rKAABANO NTEAA BOl\nE
riA TH L1IAAEKTI KH
KJ...OO1KOi p,ap~u1Ttc;
rKAABANO NTEAA BOAnE
rIA TH AIAAEKTIKH
EKAOl:EIl: OAYl:l:EAl:
TirAOC;; TCpWLOn5TCOV
-Sulla dialettica -Chiave della dialettica storica -Dialectica in nuce Mupotvn Zopund
Merd({Jpaa'l (/>WToaT01XelOOeaia
'0AOKAr,PWa'l nmoypaotxii; epyaaiac;;
©
r. AWVtaKUlV
lCHaJlEvCOVOtK VCOVtKrov cruv911KroV»: Kai t~l1Youv, AOYou Xap11, to KlXpdAaw odv «YEVtKtl, nlroviu q>UcrtKtl crXEcr11»:1tpaYJla 1tOD slv at aA119tvo av 1tapaAEi'l'OUJlE rov «EiOtKO xapaKttlpa» 1tODKavEl ttl oucoropeuuevn tpyacria KEq>aAalOJlEttl «cruyXpov11» evvOla. Kui, tEAtKa, au'tOi exouv ttlV tacr11 va «crUYXEOUVKai vd Katapyouv oAEe; 'tie; Ioropuca; Otaq>opEe;», Ol1AaOtl tie; eil5,Kec; Otaq>opEe;. 'AAAa etcrt (lie; OOUJlE, A6you xaP11, to Tl;ffiv l:noDapt Mil..) 1tapoucrtal;ouv «ttlV 1lapaywy1j [ ... ] oriv u1toKEiJlEv11crE aiffivlOue;, aVE~apt11'tOue; a1t6 rriv Icropto vououo Kai Jl' auttl ttlV EUKatpia, «napeppdAAOVV crta Kpuq>a tie; acrnKEe; crxEcrEte; [1tapaycoYile;] crav aperaAAaKrovc; q>UcrtKOUe; vouoix; tile; xorvrovice; in abstracto», Ol1AaOrl vevuoi: Kui hot 1tEq>'tOUV cruvExroe; crE «tautoAoyiEe;» 0Xl Ka9apa tU1tlKE<;aAAa npayuaiod«: «Kri9E 1tapaywy1j slvut i<>101toi11cr11ile; q>ucr11<; t a1to to litoJlo JlEcrCOsv6e; auyxexpudvou tU1tOU «otvcovku; M' au'trl 'trlv ~vvOla, slvcr toutokovia vd AEJlE on ..; iOlOlC't11cria[=iOlOnotncn] elver opo<; tile; 1tapaycoYile; [=iOlO1toillcrlle;]: aAAa yiVEtat YEAoio otav KaVOUJlEeva 1t1jl51Jpa a1t' aino crE eva avyxexpiuevo 'tU1tO atOJllKil<; iOlOKtllcria<; [crUYXpoVll, acrucri]». (L\llAaOrl 6 Map~ 9ECOpEitoro: 1. on slvm crUJl1tEpuoun YEAoio, ytati KEv6, vd 6pil;Et KavEie; auto 'to ouYKEKPlJlEVO,EiOtKO, Io ropuco tU1tO iOlOKtllcria<;, 1tOUslvm ..; acrnKrl iOlOKtllcria, /..tyovtae; on, oro ~a9Jlo 1tOUautrl slvm iOlOKtllcria, iOlO1toillcr11, elvm opo<; 'til<; 1tapaycoYile; il iOlO1toi11crll<;, xni 1tEq>tOVtae;etcrt crE Jlta tau'tOAoyia roo noayuatucot) 1tOD1tPE1tEl vd t~llYrlcrEl· 2. on auto ro KEV6, ytati tau'tOAoytK6, crUJl1tEpacrJla, Kai crUVE1troC; ayovo yvcoorucd, OEV slvm 1tapa to a1totEAEcrJla-avriKTV1toC; Jltae; V1to(JTa(J1JC;: OllAaOrl 'tOU on exouv OVGla(JrlK01tOl1j(Jel a priori, exouv Ol1AaOrl 1tapEt oriv 1tpaYJlanK6tllta. Jlta Mea 1tapa 1toM aq>llPllJlEVll 01tco<;sivm ..; mo yeVIK1j evvOta tile; 1tapaycoYil<; crav iOlO1toillcrlle; 'tile; q>Dcrlle;,JlE rpozo tEnO 1tOUautrl vd t~av'tAEi JlEcra 't11e;Kai trl crUYXPOVll,acrnKrl, 1tapaycoYrl, (,e1tepVwvrac; ~tcrt 'ta eil5,Ka xapaK'tllptcrnKa au'til<; tile; tEAEutaia<;: il tou on ~Xouv, JlE Jlla /..t~ll 01tco<; /..tEL 6 Map~, 1lapeppaAel, OllAaOrl avnKa'taO"trlcrEt trlv el12
DtKtl EvvOta trov uonKrov 0XEOf:roV 1tapayroyfjc; IlE KEiVl1 ttlV mo YEVtKtl DUVattl tfjc; 1tapayroyfjc;, rriv onoin UVaTJpTJJ.1evo [J.1t 'ttlv Ka'to)'tEPTJ EVVOta] opiouo». (Knt lie; npoae~OUJ.1E on it «tl;aTf1.la'1» 'tile; napaa'taaTJe; Dev aTJJ.1aiVEt YUt 'to Map~ Eva xnvnuvo liDEtaaJ.1u 'tTJe;, aAAa on elvm «xaonKo», «eovrcoruco», aDtaKPt'tO to nf.plf.X0f1.f.VO T'1S. Yta'ti auto nou f:~atJ.1i1,;E'tat orov aq>TJpTJJ.1evo, anptoptatlKO opiouo slvct it yvwaTlKrj a~fa tfje; rrapaa'taaTJe;, aXI to nf.pu;x0f1.£vo. r, VA'1 tTJe;: xt auttl it nupouctu quand-merne if nupcuovri 'tOG nEptExOJ.1EVOU if UATJe; J.1eaa o'rriv EVVOta 11£ Ka8E Buotu, aKOJ.1TJ xui, 'to ~£pOUJ.1E, Ile 'to xooroc vd clvm to nEptEXOIlEVO t&v; rrpaYJ.1anK&v; 'taUtOAOyt&V;, yta tiC; orrolEe; J.1tArJaaJ.1E napanavco, f:AattCOJ.1atlKO, aviaxupo, aoy«cXVf1.tvo. f:~TJydtat, oncoe; 80. DOUJ.1Etropn, J.1£rriv avaYKatOrnru tou IlE80DtKOU KUKAOUaUYKEKptllevo-aq>TJpTJJ.1evo-auYKEKptllevo: xui ~HrrE to IlE800tKO KUKAO UATJ-Aoyoe; nou J.1ae; arroKaAun'tEtat ano to yvcoa'to AOytKO a~icolla 'tfje; UATJe; a'ttl Logica come scienza positiva.i •AAAa liv, auvExi1,;Et 0 Map~, q>'taVOVtae; atic; mo arrHe; aq>atpeaEte;, oncoe; 0 KataIlEPtaIlOC; tile; f:pyaaiae;, it aVtaAAaKnKtl a~ia, KArr., «~aVaKaVOUJ.1E 'to ta~iot iivtiatpooa xui yupiaOUJ.1E orov rrATJ8uaIl0», Kt «auttl ttl oopd OXt oriv ei: IltU xaonKtl EvvOla f:VOe; OAOU, aAAa oriv oi: J.1ta nAouma oAo'tTJ'ta [=f:VOtTJta] rroAA&v; Optall&V; xui axeosmv», OTJAaOtl (Beoipsl a Map~) nupusvn Ile rov ttopovta latopuco xapaKttlpa 'tTJe;, E'tm xrivovtuc aKoAou80UIlE ttl «oroorri J.1£8000», XapTJ orriv orroiu «ol aq>TJPTJIl£VOt Optouot [aAAu OXt nta J.1e'ttlv Ka'too'tEPTJ EVVOta, oXt mri anptopto nxot, ov'tae; 8EJ.1EAtCOlleVOtattl auvEXtl «f:ma'tpoq>tl» oro «ouyxexpiuevo. oriv rsrto if «rrOAAanAtl svot nru»] 0DTJYOUVorriv avanapaywyrj 'tOU aVYKf.Kplf1.CVOV crriv nopstc 'tile; aKtlfl'1~» (xui ~epOUJ.1E on xcopie; OptaJ.10Ue; Kai aiv npoxerrut yta ttl eEall nou oi OiKOVOlltKEe; aXEaEte; KataAall~avouv Icropucd attl otaOOXtl trov ota KOAocpffiva<; Tii<; aDYXPovll<; OtKOvOlltKii<; eEropia<;, Kai rrou EKcppa1;Et Ilui aXEallrroM rraAta Kai rrou taXUEl yta oAou<; TOU<;Turrou<; xotvorvicc, Ellcpavi1;ETat waToao uovo xapIJ (J' aVio 7:0 t>IKO 7:IJr;timo aqJalpeilK07:IJTar; [lcrtopucfiq, d8tKii<;, npoodiopiouevnc] rrpaKTtKa aAIJ(hvr, oriv KaTllyopia Tii<; ttui (JuYXPovIJr; xotvcovku;»: 811Aa8tl «TO rrapa8stYlla Tii<; .. tpyaaia<;" IlU<; 8EixvEt IlE rpono nsio-nxo rrffi<;Kai oi mo aqJIJpIJf1iVer; xainyopiec, nnpon taxuouv - Suvdust Tii<; acpaipEatl<; TOU<; yta KaeE trroXrl, dvru waToao, Xap'll aTtlv npooototnatucotnta Tfie
I •• Elver OT)llav'tllc6 vd Ka'tavoTiooullE -7tapa'tT)pEi 0 l:ouTi~u - {)n 1') uvaYOlyTi Ka9E tpyaoia<; at i:va xowo nopovoucorn, i:'tOt roO'tE of 1l0VaOE<; tpyaoiac; vd uxoooov vd 7tapa~anov'tat Kai vd uvnKa9io'tav'tat IlE'tU~Uroix, vd 7tpoo9t'tov'tUt Kai vd uEOT). 7tOU7tpOOlOta~Eto'tTiv ouoia 'tou Ka7tt'tUAt. 0IlOU"" (The theory of capitalist development. o. 31).
16
aq;aipUJ17e; rove;, £~iaou 'to npOIOV Iatopnabv axeaeWV Kai Ka't£XOUv rriv nAr,P11 iaxv TOVe;110VO ae axt.a11 11' a6rt.e; «ai aTOV KVKAO au'tow 't&V; n:Aw'tairov». Kt E'tal, brE~l1y£i 't£AOe; 0 Map~ aXEHKa 11£ 'trlV liAA11 9EIlEAlaKrl xurnvoptu, crriv oixovouiu 'rOu usoukovu Kai 'to Keq;aAalO, £~alpOUIl£VOU £KElVOU a{; xpfilla, EXEl, aTrl 1l0Peia, 1tOll orov EVYKEAatavo 017
po «L\taAEKnKt;» UEt on «f} AOY1KIj JlE9080<; 'tOu Map~ 'tOU .fj<; nOAtnKfj<; obcovoutoc [... ] 8EV Tj.av 1tapa iatopnoi JlE9080<;, aTWYVf..lVWf..lev'1 JlOVOuno .t;V iatoP1KIj f..lOprplj [aAAa 8ta~a~E: XPOVOAOytKt;] xci U1tO Ka9E toparonoto rvxa;o [8ta~a~E: ipucnovus.iouo]». Mid E~t;YfJcrfJ E~atPEnKa Ulm.aAA fJAfJ, yta-rt aq>t;VEt oro crKo.a8t .0 vonun Kai .t; cnuocto 'tOU «taparotunoii 'tUxaiou», 8fJAa8t; 'tOU XPovoAoytKO-tpacrtovaAtcrnKou nOD npEnEt vd t~aAEtq>9Et JlEcra uno- xni JlE Jlta UYtt; UAtcrnKt; JlE9080: npE1tEt Jlt;mo<; va t~aAEtq>9Ei Ka9E XPOVOAOytKO cr.otxEio; 1tpoq>avro<;oXt, liv 9EAOUJlEvd U1tEAW9Epw90UJlE uno 'tOt'><; KtvMvou<; .fj<; XEYKEAtavfj<; JlE9080U, UAfJ9tva napa 1tOAD yUJlvfj<; (oxomue) a1tO .0 «.uxaio», mpaxo1toto ii OXt, napa .t;V 1tp09Ecrt; 'fJ<; vd elva! JlE9080<; .fj<; Ioropucfp; 8taAEKnKfj<; (.0 tAanWJla 'tOu XEYKEA Elva! on xurnvonos au.t; rriv 'EAw.aia JlE 'tOD<;opou<; tvo<; ouorriuntoq Ka9aprov tvvOtrov, .0. «UV.teE.a» rou, tvro i) a~ia roo, 1t0t'> 8EV 1tpEnEt vd ~Exacr.Ei no.E, elva! on onwcr8t;1t0.E 8ta.t'>moos .0 npO~AfJJla .fj<; 6pyavtKfj<; crXEcrfJ<; OYOU, ii «ouA vEi8fJcrfJ<; .fj<; av.iq>acrfJ<;», Kai