TEXNQ,J\OfLA TOY METAMOY KAJ EHOOPIO ITHN [nOX" TOV XMKOV

'Awa
l:.lEu6uvrptQ Epeuvwv, Ktvrpov

Mlxar'jAI~ou ApxatOhOyCX;
E.VJ]VlKli~ Kat PWIlQiKTl~ ApXQl6TrjTo~ Epsuvcv

E6VlKO '16pulla

AvraMOKTIKec; OIOOIKOalE:C; OVIX,VEUOVTOl one IOUe; OPXOloAeyoue; TiOTl one KOlvwvlee; TIle; NEOAI81KTic; Eno)(l']e;, OIOV OllJIOVoe; ana TTl Mr)AO -VALKO nOALrrIJlO vm mv KaTOOKEUr) Epya.i\Elwv KOmle;- JlETOq>epETDl os Olaq>opEe; 6eaE:le; IOU EUPLrrEPOU XwpOU TOU Arvoiou, KOl TO KOaJlr)JlaTO (ELK, 1) ana TO oorpeo Spondylus gaederopus -nou oTlAWVOUV EIOIKEUJleVfl nopoywyr)OIOKIVOUVTOI ana TIl 96.i\oaaa IOU Alyalou ern [30PEIO BaN<.OVIKr). 'OJlWc; 01 EJlnOpIKec; oVTaMoyee;, JlE onoio roono KOt OV TIe; ooioouue vic TIC;npO-VOJlIOJlOTlKtc; KOIVWViEc;, ouvoeovrOl J1E TTl OlQK1VflOTl TWV JlETCtMwv.
1. 8ptlK'OAIotln66aTpctl, t.,~~v,etootl~foC;, Nttl~'&'~~ £noK~. ApKO,oAoV,~6MOllotio8lil.ou (K. t.fl~oKonou~ou (tl1l~.).KoOII~IIC1ro TIj~ tMqVI~~~ npoioTcrp{CI~. OVtoAla,~6~8I)aoupd~. AO~v(] 1998).

XPTlOll TWV l-IeTOMwv oPXI~L Tl~'l one TIl NeohLSLKfjenoxn, I-Ieanopo~IK6. oM6. evere O1'lI-lOVTIK6. eucruc-c ana xaAKo, xpuoo fj 6.pyupo. H xotepvcorc TOU curoeuouc KOSOpou xaAKou -nou ~PLOKOTOV neooooueec oe emljlOveiOKEe;cnoeeoe.c- lowe; 6.Pxu:re ana TOUe;

(~LOUe; OUe;TexviTee; TIle; AlSon:xvfae;, OL ortolor T ovcpercrnocv TO XaN<O we; MSo ue 1~16.~OVTO xpwl-lara, crtc TOV anoia KOTOCJKeUO~av XOVTpee; K,.at~eAOvee;, I-Ie mpup~hCrrnOll KOL~LCrrP'lOTl.H ~fJTIlO1'l TO VEOUhLKO cpEpeL avo~fJTIlOll vro 80 TIlv TWV opuxeiwv, ortou 0 xaAKoe; PPLoKOTOV nMov uno I-I0Pljlfj o~uyovouxwv KOl ovSpaKouxwv (fj 8eLouxwv) lJETaM£ul-l6.Twv, Kat TOOOT] e~6pu~T] 600 Kat tl eKKa~lveuOll (ytO rnv aneAeUSEpwOll TOU ~eT6.Mou) So cnorrqcouv nc el~IKoTepee; yvd>oeLe;KOLTOV e~orWol-lo TWV ~BTaMoupywv, av Kat eecoetrcr ntSOvr'JT] 0PXLKfj au~poM TIle; YVWOlle;TT]e;nupOT£xvohoyfoe; ana TOUe;n:XV1T£e; TTle;Kepo~LKr'je;.TT] ~La~6pqlwOll TOU xaN<OU 1-1£ oqlupT]haola CJTll S£p~oKpaaia TaU nepLp6.MoVTOe;Sa OKOAOUSfjO£L l~ta ~labLKoaia O£ u\.jJ'1'1 i\6T£P£~ e£pI-IOKpoai£~ KOI'l XP'loLI-IOnOIIlOllTT]e; cpwn6c; eo obrlYnO£L O£ T£heLOT£P'l~80~o, £K£lVT]TT]e;Xlrr£UOlle;, ~'lAa~n ornv n1~11TOUXaJv<.ou oe mVuvo XWV£llt1'JPL at XUOIl..lO K TOUpeuorou ueT6.MOU fj TWVKpal-lCrrWV TOUO£ urttpo, ue anOTEhe~O rnv nopaywyrl ou~nayoue; aVTlJ(£L~VOU -£pyai\£(ou, onxco, «ooprpcroc-, YLarnv J'1i\rlPEorecq 1J0PqlriTOU ortotou OKOhOUeOUO£ OLncw K 11OCPUP'lhan,01'lO£ £vaMayri S£p~oKpaaioe; (£IK. 2). H h£yo~VT] Enoxn TOU XaAKou, nou CJTllv EMa~o OUIJ~OTlKaopxi~el nepf TO TEAll TIlS 41lC; XtAl£TlOC;(yupw 010 3000 nX), XOpaK111pl~£Tat
APXAIOflonA & TEXNEr 94

