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Μαρξ, Ενγκελς - Για τον Αναρχισμό (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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ENrKEAl: rIA TON ANAPXI~MO

EKAO~EI~ «KAZANTZA» A9HNA 1979

KAPA MAPS PINTPIX ENrKEA~

rIA TON ANAPXI~MO

'H JlETa(ppacr11 rcov EPYffiV Tij, 1:UA).Oyij, "K. Mcip~ - <1>. "EVYKEA, Y1a TOV 'Avopztouo» eY1VE uno to YEP~C1V1K6 npcoro rureo riis EK8ocrll~ "[cov < Amivrtov toO K. Map1; KaL <1>. "EVYKE)~<; TOU Dietz Verlag Berlin 1956-1969, o r rtv o rrotu Kal ci.vu<ptPOVTC1t OA&<; oi FV()F:i1;F.l<;. Til YF.V1Kll 9EWPll(')l1 Kat f.rrq.1EAF.lf.t TCOV KEHlf.VWV Eixuv oi T. AEll3a8fi.<; Kai T. rtcpyio\)." Bacrl1 'toG KF:lPEVOU tlis «rEj1paV1Kii~ 'I8r.OAoyiw;» arrorcJ..Ecrg i, Pf.tClcppaa1l roo I". XOAKtii. LDpIJOUAf.UTIKU: 1tapflllKC1V urri-njlll ~r.tacppUCi£l<; rdrv rpycl)V ani P(J)alKCt Kcd Fn) .. A1K n .

Til Blj)Aio "K. MAP:=: - cJj ENrKEA1: IlA TON ANAPXI1:MO» (H01)[ElOOr.ril011KE Kai TU1t(j)GllKc CJ"C'<'> Tunovpuosto rpnq'lll((i)V TExv51V I" 'ApyuporrouAou & A. Zoupa(;uKll, AO'1VCl, 'Lcnp tnc 9 (N. KOA,OKUVOOU) Y"; AoyaplClcrJlO rciw tKDocrEWV "KAZANTZA», "Annvn , 'EJlJl. M1CEvaK11 28, T11A. 36005 4[ (,EKDOTlKn 'EmJlBAEW T. 1:TEpyiou).

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To cpatVOpEVO EylvE 1bwlrEga (1.1aO'177:(5 ari; na(!ClpOVE!; TWV aauxwv EnavaaTaaeWV aTl)v 'AyyAla (1642-1648) xal ani ra},Ala (1789), PE Epcpaa1J aTa avvOI/paw TOV cpVatXOV otxalov xal aTa avpcpvij nco!; TOV (ivO(!wno otxauhpaw. 'Q!; nOAtuxl1 OeWglU. r5WTvnwOIJxE yta ngw7:17 q;oga a (hoplxo!; dva(!Xtapo!; TOV OVlAAWp, Godwin aTo EgyO TOV «En.quirst concerning political justice» (1793). '0 Godwin elXE Xu.w}"/~[t aTo aVpnE(!aapa au alxla xaOE xaxov elvca ol Xv{3E[!VljaEt!; xal ol vopo«. EEXtVWVW!; ano 7:1j axonta TOV cpvatxov olxalov, vnoaTllgt(E on a (ivOgOJno!; elvai roao ntO aAoxA1J(!f')pivo!;, Soo nto no},v ustooei va dnoAap(Javel Tllv dTOptX07:1J'r:a rou, eEOlgovaE au lou.vtxI) elva: pta X,Olvowla a7:1/v ono!« Oiv vna(!Xel xavevtu; xawvayxaapo!; xal xapta X(!(1.UXII E~ovala xcl OWT1l(!Eiwt I} lOLOxnWla, dna},AaypEvI7, OPW!;, dna Ta EAarrwpaTa Tl7!;.

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OE Eb(!vde; iof) smai'YJflovtxov aoataAtaflov, K. Ma(!g xol w(!.

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'A xovyeial xat y(!arpeial nOAv avxva on !; oVfle a' iivav ava(!xovflevo xoaflo, on flae; iVAtyel iiva flni(!befla xal flla aVaaiaiWa'Yj xol on biv l!flelve xlsurto: O(!8lO. "Exovv a(!aye axia'YJ oAa aVia fli i~V ava(!xia; "EXel if biv l!Xel xaflu1. axia'YJ fli iOVe; XOflflOVVlade; xal iO aO<1taAlanXo xtv'YJfla ij ava(!xta: 'Anavi~aete; a' aVia itl. snixat(!a s(!wi~flaia umooei va {J(!el, 6 avayvwai'Yje; aia l!(!ya iOV K. Ma(!g xol iOV w(!. "EvyxeAe; nov avyxeVi(!waafle a' aVi~ i~ EVAAOy~. Kat!j anuoala iOVe; elva: nOAvnfl'YJ, blon (!lxvovv iO btxo iOVe; rpwe; ai~ a'YJfle(!LV~ XOLVwvlxo-noAlnx~ n(!aYflanxoi'YJia, flla neaYflanxoi'YJia nov 8Brel fln(!Oaia aio snavaaianxo xtv'YJfla, lblahe(!a iWV avanivYflivwv xerpaAalOX(!anXWv XW(!WV, neAw(!ta n(!o{JA~flaia nOAlilxov xal ai(!ai'YJYlxoV xa(!aXi~(!a. Kai 80. sAeye xaveic; on avarpeeOiav ai iOVi'YJ i~ a'YJfleeLV~ neaYflanxoi'YJia,

or:av, n(}tv ana 60 xal navw xeoVta, 0 AEVtV eyearpe: «' E; EnayyE)"l-tar:or; vnov(}yo[ xal (3ovAevdr;, neooour; r:ov neoAewglar:ov xal dmr:YjOevf-lar:ler;» aoataAwdr; r:wv ~f-legwv tuu; EUxWeYjaav i1}V ueluu1j wv uOlVo(3ovAevuaf-l0v anouAetaUua wvr; ava(}XlUOVr; xal navw a' aimjv i1jv aAMuor:Yj AOYlUlj avaulj(!v;av «ava(}Xlaf-lo» uaOe U(}lUUlj wv uotVo(3ovAevr:Wf-l0vJ L1iv elva: uaOoAov staea;evo, nov r:o n(}OAeTaelaW r:wv «ngoooevf-livwv» UOlV0(30VAevuuwv XW(}WV, al10taaf-lEvo ana r:o Oeaf-la retouo» «aoataAltrtdw», ( .. .) EUOYjAWVBl OAO xal avxvou(}a r:[r; aVf-lnaOeler; r:ov ar:ov avagxoaVV(JlUaAWpO, nagoAo nov iJr:av xal elvca avr:ar'JelLrpor; r:ov ono(}r:ovvwpov»* .

To O€or;, nov evlwOav ol OeW(!Yjr:luO{ wv ava(!Xlaf-l0V f-ln(}oani ar:a UOlvwvlua EnauoAovOa r:wv UXVlUWV aVauaAv1jJewV xal ErpeV(!eaewv r:ov 190v oldwa, r:ovr; wOovae ar:o va uYj(!vaaovv ana r:ov af-l(3wva r:fjr; nOAwguovf-levYjr; «tegl1r;» f-llU(!11r; lowur:Yja[ar; i1jv apeaYj uauJ.(}yYjaYj r:ov u(!ar:ovr;. 'Ana r:ou ~ xotvowl« UtVlj017ue f-lE wxvr:Yjw axt ar:f-l0pYjxaviJr;, aA},a r'JtanAavYjuuwv nr:ljaewv .• H f-llU(}o"iowur:Yja[a, nov anoAoYYjdr; xal IOwAoyol r:Yjr; ar:aOYjuav ol yeva(}xer; r:ov aWf-lwnuov avagXlaf-l0v, UOVIO(!WnOl1jOYjue ana i1jv uerpaAawUeauu~ avanr:v;Yj. • H £aw(!lu1 EUAl;Yj Olua{wae xlc; n(}o(3Ae1jJelr; Eue{vwv nov vnOai1j(!l(av ral»; «0 uamWAlaf-l0r;, wOwvwr; OAO xai mo no},v r:a n(}aYf-law n(}Or; pta f-l'ewr:(}oJrJ} r:wv f-leyaAwv UOlVWVlUOno1171-tEvWV f-leawv na(}aywyijr; ali ugauul} 1- Owuirw[a, Oe[xvel pavor; r:ov r:o o(}of-lo Yla r:1}V ngaypar:wG17 r:fjr; avar:(}oJrJlr;» ((3A. aelL. 465)* * . ., Evar; avYX(}OVOr;, a(}uer:a vno1jJlaC1f-levor; nagar:Yj(!Yji1jr;, f-l0AOVOU af-lrpw(3Yju i yevlua r:o (}OAO r:llr; f-la(!~lauuijr; uoapoOew(![ar;, Oe owr:a(u ~'a owmar:wael ane(![rpgaaw: «Mla EnavaawG17 xaui r:ov uamwAlaf-l0v, wi xagay/-tEver; no(}eter; n(}Or; aomaAwf-loVr; owrpO(!WV r:vnwv, ylvetoi o(!ai1} ar:o Evllf-le(!o f-lau»***.