ioropixfp; nopetnc): Kai .O.E noui XpovOAOytKa (ii npOfJYODJlEva) cr.otxEia npEnEt vd E~aAEtq>90uv Kai nwr;; ME liAAOU<; opou<;, nro<; vd ouv8uacroUJlE .t;V oiotoatnoi iaropucotnta .fj<; JlE9080u JlE .t; f..llj- XPOVOAoY1KOr'1ra 'fJ<; ii i8ca.0'fJ.a, 8fJAa8t; JlE .0 on elva! onwcr8t;1t0.E AOY1KIj JlE9080<;; (Znrripntu not'> TJXouv uvanoq>wKm onv ~Eva, ii Kan XEtpO'EpO, crnl Jlap~tcrnKt; EKEiVfJ voorpoma, nOD EXEt KOAAt;crEt oro 180 aiffivn, 1tOD XEYKEAtavi~Et o.av 8EV elva! E~EAtKnKtcrnKt; ii aKOJlfJ Kai .0 Eva Kai .0 liAAO Jla~i: UAAa Emt Jlou q>aiverrn on mist xaJlEvO JlEYaAO JlEPO<;.fj<; EnavacrmnKfj<; nporroruntce; .fj<; UAtcrnKo - tcr'tOptKfj<; JlE9080u xui .fj<; crXEnKfj<; uv.iAfJ'I'fJ<; 'tOU KOcrJlOU.) Trope, Jlta Un01tEtpa U1tav'fJcrfJ<;, cr.a opta au'tOu 'tOU Xffipou, cr.a rtupurrdveo ~fJ.t;Jlam, unopai vd crXfJJla'tOnotfJ9Ei 0'><;~fj<;: t a) JlE oxono vd U1tOq>t'>YEt XEYKEAtaVt; 8ucrXEpEta .fj<; .t; u1tomacrfJ<;, i) JlE9080<; 'tOU KDKAOUcrUYKEKptJlEVO-uq>fJPfJJlEVO- crUYKEKptJlEVO(8fJAa8t; E1taywyfj<; -u1taywyfj<;), i) Uq>atpEnKt;-UVa1tapaywytKt; ('tOu npaYJlanKou) crKE'I'fJ, nOD
orriv KptnKt;
18
EKatptal':te; Eovep/lnUX Kat IlE'ta ElAO(}oqJiac; rijc; iaiopiac «opia~ aUTfi~ Tfi~ TEAWLaia~ repo~ Ti~ OUcrtacr'!tKE~ ()tacrTacrEt~ J..lta~ KOtV(J)VtKfi~ ()llJ..lOKpaTia~ - KaBE crUVEXtcrll Tfi~ icrLOPtKfi~ avamu~ ncl): EKEt oreou TO. rtnpurrdvco npoodtoptousvc aAAa xui EPYO()llYll'!tKa KPl'!l1 pta, orri onoiu ()tapBpWVETat ti UAtcrHK11 il repaK'!tK11 crUYXPOVOTllLa Tfi~ Ioropiuc, repOKaAOOV, E~ Optouoti, T11 crUVEXtcrll Tfi~ ioroptxfp; aVamU~ll~, TO J..lELacrXllJ..laTtcrJ..lO LOO KOcrJ..l0U, ore(J)~ A.x. TO.xpirriptn Tfi~ «Epyacria~», TOO «KEq>aAaiou», Tfi~ «Ta~tKfi~ reaAll~», Tfi~ «Sucreroptce; TOO rePOAETaptaTOU», Tfi~ «oucrtacrnKfi~ Kai KOtV(J)VtKfi~ ()llJ..lOKpaTia~», Tfi~ «crocrtaAtcrHKfi~ VOJ..ltJ..lOTllLa~», KAre. KAre. WAEreE nupuxritto § 3)' xut, ocro yta T11()E(lLEPll aVTiAll\jill, EKd vn LOO «nupovroc oriv ioroptce;» TWV AouKaT~ Kai Lou11~u, apKd va nuputnpnoooue OH aUT11, reapa~AEreovLa~ TO np6{JA'1f1a Tfi~ pi~a~ LOO nupovroc, KtV()UVEUEt vd xaBd c' Eva aq>llPllJ..lEVO nupov, J..l11 npuyurrnxo Kai TEAO~ aMvuuo: ~) TEAO~, TO repO~AllJ..la, crT11 Mcrll LOO onoiou rsivouv ocra repollyoOVLat-TO repO~AllJ..la Tfi~ avnKEtJ..lEVtKfi~ avTiq>acrll~ xui ni~ ()taAEKnKfi~ nou T11v «avareapaYEt» Kai T11v E~OUcrta~Et, - unopst va aVnJ..lET(J)TCtcrTd u' auLOU~ LOU~ opOU~: I. LOvi~OVLa~ Kai xpllcrtJ..loreOtWVTa~ T11V EVVOta o'!t TO (Ioropuco) crUYKEKptJ..lEVO, A.X. J..lta crUYKEKptJ..lEVll KOtvoiviu, EJ..lq>avi~ETat crT11 crKE\jIll, reou are' aUT11V ~EKt vdst, oriv J..lta ()ta()tKacria crUvBEcrll~, crav areOLEAEcrJ..la, Eq>OcrOV eivm Eva ouvoxo reoAAwv npoo Sioptoudiv, J..lEptKWV KOtvwv J..lE aAAE~ EreoXE~, aAA(J)v d()tKWV LOO nupovroc, Kai elvm cruvErew~ <<7[OAAanAIj £VOTllTa»: crXEHKa J..lE T11v 0noiu a~ crllJ..lEtWcroUJ..lE aJ..lEcr(J)~ on TO crUYKEKptJ..lEVO npoouopiorrpce - oriv Xwpo~ aVHKEtj.lEVtKWV aVnq>acrE(J)V - OXt TCta oriv £VOTllLa-avnBh(J)v, il KaAUTEpa J..lta YeV1KIj (jT/Yf11aia ()taq>opa, ore(J)~ clvm ti Xl:}'KcAlavlj Mea, reou area uovn Tll~, a()1aq>oporeoillTll apX1K11 £VOTllLa, ~EKtVa, oriv q>ucrll, yta vri yupiost orov £aUTO Tll~ oriv reVE0J..la, aAAa (aq>oo TO Ioropuco il npuyunruco crUYKEKptJ..lEVO ()EV sivm «AOY1KO>. J..lE xstvo TO «ouvtuo-nxo-rpono) oriv ti £VOTllTa £VO~ reOAAareAOO il ()taq>OPE'!tKOO ureapKLOO (TO ()taKP1'!tKO reO\) eivrn ti UAll)' 2. crUYKEKptJ..lEVOreOtWvTa~ OH -- av AOtrcOV ol avnKEtJ..lEVtKS~ aV'!tq>acrEt~ clvm orarpopf.TlKtC;. 6X1KtC;. 23
iatopuci; avncpa.crw;, Kat cruvErrro~ ti avnKEtJ.lEVtKrl avl"icpacrll slvrn JlapK1e; Kai axt rrapODtKrl Kai qxnvouevucri omo~ ti XEYKEAWVrl, rrou D£V elvm, a~ to ErravaAa.~OUJ.lE, rrapa. «crnYJ.lrl» J.lta~ £votllta~ (ti iD£a) J.lUorucd 1tpocruv8EJ.l£Vll~ rrou, orrO)~ trl YEVVa, £tcrt rriv ~avarropocpa-tOtE ti J.lOVll DWAEKnKrl, Ixuvr] va. avarrapa.YEt crtrl crK£'Vll rriv avnKEtJ.lEVtKrl avticpacrll D£V unopei rrapa. vd clvm J.lta. DtaAEKttKrl crUYKEKptJ.l£VO)v acpatp£crEO)V, Tj erCl(JT'1POV1K1 (Kat yta. rriv arraitllcrll J.lta~ «E1ttO"tllJ.lovtKfi~ DtaAEKttKfi~» J.ltAa.Et TjDll 6 Ma.p~ cr'trlV 'ABA10T'1Ta tiic; qJlAo(Jorpiae;), ECPOcrOVJ.lOVOV auto~ 6 turro~ acpaipEcrll~ dvat Kata.AAllAO~ vd avaKaAU'VEt Kai vd KUptapXrlcrEt tt~ crUYKEKPtJ.l£VE~ UAtK£~ Kat DtapKEi~ avncpa.crEt~ rof crUYKEKptJ.l£VOU Tj rrpaYJ.lattKOU (Kat 6 Aeviv aDtKEi crtaArl8Eta to AEvtVtcrJ.lO otav tOV cpta.VEt, crta. l/>lAo(JorplKa tetpcota, vd XEyKEAtavisEt ili~ to cnueto va. D£XEtat cdv «ouo iu- tfi~ «DtaAEKttKfi~» to «Dt1tAacrtacrJ.lO rof £VO~ [no» apa AOtnov rrpourroti8Etat!] Kat trl yvfficrll tOW avncpattKrov rou J.lEProV»!)· 3. ouunspuivovruc on ti E1ttcrtllJ.l0VtKrl DtaAEKttKrl sivm ti 'VUXrl tfi~ rrpaKnKfi~ cruYXPovotllta~ tfi~ Io ropiuc, ti DOJ.lrl tfi~ 6rrota~ arrOtEAEttat, orrO)~ ~£POUJ.lE, arro KElVa ta. EPYODllYllnKa. xni J.lrl ErraVaArl'VtJ.la Kpt'trlpta-J.lOVt£Aa - Tj crUYKEKPtJ.l£VE~ acpatp£crEt~ -rrou nnpdyouv J.lta. svonoincn Kat op80AoytKorrOtllcrll toU rroAAarrAou, rrot£ Ka80ptcrttKrl ytatt, aKpt~ro~, rra.VtotE Ka80ptcrJ.l£Vll Tj Ioroptxn Kat rrapa.youv cruvErrro~ J.lta. rcpoo&vTlK1; svornr«: Kai autrl slvci ti DtaAEKttKrl cra.v pu8J.l0~ -axt cpavruorucoc Tj J.lucrttKo~-apV'1(Jl1e; tcai JlaT1p'1(J'1e; J.lasi (ti Io-toptxri cruv£XEta-Errava.crtacrll): slvci A·X. ti Ka1tttaAtcrttKrl «EPyacria YEVtKa.» E1ttAEYJ.l£Vll (ava.J.lEcra arr' OAOU~ toU~ 1tPOllYouJ.l£VOU~ runou; Epyacria~)2 xni pE:TapA'1piv'1J.l£cra orriv ioropuco-tdeutn cruv8Ecrllrrou elver to J.lap~tKO Kpttrl(JVYKE:KPlj.Lf:VlX;.
2 ['EVOIjIEt j.ltiie; uva,lJ1twcr11e; 'Wu nnpovroc ypa11Aal>Tl 'ti'je; napotiotu; Kam1:aAtcrHKi'je; Ka't11yopiae; 'ti'je; .. tpyacriae;" xni 'tWV aAAwv crXEHKWV OiKOVOj.ltKWV Ka't11yoplWV 1tOU Elva! 1tapoucrEe;:»,]
24
pto-J.!OV'tEAO 'tfj~ Epyao"ta~-o"E «KOlV(VVIK1j EpyaO"ta» Kat «J.!E'tPO 'tii~ a~ta~», KA1t. KA1t., Kat O{)"[W Ka9t::~ii~: Kat 1i OtaAt::KnKrl, 'tEAO~, elver uiaa Kat Xap'1 mrl o"OYKEKPtJ.!Evll acpatpt::O"ll, 1tOU E'tO"t aVaKaAU1t'tEt, if «aVa1tapayt::t», Kat E~OOo"ta~Et 1tPOOOWnKa 'tt~ avnKt::tJ.!t::VtKE~ avncpaO"t::t~ (Kat J.!1t0pel vri sivm EVOtacpEpov, a1to AOYIK1j a1tO\jlll,Va E1tt~t::~at£O0"00J.!t::- 0"' al)'trl rriv Ka90ptO"J.!EVll Kat Y1' al)'to EO"£O'ta'ta OtaAt::KnKrl acpatpt::O"ll-'trlv nupouoiu J.!ta~ ruuroetspoAOY1Kfj~ if KaAU'tt::pa Op90AOY1Kfj~ ruurornruc, Tj 1tPOO"OlOptO"J.!OD: Kat vd Em~t::~a1£OO"ooJ.!t::, J.!E J.!ta AE~ll, rriv EYKOporntu "CODJ.!t::900tKOD KUKAOO 'tii~ UAll~ if f;VO~ O"OVOAOO, OllAaOrl 'tii~ P1~lKii~ a1toOoxii~ 'tii~ rcurornrce; Tj rtpoo StoP10"J.!OD, Kat "CODJ.!t::9001KOD KUKAOO "CODAOYOO Tj f;VO~ continuum, OllAaOrl 'tfj~ P1~tKii~ a1toooxii~ 'tii~ tuuros rspoAoYta~ if KaAU'tt::pa 'tii~ O"UYXPovll~-O"nYJ.!tata~ EKOrlAWO"ll~ "CODiOtoo Kat "COD aAAoo, J.!E J.!la AE~ll 't&v; mo yt::V1K&V; avn9EO"t::wv O"'trlV Evo'tll'ta "C00~· 1tpaYJ.!a 1tOU, J.!t::'ta, OEV 90. E1tPt::1tt:: vd 0"1lJ.!atVE1 1tapa 'to J.!t::9001KO J.!ap~lKO KUKAO 0"0YKt::KP1J.!Evo-acpll PllJ.!EVO-0"0YKt::KP1J.!EVO- Tj KaAU'tt::pa, O"UJ.!qxov« J.!E J.!ta EVYKt::AO"taVrl ola'tU1twO"ll, E1taywYii~-a1taywyfj~-a1toO"acpllVtO"J.!EVO ffi~ 'to ~a90~: Kat 1tp~A. Logica come scienza positiva, 0". 41-219).
