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Άλκης Αγγέλου - Το Κρυφό Σχολειό. Το χρονικό ενός μύθου (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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AAKH~ ArrEAOr TO KPYO ~XOAEIO Xpov~x.6 E:v6~ fJvu60u IIEPIEXOMENA M~xpa 1tpoAe:yOfJ.EVI1. 11-12 To Xpov~xo 13-66 'EmAEYOfJ.EVI1. 67-72 ~"fJfJ.W~o"E~C; 73-78 'R xl1.'raO"'rI1.O""fj 'r~C; III1.~oe:tl1.c; O"'rtc; LmooouAEC; EM"fJVtXec; XWPEC; 79-81 T~v lavooiav 1'oij xai)' ~/Llit; lB' alwVOt; ypatpwv 1'It; bnxetpei [PYqJ ouO'xepecna1'qJ' ... 1'a eAeyeia xai oi xotvo! 1'071:01 1'wv em1'atplwv PYJ1'opwv xal 1'a ev etpYJ/LepEO'I apOpa, iv Ort; efrJp/Livov euplcncelt; utpOt; xal AOYOV, eiO'IV ~ XOp.p.W1'IX~, xaOWt; tv 1'4) ccIIwt; oei avy}'patpelv icnopEaVl) 0 2:a/LwO'a1'eut; wvo/LaO'e 1'0 p.€1'pIWt; xaE xOAaxYJOOV xal 71:p6t; Xc%plV ypatpelv. M. I. rEIlE!lN (". 'E""AYJ<11=TIX~ .iU~1k1« 9 (1989) a. 197) To Elxoadva. vExou/Le Wt; ~v wpa 1'~v iO'1'opEa 1'OU; c]Jobli/Lal 71:Wt; 0XI. T~ P.UOoAoyia 1'OU; c]JOblip.al 71:Wt; val. KQl:THl: IlAAAMAl: (jilt-avTa, 10, 17) MIKPA ITPOAErOMENA To oox{p.co atl"1:'o dXg oAoxkfJPw(Jei, a'i p.cyaAtm:pr; lwraO ~XOAEIO fJ-Evee; ano 7t(X~oaywy~xoue; anpEe; ~ YUVaTXEe;, OEV doa xafJ-~a:v ia-'t"Op~X~ tJ-ap't"up!a, nou va: bEbauhvY) 't"~V unap~Y) XpUCPOU 17"1..0- AEWU», 6a: anOcpaV6ET, ano 't"~V crxoma: 't"OU (jucr't"y)fJ-a't"~xou €PwVY)'t"-Yj 't"OU 6EfJ-a't"0e; 0 r~a:vvY)e; BAa'X.oy~a:VVY)e; crE (j'X.E't"~XO fJ-EAE't"Y)fJ-a: -rou 't"o 1945 y~a: va: OAOXAY)PWcrE~ 't"~v o~an[(j't"w(j~ .'t"ou alh~ fJ-E 't"~v hOAou6Y) €mxupwGY): «"0fJ-we; oih' €yw fJ-Ecra cr't"ov afJ-E't"py)'t"O crwpo aVExoo't"OU UA~XOU y~a: 't"-YjC; (jxAa6~~e; 't"a: crxoAE~a:, nou €'X.w (juvaYfJ-Evo, OEV ana:v't"Y)(ja 't"[no't"E nou va: xa:vY) AOYO y~a: 't"o (jXOAE~O €~W ano 't"o 't"payouo~». Ka[ d'X.E o[Xto. Kav€vae; ano ocroue; npayfJ-a't"Eu6Y)xav 't"~v 1cr't"op[a 't"-Yje; VEOEMY)VtX-Yje; €Xna[oEUGY)e; xa't"a: 't"~v Toupxoxpa,,[a -€x't"oe; ano 't"~v nEp[n't"wGY) Xa(j~w't"Y), cr't"~v ono[a 6a: avacpEp6oufJ-E cr't"~v (juvE'X.E~a Ex't"EvEcr't"Epa- OEV fJ-Vy)fJ-OVEUE~, we; npocpop~x~ napa:oocrY) €(j't"w, 't"~v unap~Y) xpucpou (j'X.0AEWU. ~'t"o 6EfJ-a 0 BAa'X.oyta:vvy)e; 6a: havEA6E~ cr't"o fJ-Eya:AO -~fJ-t't"EAEe; ofJ-we;- €pyo 't"-Yje; ~w-Yje; 't"ou, ,,~v bwypacp[a 't"ou Kapa·~crxa:xY). 'AcpoPfJ-~ na[pvet 't"wpa "0 (j'X.E't"~XO 't"payouoa:xt: «~' ocra 'X.wp~a: 't"o fJ-ova(j't"-Yjp~ ~'t"av na:pa noAU fJ-axpua:», ypa:cpet, «€npEnE 't"o natO! va: XtV~(jY) cruv't"pocpta: fJ-' aAAa, a~y)fJ-Epw't"a xa! va: 't"pa6a:Y) ava:fJ-E(ja 17' aypw Myyo yta: 't"o fJ-ovaG't"-Yjpt. To nEp!cpY)fJ-O nato~xo 't"payouot ExET €'X.Et 't"~v €cpapfJ-on 't"ou. tPEyyapch" P.OU Aap.npo rpiyye p.ou ya rreprrtx'rw ya rrYlya{yw (j't"o (jxoAe,o ya p.a8tx{yw ypap.p.tUtx 'rOU Beou 'ra rrpap.tx'ra. To a6wo at)'t"o vavouptcrfJ-tx 01 py)'t"opooacrxa:AOt 't"o xOM~(javE (j't"o avunap'X.'t"o "xpucpo crxoAE~O". Kpucpo crxoAE~O nou6Eva: OE cr't"a:- 6Y)XE crE 'X.wp~a: ~ (jE 'X.WPEC;. 01 Toupxo~ nO't"E OEV anayopEl.j;av 't"a: (jXOAE~a:. 8a: 't"' anayopEuav av ~'t"avE xpucpa, (jE 'X.WpEe; bEba~a, onou ~ou(javE fJ-a~! fJ-E Xpt(j't"taVOue; xa! T oiipxor» . AlJ't"a: 0 BAa'X.oyta:vvY)e;. Ka! ~ YVWfJ-Y) 't"ou na!pVE~ ~E'X.WPtcr't"~ bapu't"Y)'t'a, fJ-~a: xa! (jE OAOXAY)Py) 't"~v ~w~ 't"ou aywV!(j't"Y)XE fJ-E na:6oe; va: 6EfJ-EA~W(jE~ cr't"~v ap'X.E~ax~ €pwva 't"~v npo(jcpa't'Y) 'rO'rE axofJ-Y) 1(j'rop[a· crt fJ-~a:v €no'X.~ onou au'r~ unOvOfJ-EuE'ra~ (j'ra6Epa: ano 'rov PY)'rop~crfJ-o xa! 't"~v axpt(j!a. A!ya ofJ-WC; 'X.pov~a np!v, fJ-0Ate; TO KPYcliO ~XOAEIO 15 "0 1939, evcxl; aMol; AOYtOl;, 'rou aVCX't"oA~xOU XAt[l-CX'rOI; cxu'ro~, b MCXVOU~A reoEwv, 7tOU avaAwcrE XCXt CXU'rOI; 'r~v [l-cxxpa ~w~ -rou cr'r~v ap'X.E~cxx~ avcxotcp'Y]O"YJ [l-E 6cxu[l-cxcr'r~ 1xcxvo'r'Y]'rcx va xup~CXp'X.~crE~ cr'r~v o~acr7tcxp'r'Y] xcxt EV 7tOMOte, av'r~cpcx'r~x~ UA'Y], XCXt va cruMaf1e:~ 7tPW'rOI; cxu'roe, -xcxt 7tOAU Evwpte, yta 'r~v E7tO'1.~ 'rou- 'rov 7tCXA[l-O a7to 't~v 7tve:u[l-cx'rtX~ ~w~ -ojl; Toupxoxpcx'rtal;, YtVE'rCX~ 'to rOto xcx't'Y]yop'Y][l-cx't~xoe, we, 7tPOI; 't~v a7toucrtcx [l-CXp'tup~wv: «Mg'1.p~ cr~[l-EpOV ouocx[l-OU av€yvw EV O[l-CXAfJ xcx'rcxcr'racrEt 7tpcxYfJ-a'rwv (xcx'ta O"YJ[l-EptVY)V €xoo'1.Y)v xCXt cppacrtv) 6e:~tp'Y]v 1) ay~av'Y]v, 1) crouA'tavov €[l-7tOOtcrcxV'rCX cr'1.0Ae:tou crucr'rcxcr~v, 1) o1xooo[l-~v, 'rou6' 07te:p 1)ouvcx'to va crU[l-f1fJ xcx'tomv xcx'rcx,),,),e:AtCXI; 'X.Ptcr't~cxvou 'ttvoe" a7te:p~'rfJ- ~'rou Toupxou, xcxawl; wvo[l-cx~ov CXU'WUI;». "Ewe, EOW [l-tMe:~ 0 ap'1.E~oOttp'Y]l;· o'rcxv o[l-we, [l-E'rcxbaAAe:'rCXt crE 1cr'rop~xo 'tlie, 7t!Xtoe:tcxe" ytve:'tCXt 6e:'ttxa xcx't'Y]yoP'Y][l-cx'rtxo'te:poe,: « 'Eav 7tCXpcxoe:'1.6w[l-ev oe:xcxm:ncxxtcr'1.tAtOUe, 'touAa'1.tcr'tov VCXOUI; €V 'tfJ €vopt~ 'tOU 7tcx'tptCXP'1.e:tou Kwvcr'rcxntVOU7tOAEWI;, we, eT'1.E 7tPO 'tau 1821, 'tocrcx cr'rOt'1.E~WO'Y] cr'1.0- Ae:tCX a' a7toOe:'1.6W[l-EV U7tap'1.oV'rcx afJ-Ecrwe, [l-e:'ta 'r~v aAwmv, e:he: de, 'toue, 'rwv vcxwv vap6'Y]xcxe" e:he: de, 'r~ xe:MtOV [l-txpou 1) [l-e:yaAou [l-0vCXC"'t'Y]ptou, e:he: Ek 'tov o1xtcr[l-ov, 07tOU O~EfJ-e:Ve:V b 7tcx7tae, 'rOU 'X. WptOU» . Kcx'ta crUV€7te:tcx: av 'rO Kpucpo L.'1.OAEtO e:T'1.e: ytVEt yta xa7totcx 7tEptOOO 7tpcxy[l-a'rtxo't'Y]'tcx, cr€ 7tEptOp~cr[l-EV'Y] EX'tCXcr'Y], OEV cruVE'tPE'1.E XCXVEVCXe, AOYOe, 1) cr'1.e:'r~x~ [l-Clp'tuptcx 1) [l-CXP'rUptEe, va €[l-e:tvcxv EaEA'Y]fJ-€VCX cr't~v acpave:tcx. Sa E7tPE7tE, aV'rt6e'tcx, evcx 'r€'rOto 'tex[l-~pto ~w'r~xo't'Y]'tcxe, 't-Y]e, tpuAli~ xCXt €6v~x-Y]e, crUVEtO'Y]O"YJ~ -au[l-cpwvcx fJ-E 'r~v ep[l-'Y]vdcx 7tOU 6a 'rOU owcrouv xcx'ra xcxvovcx 01 E7ttyovot- va E~CXpae:t [l-€ xaaE 'tP07tO, O'rcxv «1) xaxwcrte, 'rOU YEVOUe,» e:TXe: we, a7to'tEAEcr[l-CX va 6ACXcr'r~crouv «at VEe, avuopm xat 6'Y]p~woe:te,» cr'rov xwpo 'tlie, Aoytae, 7tcxpao0O"YJe, yta OAO -to o~acr't'Y][l-cx a7to 't~v "AAWO"YJ €Wl; 'ra 't€A'Y] 'tou 160u cx[wvcx, xcx'ra 'rov EUcr't0'1.O '1.cxpcxx't'Y]ptcr[l-o 'tou BOUAyCXP'Y]. 'Acpou Aomov lj a7tAY) AOytx~ [l-ac; oO'Y]YEi va a7toxAdcrou[l-e: 7tCXpO[l-OtO EVOEXO[l-evo, €xetvo 7tOU a7t0fJ-EVet va OEX60U[l-e: e:TvCXt, O'tt m6cxvov va bptcrxO[l-cxcr'te: crt fJ-~av €~cxtpe'ttx~ l.I..ovcxOtx~. !crwe,- cru[l-7t'rw[l-cx't~x~ €~cxcpavtO"YJ xaae: crxe:'ttxlie, ypCX7t'rlic; [l-cxp'tuptcxe,. T~v €cr'1.cx't'Y] OfJ-We, CXU'r~V U7tOaecr'Y] EPXe:'rcxt va avcxtp€cret ~vcx aOtcxcptAovtX'Y]'ro YEYOVOe,: lj 7tCXpoucrtcx 'tOU Kpucpou L.XOAe:toU fJ-Ecrcx cr'r~V VEOe:M'Y]V~X~ Lcr'rOptX~ cruvdo'Y]O"YJ, xcxt aXOfJ-'Y] eupU'tEpCX, fJ-Ecrcx 16 TO KPYtA0C10C:P0U, C1't~V A"f)(.L"f)'tC1avIX, C1't~V (.Lov~ 'tlje; 'AytIXe; Tptaooe;, C1't~V Tljvo, XIXt EVOEX0(.LE:VWC; aMou. "OAEe; IXU'tE:e; Ot (.LIXp'tUptEe; oc:pdAov'tlXt a't~v a'to(.LtX'ttx~ 1tIXpaooC1'1) XIXt (.Lovo. "E'tat, o(.LWC;, xIX6we; Ae:t1tEt EV'tEAwe; a1tOtIXO~1tO'tE xpovOAOytX~ EVOEt~"f) yt&: 't~v 1tpw't"f) 1tIXpouatlX 'tou 't01twvu(.LtOU, 'to m6IXvo'tEPO 1tOU (.L1tOpOU(.LE va OEX60U(.LE ETVIXt, (.L~1twe; ~ ovo(.LtX'tO- 6EatIX IXU't~ e:TVIXt a1to'tE:AEa(.LIX 'tlje; AoytlXC; 1tIXpaOoC1'1)C;. Na EXOU(.LE aUVE1tWC; 'to C:PIXtVO(.LEVO, ~ AOytIX EntopIXC1'1) va a'ta61JxE ac:pop(.L~ Wcr'tE va o"f)IJ.tOUpYlJ6Ei fLt&: AtXtx~ 1ttXpaooC1'1). Ka1tottX a'ttYfL~, O"f)A@~, O'tIXV 6a E1XE OtIX(.LOPC:PW6Ei apta'ttxa a't~v XOtV~ auve:to"f)C1'1) ~ 1tE- 1tOt61JC1'1) yta 't~v U1tIXP~"f) xpuc:pou aXOAEtOU, va uAo1tOt"f)aE xa1tOtOe; ~V 1ttXpaoOC1'1) .:X7tOOtOOV'tIXC; aE: EVIXV xIX'ta 'tEX(.L~PtO 1tpooc:popo ap(.L60to 't01t0, 'to 't01tWVU(.LtO· IXU'tO Er'tE EytVE 1tIXpaM"f)AIX yta OtIXC:POPE'ttXOUC; xwpOue;, E!'tE XUXAOC:POp"f)C1E a XIXPIXx't"f)pta(.Loc; a1tO 't01t0 aE: 't01t0. 'Av'tta'tOtXO C:PIXtvO(.LEVO EXOU(.LE, 1t.X., a'ttC; 1tIXPIXOOOEtC; yta 't~V ~W~ 'tou p~YIX. To 1879, a BAaatOe; ~XOpOE:A"f)C;, EVtXc; Euc:paV'tIXa'toe; 1tIXtOIXywyoe;, o"f)(.LOatwaE EVIX «E6vtxov Ot~YlJ(.LIX», (.LE: 'tt'tAO ot rovef~ TOU P~ra ~ rrep{ ef)ycxij~ ar(J)yij~. To 6t6A£0 lipEaE tOtlXt'tEpa XIXt yvwptaE E1taVEtA"f)(.L(.LE:VEe; EXOOOEte;. "O'tav, o(.Lwe;, AlyIX xpOVta apyO'tEpIX, a N tXOAaoe; IIOAl't"f)C; O"f)(.LoolEuaE 'to EPYO 'tou 'H veoTY}C; TOU P~ra, a1to (.LtXP'tUplEC; 'tle; a1tOiEC; aUYXE:v'tpwaE a1to 'to BIXAEa'tlvo xa'ta 1ttxpIXYYEAlIX -rou xa1totoc; oaaxaAoe; 'tljc; xW(.L01tOA"f)C;, OE:V EXIXVE 'tl1tO'tE liMO 1tIXpa va 1tIXpOuataaEt, li6EAa 'tOU, we; fLtxP'tUplEC; «xa'ta 'tae; Ot"f)~aEtC; 'twv «I>EPIXlwv 1tpEa6u'twv» 'ta 1tAaa(.La'ta 'tlje; c:pIXv'tIXalIXe; 'tou ~XOpOE:A"f), 'ta a1toia ErXaV Aa6Et xapIXx't~pa Aa'ixlje; ac:p~YlJC1'1)C;. "O'tt Aomov avaAoyoc; U1tljP~E xIXl TO KPfO :EXOAEIO 17 o fJ.Y)'X,aVtafJ.o<; 0 01tOTo<; AEt'tOUpYY)aE Xat EOW, a1tOOEtXVUE'tat a1tO 'to YEyOVO<; O'tt, xa6w<; ~ Aa't'X~ rpanaata aOtarpopET yta 'tt<; [a'toptXE<; 1tPOU1t06EaEt<; Xat AEt'tOUpyET fJ.E a1tOAU'ty) au6atpEata, 't01t0- 6E'ty)aE Xat 'to 't01tWVUfJ.tO au'to aE fJ.taV E1tO'X,~ Xat aE fJ.ta 1tEPW'X,~ 01tOU 0 Toupxo<; mX'tY)aE 'to 1tOOt 'tOU 1tOAU apya, 'X,Wpt<; xat va eyxa'taa'ta6ET, a't~v TY)vo OYJAao~ 'tov 180 atwva. 'H fJ.E'ta'tomo"y) 'tou 6EfJ.a't0<; a'tov 'X,wpov au'tov oY)fJ.wupYET 'twpa ofJ.aA~ fJ.E'ta6aO"Y) 1tp0<; 'to OEU'tEPO aXEAo<; 'tY)<; 1tapaooaY)<; yta 't~v u1tap~Y) 'tou xpurpou a'X,oAEwu, EVVOW 'to yvwa'to 'tpayouoL 'Eow ~ 1tEPt1t'tWO"Y) 1tapOUata~E'tat mo a1tA~. MEaa, OY)Aao~, a't~v ofJ.aoa 'twv 1tatotXWv oy)fJ.O'ttXWV 'tpayouotWV ye:VVtE'tat xa1tOta a'ttyfJ.~ eva xawoupw' a'to 'tpayouot au'to 1tpocrrpwve:T'tat 'to rpEyyapt, xa6w<; aE aAAa 1tpocrrpwvounat EhE OtarpopE'ttXa a'tOt'X,ETa 'tY)<; rpuO"Y)<; (6po'X,~, ~AW<;, xA1t.) e:t'te: ~wa ('X,EAtOOVt, opvt6a, 1tEAapyo<;, XA1tJ. To VEO 'tpayouot rpatvE'tat va ~'tav a1tO EXETva 1tOU aPE~aV tOtat-rEpa, yta't£ yvwptaE fJ.EyaAY) otaooO"Y)' a1tO 'tl)V "YAY) 'tou AaoyparptXOu 'Ap'X,e:tOU 'tlj<; 'AxaoY)fJ.ta<; 'A6Y)vwv, xa6w<; xat a1tO 'tt<; €V'tU1te:<; 'tomXE<; auAAOYEC, 1tapoucrta~e:'tat va XaAU1t'tEt OAOXAY)pO 'tOV E:MaOtXo 'X,WPO: 'to auvaV'tiifJ.E a't~v IIEAo1tovvYJao, cr't~V "'H1tEtpO, a't~v MaXEOOVta, a't~v 8paxY), ew<; 't~v Bapva axofJ.Y), cr't~v Mtxpa 'A.ata EW<; 't~v Bt6uvta, a'tt<; KUXMoE<;, a'ta LlWOExaV"'lcra, cr~v K67tpo, a~v Kp~'tY). 'H EupU'ta'ty) OfJ.we. au'r~ OtaOO~ 'tOU e:r'X,E we. a1tO'tEAEafUX va lJ1toa'te:T 'tOcrE<; 1tOME<; xat 'tE'tOta<; AOyY)<; aMOtWaEt<;, 'tt<; 01tOTE<; cr1tavta auvaniifJ.E cri oy)fJ.o'ttxa 'tpayouota. Kat ot1tiv'te: a'tt'X,Ot, a1to 'tou<; 01tOtou<; xa'ta 1tiiaa m6avo'tY)'ta a1tap'tta6Y)xe: ap'X,txa 'to 'tpayouot, oAm lJ1tEXU~aV ai xa6E AOyY)<; aMOtWaEt<; 'ttc, 01tOTE<; EvoE'X,E'tat va lJ7tOa'rET evac, a'tt'X,o<;, fJ.E au~ouaa 1tPOOOO a1to 'r~v ap'X,~ 1tpo<; 'to . 