30

nc urtovopeuer. Ire UAlKOTOUn:xviTf], eKTOe; na a TO jletaMa neplAOjl~OveTOl KOl'l KOUOlIlIl UA~. H c XP'1mjlOnOlOUV w<; npWTI:e; Uhte; ouncvo sm Q}.- eKKojliv€UOT'J rtcrrouoe jley6N"j nooOTT]TOKOUOlAOUe;Ai90ue; vrc ellilKte; KCITTlyopiee;epyaAe1wv, jl'1e; uAne;: unowyfOlT]Ke On Ylo rqv napoywyfj 5 KlAWV;XOOOU xp€lO~OVTOVTouMXl010 100 KLAO OUIJ~aMouv Ojlwe; O'TT]V 6v9'l0ll KOlTIl lile9vooo[~UAOKOp~OUVO, rtou YlO vo nopaX9ei cncrrouoe 'lOT] TIle; jl€TaMoTeXV1ae; KOl ue TTl peroeood epyoo1a rcecrjno Iljl€PWV evoc eovcm Kat nonpcrmc uAne;KOlTexvoyvwoioe;, OOTT]TO ~UAOU700 KLAO. So unococce Kavde; va avotpep9ei eliw 010 H avomu~'l TIle; jl€TaMOTeXVloe; euvoetror, npWlIJOTepO dli'1IEfOMlVWV epYaA£lwv, ncu K6.vouv TT]VejltpOVlmlTOUe; ~O'l ana TT] NeOAt91K~ aMo Sev Ko90pf~€T0l ono!W:101tKO ana IT]v euKOAnnpooj3oOTl ce nTlyec; lletaMwv, n'lyec; XaAmom KOl nN]9a[vouv O'TT]vnpWljl'1 Ertom rou XaAKOU, onwe; dvat at ortelc -xonots pe AO~~ KOUOTT]vkuavo. OTT] r£pltpO (KOI010 !\OUplO) KOI ana KOKaAO-,nou anOTeAOUVTO noeurorepo KOl apyupoUxou jloMj3oou oro "OUPlO KOl 0lT] ritp· vo OOtpoAWe;en'lPEOOOV TIC;TeXVOAOYIKec; E~eA(TOmo ololieoolJevo epyoA.Eio, 01neMKele;, Ol OlJiMe;, 0\ cncrouxec. TO eyxetpiOlO. H etpeupeOT'J ~ele; one KUKA60ee; aMa KOt j.lexpl rqv KpJinl, TWV ressutuaov li'lAwvtl TT] 1J€T6.j30OT'J TO Sron Ollj.lovnKrl rmpdpsrpcc elvat '1 ~JinlOTl, nou one anM epyaAe[o ce elOlKeujlevO oxr'llJO OrrAOU, Ent~&.h:l '1 KOlVWVlKO-OlKOVOj.llKrl ov6.mu~ll, onwe; Kat '1 ouvmOTT]TO OIOKIVfjOTlC;, nou ertrrperter '1 nou 'lli'ljlloupy(a TOUKo90p10'TT]Ke .anOAUTOana TO yeo UAlKO,TO xaMO. rTOV tepee TWV xoounO1PCITTlYIKrl eon Kat T) nconvpevn TeXVoAoyio a uerccoocc (TO xevouevo jlaKpU nAoio TWV Ku· ucttov evcc MOe; liaKTUAlOOXTljlOUrtepicrrrou (eu(. 3) ana xpuoo ~ 6.pyupo (nou ovnyp6.tp€TOl KAOOWV onersovzsror 010 KUKAOOlKO TT]YOVOOXTJ· Kat ce KOKaAO,Al90 ~ n!lAO) onorexei npWljlO uc oKeu'l T'lV neorozo TT]e;lOloiTePIlS ov8'101lC; -tlieOAOYlKO- WXVOUPYTljlO ue onOpOlilK'1 "KU· TIle; jl€TaMOTExviac;). Evu KaAO nopo&IYlJO cKAotpopfo» orov eupurepo xwpo TWV Bcw<:oviwv non:}.£i TOvnot TIle; ArlllVOU onou 'l OPXaio eMr]Kat TOUAlYo(ou (Kat OTT] M. Aoio). T~e~ H jley6N"j o~{o TWVjl€TaMwv otpeW;rOl one; ~lst~~~~gJ,I~O:O~~~~!~~~~y~:ng~:~~ e notKiXee; etpoplJoyee; TOUe;, nou ouVOIP(~OVTat: AxlMf.a, Kat ortou '1 apXOloAoYlKi] OKOnOVT] X£1 one; aypanKee; epyaoie), one; KOTOOK€UOOTlKee; cepe 010 tpox; epyaAefo KOl cncochacrc ana (~UAOUpYIKEe;, OlKOliojllKee; Kat VaUnTlYlKee;),OTOV nOMjlO, O'TT]V KOOIl'lOTJKat IT]V enloel~'l KUpOUe;, crnv onoroueucn-onoenccumcn KOlTOVunOAQYlOjlO TT]e;o~iae; TWV ay09wv. To lEfaMlva opXatOAOYlKOeupruroro (npoepxollevo ana OlKIO'IJOue;,ovocrooo, T6.tpOUe;),ouvr;9we; «crcrccOOVTOl na TunoAoYIK~ Kat htlTOUPYoo; anolP'l oe a eovcxeo, OrrAO,OK€U'1Kat npOOWntK6.uvnxeuzva. Arto KmooKeuoOTIK~ anolP'1, oe 0<pup~Amo ~ XUT6. ce IJfrrpee; A191vee;(cvoucreq 'l liiJ..o~ee; KAelO1ee;),xcrtore KOl 0& rn'jNvee;. npaKTIKee;, xorVWVLKBe; loeOAOYlKBe; trrouPy(ee; urtovopeuKat h OUVTIe;TeXVlKee;npoliloypOtpf:e; OTT]VKOTOO"Keu~ TOUe;.rUVTayee; OpOOTle;,OIOOKTIKO nAaimo KOl enLOn'IIJTj TIle;TI:XVOAoyioe;eecoouvror OX; TOrpio O101xda nou ouvaerouv mv T£XVoyvwoio. 01 OUVTaYEe;ipOOT'Je; l neplAoll~OVOUV TIe;noerec exec. TO epYaAelO, TIl rn:lPO olo50xr'le; one; OnOlTOUjl€· vee;ololiIKooiee;, Kat TOUe; ovovee;nou zencov nc K Mrn:le; ootov nPO~A'1j.l6Twvovceurrrouv. Ol TI:;(ViTe) liIMO"KOVTOlTIe;owrovec lipOOTle;,OAM unopel va yvwpi~ouv ~ va uvvoouv IT]V entan'JIl'l nou

nccroropxec KOlvwv1ee;,01 enoree ouveX1~ouv va

ana mv KupfapX11 cnpooto TOU lEfaMou

one;

2.1Krlvt.,~CToUlm:)(Vio., OtOlYUfTTIOKi"roIXOypoopft.,. An6 ric~ui npo" TO op!O'Tcp6: T~~~ TaU ~CTaUou O"C XIIIVtUT~PI, XUll'l~OO"t ~~TPO, o",uprJAimlO"lJ (B. Scheel, EgypllanMetalworklng and Taols, Shire Egyplology Series 13. 1989).