3. 'AAAa, Y1a vri KAt::tO"OOJ.!t:: A1l9tva 'trl O"O~rl'tllO"ll, a~ a nspdooous (Y1a J.!la O"nYJ.!rl) O"'trl avyxpov'1 EcpapJ.!oyrl 'tii~ apxii~ 'tii~ 0"0YKt::KP1J.!EVll~ acpaipt::O"ll~ 1tOU u1tatVtx9rlKaJ.!t:: nupumivro. "A~ nupnrn prioouus 'to Ka'tt::~OXrlV O"uyxpovo 1tOAtnKo 1tpo~AllJ.!a: 'to 1tpO~AllJ.!a 't&V; O"XEO"t::WV 1tOU ElVa1 oova'tE~ J.!t::'ta~u ollJ.!oKpa'tia~ Kai 0"0O"taA10"J.!oD o rriv 'IraAia, orriv Eup£01tll, O"'ti~ X&pE;~ 1tPOXWPllJ.!EVOO Kam'taAtO"J.!OD.Ti cp&'ta unopei vri J.!a~ O£OO"t::1 O& 1i KAaO"tKrl J.!a~ E 9t::wpia; Ttri vd 1tEptoptO""CODJ.!E oro AEVtV, au'to~ J.!a~ acprlvet J.!la EvvOla 'tii~ OllJ.!OKpa'tia~ ... 1tOU 'ta0'ti~t::'ta1 aKpt~&~ J.!E xsivn 'tii~ «Sucrnroptuc "COD1tPOAt::'taP1a"C00»: Kpiitoi; KI €navaawa'1, V, 4: «[ ... J 0"' Evav 6P10"J.!EVO ~a9J.!0 'tii~ ava1t'to~rl~ 'tll~ i) J'1j1oKparia Ka'ta 1tp&"CO AOYO Ev£OvE1 EVaVna crov Kam'taAtO"J.!o 'trlV E1taVamanKrl 'ta~ll, 'to 1tPOAt::'tapurro, Kat "CODOtVt::1'trl Suvurornt« [... J vd E~acpaVto"Et a1to
25
npooronou Yfi~ 'ttl JlTJXavtl LOU aow(Qu KpaLOU~, £o'tw xni aOLtKOU DTJJlOKpaLtKOU, ro DWPKtl orpnro, rriv aoLUvouto, 'ttl ypaq>t::toKpa'tia Kai vd 'to. aVnKaLao'ttl0£t Jlt Jlta tuo {)1Jf.1.0KpaTlKr, JlTJXavtl [... ] rrou arro'tt::At::hat arro 'ti~ vonAe~ ipvattx»; f.l.{i'e~ Kai Jlt::'ta ana (fAO ro Aao nov aouuereXel ato atpato. 'EDro TJ "xocornru Jlt::La~aAA,t::'tat ot notorrrru" [rtnoru nepicootspo arro Jlta arr' Lie; ouv1l8tOJltvt::e; DWAt::KLtKO-Xt::yKt::Atavte; "EpwLO'tporrit::e;", 80. £At::y£ 0 Map~, rrou rrptrrt::t vd oUYKpt8El ~t~ata Jlt xeivn 'ttlV aKoJla mo a8roa rrou ~piOK£Lal oro Jlap~tKO arroorraoJla yta 'ttlV a~ia XPtl0TJe; Kai rriv aVLaAAaKLtKtl a~ia, nou rrapa8t'tt::Lat Jlt t::oyvroJlova usrdvoiu rrpoe; 'to XtYKt::A arro 'to ouvrpoqio Txpoum, aAAa 'to yt::yovoe; elvm on TJ a~ia 'trov arrO'tt::At::OJla'tWv 0' ao'to 'to ~tl'tllJla ~piOKt::Lat, xurornv, o'ttlv aoo'tTJpo'tTJ'ta 'tfie; XPtl0TJe; 'tfie; "Emo'tllJlovtKfie; DWAt::KnKfie;"!]' q>'taVOVLae; 0' avrr, 'ttl ~a8JliDa, TJ {)1Jf.1.0«patia pyaiVel arro 'to. rrAaicrta 'tfie; daTlKij~ xorveivior; rrou apxi~t::t vri Jlt::'taoXTJJlaLi~£Lat ot oocrtaAtOnKtl xoivoiviu». Eivm oovspo on Jlta 'ttna av'tiATJ\jITJ 'tfie; Snuoxpurtur; (orrow xt av eivm TJ iOLOPtKtl Kai 8£wPTJnKtl 't1le; a~ia, nou EDro Dtv Jlae; EVDtaq>tpt::t) &tv; urtopei vd slvm IxuvorrOtTJnKO 8£WPllnKO-rrpaKnKo xprrripio yta orrotov Jlaxt::rut ar,f.1.epa yta 'ttl DllJloKpaLia Kai 'to oocrtaAtOJlO ot ioxupte; KantLaAtOnKte; xropt::e;, - orrwe; Dtv tlLaV xui x'tte;, rrpoe; Jlt::yaA TJ nJltl 'trov rrOAtnKrov Jlae; TJyt::'trov nou ii~t::pav, roo'tooo, vd ~yODV J,lt EVnJlo'tTJLa arro Eva a8tt~ODO oriv EKElVO nou OUVtOLOUO£ TJ naparravw l:navaotan Ktl aAAa OXt At::tLOUpytKtl av'tiAll\jlTJ 'tfie; DTJJloKpa'tiae;, ano 'ttl J,lta rrAWpa, Kai ano 'to oocrtaADTJJlOKpanKo pscopuiouo rrou £IXt:: OUJ,lJ,laXtl0t::t J,lt 'to xpuroc-Sucutou, ano 'ttlV aAAll (Kai ae; rrpo08toouJ,lt:: on TJ napamivw av'ttAr}\jfll 'tfie; Dlluoxpurtuc eivm ~£nt::paoJltvll, anuepo; OLtlV ELL~ arro 'ttl aootasiottxn VOf.1.1f.1.0r1JTa, rravw o'ttlV ortotn ~Atrrt:: 'to DtKO uou Rousseau e Marx). Eivm aAtl8t::ta on ~ {)1Jf.1.oKparia {)tv pyaiVel dno tti nAaima rij~ daTlKij~ «otvcovku; uovo f.1.t rr, ouciaiopia rou npo sctapuitoo. aAAa ~yaivt::t KtOAae; ano KEi, arro 'to. Io ropucd aoo'tllpa opta WU aonKoD 8t::OJ,ltKOU nAatoiou, JlOAte; npaYJ,la'torrotEl'tat Jlta KOtvcovic orrou 'to xprrripio 'trov DtKatWJla'tO)v 'tfi~ Epyaoiae; OUYKPOU£tat Du-
e-
26
vuuucd - Jlecrw Otap9pwnKrov JlEtapo9Jlim::wv -, crav xpirripio tr;<; KOtVWVtKr;<; Otata~TJ<;, Jle to xprrripto trov Otxutcoudrrov tr;<; iJlOKT1Jaiar; xni dnOKafHaTaTal lhcrt EKEtVTJ Yt apXr] trov npOaW7ClKWV d~lWV, Kai crovErrro<; tr;<; OTJJltoOPYtKr;<; ErricrTJ<; a~ia<; toU av9pwrnvoo npooronou ycvncti; rraveo crtr]v onoiu otKOOOJlr]9TJKE, JlUAtcrta, Yt 'iota Yt acrnKr] xotvcovic aAAu dvayovTar; T1JVioropucd ei: npovouio Jltu<; ta~TJ<;: crti<; a~iE<;-OtKatWJlata trov tcaierovtcov. Mui KO/vcovucn-uetii-narncn oTJJloKpatia, Aomov, rtoo oev eivm mri Yt Ka9apu nOAITlKrj. Icropucn acrnKr] oTJJloKpatia, xni elvm ~e~ata rroAu JlaKpta arro tr] OTJJlOKpatia rrou npootOta~Et o' Eva xpdroc Jle crocrtaAtcrnKr] VOJltJlOtTJta (npourr09EcrTJ roii onoiou slvm Yt avatporrr] trov acrnKrov crxeosrov rrapaywyr;<;), aAAa rrou oev EXEt AtYOtEpo Jlecra tTJ<; ti<; OOVaJlEt<; Jltu<; crocrtaAtcrnKr;<; oTJJloKpatia<;, ytati aywVi~Etat (Jle tu Jlecra rrou tr;<; Ern rpcnst JltU OUcrKOATJ xurricrtacrTJ JlEta~acrTJ<;) ytU KEtVTJ tr]v (E~tcrwnKr]) apXr] tr;<; rraYKocrJltOtTJta<; ii Ka90AtKOtTJta<; trov npoaconuabv d~IWV nou, Jle to crXr;Jla Jltu<; Ka(}oA1Kijr; avtnaoneocotucii; iaOT1JTar;. ii KaAUtEpa JwpWOAaP1JTlKijr; at npoacona, 9a 9ptaJl~EUcrEt, ~e~ata, JlOVO o rriv KOJlJlOOVtcrnKr] xotvmviu (~A.ens Rousseau e Marx). ,AAAa Yt aucrtTJ prJ otaturrwcrTJ tOU xprrr] pion Jltu<; tena<; KOtVWvtKr;<; oTJJloKpatia<; rrpourr0getEt rriv t7ClAoyrj Kai tr] uetarpomi toU Io ropucoii acrnKO-OTJJlOKpanKou nponvouJlEVOO tr;<; pouoroucfu; tcrotTJta<; trov npoommxrov a~trov3 - Kai axt rof E~aVtATJJlevoO acrnKo-Kavnavou avnE~tcomxob nponvouuevou-e- ano uipoo; tiic- «ai avp([Jwva p{; tr] cruYXPovTJ Ta~IKO-npOAl:TapwKrj rrpO~ATJJlanKr] arraitTJcrTJ (xui Jlecra cre Jlta tena KaAu npoo Stopiouevn 9EWpnruco-rrpuxrucri otaotKacria urtopei vd otap9pw9et AEtroupvucd to vxpuuoiuvo xpt tr] pto tr;<; "YtYEJlovia<;»).
3 ~laPU~OWH: ijliTl (HrjV 'Etuatpotpn ar6 Mnopvt TOU vsupoii Pouap~Oyr] 'tOU we; 'to ~a8oc; ouvsxdverm Errt(J~C;(liv OXt xupiroc) Ka8apr] (JUVEl8~(J~ OXt uovo 'tOU rt cnuctvei xpnroc-Stxuiou, orrou au'to 'to Luv'tay~a tyypaq)[;raT (8~Aa8rT: 'tr]v lipv~(J~ Ka8E 8taKpt(J~e; rrOAtTtKfie; aU,a Kat rrErrot8r](JEUlV ava~E(Ja o roi«; rrOAtrec: rrpay~a nou, ~E~ata, £V8ta~EpEt YEVtKa «ai ~ae;: aAAa rrpErrEt vri arrO~EuYOU~E (Juyxu(JEtC; Kat rrapE~~Yr](JW;), aAAa Errt(J~C; Ka8apr] (JUVEl8~(J~ 'tOU 'ti cnuuivs. avrrj ft tyypacprj dvaTlrv~'1 J'1j10KpaTlKWV t~ tocotuc/ov if KOIVWVIKWV «tvntpcov (rrpay~a rrou Ev8ta~EPEt tj1aC; i8tatrspu Kat li~E(Ja)(J't0 (JcO~a 'tfie; TlOAlTlKijC; 8~~OKpa'ttac;. Ttutt eivru rrp08~AO OTt, liv rrpoe; urrEpa(J7tt(J~ 'tOu xpd'tOUe;-8tKatOU - Oxt uovo ~E rov aVTtEKAoytKO-Ka80AtKO vouo-nndrn 'tOU 1953, Kat 'ta nupouoiu, aAAa Erri(J~e; ~E rriv £~aAEt\v~ 'tcOv i8EOAOytKcOV 8ta~OpcOv ava~E(Ja (JE Pouoro Kai Kdvr (avayov'tae; 'tOY npdrro oro 8EU'tEPO, ~Eyt(J'tO 8EUlp~TtKO 'tOu xputouc-Sucutoo) - (JKE~'tOV'tat oi av'ttrraAoi ~ae;, rrpoe; urrEpa(J7tt(J~ EKElVOU 'tOu rooou 8a xorvrovucfj; 8~~OKpa'ttae;, nou, Ka8apa rrpoc; £rralvo rof Ko~~a'tOC; ~ae;, d(Jax8~KE oro (JuyXPOVO Luv'tay~a, rrpEnst vd (JKE~'tOU~E E~Eic;: Kat roco KaAU'tEpa 8a 'to xurop8W(JOU~E liv £XOU~E Ka8apoue; roi»; Ioropuco-toerrrou; elJIKOIJC; Aoyoue;, ~E rou; ortotouc ~ta 8~~oKpa'tia, 1tOUreiVEt (Jr]~Epa (J't0 coomxiouo, 1tPE1tEtva 8taKpt8£i a1to 'tr]v KotVO~OUAEUTtKr] il 1tOAtTtKr] 8~~oKpa'tia. 'AKO~~, elvm avaYK~ vd (JKE~'tOU~E ~E (JUYKEKpt~EVEe;,d8tKEe; a~atpE(JEte;. "Ac ~avayupi(JOU~E orriv Eiaaywyrj rob ' 57, (J'tie; 1tUKVEe; lmayopEU(JEte; 'tfie; rrpo~A ~WHtKfi<; 'ttK
28
To
KAeu5f
TfjC; iotopucht;
t51aAeKT1KfjC;
..nptrrEl KarOl arro KaeEoXtOIl vd apVlleOUIlE Kai AOY01) tal orrOl~(1)E vTjeOl~yiVEtal. "Orov eEOlpEiral ii i:VVOLaKEvTj AOY0I), rrptrrEl, avrieEta, vd Aall~aVEtal auro oriv aVlKavorllra rou AOY01)vd ~tPEl va avayvOlpil;Eral. 'H npoaotoptouivn Kai aLOu~£ Ltl 8£~£AIffioll OiKOVO~IKtl xnrnyopic Lfie; «napayroYIKOLllLae; Lfie; £pyacriae;» tl «napayroYIKfie; £pyacriae;», crLtl l3acrll LOU Kupasaio» Kai Lfie; Icroptce; LroV 8cwplwv yui rtjv vrrcpaf,ia. Krmoto ~£8000AOYIKO cru~ntpacr~a unopsl vri l3y£i aLO LtAoe;, av otv Kavou~£ Aa8oe;. 'BOll crll~avnKte; Yia LO Y£VIKO ~£800IKO rtpoonvcroAIcr~O elvm oi rrcpurnpriosu; xni La «Stuxptvo» nOD ~ae; OiV£1 6 Map~ oro otKaLO LtLaPLO K£q>aAaw LOU nprorou LO~OU LOU Keipasaio». « 'H cpyamaKtj tJlatJlKaaia - At£1-napaLllPtl8llK£ c' Eva npdrro Xpovo (I3Atn£ K£q>aAaw nt~nLO) aq>llPll~tva, av£~apLllLa ano Lie; Ioropucsc LllC; ~opq>te;, oriv owoIKacria nou avanLucrcr£LaI ava~£cra crLOV av8prono Kai Ltl q>Dcrll. 'EK£i £'i7ta~£: "llPllJlEVO<; opiouoc» n;<; «napaywytKfj<; Epyaaia<;» (KamraAWTlKijc;), onou 0 Map~ npoxwpEi aLO o nnouc wu Kopasaiou nou napa8EaaJlE. Kni a<; SOUJlE rtponuvroc nro<; oi opiouot Lfj<; Epyaaia<; Kat WU nupnymytKOU EpyaLll, StaLUnWJlEVOt rriv KAaatKrl At nKll oixovouiu, nOtKtAAOUV avaAoya JlE Li<; aXEnKE<; avnAll\jIEt<; yta rriv «l)1tEpa~ia» Kai LrlV «a~ia», KAn.: xui, aUVEnro<;, nro<; avaAoya JlE rriv KaLaAAllAOLllLa LOU<;rj oXt ffi<; npo<; LrlV E~rlYllall Lfj<; YEvEall<; xui Lfj<; avanLu~ll<; WU auyxpovou Ka1ttLaAwJlOU onou ~EKtVaEt fJ EmanlJlOVtKrl Jlap~tKrl EpEUva WU latopncoii nopovtoc Kai LroV nirtmv rou) auwi oi opiouol daEPXOVLat anapaiLllLa rj OXt aLrl auaLaall WU dStKOU ououro tucob optaJlou Lfj<; «xn1ttLaAtaLtKfj<; napaywytKfj<; Epyaaia<;» onou LEiVEt 0 Map~ aLrlV EV AOYW EpEuva. "Ero t aUJlPaiVEt-aUvo\jlisovLa<; LrlV Icropuco-Sicxsxrtxr] avaAuall LroV ecwpuJJv yui ujv vncpac,fa, 1- oi KAaatKE<; ouvetcoopec orov avasllwullEVO optaJlO-aE avnStaaWArl, ouuerovu JlE LrlJlap~tKrl avaAuall, npo<; La avnq>anKa apvllnKa WIJ<; JlEPll- vd elvm ol aKoAou8E<;.