'tEAo<;. ~'t~v XAtfJ.axa 'twv aMOtWaEwv au'twv aa6EvEa'tEpE<; Elvat oaE<; OrpEtAov'rat aE YAwcrcrtXa ht fJ.EpOU<; a'tot'X,ETa' fJ.ta 6a6fJ.toa u~Y)A6'te:pa auvav'tiifJ.e: 't~v 1tapwota, 1t01l ap'X,{~e:t a1to 'tov 'tpt-rO a'tt'X,o, linO 'tov o1tolov ap'X,t~e:t xat ~ 'tPt'ty) xa'tY)yopta aMOtwcre:wV, 'tou 1te:pte:'X,OfJ.EVOU, yta va xopurpw6e:T xat va xAe:tae:t 0 XUXAO<; fJ.E 't~v 1tapoucrtaO"Y) E:VO<; Ev-re:AW<; ~EVOU fJ.axpoaup'tou 'tpayouowu, 'to 01toTo auvE'X,e:'tat 1tpoc, 'to 6acrtxo 'tpayouot fJ.E fJ.OvYJ 't~V 1tpocrrpwVYJO"Y) 'tWV OUO 1tpw'tWV a'tt'X,wv. To 6EfJ.a OAWV au'twv 'tWV aMOtWae:wv e:Tvat, 6i6ata, 1tOAU Ex'te:'tafJ.ivo, wcr'te: va fJ.1tope:I va E~e:'tacr'tEI a1to 't~v 6EO"Y) au't~, 'X,WPt<; va ota'tapa'X,6e:t ~ taopp01tta 'tou Ooxt- 18 TO KPYcI>O :EXOAEIO 'T' ~, ""'''' ' "" ~''I' ~ fJ-tOU. IX 1tpOOOOXWfJ-EVIX, IXIV\Wa'tE, IX1tO'tEI\Ea!4-IX't1X oEV EtVlXt oUVIX- 'tOV va E:7t"y)pEaaouv 'to 6EfJ-1X 'tou Kpucpou ~XOAe:tOU lXi)'to XIX6EIXU't0. IIEptOPt~ofLIXt Aomov EOW aE aTtA~ XlXt fJ-OVO XIX'tIXYPIXCP~ 'tou CPlXtVOfJ-EVOU. Au't~ ~ TtotXtA0fJ-0PCP"Y) 'tU'X,"y) TtOU yvwptaE 'to 'tPIXYOUOt IXU'tO, X1X6wc; ETtto""y)C; XlXt ~ TtEVtXPO't"Y)'t1X 'tWV yvwaEWV fJ-1XC; aE Q,'tt acpopa a't~v fJ-OPCPOAoytlX XlXt a't~v otaooO""Y) 'tou O"y)fJ-O'ttXOU 'tPIXYOUOtOu, dVlXt a'totXELIX apXE'ta yta va fJ-aC; aTtO'tpE\jJOUV va aVIX~"Y)'t~aoufJ-E aE 'tEXfJ- ~PtlX EaW'tEptXa 't~V ETtO'X,~ XlXt 't~V TtEPtO'X,~ fJ-EalX a'ttC; rmOtEC; YEWtE'tlXt 'to 'tPlXyouot. To fJ-ovo 6E'ttXO QptO ante quem dVlXt, Q'tt b Fauriel (1824) 'to YVWPt~Et, aMa aE aUfJ-cpupfJ-o. 1\.nt6E't1X b Sanders (1844) 'to O"y)fJ-OatEUEt a't~v tlXatx~ fJ-opcp~ -eou. To tOtO XlXt b Passow apyo'tEplX (1860), TtOU €AlXtE tmo\jJ"Y) 'tou 't~v xlX'tIXYPIXCP~ 'tou 'tEAEU'tlXtOu, Qao XlXt 't~v aVExoo't"y) aUMo~ 'tou Urlichs. 1\.TtO EXEL XlXt €TtEt'tlX ~ o"y)fJ-oatEuo""y) TtUXVWVEt. "O,'tt a~t~Et va 0""Y)fJ-Etw6EL a'X,E'ttXa fJ-E 't~v YPIXTt't~ IXU't~ TtlXpaooO""Y) 'tou 'tPIXYouOtOu, ETvIXt TtWC; aE XIXfJ-tlX TtEptTt'twa"Y) OEV ytVE'tlXt aTto 'tOUC; aUMoYELC; b TtIXPIXfJ-tXPOC; auaXE'ttafJ-oc; 'tou 'tPIXYouOtOU TtpOC; 'to 6EfJ-1X 'tou Kpucpou ~'X,OAEtOU. 'H 'tEAW'tlXtlX IXU't~ TtIXPIX't~P"Y)O""Y) fJ-aC; OO"Y)YEL a'to aufJ-TtEplXafJ-lX, TtWC; TtPETtEt va aTtOfJ-lXxpuv60UfJ-E apXE'ta aTtO 't~V a'ttyfJ-~ QTtOU TtlXpOuata~E'tlXt 'toao ~ TtlXpaooO""Y) yta 'to aXOAEtO, Qao XlXt 'to rOtO 'to 'tPIXYOUOt aTtO 'tOUC; aUMOYEtc;, yta va aVIX~"Y)'t~aOUfJ-E TtO'tE XlXt xa'tW aTtO TtOtEC; TtPOUTt06EaEtC; TtPIXYfLIX'tOTtotEL'tlXt IXU't~ ~ auvan"Y)O""Y) . IIpo'tou QfJ-WC; cp6aaOUfJ-E a't~v XlXtptlX IXU't~ yta 'to 6EfJ-1X [LIXC; a'ttYfJ-~, TtPETtEt va OtIXVUaOUfJ-E tJ-E QalX a'totXEtlX OtIX6E'toufJ-E- 'tOV OPOfJ-O TtOU axoAou6"y)aE xext ~ TtexpaooO""Y) aTtO 't~V TtPW't"Y) 'tY)C; EfJ-cpavtO""Y) a'tov 1\.ywvex. 2 To 1825 b re:p[J.avo<; Carl Iken o'Y)[J.o(m:ue:~ O"'to epyo -eou Leucothea 't~v axoAou6'Y) 7tA'Y)pocpopta y~a 't~v xa'taO"'taO"'Y) 'tY)<; 7tatoda<; xa'ta 't~v Toupxoxpa'tta: «01 Toupxot E[J.7tOO~~av 'ta O"xoAe:ta auO"'t'Y)po'te:pa xat a7tO 'ta<; ExxA'Y)O"ta<;· 'toi:i'to xat a,Mat O"uyXpovw<; at'ttat E~ta~av 'tou<; rpatxou<; va 6EWpOUV 't~v 6p'Y)O"xdav oUO"twow<; O"uvOe:OE[J.EV'Y)V [J.E 'ta ypa[J.[J.a'ta xat 'ta O"xoAEta, ota 'tou'tO xat d<; [J.EyaAa<; xat d<; [J.txpa<; 7tOAE~<; E:7tpoO"7ta60uO"av [J.E oOO"tv xp'Y)[J.a'twv, xat [J.E otacpopou<; 'tp07tou<; va O"UO"'tEVOUV xmva O"xoAEta xpuCPtw~, a7tou xat 'tWV 7t'tWX(;)v 'ta 'tExva aVE~OOW~ Eo~oaO"xoV'to». 'H [J-ap'tupta at)'t~ OcpEtAE'tat O"'tOV ~'t€cpavo KaVEMo, xat e:Tvat 1) 7taAatO'tEp'Y) ~O"o [J.ou e:!vat 7taV'to'tE YVWO"'tO- 7tOU [J.V'Y)[J.OVEUe:t 't~V u7tap~'Y) xpucpou O"XOAe:WU xa'ta 't~V Toupxoxpa'tta, YEv~xa xat XWPt~ XPOVtXO EV't07ttO"[J.O. To 7tpoO"W7tO 7tOU XOp'Y)yEt 't~v 7tA'Y)pocpopta a~t~Et va ~~ o"'ta[J-a't~o"Et, y~a'tt OEV e:Tva~ 'tuxato. '0 KaVEAAo~ e:Tvat a7tD 'tOU<; ExAEX'tOU<; 'tou N e:oEAA'Y)V~XOU Atacpw't~O"[J.OU, 7tOAU aya7t'Y)'to~ O"'tOV KopaY) xat, xa6w~ 6a 'tOV xapax't'Y)pto"E~ b NtxoAao<; Apayou[J.'Y)<;, «xa'ta 't~V 7ta'tptw'ttX~v €[J.7tVEUO"W o~aooxo~ 'tOU P~ya». Ze:t 't~V ve:O't'Y)'ta. 'tOU [J.E 't~V ava[J.v'Y)O"'Y) 'tY)~ 6uO"ta~ Exdvou xat [J.€O"a O"'tOV 7tUPE'tO 'tY)<; 7tpoE'tm[J.aO"ta<; 'tou 'Aywva. "EypaI.jJE, o~acpw't~o"E, x~pu~e: xat 'tEAO~ 7tOAE[J.'Y)O"e: 7tE6atvov'ta~ E7taVW O"'t~v 'E7tavaO"'taO"'Y), O"'t~v Kp~'t'Y). Au't~ axpt6w<; dva~ 1) dxova 7tOU [J.ii<; xapt~E~ &7tO a,MO ~Y)[J.a, apxE'ta xpov~a 7tptV, b a7tapa[J.~Mo<; 7tpoo"W7toypacpo<; 'tY)<; E:7tOXY)<; (; Llpayou[J.'Y)<;: «Kat 1)[J.Et<;, [J.E~paXta e't~, EVE7tVEU0"6'Y)[J.EV 7tap' au'tou 'tov 7to60v 'tY)<; 7tatOEta<; xat 'tY)<; 7ta'tptoo<;. Ka6~[J.Evm 7tOMaXt<; E7tt 'tY)<; l.jJa[J.[J.woou<; 7tapaAta<; 'tY)<; v~O"ou XaAx'Y)<;, lJ7tO 7t'te:AataV xEAapu~ouO"av xat Eu6aAY), ~xouO"a[J.e:v au'tov l.jJaMoV'ta [J.E't' Ev60umaO"[J.ou 'tov CjltA'ta'tov au'tou 60upwv "Ti xap'te:pEt'tE;". Kat O'tE [J.E't' oAtyov &7tE6E'tO 't~v x~6apav (va o~oa~'Y) (;7totav 7ta'tptoa exo[J.Ev xat 'tt OcpdAO[J.EV 7tpo<; au't~v, b AOyO<; E~~PXe:'to ~paxu<; [J.EV aMa payoato<; xat 7tE~o"'t~XO<; EX 'twv XE~AEWV au'tou· 7tUP 7ta'tp~w'ttO"[J.ou eCjlAe:ye: 't~v xapotav au'tou, xat 'to 7tUp [J.E'tEOtOe:'tO e:t<; ,20 TO KPYcl>O ~XOAEIO 7tav'!ae; '!OUe; 7t€pt€er'!w'!ae;, IToeroue; Xat 7tOOOUe; ~xouera(J.€V AEYO\l'!ae; O'!t €Lc; '!ae; 'It(nptw'!tXae; Exdvou eru(J.~ouA&e; OcpdAOUert xat '!~v EX7tatOWerw eau'!wv, xat '!~v ~Wy)po'!Epav eruvater6Y)ertv '!ou 7tpoe; '!~v 7ta'!ptoa xa6~xo\l'!oe;», '0 KavEMOe; xop~YYJer€ '!te; 7tAY)pOcpOpt€e; -eou er'!ov Iken erE otaOOXtXEe; Emer'!oAEe; '!ou 7tpOe; au'!ov, ~ 7tpw'!Y) a7to '!te; a7toi'€e; EX€t ~(J.€po(J.Y)vta 4 dlpouaptou 1822 (Heidelberg), m Emer'!oAEe;, oY)Aao~, ypacpov'!at erE (J.ta 7t€ptooo 07tOU EX€t cpouv'!Wcr€t ~ 'E7tavaer'!aery), Mt o'!av '!o aU~Y)(J.EvO EVOtacpEpov '!ou €upw7ta'txou XOtVOU yta '!a eMY)VtXa 7tpay(J.a'!a a7tat'!€i' 7tAa'!u'!€py) xat ~a6u'!€pY) '!~v otacpw'!ter~ '!ou yta '!a otxata '!ou eAAY)vtXou aywva, '0 ~'!EcpavOe; KavEMOe; Emer'!EAA€t er'!ov cptAEAAY)va Iken (J.E '!~v 7tp06€erY) va 'tov EVY)(J.€pWer€t -xat mo 7tEpa yta va EVY)(J.€pWer€t 'toue; eru(J.7ta'!ptw't€e; '!ou Iken- we; 7tpOe; 't~v 7tvw(J.!X'ttX~ XuptWe; xa'!aer'tMY) -rile; 7ta'tptoae; 't'ou er'!a xpovta 't'~c; Toupxoxpa'!tae;. TE't'Ot€e; 7tPOU7t06Eer€tC; E~Y)YOUV yta'!t (J.ta totat't€pa 7tAOuerta erE 6€'!tXEe; xat ouertaer'!tXEe; (J.ap'tupt€e; 7ty)~, ~'!av ava7t0cpwx'to va tl7toxuljJ€t er'!te; a7tat't~er€te; '!wv xatpwv, xat va EmOtW~€t va E~U7tY)p€'!~er€t xa7tma E(J.(J.€O"Y) erxom(J.o'!Y)'!a, 7tOU OEV (J.7tOP€i' va dvat ~ a7tA~ EVY)(J.EpWO"Y). '0 KavEMoe;, oY)Aao~, 7tAY)pOcpOP€i' €vav Eupw7tai'o, 7tWe; €vae; AaOe; 7tOU 'tov 6€wpouerav, aOtXawAoYYJ'!a, O'!t dX€ hov~er€t 7tOAt'!txa xat 7tv€u(J.a'ttxa, (J.E a7to'!EA€er(J.a veX ~pterx€'tat a7tOxo(J.(J.Evoe; a7tO '!~v €upw7ta'tx~ xmvo'!Y)'!a, er~xwere '!eX 07tAa yteX veX otexotx~eret '!~v 6Eery) '!ou er'tov xwpo 't~e; eupw7ta'tX~e; 7tatodae;. ITapouerta~et, eruve7tWe;, er't~v xmvo'tY)'ta au'!~, 7tOU EXet acpo(J.mweret '!te; apXEe; 'tou atacpw'tter(J.ou xat dvat lOtat'!epa eueruyxtvY)'!Y) erE o,'tt acpopii er'!~v 7tatoda, '!~v 6EO"Y) '!wv 'EAA~VWV xa'tw a7to 't~v '!ouPXtX~ oeer7to'tda (J.E xpw(J.!X'ta 7toM (J.eAavo'tepa a7to he i'va 'ta a7toia 6a xpY)ert(J.o7tmouere, ern av Eypacpe (J.tav aMY) er'!ty(J.~ eh€ av 7tpaY(J.a't€uo'tav elotxa xat (J.ovo 'to 6E(J.!X au'!o. AU'toe; Aomov a o7taOOe; 'tou yaMtXOU atacpw'tter(J.ou a1cr6ave'tat 7tWe; ExdVYJ 't~v er'!ty(J.~, ~ (J.ovY) YAwerera 7tOU (J.7topei' veX Evvo~eret a a\l'!ter'!mxoe; r€p(J.!Xvoe;, xat xa'!' axoAou6tav 01 otacpw'tter(J.Evm rep(J.!Xvot cptAEAAY)vee;, er'!~v xptert(J.Y) ExdvY) wpa, ervat au'!~ 7tOU 6a '!ou od~et o'!t 01 Ewmee; 7tatoda xat E6vtx~ a7toxa'!aer'taO"Y) €rvat aAAy)AEvoe'!ee; erE erXEery) al'ttou xat al'tta'tou, (J.ta erXEO"Y) xa6we; 't~v er xe ~oY) ota'tu7tWcret E(J.cpav'!txo'tepa a oaerxaA6e; 'tou a Kopa~e; (J.E 't~v TO KPTO :EXOAEIO 01tOtO Uv alIXOAEt'tr.1.t b OUVa:O''tYJ~, ~ yta: OO'OU~ EXOUV O'XEO'YJ fJ-E 'tOV XA~pO. 'O~ cpucrtX~ AOmOV a1tOppO~ 6a 1tPE1tEt va 6EWP~0'0UfJ-E 'tOV O'UMoytO'fJ-O 1tOU Otr.1.'tU1tWVEt 1tpO~ avaAOYYJ Xr.1.'tEUeuVO'Yj 0 M. rEOEWV, O'tr.1.V bd)r.1.tWVEt O'tt «~ 'tOUPXtX~ XUbEPVYJO't~, aVEXOfJ-EVYJ 't~V XptO''ttr.1.VtX~ 6pYJO'xdr.1.V, Ey1vwcrXEV, O'tt d~ 'tOU~ Vr.1.0U~ aVr.1.ytvwO'XOUO't Xr.1.1 ~aMOUO'tV Ot 1tr.1.1t1taOE~ Xr.1.1 oi ~aA'tr.1.t, Xr.1.t O'tt 'ta avr.1.YtvwaxOfJ.€Vr.1. Xr.1.t ~r.1.MOfJ.€Vr.1. rnprnE va OtOr.1.x6wcrtv Eyxr.1.tpW~· Xr.1.t O'UVE1tW~ OUOE1tO'tE EV OfJ-r.1.AYJ Xr.1.'tr.1.O''taO'Et 1tpr.1.YfJ-a'twv EfJ-1tOOtO'E 't~V EV vap- 6YJ~t Xr.1.t XEMtOt~ OtOr.1.O'Xr.1.Atr.1.V». 'EXEtVO crUVE1tW~ 1tOU a1t0fJ-EvEt w~ a1tav'tYJO'YJ cr'tO EPW'tYJIL/Z, Uv dVr.1.t 'tt1tO'tE aMO 1tr.1.pa fJ-ta aVYJcruxtr.1., fJ-~1tW~ ~ 1tr.1.tOdr.1. ytVEt EVOEXOfJ-EVW~ xa1tOtr.1. O''ttYfJ-~ OYJfJ-toUpyo~ tpW'ttcrfJ-0U, Xr.1.t O''t~V O'UVEXEtr.1. acpE'tYJptr.1. wcr'tE va Xr.1.AAtEPYYJ6Et ~ E6vtX~ cruvdoYJO'YJ. fla 'tOV O'UYXPOVO EUpW1tr.1.tO 0 crUAAOytO'fJ-O~ r.1.U'tO~ ~'tr.1.V XOtvO~ 't01t0~ Xr.1.t 6EfJ-EAto 'tr.1.U'toxpOVr.1. 't~~ EUPW1tr.1.·t·X~~ 1tr.1.tOdr.1.~. L't~V E1tOX~ 'tOU Kr.1.VEMoU ~'tr.1.V axofJ-YJ ~WYJPO'tEPO~, ytr.1.'tt Otr.1.'tYJpOUO'E 1tOM~V a1tO 't~V cppEO'xaOr.1. 1tOU 'tOU dXE Xr.1.ptcrEt ~ E1tOX~ fJ-E 'ta EV'tU1tWO'tr.1.xa Em'tEUYfJ-r.1.'ta 'tYJ~. NEOX01tO, O'UVE1tW~, Xr.1.t Ar.1.fJ-1tEPO VOfJ-tcrf.1r.1. XUXAOCPOPOUO'E Euxaptcr'tr.1. Xr.1.t EUXOAr.1. O''ta XEptr.1. xa6E 1tpOOOW'ttXOU Otr.1.VOOUfJ-EVOU 't~~ E1tOX~~, O''tOV xwpo 1tav'tr.1. 't~~ EUpW1tr.1.·ix~~ 6YJ'tE1r.1.~. 'Eow OfJ-W~ 1tPE1tEt va cr'tr.1.f.1r.1.'t~crOUfJ-E· ytr.1.'t1 OU'tE axta L)1tOVotr.1.~ OEV 1tPE1tEt va 1tEpaO'Et a1tO 'tOV VOU fJ-r.1.~, 1tW~ 'tE'tOtO VOfJ-tO'fJ-r.1. 6a fJ-1tOpOUO'E va XUXAOtpOP~O'Et O''ta XEptr.1. 'tOU acrta'tYJ Toopxou a~ 1tOUfJ-E, 'tOU 160u r.1.iWvr.1., ~ 1tW~, Xt av axofJ-YJ XUXAOCPOPOUO'E, 6a fJ-1tOpOUO'E yta 'ta afJ-r.1.6r.1., O'E 'tE'totr.1. VOfJ-10'fJ-r.1.'tr.1., r.1.u'ta xEptr.1. va EXEt , ~, 't' 01tOtr.1.oYJ1tO'tE r.1.<,tr.1.. '0 AOyO~ Aomov 'tOU Kr.1.VEMou O'xe'ttX~ Xr.1.1 fJ-OVO br.1.PU'tYJ'tr.1. EXEt r.1.U'tO~ xr.1.6er.1.u'tov. Mv EXOUfJ-E hEVr.1.V'tt f.1r.1.~ fJ-ta f.1r.1.p'tUp1r.1., aAAeX EVr.1.V O'UMOytO''ttXO 'tP01tO, 1tPO~ 'tOV 01tOtOV, Xr.1.6W~ 'tOUAeXXtO''tOV O'uvaye'tr.1.t a1tO 'to O'XE'ttXO XWptO, Xr.1.6EVr.1.~ 6a fJ-1tOpOUO'E va OOYJYYJ6Et EV'teAw~ OfJ-r.1.AeX, apXEt va XaAU1t'te OUO 1tpOU1t06EO'Et~: va 1tlcr'tEUE O''t~V aMYJAOUx1r.1. 1tr.1.tOdr.1.-E6VtX~ a1tOXr.1.'tacr'tr.1.O'YJ Xr.1.t va Em6ufJ-ouO'e va E~U1tYJPE't~O'Et xa1totr.1. O'xomfJ-o'tYJ'tr.1.. 'A1t0 'tWPr.1. Aomov ~ aVr.1.cpopa O''tOV Kr.1.VEMo y1VE'tr.1.t a1tAW~ EVOEtX'ttX~ yta EVr.1. YEVtXO'tEPO xA1fJ-r.1. 't~~ E1tOX~~. 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'0 veoeMlJvlxoC; pOfJ-aV'ttafJ-oc;, 7tOU otavuet 'twpa tJ-E'ttX 'tov 'Aywva 't~v €CPlJbIX~ 'tau axofJ-lJ ~AIXta, OlJAWVE! €fJ-cpan!xli 't~v 7tapouO'ta 'tou O''t~v 7tveutJ.a'tIX~ ~w~ fJ-E 't~v xa'taxplJa'tlx~ XPlJO'!fJ-01totlJrJ1) 'tou anlOE'tlxOU O'X~tJ.a'tOC;. 