3. Xpuo6ntpfoma ~&lIPiMOovlmo'fli iO"III.,KOTIIO'KCUOl1l'tvo ~>jTpa, ImjMllo 0oom:Tpa" Kol<a~1l6~o." XOhO~18IK~ cnOK~·ApXOIOAOV!KO MouO"doBOl<au (N, KunopiO"O"~·AnoOToAiKO, TonpoiQ"Top!KOKOO"lIljll(lTO TlKe[O"O"oJjo~,AO~va 2001).
0"&

APXAIOAonA

& TEXNEL

94

31

(M.Frangipane,Afleorlginiriel potere. Arslantepe,la colJlna rleileoni,Milano2004]

4. To encar ono OPOtVIK(IL/XO ~OAKoKOltve&TO 6pyupo em Aop~npotpXSTol onOTO ApoAoVTtnET~~ M.Aoio~ KOIEfvOITOCPXlllOTeporou KO"llOU,T&.\&OToiOTlhopTO TTJ~4~~xIAltTio~n.X.

nccnuc eovoomp«i XaN<.OU, uvcueoti roue KOI tnv apxmOTeplll1explTWPO OTT]V EMaiSa nf]Alvll I-Ifrrpa vro K01ooKeuf] neAEKeWe; I-Ie TT]v npollYl-leVf] «T8XVlKrl TOU X0l-leVOU «eorcc-. Kca 6IJwe;, II TT1WrlTOU oUYKeKpIIJevOu XaN<.OU oev iXel evroruOld 010 Vf]Ol, KOI OTT]V IAIGoa TOU 0J-lrlPOU elVOl XOPOKTf]P\011K6 OTI 0 ~OOtAIOe; TT]C; !\lWVOU Euvrtoc ortocro TO XaMa ue ovreMOKTIKEe; OLOOIKOOlee;: TOV ceovow 01 AXOlo( an6 Tf]V onevnvn aKTT'j Tf]e; T pOIOe; oc ovr6AAawo vrc TO Kpaci TIle; ArlIJVOU! (/A. H 467 K.E.). xaAK6e;, nop6J-J-JjAo I-Ie rqv KmaVaAWllKrl lOU a~[a KcrrelXE evov OAOEVO OU~aVOI1EVO ctpu1T)YlKO POAO we; '1 nporm UAr] vm Tf]V KmaOKEUrl veuc !-lOptprle; OnAWV, onwe; TO EYXE1Pli510 KOl upvorecc TO ouoac, II cnorsxeoucnsorrrrc TWV ortokov 0I1We; ortorrouce UNKO OKf..'lpOT8PO ana TOV «cacoo XaN<.O. 0 XaAKOC; OKAllPOlvel i18 111 otpUpf]AOOIO ev !lJUXPW (OTI] 98Pl10KpOO(O TOU nept~6AAovroC;), 11 ortofc cxrroco o100l0K0l1elWvei Tf]V eAmOTT]TO TOU 118T6iJ...ou IJE Klv5uvo YIO 111 OUVoxr1TOU. no 10 A6yo aUTO OKOA.ou9d 11 ov6TTITlOT] TOU lJ8T6:Mou oe u!lJf]A6"rf.pec; ef.pI10Kpaotec, W0l8 TeXV(111e; vc unocet va ouv8Xloei TI] 0CPUPllA.Crrf]Of]· H npowmlKYl ovoK6AuljJ11 0I1We; eYlve ue 1T)V ncocrrprcn OTt 0 XaN<.Oc; aMO~l 15l01T)TEC; orcv ovo!-lelX9d ue 6iJ...o mOlxeio. Kmo tnv eKKalJlveuOf], lowe; «rro TUxTJ, XaAKo<popwv KOllOo~CrrWV rtou nf.ple\xoV KOL 0P08VIKO, 0IT8XVITee; OVOK6AuljJav OTI TO I-IETaMO nou npOEKUTTT8 oe OUTEC; TIe; nccntreccc eiXe XOIJf]AOTEPO Of]l-Ie(o Ti]~11e; KOI OIOCPOPeTlKO XPWI10 KOllOlcl"rrTree;. 'ETOI, OUvelOT]1a en8Ae~OV 1T)V oVO~8l~IlTOU XaN<.OU i18 OPUK10 nxocoo Of. opoewo YlO 111v KmaOKeuf] TWV npwTwv KPO~O:rWV. 0 yvwar6c; uac; 6J.1wC; J.1ITpoUvr(OC; npoKuTTTEl OTOV 01 Texvfrr:e; OPX(~OUV -oTO BA AlYotO n511 an6 TI]V npWI!-lf] En0xr1Tou XaN<.OU- ovrl YlO Opm:VlKO va ncooee-cov KOOOIrape 010 XaN<.O, KotTO uncrexscpo entOTT]I10VlKa OVOlJa~eTOi KparepWIJO (KOL 0Xl opdXaAKoC;, rtou elVOI i18iYllo XaN<.OU KatljJEuiSapyupou). To XOIJIlxcreoc noooorc TOU nocceerou OLOlXe(OU vrc trjv nopaywYll KPOI-I01CX; efvrn KOla KOVOVO TO

5. TV~~o c\'Xtlp,ljiou ono KOOOJTtpolixo XaAKo ~tXpuarj &niv~uOT)Aojl~~ KCI ~IOK6a~~OT) I.I;nfljo~ ~& rqv rEX"LK~ TTJ~'~WVpO'JIIK~~ ~& ~tTa)J,o". Ano TOU~ AOKKO&I~Ei~ro'JIou~ rwvMuKqvwv,p'~lo6160uol. n.X.EBvIKoAPXoloAoYIKo Mouotio(A.XenaklSakeliarioujC.Chatzlllou, ,Pelntureen mrHal.a I"epoque mycenienne, Athenes 1%9.) 6. TOEYXelpiljloT~~ eIK.5.~t aq~&lw~tvc TOOnOT&l.ia~oTo TTJ~tPWVO~TWVKpO~6rWV VI011lV"orOOl<tU~ KOITq ~loKoa~~aqTTJ"Atni&l~ TOU (K. Demakopoulou/E. Mangou/R.E.Jones{E.Photes· Jones, "Mycenaean black Inlaid metalware In the National Archaeological Museum,Alhens:Atechnical eJaminstion",BSA 90 (1995), 0.137-153). 7.XpUOOKune)J,oonOM:lTTO tAao~o ~&iKTUnq ~laKoo~qOT)ljeA<Plvl .... . Tojl6po~TOU v (65,5 YPo~~6pla) cuumrrrcr ~E T~ jlaolluj ~IVWIK~ ~ov6ljc popou<;, O)J,610oljuvo~EiKal ~E 50IvulTTloKt~~ov6ljt~ VtrP'lO'l<;TOUXpuoo(i. An6rou~Aol\llatlljei<; ro'JIou~TwvMuKT]V""V, P'~lo616oucl. n.x.ESVII«l ApxmoAayll«lMOUOEio