an'
ano-
ano
no
(an'
A. 'H aVf.1fJoAftrwv (PI!(J[OKP(1T(IJI': SllAaSrl I) on oi qiuctEXOIJV«JlELaq>EPEtrriv EpEIJVa yta rriv npoEAEUall Lfj<; vncpac,fac; Lrl orpuipu Lfj<; KUKAoq>opia<; [onou LrlV dxav xpurrioct ol JlEpKavnAtaLE<;] aLrl otpnipu Lfj<; aJlEall<; napaywyfj<;», 8EWVLa<; «j.1E nuro LOV tporto Li<; paosu; yta rriv aVaAlJall Lfj<; Ka1ttLaAtanKfj<; napaywyfj<;» aAAa Kai 8EJlEAtWVOVLa<;«Lrl 8EJlEAtaKrl apXrl on elvm napaywytKrl JlOVO fJ Epyaaia nou SllJltOUPyEi l)1tEpa~ia»: Kai npPA. Turgot: «'0 YEWPYO<;(Ie laboureur) slvm LO JlOVaStKO npoorurto wu ortoiou fJ Epyaaia napaYEt tteptaaotepo ano to f.11a()o rijc; ipyaaiac»: onolJ auwi «xcrupirrrouv» xui ~EnEpvouv ELat LO «KEPSO<;JlEaw Lfj<; anO~Evwall<;» (LroV EJlnOpEIJJlaLwv) 1tOUl)1tOaLT)ptsOLav LO usp-
oxpdrsc
ano
ano
34
KaVnAlrl 'rfie; yalOK'rlloiae; - anoyuJlVWV£'Wl ano ro q>£OUOapXlKO 'rlle; n£pi~AllJla, avuY£'Wl ot anA rl un£pa~ia, ot nA£ovaoJla nrivco O'rO Jlloeo 'rfie; tpyaoiae;, xni, ano 'rrlV aAA 11 nAwpu, aU'rrl ti un£pa~ia, Jlt rriv anOOOXrl Kai nUAl 'rfie; q>£OuoapXlKfie; 0nnKfie;, qrtrivs; VU ~£nllou£l ano 'rrl q>UOll, 0Xl ano rriv xotvcovic, ano 'rrl oXtoll Jlt 'rrl Yfi, 0Xl ano 'rie; KOlvrovlKte; oxto£le;... "OA£e;, [toro'r£plKte;] avtupaaeu; 'rfie; Kam'WAlonKfie; napayroyfie; tvw nU£l v' avoi~£l 6 0pOJlOe; YlU vu n£'Wxwuv e~ro ano 'rrl q>£OuoapXlKrl xowovto ..., aAAu [rrou] otv eX£l aKOJla ~p£l rriv £iOlKrl 'rlle; popori»: Kai aLO o£u'r£po o nueio 6 Mup~ q>tPV£l rriv aV'riPlloll on «ro 1..0.eoe; 'rWV qnxnoxpurdiv ~pioK£'ral JlOVO oro on avnAaJl~uvOV'WV rov VAlKO VOJlO Jllae; oUYK£KplJltvlle; iowplKfie; q>Uolle; 'rfie; xotvrovtuc [811AaOrl Jllae; ayponKfie; xupio»; xorvrovinc] oriv aq>llPllJltvo VOJlO nou KuplapX£l 6JlOlOuoptpo oi: oA£e; 'rie; xoivrovucec JlOpq>te;», Kuvov'rae; O'rO 'ruoe; ro oq>uAJla wU ... olaq>rononKou avnlowplKlOJlOU. B. 'H aovctatpopii toii LfllO: I) ti avaKuAU\j111 'rfie; oUYXPOVlle; ~lOJlllxavlKfie; napayroYlKo'rllme;, 'rfie; «uuvtq>aK'roupae;» (nou rriv ntorsocv «ayoVll» oi q>UOlOKpU'r£e; t~UJlVll'rte; 'rfie; y£ropYlKfie; ~lOJlllxaviae;): «ti tpyaoia EVOe; tpyu'rll 'rfie; ucvupcxroupce; ttp 0 O'(}ere 1 Y£VlKU o'rrlV a~ia 'rfie; npw'rlle; UAlle;, nou XPllcrlJlonol£iLal, 'rrlV a~[a rfje; JlKfje; rov aovtnpnanc «ai toii KepJove; toii tupevtucoii rot» (llAoBroe; rwv tBvwv. II, xsrp. 3)' 2) ti «Kam'raAlonKrl» olUKPloll «napayroYlKfie;» xui «Jlrl napayroYlKfie;» tpyaoiae;: «"Av ti nooornru 'rfie; 'rpoq>fie; xni WU vruotuctoc nou ... Ka'WvaAwellK£ ano Jlrl napayroYlKu XEpla [vnllP£'rWV ii JlOUcrlKWV ii iOWlLlKWV iJeonOlwV, KAn.] OWVEuovruv OE napayroYlKu xtpw [tpya'rwv], au'ru eo. dxav avanapayuY£l 6AoKAllPll rriv a~ia 'rfie; KamvuAro0rle; WUe; fla,! fl' eva KepJoe;» (onou napanuvro). «ME nOAArl oaq>rlveto -npOOeE'r£l 6 Mup~ - 1tpooolOpi~£'rat tow 6 nnpayroYlKOe; tpyu'rlle;, tK£lvOe; 1tOU 0Xl JlOVO ava1tapuY£l YlU tOV Kam'WAlo'rrl 6AoKAllPll triv a~ia 'rWV usorov f:m~iroolle; 1tOU n£plExoV'rat oro JllOeO, aAAu nou rri avana36
paYEt "flal;;i fl' EVa KEpOOe;". Movo it tpyacria nOD napayEt KEq>aAatO civm napayroytKrl £pyacria. ' AAAa 'to £1-.l1t0psuuc, t'i 'to XPfifla, yivE'tat KEq>aAatO XaPll oro YEyovoe; on av'taAAacrcrE'tat allEcra IlE rriv tpyacrtaKrl Ixcvornro, on av'taAAacrcrE'tat IlE 1l0VO oxono vd avnKa'tacr'ta9Ei ano Ilta Epyacria IlEyaAU'tEPll ano xsivn nOD nEptEXE'tat oro 'iotO 'to £llnOpEUlla... 'H napayroytKrl epyacria xpooSioptl;;E'tat £0& ano 'trlV anO\jfll 'tfie; Ka1tt'taAtcrnKfie; napayroyfie;, Kai A. l:1li9 £~av'tAllcrE 'to npo~Alllla EVVotOAoytKa [0 Map~ IltAaEt, EO&, £nicrlle; yta crllt9tavrl «differentia specifica- ]. .., elvm Ilta ano 'tie; IlEYaAD'tEpEe; E1ttcr'tllIlOVtKEe; ron sm WxiEe; ... 'to on npoo Stopioe rriv napayroytKrl Epyacria oriv Epyacria nOD aVTaA.A.daaeTaI anw8eiac; 11£ TO KeqJdA.alO, OllAaorl IlEcrro Ilto.e; av'taAAaYfie; orriv anoia oi cruv9fiKEe; napayroyfie; 'tfie; Epyacriae; xo.i it a~ia YEVtKa, xpfilla t'i EllnopEUlla, IlE'tacrXlllla'til;;ov'tat crE KEq>aAato (xui T] Epyaoto IlE'tacrXlllla'til;;E'tat ot: Iltcr9ro'trl £pyacria IlE 'trlV £1ttcr'tll1l0Vt Krl EVVota WU 0 pou). M' au'to rov rpono Ka90pil;;E'tat Enicrlle; xnrri rporto anoAu'W 'to 'ti npaYlla sivm T] Ilr, napcycoyocn ipyaaio: Elvm Epyacria nOD o{;v av'taAAacrcrE'tat IlE KEq>aAatO, aAAa nOD av'taAAacrcrE'tat anw8efac; Ili elao<51Jlla Aurot ol opiouot OEV ~yaivouv Aomov ano 'ta UAt... Ka xapaK1llPtcrnKa 'tfie; Epyacriae; ... , aAAa ano 'trl crUYKExpuisvr; xorvrovucn flOPq>rl, ano 'tie; xowrovucec crxEcrEte; napayroyfie; onou au'trlnpaYllawnOtEi'tat. 'Evnc ti90notoe;, A.X., aKollll Kt Evae; naAta'tcroe; (KAOOUV), IlE ~acrll aUWDe; WDe; opiouou; elvm napayoryucot; Epyal;;oIlEvoe; av Epyal;;E'tat orriv unllPEcria EVOe; Ka1tt'taAtcr'tfi (wu iunpeodptou), orov oxoto anooioEt xepicoorepn a~ia an' ocrll nutpvet ano KEiVOV IlE 'trl 1l0pq>rl wu Iltcr90u, £v& Evae; paq>'tlle;, nOD naEt oro o rrirt 'tou Ka1tt'taAtcr'tfi vd WU IlnaArocrEt 'ta nav'tEAovW, rof npoll1l9EDEt Ilta UnArl a~ia XPrlcrlle;, dVat Ilrl napayroytKOe; Epyal;;oIlEVOe;. 'H Epyacria wu nprorou av'taAAacrcrE'tat IlE KEq>aAatO, wu OEU'tEPOUIlE dcroolluc, 'H npro'tll £pyacria 0lllltOUPYEi unEpa~ia, (}'trl OED'tEPll Ka'tavaArovE'tat Eicroolllla». ' AAAa, ano Tr,V (fJA.1JnA.wpd, 0 Map~ xpt rt xripet aucr'tll pri (orri ~acrll 't&v; npoEK'tE9Etcr&V; EVVOt&V;) rov 'tEAtKO crllt9wvo opiouo 'tfie; napayroytKfie; Epyacriae; oriv au'tfie; nOD napaYEt «£llnOpEUlla» Kai 'tfie; Ilrl
a
37
n:apaYOOY1Kii<;Epyaoia<; oriv al)'tii<; n:OUOEVn:apaY£l «KaVEva EIln:opwlla,,: «'H evvola 'OU EIln:op£ulla.o<; - avnrstvsr 6 Map~ - ouvsndvetm 01100<; on i] Epyaoia EVOoouorroverm, UAon:ol£i.m, n:paYlla.on:ol£hm, 0.0 npoiov LTl<; '00.000, ... i] uAon:oillOll 'ii<; Epyaoia<; OEVvoetrm IlE 'llv 'iola OKoo'OEi;lKll orevorrreu IlE rriv 6n:oia '11 vost 6 A. EIli8. "OLaV 1l1AUIl£ Yla .0 EIln:opwlla oriv uAon:oi 11011'ii<; Epyaoia<; -IlE 'llv evvola 'ii<; aVLaAAaKnKii<; roo a~ia<; -11' au.o EVVOOUIl£1l0VO Eva rporco un:ap~ll<; WU £Iln:opsoucroc,. Ka8apa KOlVooV1KOrtoo OEV eX£l Ka80Aou vu xdvet IlE rriv Evooolla'll n:paYllaL1KO'1l.a rou .0 £Iln:opwuu n:apoUCJlai;£.m onv OUYK£KPlIlEVll xocornru K01VooVlKii<; £pyaoia<; ii XPllllaw<;. Elvm Suvnrov i] OUYK£KPlIlEVll £pyaoia, 'ii<; 6n:oia<; .0 £1ln:opwlla elvm .0 an:o.EA£olla, vd Il11V atvavayvwpi(ovral .0. 'lxvll 'ii<; £pyaoia<; ... M' au.o rov rpono [ollAaoll liv ~aCJli;0llao.£ mivco o'llv £vooolla'll n:paYllanKo'll.a Kai '11 1l0P'ta.crU!lE Aomov cr'trlV Kap8ta. 'tfie; «Oscoptuc», 8f)Aa8rl cr'trlV Kap8ta. 'tfie; AoytKfie; 'WU Keoasoio»: o' au'to !lae; 08rlYf)crE «fJ Icroptn('tmv eewplwv Yla niv vTCcpac)a).
41
'H (h:OIlTJ: oi 'iOtE~ oi eewpiec; EXOUV bncHTJIlOVtKa EVLO1tiO"Et iO"LOPtKa Kai OtaAEKHKa nporryoousvn 't1i~OlKOVOIltKfi~ Ka'tTJyopia~ 'tfi~ 1tapaywytKO'tTJ'ta~ 'tfi~ EpyaO"ia~, Ka'tTJyopia~ 1tOV Ka8opit;;Et 'ttlV KammAtO"TtKtl xotvroviu roii aO"TtKOU nupovtoc, 1tOV yta 'to Map~ elvm «Ioropuco nnpov» (EVro-01tW~ A.£Et O"'ttlv 'ABA10r'1Ta rfjc; ({JlAoaocpiac; - yta LOV~ KAaO"tKOV~ olxovouoxoyouc «ll1tfip~E Ioropin, aAAa 'twva IlE rov KVKAO O"uYKEKptIlEvo-aq>TJpTJIlEVO-O"UYKEKptIlEVO " E1taywytl -anaywytl, yta vd a1toq>EvYOUIlE Ttl XPtlO"TJ TroV «a1tpoO"otoptcrcov», Iltl «AEtLOUpytKroV» EVVOtroV TOU «1tATJ8uO"llou», «xcrnueptouob 'tfi~ EpyaO"ia~», «avmAAaKHKfi~ a~ia~», KA1t., onwc; elvtu ~lapopcpwpevec; ana rljv KAamKIj oltcovouia, nov aya1taEt rriv «ll1toO"'taO"TJ», xni vri q>'taVOUIlE, av'tteETa, O"E aKpt~Ei~ iO"LOPtKa EVVOtE~ " aKOIlTJ «O"uYKEKPtIlEvE~ aq>atPEo"Et~» 01tW~ oi «'ta~Et~» Kai ol aVTiO"'tOtXE~ «KOtVWVtKE~ O"XEo"Et~» napaywYfi~, KA1t. «<' AAAa (iv, qrttivovtuq O"Ti~ mo a.1tA.£~ aq>atPEo"Et~, 01tW~ D KamllEptO"ll0~ Tfi~ EPyaO"ia~, li aVTaAAaKTtKtl a~ia, KAn., ~avaKaVOUIlE TO m~iot av'ttO"'tpoq>a Kai EmO"'tpE'I'oUIlE orov 1tATJ8uO"Il0, Kt au'ttl 'ttl oopd OXt oriv O"E Ilta XaOTtKtl EVVOta f;VO~ OAOU, aAAa O"av O"E Ilta 1tAovO"ta DAo'tTJm 1tpoO"OtoptO"llrov Kai O"XEO"EWV... , E'tO"t KaVOV'ta~ aKoAou8oUIlE 'ttl O"wO"'ttl IlEeo8o XaPTJ O"'ttl 6noia oi aq>TJPTJIlEVOt opiouoi 68TJYouv O"TtlV vanapayoryn toii auytcexptuivou O"'ttlv nopsiu Tfi~ o"KE'I'TJ~»)' 2) vd ~EKt VailE 1taVLO'tE nrto xetvo TO «a1tOTEAEO"lla» (Ilta~ ioropucfp; OtaotKaO"ia~) 1tOV slvm TO napov "
a-
4 TIppA.. yui 1tEPlcrcrOtEPE~ A.E1ttO~EPElE~ orov nnpovtu tO~O to 8oKi~lO Tui Tli blaA.eKTIKIi. Kai PA.t1tf; Mdpio POOl, La diafettica in Marx. oro 1tEPlO8lKO Studi storici, 'OKt.-~EK. 1965. Kai PA.t1tEI:1ticrll~ tOU 'i8wu: Marx e fa diafettica hegeliana, Pcoun, 1963, II, cr. 897 t1t.