* B.I. AErlll', {(]{ea:r:os ual enw,daTU(17)), iinaviu, 417 (!wa. l;'~(j., TO/I. 25. ** W(!. "EllyucAs, a'L! i1;EAl1;17 rov aoawAla/lOv un' 7:1)1' oirronla ani" enwT1]fl1'})). - ]{des nUeUnOfln1] at aEAioss, nOlJ ylvet ai aro" neOAOYo, UI'UrpieS'Wl at UeiflEvU nov o1'}fl0atsvOIITat a7:1]" naooiiaa avA;'oy-tj.

*** "Ay. Tse,du1'}s, erprJIl. UB1/flWJ, 20.11.78.

1:7:~ 1:VAAOy1] aV7:~ 0 avayvWa7:1]e; (}a (J(}E'i aVYXEV7:(}Wp,SVEe; rlc; axbpEle; nov EX(}ir;OVV ol to(}vde; 7:0V Ema7:17fWVlxoiJ aoataAtafloiJ ai flEelxa (Jaatxa wve; E(}ya, onwe; elvac 1] «rE(}ftaVlXII IOEOAoy[W), «'H a(}AU)7:1]W 7:1]e; qnAoaorp[ae;», «'H ilteOV1je; "Evwa1] 'E(}ya7:wv xal ~ 1:vflflaxla 7:1]e; 1:oataAtanxije; il17fwx(}a7:[ae;». 1:d E(}ya aV7:a ylvexo: Xet7:lX11 7:oiJ ava(}XlafloiJ wv MM 1:d()VE(}, nOAEfllXI) xatii 7:0V IIeovnov xal 7:oiJ n(}ovvwVlCfflov xal aywvae; xa7:a 7:oiJ fln(1XOVVlaflov. 'H lOW 1} rpvCf17 7:WV XelflEV(()V (1V7:WV X(1[ ol Ot(1rpo(}E7:lXEe; avv(hjxEe; art; ono'iee; Exovv Y(}(1rpr:e'i, (j[vovv a7:ov aV(1Yvwa7:1] 7:1) ovva7:07:17w va naeaxoAov(hjaEl 7:1/v avd(}ECf17 7:oiJ K. Mae!; xal 7:0V (/le. "Evyxde; neoe; 7:0V aV(1(}x,aflo a7:a ne()[(1 7:1je; rplAoaotplac, 7:1je; nOAlnxlle; olxovoulai; xed 7:lle; avyxEX(}lfliv17e; nOAt7:lxfje; neaxnx1je; 7:WV aywvOJv WV oldJvove; neOAEW(}laWV a7:a nAalata 7:ije; A' illeOvOVe;. II i(}a and r:d xel uev« oirr«, EXOVV aVflnEelA17- creEi ani 1:vAAoy11 avril anoanaaW17:a and /iA},a E(!ya xal and 7:I)V aAA1JAoy(}arpfa 7:WV K. Mae!; «al (/le. "El'yxde;, nov nE(}tixovv nOAv7:lflEe; uva},vO'Ele; xal axi1pEle; Yla 7:I/v xawywyl), 7:1) rpvCfl7 xal 7:1) OtaO(}OP,1j 7:0V ava(}XlafloiJ aE avn:rW(}a()w17 n(}cJe; 7:0 nf.!aYflanxo neO}.E7:a(}laXO «ivnua, 7:0V [aWefXcJ ecJ},o wv xal wve; oocuiAlCfnxOVe; a7:cJxove; 7:OV.

T1]V al'ol!;1] wv 1845 0 (/l(). "Evyxde; ErpOaae azi; B(}v!;iAAEe;, onov, fla([ fli xov K. Mae!; dnorpaaw(1v va Ex(}iaovv ana XOlvov de; axi1pele; wve; vno flO(}rp1/ X(}lnXl)e; 7:ije; flewXEyxdtavije; yE(}!.lavlxfje; rplAoaorp[ae;. Ka(}ncJe; avwv wv X01VOV E(}yOV 1}7:(1V ~ «TeoflaVlXI) lOEoAoy[a». AV7:cJ 7:0 E(}yO Oi flno(}wav va 7:0 01]flOatEVO'ovv oao (J(}laxovwv a7:1] (WI]. ' AAAa, «Evxa(}la7:(()e; n(1(}(1Maafle 7:a XEI(}cJyearpa ai/)v 7:(!WXnX1) Xel7:/XI) 7:WV nOV7:lXWV - Ey(}arpe a(}ycJuea 6 Mae!;, - flla xal e1:xaflE nE7:VXEl 7:cJ (JaalxcJ a7:cJXo W1e;: va !;exa(}aelaovflE 7:cJ n(}cJ(JAI7fla YU1. pae; 7:0Ve; lOLOVe;». IIeo.ytta7:l, oao (ovaav ol avyy(}arpeie; 7:0V, o1]floatdm7xE pcJvo 7:0 r;iW(}W XErpo.AaW 7:0V oevd(}ov 7:0flOV wv E(}yOV. Mer:o. 7:0 ()avaw wv "Evyxde;,7:o. XElecJy(}arpa, nov elxa'/! vnoar:ei pe(}lXEr; rpOO(}Ee;, (JeEOl7xav a7:o. XE(}ta 7:WV 17YE7:WV 7:1)e; ye(}paVlXl)e; aoataAOl7poxeadae; xal floAle; 7:cJ 1932 neW7:001]!.loatEV7:1JXE OAO 7:0 Eeyo a7:cJ yeep(1VlXO newnJr:vno, a7:1) Moaxa.