'H AOyO'tEXV!X~ OlJfJ-wup,,(ta, ofJ-WC;, xaOwe; dva! ava7t0cpeux'to vii €fJ-7tVEE'tal aXEoov fJ-E a7tOXAEta'ttxo'tlJ'ta a1to 't~v 1tpoacpa'tlJ €OVIX~ ~w~ fJ-E EfJ-cparJ1) 'tov 'Aywva, ptXVEI OAOXAlJpO 'to av'ttOE'texo au 'to bapoc; O''tov a~ova 7tor) O'XlJfJ-a'tt~et ~ O'xeO'l) ouvaa'tlJ xai ouvaa'tEIJ0fJ-EVOU, 7tPOXEttJ-€VOU (.I.e 'tov 'tP07tOV au'tov \la €~apOE~ 'to ayaOo7tolo, ~pWtxo xat 7tpoooeu'tlxo O''totXE~O 'tou NeoEAAlJva, O'e antOErJ1) 7tP0C; 't~v bapbapo'tlJ'ta, 't~\I Oe!Ata xat 't~v xex.OuO''!eplJO'lJ 'tou Toupxou. 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O''tEV~ aXEcr1J aMlJAoemoplicrEw\I avafJ-eO'Cl (j't~v AO,,(O'tEX\ltCl xat cr't~v €ma't~fJ-lJ, 7tOU oo"Y)ye~ ae evav CPClUAO xuxAO aMlJAoE~lip'tlJrJ1)c;, fJ-eaa a7to 't~v (mOtCl ~e7tlJoliel fJ-!a EWx,ta cr't~\I a6MlJtP~ 'tlJC; a7totPlJ "(ea 'tov EMlJVO'tOUPXIXO xOO'fJ-o. 24 TO KPYO EXOAEIO 'R «7t:€Pt7t'tWO"Y)) OfJ-We; KIXVEMOU OEV 7t:PE7t:€t va €xIXPfJ-IXXtO"f), 'to 't€XfJ-~PIO TO KPyq>O ~XOAEIO 25 floae; EP'XPt'lZt ano a,).);f) XIZ'tEu6uvcrt): dVlZt ~ cruvoPOflo~ 'tOU O'E EVIZ epyo yta 'to anoto 'ttflo~6'rjXE XIZ't' E~O'X.~\I E\lIXe; &Moe; flolXeY)'t~e; 'tou KOPlZlj, (; KWVO''tIZV''t't\loc; AO'W7ttoc;, Ta 1:ou'rO'€(a (1853), 'to anoto O''ta6'rjxE, xa'ta 't~\I xPtO'Y) 'tou Po"toy), «'to xuxVEtO\l &C1flolZ; 'tlje; nap' ~flot\l Xpt't"txljC;». AvaAoy€c; dVlZt 01 nlZplZ't"Y)p~(mc; nou ea flonopouO'IZV va ytvou\I yta 060 &AAOUe; ano 'toue; mo EXA€X'tOUe; E7ttyO\lOUe; 'tou KOPlZlj, 'to\l A\lOPEIZ MouO''to~uoY) xat 'to\l XptO''to~opo Il>tAY)'ta. To €pyo GAW\I IXU'tW\I bpiO"xE'tat anlXAAaYfloE\lO ano GAEe; eXEt\l€e; 'tie; aouwxflot€C; GO'e:c; crt)floetWO'IZ mo na\lw' floa'tlXta a aVlXyvwO''tY)e; ea a\lIZ~Y)'t~Q"€t, Efloflo€C1€C; €O''tw, 'ttc; anl)'X.~Q"e:tC; nou 'Va cru'Voeo'V'tlZt floe 'to eEflolZ 'tou Kpu~ou ~'X.OAe:tOU. 3 1::'t'0 fLE't'CX~U ~ VEOEM"f)V~X1] XmVWVLCX EXE~ apXLcrE~ fLE't'a 't'ov 'Aywva veX 't'a~~OEUE~' 't'a~~OEUE~ fLEcra crE evcxv xocrfLo 7tOU EXE~ O"f)fLWUpy1]crE~ fL~eXv tOto't'U7t"f) 7tvEufLa't'tx1] ~w1], fLE XEV't'pO 't'0 ITcxvEmcr't'1]fLw. ZEt ofLwC; 't'wpcx fLEClCX ClE fL~eXv a't'fLoClcpcx~Pcx fLovcxo~x1] ClE 7tAOU't'O XCXL ClE E~CXpCl"f) P"f)'t'op~x1]. 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Mv 1te:ptoPL~e:'tCXt Op.w~ eow' e7ttxe:tpe:'r XCXL EVcx E:1t0- p.e:VO t~p.11 "(ta va cxt'ttoAo~O'e:t 't~V a.1tOo,Ji~ 'tOU, P.EO'CX a1tO 'to "(VWO''tO av'tt6e:'ttXO O'X~p.I1: «dto'tt O'uVl1t0'6cxvop.e:vot», 1tl1pl1't1)pe:'r O''t~V O'UVEXe:tCX, «O[ taptl1pot evoop.uxw~ 't~V aOtXLCXV 't~~ XI1't110UVI1O''tdcx~ 'tWV, EtAe:1tOV 1tav'to'te: P.E tAEP.P.CX U1t01t'tOV 1tiiv o,'tt O'UVe:'tEA€t d~ 't~V ava1t'tu~tv 'tWV OtCXV01)'ttXWV p.i1~ ouvap.€WV, XI1L ~ 1tCXpcxp.txpa O'XEo,Jit~ XCXL ACXt~ ~pxe:t €t~ I1U'tou~, tvcx XI1L 'to Ep,,(OV aVI1'tpEo,JiWO't, XCXL 'tOV e7ttXe:tpOUV'tCX E:~OV"t'WO'WO't». MEO'CX 0''t0 Y€VtXO XALP.I11tOU EX€t Otl17tt0''tw6e:'r ~O1), OEV 6e:wpw O'tt €IVl1t OUO'XOAO va oe:X60Up.e: o'tt ~ a.1too,Ji1) 'tou 'A1tOO''tOA(01) 6a tp~xe: xa1totl1v a1t~X1)O'1). «rVWpL~OUP.€ o'tt xl1'ta XCXVOVI1 Y€VtXO o[ AoYOt 1td60uv exdvou~ 1tOU €lvl1t a1to 1tPLV O'up.cpWVOt P.E 'ta A€YOp.e:VI1, XI1L o'tt, O'E xa1toto 1toO'oO''to, p.1tOpOUV va 1tI1PI1O'upouv 'tou~ OtO''tcxx'ttXOU~». ~E p.ta 1tpw'te:uouO'cx Aomov, 01tOU ~ 1tve:u(J.CX'ttX~ ~W~ 1t€ptO''tPEcp€'tCXt XUPLW~ yupw a1tO 'to IICXV€7ttO''t~p.to, P.E 'tOU~ "(VWO''tOU~ 1tOt1)'ttXOU~ OtCXYWVtO'P.OU~ XCXL P.E 'tOV 1top.1tW01) 'tP01tO P.E 'tOV 07tO'rOV 'tOU~ E:6p'tCX~CXV, EVCX~ AOYO~ 1tI1V1)yuptXO~, 1tOU XUXAOCPOp1)O'€ p.aAtO''t11 XI1L CXU'tO't€AW~, 01tWO'O~1t0't€ 6a tP~X€ &n;~X1)O'1). Ta 'tEO'O'€PCX, a.MWO''t€, XUptCX XCXPI1X't1)ptO''ttxa 't~1O e1tOXYj~, POP.CX- , 6 ' , M " '!J:o'" , V'ttO'P.O~, xcx cxpe:uOUO'I1, P1)'tOP€tl1, €YI1A1) o€CX, €tVl1t O'UV't€A€O''tt- xa. Mv 6a 1t€paO'ouv XCXL 1tOMa xpOVta XCXL 6a axouO''te:'r p.ta 1tOAU "(VWptp.1) CPWv~, O''t~V rOtCX CXU't~ ypcxp.p.~. To 1842 0 KwvO''tI1V't''rvo~ otxovop.o~ O''tov e7ttp.v1)p.oO'uvo AOYO 1tOU exCPWV€'r O''t~v 'A6~vl1 yta 'tou~ ZwO'tp.ao€~ 6a o1)p.toupy~O'€t P.E aO'cpaA€tCX 'to 1tpw'to O'XEAO~: «'H6EA1)0'e: XCXL 0 XI1'tCXX't1)'t~~ a1to1tv'r~CXt 1tiiv app€vw1tOV XCXL Y€VVI1'rOV cppov1)p.11 'tWV 'EM~VWV, XCXL 'tOU voo~ ep.tpt6.€~ 1t€PL 'ta~ 1tpa~€t~ XI1L avoptXOV, XI1L 'to PWP.I1AEOV XI1L XI1P'te:ptXOV XI1L CP€PE- TO KPY<110 ~XOAEIO 29 reovOv EV 't'at.;; O'ufJ-cpopat.;;, 't'0 OreOtOv aU~aVE't'at xat 't'p€cpE't'at ureo 't'Y)';; O'WCPpOVO';; reatoda.;; xat 't'Y)';; EUO'd')ou.;; ~fJ-WV retO''t'EW';;. dta 't'OU't'O XIX't'E't'P€XOV't'O Xat al EXXAYJO'tat xat 't'a O'XOAEta 't'wv OpOO- 06~WV». Twpa fJ-reOpEt va OAOXAYJPWO'Et aVE't'a 't'0 O'XY)fJ-a: «'AM' ~ reavayciOo.;; I1povota xaOw.;; ECPW't't~E 't'a.;; fJ-/Xta.;; xat E~WOyOVEt xpucptw.;; 't'a appEva 't'wv 'E6patwv, wO'au't'w,;; Ot€'t'a~E xat tfuxa.;; EUO'E6Et.;; xat cptAOO€OU';; xat 't'au't'a.;; OthE Atyure't'ta.;; aM' 0fJ-0YEVEt.;;, xat ofJ-ocppova.;;· ahtVE';; EV 't'areEtVat.;; ExxAYJO'tat.;; xat arewxtO'fJ-€Vot.;; fJ-ovaO''t'YJptot.;;, xat EV O'xoAat.;; fJ-txpat.;; xat reEVtxpat.;; ota 't'Y)';; tEpa.;; OtOIXO'XaAta.;;, EfJ-atwov d.;; ~w~V 't'a rea't'pta 't'WV at'X,lllXAW't'wV 'EAA~VWV cppOV~fJ-a't'a». '0 O1xov0fJ-0';;, DfJ-W';;, yv~O'tO 't'€XVO 't'OU dtacpw't'tO'fJ-OU reaAatO't'Epa, . reou EXEt reEpaO'Et ma O''t'~V O'UV't'~PYJO'Y), dXE ~~O'Et fJ-tav "" " , e '''" ,,.., al\l\YJv repaYfJ-a't'txo't'YJ't'a, yta 't'YJV oreotav, al\l\wO''t'E, xat EtXE Epya- O''t'Et oYJfJ-wupytxa· O€V fJ-reOpEt 't'wpa va 't'~V apVYJOEL OthE xat va 't'~V areoO'tWre~O'Et. Sa avatpOUO'E au't'ofJ-a't'a 't'OV row 't'OV O'xoreo 't'Y)';; reavYJyuptxY).;; OfJ-tAta.;; 't'ou. "Av ~ «Sda I1povota» Aomov ECPW't'tO'E reaAatO't'Epa 't'OU';; O'ufJ-rea't'ptW't'E';; -eou, Drew.;; doafJ-E, 't'wpa dvat ~ «Sda duvafJ-t.;;» reou Oa O'ufJ-reapaO''t'aOEt xat reaAt: «'AM' ~oYJ repoO'E'Y'Yt~OUO'Y)';; 't'lj~ oExa't'YJ~ €va't'YJ~ Exa't'ov't'aE't'YJPtOO~, ~ Oda ouvafJ-t~ 't'aXEt avureEp6A~'t'~ xat acpa't'~ EA€Et, w.;; aX't't~ ~AtaXOu cpw't'o,;;, Et.;; 't'o y€vo.;; 't'o 'EAAYJVtXOV EmAafJ-tfaO'a, EV€reAYJO'E 't'o reav O'w't'YJptou C11C€pfJ-/X't'O';; cptAofJ-/XOEta.;; 0PIXO''t'txw't'b.'t'YJ';;. TO't'e xat ExXAYJO'tat AafJ-repo't'epat aVEydpoV't'o, xat 'i..xoAat 't'EAEto't'Epat ErcAYJOuvoV't'O, xat V€ot O'reouoaO''t'at fJ-E't'€CPEPOV xat aAAa~ €mO''t'~fJ-a~ €X 't'Y)~ EupwreYJC;, xat 01 "EMYJvE~ avutfouv ofJ-fJ-a't'a xat xEcpaA~v dc; 't'ov oupavov· xat au't'ot 01 OPEO't't'pOCPot ulot 't'lj~ EuO'e60u~. €AWOepta~ €reeO'xoreouv EX 't'wv 6paxwv avwOEv fJ-E't'€WPOt xat rep0O'Ex't'tXot». 'i..~fJ-Epa, uO''t'Epa areo EVafJ-tO'Y) atwvIX reEptreou afJ-E't'pO€reEta~, ouO'mO''t'oufJ-E va areooexOoufJ-E, D't't dvat ouva't'ov va AEt't'oup')'YJO'e O''t'ou~ O'uyXpovou,;; 't'ou 0 PYJ't'optO'fJ-o~ O''t'ov oreotov repoO'cpEuYEt 0 Q[XOVOfJ-o~, repOXEtfJ-€VOU va EPfJ-YJVEOOEt 't'oO'o areAa xat ~ExaOaptO'fJ-€va areo xatpo xat yta 't'~v Ercox~ 't'ou b.xofJ-YJ O€fJ-a't'a, Drewc; dvat ~ veoEMYJVtX~ avay€vvYJO'Y) O''t'~v oreotav avacp€pE't'at. Sa aotxouO'afJ-e, Aomov, 't'~v to''t'optX~ fJ-a.;; XPtO'Y) , av o€v O''t'ExofJ-/XO''t'av EmcpuAax't'tXOt O'€ D,'t't 't'ovtO''t'YJxe mo reavw, rew~ «01 AOYot redOouv X't'A.». 'Apxet, aMwO''t'E, va reapaxoAouO~O'OutJ£ repoO'ex't'txa 't'~v O'uv€xeta. 30 TO KPYiI>O :EXOAEIO IIAlJo"leX~oufU XlXl 7teXAI 0""0 7tWlt7tt<1'rlJtJ.IIXXO 6ljtJ.lX, a7tO "0 (.mOtO tJ.ae; a7t0tJ.eXxpUVE aVlXyxlXO"'tlxeX -XIXL 7tPOO"WPIVeX 15tJ.we;- ~ 7tlXp€XXAIO"lJ 'tOU O1xovotJ.ou . To 1849, 15'tIXV 0 (ptAt7t7tOe; 'IweXvvou 7tIXPIXOLOEI O"'tov OleXOOXO 'tOU, rEWpylO MIXUpoxop0eX'to, «KIXOlJn't~ 'tou rlXMIXOU KwolJxoe;», 't~v 7tpU'tIXVELIX 'tou IIIXVE7ttO"'!lJtJ.Lou, IXU'tOe; Uv EXEI AOYO veX tJ.~v t)7tEpOEtJ.IX'tlO"Et, O"€ 't€'t01O bIXOtJ.O tJ.eXAIO"'tIX, WO"'tE veX OWO"EI 't~v EV'tU7tWO"lJ 15'tt aOllXcpopEt EV'tEAWe; 0"1.1 a7tAWe; YleX 'to beXpoe; 'twv A€~EWV 7tOU XPlJO"ItJ.07totEr, aAAa xlXl Yla IXU't~ XIXOEIXU't~V 't~v O"lJtJ.IXO"LIXV 'tOUe;, apXEt 0 Myoe; 'tou veX O"'tlJptXOEt --7tOU aMou;- 7tIXPeX O"'to 7tPOO"cptA€e; yteX 't~v E7tOX~ aV'ttOE'tIXO O"xljtJ.lX: «'H tJ.€v 7tPO utJ.wv VEOAIXLIX EOtOeXO"XE'tO AIXOpIXLWe; EV U7tOydote; xlXl EV 'tlXre; 07tlXte; 'tlje; ylje; 'tov 'tUPIXVVOV OtIXCPEUYOUO"IX' utJ.Ete; o€ OtOeXO"XEO"OE EV tJ.EAeXOpote; XIXAWe; E~EtpyCXO"tJ.€vote; XIXL 7tEptxpuO"ote; 6plXbErlX, 7tlXpeX cptAOtJ.OUO"ou 'A.vcxx'toe; a7tEXOEx0tJ.EVot». Twpcx 'to E7tOtJ.EVO bljtJ.1X EIvcxt 7tta yvwO"'to' 0 XEV'tptXOe; 7tUp~VCXe; 'twv AOYWV 7tOU dVlXt O"'tCXOEPeX 7tteX EOVIXOe;, EAXEI a6llX0"'tcx O"€ E'tOttJ.1X cppcxO"'ttxeX O"X~tJ.IX'tIX, 7tOU EXOUV XIXL EXEr vo: 7tA€OV apXLO"EI veX 7tlXytwvov'tlXt' 0 PlJ'toptxoe; Aoyoe;, axouO"'ttX~ ~oov~ 7tA€OV, oYjtJ.lOupyEr 't~v 7tCXpeXooO"~ 'tou XIXL 157tWe; O"WPEUE'tCXt tJ.€ 'to 7t€pcxO"tJ.cx 'tou xpovou tJ.E'tCXbeXME'tCXt O"€ a7tOOEtJ.cx'tIXO XECPeXAcxlO a7to 'to 07tOrO aV'tAEr XWpLe; oIO"'tcxytJ.o 0 p~'toplXe;, oXt 'teX cpplXO"'ttXeX O"X~tJ.CX't1X tJ.0vov, aMa XCXL 'tLe; [O€Ee; -rou. "O'tcxv 'to 1863 Q KwvO"'tcxV'tlvoe; cI>pEcxphlJe;, xcxOlJn't~e; 'tou PwtJ.cx·t"xou dtXCXLOU O"'to IIcxVE7ttO"'t~tJ.IO, ExcpWVEr AOYO «IIEpL 'twv 'tuxwv XCXL 'tlje; cpuo"EWe; 'tlje; EMlJVtXlje; E7ttO"'t~tJ.lJe;» o€v OeX OUO"XOAWOEr veX avcxxOEJ ML o"'t~v XIX'teXO"'tCXo"y) 'tlje; 7tcxtodcxe; XIX'teX 'teX E7tIXVCXO"'tCX'ttxeX XPOVtcx: «A.M' U7tO 'tou IXttJ.ObOpOU 'tuPeXwou 't~v aVEAE~tJ.OVIX tJ.eXO"'ttycx, Q 't1X7tEtVOe; 1e:pEue; XCXL o 7tEVtxpoe; 'EMlJVOOtOMXCXAOe;, Ev'tPOtJ.Ot, aM' aXIXtJ.7t'tot XIXL a7t'tolJ'tot O"uvljyov de; acplXvlj xcx'tlXywytlX 'toue; 'tpUcpEpOUe; cxu'twv VEOO"O"OUe;, TvlX tJ.u~O"wO"tV cxu'toue; EV XpU7t'tiiJ de; 'tlje; 'EMlJVtxlje; opOOOO~LCXe; 'teX OOYtJ.CX'tIX, XIXL 'tlje; 'EMlJVtxlje; E7ttO"'t~tJ.lJe; 'teXe; EV'tOAeXe;. 'Ex 'twv O"XO'tEtVWV o€ 'tou'twv XpU7t'twv E~ljAOOV ot 7tOAU7tAlJOEre; EXEtVOt CPW'tEtVOL 'tlje; 7tLO"'tEWe; XIXL 7t1X'tpLOOe; tJ.EYCXA0tJ.eXp'tUpEe;, Ot hl 't€O"O"lXpcxe; cx[wvcxe; OteX 'tou 7tOAU'tLtJ.0U cxTtJ.IX'toe; IXU'tWV xlX't1X6p€~cxV'tEe; 'tov xcx'teX~lJPov 'tlje; EAEUOEpLIXe; xOPtJ.0V». To XdtJ.EVO 'tOU cI>PECXphlJ a7t€XEt a7to 'to XdtJ.EVO 'tOU GlxovotJ.ou dxoO"t XpOVtlX. l:'to OteXO"'tlJtJ.1X IXU'tO, EVW, a7to 't~v tJ.teX tJ.EpteX, TO KPr'110 :EXOAEIO 31 ~ yvWcr-rj 'tWV av6pwnwv 'tlie; Eno'X,lie; cr~ 6~tJ-Ct'tCt 'tou npOt:nCtvCtcr'tCt't~xou EM'Y)vtcrtJ-OU d'X,e: npo'X,wp~cre:t tJ-~ blitJ-Ct (I'Y)tJ-e:~w'tov, ano 't~v IiM'Y) e:T 'X,e: ap'X,tcre:t v~ nCt'Ytwve:'tCt~ tJ-t~ xCt'tacr'ta(I'Y) nou 6a O'Y)tJ-toup~cre:~ 'toue; ne:ptql'Y)tJ-oue; xmvoue; 'tonoue; 'tlje; VWe:AA'Y)Vtxlje; nve:utJ-a'ttxlje; ~wlje; tJ-Ecra (nov 190 CtlwvCt. AiJ't~ e:Tva~ ~ oe:u'te:p'Y) crnouoata cr't~'YtJ-~ 'Yt~ 't~v e#A~~'Y) 'tou tJ-u60u 'tou Kpuqlou "i'X,0- Ae:WU. '0 potJ-CtV't~crp.oe; npocr~qle:pe: 'to 'Ye:VtXO XAtp.a 'tlie; e:~apl1'Y)e; XCtt 'X,apCt~e: mo aopop.e:pe:te; 'tte; 'Ypap.p.Ee; 'Yta 'to cr'X,lip.a· 0 p'Y)'toptcrp.oe;, ~ axupoAe:~ta xat ~ na'tpCt'Ya6ta otap.0pqlwcrCtv. 'to 6~p.a xat 'to na'Ytwcrav. 'H cp~p.'Y) 'tou npw'tou (I'Y)p.etV'ttXOU 'tou qlOPECt, 'tou otxovop.ou, 'to xa6~~pwcre:. 1\.no kow XCtt nEpCt, xat liv axop.'Y) OEV E'X,OUP.e: 't~v OUVCt'to't'Y)'tCt v~ nCtpaxoAou6~l1oup.e: 't~v aM'Y)Aou'X,ta 'twv xe:~p.