navw and 1% 0P08VIt<;OU i] TO navw ana 2-3% xooorrepou (f] npocr9!'jKfJ KOOOlTEPOU OKAl1PO(V81 TO XaN<.O Kat XOI1f]A.Wvel TO OT]I1ElO n1~Ile;, OI1We; nepc ana TO opto TOU 15% TOV K091010 eueourrro 010 aroolo TIle; o<pupf]A.ocioe;). H napaywYll TWV KPOI1O:rWV OT]l1mOoOTd oocrconsn EVOp~T] TI]e; 118TaMoT8XV(0e;. To KPo.urrrc TOU XaN<.OU EOlVOV ore 8pyaX£10 Kat TO onxc oKAf]p6rrrra. avr0xr1 aMo. Kat 0110ptpla, apyupoxpWI1T] arLAnvi1 eruocverc xopaKlT)p(~f.l 0PI0I1EVa apm:VlKoU;x.a xpouctu. TT]v nOpal18TPO TIle; ato911llKi]e; OT]A.WVOUV (owe; Kat TO KarOOK8UOOI1EVa ana apm:VlKOUXO XaMO ccurrpo (TOU TeAOUe; TIle; 411e; XlAterlae; n.X.) ana TO «Onccuoo» CJTT] anT]hlO TOU NoX6A MlOl1o.p TIle; Nesocc 00xccccc 11 OnOOTOOT], n6..vw otto 100 XlA(OI18Tpa, ana TO Y8lTOVlKOT8PO l18To).}.£io xaN<.OU ElVOI EV08lKrlKYl vrc rnv ccnvo OIOKlVf]OT"]e; 1T)e; nocrmc UA'le; i]i5f] CJTT] XaAKOAI91K!'j Eno)(fl. Ano cpoevrKOUXO xaN<.O (nf.plf.KTIKc\"rryrOe; 2-6% apoevlKou) efvor Kat TO cojoorsoc l1eXPl cruepu an091o. (ElK. 4), ana Tf] aEOT] Apcxovrene OTT]v KevrplKi] MlKPO Aofu: evveu ana91o. ~pi9f]KaV 110~i 11f. Seen Ol)(l..lee; iSOpo.TWV oe eve xwpo TOU «OVOKTOPlKOU» «rnprou (enoxr1e; 3350-3000 n.X.). Eivat KmaoKeuOCJj..lEVO OE urrrpc (Ao~i] Kat AsniiSo 110~0,i18 enoKOAOu9T] f.vaMaKTIKrl ev ljJuxpw Kat ev gepl1w otpUP'lA.OTf]OT], rpio Se ana cure exouv olaK00I111OT] A.a~rie; I1E evaero apyupo. To evo.oqeoov TWV KmoXwv me e~ouoioe; vm mv anoKTf]OT] onAwv KUpOUe; elver ovopevoi-If.VO Kat nopCIT11PeITOl 08 OA.OUe; TOUe; nOAITl0110Ue;. ria 1T)V rtnpcoxeurt 6nAWv, 0 KOoOlT8pOe; rtxeovacrel EVOVTl TOU upcevucou: unOPXEI f] oneljJf] an oivellleyoA.Lrrf.po ~09i-10 OIV"IlPoTf]lOe; OlOTI enrrcene rrpoxepruievo arOOlO OCPUP11AOTf]Of]e; (Kat ovoxovo ue TT]v OU~T]Of] TOU rtoooorou TO KP0l10 9a nAf]0lo.~El oro XPWIlO TOU xpuoou). To KUPl6Tf.PO 611We; dvOt on CJTT]v nepfrrrecn TOU «ooorrecor., oe avrigeOf] ue TO cooewc nou cpO(V8TOl an noocneecn uno 1-I0PCPrl l..I8To).}.£uucrroc (npOKoA.Wvroe; Kat emKlvouvee; av09u1110-

mv

r.x.

ow-

°

(A.Mlchaliidau(E",~.),

M<lmdacrureand Measuremenl.ColJnUng, MeasuringandRec{)f(ilng CraII/lemsinEarlyAegwn SocitlU!lS,Melellllmlta33, Athens 2001).

32

APXAIOI\OnA & TEXNE2: 94

8. TI'~I'(I(1noolyulTTl(lKO ncmupol'eTovopXo'OTepo tYXPlIIl'oYtIllAOYIKOX6pTf]. 6nOUOl]I'tlWYtTOlljlloptio VIOTOOPUXelOTOUXPUOoU OTT]YO'o'(IToAIIl~tpIjI'O (E.leospo.MII~eoEglvo dITorino.CivlllidegIIEglzl. LeArfidellacelebrllzlone. Torino 1989).