1:n) « reepaVlX1) laeoAoyl(1)> neO(JaAAE7:W xal OEfleAlWVE7:al

ij 8ea'rj ou ij C1VVetO'rjaYj TWV av8gwnwv xa8ogt!;eTal ana TO XOlVWvtxo TOV~ elva: xal OTt a Tgono~ naeaywyfj~ n.at!;et &noqJamaTtxo eoAo C1Tl1v oAYj xOlVwvtxl1 !;OJ~ TWV avOewnwv. Ll WTvnWVeWt YU1. neWTYj qJoea ij md1p'rj yta TOV~ yevtXOV~ aVUXetp,eNX01)~ Vop,ov~ nov IJtsnovv T11v avanTv~'rj TWV naeaywytxWV ovvap,eWV xol TWV C1XSC1eWV naeaywyij~. Es avunaea8eC1'rj p,s TOV MM ETteVee, nov emOlOeTal aT11V xetUx17 ToiJ XeaTov~, T* 8eYjC1xefa~, Tij~ ~(Jtxij~ ana T~ axonui TWV aT'rj(!Yjp,EVWV LOeWY, aT11 «regp,avtx~ lOeoAoyla» uxp,'rjgtWVeTat ij losa xd»; TO noAmxo xcl lOeoAoytxo enotxOOop,'rjp,a Tij~ xowwvla~ TO xa8ogl!;ovv C1e UAtXl] avaAvC1Yj ol vnaexovae~ olxovop,tXS~ aXEaet~ aT~ OeOOp,EVYj C1Ta8p,'rj T11~ [aTogtxij~ avanTv~Yj~. 'Anop,v8onotelTal a goAo~ TOU X[!aTOV~, novo ETt[!Vee TO [fJAene w~ xan aVe~aeTYjTO ana nlv xoivonda, nov, p,oAt~ xaTaey'rjOel, Oa aneAevOeewaet TOV avOgwno xal anoxaAVnTSTal on TO xgaTo~ elva: eva ogyavo aTllv vnYJ(!wta Tij~ TM'rj~ exsLv'rj~ nov XVeWeXel (In}v olxovoula. II(!o(JaV.eWt yta neWT'rj qJoea ~ C1xe1p'rj nw~ TO n(!OASTa[!taTO 0TeO.St va xaWAa(Jst T1}V noAtux~ e~ovC11a. «'H enavaC1TaC1'rj elva: a11aYKala oxt p,ovo OtoU OE p,no[!s!' p,s «avEvav itAAO T(!OnO v' aVaT(!ane!' ~ x v (! l a (! X 0 iJ C1 a Ta~'rj, aAAa xal OtoU ij avaTeenovaa r&~'rj p,ovo p,E Tliv enavaawC1'rj p,noes!' v' anaAAaxOsl an' oAYj Tllv naAta {J(!wp,ta xal va xoxcurtei [xavil va o'rjI.llOVeYllC1st eva VEO Osp,EAw T17~ xotvowlru;»" '0 Mae~ Oa e~YjYliast agyouga, (JamC1p,svo~ C1Ta ou5ayp,aw TYj~ Kop,p,ovva~ TOU IIaeWIOU, nw~ (JAinst va Xrt!;eWt aVTO TO VEO Oep,EAW. «'H Kou/lOVVa» - EyeaTS - «xave: TllV anaeX11 Yla T1V & rr s A::; U 0 e p (UcrY) -r ~ c; t p y iY.. (J i. o: C;, - nov anoTeAel TOV p,sya C1xono T'rj~, - ana Til p,ta p,egta, p,s TO au e~aTavt!;et T~V p,11 naeaywytK1] xol em!;fJp,w eeyaC1ta TWV XeaTtKWV naeaairwv, e~aAdTsl TOVS Myov~ aTov~ onolov~ neoaqJE[!eTat C1novo1j eva U(!aC1TtO p,EeO~ TOU eOvtxou neoi:6VTo~ yta va xoewlvet TO xeaTo~-d[!a~ xal, &no nlv aAA'rj p,Beta, p,s TO OTt eXTdel EVant EVO~ eeyauxou p,lC100U TO aA'rjOtvo Eeyo Tij~ OWKv(JeeVYjC117~ C1E TOntK~ xal eONKI) xAtp,aKa. "Exoi ~ Kou/lOvva KaVet T~V aeX~, neayp,aTOnotwvW~ ueaC1Tta olxovoula, p,B p,ta olxovop,tKII p,ew[!(!vOp,wYj, onw~ xal p,B noAtUX~ avap,o(!qJw-

* K. Md~~, 'H re(!f.WVLy.ry 'Loeosoyla, "Anavw r:6p,. 3, aeA, 70.

'" T7 I {3 '(3 " , T7 I I " 5" I -"

orpr . nat, e. ata, aVio 1) nopp,ovva ro en(!aiie ((UlXWe; va otex-

OtY..si n; aAaf)'rjiO, onwe; i6 e"avav OAse; avs~al(!ew ol "v{3s(!v~aete; iOV na(!eAf)6vioe;. il'rjp,oalcvs hf)easte; iWV aVVSo(!taaswv i'rje;, yvwatonoioiiae rl; eve(!ystee; i'rje;. iltmpwul;s i~V "Otv~ yvwp,'YJ YU1. OASe; de; adAetee; i'rje;»**.

rn] « rS(!p,avt"~ losoAoylw) anoaarp'YJvll;swt OU ol olxovouixo! vouo: xal ol olxovoiuxe; "ai'YJyo(!lse; exovv avu"stp,svtY..6 xa-

I 'A 'f) " " " 1 I I "fJ1

(!a"n)(!a. vu et:a ana iOVe; aaiOVe; OtY..OVOp,olwyove;, nov e /1.S-

nay iOVe; ol"OVop,l"oVe; v6p,ove; ifje; aau"fje; "otvwvlae; we; "au i6 alwvw xal ana(!aaaASVio, aVilf)sia an6 nOAAOVe; aaiOVe; olxovop,oMyove;, nov xal a~p,s(!a f)sonowvv ile; ASliOV(!ylce; aViOp,auap,ov ifje; Y..amWAtau"fje; olxovoulac; oi avyy(!acpsie; ifje; «TeouaVt"fje; tosoAoylae;» E~'rjyOVV Oit airtot ol v6p,ot anouAovv i~ f)SW(!'rjit"l] eY..rp(!aa'rj "OtVWVtY..wv ax eaeos», nov elvoi taiO(!tY..a "aOo(!tap,evse; "at na(!oOtY..ee;. ri6 e(!yo aVi6 oxuuyocipeiio: fio'rj '1 loea, nov (3efj"s i~V "Aa(Jt"~ i1)e; oWivnw(1) aillv ((K(!m"~ ii'le; nOAtu"fje; olxovoulos;» iOV Ma(!~ (1857), yta i6v v6p,0 ns(!t vnoxeswuY..fje; avuaiotxtae; iWV axeaswv naeaywyfje; ne6e; i6v xa(!aY..i~ea iWV naeaywytY..wv ovvap,eWV.

T6 e(!yo iOV K. Ma(!~ ((H af)At6i1)W ifje; rptAouorptae;» EY..b6- f)1)"s i6 1847, AEyo p,sia n} avyy(!arp~ ifje; ((Fs(!p,avt"fje; lOSoAOylcu;» Y..aE AEyo netv an' i~V eY..ooa'rj iOV ((KOP,P,OVVWil"OV MavtrpeaioV». ri6 e(!yo aVi6 avuY..(!OVOViat n aVilrpauY..6i1)ia xol a OViOmap,6e; iWV aVitA~1j1sWV ifje; p,tY..(!oaau"fje; iM1)e;, nov f)iAU v' anaAAaysi p,evan6 ite; oAi()(!ISe; avvenslSe; ifje; avaniv~'rje; iOV xamWAtap,ov, xwete; op,we; va f)txiOVV oi olxovop,txee; {3aaue; iOV xamWAtaUxov avai~p,aioe;,' n aiop,tX1l lOwY..i1)a{a aia p,eaa sui(!aywyfje; xol '1 p,taOWi~ E(!yauta.

, Anoaarp'YJvtl;ovwe; i6v O(!O ((JT:a(!aywytxee; ovvap,Ste;», a Ma(!~ E~'YJysi ou oev nS(!tAap,{3avovv uovo ia E(!yaAs'ia naf!aywyfje;, aAAd. xal iOVe; rOLOVe; iOVe; E(!yaUe;. Kat n(!oaOiiet Oit (('1 m6 laxV(!~ naf!aywYlx~ ovvap,'rj elvoi '1 rOta '1 enavaawitx~ iM1)) ({3A. aeA. 174). 'Avitx/?ovovwe; i6v IIf!ovvi6v "at i~V e~tOavlxsvp,ev'YJ elxova

* K. Mae!;, Hnovio, T. 17, aB)... 546. ** kT6 r&o, aeA. 348.

nov otPCt YUl TO ayaOo Tfj~ aWfwd'j~ lowwr17a(a~, 0 Mag$ TOV{CSI OU lJ aVTfrpaal) ftSw$v aXEaswv naf!aywyi'j~ xal nagaywyt)(WV Ovvaftswv elvcu. ftta aVT{rpaa17 avu)(stftSvtUII xal aVTaywvtaU)(l), nov OE ftnof!sl naga va o$vvst 7:1IV naA17 TWV To.$swv xal va o017Ys i aT11v aAAa)l1J TOV naAWV Tgonov nagaywyfj~ ano eva veo, mo ngol)yftevo Tgono nagaywy*. Kol anavubVTa~ aTOV~ (3taauuov~ vnegftaxov~ Ti'j~ uvagx[a~ T17~ enoxi'j~ eUslVl)~, enw17fta{vlit nw~ ftovo aE ftta xoivowla, anaAAaypevl) U7TO aVTaywVtaftov~ TWV To.$swv «0 L )( 0 c V W V l U e ~ e $ e A { $ e l ~ 00. n&,povv va elvac tm 0 A tr i x e ~ en a v a a T a a e I ~» ((3A. ad. 175).