~vwv 'Y~a 't~v ho'X,~ au't~, yvwPt~e:'te: nA~ov p.Ecra cre nato 'Ye:VtXO crxljp.Ct e~ avCt~'Y)'t~croup.e: 'tov p'ueo 'tau Kpuqlou "iXOAe:wu. Au't~ op.we; 't~ IiAArx., 't~ onoTrx. 0 cruv't~x't'Y)e; 'tou ap6pou ee:wpe:t e:he: yvwcr't~ the: aU'tovo'Y)'ta, ae; p.~ p.iie; anr:xcr'X,oA~crouv ne:ptcrero'te:po, 'Y~a'tt At'YCt XpOV~Ct ap'Yo'te:pCt Eva 11'Y)p.aV'ttxo 'Ye:'Yovoe; Ep'X,e:'tCtt va nAou'ttere:t 't~v napaooer'Y) p.~ xatvoupw atp.a. To 1870, b o~X'Y)'Yopoe; 1\. voperx.e; ~aAACtnop'tae; 'tunwve:t l1e qluMaow p.~~ bp.~Ata p.e 'tt'tAO «Ilspi 'tYje; 'EAA'Y)VtXYje; 'Emer't~tJ-y)C; ... », &'vaAo'Yo, o'Y)Aao~, npoe; 'tov 'tt'tAO 'tYjc; EP'Yaertae; 'tou pe:Ctpt't'Y). 'H eru'Y'Yeve:~rx. op.we; oev ne:pwpt~e:'tat p.ovo er'tov 'tt'tAO' b ~aManop'tae; P.EVe:t noM xoV'ta er'tov pe:apt't'Y) xat er'to tOtO 'to xdp.e:vo: «'Ev 'tYJ na'tp0a Eer'tta», 'Ypacpe:t, «0 'tan moe; te:pe:ue; xat 0 ne:v~'X,poe; EAA'Y)VOOtOaerxaAOe; p.e:'ta 'tpop.ou, EvtO'te: xat o~ ',lUX 'toe; , cruvY)'Y0v 'toue; 'tpucpe:poue; au'twv ve:oereroue; nap~ 't~v ExxA'Y)ertaV adno'te:, Tvrx. o~a 'twv Ctlwvwv p.u~erwertv au'toue; dc; 'tlje; EM'Y)VtXYje; nrx.~oe:tCte; 't~e; EV'tOA~C; xat 'tlie; bpeooo~trx.c; 't~ £AA'Y)v~xw'tMa oO'Yp.a'ta». 'H aU'Yxpt(I'Y) av~p.e:errx. er't~ OUO xdp.e:wx tJ.ii.e; ne:t6e:~ o't~ 0 ~rx.AArx.nop'tac; OEV npoern~6'Y)ere: v~ anop.axpuvee:t ana 'to xdp.e:vo -tou pe:apt't'Y), aAAa o't~ Emxdp'Y)aE va nEpwptere:~ 't~v e:~ap(I'Y) 'tou OCtve:tou xe:~p.~vou, EhE 'Y~a va 'to npoaapp.6ae:t a'tov 'tovo 'tou npoawmxou uqloue; e:he: 'Yt~ v~ ano'tpe~e:t 't~v ap.e:(I'Y) avayvwpt(I'Y). 'E~~Mou, npoae6e:ere: OUO xatvoupta l1'tOt'X,e:tCt: 'tonpw'to, o't~ 't~ a'X,oAe:ta Ae:t'toup'Y0uaav n~v'to'tE ere 'X,wpouc; kxxA'Y)ertaa'ttxoue;, taWe; v~ 'to oavder't'Y)xE ana 'tov Olxovop.o, evw 'to OEU'tEPO, nwe; AE~'toup'Y0uaav «EVtO'tE» 't~v vUX'ta, X~VEt 'twpa 'Yt~ npw't'Y) cpopa 't~v €p.cpavta~ -rou oe:p.evo P.€ 't~v napaoo(I'Y). 32 TO KPYO ~XOAEJO Kt (; XOPOe, XaAa xpa'te:t. MOAte, 'tOV btOfLe:VO XPOVO (; ~tAm- 1tOe, 'Iwavvou, xa6l]"(f)'t~e, cr'tO IIave:mcr't~fLW, 6a 6pe:6e:t Xat au'tOe" 01tWe, ~'tav cpucrtXO, tX1tO Xa1tma tXCPOPfL~ cr'tO t~fLa. To 6efLa 1tpocrcpepe:'tat: «IIe:pt 't~e, 1tve:ufLa'ttx~e, 1tpOOOOU 'tOU EMl]VtXOU yevoue, tX1t' tXpXae, 'tOU u1tep 1tOAt'ttX~e, au'tou tXve:~ap'tl]crtae, tXywvoe, EWe, 't~v cr~fLe:POV». ~'toye:Vtxo'te:po Aomov xAt[LrJ. 't~e, E1tOX~e, xat 'tou €Tooue, fLecra tX1tO 'to (moto €xcppa~e:'tat au'to, ol]Aao~ (; Pl]'toptxoe, AOY0e" ~ cruvexe:ta e:Ivw ~ tXVafLe:vofLe:Vl]: «~xoAe:ta 'ta1te:tva, a1tota cruve:x wpouv at oe:tvat 1te:ptcr'tacre:te, 'tou €6voue" fLtxpa xat AU1t"Y]pa 'twv ypa~'twv cpu'twpta tXvacpatvoV't'at btaxou ~e, EMl]vtX~e, xwpae" xat fLe:'ta 't~v 1top6l]crtv au't~e, xat EP~fLwcrtV, XPU1t'tofLe:va 1tOAAaXte, tX1tO 'twv bcp6aAfLwv 'twv xpa'touV't'wv de, 't01toue, oucrta'toue" de, Epl]fLtxa fLovacr't~pta, 1tapafLu60uV't'a 't~v 1tve:ufLa'ttx~v 1te:t vo» xat ot~av 'twv oucr'tuxwv tX1toyovwv 'tou 'Hpo06'tou, 'tou ITAa'twvoe, ... » 4 'R 7tapaOOO"l) "(ta '!o Kpucpo "'i:..XOA€tO, 07tw<; '!~v 7tapaxoAou8~O'a[J.€ va ota[J.opcpwv€'!at itw<; '!wpa, o',!~v E~€AtX'!tX~ '!'Y)<; Evap[J.oVtO"l) ~po<; '!a O''!OLX€ta EX€tVa oO'a, O'uv8E'!OUV '!o 7tv€U[J.a'!txo XAt~ '!lj<; e7t0xlj<;, EX€t O'u"(X€V'!pwO'€t ~0'Y) '!t<; 7tPOU7t08EO'€t<; "(ta [J.ta 7tpw'!'Y) Enpacp~ O''!OU<; XOLVOU<; '!07tOu<; '!lj<; vEa<; EM'Y)Vtxlj<; [O''!Optxlj<; O'UVeto'Y)O"l)<;, 'R EmfltwO'~ '!'Y)<; o[J.w<; [J.EO'a O''!o O'uvoV8UA€u~ '!WV tiAA'Y)AoO'u"(Xpouo[J.€VWV, 7tOME<; CPOPE<;, XOLVWV au'!wv '!07tWV -'"'OU<; 7teptO'O'o'!€POu<; a7to '!OU<; rmOtOu<; o'Y)[J.toUp"('YJO'€ ~ EO'7t€UO'[J.EV'Y) 7ta"(twO''Y) '!ou O'X~[J.a'!o<; "(ta '!o a[J.€O'o icr'!optxo 7tap€A80v- xa8w<; xat ~ E~EAt~~ '!'Y)<; 8a E~ap'!'Y)80uv EV'!€AW<;, €h€ a7to '!t<; ouva'!o'!'Y),!E<; '!'Y)<; va acpo[J.OLw8€t a7tO '!O 7t€ptflaMov 7tOU '!~v E~E8p€~€ €h€ a7tO '!t<; aV'!tOpaO'€t<; '!'Y)<; va tmoO''!€t XWpt<; Xtvouvou<; tiva'!po7tlj<; '!~v Ooxt[J.aO'ta [J.ta<; EVO€XO[J.€v'Y)<; xpmxlj<; E7t€~€p"(aO'ta<;, T~v acpo[J.OtWO'Y) €UVO€t au'!~ ~ rOta ~ ucp~ xat ~ O'uv8€0"l) '!wv O''!OLXdwv '!lj<; 7tapaooO''Y)<;, E7t€tO~ '!lj<; Em'!pbtouv va otox€'!€U8€t XWpt<; ouO'xoAte<; xat XWpt<; aMOtWcr€t<; O''!ou<; xwpou<; €h€ '!lj<; o'Y)[J.toUp"(txlj<; Ao,,(o'!€xvta<; €h€ '!lj<; '!EXV'Y)<;. 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'H ,!;EAW'!;OttOt Otu'!;~ 1tpo0'6~x1) OEV ElvOtt OU,!;E liO'~!UXv'T;1) oun '!;u'X,OttOt· 0 dOtAAOt1tOP'!;OtC;, li1tO ,!;~v (JoteX (JoEpteX, ~OtVOtOtVEt O',!;O Xd(JoEVO ,!;~v 1tpw'!;OtP'X,tX~ douAAtOtX~ '!;ou a1tAo'!;1)'!;Ot, €TIEtO~ '!;O li1tOtAAeXO'O'Et TO KPrO 1:XOAEIO 35 tX1tO 'r~V tXxriAtvw'tTj ~paO"'ttx~ xed mxpao"'ra'ttx~ tXvEOa~tXo'tYJ'ta 'rOU 4>pEapkrJ, 1tOU axoUEt 'tou~ ~'twxooaO"xaAou~ va (J.uouv (J.EO"a O"E XpU1t'tE~ 'ta p.EtpaXta o"'rlj~ «E:MYJvtxlj~ E:7ttO"'t~p.YJ~ 'ra~ EV'tOAa~», xat bAE1tEt va ~E1tYJOOUV p.EO"a tX1tO 'rt~ XpU1t'rE~ aU'rE~ «qyapaXI fJ-OU "AafJ-7rp6 q;eyyg p.g va 7rgp7ra'rw va p.a()a{vw ypaP.P.aTa 'rOU ()gOU 'ra 7rpaP.p.a'ra». 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"07twe; tXV't'~Aa[J.baV€'ta~ gI;XOAIX 0 tXvayvwO"'tlJe;, [J.La EpEUva 7tOU 7tpoxwpe"t EV'teAWe; 7tpOO"€x'tLxa [J.E baO"lJ 'tte; €:AAlJvLxEe; 7tlJYEe;, OEV €Tva~ ouva't6v va 7tpoO"cpuyet O"E [J.ap'tupt€e; 7tOU 7tpo€pxoV't'aL tX7t6 o€u'tepo ~ xat 'tPt'tO tXx6[J.lJ X€pt. ''AMwO"'te, 00"0 7tepva€~ 0 xatp6e; 't60"0 7tep~O"O"6-tepo ecp€x'ttXOt 0"'t€x6[J.IXO"'te [J.7tpoO"'ta O"'tte; [J.ap'tupt€e; 7tOU ~e; 7tpoO"cp€pouv yev~x6't€pa 01 ~Evm. 'R [J.ap'tuptIX 7tOU 7tPOO"CPEP€~, 7t.X., EV't€AWe; O"'t~v 'tuXlJ evae; tX7t6 aU'toue;, Exe~ 't60"0 otacpavlJ 7tPOEAEUO"lJ, wO"'te oihe 6a a~t~€ xav va tXvacp€p6er. rpacpet Aom6v 0 Lucien Lelue, y~a 't6v 07totoV 7tp6x€~'tat: «Ka'tw tX7t6 't~v 'toupx~x~ xa't0X~, 7ta7taoee; xpucpa, xat [J.ep~XEe; cpop€e; XW[J.EVO~ xa'tw tX7t6 't~V yYj, xaewe; 01 7tpw'tot xp~O"'t~avot, otoaO"xav O"'ta 7tatOtIX 'tIX O''t'ot'X,€ta 't~e; €XAlJv~x~e; ypa(J.[J.a't~x~e;, wO"'te. va [J.~ xa8et ~ YAwO"O"a 'tOt) ·O[J.~pou. 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To 1865, O'E (J-t1XV avcx"(xaO''ttX~ aV1X1tCXUACX a1to 'tov a1toXAe:tO''ttXO EWe; 'to'te: xe:v'tptXO 1tUp~VCX 'tou Otcx,,(WVtO'(J-ou --"t'a o(J-Yjptxa ~'Y)'t~(J-cx'tcx- 1tpoXYjPUO'O'E'tCXt we; aV'ttxd(J-e:vo O'u"("(pcxcplje; ~ «'!O''tOPtll 'tlje; E:MYjVtXlje; 1tcxtodlle; 1tCXp' "EMYjO'tV a1to 'tlje; AAWO'e:we; 'tlje; KwvO''tcxv'ttVOU1tOAe:WC; (J-E'X.('t 'tou 1821», O''t~v 01tOtCX hPE1te: va 1tpCX"((J-CX'tEUSOUV OL U1tO~~CPtot o'X,t (J-ovo 'ta O''X,e:'ttX1X (J-E 't1X O''X,OAe:tCX (apt6(J-0e; avcxAu'ttXWe;, UAYj, (J-ESOOOe;), aMa XCXt (J-E 'toue; 'X,opYjyoue; 'tlje; 1tatodcxe;, 'toue; Aoyloue; XCXt 'ta gpya 'toue;, 'tLe; yAWO'O'tXEe; 'toue; av'ttA~~e:te;, xcxSwe; E1ttal]e; XCXt 't~v LO''toptll 'twv 'tU1toypcxcpdwv XCXt 'tou Tu1tou O''t~v 'EMaocx. Kcxt 'tEAOe; 't~v O'U(J-bOA~ OAWV cxu'twv 'tWV 1tCXpcx"(ov'twv O''t~v avcx"(EwYjal] 'tlje; 'EM1Xoae; xcxl O''t~v 'E1tcxvaO''tcxal] 'tou 1821. O] E~CXtpe:'ttxa u~YjAEe; a1tcxt't~O'e:te; 'tou Otcx,,(WVtO'(J-ou --"t't'tAOe; 'tt(J-lje; "(t1X 'toue; op"(cxvw'tEe; 1tOU O'UVEACXbCXV 'to SE(J-CX (J-E 'toO'Yj 1tAYjpo'tYj'tcx XCXL Se:'ttXtO'(J-O- ~'tcxv X1XSe: aMo 1tcxpa EVSCXPPUV'ttXEe; "(t1X O'u(J-(J-e:'to'X,~, 1tPOXe:t(J-EVOU ot U1tO~~CPtOt va aVIlAWSoUV O'E [J-t1XV Epe:Uvo: [J-E a1tpoO'OtOptO''t'Y) EX'tCXal] , E1t1XVW O'E EVCX av'ttxd[J-e:vo 'to 01tOtO, xcx'ta O[J-OAOytll 'tWV aywvOotXWv, OEV e:I'X,e: va 1tcxpouO'taO'e:t EWe; 'to'te: XCXVEVCX a1tOAU'tWe; O'uO''tYj[J-cx'ttXO 1tpoYj"(ou(J-e:vo. T1X a1to'te:AEO'[J-CX'tCX, aMwO''te:, be:bCXLWO'CXV cxu't~v 't~v 1tpcxy(J-ll'ttxo't'Y)'tcx. 'Y1tObA~SYjXCXV OUO [J-ove:e; Ep,,(CXO'te:e;, 'tou IIcxvcxytw'tYj 'ApCXbCXV'ttVOu XCXL 'tou KwvO''tcxv'ttVOU ~1XSCX' bPllbe:U6'Y)Xe: ~ EPyCXO'LCX 'tOU OEU'tEPOU, XCXt IlU't~ [J-ovov xcx'ta 'to [J-Epoe; 1tOU acpopouO'e: O''toue; AoytOUe; Xilt O''to "(AWO'O'tXO ~~'tYj[J-cx, E1te:tO~ Se:wp~SYjxe: o'tt [J-E 'to 1Jxe:o{a(J'p.a 'tou 0 M. IIllpllv(xlle; "(t1X 't1X O''X,OAe:tll, 1tOU e:I'X,e: oe:t 'to cpwe; 'to 1867 a't~v KwvO''tcxV'ttVOU1tOAYj, XIlL Jd 't~v Ep"(il(J'LIl -eou 0 IIcxuAoe; A1X[J-1tpOe; 40 TO KPYO LXOAEIO j'~a 'Oa 'OU1tOj'Ptl~Ettl, 1tOU EIXE 0'Y)!J.oO'tEu6Et '00 1860 O''O~vXpuO'a)..)"{8a, Et XtlV E1tE~EPj'1l.0'6Et tXll.vo1tm'Y)'O~xa 'Oa anfcr'Omxll. 6E!J.tl'Otl. 'H xp(cr'Y) 'Olj~ bmpo1tlj~ 1tOU O'Y)!J.Ocr~EUO'Y)XE Ucr'OEPIl. a1to ouo XpoV~tl, '00 1867, !J.E 'O~v !J.opcp~ 1tOU €Atl6E -cru~~'O'Y)cr'Y) XIl.( crU!J.7tA~pWO"'Y) 'Owv Em!J.Epou~- a7to'OEAEcrE XIl.( Il.tn~ O'U!J.60A~ cr'O~v 7tPIl.j'!J.a'OwO"'Y) 'Oou OE!J.tl'OO~, acpou, (xAAWO''OE, 7tPOEPX0'OIl.V a7to 7tpoO'W7ttl a7toM'Ow~ &p;!J.6o~1l. j'~a 'Oov crxo7t6 tlu'06. ME '06v 'OP01tOV Il.u'tov 6AE7tOU!J.E va xaVE~ b!J.ll.o~xa 'O~v E!J.cpav~cr~ 'O'Y)~, !J.Ecrll. crE cruv'00!J.6- 'OMO 'XPov~xo o~acr"'Y)!J.tl, ~ VEOj'EW'Y)'O'Y) E1t~cr'O~!J.'Y) 'Olj~ VEW'OEP'Y)~ 7t1l.~odll.~ !J.1l.~ Xll.( va li7tOOE~XVUE~ o'O~ ~ €PWVIl., o'OIl.V !J.EVE~ aVE7t'Y)pEtlcr'O'Y) a7to 'O(~ E!J.7tVEucrE~~ b7tmtlcro~7to'OE crxom!J.o'O'Y)'Otl~, !J.7t0PEt va cr'OtlOEt !J.tlxp~a a7to xaOE Aorli~ !J.UOO7tAll.cr(E~. ~E XIl.!J.(1l. a7toM'Ow~ a7t6 'O(~ crXE'O~XE~ EPj'll.cr(E~ OcrE~ !J.V'Y)!J.0VEU0'Y)XIl.V EW~ '0 WPIl. , OEV €XtlVE crE Xtl!J.(1l. cr'O~j'!J. ~, !J.E b7tOWO~7tO'OE 'OP07tO 'O~v E!J.cpav~cr~ -rou '00 OE!J.1l. 'OOU Kpu~ou ~XOAEWU. 'H b!J.6~wv'Y) o!J.w~ ll.u'O~ O'~W7t~, 7tOU tcrooUVIl.!J.OUcrE !J.E li7topp~t}'Y) 'OOU !J.uOou, 6ptO'XE~ 'OEA~xa 'Oov 'OP07tO va a7tOOOOEt Xtlt OE'O~xa, o'OtlV, O''O~v livll.~~'O'Y)cr'Y) 'OWV to''Oop~xwv AOj'WV j'~a 'O~v ava7t'Ou~'Y) 'Olj~ 7ttl~odtl~, Ot aj'wvootxE~ 7tIl.PIl.'O'Y)pouv j'~a '06v 'ApIl.6Il.n~v6, o'O~ «Eucr'OOXW~ 7tEp~'YPacpE~ 'O~v 'OWV Xtl'Oll.x"'Y)'twv Toupxwv aVIl.~cr6'Y)O'ttlV Xll.( ao~tlcpopttlV EV 'On tOpOOE~ Xll.t crun'Y)p~crE~ 'OWV E:M'Y)V~XWV EX7tIl.~OW'O'Y)p(wv XIl.( EV 'Oou'04> 'Olj~ O~OtlcrXtlAtll.~ 'OWV 'EM~VWV 7ttl(OWV». Au'O~ ~ cru!J.7tUXVW!J.EV1) E!J.cpav~O"'Y) 'OOU eE!J.tl'OO~ 'Olj~ VEW'OEP'Y)~ 1ttl~odtl~ !J.1l.~, Oa 7tEp(!J.EVE Xtlvd~, (Xv 0X~ va aVIl.XIl.~'O(crE~ 'O~v cpopa 'Oou !J.u6ou, 'OouMx~cr'Oov va 7tPOXIl.AEO'Et !J.~a b7tmll.cro~7to'OE !J.opcplj~ av'O(opIl.O"'Y). Q(J'OE '06 EVil. o!J.w~ €j'~VE O(J'OE '00 (xAAO, crav va ~OEAE va Od~E~, j'~a !J.(tl lix6!J.'Y) ~opa, ~ VEOEM'Y)V~X~ cruvdo'Y)O"'Y), O'O~ OEV 'O~v €OEAl'E ~ €PWVIl.. "Q'OtlV o!J.w~ tlu'Oa cru!J.61l.(vouv !J.Ecrll. cr'Oov 7tEPWp~cr!J.EVO xwpo 'Olj~ VEOEAA'Y)V~Xlj~ 7tVEU!J.tl'OtXlj~ xmvwv(Il.~, O'tIl.V 'O~v ro~1l. Il.u't~v E7tOX~, E~aAAou, '00 EUpU'Otl'to 7tVEU!J.1l. 'tOU Po·to'Y) !J.EVE~ a!J.E't0Xo crE 7tvw!J.tl'O~xa ~'Y)'O~!J.Il.'01l. 7tOU Oa €7tPE1tE, xll.'Oa 'OEX!J.~PW, va '06v EtXIl.V li7tll.crxoA~crE~, !J.EO'Il., €cr'tw, cr'Oov XUXAO 'OWV EVO~ll.cpEponwv 'OOU, d!J.tlO''OE l)7tOXPEW!J.EVO~ va OEXOOU!J.E, o'O~ u7tapxouv cr't~v E1tOX~ Il.u't~ d'OE (X'tO!J.tl d'OE XIl.( b!J.aoE~ 7tOU 7tEP~XIl.PIl.XWVOUV ll.ucr't'Y)pa 'Oa EVO~ll.cpEpona 'Oou~. ME 'Oov 'OP01tO tlu'Oov E!J.cpll.v(~ontlt va !J.EvOUV ~OEA'Y)!J.EVIl. ao~acpoptl d'OE 7tE~cr!J.tl'O~xa !J.tlxap~1l. cr't~V OpOooo~(1l. 