42
«O"UYK£KpqlEVO», bllA.abrl J.la~i TO «Y£VtKO», il KOlVO-J.lEaA.A.£~-btoXE~, Kai TO «dbtKO» Kai 1tpOpA.llJ.laTtKO (<, TEA.OC;, btaA.£KTtKrl
5 "Et(H 11' auto to AOytKO-totoptKO xapaKttlpa nponvoouevrov-enouevoiv I:~Tlytl:tat (UAtaipt9TlKt Ott 1') llap~tKtl xprnxri tou aOttKOU avtttotOptKtatpEOtte;, anci l:1tioTle;, Kai Oxt AtYOttpO ~E~ata, tie; aq>atpEotte;, tie; «onoordcsu;», tie; Ollllq>Utte; Ottl XtYKtAlavtl «litaAtKttKtl» (~AE1tt KpmK~ r;;e; XeYKCA.laV;;e;({I/A.oaorpfae; roB r5"lloaiov r5lKaiov. 1843, itaAtKtl IlEtciq>paoTl Fx. NtEAa BOA1tt, PWIlTl, 1963): 1tpciYlla, auto, alilaVOTltO Kai a1tapcilitKto Ylci to XtYKtAtavi~ovta AOUKate;, 1tOU otav l:~ttci~Et A.X. Iltci «aVttKttlltvtKOtTlta 1tOU, UV OUAATlq>9tl:xui yiVEt xarnVOTlttl owotci xni IlE OUVE1ttta IlEXPl ~ci90ue;, IiEV 1tPE1tEt IlE xuvsvu tP01tO vci uetvsi KPUIlIlEVTl OE Illciv (t1tAtl allt9tl onv OttYlltl OE xivnon 1tOU IltOOAa~tl: Iltta~U 1tapEA90vtoe; xni IlEAAOvtoe;» ( 'Iatopia xai ra~lK~ avveir5"a". 'OliuUlpeoCle; 'tTJe;, tq>ooov elvm ~C'tuq>UO"lKee;, xni ~ul:;i 'tie; u1[OO'tliOCle; 'tTJe;. '0 Aoui 'Ahouoep uoii U~q>lO~TJ'tEi (oro Lire Ie Capital. I, c. 59) 'tllv Ep~TJvciu 1[00 liivOl o'to ~UP~lKO U1[OO1[UO~U 'tfje; Elaayoryii; (1857) oro Till uiv KPITIKr, rfir; TroAITIKfir; olxovouku; 1[00 1[pou1[06e'tc'tUl U1[O 'to oU~1[epao~u, Ylli 'to ortoio nupundvro. yopro U1[O 'tllV Evvolu 1[poTJyoo~cvOlv-airfwv Tj AOYIKO-lOWPlKrov nporryoouevmv ('tou krtopucoii 1[Upovroc), To U1[OO1[UO~U eivm uu'tO: «eli ~'tav AOl1tOV u80vuw Kui toq>uA~evo vii lila'tliooou~c 'tie; oixovouucec Ku'tTJyopiEe; 'tllv 't1i~TJ 1[00 U1[fjp~uv iOWPlKIi Ka60plonKee;. 'H 't1i~TJ roue Ku60pil:;E'tIll, uv'ti6c'tll, U1[O 't1l ox EOTJ o'tllv a1[oiu ~piOKOV'tlll TJ ~lli ~e 'tllV (in TJ 0't1l oOYXPOVTJ UO'tlKllKOlVOlviu, Kl uu'tllTJ 't1i~TJ elver uKpl~roe; TJ dvtiotpo({II'/ tKcivTJe; 1[00 q>Uivc'tUl vii sivrn TJ q>UO"lKll roue 't1i~TJ Tj uuwu 1[00 uvnowlxEi 0't1l lilUlioXll 'tfje; iOWplKfje; uvli1['tu~TJe;» (U1[Oypli~~lOTJ lilKll uou). Kui 'As.rouosp: «'H (i~cOTJ OUVe1[ElU wu Kcl~evou wu Map~ liev Uq>llVcl (inOlo'tc KU~lli U~q>l~OAiu, tq>ooov ~u6uivOU~E 1[We; aurr, av(r,rl'/al'/ yui rr,v ti}lcal'/ if f.}l}lWI'/ dvnarOlxia 'trov oprov 'trov 800 tli~cOlv [tfje; XPOVOAOYlKfje; Kui tfje; AOYlKfje; u~iue;] liev EXEl KU~lli OXEOTJ to 1[pO~ATJ~U 1[00 dVUA06TJKc». Movo 1[00 TJ Ci~EOTJ ouveXElu UUtoU WU xstusvou, 1[00 liiVEl 'AA'touoep, slvm KO~~eVTJ Kui TJXEi 01[Ole; UKOAOUSci: «~ev npoxerrrn Ylli tll 0XEOTJ 1[OU tYKUSllipOE'tIll iOWPlKIi uvli~cou otie; olxovouucec 0XEOEle; ... , npoxsrrm Ylli tll GIiederung rooc (Tj olup6pOl~evo ouvoucouo) OtO tOOltcPlKO 'tfje; OOYXPOvTJe; uonKfje; xorvrovice;». Trope to xeiusvo Otllv aAotTJtli rou Kui ai: ~ctaq>pUOTJ AlYOtcpO ~luonKll slvm UUto: «~ev 1[POKEltUl Yla tll 6eoTJ 1[00 oi oixovourcec oxeOcle; KU'tUAU~~livouv iOWPlKa Otll lilUliOXll [Aufeinanderfolge] 'trov lilUq>OpOlV ~opq>rov xorvcovtce; Kui UKO~TJ AlYOrspo Ylli tll lilUliOXll roue Otllv 'Ioea (ITPOUVtov), TrOOliev slvui 1[apa ~lli a~lXAWOTJe; nnpouotuon tOU iOtoPlKOU xrvriunroq, UAAIi Ylli tll Gliederung roue 0't1l OOYXPovTJ UOnKll xotvciviu». "Apa AOl1[OV to UKpl~ee; KEt~cVO ~ae; AEEt: on liev npoxsrnn (UKpl~roe; OtO 1[pO~ATJ~U 'tfje; OxeOTJe; 1[UPOV-1[upcA60v 1[00 «uvuME'tal») oiire Ylli ~lli 6.1[All OlulioXll trov OiKOVO~lKrov Ka'tTJyoplrov (OtO npoxstuevo Se~u) oiirs 1[0M AlYOtcpO Ylli ~lli lilUOOXrj roue orriv 'Ilieu (Oo~q>Olvu to XcYKEAluvil:;ovta ITPOUVtov: 1[p~A. 'A8AIOrI'/Ta riir; qIlAoaocpfar;), unli 1[POKEt'tal Ylli xsivn trj lillipSpOlorj roue Tj opyavlKo ouoXcno~o (~A. A.X. 'tie; KutTJyopice; «f;pyaoiu sans phrase», Tj «YcVlKll», Kui «Kcq>liAUlO») ~eoa Otrj oOYXpovTJ UO'tlKrj xotvcovtu, Tj 1[UPOV, 1[00 npotmoiletet tll
~e
a
~e
a
r,
~e
a
~e
44
o ropucf Il£OOOO<; (7VYK[;KPljltV(()V aq>atp£OEOOV6. 'H e1taA.rlBsuon, 1tOU apxtOE, atJ'tfj<; 'tfj<; IlEOOOOU-Il£Oa aKpt~ro<; a1t0 'to Ioropuco-Suvuutxo 'tEA.EU'taio Il£PO<; 'trov 8[;(()P1WV -OOrlYllOE, 01t00<; E'ioaIlE, o'trl OtaA.EKTtKrl oaq>rlVEta 'trov ouunspuourrnxrov Ota'tU1troOEOOV 'tOU KupaAafov 1tOU aq>opobv rov optouo 'tfj<; 1tapaYOOYtKfj<; epyaoia<;. Aomov, elvm 6 OXt «aq>llPllll£VO<;», aA.A.a OUVOEW<;, ouyxsxptusvoc, iO'tOPtKO<; xapaK'trlpa<; WU 6ptollOU 1tOU emIheiKpHHl 'tuxuirov 1tPOT]YOlJIlEvroV, ij Ku8upei XPOVOAOYlKrov, Kui 0Xltuxuirov nponvoousvorv, pa(JlKWV, ij AOYlKO-lO'tOPlKrov, ij 1tPOT]YOUIlEvmv-ulrtrov: bui.Kpla'l rrov avvcrraYCTal. dKplPWC;. tKElVT] 'trov Mo 'ta~Emv, XPovoAoYl!clie; xni AOYlKlie;, Kui 'ttl Sovurornru 1l1ae; «av'tio'tpoq>T]e;" av'tlo'tOlxiue; 'trov oprov rotx;: ()laKptcrT], uu'ttl t'I 'tEAEU'tuiu, 'tlie; 6TCoiue; t'I tmar'lllOAoY1KIj OUVE:1tElU EXEl ()IUq>UYEI a1to rov 'AI. 'tOUOE:P Kui 'ttlv l)1[O'tlllaEl. Kni 'tEAlKa 6 q>iAoe; 'AA'toUOE:P 1tpE:1m vc Au~uiVEI u1tOIjlT] O'tl, TCE:pU a1to Kei8E tllltElPlKO iO'tOPlKlOIlO xni, Kupiroe;, alto Ka8E i()EUAlOtlKO ()IUAEK'tlKlOIlO, uu'ttl ltOU EtTCUIlE 'tWpu Kui 0Xl UAAT] stvm t'lIlUP~IKtl MOT] 'tOU 1tPO~Atlllu'tOe; 'tlie; OXE:OT]e;'tOU nupovroc 1lE:'to nnpEA80v: MOT] ()IUAEK'tlKO-UAlO'tlKtl, YlU'ti t'I xivnon 'tlie; io'tOplKlie; OXE:OT]e; tKq>pa~E'tUl IlE KEivT] 'ttl q>0PIlOUAU A·X· 'tlie; «tpyuoiue; sans phrase» 1tOU E\VUl ouYXpovroe; apVT]'tlKtl 'tOU apVT]'tlKOU ltOU aTCo'tEAouv 'ta u1tAa 'tUxul:u 1tPOT]YOUIlEVU (oi 1tOlKiAEe; 1tEPlO'tUatuKEe; 1l0pq>Ee; tpyuoiue;) Kui OUV'tT]pet Kui avult'tuOOEl 'tei 0Xl-'tUXUl:u ltPOT]YOUIlEVU (t'I tpyuotn oav «KOlVOe; ltUPOVOIlUO'ttle;», tKEl: 01tOU oi «1l0Va()Ee;» 'tlie; tpyuoiue; Il1tOPOUV vu aAAT]AoouYKpI80uv, vd 1tpoo'tE80uv, KA1t.) 'tlie; nnpuyroYlKO'tT]'tUe; 'tlie; oUYXpOVT]e; ao'tlKlie; KOlvroviue;' Ku'top8wvov'tue; 'tat va OWOOUIlE 't000 'ttlV Icropucn aouppoaovn (orriv orroiu 61l0iroe; aVtlKOUV 'tei 0Xl-'tUXUl:u rrp0'lyovWva) 000 xui 'to continuum 'tlie; i()EUe; ij AOYou (1tOU t7tlKUPWVEI 'to 0Xl-tuXUl:O ij ooauiatucotnta 'tE'tlroV TCpOT]YOUIlEvroV), 't000 'ttlV dvdAva'l 000 Kui 'ttl avvBca'l: ij 'tE:AOe;'ttl IlUP~IKtl «TCOAAU1tAtl EVO'tT]'tU» (xct ()EV sivm tmq>uvEluKO 'va 8UIlT]80UIlE, aKOIlT], ltOOO, OUYKpl'tlKa, eivm YUIlVtl alto Ioropixri OUVEOT]-ij OUYKEKPIIlEVO1toiT]OT]-t'I XEYKEAlUVtl «()IUAEKtlKtl" IlE80()0e;). Kui 1tp~A. OXE'tlKa 'ta ()IKa 1l0U: Logica come scienza posit iva. 1956, Kui Liberia comunista. Kui Yla rov 'AAtoUOEp, ~AE1tE tltioT]e; nupnxdrro. 6"OltOlOe; YVropi~El 'to XEYKEA ~EPEI O'tl Kl uu'toe; ()IEiOE uu'ttl 'ttl 8EIlEAlUKtl aAtl8Elu: 1tp~A. A.X. Scienza della logica, III, o. 56 (usr. MOVl, Mnripi, 1925): «'0 VOUC; AEEl- ()iVEI (iAAroO'tE o'tOue; 1tpOO()lOpIOIlOUe; rou IlEOro 'tlie; Ilopq>lie; 'tlie; aq>T]pT]IlEVT]e; Ku80AlKOtT]'tUe;, ue; 'to TCoullE lhat, ilia 'tE'tlU aKA'lpor'lTa 'tOU alvei, ltOU ()EV exouv o'ttlv TCOlO'tlKtl oq>uipu [()T]AUOtl o'ttlv Ku8uPtl tllltElpiu] ... · ana Il' uu'ttl 'ttlV nkonoinan t aut orpova 'tOue; tf.1!{1VXdJVC1 Ut dva(woyovcf [begeistet] K Kui 'tOue; Ku810'ta o';cfC; OE 'tP01tO ltOU aKpl~roe; 1l0VO 0' uu'tO 'to IlEOOUpaVT]uu a1tOK'tOUV 'ttlV iKUVO'tT]'tU vc ()IUAUOVtUI xni vc 1tEpVOUV OtO dvri-
e-
a-
45
'tEDXSl1KE (11£ Ilta A£~11 6 xapaK'tTl pa~ 'tOU (JUYKEKptll£vrp; (tEpaj.lE mo 1ta.vro: 011AaOtl OTt bt.v dnoKaAIJnrl:1 tinou: UAAO dno dVIKavor'lra rou MlolJ roD AOYOIJro lin <5tv t,tPCI va dvayvwpi(cral ar1j aIJYKCKpl/leV'l evvota. 'Evdi TO XEYKEAtaVO aUaTllj.la j.lE Ttl «OtaAEKTtKtl» TOU Trov U1tpOaOtOptaTrov Uq>atpEaErov ij YEVtKOTaTroV EvvOlrov-uA119tvtl OtaAEKTtKtl tv KCvcf5 ij IjlEUTOKtVllTtl-allj.laivEt, ouaTuxro<;, Ott slvm q>Tai~tj.lo Ti'j<; aUYKEKptj.lEVll<; EVVOta<; «(Uj.l(3AEla<;» Kai «KEVi'j<;»), liv 0 AOyO<; OEV ~EPEt vc uvayvropisETat Ka8aUTO<;! rta. j.lta. mo 1tAOUata UVa.Auall j.lEptKroV U1tO Ta. XEYKEAtaVa. xsiusvu 1tOU 1tapaTi8EvTat EOro 1tp(3A. Logica come scienza posit iva, a. 46-47, 61-62. (Ilp(3L E1tiall<; TtlV E1tOj.lEVll allj.lElroall.) "A<; 7tpOaE~OUj.lE UKOj.lll, aXETtKa. j.lE TO xapaKTtlpa Ti'j<; OtaAEKTtKi'j<; tv KCVcf5. UKpt(3ro<; Ti'j<; XEYKEAtavi'j<;, TO UKOAou8o 1tOAU allj.laVTtKo-xa.Pll aTtlV UOtatEPWVETat aTOV IlAa.Trova aTa. XEYKEAtaVa. Ma01j/lara latopku; r;;e; rplAoaooiac: «AuTO 1tOU KaTaAapaivEt mo KaAa. 0 IlAa.Trova<; sivm Ott 1') 'IoEa, TO Ka9aUTO xni Ot' EaUTO Ka8oAtKO 1tpE1tEt vc nutpvovrm dno uova rOIJe; Ott <5tv npinci va npoairooue .... ro iaioxeiusvo, TOU oxotoo aUTOi oi npoo Siopiouot sivm «atnvopoouevo», KA1t. Kni 1tp(3A. Logica come scienza positiva, a. 85-95.