L7:1IV «'A OAtOT1)W Tfj~ (ptAoaorp{a~)) 0 Mag$ avy)(s)(gtftSVonotei ftsgtXa (3aa/)(a uvftnS(jaUftaTa TOV yta TIJV taTogtu11 Cf17ftaa{a nov ExSl TO enavauwuuo u{vl)fta T* egyauu* Ta$17~. 'A VaAVIit nOlO gOAO na[Covv ol olUOVOfttKO[ aywvs~, at ansgy£e~, ol egyaTlKe~ fvwact~ a7:11 bwOluaa[a avansfgOJa17~ xal enavaawuui'j~ uywyl7~ TWV egyaTWv. ' EOw (5WTVnwvst Tl) aKe1p'I} n(b~ TO ngoASWglaTo orpslASl va unoKTllast w$tUII, aoawAwuKl/ avvs[o17a17, va avv1pwact TOV enavaaTauKo gOAo wv e v a v T c wv nOAluKoV xal OtKOV0fttKOV ava7:1/ftaw~ Ti'j~ aauu17~ xotvomicu; aTo avvo},o wv xal va ftswTgansl ana «Ta$17 evavu TOV usrpaAa[oV)) ae «To.$17 yta TOV E(1VTO 7:1)~». Me o017Y() aiml 7:1/ aUE1p17, ftno(jsl K(11}S{~ va ftS},s7:1/ast (JaOvu(ja Yla nowv~ Myov~ avvu),slTat 1) eVaOJftaTWa17 TW11 cgya'0ftsv(J)jJ Td.$SWV aTO dauKo nOAtUuO xol OlKOVOfttUo ava7:1)ft(1 xal eTat ()vauoASIJ8Tat '/ aVanTV$l) TWV enavaaTauuwv KlVI)ftaTWV xal OWVUOAVVSHll 17 OlatWVlCf1) TWV ugEaswv wv ava7:1/uaroc,

LTo r()w EgyO wv 0 J116g$ uVEnTv$s 7:11 OEal) 7:17~ EV07:1)W~ olUOVOfttKWV xal noA1UK(VV dywvoJjJ n7~ egy(1UK17~ ni~l)~ xal vnoygaftftlCls uu Yla Tlll1 egyauuI/ 7:(1$1) (Jagvvovua cnuaaia EXOVV at nOAluuo[ uy('iJvs~, nov UAIKa uno(JUnovv aTllv avuTgonl} Ti'j~ noAmKI7~ KV(!Ull}x[a~ T17~ UUUKI7~ H1$1)~. Jf(!oeu5ono[17us hat OU at dywvs~, nov EKU[VOVT<ll au) uuOaga olUOVOftlKO nsOlo, nov ayvoovv TEc, no},tUKE~ avvOI7y.s~ ftEaa cri; 071'0 ie; e$d[aaoVTat «cl nov Xavovvana TO. ftaTUl TOV~ Til ao(na},lauull ngoonuK11, OE arpvg17- Af1WVV niv «TaI;1) Yla TOV Ef1VTO 7:1)C,)), a},Aa OlSVKOAVVOV'V T~'V e'VawftaTWrJii 7:1)~ UTa aVaT17ftf1.

MUI yevlx17 avao'xon'Yj0'17 iOV aywva xa7:(l WV ava(!Xlo'flOV wv Mnaxovvlv xal nov onaOwv iOV anodAeo'e ~ lx()eo''Yj, nov auvera;av a Ma(!; xal a "Evyxd~, fls £ViOA1] iOU avveo(!fov ifj~ Xay17~, 1) anofa 8xoo()'Yjxe iO 1873 fls ifiAo: ((H LVflflaxla iij~ LOo'W},lo'u~ij~ iJ 'YjflOX(!aila~ «al ~ iJ le()v17~ "EvO)o''Yj , E(!yaiWV». 'H e(!yao'la aim}, nov o'YjfloateVewl Yla n(!Wi'Yj CPO(!a aia 'EAA'YjVI%a, ((3A. ad. 299-470), fJaaf(ewl as e%uWflsVO anoOetxTlXO VAlUO, n(!oe(!xofleVo X(1ia eva fleyaAo flsgo~ ano if~ rOte~ if~ (!watUS~ n'Yjys~ wu Mnauovvlv «o! iWV on(1owv iOV. ' AnoXflAVnUial 1] nA1Je17~ aVif()eo''Yj iWV lbeoAoytU(OV ~al o(!yavwuurJJV a(!x(vv iij~ ((LVW flaxfrl~)) iWV dvagXlxcov ngo~ if~ r19Xs~ xal iOV~ aioxov~ iOV 8(!yaitXOU xlV1]flaio~.

'H e(!yao'la aV7:1] aViavauAovo'e 7:1] yevluoug'Yj owna},'Yj nov YlVOWV wio'a o'iO Ole()vs~ egyauuo uhl'Yjfla vo'u(!a ano 7:1/v niwo'17 iij~ J{oflflovva~ iOU IJagt,o'wu. "H owna}'17 flV7:17 clXe o;vv()ei fleia 7:1] LVVOlao'Xe1p'Yj 7:17~ iJle()llou~ aio AovO[vo, iO 1871, nov fls d~ anocpao'et,~ i17~ avdx(!ovae ia oOYflaia iWV aVO(!Xl~(VV ne(!/ anox17~ ano i1]V nOAlitXI7 xal ne(!l anaAAay17~ ano ~a()e net()o(!xla. LiO ~elflevo iOV Mag; xal wv "Evyud~ a avaf}Xtaflo~ iOU MnaXOVVlV anoxaAVnUial (&~ flla algea'Yj, nov fls i1) auvoilJia WU xaeaUi17(!a i'Yj~ emcps(!et fleyaA17 (17flfa air) egyauxo x fV'Yjfla. Elolxouf}a aio xecpa},aw nov avacpsf}eull 0'7:11 o(!ao'l7 uvv Mnauovvl~WV ail] Pcoala (fJA. ad. 381-433), allaAVeial nw~ llogao'e a Neio'aYleCP, w~ r1TCeaiaAflsvo~ iOU MnaxovvLV a7:11 Pcocia, notS~ fle-

() 'J~. :>, I R' I I 1 r '" ,

OuOV~ aTCai'Yj~ xai IJW~ xg'YjatflonOI'Yjae xac nom7 s 'YjflW exave at:o

ewatuo enaVao'iaUUO ufV17fla.

'0 Mag; xal a "EvyxeJ.~, aVJI7:aaaovw~ 7:1IV lx()em7 i17~ iJle()vov~, ly(!a1pav oVo'wo'uxa eva flsf}o~ il7~ row~ i17~ loroolcu; i17~' , EVivnwata'el ~ axgf(3eta WV~ o'i1IV na(!aOem7 iOV anOOelXitUOU VAlXOU xal 1J anova[a %a()e vnouelflevlo'flou o'i11V 8x-rf fll]r1'Yj ngoawnwv «al ngaYflaiOJV. "H ne(!lygacp17 i17~ c5(!aai'Yj(}loi'YjW~ iOU Mnauovvlv xal iWV onaOcov iOV ylvetca as aVVa(!i'Yjm7 fls i1]V exdfl17(JJ7 iWV e;eJ.f;ewv xal iWV (!eVfla7:(I)V ai[~ OlaCPO(!e~ xw(}e~ «al ano i1]V ano1p'Yj aVi17, lJ lfuOea'Yj 7:(OV ovo n(}Wwywvtaiwv i17~ iJle()vov~ anoieJ.ei vnooet'Yfla o'vyueU(}tflsvlJ~ nOAluul7~ aVaAVa'Yj~. , Avuugovovia~ illv ava!}XtlC17 ano1p17 nee[ dn0x17~ ano iI]ll nOAlilUI],

vnsv()vfllCovv 7:nV agXn 7:fje; L1lS()VOVe; au 7:0 nOAt7:lUO ulv'Y}fla biv an07:sAsi' o'uono, aAAa flSo'O YU1 7:nV enhsv~'Y} o'uonwv xal uaV7:'Y}euzCovv 7:nV vnsesnavaawuun fPeaasoAoyla, vnoyeaflflICOV7:ae; 7:nV avayu'Y} va elvai at eeya7:Se; o'ofJaeol xal fPwuaflEvOI.