'tWV a7t6t}EWV 'tou~, E7tE~O~ OEV €XOUV 't~V 1xll.vo- TO KPT4)O ~XOAEIO 41 'tY)'t"a va aV't"~AY)cp60uv, 1tW~ 't"O't"E fJ-OVO 't"0 [cr't"op~XO 1tapEA60v fJ-1topd' va o~afJ-opcpwcrEt OY)fJ-wupytxa 't"~v VEOEAAY)V~X~ cruvdoY)crY), o't"av o~EpwVY)6E'r XWPt~ aMO aV't"~xE~fJ-EVtXO crX01tO 1tapa fJ-OVO 't"~v ava~~'t"Y)0"y) 't"~~ aA~6Eta~. T~v 6eO"Y) 0fLW~ au't"~ fJ-OVOv ~ 1tAE~aOa 't"wv EPWVY)'twv 't"~~ VEOEMY)VtX~~ 1ta~oda~ fJ-1tOPE'r va 't"~v ExcppacrEL To 't"~fJ-y)fJ-evo ovofJ-a 't"ou 'Acrwmou, 1tOU av xat 1tapafJ-Ep~crfJ-evo~ E~axoAou6E'r axofJ-Y) va anO'rEAE'r 't"~v fJ-EyaAY) fJ-OpCp~ 't"wv VEOEMY)VtXWv ypafJ-fJ-a't"wv, tJ4~ oevE~ fJ-e 't"~v yv~cr~a 1tapaooO"Y) 't"OU 1tVEufJ-a't"o~ 't"OU Kopa~. ~t1tAa cr'ta QvofJ-a'ta aU't"a, fJ-1tOpOUfJ-E cre At yo va 1tpocr6ecroufJ-E xat 060 aMou~ 1tOU fJ-E't"exouv cr't"~v ro~a oY)fJ-oxpa't"ta tOEWV. '0 1tpw't"o~ ETva~ 0 ~y)fJ-~'t"pw~ BtXeAa~. XwPt~ va ETva~ 0 row~ EPWVY)'t"~~, cre Eva OOXtfJ-to 't"ou «IIEpt VEOEAAY)vtX~~ cp~AoAoyta~», 1tOU Oy)fJ-Ocr~Eu- 6Y)XE 't"o 1871, 6ptcrxE't"at EV't"EAW~ Eu6uypafJ-fJ-~crfJ-evo~ cr't"a 6efJ-a't"a 't"~~ 1ta~oda~ 1tPO~ 't"ov «E~atcrw pEaA~crfJ-O» 't"ou xopa'ixou 'Y7rop.v~pavo«. '0 OEU't"EPO~, 0 'A6avacrw~ IIoAu~wtoY)~, 't"ou 01totou OAOXAY)pO 't"o epyo w~ 1tpa~Y) xat w~ cru'Y'Ypacp~ Excppa~E~ ~ EAW6EpocppocruvY) 't"ov row au't"o pEaA~crfJ-O' cr't"O crXE't"tXO xEcpaAaw yta 't"~v 1tatoe:ta, 't"ou epyou -eou T& Ne:Oe:Akr;vod (1873), oev a1tofJ-axpuVE't"at a1to 't"~v xa6ap~ ypafJ-fJ-~ 't"~~ epwva~. Kat o[ 060 Aomov fJ-evouv afJ-e't"oxot a1to 't"~v fJ-u601tAacrta 'tou Kpucpou ~XOAEtOU. TeAo~, y~a va OAOXAY)pw6E'r 0 XUXAO~, 6a ETXE va 1tpocr6ecrE~ xavd~ xat 't"a QvofJ-a't"a 060 ~evwv lcr't"op~xwv, 'tou Finlay xat 't"ou MendelsohnBartholdy (1861 xat 1873 aV't"tcr't"otXW~ 't"a €pya 't"ou~), ot o1to'rm, fJ-axpta a1to 1tOAmXe~ ~ aME~ crxomfJ-o't"Y)'t"e:~, doav 't"a lcr't"op~xa 1tp06A~~'t"a 't"ou Neou 'EMY)V~crfJ-ou fJ-e 't"~v OtauyE~a 1tOU xapt~Et ~ XaA01tpOatpe:'t"Y) O~eX6EcrY) 'tou ~evou 'tpt'tou. ~e fJ-tav E1tOX~ ofJ-w~ 01tOU oAa fJ-O~eX~ouv 't"wpa veX o~afJ-opcpwvov'ta~, xa6E a1to1te:tpa xat y~eX crXE't"~X~ ecr't"w crXy)fJ-a't"01totY)O"Y), Cppov~fJ-O dva~ va 1tpaYfJ-a't"01totE'r'tat fJ-e 1tOAU 1tpocrEx't~xe~ XtV~crEt~. "01tW~ ~oY) €XW 'tOVtcrEt, fJ-e 't"t~ yvwcr't"e~ 6~6Awypacptxe~ oucrxepE~E~ 1tOU cruvaV't"eXEt cre XeX6E 6~~ 0 Epe:UVY)'t~~, OEV e:Tvat ECP~X'tO veX €xe:~ 1tav't"o'tE cr't~v oteX6e:cr~ 'tou E1tapxE'r~ fJ-ap'tuptE~. Au'to a1tO'te:Ae:'r a1tA~ tJ1t0fJ-vy)o"y), Wcr't"E veX fJ-~ 6e:wp~cre:t 0 avayvwcr'tY)~ fJ-ou 1tW~ Emxe:~pw va E~aV't"A~crw 6t6Awypacp~xa 'to 6efJ-a 'twv fJ-ap'tuptwv. 'AMeX Xt av axofJ-Y) 'tt~ eXEt, OEV ETvat 1teXV'tO't"e: ouva'tov veX 'tt~ EV'teX~e:t. 'H fJ-tXP~ au't~ 1tapev6e:0"Y) ytVE'tat avayxata 'twpa, 42 TO KPYtAOaocpou, aAAa: apyo't€p(X X(xL a't~v 'i:,xoA~ 't~C; XLOU, o'YJfJ-Oat€U€t 'ta: 'A1to!J-v'YJfJ-OV€U~'ta: 'tou. KdfJ-€vO t(Xatxo 'Yta: 'tov 'A'Ywv(X, acpou €IX€ XP'YJfJ-(X'tta€t YP(XfJ-~'ttXOC; 'tou KOAOXO'tpwv'YJ' 'i:,'to €Pyo (xu'to OEV ota'tli~€t vii a1tocp(Xv6€t o'tt x(x'tii '!~v ToupxoxP(x'tt(X «~ A(x'tpd(X 'twv XfM'tt(Xvwv E~'YJaX€t'to EAW6EPWC; X(xL o'YJ!J-oat~ x(xt E1-CPOO''t(X't€U€'to !J-liAtO''t(x X(xL a1to 'toue; Toupxouc;... E1tpOO''t(x't€U€'to U X(xL EAW6EPWC; EV'YJP'Y€t'to x(Xt ~ EX1t(XtO€uO'te;». 'H afJ-'YJx(Xvt(X Y€VVtE't(Xt o't(xv A&:tOUfJ-€ lJ1tO'f'YJ o'tt, d'YJ!J-'YJ'tO'(xVL't'YJe; (Xu'toe;, 6a €TX€ xa6€ AOYO va fJ-V'YJ!J-OV€UO'€t €O''tW 'to !J-u60 'tou Kpucpou 'i:,XOA€WU, acpou EV(X a1tO 'ta to'xupo't€P(X EmX€tp~fJ-(X't(x O''t~V X(XMtEP'Y€t(X 'tou !J-u60u U1t~P~€ 'to 6PUAOUfJ-€VO Kpucpo 'i:,XOA€tO 't~C; Mov~c; tAOaocpou. 'AvaAOY'YJ afJ-'YJx(xvL(x 1tpO~€vet X(Xt ~ 1t€pt1t'twa'YJ 'tou Eu6ufJ-wu K(XO''topX'YJ, 1tOU €T V(Xt YVWO''tOC; 1t€ptO'O'o't€PO we; x(X6'YjY'YJ't~e; 'twv A(x'ttVtXWV O''to II(Xv€ma't~fJ-w. d'YJfJ-'YJ'tO'(Xvt'!'YJe; X(xt (Xu'toe; O'YJ!J-OO't€U€t 'to 1847 EV(X 'to!J-LOtO fJ-E '!ov axoAou60 'tL'tAO: «II€pL 't~e; EV d'YJfJ-'YJ'tO'livn E:M'YJVtX~C; O'XOA~C; X(xL 1t€PL 'twv x(X6topu'twv x(Xt 1tPW'twv (xu't~C; oto(XO'xaAWV». 'i:,'ta O'X€'ttxa IIpoA€'Yo!J-€v(X, o't(Xv av(XCPEP€'t(Xt O''t~v x(x'taO''t(xO''Y) 't~C; EX1t(XtOWO"Y)C; Y€Vtxo't€P(X x(X'ta 't~v ToupxoxP(X'tL(X tJ-E fJ-E'tpt(X o!J-WC; yvWO"Yj 'twv 1tP(XYfJ-a'twv- EVW €IX€ xa6€ EvOOOtfJ-O va av(Xcp€p6€t O''ta: O'X€'ttxa fJ-E 'to Kpucpo 'i:,XOA€to fJ-E 01t0~OVO~1to't€ 'tP01tO, 'to 6EfJ-(X a1touO'ta~€t EV'!€AWe;, X(xL 1t€PWPL~€'t(Xt anAWe; a't~v hOAou6'YJ 1t(XP(X't~P'YJO"Y): «To fJ-ovov tEt(XWV €Iv(xt, o'tt 'ta fJ-ov(xO''t~Pt(X, X(xL 1taAtV OXt 1taV'!(X 't(xu't(x, ~O'(xv x(Xt O'XOA€t(X 'twv YP(XfJ-~'twv x(xt x(x't(Xcpuytov 'twv 'to't€ AoytwV». :AV'!t6hwc;, EV(xC; AO'YWC; 1tOU avopwv€'t(xt fJ-EO'(x O''tov :Aywv(X fJ-E 'tLe; X(xAU't€p€e; 1tPOU1t06EO'€tC;, 0 NtXOA(XOC; dp(XyoufJ-'YJC;, O''ta :A1to!J-v'YJfJ-0V€ufJ-(X'ta: 'tou 1tOU EXOtO€t 'tov hOfJ-€vO axpttwe; Xpovo, CPEPV€t a1tpoO'oox'YJ't(x O''t~v EmcpaV€t(X 'tov !J-u6o. 'H 1t€Pt1t'twO'~ -eou ofJ-we; a~L~€t va fJ-iie; a1t(xO'XOA~O'€t EX't€VEO''t€P(X' OEV dV(Xt 't00'0 a1tA~. '0 dp(XyoufJ-'YJe; EpyaO''!'YjX€ a't'(xOt(Xxa: a't~v E1t€~€py(XO't(X 'tou EPYOU 'tou. '0 'tP01tOC; OfJ-WC; (Xu'tOC; 't~C; EP'Y(xO'L(xC; aMOtWa€ Ot(XOOxtxa X(xL 't~v apXtX~ fJ-OPCp~ ~C; O'uY'YP(XCP~C;. "ApXta€ apX€'ta EVWptC;, TO KPYfllO ~XOAEIO 43 ~orJ eX1tO 'tov 30 't0fl-0 'tlie; IIavowpa~, 'to 1852, veX 0rJfl-0CTt£U£t, eX1toO'1taO'fl-a'ttxa xal 'X.Wple; 'X.pOVtX~ eXAArJAou'X.la, x£cpaAata eX1tO 'to EP'Y0 1tOU 6a O£t 'to cpwe; 'tlie; 0rJfl-0O'to'trJ'tae; fl-0Ate; 'to 1874. ~'tov 130 't0fl-0 'tou 1t£ptoOtxou 'tou (1863), eX1t0'Ypacpov'tae; 'ta O''X.£'ttx>, 1tOU 0rJfl-0O't£u6rJx£ O'E totah£po 't£u'X.0e; 'tov tOto 'X.povo, ~avamav£t 'to 6Efl-a 'tOU, 01tWe; 'to d'X.£ 1tpa'YfI-tx't£u- 6£t O''to O''X.£'ttXO OrJfl-OO'I£U~ 'tou O''t~v IIavowpa. Tov E:1t0fl-£vo ofl-we; eXxpt()we; 'X.povo, o'tav orJAao~ XUXAOCPOp£t o 10e; 't0fl-0e; 'twv 'j(FrOp,xiJv f1val-'v~O"ewv, 'to x£cpaAaw 'tlie; 1tatodae; ()pIO'x£'tat ~acpvtxa 1tAOU'ttO'fI-€VO fl-E Eva VEO 'tfl-lifl-a. IIalpvov'tae;, orJAao~, eXcpoPfl-~ cX7t0 't~v O'u~~'trJO'rJ 'Yta 't~v fl-opCPwO'rJ 'twv XOpt'tO'tWV xa'taA~'Y£t: «'E1t£to~ OE 0 'toO'ou'toe; EpWe; 'tlie; EX1tato£uO'£we; 'tou 'Yuvatxdou CPUAOU dO'~AaO'£ 'tpo1tawu'X.0e; xal de; 't~v OOUArJV 'EAAaoa, eXvrJ'YEp6rJO'av 'Yuvatxwv cppoV'rtO''t~pta xal xa'ta 'tae; eXO'ta'ttoae; E'tt 'X.wpae;, 01tOU 1tPO atwvwv oev d'X.e:v eXxou0'6li ~ 'YAuxe:ta 'tou IIAa'twvoe; ~ 'tou XpuO'oO''t0fl-0U cpwv~, 01tOU ota 'tov cpo()ov 'twv xpa'touv'twv EAfA'" "\ ' " ,~'"\ fJ.Uvou. v Y)'!av, 1\0t7tOV, a€ xanotD 7toaoa'!o, ouaxol\o 7tpoy),,(ou- fJ.EVWe; va afJ.tptcrt)Y)'!Y)6€-r fJ.€fJ.ovwfJ.Eva ~ aA~6€ta "(ta ,,6 Eva !f) 't6 a.AAO, '!wpa 01 ouaXoAt€e; 7tOAAanAMta~OnaL ouaavaAo"(a, npox€t(J-EVOU va afJ.cptat)Y)'!Y)6€-r '!6 6EfJ.a a'!~v €v6'!Y)'!a napaooay)e; xat '!pa"(ouotou. "Av, '!EAOe;, npoa6EaoufJ.€ o'!~ '!6 'lEO a'!Otx€-ro, '!6 '!pa"(ouOt, npOEpx€'!a~ an6 fJ.ta V€O"(EWY)'!Y) E7tta'!~fJ.y), '!~v Aaoypacpta, "(~a '!~v anota auv€XWe; fJ.€,,(aAWV€t ~ un6AY)\jJY), €pfJ.Y)V€UOUfJ.€ '!6'!€ "(~a'!t au'!~ ~ au~w~Y) a'!a6y)x€ '!6ao anocpaa~a'!tx~ "(ta '!~v fJ.€'!a,,(€VEa'!€py) '!uXY) '!ou fJ.u60u. 6 Kat OEV Elvat xa60Aou 'tu'X,ato, O"UVE7tW<:;, o'tt 'to 6€IJ-a 'tau Kpucpou ~'X,OAEWU 7tEpV&Et; xuptw<:; IJ-€O"a &no; 'tov PY]'toptXO AO,,(O, evw O€V m:pv&Et; 7tap& At"(O ~ O"'X,EOOV xa60Aou a7to 'tov cpuO"tXO 'tau 'X,wpo, 7tOU Elvat ~ to"'topta 'tlj<:; ex7tatowo"y]<:;. Au'to o"y]IJ-atVEt, 7tw<:; O€V ota61hEt O"'tot'X,Eta WO"'tE '1& 'to xpa't~O"ouv O"'tov 'X,wpov au'tov, evw ota6€nt &Ma;, 7tOU 'tou E:7tt'tPE7tOUV '1& OtOAtO"O~o"Et O"'tov 7tpw'to. Toii Ad7touv, oY]Aao~, 07tw<:; dOaIJ-E, Ot to"'toptX€<:; !J.I:Xp'tUptE<:;, evw, aV'ttOE'ta IJ-7t0PEt '1& CPOp'ttO"Et 7tAouO"ta 'tov O"uvatO"Oy]IJ-a'ttxo xOO"IJ-0. M€ 7totOV 'tp07tO oIJ-w<:;; 'H u7tap~Y] Kpucpou ~'X,OAEWU dOaIJ-E 7tw<:; E[vat IJ-t& xaA~ EuXatpta IJ-E't& 'tov 'A"(wva "(t& '1& e~ap60uv Ot apE't€<:; 'tau e6vou<:;. 'H 'EM&oa;, VEOCPEP'"l O"'t~v EUpw7ta·ix~ xorvwvta 'tWV eAw6€pwv xpa'twv, e'X,Et apxtO"Et &no; 7tOAU evwpt<:;, EUOU<:; IJ-E't& 'tov 'A "(wva, '1& apaIJ-a'tt~E'tat O"€ Eupu'ta'tY] 7tpOO7t'ttX~ 't~v !J.EAAOV'ttX~ '"l<:; O€O"Y] O"'t~v EUpw7ta·ix~ OtXo"(€VEta, 't~v a7tota xat ota'tU7tWVEt OAOXAYJPWIJ-€VYJ 'to 1844 a7to 't"o e7t!o"y]IJ-o f)ljIJ-a 't"lj<:; 'E6voO"UV€AEUo"y]<:; a 'Iw&vvY;]<:; KWA€'t"'tYJ<:;: «~t& 't"~v "(Ew"(pacptx~v 'tY]<:; 6EO"tV ~ 'EM&<:; Elvat 'to XEV'tPOV 'tlj<:; EUpw7tYJ<:;· la't"aIJ-Evy], xat e'X,ouO"a ex IJ-€V OE~tWV 't~V 'Ava't"oA~V, e~ aptO"'t"EpWV OE 't~V ~UO"tV, 7tpowptO"'tat, wO"n Ot& IJ-€V 'tlj<:; 7t't"WaE:w<:; au't"lj<:; vu. cpw't!O""f] 't~V ~UO"tV, Otu. O€ 'tlj<:; ava"(Evv~o"EW<:; 't"~V 'Ava't"oA~v. To IJ-€V 7tpw'!ov €~E7tA~pwO"av Ot 7tp07ta't0pE<:; ~IJ-WV, 'to O€ OEU'tEPOV dvat d<:; ~~<:; ava'!EOEtIJ-€Vov· ev '!4> 7tVEuIJ-a't"t '!ou opxou 'tou,!ou xat '!lj<:; IJ-E,,(aAYJ<:; '!au'tYJ<:; to€a<:; E[OOV 7tav'!o'!E '!ou<:; 7tAy]PE~OUO"tou<:; '!ou eOvou<:; va O"UV€p'X,wv'!at ota va a7tocpaO"tawO"tV oU'X,! 7tA€OV nEpt 'tlj<:; 'tU'X,y]<:; '!lj<:; 'EMaoo<:;, aAAa 't"lj<:; E:MY]VtXlj<:; CPUAlj<:;». ETvat TtoM (jlU(JtXO 'to'tE va emOtWXEt (J'taEk(Ja va €:xV-E:'taAAEUE'tat o,'!t 0& IJ-7t0POUO"E va e~&pEt; '!1<:; apE,!€<:; '!ou e6vou<:;. Ka! IJ-ta &no; au't€<:;, exdvY] axptf)w<:; nov aVOt"(Et 7tpoon'!tx€<:; "(ta '!O IJ-€MOV, Elvat ~ ovvalJ-YJ 'tlj<:; CPUAlj<:; xat ~ av'to'X,~ '!YJ<:; IJ-€O"a O"'tt<:; ooxtlJ-aO"tE<:;. "O'tav Aomov xaVEt 't~v.EIJ-cpaVtO"~ 'tou x&nma; o"'!t,,(IJ-~, IJ-€ '!ov 'tpono 7tOV doalJ-E ~w<:; '!wpa, '!O 6€IJ-a '!ou Kpucpou ~'X,OAEWU, ,,(ta'tt '1& IJ-~ 6EWP~o"OU!J.E, 7tw<:; 7tPOO"€O ~XOAEIO op,),!lvw60uv. ~'t0 xa'tw xa'tw, O€V 7tp6tE:t X!lt va a7topou(J£: 'to 7t!l~yvtO~ cr't~v 7tpw'toga6!J-~!l E:X1t!ltoe:uCTt) 1t!l~~O't!lV !J-E 't0l)e; rowue; axp~gwe; X!lVove:e; crE aAOXAY)pY) 't~v EUpW1tY). IlpogAy)!J-!l we; 7tpOe; 'to EP,),O !lU'tO O€V (map'X,e:t X!lV€V!l, acpou X!lt cr~!J-e:P!l axo!J-Y), !lu'toe; a 'tp01toe; cr'tot'X,e:tWOoue; tOtw't~x~e; O~O!lcrX!lAt!le; O€V 6a OY)!J-Wup,),oucre:. '0 6e:wpou!J-e:voe; o~oacrx!lAOe;, aMWcr'te:, a!J-dge:'t!lt, X!l'ta X!lVOV!l, !J-€ 'tOV 'tP01tO 'tOU, X!lt O€V E'X,e:t X!lV€V!l AO')'O va apvY)6e:'i". "O't~ a cruMo')'~cr!J-Oe; !lu'toe; ~e; CP€pve:~ cr€ !J-~a cr't!l6e:p~ 1tE7t!l'tY)!J-€VY), E:mge:g!l~wve:'t!l~ X!lt a1to 't~ crUV€'X,e:~!l 7tOU an!lv'ta!J-e: XlXt !J-€cr!l cr'tov 180 axo!J-Y) !ltWV!l, cr€ cru')")'e:v~ rcepW'X,~. 