47
9rlKaJ,.Lf:, Ti UKPt~ro<; UVTtVOJ,.LtKtl<;UV'ti9f:uoll» XPllCJlJ,!01tOlEital ouv1l8roe; Otll J,!Up~lO'tlKll q>lAOAOyiu J,!E tP01tO E~atPE'tlKa aJ,!(fllAEYOJ,!EVO Kui OUYKEXUJ,!EVO: 811Au81l xropie; vd onueuovcrui 1tOtE 1tPOKEltat Yla xsivn tllV apVll'tlKr] d-avv8a'1. rrpopA.'1f.JaTlKr, avtiq>uoll Tj rtpoI3AllJ,!UtlCJJ,!O, 1tOU sivm t'I avtiq>uoll dVWpaTlKWV Tj avttvouia 01troe; AtYEtal, Kui 1tOtE avti8Etu npoxsmn Yla xstvn rriv tmA.lJrlKr, avtiq>uoll, Kui 8E'tlKr] , 1tOU ElVUl t'I avtiq>uoll ltOU altOtEAEitat a1to dvri8cra Tj tvavTla 8E80J,!EVroV aV'tlVOJ,!lOOV, Tj, KUAUtEPU, alto 1tupayroyu aV'tlVOJ,!lKa OUv8Eru OllJ,!UlVOJ,!EVU. Kui 01troe; t'I 8lUAEK'tlKll (avaAuoll) 1tPOKU1ttEl 0PYUVlKa a1to aJ,!uolKa UUtO eYlvE Sovnro xaPll Otr] 8lUPKrj XEYKEAlUVr] E1tlPOrj, 1tOU EUVOOUOE, xni EUVOEi roe; tWPU, trjv avuyroYr] tije; OlUAEK'tlKije; flOVO OtO E1tlAU'tlKO Ot01XEio (xot rtvoc.), VOOUJ,!EVOXEYKEAluva oriv «a1tOAUtll» avtiq>uoll tVro'tlKOOV aV'tl8Etrov (=«paatKtc; 8lUopa roue 000 xni t'I ruurornru rou; slvci 8lua.Aato Kai DXI T6 dVTffhTO, o"ct "Ca.IlE(Ja rrapayroYii~ elvm arrAa. IlE(Ja yta. Ilta. (Juv£XTl £rrEKta(Jll "Cii~ 1;;ro"CtKii~ ()ta()tKa(Jia~ yui "CTlV«oivcovia "C&Vrrapayroy;&v;»: aAAa. ()EV civrn KtoAa~ aU"CTl" ()ta"Cl)1!ro(Jll "Cii~ ()taA£K"CtKii~ avaYKaiornrr«; "COUt(J"COPtKOU, npuvuurucoii nspdouuroc "Cii~ xum taAt(J"CtKii~ xoivrovice; rrapayroy&v; (JE Ilta. (Il£AAOV"CtKTl) dVTf()CTI1 (JomaAl(J"CtKTl KOt voivic rrapayroy&v; 'Evoc nspriourrroc rtou sivm, li~ "Co rrpO(JE~OUIl£, rrpaYlla"CtKTl ava.rr"CU~ll, (J"CTlVorroia " ()£D"C£Pll xotvmvin r5wTl1pr.l xui lV{(JXVtl, arro rov KamtaAl(JIlO, "CTlVKotvroVtKTlrrapayroYTl IlE(Ja arro "CTlVdpvnan toii dpVI1TlKOB TI1C; av"Ctuyav tiC; 8U'tlKE~ UV'tlArjlJf£l~ yui to K£acrll~ (JlE Ta aPlaLOT£AlKa Tll~ aVTi8£Ta-aVWpaTtKa, a-cruv8£Ta Jl£Ta~U TOU~ ii anOKA£lorucd) aq>opoucr£ Ttl 8£TtKtl Kai cruYK£KPlJlEVll blaVOllTtKOrnru (OXl JlOVO TtlV rumxri AOYlKtl) Kat cruv£n&~ OTt ~TaV Eq>apJlOmJlll crTa Icropucu Y£YOVOTa Yla vd a~lOAoYtlcr£l ano JlEPOU~ TOU AOYOU TtlV Ecr(J)T£PlKtl ouvcnsin ii 0Xl Kat vri Al)cr£l eo ipso blaA£KTtKa Ti~ avanoq>£uKT£~ aVTtvoJli£~ TOU nOAAanAou icrTOPlKOU. (Ttd Ttl bOYJlaTtKtl X£yK£AlaVtl apvllcrll T1i~ nupumivco apxfi~ ~A. Ttl blKtl Jla~ Logica come scienza posit iva. cr. 71 sn.) Kt ETm 6 XEYK£A Exacr£ Ttl JlOVablKtl £t)Katpia (rriv napa nOAl) cruYK£KPlJlEVll avrtvouucorrrru TOU npaYJlaTtKou) vo Jln£l npaYJlaTtKa crTtlV aA1l8lVtl xivncr], o triv Icropucri blaA£KTtKtl. "A~ napa~aAOUJl£, xuromv, TO aKOAou80 anocrnacrJla TOU Kcoasaioo, III, xstp. 49, aLO TEAO~: «... aq>ou tc,aA[;upOei [nach Aufhebung] 6 KamTaAlcrTtKO~ rpono.; napay(J)Yfi~, EV& bWTllPdTal OJl(J)~ [aber mit Beibehaltung] ti KOlV(J)VlKtl napaY(J)Ytl, 6 6PlcrJlO~ Tfi~ a~ia~ cruv£xil;£l vri xupiupXd, JlE rriv EVVOW OTt ti pu8Jllcrll TOU XPOVOU Epyacria~ Kat 1i xutuvoun Tfi~ KOlV(J)VlKfi~ Epyacrta~ aVaJl£cra crTi~ blaq>Op£~ 6Jlab£~ napay(J)Yfi~ Kai TEAO~ 1i crX£TtKtl ustpncnuorrrru yi VOVTal mo crnoubai£~ napa nOT£»: onou rtpoxstrm {blatT£pa Yla Ttl blaA£KTtKtl tivdnrvc,'l TOU VOJlOU Tfi~ EpyamaKfi~ a~ia~ crTtl crX£blOnOlllJlEVll cromaAlcrTtKtl KO1vruviu".
9 To altO(macrlla TOU KEq>. 49 bEV E1tlTPEltEl, VOllisoUIlE, rriv tpIlTIVEUnKtl q>0PllouAa TOU LO\)tlsU (ecOJpia r;;r; Ka7rlraA./arlK;;r; dvdn:rvAovoivo, 1949, cr. 52): ,,'0 VOIl0<; n'i<; a~ia<; versus [svnvtiov] n'i<; apxfj<; TOU crXEbwcrIlOU»' OUTE TO crUlllttpacrlla: on "a~ia xni npoypuuIlancrllo<; elver ElticrT)<; dvriOcra, Kai yui TOU<;'iblO\)<; AOYOIJ<;, ooo xnmTaAlcrIlO<; Kai cromaAlcrllo<;» (cr. 54): crulllttpacrlla otooro 1l0VO ltOAU XOVTplKIi. ' AAAIi at'lTO bEV TO EltlTpEm;l aAT)9lVIi OUTE TO an:ocrltacrlla n:ou n:apa9tTEl 6 LOUtlSU: ,,' Aq>ou of Ka1tlTaAlcrTE<; ltapayroyoi PpicrKOVTal 6 £va<; an:Evavn crTOV aAAo 1l0VO oov iblOKTfjn:<; EllltOPEUIlIiTroV, Kai Ka9Eva<; n:pocrlta9d vii ltOUAtlcrEl TO EllltOPEUll1i TOU ooo yiVETUl mo aKplpli (EXOVTa<; Ttl bUVaTOTT)Ta ltpoq>avro<; vii TaKTOltOlEl KaT aptoxsiu rriv 'ibW rriv ltapayroytl), 6 EcrroTEPlKO<; VOIl0<; EltlPIiA.A.ETal altAIi IlEcra alto TO ouvovev.ouo TOU<;, TtlV allolpaia TOU<;n:iEcrT), usoro TroV 6nouov of usrurontos«; crullljIT)q>iSOVTal aVTicrTOlXa. '0 VOIl0<; Tfj<; a~ia<;
c,,,s.
51
'AAAU atrrO 1tOO f;VDtaA.o<; q>UO'lKO<; vouoc KUt ytVErm yvroOtO.; VO!lO<;KUt OUVE1tro<;vO!lo<;-68TJY0<; tii<; 1tUpuyroYii<; orriv apXTt tOU nA.avov: KUt Ott ava.!lEOU ot a~tu KUt 0XEOlUO!lO lma.pXEl !lOVO !lui Otaq>opa. paOpov dvanrvC;'1e;: rtnoru to apVTJttKa. «avti9Eto» ij «svdvrio». ~TJA.aoTt KA.EiVOVta<;: 6 OOO'laA.lOttKo<; 0XEOlaO!lo<;, btElOTt apvsirm Kat E~aA.Eiq>El EKEiVO to apVTJttKo aVttq>attKO 1tOU slvrn to aOttKO KEq>a.A.ato, eo ipso ~lar'lPei «ai dvanrvaael to UVttOWlXO avttq>attKo OeT/KO 1tOU sivm 6 vouo; rfie; epyaaraKfie; dOae;: 01tOU !l1t0POU!lE vd !llA.Tt00U!lE Yla. !lla. OlUA.EKttKTt Uvti9EOTJ OOmaA.lO!lOU-Ka1tltUA.lO!lOU !lOVO !It tTtV Evvola Ott 6 oomuA.lO!lo<; sivnt to apVTJttKo Kat auvtnpnTlKO dvriOcro EKdvou wu tOtOPlKOU dVT/VOPIKOV Tj uutoaVttq>attKou E100u<; 1tOU sivct 6 KamtaA.lO!lo<;. AOYlKTt avaKpt~Ela A.Ol1tOV WU ~ouTtt;u. "Ott oro OOmaA.lO!lO ol OtKOVO!llKOt VO!lOl otv sivnt 1tla. «TVqJA.oi euotxot VO!lOl» to ~A.t1tEl KaA.a. 6 M. Pot;EvtaA., Die Dia/ektik in Marx' «Kapital», BEp0A.{ VO, 1957, 0. 99 1;1t.' !la.A.lOta E1tl!ltVEl, aOX0A.OU!lEVO<; !It EVuv U1tO rou; mo EVOO~OU<; loci communes wu KA.aO'lKOU !lUP~lo!lou (OtO 1ttpuo!la «U1tO ro ~aOtA.Eto tii<; avaYKUlOtTJta<; oro ~aotA.Elo tii<; EA.W9Epta<;»), ana. ~a.t;El !lat;t 0' Eva toOU~a.A.l to «VO!lO tii<; a~ta<;» Kat to «VO!lO tOU ouvnyrovtouoi;», KA.1t. XEYKEA.laVtt;ouoa sivm !lEta., nsprtro vd to 0TJ!lElWOOU!lE, t'l «OlaA.EKttKTl» OtO Peit;EVtaA., 1tOU Ixuvoxoisltm f;1ttOTJ<; !It ti<; OlatU1t(OOEl<; WU "EVYKEA.<;,A.tyo 1tOA.UaKivOUVE<;01tro<; t'l aKoA.ou9TJ, OtaV 1tpt1tEl vd aoxoA.TJ9Ei (oro KEq>. III) !If; tTtV E1tE~EpyaOtU tii<; 9Eropta<; tii<; OlaA.EKttKii<; uva.1ttu~TJ<; OtO KeqJaA.alO: «t't ava.1ttu~TJ oa.v olaolKaOta avutpo1tii<; troy 1tOOOttKroV uA.A.ayrov ot notorucec». KA.1t. Ka.1tOlU 6~da VU~TJ 1ta.vro OtTt 9Eropta WU Ma.p~ Yla. tTtV a~ta ot !lla. OOOtaA.lOttKTt otxovouto oro: An Essay on marxian economics. Aovotvo, 1949, 0. 23 1;1t., tfj<; Tt;oav PO!l1tlVOOV, EOtro Kl Civ t'l ouyypaq>ta<; 1tEPltpyro<; ouurrspuivst Ott «otv lma.PXEl Ka!lla. U1tO ti<; onuuvri Kf;<; iotE<; 1tOU 6 M a.p~ EKq>pa.t;El !It wu<; opou<; tfj<; Evvola<; Tfj<; dc;iae; 1tOU va. !lTt urropei vd EKq>paOtEt KUA.UTEpa Xropi<; aUTTtv».
52
Ttl blaTllPd Kat TtlV ava1tTl)(J(J£l O(JOV aOUf:PJ.ln:UX 8tv unopsi vc urrt:pTtJ.lTj8t:1 (orrwe; KaVEt Umanesimo positivo, o. 51-2) 8tv KUTaTO n:PUYJ.lUTtKO ardis arrOTtAEOJ.lU, TlllV i8WAtOTtKWV XEYKEAlUVWV 8ta8tKumwv un:ooTUmorroiTjoTje;, J.lt TO vc rteptopto rai OTO cruJ.lrrtpacrJ.lu OTt «TO aVTtKclJ.lEVO avaYETUt [rmo TO XtYKE/,] crt npoo Sioprououq EVTEAWe; aia<; rof XEYKEA oWTUn:W~Evll<; .. an:o TO O\J!:p~n:ax" a1tOKaAun:'tETaI ~t ~la npoosxrucri ~aTla TJ KaOaptl avaTp01ttl n;<; iOEaAloTlKO-KptnKi'j<; On:TlKi'j<; rof ouEp~n:ax' ~) TJ TJWpo~l1via, AOl1tOV, roi) 1845(-6), 011AaOtl TJ TJ~EpO~l1via, ~ETa~U TWV aUwv, n;<; KPIrtKr,.; Ti'j<; Fcpuavnciic "i&oAoyfa.;". OEV urtopsi vri aVttKawo'ttl0EI, ouv TJIlEpO~l1via Ti'j<; «roufj;», f:KEivll rof 1843 rtou sivm TJ TJ~EPO~l1via (Un:OOETlKtl) 'tfj<; (~ETa Oavaw avaKaAuq>OEioa<;) KptnKfj<; TWV uxoo rdosrov, TOOO YWTi alntl TJ KptnKtl sivrn n:poq>avw<; TJ an:apaiTll'tll n:poli1toOEOll KaOE KPITlKfj<; TWV "iOEOAOYIO~WV", 000 Kai YWTi t'l 'iow civm tn:iOlls, ~E rriv TEt,IKr] Tll<; OCTln] olaomoll ~la<; «lfpom51O!'uTpf.I'I/':; uq>aipEoll<;", TJ un:apaiaVEPtl tmporj, OIW1tllPtl aHa KaOoplOTlKtl, 'tfj<; xprnKfj<; TWV I)1tOO"TaOEWV 1taVW OTa «£pya Tfj<; OOpi~aV0"11<;" xui «Tfj<; 00piuornrnc», KaTE~oXtlV OTtlV 'AOAIOr/'fra rr,.:; rpIAoaorpfu.:;, TtlV Eiauywylj Kai 'to Tid rljl' KPIrtKIj rr,.:; lfOA/TIKr,.; olxovouiac xui TEAo<; To KcrpdAUW ~€: TtlV iOlaiTEPll iOWPIKO-OWAEKTlKtl TOU Souri. Kai ~Hm; Ta OU~1tEpdouuru TOU nupovroq ypaq>wu. (Il PE1tEl vd 011~El(iJoou~E, aAAwo'tE, OTl Kai Ta n:apa1tavw 1;TjTtl~aTa, xui Ta nponvouuevu, oTi<; o. 43-5 Kai oTj~Elwm;I<;, Ta 1tpay~an:uETaI n:EPIOOOTEPO 6 Aounoptvi, OTaV Ta 1tpay~an;uE'tat 1tapaKoAouOwvw<; TOV 'AI.. roucsp o rriv doaywYIKtl ol1~Eiwoll OTtlV iTaAlKtl EKOOOTj wu Pour Marx: xni ~AEn:E Yla rriv uvttlQ"'tOPIKIOttKtl OEoll wu Aourropivi, TO apOpo TOU Aourorivo Fxpoum, A proposito di marxismo e storicismo, OTtl Rinascita, PW~Tj, 81-1966: Kai TOU 'iblOU ~AE1tE ~la o~Eia xprrucri wu Pour Marx OTtl Rinascita 'tfj<; 21-4-1967.) 1.1 n.X.: «~WTI)1tWVETal A xui 0Xl-A, TO KaOapo aAAo TOU A' uAAa aUTO t~q>avi1;ETaI ~OVO Yla vri uq>aviOEI. 'H pa1;ETaI AOl1tOV 0' aun1 rriv nporno n odv apvll0ll Tfj<; apVTjoll<;. To A xni TO 0Xl-A Elval OWKEKpl~Eva xni aUTa Ta OWKEKplptva avaq>EpOVTUI 0' Eva uovuouco Kai TO 'ioto A. 'H Tavror/'fTa n:apouma1;Ewl OUVI::n:w<;tow oriv mjuj ~ ouupopctucotnt a plaC; iviaku; oXtoll<;, Tj oriv TJ an:A tl (jtarpopd oTa 'iota Otaq>0pETlKa. 'Ano alno n:POKU1tTEl KaOapa OTl TJ uPXtl Tfj<; ruuto rnruc Tfj<; 'iota<; Kai uKo~a n:EPlOOOTEPO TJ uPXtl Tfj<; [~tl- ]uvTiq>a011<; Elval 0Xl mri cln:Aa avaAuTlKfj<;, aAAa avvOr.w:r,.:; rpl)a/'fC;" KAn:. (Scienza della logica: II, 39, Mxcpi, 1925). Kai Yla ~la KpmKtl avaAlJ-
58
LEA.O<;, unl ti ~opqHi o£ixv£t nw<; ti Ixavonoi ll(Hl Lfj<; Otaa crLacrll<; nOlJ A.EY£Lat ouveneto ij svornru wG crKtnT£cr8at npEnEt vd ~£LaOp€1:1KE<; 1l0pq>E<; xotvoivucfp; opyaveoorp;», KA.EivEl IlE 1:0 va bn1:pErrEt (J1:0 ypaq>OV1:U «ilia 6AOKATjPCllOll 1:fj<; t(JWPlKO-AEt1:0UPYlKfj<; UvaAU(Jll<; Ilt Ilta t(JWPlKO-£>laACKTIKI7 UVaAU(Jll» yta 1:0U<; oxonoix; 1:;;<; «AU(Jll<;" Ka8E rrpuYIlU1:1K;;<; «UV1:tvouioc» (KUt ~AtrrE 1:0 tpE8t(J1:tKO WU bOKi1l1O yta 1:0 Gramsci storicista di jronte al marxismo contemporaneo 01:0 Prassi rivoluzionaria e storicismo in Gramsci. 1:E1:pablO 3 1:fj<; Critica marxista, PWllll, 1967). "01:t IlEta «~vu OPIO •• btUVOOUj.1.EVl(JIlOU"» UKOAou8Ei yta vd «xupmpXTjOEI 1'1 IlE(JOAa~ll(Jll wu N1:EAU BOArrE», orrCll<; 8ECllpEi tKEi 6 Mnnvrns.ovt, UU1:0 unopsl va q>UiVE1:Ut (Jt (JuYKptall Ilt 1:0 Fxpducn, rrOAt1:tKO urro Eq>EOll, rrEpt(J(J01:EPO urr' O,tl slvca (J1:Tjv npuvuurucorn1:U: ytUtt, Yla va urrOOtCllrr1l80uv OAU 1:' UAAU, to Mavtoiato KUt to KupaAalO rrpourr08ttouv t(JClltEPtKa OXt 1l0VO tTj TCPJ1.avlI(17i&oAoyfa; KUt ti<; etaw; Yla TO tAO(JOq>tKO, if Siovormxo 8ElltAlO' orrCll<; arrObEt~Il, m(J1:EUCll, nnpurtdvoi Yla 1:0V 'Ahou(Jtp. "E1:(Jt rraV1:U (JXEtIKa Ilt to «btIlVOOUIlEVtaIlO» if 0Xl, 6 ypaq>CllV ~Pt(JKEI mo XPTj(JtIlO vd IlEAE1:aEt rriv rrpo~AllllunKTj 1:;;<; UAt(J1:tK;;<; «av1:tq>u(Jll<;» Ilt(JCll 1:;;<; OUYKPt(Jll<; Ilt ta rrpOllyoullEVa 1:11<;(JtTjv KAU(JlKTj !\OYtKTj, apta1:01:EAtKTj Kui rrAU1:CllVtKTj, rrtpu urro 1:Tj XEYKEAlUvTj, llaAAOV rrupa (Jt (JUYKPt(Jll ... Ilt tt<; bUVU1:t<; UVaAOYE<; IlE1:Uq>Opt<; tou Mao T(JE- TOUVYK, orov 6rroio aVlltptXEl 6 'AAWU(Jtp ( (J1:Tjv EVVOlU WU 1:;;<; «surdetermination»), TsAO<;: 1:0. rrpo~ATjIlUtU rrou rrpo~uAE 6 Map~ UrrEt(JEPXOV1:at if OXt (JtTjv Irrropiu 1:fj<; q>IAOOOq>tK;;<; (JKt'l'll<;; tl.tv sivm 1') ouvsneid 1:0U<; (JtTj (JuyXpovll Ioroptc rrapu rroAU ~U81a yta vc sivm blUq>OPE1:tKa; rui 1:0 Fxpriurn ~AErrE Erri(Jll<;: ~UA~U1:0PE ~EKl, Spunti critici sulle ••Lettere dal carcere" di Gramsci, (J1:a Quaderni piacentini, 29, rEVapll<; 1967.