'0 avayvwa7:'Y}e; ()a (Jesi' nOAAEe; OflOI07:'Y}7:Se; an1 Baa nselyeatpovtai YU1 7:0'11 7:eono BPSeystae; 7:WV avagXluwv 7:fje; enoxfje; euslv'Y}e;, l&al7:Sea 0'7:1]'11 ' haAla xal 7:1]'11 "Ionosia, fls 7:0'11 7:eono nov evseyovv o'nflSea flSetUSe; oflabse; ugova'Y}e; xal naAI o'-cle; xwese; avde;. 'H UOlVWVlUn 1pvxoAoyla 7:WV av()gwnwv, nov an07:sAovo'av a7:'Y}e1yflaw 7:0V Mnauovvlv a7:nv ' IWAla, nagovataCst nOAAEe; avaAoylse; fl8 7:nV UOlVWVtUn 1pvxoAoyla 7:WV &avoovflEVWV 7:fje; axoAfje; UOlVwvtDAoyfae; 7:0V Tlovexurinplou 7:0V TeEV7:o 7:fje; 'haAlae;, an' onov neOfjA()av, ua()oAluo[ at rbWl, nOAAof an' 7:0Ve; lf5soAoytuove; iJyhse; 7:fje; «' Eeyauufje; AV7:0Vofl1ae;», 7:fje; onolae; bvvaflluo 7:flfjfla elvca at «' EeV()eEe; Ta~wgxlse;». Ka7:a flla «('J7:0v'Y}ela 7:fje; ta7:oetae;», iJ neaU7:1Un 7:0V NsmaytsfP a7:n Pcoala 7:fje; bsuas-clae; 7:0V 1870 (jEv staeoVataCSI flsyaAse; bWfPOeEe; ano 7:1]'11 neauuun flSelUWV oflabwv 7:fje; bsuasdae; 7:0V 1970, nov a7:ea7:0AOYOVV 7:a flEA'Y} 7:0Ve;, aTov neW7:a 7:a vno(JaAAovv as boulflaata A1JG7:S1WV xal anaywywv. 1:7:0 seyo 7:0V «Tl va 'Xavovfls;», yeaflflEvO a7:a 1902, 0 AivlV bwnla7:wvs flUJ. fJa()V7:Se'Y} eaW7:SelU1] axea'Y} avaflsaa 0'7:0'11 oluovoflwflo xal 7:1]'11 7:eOflOUeau'X1] 7:auuun. «Ol olxovopurte; xal at 7:eOflOUeaue; - syeafPs - vnouAlvovwl anAWe; flneoa7:a a7:ove; bvo bWfPoes7:luove; nOAOVe; ivoe; xal 7:0V aV7:ov eSvfla7:0e;, 7:OV av()oefl'Y}7:0v: at oluovOfltade; flneoa7:a 0'7:0 av()oefl'Y}7:0 7:0V «ua()aga eeyauuov UIV1]fla7:0e;», at 7:eOflOUea7:Se; flneoa7:a 0'7:0 av()oefl'Y}7:0 7:fje; ntO nVelV'Y}e; uaw'Xeavyfje; 7:WV bwvoovflivwv, nov bE'll ~seovv rj bE'll sXovv 7:n bvva7:o7:'Y}w va avv(jEaovv a' eva avvoAo 7:0 enavaa7:auuo seyo flE 7:0 eeyauuo ulv'Y}fla. "Onou»; [xaas 7:nV nla7:'Y} 7:0V rj Bnoto; biv nlareipe nod (J' aV7:n 7:n bvva7:o7:'Y}7:a, elva: neaYflau bvauoAo va fJesi' aAA'Y} &s~obo 7:OV avafJeaaflov nov 7:0'11 avvEX81 xal 7:fje; enavaa7:auufje; beaa7:'Y}elO7:'Y}7:ae; 7:0V, s~w an' 7:nV xoouoxoatlas",

, Avuueovovwe; 7:n ()sa'Y} 7:WV avaexlUWV, nov u'Y}evao'ovv 7:nV aflSO''Y} «ua7:aeY'Y}a'Y} 7:0V Uea7:ove;» fl8 sainoia «8naVaaWuun sue'Y}-

h», a Mafl~, ae OluAta rov ae avyuevrflwa17 fleAWV rife; flu~OvoiJe; a'ro "Afla'iBflvrafl, ro 2:endfl{JfllO roiJ 1872, avenrv~e r1 Oea'17 flit a'e flefltUee; xw(]ee;, onwe; a'i1)V 'AyyAta, HIlA, 'OAAavota, ro n(!oAerafltaro, fle (Jaa17 rle; [aro(]tuee; avvOijuee; nov exovv Otaflo(!cpwOei Eud, Oa flno(]oiJae va naflet i1)V E~ovaf a fle etfl17VlUa flea'a .• 0 AeVlV IHv ayvooiJa'e aim) r1 Oea17 .• Qa'roa'o, uaranoAeflr;ae i1)V dnofl-

I r- I ~ , ~, (T71 ) I

rovvtartU17 e(]fl17veta r17e;, avnu(]ovovrae; eUelVOVe; raunitaxc), nov

rn Xfl17a'tflonolOiJaav we; Entxet(]17fla yta va anO(]flf1povv uaOe iOea ne(]t aOa'taAtanuije; EnaVaaraa'17e; xal nto avyueufllfleva neflt ~ ~ x -r ex.-r 0 P (ex. <; 't" 0 U 7t P 0 A Z -r ex. p ~ If. 't" 0 u. To 200 avveO(]to roiJ KK2:E, ro 1956, vnoa'i1)(]I~e i1) ovvarorr;ra rije; el(]17Vtufje; flera{Jaa'17e; a'ro coa'laAtaflo flea'a irtli; veee; [aroQtuee; a'VlIOijuee;, onov ~ itfl17VtUn avVVna(!~17 uflarwv fle otacpo(!enua UOtVWVlua avai11flara Oa ta'xvet yta flla Afyo-noAv flaufloxflov17 [a'rO(]/ul} ne(!to(w. "Ora»; ut avexet, Euelv17 ~ Oea'17 wiJ Ma(]~ oev navel va vJroy(!aflflt'et xal yta rn a17- fle(]tvl) EnoX1J on ro nflOAera(]taw, ar1 xafla~17 rije; a'r(]ar17ytuije; ro», dcpetAet va otalovec vno1p17 rov rte; avyueUfltflevee; nOAtitUee; xal oluovofltuee; avvOijuee; nov exovv OtafloflcpwOei [aro(]tua a'e uaOe xw(]a.