'Av!lpw'tY)6~x!l!J-e:, OY)A!lO~, 1t0't€ E:We; 'twP!l !J-€ 1tmov 'tp07tO o~oacrxov't!lV ~€ve:e; ')'Awcrcre:e; 01 Ne:O€My)Ve:e;, e:xe:'i"vm, cruyxe:xP~!J-€V!l, 1tOU O€V e:I'X,!lV 't~v OUV!l'tO'tY)'t!l va a7tooy)!J-~crouv; 'A7t0 'tov 1tpw'to ~€VO 'tu'X,oo~wx'ty), 'tov a1to'i"ov axou')'!lv va !J-tAae:~ 't~V ,),AWcrcr!l. Mv U1t~p'X,e: XlXV€V!le; AO')'Oe; va avY)cru'X,Y)crouv, av ~'t!lV 'to X!l'taAAY)Ao 1tpocrW1to: OA!l 'ta pu6!J-t~e: ~ ava')'xY)· acpou ~€pe:t 't~V ')'Awcrcr!l, acrcp!lAWe; !J-1tope:i va 't~V !J-e:'t!lowcre:~ X!lt cr€ xa1towv aMov. '0 "ll' '. '1:' ll" D.' T " ll' ' , 'll" wwe;, 'te:AOe;, 0 "e:voe; oev v!l e:tXe: xaveva» e:voOt!lcr!J-o, !J-t!l X!lt oev 7tpocr€cpe:pe: 'tte; U7tY)pe:crte:e; 'tou owpe:av. M€ 't~v 'te:Ae:U't!lt!l Aomov 7t!lP!l't~PY)crY) 'tou a X!lcrtW'ty)e; 7tPOcr!lv!l'tOAtcre: 't~V lcr'top~xy) Epe:uV!l E:v'te:AWe; 7tpOe; 't~v 7tP!l,),!J-!l'ttXO'tY)'t!l. I1p!l,),!J-!l'ttxo'tY)'t!l -Yj a7tot!l o~!l6€'te:t 'to !J-e:,),aAo 7tAe:OV€X'tY)!J-!l va e:IV!lt xmvoe; 't07tOe; ')'~a aAOXAY)pY) 'ty)v EUpW7ty). "07tWe; a7tEoe:t~e: 7tpocrCP!l't!l (1988) a "A')")'AOe; lcr'top~xoe; Rab Houston cr'to g~tAtO 'tou Literacy in Early Modem Europe, Culture and Education 1500- 1800, 'to EP,),O 'tou O!lcrxaAou cr€ !lu'ta 'ta U7to'tU7twoy) crxoAe:i!l !J-7tOpoucre: va 'to acrxY)cre:~ a7towcro~7to'te: ot€8e:'te: cr'totXe:twoe:~e; yvwcre:te;. Au'to a7tooe:~xvue:t ~ E:mcrxo7tY)CTt) 7tOU 7tP!l,),!J-!l't07tOtY)cre: a Houston cr'tov e:upu'te:po e:uPW7t!l·~xo 'X,wpo, ')'ta va X!l't!lA~~e:t E:Voe:tx'ttxa, 7tWe; cr'tO Aovotvo oacrx!lAOe; !J-7tOpoucre: va e:IV!lt E:V!le; ,),P!lcptae;, E:V!le; !J-7t!lAW!J-!l't~e;, E:V!le; pacp'tY)e;, E:V!le; t¥!lpae;, E:V!le; cr!lpacpY)e;. 'AvaAo')'YJ e:IV!lt X!lt ~ dXOV!l 7tOU !J-ac; 7t!lpoucrta~e:t a raAAoe; 1cr'top~xoe; 't~e; e:upw7t!l·ix~e; 7t!l~oe:t!le; Georges Gusdorf ')'~a 't~v hoX~ 'tou ~~!l'}..{(7'ropa, 7tOU doa!J.E: «To o'Y]!J.o'ttXOV 'tou'tO aO"!J.a'twv U7tE!J.cpatVEt oEOata, bCT6.; aMwv, xat 'to 7toO"ov !J.E 'ta ypa!J.!J.a'ta O"UVEOEE'tO 7tav'to'tE -Y] 'tOU BEOU evvOla de; 'tae; ljiuxae; 'tWV v'Y]7ttwv». '0 Xao"tw't'Y]e; 6a !J.dVEt 0"'ta6EpOe; xat 0"'t0 !J.EyaAo epyo 'tou, o"'t~v rota au't~ ypafJ.fJ.Y) 7tOU eIXE apxtO"Et va xapa~Et 1)o'Y] &no; 'to 1874. "07tWe; 'to row 0"'ta6Epoe; 6a a7tooEtx6EI xat o'tav 6a O"UYXEV'tPWo"Et, apxE'ta apyonpa (1909), O"E ~EXWPtO"'to "ro!J.o, OtaAE~Ete; 7tOt) eowaE O"'tov O ~XOAEIO 7tOU a7tOXaAOU(J-e: ypa(J-(J-CX't'a, aMa va 7tatpve:t xat aMe:~ 7tpoe:x'taewe; 7tp6~ e:upu'te:pa XotVwvtxa xat 7tOAt'ttXa cpatv6(J-e:va. ME 'tk 7tpOU7t06EO"e:t~ o(J-w~ au'tE~ (J-ane:ue:t 0 avayvwO"'tl)~, o'tt ~ xa'taAl)~l) OEV (J-7tOpe:t va (J-a~ oOl)yf)O"e:t 7tou6e:va aMou, 7tapa 7tp6e; 't6 xtvl)(J-a 'tl]~ ye:vta~ 'tou 1880 >tat 't~v 7tOAt'ttX~ (J-e:'ta60A~ 7tOU 7tpaY(J-a'to7tote:t'tat (J-E 't~v 7tapouO"ta 'tou XaptAaOu Tptxou7tl). L't6 O"1)(J-e:tO o(J-w~ 07tOU 6ptO"xe:'tat xat ~(J-e:pa ax6(J-l) ~ O"Xe:'ttX~ Epe:uva, xat w<; 7tp6~ 't6 6E(J-CX au't6, 6a otamO"'tWcrou(J-e: o'tt 0 (J-e:Ae:'tl)'t~~ Ev6<; e:lOtXOU 6E(J-a't0<; 7tOU O"Xe:'tt~e:'tat (J-E 't~v 7tve:u(J-a'tex~ 10"'topta, o'tav 6e:A~0"e:t va 'to oee:pe:uv~O"e:t O"'tt<; O"XEO"e:e<; 'tou 7tp6<; 't~v ye:vtx6'te:pl) 7tOAt'ttX~ xat XotVWVtX~ tcr'topta 'tou 't67tOU O"'ta "/...P6vta 7tOU ye:vvtE'tat 't6 xtvl)(J-a 'tl]<; ye:vta<; 'tou '80, 6a (J-dve:t (J-aMov a60~8l)'t0~. '0 hoxAe:tO"'ttx6<;, ol)Aao~, 'tp67t0e; (J-E 't6v 07tOtOV (J-e:Ae:'t~6l)xe: €W<; 'twpa 't6 xtVl)(J-a -a7t6 xa6apa AoYO'te:xvtx~ cX7tot.¥l)- OEV E7tE'tpe:t.¥e: oXt (J-6vo 't~v avtxve:uO""YJ 'twv to"'toptXWV oe:O"(J-wv (J-E 't6 7tape:A66v, aMa oihe: xav 't~v Ena~~ 'tou 0"'t6 ye:vtx6'te:po XAt(J-a 'tl]e; E7tOXl]~. O! O"UVE7te:te:<; a7to 't~v EMe:tt.¥l) au't~ ytvov'tat a(J-Eo"w<; atcr8l)'tk M7tope:t, 6E6ata, va e:lvat Em'tux~<; 0 xapax'tl)ptO"(J-6<; O'tt (J-E 't~v ye:vta 'tou 1880 apXt~e:t €va<; VEO<; otacpw'ttO"(J-o<;, wO"'t60"0 Ot A6yot yta 'tou<; 07tOtou<; Uv xap7tocp6p"YJ0"e: ~ OEV xap7tocp6pl)0"e: 'tooo 00"0 6a 7te:pt(J-e:ve: xavd<;, 7tapa(J-Evouv ave:p(J-~ve:u'tOt, av OEV O"uO"Xe:'tt0"60uv (J-E 't6 7tape:A66v, aMa xat (J-E 't~v XotVWVtX~ xat 7tOAt'ttX~ xa'taO"'taO"1) 'tl]<; E7t o Xl] <; . Kat O"'t~v O"uyxe:xPt(J-EV"YJ au't~ 7te:pt7t'twO"1) EXOU(J-e: 't~v 0"'ta6e:p~ E7taVaA"YJt.¥l) Ev6<; xat 'tOU au'tou cpatVo(J-EvOU 7tOU xapax'tl)pt~e:t 't~v ve:oe:Ml)vtX~ Xotvwvta, 'tOUAaXtO"'tov h6 't~v E7tOX~ 07tOU aPXtO"e: va ota(J-opcpwve:'tat (J-EO"a 0"'t6v 180 alwva, O"'tl)ptY(J-EVl) o"'t~v aO"'ttx~ 'ta~l): 01 ouva(J-e:t<; 7tp06oou 'tOU 't07tOU cpw'tt~onat xat o"'t"YJPt~ov'tat a7tO 'to ou'ttXO O"'totXe:to· xa6e: cpopa 7tOU Ot ouva(J-e:t<; 'tl]<; aV'rtopa- 0"1)<; oOl)Youv (J-E 't~v (J-tO"aAAoOo~ta 'tou<; 'ta 7tpay(J-CX'ta O"E aOtE~OoO, 01 7tPOOOe:u'ttXE<; ouva(J-e:t<; EXOUV 't~v ouva't6'tl)'ta va 7tP06A"YJ60uv, E7te:tO~ >ta'ta xav6va a7to'te:AoUV 't~v (J-e:tot.¥l)cpta. T6'te: 7tapouO"ta~e:'tat ~ (J-e:'ta60A~ oXt (J-6vov w~ wPt(J-"YJ, aMa ax6(J-l) xat w~ ava- 7to'tpe:7t'tl). "O'tav o(J-w~ 'te:AtXa 7tpay(J-CX'to7totl)6e:t, apXt~e:t xat ytve:'tat 7tp06Al)(J-a'ttX~ ~ Em60A~ 'tl)<;, yta'tt a7tat'te:t va EXe:t O"'t~v ota6e:0"~ 'tl)~ 't6v 7tapayov'ta 'tou Xpovou, 0 07tOtO~ Epya~e:'tat o(J-w<; a7tOxAe:tO"'ttXa yta 'ti<; ouva(J-e:t<; 'tl]<; O"un~pl)O""YJ<; e:he: 'tl]<; av'ttopa- TO KPYIflO l:XOAEIO 55 CTY)~. "'E'tO't Xat eow: "O'tav 'to 1874 a XaptAaO~ TptXOU7t"f]~, Ota(J-opcpwvona~ 'tt~ eVOta6E'tE~ 'taO'Et~ 'tlj~ aVEpXO(J-EV"f]~ aO''ttxlj~ 'ta~"f]~, ~~'t"f]O'E va xa6apEt 't~v 7tOAt'ttX~ ~W~ 'tOU 't07tOU, ~ em'tU'1..ta 't~v a7tOta O'"f](J-dWO'E, av 0''ta6"f]XE a7tpoO'OOX"f]'t"f], xapax't"f]Pt~Et wO''tOO'O 't~v cp60pa 'tOU 7tOAt'ttXOU XOO'(J-OU 'tOU 7tapEA60v't0~. ~UVE7tW~ excppa~Et 't~v WPt(J-"f] yta (J-E'tabOA~ O''tty(J-~. '0 7tapayov'ra~ O(J-W~ 'tOU XPOVOU oev O'UVE'ti'AEO'E xat eow WO''tE va eopatw6e'i eva EPYO 7tOU, av O'UVEXt~o'rav p.i 'tt~ 7tpoo7t'ttxee; (J-e 'tt~ a7tOiE~ dXE apXtaEt, ea dXE (J-E'tabaAEt pt~txa xat aptO''rtxa 'r~v VEOEM"f]VtX~ xotvwvta. 'R O'xeCTY) ava(J-EO'a O''t~v 7tpoO'7ta6Eta 'rou XaptAaOu Tptxou7t"f] xat O''to xtv"f](J-a 'tlje; YEvtiie; 'rou '80, w~ 7tPO~ 'ta YEVEO'wupya ar'tta, O€V E:mOeXE'tat a(J-cptO'b~'t"f]CTY). '0 pEaAtO'(J-o~ xat a bpeoAoytO'(J-O~ 'rlj~ E:O'W'tEPtXlj~ XlXt E:~W'tEPtXlj~ 7tOAt'ttXlj~ 'rou TptxOU7t"f], 7tOU ~"f]'raEt va ava(J-opcpwO'Et 'ro 7tOAmXO XAt(J-a 'tlj~ 'EMaoa~ EhE (J-e 'tY)v a7to(J-axpuvCTY) a7tO 'to cpeop07totO O'xlj(J-a 'tlj~ MEyaA"f]e; 'Ioea~ et'tE (J-e 't~v E:x(J-E'raMWCTY) 'twv 7tAOU'r07tapaywytxwV 7t"f]yWV 'rOU 't07tOU, ana7tOXptVE'tat a7tOAU'ta 7tPO~ 'ta ai't~(J-a'ra 'rlj~ yEVtii~ 'tou '80. Kat au't~ ~"f]'taEt aV't'ta'rotxa 't~v E:opatwCTY) (J-tii~ VEOEM"f]VtXlj~ 7tatoda~ (J-eO'a a7to 't~v uytlj Ex(J-E'taMwO''Y] 'tlj~ 7tAouO'ta~ 7tvw(J-a'ttxlj~ 7tapaooCTY)~ 'tOU 't07tOU, 7tOU ETvat d'tE 01 Aa'ixe~ ouva(J-Et~, w~ YAwO'O'a xat w~ Aa'ixo~ 7tOAt'ttO'(J-O~, d'rE 01 ouva(J-Et~ aU'te~ 07tW~ 'tt~ E:x(J-E'taAAEu6Y]xE (J-a~t (J-e 'r~v OtX~ 't"f]~ 7tpoO'cpopa ~ AOyta 7tapaooO'"f], 07tW~ 7t.x. (J-E 'r0 EPYO 'tOU Kopalj, 'tOU ~OAW(J-OU xat 'tOU KaAbou. "07tW~ o(J-w~ a 7tpw'to~ 7te'tuXE 'rY)v (J-E'taboA~, aMa OXt xat 't~v E:opatwCTY) 'tlj~ (J-E'taboAlj~ aU'tlje;, 'to row xat ~ YEVta 'tou '80 7te'tuXE we; 7tpO~ 't~v (J-E'taboA~, aMa 01') xat w~ 7tpO~ 't~v emboA~ 'r"f]~. OLm 'ro YAWO'O'tXO ~~'t"f](J-a AUe"f]XE, oihE ~ 7tapaooO'"f] EytVE O'UVEtO"f]CTY) yta va O''t"f]Pt~Et 'r~v VWEAA"f]VtX~ 7tatoda. "'E'tO't 7tPE7tEt va E:~E'taO'ou(J-E 'to 6e(J-a 'tOU Kpucpou ~XOAEWU xat O''t~v 7tEPt7t'tWCTY) 'tou Ka(J-7tOUpoYAOU, 7tpOXEt(J-EVOU va E:~"f]yY)O'OU(J-E, 7tW~ au't~ ~ 'r00'0 O'uyxEXpt(J-eV"f] xat aOtacptAOVtX"f]'r"f] eECTY), OXt (J-OVO OEV &Ma;~E 'rt7tO'rE, aMa 7tEpaO'E xwpte; xav va 7tpOO'ExeE'i. 'E7tEtO~ OEV 7tpe7tEt va A'Y]O'(J-OVOU(J-E 7tW~ OAEe; (J-a~ 01 7tapa't"f]p~O'Et~ 7tOU avacpEpOnat O''r~V O''Y](J-aO'ta 'tlje; yEVtii~ 'tou '80 yta 'r~V VEOEAA"f]VtX~ 7tatoda EXOUV 10''toptxo xapax't~pa. Oun, O"f]Aao~, a IIaAa~, 7tOU O''ra6Y]xE EUeUC; a7to (J-tii~ apxljc; a 7tpay(J-a'ttxo~ 56 TO KPnO l:XOAEIO cXPXT)yO~ 't"~~ yEVt(i~, O"uv"t'ovl~ov"t'a~ 'OXt fJ-OVO "t'a 1tOtT)"t'tXa 1tpayfJ-a't"a cXAM Xat a1tOXaStO"'t"wv"t'a~ 't"OV tCJ"'t"OptXO OEO"fJ-O 't"~~ E:AAT)VtX~~ 1t01T)0"T)~ 1tEPtO"O"O"t'EPO fJ-E 't"OV KaMo --rcOU d XE "t'~V fJ-EyaAu"t'EpT) cXvayxT)- xat AtyO"t'EpO fJ-E 't"OV 1:.0AWfJ-0 --rcOU OEV 1tOAU"t'atpta~E O""t'~V 1totT)'t"tX~ "t'OU [OtoO"uyxpaO"la- cXX"t'tVObOAT)O"E O""t'~V E1tOX~ "t'ou 0"'t"0 fJ-EyaAo xotvO 00"0 Sa VOfJ-t~E xavd~, Xptvov't"a~ cX1tO 't"~V SEO"T) 1tOU EfJ-Ei~ 't"OU owO"afJ-E fJ-E't"a 't"OV SavfX't"O 't"ou O""t'aSfJ-t~ov"t'a~ 't"OV POAO "t'ou to"'t"optxa, O(hE E~aMOU 't"a XT)puYfJ-a't"a 't"~~ yEVt(i~ bP~xav, 'OXt ma 0""t'0 fJ-EyaAo XotVO, aMa xat O""t'OU~ AOytOU~ cXXOfJ-T), 't"~V cXV"t'a1tOxptO"T) 1tOU Sa 1tEptfJ-EVE xavd~ XPT)O"tfJ-01totwv't"a~ cXvaAoya Xpt"t'~pta. Elvat ~ 1tEPt1t't"WO"T) 01tOU "t'o 1897 Eva~ to""t'optXO~ "t'~~ xaSOAtX~~ VEOEMT)VtX~~ 1a't"6ptx~~ EmO""t'~fJ-T)~, b 1:.1tUptOWV AafJ-1tpo~, 1tOU OEV S~PWo"E fJ-E 't"~v EmO"'t"~fJ-T) 't"ou OU"t'E "t'ov cppovT)fJ-fX't"tO"[lo OU"t'E 't"t~ ESVtXE~ OtEXOtX~o"Et~, 1tEpvwV"t'a~ a1to 't"o SE[lfX "t'ou Kpucpou 1:.xoAEIOU xat au"t'o~, OEV Sa OtO"'t"aO"Et va ota"t'U1tWaEt "t'~v axoAouEtrJ 1tapfX't"~pT)O"T): «'A[lcptbaMW &'1 1tA~V "t'ou 1tEv't"aO"'t"IXOU 't"ou't"ou cXO"[lfX't"tou "t'ou O"UVOEO[lEVOU a[lEo"w~ 1tPO~ "t'~v "t'uXT)v 't"ou U1tOOOUAOU E:MT)VtO"[lou, ~ 't"oupxoxpa"t'ou[lEvT) 'EMa~ EXEt va Emod~Et &AAO; O"XOAtXOV &O;"[la». 8 fta avaAoYOUe; A6youe;, E~aMOu, O€V 1tpbw va fJ-ae; ~i::Vto"i::t fJ-ta O"ufJ-1ti::fnqlOpa a1t6 'tov xOO"fJ-O 't~e; 't€xV'y)e;, xat O"uYXi::xptfJ-€va 't~e; ~wypacptX~e;, 1tOU 1tapa'tl)pEt'tat 0"'ta6Epa O"€ OAOV 1tEpt1tOU 't6v 190 a1wva: Evae; 1tml)'t1je; xa6we; 0 ~oAwfJ-6e;, 1tOU EfJ-1tV€E'tat 0"'ta6Epa a1t6 't6v 'Aywva, O€V EV€1tVi::UO"E av'ttO"'totxwe; 't1jv VEOEAAl)Vtx1j ~wypacptx1j 1tapa EAaXtO"'ta. «Mou €V€1tVEUO"E fJ-€V 't1jv "M~av" 0 oatfJ-6vwe; ~oAwfJ-6e;», 6a ofJ-OAoy1jO"Et 0 rU~l)e; -xat 't6 E1ti6E'tO 1tOU XPl)O"t(J.01tOtEt Elvat 1tp6c; 'tt(J.1jv 'tou- yta va OAOXAl)PWcrEt (J.€ 't1jv ax6Aou6l) a~ta yta 't6v XaMt'tEXVY) 1tapa't1jpl)O""Y): «"EXEt Q(J.we; 't6 1tVEU!J.a (J.OU, 't1jv xapotav (J.OU, xat EV (J.€POC; 't~e; ~w-Yje; fJ-OU (J.a~{ 't'"Y)C;». A\J't'6 ~'tav OAO. 'AO"cpaAWe; Q(J.we; OEV ~'tav ao"XE'tl) ~ O"'tao""y) 'tOU alJ't'1j xat 1tp6c; 't1jv aV'ta1toxpto""y) 1tOU 6p~XE a1t6 't6 Xotv6 't'-Yje; 1ta'tptoac; 'tOU: «"O'tav EO"'tEtAE 't6 1899 't1jv J6';a IJ"t'1j'v 'A61jva yta va h'tE6-Yj, 0 1ttvaxac; 'tou o€v ayopa0"6l)xE a1t6 xav€vav, 1tap' OAO 1tOU EIXE xa'tE6aO"Et 't1jv 'tt(J.~ O"'ta (J.tO"a. ZoupAoxap:;repw 't1jv xapax't1jptO"av xat mxpa6l)xE». To row 6a O"U(J.6Et xat fJ-E'ta 't1jv a1toxa'taO"1:ao""y) 't1jv o1tota 1tpaY!J.a't01tmEt, 1:000 yt' a1.J't'6v 150"0 xat yta 1:0V KaA60, b IIaAa(J.ae;. Kat ~ 1tpaY(J.a1:II]"'ttx1j 1tOtl)O""Y) 'tOU KaA60u OEV 6a O"uYXW1jO"Et, O€V 6a EfJ-1tVEUI]"Et. fta'tt o€v 1tP€1tEt va Al)O"fJ-OVOU(J.E, 1tWe; av xat ~ VEOEMY)VtX1j 't€xvl), (J.€ 'toue; m6 a~wue; EX1tP0I]"W1toue; 'ty)e;, 01tWC; ~1:av Yla 1:1jv €1tOx1j 0 Ntx6AaOe; rU~l)e; xat 0 Ntxl)cp6poe; AU'tpae;, EXEt 'tte; 1tl)y€e; 'tl)C; xat O"'tY)pt~E'tat xa'ta 6aO""Y) 0"'t6v YEp(J.aVtXo vEoxAaO"tXtO"(J.o, EmOtW~E wO"'t61]"0 va O"uvoE6Et (J.€ 't1j'V 'VEOEMl)vtx1j 1tapaooO""Y). '0 Ntx6Aaoc; rU~l)e;, 1t.X., av xat €~l)o"E 'ta 1tEpto"I]"6'tEpa xp6vta 't~e; ~w~e; 1:0U 1]"1:1jv rEpfJ-aVta, O€'V a1tO~E'Vw6l)XE an6 1:1jv 1ta1:ptoa 1:OU· a1tO 1:1jv fJ-axpa aAAl)Aoypacp{a 1tOU ota't1jpl)I]"E (J.