61
[011AaOrl: .rlV av.tAll'l'll .fj<; avaYKaCHtKfj<; lipVllOll<; o,n apvllHKoo aVH<; at Ot"rl K IlE.a~at"tKtl t"ll<; nAWpu [ii avnouEpJlrrax, Kat 0Xl ... aav OCTlKIj crravct,twaY/ rfic; f/JlA.f.A.cvOcpy/C; ({JlAoaof{Jiar; «ai rfic; rro).lTlKfiC; Oecopku;». Kt ainr] Tr]V TEAtKr] tPWTTJ(JTJaTO Lacp bEV JlrrOpOUJlE va Jlr]V Tr]V lmoypaJlJlt(JOUJlE: «' Ana {iv sivm arrapaiTTJW vd avarrTllx6d 6 Jlap~t(JJlo<;; odv ooucviouoq, btv Elva! WVAaXlCJWV aAAo TO(JO avaYKaio vri TOV avmHU~OllJlE oriv dvdAV(JTJTOOV rrpO~ATJJla1:(J)V Tij<;; trrEKWaTJ<;; Kat Tij<;; svonotncrp; Tij<;; rrayKO(JJlta<;;aOCJlaAt(JnKij<;; trrava(J1:a(JTJ<;;;" (uxoyp. btKr] JlOU). Iluveo aTO veopo Map~ ~AErrE rtopo. TOU Tsavapvw, TO Soxiuio La teoria della liberia nel pensiero giovanile di Marx. (JTO Studi storici, PWJlTJ, VII, I, 1966.
63
EX€t i(HOptK6. ~€rr€pa(rcd, aq>oj.lotw8d)17. av elvm aAri8€ta (orrwc; vOj.li~w) Ott 0Xl uovo r; £Aw8€pia aAA6. ro Hho ro elvm wu av8promvou a-coj.lou £~apn£-cat - orriv rrpayuutucornrc - arro -criv K01VWVll0j aoyxopia orrou ~picrK€rut aVarrOq>WKm vri ~d, j.l6.Atcrm aKpl~£cr-c€pa £~apn£mt arro rov Tuna KOlVWVtKi'iC;cruYKupiac;, av elvm arraAAayj.l£voc; ij OXt (Kai crt noto ~a8j.l0) arro npovojnoiij;« o tproucrrr xui on, -C£AOC;, £Aw8€pia wu Ius naturale sivm rropu r; mri £vac; j.lu8oC; KaA6. ij KaK6. ~€rr€pacrj.l£voc;.
17 BAt1tl: (no Rousseau e Marx, (J. 55-60 Kai 95-100, njv avaAu(JT] TOU rrpO~Atll.ta'tOe; IlUXe; «(JO(JWAt(J'tlKlie; vouurorrrrnc» (Kat ~At1tl: Socialist Humanism, An international symposium. tKoolltvo arro rov ''Eptx POll, Anchor Books, Doubleday, Nsu 'YoPKT], 1966, (J. 425-440. Kat np~A. rrpollYOUW;V'l urro(JT]IlElw(JT]). 'H aVaA\J(JT] no» Ilae; aq>opa ijOT] (unovooousvo) UKOAou9d (onwe; ol aHr.e; aHwv lIpo~t,T]lla't(Jl\' o rov 'tOIlO) 'to AOYlKO (Jxlilla 'tlie; avastl'tT](JT]e; 'tOU anf8r.rov IlIlir; al'TlvOJ1IKfiC; iiv VOlar; , l'J UV'tlVOllia ovme;, oro uno (Justl'tT](JT] 9tlla, f:KElVT] 'tlie; (KOlVWVtKlie;) lootmoi; Kat (rrOAtnKlie;) aVlaor17rac; Kat 'to rpiroav'ti9€'tO, nou (JUVt(J'ta 'ttl OLaA£K'tlKtli:1ttAU'tlKtl (Juvo€CJT], ovme; aKpl~iiie; l'J aOmaAlaTlKlj nOAtrlKlj iootnta - ii vouiuorntn - Ilf: rov npoooropiousvo 'tT]e; l(JTOPlKo xapaK'ttlpa OLaKpmKlie; anoKata(Jw(JT]e; ii aoatasiaTlKfic; renovatio tlie; a(J'tlKlie; voutuornruq' 0Xl olaq>opEtlKa, crriv ouoin, ttl OLaKPl'tlKll unoKa'ta(J'ta(JT] TOU KOlVO~OUAEU'tl(JllOU 'cna AatKa (JUIl~ouAla nou civet 'ta (JO~l{;'t. KArr. "Onou l'J 6ta),r.KrIKlj ij elver au'ttll'J al'anrv¢17 iatopnctuv al!J1plpaaJ1wl' ii elvm €vae; IlEmq>\J(JlKOC; llu90e; aOlop9wTOC; Kai nOI) nptnEl vri OLaAu9d.
ano
64
Dialectica in nuce
2EpOUJ.U: OTt bEV J3pia1o;'t(n aE lCaVEVa epyo 'tOU Map~ J,.Lta apyavtlCtl lCai aoa'TllPtl elCeE(Jll 'Tfj~ btaAEICTtlCfj~' aAAa J3pialCov'Tat, (JXEbOV (JE lCaeE 'TOU epyo, dvallvatlS- E1tava(J'TaTtICE~, ytaTi elver avaAOaEt~ dlaAtKrlKis-, (JUYICEICPtJ,.LEV(J)V iatopnabv yqOVO'T(J)V lCai 1tpoJ3AllJ,.La'T(J)v (lCa'TE~OXtlV OtICOVOJ,.LtKOOV):bllAabtl alCptJ3Ei~ iatopucb; dvallvatlS- «aVTtq>a(JE(J)V»' 1t00 (JUVE1taYOV'Tat E1tOJ,.LEV(J)~J,.LHIAOytlCtl, J,.Lta btaAEKTtlCtl, 6AO'TEAa btaq>opETtlCtl U1tO 'Ttl XEYICEAtaVtl ii tbEaAt(JTtlCtl, 1t00 alvei, 01t(J)~ lCaeEva~ ~EPEt, AOytlCtl btaAEKTtKO-J..LE'Taq>uatlCtl, bllAabtl J..LETat(J'tOP·tlCtl, (J'TO J3aeJ..LO 1t00 eivm «btaAEICTtlCtl» 'Tfj~ 'Mias- 1t00, «~E1tEpvroV'Ta~» Ti~ «aVTtq>aaEt~» 1t00 YEVVtlellICaV a1t' aO'Ttl 'Ttlv '{bta, (JUVE1tOO~ a priori. yiVE'Tat oall xui nVEUJ..La: ICt etat 6 XEYKEA (JICEq>'TETat vd q>EPEt aE 1tEpa~ EKEivo 'TO lCaefjlCov 'Tfj~ «EVO'Tll'Ta~ 'TOOvEvav'Ti(J)v» 1tOO aVtllCEt a'Ttl btaAEICTtlCtl. l:UVE1tOO~, oi aV'Ttq>a(JEt~ (ii li~ 1tOUJ..LEE1ti(Jll~ 'To. EVaVTta), 1t00 J,.LOVOaU'TE~ EVbtaq>epETat 6 Map~ vd MaEt ii vd ~E1tEpa(JEt (J'TtlV Ev6Tll'Ta roue, elvm 1tpaypaT1Kis-. bllAabtl aKptJ3OO~ Icropuce; avnq>aaEt~, ij KaAO'TEpa Icropucd npoofnopt(JJ..LEVE~ ij dbtKE~: Kai yta vd yivOUJ..LE xuruvonroi: yta vd J..L1topEi~ vd yV(J)pi1;;Et~ 'TOV ICO(JJ..LOJ..LE(J1C01t0 «vd 'TOV aAAa~Et~» ij vd 'TOV E1tava(J'Ta'TtIC01tOtEi~, ol dnpoadlOplaTtsavnq>a(JEt~, ij YEVllCt~, J..LaAta'Ta YEVlKO'Ta'TE~, 'Tfj~ XEYICEAlavfj~ (1tAa'T(J)v{1;;ouaa~) blaAEKnKfj~. bEV E~U1tllPE'tOUV (J'TO EAaXla'TO. (,A1to bOO " (J1toUOatO'Tll'Ta 'Tfj~ vsuvucfp; J..Lap~lKil~ ICPlTllCil~ (JTi~ XEYKEA.tavt~ «()1tOa'TaaEt~» J..LE'Ttl YV(J)(JEOAOYlKtl 'TOU~ EAa'T'T(J)J..LaTlIC6'T1l'Ta lCai 'Ttl pt1;;tlCtl1tpaKTlK'tl 'TO\)~ aVE1tapKEla.) 67
, AA.A.a, liv npOKEt tat yta npaYf.1anKEe;, iOtoptKEe; avncpaOEte;, auto cnuctver on npoxsrrut tnioT)e; yta npaYf.1anKEe; unapKtEe; avncpaOEte;, OT)A.aOTl yta Eva dPV'lTlKO ii Ipcmovcxioruco Ioropuco: Kai rors f.1naiVEt OE A.EttOUPyia f.1ta A.OytKTl noM OtacpopEnKTl Kai noA.U aA.A.tronKa OUV8EtT) ttl A.OytKTl (uuortxtcrucn) tfie; XEYKEA.tavfie; a priori avticpaoT)e;, oT)A.aoTl toootEptKfie; OtTl (Beiu) npeoroYEVTl svornro tfie; 'loEae; rrou, onooe; uovn tT)e; uuortxiortxd, ii aKOf.1T)f.1UOtT)ptooO&e;, onaEt otie; (8EtEe;) avttcpaosu; tT)e;, lhot OXt A.tyOtEPO uucrucrcrucd tie; «~EnEpVaEt» ii tie; OUf.1cptA.trovEt OtO toootEPtKO tT)e; (oi avncpaOEte; slvm psoorri «ototXEia» tfie; 'IOEae;!) OtTlV EmOtpoCPTl tT)e; EKEiVT) OtOV f:au'to tT)e; oriv nVEUf.1a· xoopie:; rtnoru OtaA.Tl8Eta vd tVOtacpEpEt tTlV Ioropucri npoodo 0' autTl ttl ocvtaOnKTl KUKA.tKTl OtaotKaoia (nA.oonVtKOU turtou) t~oSoo-uno-rov f:auto xni EmotpoCPfie;-otov-f:auto toU 'EVoe; ii tfie; 'IOEae;. "Av npoxsrrut yta Kan npaYf.1attKa avncpattKO Ka8auto (ii autoavttcpanKO) unuivst OE A.Etroupvtu (A.oytKo-YVOOOEOA.OytKTl) 0 j3taof.1oe:; (non rrpsrtst vd Otop8oo8Ei) EKEivT)e; tfie; apxfie:; (af.1tyoue:; aptototEA.tKfie:;) tfie; J11i-dvrf({Jaa'l~ ii npoaoioptatncotmxu; tfie; OKE'VT)e:; xui yvrooT)e;, nou 0 XEYKEA., f.1E8uof.1EVOe;, lie; nOUf.1E, an:o t1') 8Eia an:oA.utT) ivotnta tfie; 'IOEae:;, EXEt OOYf.1anKa aA.A.a f.1E ouvsnetu apvT)8Ei-oto j3a8f.10 n:ou sivm aPXTl toU TCO...1....1.aTCAOV Kai tfie:; avaA.uoT)e;, an:OtEA.OUf.1EVOU,on:ooe:;auto EXEt, «dvrupurucd a-ouV8Eta-f.1Eta~u-tOue; avti8Eta»-Kai EXEt «OA.On:OtTlOEt» OT)A.aOTl«~En:EpaoEl» crTTlV acpT)pT)f.1EVT) avv(}tTlKIj apXTl tfie:; 8Eiae; f:vtaiae; autoavticpaoT)e; tfie:; '1OEae:; (=aKptj3&e; xapaKtT)ptonKfie; XEYKEA.tavfie:; «avticpa0T)e;»). "Av npoxsrrm f.1Ef.1ta H~T) yta n:paYf.1atlKEe:;, un:apKtEe; avncpaoEle:;, ii apVT)ttKO Ioropuco, 'Ii oUYXpovT) OtaA.EKnKTl, 'Ii f:votT)ta Evavtioov ii avn8Etoov, OEV otaypacpEtat md oriv KUKA.1KTl0XEOT) yevucotatcav Evavtioov UA...1.O toao ytvlKWV Evavtioov (elver Kai f.1Tl-dvat, KA.n:.), OT)A.aOTl odv f.1ta lif.1EoT) aj3acrtf.1T) OtanKTl avti8EoT) Ka8ap&v; KatT)yopt&v; ato KtVO (onou 6 XEYKEA. OEV n:poxoopEi j3Ej3ata OtOV autoxprnxo nA.atoova t&v; tEA.EUtaioov otaA.oyoov)· aA.A.a olaypacpEtal an:o tie:; aKoA.ou8Ee:; nA.EUpEe:;:a) f.1ta n:paYf.1atlKTl,
ano
ano
ano
68