To avveO(]w rije; XaY17e; ijrav oVa'taanua ro uAevraio avveO(]W rfje; A' flteOvoiJe;. Ot vee; avvOfjuee; xol ol low,uoflcplee; roiJ E(]yaituoiJ utV1flawe; arEe; OtacpOflee; XW(]ee; anat'l'oiJa'av veee; flo(]cpee; d(]yavwa17e; rijc; E(]yanufje; rMr;e;. 'H AI flteOV1)e;, we; o(]yavwnU1) flO(]cpn a'vvevwa17e; rwv aywvwnuwv Ovvaflewv roiJ nfloAerafltarov, ena1pe va avranoufllverat (no eneuutvoflevo OteOvee; Eflyanuo xivnua. 'H iOta rJ EUAt~17 rwv nflaYflarwv lOeae we; {Jamuo uaOijuoll i1] ()taflO(]cpwa17 xal rnv eOflatwar; nflOAera(]taUwv xOflflarwv ae uaOe xw(]a. AVi1], aAAwau, anoreJ.oiJa'e xal rnv n(]OVnoOea'17, nov yta rnv VAonot17a'n r17e; [O(]vOr;Ue ~ AI flte{}vne;. '0 Mafl~ xol a "EvyueJ.e;, a'e EnwroMe; rove; n(]oe; rov ZOflyue, rov AtflnuVexr, r6v MneflneA xal aAAOVe;, avenrv~av rte; aue1pete; rove; Yla veee; flo(]cpee; o(]yavwar;e;, nov va avranoufllvovral aro veo araOw avanrv~17e; rov E(]yanuoiJ XtVnflaroe;.

2:ro a(]O(]o rov ,meflt nOAt'l'tufje; aOtacpofltae;» a Mafl~ e()el~e stoao OeW(]17nUa aUAne; xal nOAt'l'tUa emfJAafJrJe; ijrav ~ nflovvrovlu1 ()o~aata, nov nflonayavOt'av oi flnauovvo{Ot, yta anoXrJ rije; E(!yanuije; rMr;e; ana uaOe nOAt'l'tUO aywva. 2:i1]V neMr;, avro lao-

ovvaflovas fli nAl)g1] arponAtaflo TWV egyaTwv dnivavu aT~v stavtoovvafl[a wv aauuov ugaTov~, TO onoio, fMfJaw, ana T11v enOX1) TOU Mag!; laaue Tf~ fligs~ uac, lytvs auoflfl mo nflvToOvVflflo. Kal IJiv flnogsi va fll) Owmauvast xaveli; TI)V llJeoAoytUl) avyyivsta euelvwv nov ngonayavM(ovv if (1]TOVV anOX1) ana T~V nOAmUI) xai eUS[VWV nov emxetgovv va avyuaAvlPovv TOV nOAtnUO XflgaUTllgfl uvv eU01}A(UaeWV nov aVTflVaUAOVV aA},l}},oavyugovOfleva uowowtua aVflrpigo1"W xai nOAtnui~ uauv(}vvast~.

LlfvoVUl~ fltav dna1'T1]alJ a' OAOV~ euefvov~ nov fJaafCovv n)v nOAI,nU11 ogaa1] wv~ ai aXllfl(J,Ul, ai AOyl,ui~ u(J,TflaUeVi~ ua[ yevtua flivovv ngoauOAA1}!1El'Ot awv~ Tvnov~, 0 Mag!;, aTO ygaflf1a TOV ngo~ TOV L:fjd!,Tasg, lygflrpS Yla TOV IIgovvTov,' ((PaXVet va fJgei TIl AeYOfleVIJ «entan)fll(, fliaw TI/~ onoia~ Oa (JgtaUOTav gva~ a priori Tvno~ yui nlv ((enfAVal) TOV UOI,VWVtUOV ngofJAI7flaw~», aVT/ va avdsi nil' emaT'llfllJ an' nlv U{!tUUl1 yvwa1] n/~ t(JTogtuij~ ufvI)m}~, uui; ufvI}m}~ nov na{!ayet ~ 'tOW TOV~ V A l U 0 V ~ 0 go v ~ T i'l ~ X e t g a rp i T IJ a I} ~» (fJA. aeA. 207). T nijg!;av, fJifJaw, nOAAol, nov lowaav xa! bfvovv flta fll}xaVtanulj, aTauuII if onogToV}llauu17 egfl1]lle[a aTf~ lr5is~ TOV flag!;taflof5. "HoI} 0 "Evyud~ elxs aVTlfleTWrdaei Otarpo(}ov~ (}w'(JWTe~ TOV ((J7:0AI,UUOV gWAtaflov» xal nOAvngaYflOVe~ nOAtUUOV~ Tij~ ((TiXV1)~ WV erpluwv», OT(1j1 l!y{!arps,' (dijOeV, uaTa TOV Mag!;, I) [a TOg l a e!;dfCfaeT(1I, e'VTdw~ aVToflflW X(l)gf~ n) avp,ng(1!;I} TWV av(}gwnwl1 (nov, (vctToao, T'll o1]f1WVgYOV1) I xal OU oJ/Osv ol oluovo/,ll,ut~ CfXiCfel~( nov waToCfo elVat (JI}flIOVgY1Jf1(1

- , 0' I) 'r I I ~ 0 ' "";, ~ '] I

HuV flV oornos«, ruu ~ ovv flS TOV~ (1j1 g(J)nov~ Cfav va e nuu. cmea

raovui CfU(1UWV» (fJA. ad. 505). Ll tan}gs i navm njv emuatgoT1]Ta Tl}~ 17 vno/,lvIW1] (11)Tl/, OtOU elvcu navt« xal naVTaxov na{!wv gva~ tctTogtu(5~ rpaWAtCfflo~, TOV onoio lxovv ua(}e AOYO va uaAAtegyOVv ol ua(}e Aoyfj~ dvur5{!a(Juui~ «a! avvn}g1]uui~ ovvaflet~, nov evavTIWVOVUU an/v drpvnvw1] xal Xst{!acpinW1] TWV av(}gwnoJ1l. Kal I] U(1AAtSgYSta (11)TlI ylvetru duofla ntO BntU[Vovv1], owv anivaVT/ nJ~ na{!ovmaCsuu u5 rpmvOfleVO eUe/VOW, nov nlCfUVOVV OU T1JV ngoooevnuanJTa TOV~ nj (SwarpaAfCsl a priori samoui (aTOg1ul7 anoaToAlj xal oXt 0 avyu[;U(}tf1ilI0~ gOAo~ nov OWOg(1flflTfCovv an7v ngoO(5evuull u[vl)m} n/~ uow(J)v[(1~, aTI7v anflAAaY11 TWV av()gwnwv ana ua(}s flO{!rpl7 uawvayuaaflov xal aAAOT{![wa1]~.

"0 ' , , fJ1 , , E: " ~,

0'0 yta flSelUOVr;, nov Jl.Snovv TO flae"lo'flO aa» nSelOUlUO

flooar; an' onov emAeYovv flovdAa YU1. va Ta U01pOVV xal va Ta eafJovv o'Ta flhea TOVr;, lo'xVSl aVTO nov 0 tOlOr; 0 Mae~, uetvovTar; uanOlOVr; yaAAovr; «flaf2~lo'dr;» Tik (5suasdar; TOV 1870, BASI'S: «Tout ce que je sais, c'est que moi,je ne suis pas marxiste»*.