anOOeIKvuel TOYf:YOvoe; an TO nheKTpO (Kexp~nopl), eva aya86 noAun.:Xe(ae;, TIlV mom curn rtopOUOtO~Ol oe lJey6A.ee; no061T]Tee; UTO Alya(o (OE EVOV1J6vo eK TWVAOKKoel6wv TOCPWVWV MuT Ptiou). Eno~vw<;, 0 n:xvrn,c; rJ.iVXel «oxureoo KllVWV ~pe~Kav 1200 xovrpee;). A~(Ip va avoTIl OloolKoaia av6.j.lEI~'1C; Ol OIEUKOi\UV€TOI 0TTl cpep8ef eOW on orouc TOcpOUe;curouc ~pe9r]Kav K ro ncxooreoc Kat «cocrecc eYXElpi6la 1T]e;reOlol5lKoaia Xlm:uCJT)C;.0 «coctreooc anOKTQ eror IOloiTeplloruoco. )(YIK~~ IT]~ "(wYPQ~lKiJ~ iJB ~traMO" (euc. 5), 6, nou '1 nOAuxpwlJla OTT]v EIKOVOYPOr.p'1OT) navw Av vm TO x,aAKO un6pxouv noWe: nlWeC;, ana rnv m::PloXll TWV BaAKOviwv Kat TIl M. Acrio OTT]M:n(6a emTuvxovETOl ue 1T]v Ev8eOl1 EXOOjlOTWVana noxrmuc !Era.M.0 OE lJaup'1 eruqxivao, '1 IJEXPI TO VY]cr1 TTlC:Kunpou, '1 m::ploxr'! npOeA.euOllC: onoia OCPElAeTOl, KOlO1T]V Tpexouoo cinoljJ'1, OTT]V TOU «ooorrepou ElVOI OVTlKdllEVO au~TinlOTlc:l. H cneocrococ 6nolVrl dVOl On epxmav ana TO TEXVoo; nopaoKEuJie; «vLEMOU'.2. APXOlOIJETPIKEe; epeuvec oro E9vtK6 ApXOlOAOYIKOMOUOEio (onou Aq>yavIOTQV, j.la~( I-ffi TO xpUOO Kat TO ;\a~oupirr] (lapis lazuli). KOIlI3<><;ytO TIl olOKtVllcni lOU (Ol1']V eKTi8eVTOl TO nepLOOOTEpa eyxetpi6to Kat 0KElrr] enoxr'! rtepi ro 1950-1750 n.X.) rtrov 11Aooup TIlt:; otITiJe;1T]e;TE,xvtKne;)Kmo..'1~av OTtnpOKeLTOlKOla MeaOnOTO).liac.; Kat yvwp(~OUj.le, ana liSlWTIKO ap~OOTl Yla IJEtYlJa IJnpOuVT~oU (xalJ'1Ane; rtepiecnKo-n,Tae; OE «cootrepo) ue XalJ'1AO nocccrc xouxda mvoKliSwv TWVoocupuov eprtopev O'TT)vKcrtocu Kat covcoou (aviore KOl xalJ'1M rtocooro IJOnai5oKla, vm TO cpoPT10«cccrreoou (Kat uqoouoM~ou) KOl OTLana eKe( Kat nepo TO Ol09fTTIKO TWV) nou uerepepov IJC TO KOPOp6VtO TOUe; uno cnorexeopo pU8IJiipat pe napa.M.ayEe; OTT]ouvTT]v Acouo oro epncoc nou elxav evscrocrnca geOTJ TOU KpOlJOToc; (eLK. 6). 'OIJWC;,at urtocrqprOTT]M. Acna, an6 onou ce ovrOMaylJa ertcrpvcv KTEe;TIle; T£XVOO1e; VttMou enavf0.8av ue veec TOU xpuo6 Kat 6pyupo. Mia 6Mn 6laOpOIJn rrruv an6 TO Mapt orov EucppCmj nOTOIJO, 6UTlKa lJexpl TO aVaAUOEle; Kat neLpOIJOTlKEe;eoeovec, Kat TO 8EIJa rtopupever aVOIKTO Ko8Wc; at IJUK'1VOIKee;OUVTaXaMm KOt TO MIJOVI TT]e;OUYKaplT OTT]ouplaKTi yee; 6pOOT]e; cvnoresovrca OTT]v anOKOAUtV'l TWV aKnl (OTT] aeon TT]e;Ol1}.leptvrle; Pae; r6lJpa: ex. IJUOllKWV TOUe;! Mae; evrunWCJl0/f:1 '1 IKav61T]TO 17) cnevcvn ana TT]v Kunpo. To Mopl cncrexooce ara81J6 Yla TT] ouydVTPWOTl Kat TIl 6toK1Vl10l1 TOUTexviTTJva unepl3ei 1T]v KarOlJtO onotV'1 elOTlYIlEVl1Texvoyvwcna (an6 TIl rupo-naAalorlVTllJeOw TOU «ooorrapou oe 6Mo ~ooW.:LQ rtpoc 6uOj.loe;: KuKh.66wv) Kat va caonoutoe KOl va epnxourrcsr ce jnn mvoK1Oa nou xpovoAoyerrat yupw oro oui-$6Mo1780- 1760 rt.X; KaraypOq>eTOl atITiJ '1 otavOIJTi 8EIJaro otto 1T] IlIVWtKT'jeeovovoccc, VIae; eror oro anOKaAOUIJeVOurto TOUe;apXOloX6KOOOLTepouKat ovo}Eoa orouc ncoczrmcc oro youe; «r.pOlv6IJEVO»TWV AOKKOEli5WVTOCPWVTWV NlJaVI TIle; Ouvsuptr neptAalJ~ovovrat Kat cvnnpcocmor on6 1T]v KPrTrr1 (1T]V ovolJ0~6lJCVI1 we; MUK'1vwv, Xoyw 1T]e;eKp'1~'1e;OE xpuoo KTep(OIJOana Kaptaru). rOW 'voreon Enoxrl TOU XaAKOU (6'1Aa- TO, yla OPLOIJEVO TO ortoto UnaPXel '1 6nOljJ'1 61'1one TOV 160 OlWVOnX) npenE! va o~lOn01l18'1- OTl TO i5oUAel.j.!avTexvm:e; ana 1T] IJIVWlKn Kpr'rTTJ (elK. 7). 0 XWPoc; npoD..eUOT]e;1T]e;lJey~e; rtoooKe 0 op6lJoc; nPOlJn8£lae; «ooorreocu an61T] 130petoounKT'j EUrWTTll: OUIJq>WvoIJe 1T]v onollJ'1 TOU rrrrcc TOUxpuoou avoiJTn'l8r]Ke OTT]Vru:ploxri TWV Kapna8iwv Kat OTT]VAfyumo, pEow 1T]e;Kpr'rTTJe;. Muhly, 0 Ilf:YclA.oc; nAolrroc; TWV AaKKDeIOOlVreq>Wv TWV MUK'1VWV ouvoeerm ue 1T]v etooywyfj o 0Pxol6TepOe; yewAoYlKOc; (eyxpWI·.IOe;)XOPTlle; TOU «cccrrecou uno mv Koupvoucw" lJa~ IJe TO TOU K00I-l0U -rtou i5loow~el a orvurrncxoc ncrtuf)heKTPOno~ epxoT~:lV on61T] BaATtKn· TtS oxeoe~e; poe; TOU Mouoeiou TaU Tooptvou- napOUOt6~l 1T]v ncoec vrc rc oPUXda xpuoou OTT]vnEplox:r'l TOU IJUK'1VOlKOUKOOj.lOU IJC TIe; neploxee; curse APXAlOAOnA & TEXNEI 94 33

aeIC;), Tl noooancunocotce va yivet oc j.I£TaMlKri j.lOp<jlr),coo oe nooeceoocpsvo rtocooro. 0 «oootreooc aUj.l~Q}J.£1entcnc OTTlv EUXUTc\nrra tOU KPOllaroC; (evlote KOl pe n:pocr6r'jKI'] !JoM-

g. AIl&lKDvIDllTWV Keltlu {o"fUlTTKllII\ovovooia TWV~V)IlOlJnpoooptpouv ~IVWIKQfEXVOUPY~~CI1lI YlOTOV 4><IpoW, OCTOIXOYpa",io DlyurrnOKoVTCllpOU TI1~181)1;6uvoareio~.