€ 'toue; EOW I]"UYYE'Ve:te; 'tou cpat'Ve:'tat 1t000 l]"'ta6e:p6e; ~'ta'V 0 1t66oc; 't~e; EmO"'tpOcp~e;. '0 XaMt't€XVl)e;, 'V€0e; ax6(J.l) , Ot€'tPE~E Evav XtVOU'VO 1tOU xat aMm OfJ-6'tEXVOt -eou, ~ xat O"uyypacpEte;, 't6v e:Ixav E1ttO""Y)e; Ota't"P€~e:t. KtVOUVEUO"E, ol)Aao1j, va Ota1:l)p"YJ6Et 1:6 ovofJ-a 'tou O"'t1jv ta'topta 't~e; 't€X'Vl)C; 't~e; 1ta'tptoac; 'tou I]"UVOe:(J.E'VO !J.€. Eva EPYo, 1tOU OEV 't6v 58 TO KPr E:Ae:t'!oupyouv. 'H dxwv au'!~ e:Tvat fJ.txpa, we; ExdvYj '!ou 1tapafJ.u8tou, '!~v a1totav 1tEpuO'tV e:te; '!~v au'!~v ex8e:O'tv e:toa'!e:. ME ouaxoAe:ue:t ~ apfJ.ovta '!Yje;, xa80'!t ~8EAYjO'a va 1tapaO''!~O'w fJ.ua'!YjptwoYj 1tpii~tv de; axo'!e:tvOV Lmoye:tOv fJ.ovov ota fJ.tiie; aX'!tVOe; ~AtOU e:tO'e:PXOfJ.EVYje; E:V'!0e; XIXt ota '!rje; av'!avaxMae:we; au'!rje; '!~v cpw'!oaxtaatv '!wv 1tpoO'W1tWV xat Aomwv av'!txe:tfJ.EVWV» . Map'!upia a1to '!ov tOtO '!ov ru~Yj yta '!~v 1tYj~ '!rje; efJ.1tve:uO'~e; -rou Uv exoufJ.e:, 00'0 yvwPt~W, aAAa oihe: xat EXe:t tOtat'!e:pYj O'YjfJ.aO'ta va '!~v yvwpt~oufJ.e:, (iv 1tpoxe:t'!at va xa'!acpuyoufJ.e: O''!te; O'uvYj8tafJ.Eve:e; ytf;. ~v 1te:pt1t,!waYJ ap.cpt60Ae:e; dxaate:e;. '0 XaMt'!EXVYJe;, (iMwO''!e:, E:fJ.1tVEe:'!at O'uxva, a1to a1tpoO'06xYj'!e:e; yta '!ov fJ.e:Ae:'!Yj'!~ 1tYjYEe;, xat E:m1tAEOV OEV EXe:t xafJ.ta \mOXPEWtTrj va E:~axpt6wve:t '!Y]v aA~8e:ta '!wv 1tpaYfJ.a'!wv. 'H a1taMa~ ofJ.we; '!OU oYjfJ.toupyou &no; '!Y]v l)1t0XPEWtTrj au'!~ Uv tTrjfJ.IXtve:t xa! '!au'!o'X,PovYj a1taMa~ a1to aV'!tO''!Otxe:e; LI1tOxpe:wO'e:te; '!wv fJ.e:Ae:'!Yj'!WV '!ou epyou -eou, o'!av a O'XOAtaO'fJ.Oe; '!ou epyou a1t06AE1te:t va otacpw'!tO'e:t '!O fJ.e:yaAo XOtvo. ~'!~v 1te:pi1t'!wO'Yj, Aomov, au'!~, Evae; 1ttvaxae; fJ.E to''!optxo 1te:pte:xOfJ.e:vo oYjfJ.toupye:t 1tOMa1tAEe; E:m1t,!Wcre:te;: a1to '!~v fJ.ta fJ.e:pta e:Tvat a XUXAOe; '!wv O"'X,0AtWV xat a1to '!~v (iMYj ~ 1tapouO'ta au'!ou xa8e:au'!01) '!ou epyou we; to''!optXO 1tAEOV ye:yovo~. IIpoxe:tfJ.Evou yta '!o O'uyxe:XptfJ.EVO au'!o epyo 't01) ru~Yj, xat '!a ouo L)1trjp~av 1tOAU a1tocpaO'ta'!txa a'!a xptatfJ.IX aU'ta rta '!~v Ve:Oe:MYjVtX~ ia'toptx~ auvdoYjtTrj 60 TO KPYflJO l::XOAEIO Xp6wJ., WI:; 1tp61:; 'r~V E~EAt~'Y) -rijl:; f.l-U601tAcxatCXI:; 'rOU Kpucpou ~XoAe:WU. Tt dvcxt EXe:tVO 1tOU ~apuve: 0f.l-WI:; 1te:ptaa6're:po; "'AI:; acp~aouf.l-e: 'ra rOtCX 'ra 1tpayf.l-cx'rcx va f.l-tA~aouv. "Evcxl:; ~wypacpol:; 'rou ru~'Y) f.l-al:; 1tA'Y)POCPOpe:t o'rt 0 ~wypacpol:; Ef.l-1tve:ua6l)xe: 'r~v dx6vcx a1t6 'r~v 1tCX'rPIOCX 'rOU. 'AvcxcpEpe:t, O'Y)ACXO~, o'rt a'r~v T~vo, xona a'r~v 1toAt'rdcx, tl1tapxe:t EVCX f.l-txp6 f.l-ovcxa'r~pt, 'r~1:; 'Ayicxl:; Tptaocxl:;, 1tOU 1tPIV a1t6 'r~v 'E1tcxvaa'rcxO"Y) ovof.I-CX~6'rcxv «T6 Kpucp6 ~xoAe:(6), «Ot6'rt EV 'ryJ f.l-0vYJ CXU'rYJ EOtOaaxov'ro xpucpiwl:; 'ra ypaf.l-f.l-cx'rCX XCXI 'r~v 6p'Y)axdcxv 'ra 1tCXtOICX 'rwv T'Y)vlwv tm6 OWoe:XCX XCXAO~PWV ohtve:1:; OtEf.l-e:vov €V CXU'rYJ». dEv unapxe:t XCXV€VCXt; A6yot; va af.l-cpta~'Y)'r~ae:t xcxve:k 'r6ao 'r~v U1tCXp~'Y) 'r~1:; ncxpaooO"Y)I:; cxu'r~1:; xcx6e:cxu'r~I:;, 00'0 XCXI 'r~v f.l-CXp'rUpICX 'rou ~wypacpou WI:; 1tp61:; 'r6v xcxAAt'r€XV'Y). 'AnAwl:; ~ ia'roptx~ npcxyf.I-CX'rtx6't"'Y)'t"cx, 1tOU epxe:'t"cxt ae 't"eAe:tCX anI6e:a'Y) f.l-E 'r~v ncxpaooO"Y), 6a f.l-al:; e:UXOAuve:t va E:pf.l-'Y)ve:uaouf.l-e: 't"~v otaooO"Y) 'r~1:; ncxpaooO"Y)I:;. T6 v'Y)al, O'Y)ACXO~, onWI:; dvcxt yvwa'r6, E:ne:ae: a't"a xEptCX 't"wv Toupxwv f.l-6Atl:; 't"6 1718. 'H f.l-e:'rCX~OA~ 0f.l-WI:; cxu'r~ oev aAAolwae: xcx't"a 't"11tO're: anoAU't"WI:; 'tIl:; EWI:; 't6'te: auv6~xe:1:; ~W~I:; 'twv xcx't"OtXWV u1t6 'toul:; XCXtvouPWUI:; xuptapxoul:;. 'Antee:'tcx, 6a dvcxt a'r6 E:~~I:; f.l-ta an6 'rll:; m6 locxvtxel:; yta 'roupxoxpcx'rouf.l-e:vcx f.l-Ep'Y). 'H VECX xcx'roX~, f.l-E 't"~v XCX60Atx~ anoualcx Toupxwv an6 't"6 v'Y)al, 't"6 avcx~woy6v'Y)ae:, f.l-E a1to't"eAe:af.l-CX va apXlaouv va auppEouv he:t xa'rotxot an6 tXAAe:1:; ne:pWXEI:; XCXI va OY)f.l-toupye:t'rCXt ae AlYO 0 auvotxtaf.l-61:; 't"~1:; veCXI:; 1tCXpCXAtCXX~1:; n6A'Y)I:;. Ta a'rotxe:tCX cxu'ra apxouv yta va Em~e:~CXtwaouv, yta f.l-ICX cpopa ax6f.1-'Y), f.l-ta ncxAcxt6're:p'Y) otcx1tla't"wa'Y): ~ 1tcxpaooa'Y) nOAt'roypCXcpe:t't"CXt e:UXOACX xcxi tXXpt't"cx apxe:t va unap~e:t 'ronwvuf.l-tx~ 'rcxu'rta'Y). ~'r~v T~vo EXOUf.l-e: 'r~v nAEOV anpoa06x'Y)'r'Y), XCXI, auve:nwl:;, XCXI 'r~v nAeov axpcxicx ne:pln'rwO"Y). ME 'r~v rOtCX 0f.l-WI:; cxu't"~v axptaicx 0 nlvcxxcxl:; o{ve:t acpopf.l-~ wa're: va nOAt't0ypcxcp'Y)6e:t 0 f.l-u60e;, acpou A{ycx x.p6vtcx apy6't"e:pcx, xcxi auyxe:xptf.l-EVCX 't6 1901, Evcxe; tXMoe; ~wypaCP01:; 't"ou ru~'Y), 0 Ll'Y)f.I-~'rptoe; KcxxAcxf.l-avOe;, OEV 6a ouaxoAe:u6e:t va XCX't"CXA~~e:t a't"{1:; ax6Aou6e:1:; 1tCXp!X't"'Y)p~ae:tl:; aXOAta~ov't"at; ,,:6v ntvcxXCX: «EIVCXt 'r6 1tOI'Y)f.I-CX ,,:~e; f.l-ua":tx~e; EA1tIOOI:; -rijl:; avcxa'raae:WI:; ":ou E6voul:; XCXt 'r~t; EAW6e:ptcxt; ,,:~e; ncx,,:ptOOI:;, ,,:~v 01tOtCXV cxla6cxv6f.1-e:6cx (ht 0 yepwv otoaaxe:t de; 'ra 1tCXto{cx f.I-CX~u f.l-E 't"6 aAcpa~'Y)":ov, ncxpcxaxwa~wv ":OUI:; EXOtx'Y),,:ae; XCXI 'roue; EAe:u6e:pw":ae;, xcxt dl:; 'r6 ~a60e; ":~I:; ono{cxe;, we; de; E,vaapXWatv npocp'Y)":tX~V, Otcxcpcxtve:'tCXt TO KPr~O l:XOAEIO 61 EV01tAOe; crX01tOe;, xup.a(Vop.€VOe; p.€'ra~u ll1tapX'rOu Xat 1tpa,,(p.a'r(XOU». Tov E1tOP.€VO, E:~aMOU, XPOVO, Evae; aAAOe; crXOA(acr'r~e; 'rou EP,,(OU, Eupw1tatOe; aU'roe;, a raMOe; Marcel Montandon Oa xa'raA~~€t: «Elvat Eva &1tO 'ra crotapo'r€pa xaAEcrp.a'ra 'r~e; cpav'racrtae; xat Oa E1tP€1t€ va tp€t 'r~v OEO"Y) 'rou crE xaO€ crXOAtX~ 'ra~"Y). 'H 'EMaoa p.1tOP€t va dvat u1t€p~cpav"Y) 'rocro "(ta 'rov au'roup,,(o ocro xat ,,((a 'ro 1t€pt€XoP.€VO au'rou 'rOU EP,,(OU, 1tOU p.1tOpoup.€ va 'ro ovop.acroup.€ cr'r~v 1tA~P"Y) cr"Y)p.acrta 'r~e; AE~"Y)e; H)v(xo». 'H &xptcrla; p.E 'r~v a1tola E:mX€tfl#Ty)X€ va EPP."Y)VWO€t ~ EP.1tVWO"Y) 'rOU ~w"(pacpou OEV p'ae; E:VOtacpEp€( au'r~ xae€au'r~v, ,,((a'rt tapuv€t &1tOXA€tcr'rtXa xat p.ovo 'r~v Xptcr"Y) p.ae; ,,((a 'roue; tw"(pacpoue;. IIapap.Ev€( Aomov &VotX;'ro 'ro OEp.a 1tOta ~'rav ~ 1t"Y)"(~ 'r~e; EP.1tVWcr"Y)e; 'rOU ru~"Y), OXt ,,((a xavEvav aAAo AO,,(O, &Ma; "(ta va otamcr'rwOeL av u1tapX€t &M;"y)AoUXta cr'r~v 1tapaooO"Y) 'rOU p.uOou 'rOU Kpucpou ~XOA€tOU. "Av, crup.cpwva P.E 'r~v 1tapa'r~p"Y)O"Y) 1tOU ota'ru1twO"y)X€ mo 1tavw, &vacpop;(xa P.E 'r~v &1toucrta 'rwv p.€"(aAwv 'r~e; V€O€M"y)VtX~e; 1tOt"y)o"y)e; &1t0 'r~v V€O€M"Y)VtX~ ~w"(pacptx~, 'rpa1toup.€ 1tpoe; 'r~v xa'r€uOuvo"y) au'r~ do(xa "(ta 'rov ru~"Y), ea o(amcr'rwcroup.€ 1tWe; a XUXAOe; 'rwv O€p.a'rwv 'rou 'ra a1tOta &vacpEpOV;'rat cr'r~v V€O€M"Y)V(X~ ~w~ EXOUV Aa'~x~ 1tpOEA€UO"Y) Y€Vtxo'r€pa xai 1tPOEPXOv'rat €h€ &1t0 'rte; 1tatO(XEe; &vap.v;~cr€te; -eou €h€ &1t0 cr'rotX€ta 1tOU 'rOU 1tpocrCPEP€( ~ Aa'~x~ 1tapaooO"Y). To XAtp.a au'ro 'r~e; Aa'~xo'r"Y)'rae; OEV 1tPE1t€t va p.ae; ~€Vt~€( ,,((a aAoxA"Y)po crX€OOV 'rov 190 alwva, av 0'1.( xat "(ta Eva p.EpOe; 'rOU 200u' ~ ~w~ cr'ra 'J..Povta 'r~e; Toupxoxpa'riae; OEV vo€t'rat, 1tapa we; ExcppaO"Y) 'rOU Aa·(x.ou cr'rotXdou. 'H 1tpocrcpa'r"Y), E:~aMOU, "(ta 'r~v E:1tOX~ &vaxaAu;'-J;"Y) 'r~e; Aao,,(pacptae; ~vouvap.wcr€ 'r~v 'rao"y) au'r~, P.E&1tO'rEA€crp.a va xaOucr'r€p~cr€t &xop.;"Y) 1t€ptcrcro'r€PO "(ta 'r~V V€O€M"Y)V(X~ tcr'ropia ~ &vaxaAu;'-J;"Y) - yta'rt y(a &vaxaAu;'-J;"Y) 1tpox€t'rat- xai 'r~e; &cr;'r(X~e; ~w~e; 'rOU EAA"Y)VtcrP.OU 'r~e; Toupxoxpa'rtae;. 'H cpucr"Y) wcr'rocro xat ~ 'rUX"y) 'rWV crXOAtWV au'rwv, P.E 'r~v E:V'r€AWe; E:v'romcrp.Ev"y) &x;'rtVotoAta 'roue;, odxvouv O'rt P.aAAOV rtsPWptcrP.EV"Y) Oa 1tPE1t€t va ~'rav ~ crUP.toA~ 'roue; cr'r~v E:mttwO"Y) EVOe; p.uOou, a a1tOtOe; 1tapoucrta~€'rat &px;€'ra lcrXupo1tot"Y)p.Evoe; E:xdv"Y) 'r~v E:1tOX~. :Acpou ~ o~u'ra'r"Y) XP('r(X~ 'rOU Kap.1tOUpoyAOU OEV o"Y)p.wup)'"Y)cr€ xap.ta &vacr;'roA~, ,,((a 'roue; Aoyoue; 1tOU doap.€, ~ E:~€txovto"y) 'rOU p.uOou &1tO'r€A€t oucrtacr'rtX~ xa'rax'r"Y)cr~ rou cr'rov 62 TO KPYcJiO :EXOAEIO xwpO XtX&tXU;'t'O 't'lje; CG''t'OpttXe;. 01 ~UXOAOytXOt, OY)AtXO~, 1ttXpa:yoV't'€e; 1tOU E1t€V€pyouv WG''t'€ 't'O epyo 't'lje; 't'EXVy)e;, 't'lje; ~wyptXtptXlje; eiotxo't'€pa, Va: atp~V€t EV't'OVO't'€PY) 't'~V bdOptXG'~ 't'OU G'E Exdvoue; 1tOU OEXOV't'tXt 't'~V ax't'tVO~OA[a 't'OU, (J"'t'~V 1t€p[1t't'WG'Y) 't'OU Kputpou ~XOA€tou 1ttXpOU(J"ta:~OV't'tXt pi tXU~y)fJ-EVY) a1tOooG'Y), atpou tXU't'ot €IVtXt tx€tVOt 1tOU pu6fJ-t~ouv XUptWe; 't'~V OtafJ-optpwG'Y) 't'lje; [(J"'t'OptXlje; (J"UvdoY)G'Y)~ (J"'t'~V 'EMa:Oa (J"E aAOXAY)pO 't'ov 190 aiwvtX. To epyo au't'o 't'ou ru~Y), fJ-tX~t fJ-E 't'a: &AAa; (J"X€'t'txa 't'lje; totae; (J"€tpiie;, 1tOU €Ixav yta 6EfJ-a 'r~v 1ta't'ptoa 't'ou ~wypatpou, eytvav 1tOAU yp~yopa yvw(J"'t'a, fJ-ta xtXt a XaMt't'EXVY)e; EVOtatpEp6Y)x€ va: EX't'€6ouv (J"'t'~v 'EAAaOtX. 'H ex6€G'Y) 1tpaYfJ-tX't'o1tot~6r,X€ 't'o 1900, Eva x.povo oY)Aao~ 1tptv a1to 't'ov 6avtX't'o 't'ou XaMt't'EXvY), XtXt xa6we; a ru~Y)e; ~'t'av 1tta tpY)fJ-t(J"fJ-EVOe; 't'o(J"o (J"'t'o E~W't'€PtXO o(J"o xat (J"'t'~v 1ttX't'ptoa 't'ou, G'Y)fJ-dw(J"€ fJ-€yaAY) E1tt't'uxta. 'H E1tt't'uxta ofJ-we; au't'~ 6a efJ-€v€ xwpte; iOtat't'€p€e; 1tpo€x't'a(J"€te;, &v; 't'ooo au't'oe; 0 1ttvtXxae; O(J"O xat EVtXe; &MOe; 't'OU iotou ~wypa:tpou, To napap.u(), '!"~~ r,ar,a~, OEV 't'potpooo't'ou(J"av 't'~v efJ-1tv€uG'Y) EVOe; 1tOtY)'t'lj. To 1900, 0 'Iwavv"Y)e; IIoAEfJ-"y)e; ~AE1t€t 't'ov 1ttvaxtX xat EfJ-1tVE€'t'at 't'o aV't't(J"'t'otXO 1to["y)fJ-a 't'ou, 1tOU 1tpw't'oo"y)fJ-o(J"t€u6"y)x€ (J"'t'~v (J"UAAOy~ 't'ou .i1M6aO"'!"pa (1900). To 1tOt"y)fJ-a au't'o xa6€tXu't'o EfJ-€tV€ (J"'t'~v tOta ypafJ-fJ-~ 't'OU 1ttvaxa: Tovt(J"€ 't'a rOta av't't6€'t'txa G''t'OtX€ttX 't'OU, (J"'t'a a1tota, onwe; doafJ-€ ano 't'~v E1tt(J"'t'OA~ 't'OU ru~"Y), 6EA"Y)(J"€ xup[we; va (J"'t'"Y)ptx6€t a ~w'Ypatpoe;. '0 IIoAEfJ-"y)e;, o"Y)Aao~, we; yv~(J"we; 't'U1ttXOe; Exnp0(J"W1tOe; 't'ou a(J"'t'txou pOfJ-av'rtO"fJ-OU, EAXUO"6r,X€ a1to 't'ov 1t[vaxa 't'OU ~wypatpou, axpt~We; E1t€tO~ OtEXptV€ (J"'t'ov 1ttvaxa 't'a (J"'t'otX€ta tx€tva 1tOU 't'potpooo't'ou(J"av xa[ 't'~v OtX~ 't'ou EfJ-1tV€UG'Y). 'H (J"ufJ-1t't'wG'Y) ofJ-we; au't'~, xa't'a xa1towv 't'P01tO ~'t'av ava1totpwx't'Y) yta 't'~v 1t€pt1t't'w(J""y) dotxa 't'ou IIoAEfJ-"Y). "Av O€X6oufJ-€, o"Y)Aao~, 1tWe; 6a fJ-1tOpouO"€ au't'o va (J"ufJ-~€t 'Yta 't'ov IIaAafJ-ii, OEV 6a dX€ 't'[e; E1tt1t't'W(J"€te; yta 't'~v E~a1tAwG'Y) xat 't'~v Eopa[wG'Y) 't'ou fJ-u6ou 't'ou Kputpou ~XOA€WU, 1tOU dx€ 1tPOX€tfJ-EVOU yta: 't'ov IIoAEfJ-"Y). 'H 1to["y)G'Y) 't'OU 't'€Aw'ratOu, xa6we; aV't'tX1toxp[v€'t'at a1toAU't'We; (J"'t'~v vo"Y)'t'txo'n)'t'a 't'ou fJ-E(J"ou avayvw(J"'t'"y), ~'t'av b xa'taAA"Y)AO't'€pOe; aywyoe; yta va: owxe't'€u6€t (J"'t'o fJ-€yaAo XotVO fJ-E(J"a a1to 't'~v 't'EXV"Y) Evae; fJ-u6oe;, b 01tOtOe; atpou €rX€ otavuO"€t 'ta 1tpo"Y)youfJ-€va G''taota 'tou fJ-E(J"a a1tO 'tte; &M;€~ txtppacmxEe; fJ-OptpEe;, E1ttOtWX€ 't'wpa va OAOXA"y)PWa€t 't~v E1tt~OA~ 'tou fJ-E(J"a a1to 't'~v Yo"Y)'rda 'tlje; 'tExV"Y)e;. 