MSTa 7:1]'11 eUAoYlu17 fjna xal T1v a:n:oxwer;o'r; TOV Blauao» ano T1v yseflavlu1 nOAlTlu1 o'ur;v1, uaTaey1()r;us 0 BUTauTOr; vOflor; uaTa uov o'Oo'taAlo'TOJV xal enavsuoo()r;uav nOAUr; o'Oo'WAlo'7:lUSr; ecpr;flsetosr; xal nSelOOtUa. 'Qo'TOo'O, aeUsTa ae()ea xal flsAS-rsr; Tijr; nSelOOOV aVTfjr; o'T1v oVo'ta anoTSAovo'av euxvoa'io'flo uov flae~lUOJV ()sasO)v evavdov TOV onolo» aV7:lTax()r;us BVTova 0 "EVyUSAr; »al avdu(}ovo's 7:1]'11 vnseaelo'ue1, fllo'oavaeXlU1 aV7:lnoAhsvo'r; TOJV «vsO)V» TOV yseflavluov o'oo'laAOr;flOUea7:lUOV uOflflaTOr;, nov a:n:sueovav T1v ava()swer;o'r; TOV neoyeaflflaTOr; xal Tijr; -raU7:luijr; TOV uOflflaTOr; ati; vssr; o'vv()ijusr; nov elXav oWfloecpw()s'i aT1 Teouavla. TavToxeova, 0 "EvYUSAr; emo'17flavs TO'll utVOVVO nov aVTt:n:eOodaceoo» Yla TO uOflfla av()ewnol, nov Olxwr; ooulflao'flSvr; neoaw- nlu1 eV7:lflOTr;Ta xal aw()SeOTr;Ta xaeauT1ea, Olxwr; aVToneoat- eSTr; BVTa~r; arlt; yeaflflsr; TOJV aywvlaTOJv, OtsuOtuovaav u&nola lotahser; ()so'r; xal flsTaxstelar; flso'a o'TO uOflfla. «Kat ~ uAtua aV7:1] - neOo'()hSl 0 "EvyusAr; - ylveuu. TOo'O mo emutvovvr;, oao o'vvSVWVSTal a' eva eloo; e-ralestar; aflolfJatwv ao'cpaAto'swv xed ()sTSl o'S u[vrJo'r; oAa Ta flso'a Tijr; oeyavwflsvr;r; OtaCP1fllar;r;. (. .. ) , Eo OJ xal elxoac xeoVta 0 vOflor; uaTa TOJV aodlaAlo'TOJv flar; slxs a:n:aAAa~sl an' aVTOv TO'll utVOVVO, nov ano TOU elxs aextosl va owcpatvSTal. Ttboa, nov 0 vOflor; aVTOr; uad(!svas, 0 u[vovvor; elvai xal naAl uaodw», (fJA. o'sA. 507).

'H laioola TOV eeya7:luov ulv1flaTOr; EmfJsfJatwo's noo'o emC1flta o'Ta()r;US yta nOAAa Enavao'Ta7:lUa uOflfla-ra iJ Ast1p1 yvwar; if ecpaefloy1 evor; fJao'luov dVflnseao'flaTOr;, nov nsetixSTal ari; ()saeu; TOV Mae~ Yla TO'll (]Jovseflnax, on or;Aa01 ~ uelTlu1 o'Tao'r; BVaVTl Tijr; naAlIlr; xotsowliu; nesnst va elva: flla dTaar; Cwijr; xal neauTluov Beyov xed ad»; eus'ivol nov OlSUOtuovv 7:1 etClu1 avafloecpWdr; Tijr; xowowlru; OS'll nesnSl va Ar;dfloVovv OTl ol UOlVWVlUSr;

* -(( Se(!W eva :rt(!dY!la, on iyw oev eljuu. "Ita(!!;ttn:~~" », (fJl. asl. 498).

avv()fjxe~ aAAdCovv &no iOV~ av()eW1WV~ xal yui iOV~ av()ewnov~ xal Oil of avaf-l0erpo.Jilf~ xeeuzCoViat m1.Via i1} t5tx1} iOV!; avaf-loerpwcf'YJ. Lllxw!; i1}V avaf-loerpwa'Yj aVi1}, rJ enavaawo''Yj xtVovvevet va ylvet aVitA'Yjni1} o'av xanoto ()e'YjaxeVitXO oOYf-la o'iO anoio neenet va naeaf-lEvet xavel!; nurtoc:

Bamxo 06Yf-la iOV avaeXtaf-lov ijwv avexa()ev 1] avayx'Yj va xawnoAef-l'Yj()ei xaBe XVeO!;, xa()e entfJoA1), xa()e aeX1} fj e$ovala, xa()e aViaeXtXOi'YjW fj av()evila, xovioAoyl!; xa()eil nov exrpeaCewt f-lo.VOAeXitXa f-le i1} yaAAtX1} AS$'Yj autorite. 'Ano iO oOYlta aVio a avaexlo'f-lO!; avdovae entxete17f-law yta va Vno.o'i'YjelCet i1}V xaiaey'Yja'Yj iOV XeaiOV!; xol va xai'Yjyoe1}aet iOV~ f-lae$to'd~ Oil elva: vneef-laxot iOV XeaiOV!;. '0 "EvyxeA!;, aiO ae()eo iOV «Tleol io.V XVeOV!;», e081$e noao entfJAafJei!; elvat ol ano'IjJet~ exetvwv, nov C'YjiOVV i1}V xaiaey'Yja'Yj WV XeaiOV!; neOio.V e$aAetrp()OVV ol Xotvwvtxe!; o'xeaet!; nov yevvovv iO XeaiO!;. Kal eoet$e axof-la atooo entfJAafJei!; elva: xal of eveeyete!; exelvwv, nov Otaneaiiovw~ nOAtitXe!; oOAorpovfe!;, lo'xvelCoViat Oil lim «nA1}iiovv i1}V Xa(!OI,a iOV XeaiOV!;». :Evvo'IjJICovia!; ia anOUA.eaWlia ifj!; O(!ao'i'Yj(!tOi'Yjxcu; iWV avaextXWV, a AEvtV eyearpe aii; a(!XB~ iOV aldw« f-la~ : «:Ei1) veoue'Yj fo'ioela ifj!; Evewn'Yj!; d neoarpeee a avaex10'f-lO!;, nov slXe xanOie entXeai1}o'et o'il!; eWf-laVtXf~ xwee!;; KavEva suo'ievw, xaf-lta enavao'witx~ t5toaaxaA.la, xaf-lta ()ewela. Karaxeof-laitaf-lo io.V eeyauxov Xtv~f-laiO!;. IIAfjee!; fiasco. aia neteapaia iOV enavaaiailXOV xtv~f-law!; (neOVVwvtaf-lo!; aia 1871, f-lnaxovvUJf-lO!; aia 1873). 'Ynaywy1} ifj!; eeyailxfj!; ia$'Yj!; ai~v ad i lX 1} nOAtilx1} vno f-loerp1} a(!v'Yja'Yj!; ifj!; noAtilxfj!;»*.

Kal e$'YjywVW!;, aAA'Yj f-lta rpoea, i1} otarpoea x0f-lf-l0VVtaiWv xol avaextXWV, a AfVtV eAeye: «Boaoou; aeXf!; xal axonal elva: avo owrpoeeilxa neaYf-laia. Ll urt: f-lf il~ aexf!; f-lnoeovv va aVf-lrpwvovv f-laCl f-la!; xal of avaeXtxol, pui nov sa aimol elvat vnfe ifj!; xaiaey'Yjo''Yj~ ifj!; eXf-leiaAAeva'Yj!; xal iWV ia$tXWV t5tarpoewv (. . .). Of aexe!; OEv elva: iO rOto f-lf iO axono, iO neoyeaf-lf-la, i1}V iaXilX1} xal i1} ()ewela. 'H iaXitx1) xal rJ ()ewela Of'll &nOieAOVV aexf!;. Tl f-la~ $exwelCet &no iOV~ avaextXOv~ f-lf i1}V evvota iWV aexwv; Of ae-

* AiJl£JI, dnavio; ,6/1. 6, 4'Y) (!wa. ll"o.

XB~ iOV U0f-lf-l0V'IIU1f-l0V aV'IIt(17:'a'll7:'al a7:'1}'11 ByuafJtOeva'Yj ifj~ OtuiaiOeta~ iOV neOASiaeUliOV xed ai~ xe~a'Yj iOV UeailUOV Uaia'llayuaaf-l0v ai~ f-lSiafJailu~ nsetOOO. Avd~ elvcu. ol aexe~ iOV UOW f-l0V'IIlaf-l0V, aAAa OB'II elva: 6 auono~ iOV»*. 'H OtsV,,(!l'llla'Yj aVi~ iOV Ae'lll'll f-lnoeSt 'IIa el~Sl nsewaoueo rp(jj~ a7:'Ov~ a'Yjf-lSel'llOV~ neofJA'Yjf-laitaf-lov~ yvew ano iO fJBf-la ifj~ r5t"iaioela~ iOV neOAsiaelaiOV, ae aV'IIclei'Yja'YJ W3 i1}'11 naeai~e'YJa'Yj iOV "E'IIy"sA~ Oil (('1 l;w'llia'll~ "'ljJvX~" iOV Beyail"ov "l'll~f-laiO~ novfJs'lla oi'll oovlataxac ait~ "aexB~", aAAa lYvnaexsl stavtoi) ai~'11 a'll&niv~'Yj ifj~ f-lsyaA'YJ~ fJwf-l'YJxa'll{a~ "at aia Bna"oAovfJa i'Yj~,' i~ avy"bJiewa'YJ "at avy"s'llieonol'YJa'Yj iOV "srpaAa{ov, ana i~ f-lla f-lS(!la, xal iO neOASiaelaiO, an' i~'11 I1AA'Yj».

