia 8EroPllnKcl tpya. ·01..' aUla lEiVOUV va oEi~ouv on 11 \VuxoAoyia urruivet 010 xmvoupyro olaolO llle; aVclmu~i}e; llle; nou unopai vo OOllYi}OEl 010 0llllavnKEe; ouvtnElEe; Kat yta rnv av8pw1tlVll YVWOll Kat yta rnv KOlVroVlKi} npuxrtxn. Aurr] 11 «enuvuorcrucn» xuruorucn crnv \VuxoAoyia tXElnpOKAll- 89 ed, w:,a~u v smo-muovoiv: BtYKO,(JKt, Aouptu, Aeovnco, MC(J,(JcptUKOIj>, Kat EPONTAI L' A YTO TO KEAAAIO MnAONl:KI, nU~EA (1884-1941). l:o~lEnKo~ \IIUXOAOyO~ xm 8ucrKaAo~. Arpou unoootrnoe uno 'W Ilovemormno 'WU KlE~OU (1907), 8i8a~E nat8aywYlKu Kat \llUxoAoyia cs YUIlVUcrlO 811Hwv o rn Mocrxa. To 1913 EYlVC uv. To 1925 E~t8ocrE Eva ~l~Aio, ro JIa/~rKIj awinTv(,'l. Masi 1110 'WV Kopvixoe avn,ux811Kav crnv l8cuAlcrnKij \V\JxoAoyia roo TcrEAnuvoEwpia '11e; cr-ra81aKije; 8lunAacr11e; roiv 81avo11nKWV AElroUPY1WV». Aoo» mips n,uxio 'f'uXovwpoAoyiae; uno TO Iurptxo Ivotrrouro o ro XUpKO~O, 0 rKaAnEplV acrKij011KE crnv la,plKij crnv KA1VlKij roll 'f'uXOVWPOAOY1KOV I vern routou '11e; nOA 11~ au-rije;, apxisovrae; 'W 1930, Kat IlEru ,E8111lAoaoopu '!TJ IlEAi:'!TJ '!TJ~ ouo'!T]llaw~ 1tpOOXOAtKT]<; ayroyT]<;. A1toVa<; npocrXoA1Ki}<; Ayroyi}<;. 0<; b1WeUV'ti}<; roo Ivo n rourou, sxnve £TCl'tuX£i<; ouvdeos«; Jl£'tU~u 'tTJ<; Epwva<; o rnv ljIuxoAoyia rtov vrpuoiv Kat rrov TCat01WV npocrxoAlKi}<; TJA1Kia<; Kat nov e£WPTJnKWV Ka1 npnxtuctov Jl£A£'tWV ocov a>. o ZtV'!Of:VKO stvct nvn nposopoc '!l')<; . Evtoorp; 'l'uXOAOYrov '!l')<; E1:1:L\ . . EX£t ypuljI£t Of:Ka ptpAia Kat yupro om 250 apOpa. Ta xoptorspu f:pya rou etvoi: AVTi).'lIfl'l tau npa.c;'l (1967) to orroio KUKAO

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