9 M~a "(oprYl bto7t"tx~ fMX"ta a,,~v ta"opttX "ou fl-u6ou "ou Kpucpou ~XOAEWU fI-€atX a"ov 190 tX[WVtX, €"at D7tW~ (;AOXAYJPWVE"tXt "WPtX (J-E "0 xAEta~(J-o "ou tX[WVtX (J-€ ,,~v t;o~eEttX "ou ru~YJ XtXt "ou IToAE(J-YJ, EfvtXt apxE"~ "(ta va (J-ii~ 7tdaEt 7tW~ EXOUfl-E (J-7tpoa"a (J-tX~ ILta (J-OVtXOtX~ raw~ 7tEpt7t"WC1YJ (J-u607tAtXattX~, a,,~v OttX(J-6pcpwC1YJ ,,~C; 07tOLtXC; auv~p')"YlatXv ,,6atX 7tmXtAtX, aAAa II.tXt a7t0cptXata"txa "(ta ,,~v avtXv-riPPYJ"YJ EOptX{WC1YJ "ou (J-u60u a"OtXEttX. Ma"tXttX, OYJAtXO~, o (J-EAE"YJ"~C; ea avtX~ YJ't~aEt fI-€atX a"ov tXtwva tXu,,6v, 7tOU xa'ttXAUEt XtXt avaaUV6€'tEt 'ta naV'ta, avaAo"(o7tA-r)pEa'tEpo cpatvo(J-Evo. ITou ocpdAE"tXt ~ (J-ovaOtx6"YJ"a; N o(J-t~w O"t tXt"wAo"(~6YJxE txavo7tmYJ"txa &'7t0 ,,~v €~EAt~YJ 'twv OttXOOXtXWV cpaaEwv 7tOV EAtXtlE (; (J-u8o~. "O'''t &.7tO(J-EVEt auvE7tw~ va "(tVEt "(~a 'ta E7tO(J-EvtX xpovta a7to 't~v 7tAWpa 'tou €AE"(XOU, OEv e:TVtX~ "{7tO"E aMO &'7t0 (J-{tX &'XO(J-lJ OOXt(J-~ "(ta va &'7tOOEtx6Et ~ ouVtXfl-lJ ,,~~ E7tt60A~~ 'tou fl-u8ou a,,~v VEOEAAlJVtX~ ta'toptX~ auvdoYJC1YJ, xa'ta 'ttC; apx€c; xtXt (J-ovo 'tou :lOou aiwva, Dao OYJAa.O~ xpEla~e:"a.t "(ta va "e:xfl-YJptw!}et xa.t (J-€ a7tooe:tx"txa a'tmXettX ~ alw7t~ ,,~v 07tottX €7t€6tXAtXV a't~v EPWVtX tXu'ta "a tOttX 'ta 7tpa"((J-tX'ttX. To tOttXt'tEPO XtXPtXx'tYJpta"txo 7tOU &'7toX'tii , .. ' , '6 ..." l".... ' I l' .. 'twptX 7tAWV 0 (J-u OC; EtVtXt O"t fl-E"tXOtXAAE"a.t ee aU(J-OOAO. 'H 7ttXPtX"~P"YjC1YJ, 6E6ata, 7tOU ea fl-7tOpouaE O~XtXWAO')"Yl(J-EVtX va e:TXE OttX"U7tW6Et ~oYJ, iht xtX'ttXv'taEt OYJAtXO~ (J-ov6'toVl] ~ auvex~c; axe:06v avacpopa aE xdfl-Eva 7tOU €XOUV oAtyY) ~ xtX66AOU aXEC1YJ fI-€ ,,~v xa6tXu,,6 ta'top{tX, (J-e:ptX~ a~ttX (J-7tOpEt va €XEt. 'H EPWVtX a't~v ~~'tYJ~ "YJ~ &'OLtXCPOPEt "(La 't~V a~toAO')"YlC1YJ 'twv XEL(J-EVWV 7tPOXEt(J-EVOU va. OLtX7tta'tWaEt 't~V OtwC1YJ 't~C; to""optX~C; O"uvdo"YjO""Yjc;. rta 'tov 1..0"(0 10mov au"ov XtXt OEV (J-7tOpEt va aOtacpop~aEL, ,5'rtXV (J-EatX a,,~v 7tpw't"Yj OEXtXE"ttX 'tou tXtWVtX aV"Lfl-E'tW7tt~EL 7tO ~XOAEIO 65 1901. «n~ptG"G"O't"~pOV», ypO:ql~t, «axo(J-1J ~ ouva(J-t~ 't"OU 'EAA1JVtG"(J-OU, (J-OAOVO't"t eTX~ G"uv't"pet;~ 1tOAe't"eXW~ €V~Xa 1tOAAWV ai't"{wv, xa'raoeexvue'rat xa'rc% 'rOu~ aiwva~ 'r~~ AeyO(J-eV1J~ 'A vayevv~G"ew~ 'rWV ypa(J-(J-O:'rwv, 'rwv 'rexvwv xat E7ttG"'r1J(J-WV EV 'rf) O'J'rtxf) EupW1ty/. Aiwva 1tPO 'r~~ 'AAWG"ew~ xat (J-e'ra 'r~v "AAWG"ev 'rc% EM1Jvexo: ypa(J-(J-a'ra xat ol·"EAA1Jve~ A6yeot €~e1tOAt'r1JG"av 'rou~ bapbapO'J~ &XO;(J-1J Aaou~ 'r~~ EUpW1t1J~». Mv &pxet;'t"at O(J-W~ G"'rov Xapax'r1JptG"(J-O 't"li~ bapbap1J~ 'AvayewllG"1J~, &M;& 1tpoG"qleuyet yt& VO: G"'t"1JPtX6~t G"'t"~V €6Vtx~ 1tA1J~ 't"wv &v;'t"t6eG"ewv, o't"av A(YO 7ttO x&'t"w OEV 60: otG"'t"O:G"et v& &vaqlwv;(G"et 1tW~ «0 EM1JVtXO~ Aao~ i~atpet'tat 'tou vO(J-o'J 'tli~ &x;(J-li~ xat 'tli~ 1tapax(J-lic;»· EIIIAErOMENA "O't'a.v yta. 1tpw't''Y) rpOPIl 'XP'Y)ertfJ-01tOt'Y)era. 'EmAey0fJ-Eva. we; tOta.t't'EPO 't'fJ-~fJ-a. fJ-tae; epya.erta.e; fJ-OU Xa.t 1tpOer1tll&rjera.; €x 't'WV uer't'epwv Vll e~'Y)yfjerw er't'ov e:a.u'tOv fJ-0U, 1tWe; dXa. OO'Y)Y'Y)6E'i' 1tpOe; 't~v fJ-oprp~ a.i)'t"~, evw dXa. er'tEp~erEt 't~V epya.eria. fJ-OU a1to IIpoAoyo, ~ fJ-ov'Y) e:pfJ-'Y)vda. er't~v 01tOta. 1te'tuxa. va. rp61lerw dva.t, O't't 'to erX~fJ-a. a.u'to aV'ta.1toxptVo't'a.v 1tpa.y(J-(X't'tXIl ere fJ-ta. fJ-e6ooo 1tOU 't~v dxa. 'XP'Y)ertfJ-01tot~eret xa.'ta. xa.VOva. ere OAEe; fJ-OU 'tte; epya.ertEe;, fJ-e fJ-OV'Y) 't'~v Ota.rpOpll O'tt ~ ex'ta.O"'Y) 't~e; 'tEAeU'ta.ta.e;, er't~v 01tota. ava.rpep6'Y)xa., ETXE em~a.AEt 'tOV Ota.xwpterfJ-O 'twv IlpoAEY0fJ-Evwv ere tOta.t'tEpO XErpa.Aa.tO. 'H fJ-e6oooe; a.u't~ ETva.t, rpuertXa, ~ e1ta.ywyfj. Ba.ert~ofJ-ouv, O'Y)Aa.O~, er't~v apx~ O'tt ~'ta.v 1tpoerrpopO'tEpOytll 'to evOta.rpepov a.u'tO xa.6ea.u't'0 't'ou ava.yvwer't'Y) va. fJ-dVEt a1to fJ-tae; apx~e; a1tpo·t"Oea.er'toe; we; 1tpOe; 'to yeVtXO'tEPO erx~(J-(X fJ-eera. er'to 01to'i'o eV'tllererE'ta.t 'to e:Xller'tO'tE 6efJ-a. fJ-OU xa.t VIl ep6Et va. 1ta.pa.xoAou6~erEt fJ-a.~t fJ-0U, a1ta.Ma.YfJ-eVOe; ofJ-we; a.lJ't"Oe; a1tO 'toue; 'tPt~OAoue; 'twv ava.~'Y)'t'~erewv fJ-0U, 't~v 1tpOOO€U'ttX~ 'tOU aVeAt~'Y), Ewe; 't~v er'ttYfJ-~ 01tOU 61l rp6ava.fJ-e, rpuertoAoytxa. 1tAeOV, ere o,'tt a1tOxa.AEera. 1tpo'Y)youfJ-evwe; YEVtXO'tEPO erX~fJ-a.. '0 Aoyoe; 't~e; erUV01t'ttX~e; a.u't~e; a1tOAoyta.e; fJ-E60oou dva.t ytll Vll Xa.'ta.A#W ere Eva.v rx.AAO erXE't'tXO Xa.pa.x't'Y)pterfJ-o 'tWV epya.ertwv fJ-OU. Xp'Y)ertfJ-01totW, OlJAa.O~, eruxva. 'tov opo ooxtfJ-tO, 1tpOXEtfJ-evou VIl 1tpoerotOpicrw 't~v urp~ fJ-tae; epya.erta.e; fJ-0U, evw Xa.'t'll 't'~v e~w'teptx~ 't''Y)e; efJ-rpa.vtcr'Y), O'Y)Aa.O~ 'tov emer't'Y)fJ-ovtXo 01tAterfJ-0 xa.t 't~v fJ-e6ooo, O€v fJ-1tope'i' va. oex6E'i' 'tov Xa.pa.x't'Y)pterfJ-o a.u'tov. "Exw e~'Y)yfjerEt e1ta.vEtA'Y)fJ-fJ-eVWe; yta.'tt 'to xlivw. Me 't'~V 1ta.pouera. epya.erta. EXW va ava.rpepw Eva.v 1tpOer6E'to A6yo: o'ta.v emxe:tpw vii e:pfJ-'Y)ve:uerw EVa. rpa.tvofJ-e:vo, xa.t oO'Y)youfJ-a.t va. 'to 'to1to6e:'t~erw fJ-eera. er'to YEVtXO'tEPO 1tAa.icrto 't'~e; e1tox~e; 't'ou, dfJ-a.t U1t0XPEWfJ-eVoe;, 01tWe; e:Tva.t rpuertxo, va. 1tpoerrpuyw ere epya.ertEe; EhE mo etotxee; d'te rx.AAEe; 1tOU oev dva.t 't~e; apfJ-OOto't'Y)'tae; fJ-OU. ea 1tEptOpter'tw ere EVa. 1ta.paOEtYfJ-a.· IIpoXEtfJ-evou va fJ-tA~erw yta. 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'0 'tp07tO~ o(J.w~ (J.E 'tov 07tOtO 'tov aV'tL(J.E'twmO'E, 'X.wpt~ tcr'tOPLX~ OLEPEUV"Y)O'"Y), aMa (J.E O''tOL'X.Eta xa6apa 7tpa"((J.a'tLO''tLxa · TO KPYO ~XOAEIO 't01tt0'l] 'tOU 6E(J.a't0e; 'tOU Kpucpou ~XOAe:tou a7to 'tOV XWpO nje; to''toptx1je; Epe:UVae; O''t~V 7te:ptoX~ 'tWV O'U(J.60AWV 7t0l) Ota(J.opcpWVOUV 't~V to''tOpO<~ O'uve:tOY)O'l], OXt (J.OVO O''tOV AaO, aA'Aa xat O''tOUe; AOytOue;, OEV e:Ixa 't~V 7tp06e:0'l] oihe: xat 'tte; ouva'to'ty)'te:e; va 'to 7tpay(J.IX't07tOt~O'w (J.E 'to Om. KOUXouAE. MeAe't"wV't"ae, 't"o 6EfJ-!X 't"rje, €x1tatoeu.¥aA'tou, 1] m:ptO"O"o'tEpwv, dm:p e:t'1..E vaoue; 7tEP(O'O'O'tEpoue; 'tou EVOC;. To '1..wptOV e:t'1..EV iJ.vayxY)v xat xavovap'1..0u, 'touAa'1..(O''tov EVOe; Ot' ExaO''tov vaov. 'IEpEUC;, >.¥aA't"'Y)c;, xat xavovap'1..y)C; E7tpE7tE'V' avay(vwO'xwO'(V, E7tPE7tE xat 'va otoaO'xwv-ca( 'ta AEYO!J.Eva tEpa ypa!J.fUl'ta, XotVO'tEPOV XOAAuboypa!J.!J.a'ta, 1] U7tO 'tOU tEpo>.¥aA'tOU, 1] U7tO 'tOU 7ta7tii 't~C; XW!J.07tOAEWC; 1] 'tOU '1..wptou- o(a 'tOU'tO dc; 'ta '1..wpta -rYjC; 7tapaAtac; 8paxY)c; 1]xouO'a 7tpO E~~V'ta xat EboO!J.~V'ta €'twv 'tOV tEpEa xpa~O!J.EVOV "oaaxaAov". 'H 'tOUPX(X~ XUbEPVy)O'(C;, aVE'1..o!J.EVY) 't~V 'X,P(a't(av(x~v epY)O'xe:tav, E:ytVWO'XEV, O'tt Etc; 'toue; vaoue; avaYt'lwO'xoUO't xat >.¥aMouO'(V Ot 7ta7taOEC; xat Ot >.¥aA'tat, xat O'tt 'ta iJ.vay(vwO'xO!J.Eva xa! >.¥aMO!J.e:va EnpEnE 'va 0(oax6wO'tv €yxa!pwc;' xa! O'uvEnwc; OUOE7tO'tE tv o(-takij xa-iaavaae: rrpanuX't"wv E:!J.7tOO(O'E 't~V €V Vap- 6Yj~t xat Xe:AAtO(C; otOaO'xaAtaV». 15 27 'H xaxoxr«; TOU yivou~. 'H AOyl)'~, AE(\jita 1766, 40. 16 34 Ka't"ci 't"ci~ 8tYj~<7€l~. BA. 'ta O''1..E't(xa O''to P~ya~, Epe:uva, O'uvayw~ xat !J.EAE'ty) A. I. 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"'AAAWO"'t"E 'ta: ypa:[J-[J-a't"a ~'tav a7tapat't"Y)'ta yta: Eva [J-ovo [J-€po<; 'tOU 7tAY)6uO"[J-ou, yta: oO"ou<; oY)Aao~ aO"xoAouV'tav [J-€ 't"o E[J-7tOPto, [J-€ 't"o a7toto o€v aO"xoAEt'tO O"uO"'tY)[J-IX'ttxa: a ouva:O"'t"Y)<;, ~ yta: oO"oue; dxav O"X€Gi'J [J-€ 't"ov xAljpO. IIp€7tEt Aomov va: 6EWpY)6lj w<; cpuO"txo<; a O"UAAoytO"[J-O<; 7tOU ota'tU7tWVE'tat a7tO 't"ov M. rEOEWV, o't"t oY)Aao~ «~ 'touPXtX~ xu6€pvY)O"te;, aVExo[J-€VY) 't"~v Xpto"'t"tavtx~v 6pY)O"xdav, EytVWO"XEV, o'tt d<; 'tou<; vaou<; avaytvwO"xouO"t xat ~a:MOUO"tV Ot 7ta7t7ta:OEe; xat ot ~a:A't"at, xat o't"t 'ta: avaytVwO"xo[J-Eva xat ~aAA6- [J-Eva, E7tPE7tE va: otoax6wO"tv Eyxatpw<;' xat O"UVE7tW<; OUO€7tO'tE EV a[J-aATJ xa't"aO"'t"a:O"Et 7tpay[J-6:'twv E[J-7tOOto"E 't~v EV va:p6Y)~t xat XEAAtOt<; OtOaO"xaAtaV». 'EXEtVO O"UVE7tW<; 7tOU a7to[J-€vEt we; a7ta:v'ty)Gi'J €Ivat O'tt ot Toupxot avY)O"uxouO"av [J-~7tw<; ~ 7tatoda ytvY) xa:7tota O"'tty[J-~ oY)[J-toupyo<; cpw'ttO"[J-ou xat O"'t"~ O"uv€XEta acpE't"Y)pta, WO"'t"E va: XaMtEpyY]6lj ~ E6vtx~ O"uvdoY)O"Yj. Mv tma:pXEt o[J-w<; otm O"Xta: tl7tovota<; o'tt 6a: ~'tav ouva'tov a 'AO"ta:'ty)e; Toupxo<; 'tou 150u aL va: aoY)YYJ&Yj; O"€ [J-ta: 7tapo[J-ota O"x€~Y). rta: va: avax60u[J-E Aomov O"'t~v E7tOX~ 07tOU YEW~6Y)XE a [J-u60e;,7tp€7tEt va: [J-E't"acpEp60u[J-E O"'ta: x.povta 07tOU ~ aMY)AoUxta 7tatOda-E6vtx~ a7toxa'ta:O"'t"aO"Yj dxav ytVEt XotV~ '<:0 " P 6 ,., 'T <:0 " 6 ' O"UVEtoy)O"Yj O"E 'tE'tOtO oa [J-o, WO"'t"E vo: EtVat ouva't"Y) Y) 7tap EVOYE- VEGi'J 't"ou 6€[J-a't"0e; EL't"E a7to 7tapE~~YYJGi'J EL't"E a7to O"xo7tt[J-o'tYj'ta. Au't"~ ~ hoX~ €Tvat a 'Aywvae;, xa't"a: 't"ov a7toto 7tapouO"ta:~E'tat O"€ [J-ta: 7tPW't"OyEVlj [J-opCp~ a [J-u60e;. 'H E6vtx~ o"X07tt[J-o'tY)'t"a 7tat~Et EOW 'tov 7tpw't"o POAO' ~ O"uv€XEta €Tvat EUXOAY). 'A7to 't~ O"'t"ty[J-~ 07tOU 't"o YEVtXO au'to XAr[J-a oY)[J-toupYEt 't"~v xa'ta:AAy)Ay) 7tPOU7tO- 6EO"Yj, WO"'t"E va: 7tpOXU~ouv a7to ava:AoYEC; ~uXoAoytx€e; 7tpou7t06€o"Ete; O[J-otE<; [J-IXp't"UptEe; --'7tpiiy[J-a 7tOU 6E6atwVEt 't"~v 7tap6EvoygVEGi'J TO KPfoJ10 I:XOAEIO 81 'tOU tJ-u60u-, veX 7tpoO''tE60uv r£AAa O'UyyEV~ O''totXEta, xa6we; 'to YVWO''tO 'tpayouoeXXt yteX 'to cpEyyapeXXt, ~ cpav'taO'tWCme; iO''toptXWV 't~e; 7tatoEtac; 01 07tOtOl, aOtag:lOpwv'tae; yteX 't~v aA1')60cpavEta'twv 7tpaytJ-eX'twv, ~ouvov'tat eX7tO dOuMtax€e; ava7tapaO''teXO'E:te;, xa6we; ~ 7tE:Pt7t'twO"Y) 'tou r. XaO'tw't1'), veX ~mO''tE''(aa60uv 't€AOe; 'teX er'totXE:ta au'teX tJ-t 't-!Jv i.)7tO~OA-!J 't"lje; 'ttxv"f)C; 'tOU AOYOU, xaewe; 'to 7to("f)p.a 'tou IIoA€tJ-"f), ~ 'twv dxaO''ttxwv 'tEXVWV, xa6we; 0 7taO'tyvwO''toe; 7ttvaxae; 'tOU rU~"f), ~ Xwvocr'tt6eXoa meX EXEt O"f)tJ-toup'Y"f)6~ xat dvat E:UXOAO veX 7tapaO'up"f) xat 'roue; EucpeXv'taO''toue; XaA07tpoatpE'touC; tcr'toptxoue; 't~e; e6vtx-Yje; crxomtJ-o't"f)'tae;. "Evae; atwvae; xat 7tA€OV tJ-E'teX 't~v '1\.Awer"f) d vat 'to OteXO''t"f)tJ-a 7tOU xaAU-lt't'E:'tat At yo 7tOAU a7to 'toue; li7t€ptJ-axoue; 't~e; tJ-u60Aoytac; 'tou Kpucpou ~XOAEtoU. To Xpovtx6 otJ-we; au't6 otaO''ty)p.a p.1topet va OtXawAoy-fJO"Y), tJ-€ 'tov apyo pu6tJ-6 7tOU Exet ~ ~w~ EXEtV"f) 't~v e7tox~ xat tJ-€ 't~v em6paouvcrY) 't~v 07tota 7tpOXaAecrE: ~ 'touPXtX~ xa'teXx't"f)crY], 'to YEVtXO tJ-ouotacrtJ-a 7tOU EXEt xa'taA&tEt; oAEe; 'tic; OUVeXtJ-EtC; 'tou E6vouc;. "A v u7t~p~av crxopmEC; a7t07tEtpec; yteX xeX7tota EX7tatoeu'ttx~ X[V1')O'Y), 01 a7t07tEtpEe; au't€e; 6eX ~'tav 'toero aouvatJ-E:C;, w(J"te o€v acpY)O'av 7tapeX EAeXXtcr'ta tXV1') 't~e; 1tapoucrtae; 'toue;. Mv e:xoufJ.E: Aomov xav€va A6"(0 va p.~v oex60utJ-E (J'tt acpe'tY)pta "(ta 't~v EX7tatoWttx~ acpu7tvtO"Y) 'tou 'EM1')Vtcr(J-ou 'elvat 'to 't€AOe; 'tou 160u aL, yta't[ 'to'tE fJ.0AtC; apXt~ouv Ot XEtpoypacpec; xat E7ttO"Y)fJ.€C; p.ap'tup(e:C; .

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