111e; VQTONK~C; O epl'Ulou (elK. 8), evw 11npoc vote neploxfl111e; Nou~(ae; rtrov, KQTclenoxee;, 0 crpoVTIK6Tepcx;npOIJ1lgel1TT'Jc; AIYUmou at xpuoo. 111e; Me rtorouc IlIlXavlCflloue; vivorov 1l151OK(VIlOll TWVlET&J..wv; Evl5elKTlK~YIOTOp6hO TWVlleT6AhWV one; aVTaMaKTlKee; I5lai51KaOleC; e(vOl 'l 151~YIlOT") voc uueou on6 111V0PXo(o Msoortoropfu: e un~pxe, Mel, naAlo IlIO moxfl nou ono rrv uvui5p'l xwpa Ap6tta Sev epepvcv TOxpUOO,TOV yupo, TO XaAKO,TOV «ooofreoc KOl TOUe;noxenIl~Ue;A190uSO"TTJv &J..'l, 111~eucpop'l Epex! ylC; va napouv ano ese TO ovcvscro crmco. YIOTlOKOIlO -A£el- &v ul!~pxe e/.ln6pto. Kal Iloe; 9Ulll~1 lTIV eloaywYl'I OTTlvtoiooo TOU 60uKui5fi5'l (A, 2.2), YIO1TJvmoxfl nou 01ov9pwnOll5ev emxoivevouoav xwpfe; cpo~o, cote Karo S'lPOVcute KITTO. 96· hOOOOV,"rfiC; yap iWTopiac; aUK oikmc-, Yrtcpxel KOl'lOnoljJ11 nou eKcpPcl~Ol ore naAmxQ T?U AplarOTtAr] (1, 11), Via TIC;CUOxp~oelC; TWVnpoloVTWV:4, /.lev olKe{a f) 15'OUK o/M{a roO rrp6YJ1oroc, olav uno15rjJ1oroc; Ijre Ul!o6'101C; KOt r1 J1[;TQ-

OPIOIJ&VOl rurtot noMT1llwv O"Kf:UWVcov "TTle;1..16n l5ae;" Kat KUKAOcpopouoav we; aVTaMaKl"lKO eve90 vro Il£V6Ao xpovlKa I5l00TTl1JO,cvcaecc O£ I5l0CPOpeTlKOUe; anoi5EKTee; KQl npoe; i5l0cpOpee; «oteuauvoerc. To eVl5locptpov TWV aVaKTOplKWVKagearwTWVYIOTIl OUYKOOpWOT] «orn 51aK1VllOllTWVpeT6Mwv cupnepcveru an6 to eupnllma, 6nwe; rt.x. 010 aaUAr]TO cvocrooo 1TIe;ZOKPOUOTTlv0vmoAlK~ Kprinl. LTle;mvaK(&e; 1TJe; pOIl).llKne;B, r nou cvnrtpootoneuouv TTl ypacpeloKparlo TWV IlUK11va"IKWV cvccrcptov, elver cpavep~ tl ernxecnKn Kmaypacpn one TO aVOKTOpo ocrouevev 1l6vo turnov lJeTaMivwv: n.X. ortouorotouv TO KOouripcro. evw cncorecoov 10 onxc. 'E10l, eKT~ ana TOUe;XaAKOupyoue; (ka-ke-we) ~ TOV xpuooupvo (ku-ru-so-wo-ko), undpxcuv KOleli5lK61TJTee; (ka-si-ko-no, ev5exollEVWe; KOl pi-ri·je-te-re) -rtou oxeTl~oVTal ue IT)v «crcceeun SICPWVat r.yK XelPli5[WV.Ie mvoKll5ee; one 111vKvw06 (elK. 1011) «rrcvoopovru ~iq>'l r) ptXelpicla -rt.x. 50 oe Ilia o9polanK~ mvoKii5a- ~ ~Ar] - n.x. nccomf3NJrlK1j3. 'A/.lcpoTepol yap uI!06rj/.loroC; xprjaelC;». Tee;6010 + 2630. Fro i5loxelplOTl epnoptou zev uEll5lKoTepa 6~we; VIO TO IltraMa, nepo ana 11)VKmaVaAWtlK11TOUe;o~(o, tl ouvorotttrc 1510- rtopxouv opeoec ucprupieq, Ol mvaKii5ec; TTJC; rpOIlI-\IK~e; S, on6 aljJ11TO nqxo, cvrmoooeneuov lTIPIlOTle; noc KOl eUKOA'le; on09nKf:U0TlC: -oe nc npexetpee; Karaypacpee; TWVaya8wv nou DUavrigeOTl ue TO 0l1TlP6 KOl 6Ma rtpoiovrc nou veevroevovrcv n I5loVEl-\ovrav OTTlvnepLOxfl1TJe; aMOlWVOvrOl-, oruoc Kat 11Suvctornru avoKuKAWOTle;, e[vOl Ol «uprorepor xovo nou to Ka91- I5IKQlol5ooiae;TOUcvocropoo, Exoulle I5IlAOI5~vc «ovouue ue KUKAWIlO "eawTeplKr)e;" KUKAmpop(m.; OTOUV rtporrc ce aVTaMOKTIK~ asfa, roctrcoc cc epnooro lley6Awv cnoorcceov, 6nou TO i5(KTUO TOUlleT6Mou (KOl6Mwv oya9wv). Ot uupruptec vrc TO e~WTep\Ke eurtopro elVal spueoec, Ko6we; TWV nvrcxxovev orqv enoxr) aUTT"'J, nou csouo unopxouv or evl5ei~ele;Via 1TJvKmaaKeun KOl1TJV Sev eiXav «cne! voucucrc. elxe avciYK'l ana eva enovl5pwOTl nA01WVone 111).IuKllvaTKTi vwoo Kat K aya9a crtooecro ana oAa TO ).Iip'l, nou va uno1TJVnUAO KOl ovoceoovro. coopevc ncotovro pei va an091lKeueTOl eUKOAasm vro lley6Ao xp6VO, KOl va prtopet va aVTaMaOOeTOl pe ciMa ue seva ovoucro n oKolla «e6vIKo" ovourrrc orouov n Ol..loi5wv,unoi5IlAwvOVTae;eTOI 9aAQOOlee; xp~Ollla ava9a Kmo nepirrnoon. To p6AO core uercoopec. tnOl~av TO lJeToMa. 'ETOl, 111l'l eoceon oxeuouc Ta Keipeva one 1TJVAiyumo Kat 111VEyyuC; ana nOALmIlO IltroMo unopei va OTlllolVet ncoAvaroNi i51vouvneooooreoec n.Ar]pocpopiee;.noOWPlvrl onocuocn ana TTJvKUKAoq>opiaKOl cnoaeucrcnomcn (rtepc ana mv ttcpcusrpo TIle; AUTeNi eVXetp[l5la ore KmaanXO TOU Zl).lptAi!.l, ~aOlAlo oro MaPI (180e; at. n.X.), sorcvpneovro, OUAI1OTle; TTle;avaKLllv,wOTle;), evw 11evi5ex6lle~ VIl onelK6vlml TOUce StVll eucovovpcpic (elK. 9) we; npoepxollevo otto 111VKprrm. 0 Melena ruent~e~Olwvel TO ~a91l0 ole9vonoIIl0Tle;, I5IlAai5n creoe, 6Tl Kmaypacpee; nOAUTeAWveyxelpl151wv