(aptO''tO'tEAtKcOV av'tt9Enov a-O'uv9Enov Kat anOKAEtO''ttKcOV): J.1Ul KaAa npoO'OtoptO'J.1EVT) av'tiIWTlKec; oxeOEte; 1tupuyroYile;' Kt thOt E1t' li1tEtpO a1tO 1tPO~A.llIlUTtKll aVTlTEPtK£C;J avTUpaOEtC; Kivlloll [ollA.aOTl: aUTOaVTlcpaTlKTlJ TTiC; xnmrnA.tOTtKTiC; xoivmvtuc yivETat aio9llTTl OTOV aOTO, liv9pc.ono npaKTlKO, ~£ TOV mo ~c.oVTavO rpono oTiC; tvaA.A.ay£c; TOU nEptOOtKOU KDKA.OU nOD OtaTp£XEt it ODYXPOVll ~tOJ.1llxavia Kai OTO KOpDcpc.oJ.1a TOU nOD sivci it YEVtKTl KpiOll [ ... J». "ETOt, aUTO nOD Kupic.oC; t~noOtoE, TOV 'EVYKEA.C; Kai J.1ETa, Ttl ODA.A.ll'l'll TTiC;aA.1l9tvTic; CPDOllC;TTiC;OtaA.EKTtKTiC;TOU iOTOPtKOU UA.tO~ou eivm ~ta XOVTpOKOJ.1~£Vll A.oytKTl a.nA.onoilloll, nOD OtaKllPDOCJf:Tat ~£ TTlV aCPll Pll~£Vll Kat EntcpaVEtaKtl XPTlOll TOU opOU Kat TTiC; EVVotac; TTiC; «avTicpaOllC;» Kat TOW iooOOva~c.ov· TO. 6noia Kat XPllOtuonoiobcuv Xc.opic; vd npoo£~ouv, npiv oA.a, Ttl OuV9ETll otacpopOnOtllJ.1£Vll iOTOPtKTl 0llJ.1aota TOUC; OTTlV apxata A.OytKTl Kat OTTl ODYXPOVll, Xc.optc; vd npoo£~oUV, OUVEnc'i>C;, 9Ec.oPllTlKTl linO'l'll, Tic; 000 OtaKEKptJ.1£VEC; Kat tvoc.o~aTc.o~£VEC; nA.wp£c; J.1tUC;OtaA.EKTtKTic; «KPtTtKTiC; Kat tnavaOTaTtKTic; »: OllA.aOTl TTlV npopA.'1JJaTlKIj. if npo~A.ll~aTi~ouoa, apVllTtKtl avTicpaoll, Kai TTlV lntA.VTlKIj livrteuon, nOD YEVVt£Tat TTlV npooTll (liv aUTTl el vat npay~aTtKTl) aA.A.a TTlV ~EnEPVaEt. "Ooov acpopu TllV iOTOPtKTl Ol1J.woia TOU opou «dvriCPaoll», Kat TO\) 0XEOOV OUVc.oVDJ.10UTOU «avTi8EOll'), EXEt anocpaOtOTtK£C; 9Ec.oPllTtK£C; tntnTc.OOEtC; TO va 9uJ.1ll90U~E TO. unEp Kai TO. KaTa OXt J.10VO TTiC;XEYKEA.lflVTiC;Widerspruch, if a priori «avTicpaollC;», aA.A.a tnioll; TTiC; 'Avtlile0''1C;, if «a-oDv9ETllC; avTi9EOllC;», nOD eivrn tiPtOTOTEA.tKTl, Kai TTiC;«TaUTOETEpOA.oyiac;» if nA.aTc.oVtKTic; (caA.A.llA.oOtEtOOUTtKTiC; avTi9EOllC;» TroV ~t:yiOTc.oV YEvroV «etvm- Kat «J.1Tlslvm», OllA.aOTl «TOU 'iOtOU» Kat «TOU liA.A.ou», TaUTov-9liTEpOV, if TroV «elxetv 6J.10tc.oC;» TOUC;, ytaTt, KaTa nproTO A.Oyo, it OtaA.EKTtKO-UA.tOTtKTl cpoPJ.1ouA.a, nOD tK9£oa~E napanavc.o, TOU aVTlfJirov bvo; aVTlVOplKOV if aUTOaVTtcpaTtKOU anuaivouevoo, J.1£ TO va ~aoi~ETat navc.o O£ ~ta aVaA.UOll npay~aTtKrov OUYKEKptJ.1£Vc.ov iOTOPtKroV cpatvo~£vc.ov nOD ~PtOKOVtat O£ oDYKPOUOll, if aA.1l9tVrov Kat xapaK'tllptOTtKroV avncpanKrov iatopnabv eh5wv. anocpEDYEt Kat ~a/..tOTa KapnoovETat TllV aptOTOTEA.tKll A.oyoKptoia TOU «tv
ano
an'
ano
ano
71
dPXU ai TEiaeal» 1tOU slvm aTpa~~tv11 EVaVTla aTtlV 1tA.aTrovlKtl «olaipEa11» if Ta~lV6~l1a11 «aU~~tToXroV» E~1tElPlKroV YEVroV 1tODyiVETat uovo rtdvto aTtl j3aa11 Trov «aU~~ETEX6vTroV» ueyiotcov-tivtuletcov YEVrov «TauT6T11Ta<;» Kai «Olacpopcr<;», 011A.aOtl a priori (XpEla~ETat, AtEl ~t aUVTO~ia 6 'ApmToTtA. 11<;, d slvm yvroaTt<; npan« t) cpua11 if v doo<; TOU definiendum Yla vd ~1tOpOU~E vd olaAtyou~E Ti<; «avTieETE<;» if TauTOETEP0A.0YlKt<; ouxcpopt<; TOU e'ioou<; «1tOU aU~~EttxEl» aTa ~tYlaTa aVTieETa, olacpopt<; 1tOU KaTro a1t6 uiu a1t' aUTt<; ea ~1tPE1tEvd 1ttCPTElt) CPDa11 OU T definiendum!): Kai Kap1tC.OVETal, a~i, ttlv aVaA.OY11~ap~l~ Ktl KPlTlKtl troy XEYKEA.lavrov U1tOaTaaErov ~t Ta aXETlKa TOU<;aviaxupa Kai a1tat11A.a a1tOTEA.ta~aTa (KplTlKtl 1tOU ~XEl E1tia11<; ~va KOVTlv6 1tP011yoD~Evo aTtl yaA.lA.aUKtl A.oyoKplaia troy «EK011A.ro~tvrov 1tapaA.oYla~rov» troy aplaTOTEA.lKrov CPU6p~ouA.a 61troaotl1tOTEEvaro~aTrovEl rooo TtlV ouaia tii<; 1tA.aTrovlKii<; a1taiT11a11<; lcr<; OlaA.EKTlKii<; ~ A.el'Coupyia olalpETlKtl if ta~lVO~l1TlKtl TroVE~1tElPlKroV YEVrov, aTpa~~tv11 KaTa ouvsnstu vd A.DaEl T6 1tp6j3A.11~a~lcr<; «1tpay~aTlKii<; 06~a<;», l1p11~tvo TOU cpop~aA.taTlKOU apmtOTEA.lKOt> xuvovo tOU «a1tOKA.ElO~tvou TpiTOU»· OEOO~tvou OTl uovo a' Eva tpito avTieEtO-EVVOEtTat aUYKEKpl~tvo if IoropiK6 - 1tpay~at01tOlEiTat, aT6 j3ae~6 1tOD 1tPo11YEiTal t) hy6~Ev11 i;v6:t11ta-Trov-avTletTrov, t) OlaA.EKTlKtl, 1t0t'>otv slval liA.A.o,tJ.tlV 1tpay~aTlK6T11Ta 1tapa t) E1tlA.uTlKtli;v6T11Ta if ~E1ttpaO'~a (1tOTt 6plaTlK6 if a1t6A.UTO)TroV avrupa'ClKWVaVTletTrov if a-auveETrov, a1t6 Ta 61toia T6 ~va sivm BsrtK6 xni, li<; 1tpoat~ou~E, aA.11elV6, Kai T6 liA.A.o apv11TlK6 Kai 1tA.aaT6. 0ETlK6 Kai apV11TlK6, aA.11elV6 Kai nA.aaT6: ~t j3aa11 rtoto KPlTtlPlO EKTi~l1a11<;; Elvm T6 tEA.lK6 ~"'T11~a, 1tOD aKlaypacpEiTal if 011 ata xeiuevo 1tOU1tap(1etaa~E TOt>Kepalnio», EiOlKa orov 'EniA.oyo TOt> 1873 (1tpj3A.. «Oe'ClKIj KaTav611a11 Tii<; 1tpay~aTlK6-
ae
72
'tll'ta~» Kai «Ka'tavolloll 'tfj~ apvrW'lr; 'tfj~ 'iola~»), Kai 1tOU ~a~ U1t0XPEWW:l vd A.a~aiVOU~E U1tO'l'll1tpOKa'tapKnKa 'trlV aplO'tO'tEA.lKrl Vou9Eoia on «~OVO o'trlV 1tEpi1t'twoll au'toi) 1tOU sivui av'ti9E'tO 01tW~ ti «atiupaan xui ti apv'la'l" Kai OEV eivm OUVE1tro~ «xwpi~ OEO~O» A.0YlKO-O'trlV nspt1t'twoll 'tEA.lKa 'troY «avrlrpa!lKWV-avn9E'tWV»-«XPElaSE'tat a1tapat'trlTW~ 1tav'tO'tE 'to ~va av'ti9E'tO vd sivm aA.1l9lVo xni 'to aA.A.o 1tA.ao'to». ZrlTll~a 1tOUA.UVE'tal roo'tOOO avaKaMrrrovruc au'to 'to xprrripio EKTi~llOll~ 0Xl OE rtnors aA.A.o, aA.A.a oro iatopuco napov (EKEi 01tOU, EXEl 1tEi 6 Map~, Yla 'tOu~ KA.aOlKOU~ OiKOVO~OA.oyou~ «l)1tfjP~E ioropiu, aA.A.a 'twpa OEVU1taPXEl md», aA.A.au1tapxouv uovo «ol OXEOEl~ 'tfj~ aonKfj~ 1tapaywyfj~ onv alibvux; Ka'tllyopiE~»): OllA.aOrl aVaKaA.U1t'tOv'ta~ 'to oTi~ avaYKE~ Kai 'ta xotvorvucd 1tpO~A.rluuru 'tOi) 1tapov'tO~. ' AA.A.a 01tW~ 'to nupov ti «OUYKEKPl~EYO»~ (ou~h:A.ocpopoi'\v
'I <1toQlx6; N..<1It0; l
KaQI.. KOQ; KaQI.. MaQS rXEOQYX'l'} AOUxat; '1<1'toQta XaL 'taSLXY) <1uvEiM,<1'l'} MUQLO Mav(lxoQ\,ta rt6. flt6. <1tJYXQOV'l'}tat<>aY(OYLx,y) 7 TSO\Jtf.ltE Bax(l ~'I)ItOXQllt(.a, U<1tLXO'Y.QutO; Aottt<1lo KoMn 'laEoAoyta xal xot'\'(Ovl.a KaQEA KOOlX 'H <>laAf,Xnx.y) tOV OUYXEXQI'flE\,O\J 'AvQL AE '0 [I(1(lSIt1!IO; xat ro nvOQWltlVO lho!lo T~o\JAlavo IIQoxunH To XOIV!lO\JVIOtlX,O x,o!l!la
OT~
'AvTOVLO rXQa!Wl
X,a.L
·<10<1La.Al<1'1.l0;
~06IEtlJ'X.~ ·'Ev(Oo'l'}
IIa?'~l(Qo TOAIUtl :\laOl}!H(f(( YlU ro q>aolo~lo
tQL 'AvrovLO rX(la~loL. '1-{ ~w~ Evil; E3t(tVUOro.t1\ O"!t3t£Qro TOEQOVL (€:t~~l.) 'H oXEtInl tm; Mo.(lS II(!EvtQuyx. B(,lUVltOXL '10 [()!!IU rof [lClllSLOf,lOU, Tf)!tol 2 'A/'f,l3tUVE~E, ALOur~L, IIEQEAa 'fo. EQYOOTMlUXa OUf,l60UALUot~V 'I raAta 'A~!tJtEQro 'A~oQ Po~a To oJtoubaotLxo XL v'l)l.ta MJtE(,lALVYXOUEQ,KUQlYLO, MUQOUl, xli. l:OOlCXAIOf,lO;')«XLbfj'~x.(lar(u KU!lOUQUV MJtfXlQ XUQrroUT/.ol· 'H TouQx(a OE CUIlE;OO() ZfOQ~ l\:[aeau( 'I I ~'I}!lOy,QaTI,xil 1t(If)itAtlOfj
A. K((~uvo()U, KA, II (!EGO, Z. MfTSE
Ala\'oov~IEVOL XUL t'(l~I.XOL UYWVE;
Kovr, MaQ;, BE.!t3tEQ, Be!t3tAEv, IIu!,)Ero, MlXEA;, MIl\,Xl
'H 9EWpnnKn
WVEI Eva
EPEI)VO TOU' r:KOA6avo oTaSIJ6 Via OTO
NTEAa B6Ane T6 oovxoovo
oruretiTaA1K6 onpovn-
onuovruco
1-l0PC,I01-l0 KO( 'OnI-lIOUPYEl KO PEOf.lO. To np06Anl-loTo AOY1KO - 'I-IEHoOOAOYIKa, VO'P1KO KOeWe; Koi
o.v OXI :LxoAn,
novrec
onolc
,EKTEivETat
elvm
OiKOuno-
oi06nTbKo,
1'161KO- nOAlTlKO,
iOTOPIKO - IAooocpIKne; ypaHaoe: OTO 'llapC,lotJo KP1T1Kr1TOU J,leTaKaVTlOVOU 10EO;"'I0I-l0U Kai TOU £:1-1-
rnv
nElplo:J,lOU-. iMaenTEc; TOI) 9'e:WPOUVTOI ol oUYXPOVOI papc,loTsc;
troxot
1\. KOAETl, 00. TOEp6vl, M. P6m, N. MtPKEP, K.6.., xtoplc; vo urtooat opwc; vo ortoomorxeet OTI 
Add a Comment