oo-

34

APXAlOAOnA & TEXNEI

94

one; IJUKl1vdiKee;mvaKL5ee; 011N.OVOUVopoywyn n YlO eSoywYn· To OVOTOALKO KeilJevo IJOS l"lAT)pOtpopouv Yla nc ovroxxovec uno 1J0PQ>11OOlAl~ KWVowpwv, onou TT)v npwTT) aeon exouv TO lJercxxo, KOTOnpoTIllllOll TO no~LiTIlJo, KOl TO nopo.ywyo. TOUe;. no napooclYlla, one; mvoKloee; oQ>T)VOelOOUe; ypaQ>ne; nou I3pe811Kov OTT)VAlJopva TT)e;Arvurrrou (orrou nrov 11 noerecouoo TOU mpenxou <l>opaw AKevOTov, enoxr'le; 1379-1362 rt.x.), 01 onoec OIOOW~ouv ueooc TT)e;aAAr]~oypoQ>ioe; ou MIl~ove OTT)voKKaolKn y~wooa -TT) Oln I"lAWIJOTlKr'jyN.OOOOTT)e;enoxr'le;-, nepLAOIl~OVOVTOl encrossc TOU ~oOlAla TT)e;Maofa (TO ovouo TT)e;Kunpou), 0 onotoc ~fjT6 ana TOV "oi5t:AQ>o TOU" TT)v onocroxn covacou evcvn TaU xaAKOU nou OTOV<Papaw. Ll11lelWTOOv ana TIe; avaQ>EpOIJEVee; wpee; one srnoroxec TT)e;AIlOPx voe;, T)Mooia dVOl T)1l6VT)nou oreAvel XaM.6 (00VOALKO yupw oro 30.210 KlAO). LTT)VAiyumo, TO olEsay6lJEvo ana TT)vKeVTpIKn Esouoia eSWTepIKO epncpro Sev ellQ>avI~6TOv we; eprtopro aM.a, vrc Myoue; caonoenacc, we; owpeee; eK uepouc TOU $apaw KOl, OTT)vcvrloroocn ncoec. we; Q>6pol TWV6fJ...wv T)yelJOvwv npoe; oUT6v. nopai5f:IYIla 01 • cneuovoac ce orvurrnoxouc TOQ>OUe; 9) TWV (elK. Keftiu, OT]t..oor'jTWV KpfjTwv, nou KOIl(~OUVIJlVWlKo. TexvouPYrlIJOTO. Elvrn YVWarrl T]anOljJl1 0PXOloMywv (onwe; 0 MeSlou, 0 Kopcke, 0 Wiener) an TO KpT]TIKOeurtopro fJ£y6Awv ortoorooeov TO i5lT]U8uvav TO IllvWlKo. aVDK1"Opa, olon aUTO.Kardxov TOVavayKOio croxo, onwe; «or nonoqrq rou Nrou110Yla TOUe;KUKAaoiTee;Kapal3oKupr15f:e; nou peTdXav oro Olajl£1"aKOlllOTIKO cunooc. no TIe;nOAhEc; Iloptpec; TOU eurtoptou OTT)vEnoxr'! TOU XoAKOU,f:vi5f:IKTIKOovocecouue 01'1oro Mo.pLTO KOpo~o.vla eixov TT)l3aoLAIKrlnccorcctc K08' 6AO TO

crexve.

an

TOSii51KOI 01 epncoo ncov ouyxp6vwe; l3aOlAIKo[ rmeoroxuevot, unr'jpxov KQl ouv8rlKf:C; Ilcrasu TWVT)Yf:1J6vwvYlO TT)v noocrooto TOUe;.LTT)VOuYKOP1T0 epncooc ccrcerc. vo rrrcv oe rtAeOVf:KTLK~, av KQl oXl EvrEAwC;ovesopTI)TT) 8eOll. no nopaCieLYlJa, De um mVQKfCio cvopeoercr 0 epncooc nvcocvou we; rtpoounuxoc euncooc TOU l300LAlo TT)e;OUYKapiT, I"lAOUOlOe;Kat anaMaYIJEVOe; ana eocouc YlO TO rtpolovtu nou eqeove one TT)v KpnTT). LTO AllJavl TT)e;OUYKopiT zpococv KOl VOLeunoom, nx. evoc epnococ on6 TT)v Moofa ova~l1Tei nAoia an6TOUe; vroruouc eunonouc. ELOlKOytO TT)1l0ptpn pe TT)v onere OloKlvelTOI Kat oVTaM.o.0DeTOITO ~aM.o, unoooupc va OUvoptocoue em TO usrcxxo ueropepovrov we; 1'0AOvrO np<im]e; UAT]e;, KEPOIOrl oe ecouourrro, we; O OIJOPtpoon6pPlIJIlO (epY0OTT)pIOKne;oloi5IKaoioe;) n aXPl1OTI:UIlEVOaVTlKdlJevo, aUT6 rtou urtopel va f:mi5lop9w9d rl vo OVOKUKAw8d, KOI we; aKepOla TeALKOnpolovrc ue eVOwllOTwlJE:VT) T)V a~ia TT)e; T epyaaiae; (onwe; eovcxec, 6Ma, OKEUT)),ec TWV ortoirov oprouevc evroooovrca OTT)v «rrrqvoplo TWV avnKf:tIlEVWV nOAUTf:i\e(Oe;. IUYKevrpwIlEVf:e; 01 Ilopepee; ot.J"rte; exouv ~pe9ei OE: neplmwoEle; an6KputjJf)e; -crouc My6lJevoue; -snocupouo-, oMo. KOl oe VOUOylO nAo[wv: elolKOTepO vrc TO 1"lA0io nou voucvnoe OTT)X£Ai.oovio fl.KPO 1T]S M. Aoioe; (nf:p( TOTeM] TOU 130u at. n.X.), olarunw9r]KE T]onOlVT] on nop6Mr]Aa }lE 111jl£1"oepopo epopT10U cnorexccce Kat KIVT)TO ecvcotrjx IJETnMOn:xv(ae; nou eeeete 1T]VnapoywYrl TOU OE: AlllDVlO 1T]e;rtopefuc rou. eo Tf:MIWOOUl1f: .f:OTlo~ovrae; oro 8EIJa 111e; i5loKIVT)OT)e; 1T]Snpw1T]e; ut..'Je;TWV IJETOMwv OTT]V 'Yorepn EnoXT1Tou XMKOU (160e;-120e; 01. n.X.), 6TOV TO OVOIJO~Olleva we; «neMKele;" TGAOvrO n

oe

se-

10. n'Y(lMii5(1rp(l~~'M~~ B yp(lql~~(InOT~vKvlo,)mj 1I&Tl1auAA(lp(lypa~~(ITl1 tmvp(l,~ ....ooo,aay(lv(l" (OTov'01l'lPOOI)1l0ivtl tYXt'pii5l(1 ~ ~iql'l), OKoAouO&iTOIli&oypo~1I0 TOUcnxcu ~OIO(lPIO~6I;SO -OIOPI~VTI&1;YP(lIlIlE~ liI)Awvouv5li&KM&~ (CorpusofMyeenaean inscriptions from Knossos, 1l.l!190). 11. n,v(lKili(l rp(lIlIlIK~~B yp(lql~~ (InOT~V Kvwoo 11& Mo ~WV&~~OT(lYP(IIP~~, cncu lIeTO (IrrOTO IlitoVPOIiIiOTOuj!dou~ oKoAouOciOTI)V&rrOVw ~wv~ o (Ip'O~6I;6010 (6 KVMOI IIc K&poic~" 6000 KOIliio OPI~OVTIO YPOJlII~ = 1 li&K0i50)KOI01TJVK{rrW~WY'l o oPIOll6l;2630 {liuo KlIIQ.OI IItK&polt~= 2000 KOl5 onAoiKl\i(AQI=6 CKOTOvroli&~KOl3 oPI~ovrl&~YPOlllli~ = 3 i5&~6li&<;) (Corpus 01 Mycenaeanlnscrlplions fromKnossos,1l,1!190). 12. 'Eva ono TO 19 ToAovro XoAKOVOrrOTl)vAyloTpiolio KP~T'l~, pCipouC;27,6 KlAwv, ApxoloAoYI~6Mouo&i0 Hpol<A&iou.

13.'Evoc;onOTouc; xouAI6&lvrt<;&U'I'ovro nouj!pCOIjKOYOTOOVOKTOPO T~C;ZOKPOU 1I0~ill&TaAovro KoAKOU.APKoIOAoyIKO MouocfoHpOM£fou (A.KoptroouIM.BAo~6KIj (tmll·),KptjT,,-A{ylJrrro~, Hpol<A&l~2000,EIK.115).

14-15. n'vo~ilic rpOJlIIIK~~ B ypo,~<;orroT'lvKYwa6 (qlWToVP°qlioKQJaxclilo) IItT01li&OYPOJlIlOTOU TOAovrou,60pl~VTI&~ VPOlllliC; (0 oPI9110c;60), TOIi5t6ypoIIIIOTOIJ~UyoV ('10vwTtP'lIlOvalioj!upou<; Twv30KIAwv),50PI~VTI&<; YPQllllt<;KoI2KoOeTE<; (OOPIOIIO~ 52), rc cnpee IItTolimAoSnouli'lAwvtl T'lv&n611&V'lIl&TPIK~ lIovolio (1 KIAov)KOIOOOKOOeT&1; YPOlllli~ (oopleIl6~ 2). H &~i(lwo'l :60TliAovro = 30~52 + 1 ~2=1S62 KIA6 (CorplJsofMycenaean Inscriptions from Knossos. ll,1990).

APXAIOflonA & TEXNEI

94

35

16. Ant1ItOvIOT] C¥Oc; nounpoolpiptlyloTOv 410paw tVOTIiAOVTO ~CTOIJ..Ou 1((lIt~O pumoyOIOltoVwnou, O&TOIXOVPOIjIIOolyumloKou TO!p<l\lTf]~ 18~c;i!'iuV(]artlo~ (np!U-&IK.9).

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LO Stockholm F.,
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palac,!salld trade". (110 A. Hagg/N. Mannalos {cm~.I, The Funclion of the Mmoan Palaces. 1987,o_255-259. SCHIAVO. _Sardinia EaslandWest:lrlIerconnectiooslnlhe Medrterranean., am Stampolidis, NJ B.C. Procoodings01

between

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~i 0.275-291. -,.Trade in metals in Ihe Late Bronze Age and the lron Age_. ere sternpolldis, N./Karageorghls. V. (&nl~.), Sea Rou18S .. .InlerconnectlOnsIn the Medl· lemmean 15111--6Ihc.B.C, Prcx:aooings ofrhe IntemalionalSymposlum heide/ Relhymnon, Crela, Sapt. 29th Ocr. 2nd. 2002,Alhens2003 -,.Chrysokamino and the beginning of

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Metal Technology and Trade in the Bronze Age Anna Michailidou This article refers 10metal technology and particularly to

~t:~du:o~n t~a~~ i~~~fu~~~~j ~~~I~U~~y a working, it concentrates on the strategic role of metals for t~e production of wea~ns and on the necessity 01 alworklng techniques duri.ng the period of the "Shaft graves phenomenon". the Interest of the central authorities in obtaining metals and producinq export-orienled and the vanous mechanisms used in the exchange networks. Then the article focuses on the standard mainly used in the circulation of raw metals, that is the ox-hide-shaped ingots traded in mostly coastal areas of the Central and Eastem Mediterranean, which were also. found in abundance in two Bronze Age shipwrecks. Finally, specific information, which has been reinforced by arcnaecmenlc investigation. is given as reerntacts,

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~~~~i~ed°ti!~t~~ :~~ exhp~o~f~~c~fsS~~~F;X~Te~nma:~

f.IOAU-

aoces-,

i~aUt~~ 'rot5i.0~~~~~~6:~Oi~;:~ a1loTo(Oiocpyacrn1Plooe8pau0f.loraTa1Iovrw¥01l0TOvM6X),,0

a~~;~~~ =~~~~~~~~

~/1~r :;~~~r~ng:s~~~~~;1i~~~ ~~~rlrh~ present day Uluburun, while sailing from Syrian ports and Cyprus to a Mycenaean destination. A.M. APXAIOflOnA & TEXNEI 94

38