'Ynfje~a'll "at vnaexov'll nOAM~ naeaAAaye~ a'llaeXlaf-l0v, nov elxs "aia "al(!OV~ f-lla 6elaf-lB'II'Yj BnleeO~ ail~ xwes~ onov f-llAWV'llxac ol eWf-la'lll"B~ yAwaas~ (' Iialla, raAAta, "Ioxavla] "afJw~ "at ai~ Posola. '0 a'llaeXlaf-l0~ oi'll "aiarpS(!S 'IIa anO"i~aSl ,,&nOlS~ f-lal;l"e~ fJaasl~ atlc xwes~ ifj~ Booeuu; Evewn'Yj~, onov vnfje~s f-lla olarpOeSil"~ a'llaniv~'YJ iOV "anliaAlaf-l0v xal BneOeaaa'll (fUOl itaeayo'llu~, onw~ iO laxveo aOmaAlait"O "['II'YJf-la ".11.

Li~'11 ' Iralla, '1 ' A'llaeXl"~ "E'IIwa'YJ erpfJaas 'IIa exet atli; itaeaf-l0'llB~ ifj~ a'llooov iOV q;amaf-l0v 35.000 f-lBA'YJ. 'H 6elail"~ olaanaa'Yj aomaAlaiw'll "at a'llaexl"W'II slxs Y['IISl iO 1892, aio aV'IIeO(!W iOV LOmaAlait"OV Kouuato; ai~ ri'llofJa. Li~'11 '/ana'll[a,6 a'llaeXlaf-lO~, w~ "['II'YJf-la BxfJel"O neo~ iO "eaio~, nfjes i~'11 a'llaexoaV'IIr5t"aAlait"~ iOV f-lOerp~. II[auvs Oil aXl iO aMlaAlail"o "of-lf-la, aAM ol Beyait"e~ l'llWaSl~ elva: '1 "aAviSe'YJ f-l0erp~ Bna'llaaiait,,* oeya'llwa'YJ~ y,a i~'11 Beyail"~ ia~'YJ "at Oil a' avd~ neensl 'IIa f-lsiafJlfJaaiOV'II ia f-lBaa naeaywyfj~. "E'IIa'll 0elaf-lBYO nOAm"o eOAO enal~a'll ol a'llaexl"o[ uaia iO'll Bf-lrpVAW nOAsf-l0 ai~'11 "Itrxavla, f-lB lr5tahse'YJ naeova[a ai~'11 KaiaAo'll[a.

Li~ Poiola, uei« iO'll Mna"ov'IIl'II, a'llBniV~S i~'11 naeaAAay~ iOV a'llaexo-"0f-lf-l0V'IIlaf-l0v 6 K(!OnOi"l'II (1842-1921). '0 Kocatot» xt» efJsi8 ia aVf-lrpee0'llia iOV UOl'llW'lll"OV aV'lloAov na'llw an' iO

* AevtJI, ()£(JEt" ela1}y1jaw; (J,a (JvveO(!ta ,ii, lLd. (1919-1922), (JeA. 183, [no. aJ(aCav-d;'a», 1978.

a:r:oflo, O{VOVTae; ngoU(]atOT1]Ta o'TO (]OAO nov flno(]8i va aax1}aovv navw ari; fla!;8e; TWV BXflBTaAA8VOfleVWV xal o'TO xgaTOe; ol i]()txoi na(]ayovue;. Mta na(]aAAaY1) TWV lr58WV Tof) K(]OnOTXtv vnMT1}(]t!;8 «al 0 Aewv TOAo'TOt fle T1} ()8wg{a TOV yta T1}V ((aVTOT8A8tWCf1]» Tof) aToflov, BVW avrt()8Ta i]Tav nOAeflWe; Tife; T(]OflOxeaTtae; TOf) XIV1)flaTOe; Tife; ((NaeovTvayw BOAtW) ((daixife; 6}8A1]o'1]e;»). '0 n(]WTOe; eWCfOe; fla(]~tCfT1}e;, nov aVTtTaX()1]X8 CfTO (]WCftXO xal 8V(]Wna'ixo ava(!Xto'flo, i]Tav 0 IIA8Xavwrp (1857-1918), fle TO 8VeVTaTa YVWo'TO l(]yo TOV ((Eoo'wAtaflOe; xal nOAlTtXOe; aywvae;». ' EvavTtov TOf) avar!XlCffl0f) xal elr5tXOT8ga fldie; oflar5ae; r8wgywvwv avagXII(wv, lyea1p8 xal 0 ETaAlV TO (iJfltuMe;) {31{3Ato TOV (('AvagXlCffloe; ff coCfwAlCffloe;» (1906), CfTO onoio TOU r58xoTav {iTt 0 avagXlafloe; elvat, fla!;t fle TOV (]8rpO(]fltCfflO xat TOV flag~lo'flo, Ilva dno Ta Tela {3ao'lXa (]8vflaTa ToiJ CfOCftaAlafl0f), TOvt!;8 8flwe; 8Tl oi ava(!xtxot elva: aA1]()lvo[ BX()(]Ot TOf) fla(!~lo'fl0f)*.

TT 11 I , I - I "0 {3 "E I

11011,/1,01 avaexlXOI n1]eav fl8goe; o'T1]V XTW (!WV1] nova-

CfTaCf1], ntCfUVoVTae; 8Tt TO o'VV()1]fla ((IOA1] fj B~ovo'la o'Ta Eo{3dT» BUrp(]a!;8 aVTO nov !;1]ToiJaav. r(]1}yo(]a, 8flwe;, aVTlo'T(]aT8V()1]xm· T1} o'o{3l8TtX1} B~ovCfta. ' AVa(]XlXoi i]TaV fl8(!IXoi ngWT8(!yaUe; Tife; BUy8(]Cf1]e; Tife; K(]OCfTaVr51]e; TO MagTto TOf) 1921. "EvonA8e; Oflar58e; TWV avagXlxwv CfT1}V Ovxeavia, vno TOV N.J. Maxvo, lnat!;av r5tnM natxvtr5l aVafl8(fa CfT1}V BnaVao'Tao'1] xal T1]V aVT8naVaCf'WCfI] xai agx8Toi ava(!Xtxot Bnt!56()1]xav ae n(!a~81e; A81]AaCfiae; xal r5oAOrpOVlWV, BVW fl8etXot QAAOl fl8TaT(!an1]Xav Cfe n!]aXT0!28e; ~evwv flvaTlXWV vn1](]8CftWv.

* * *

. 0 o'1]fl8{!WOe; V80aVa(]XlCfflOe;, r5wT1](]WVTae; nOAAa CfTotX8ia ToiJ xAao'tXoiJ avagXlCffloiJ, BXr51]AWV8TaI fle &arpO(]8e; flO(]rpee;, aAAOU o'av aflrplo'{31}i1]Cf1] n(]Oe; Xa()8 nagar5oCfwx1} Mia xal evvow, UAAOU Cfav aVTtXOVATOV(]a sa aAAOT8 o'av T(!ofloxgaTtx1} r5(]aCfT1]elOT1]Ta. Ta t(580AOYlXa TOV CfX1}flara, V8rp8Awr51] »ai aCfVVTaXTa,

* .EraAtJI, ilnavra, r6p,. 1, GeA. 322 "at 324, 11,,8. KE roti KKE, 1952.

ia SflnVEOVV xanoia aiolXf'ia vna(!;wflov, nf(!aOVaAlaflov rj 1'fOcp(!ovolaflov.

rU) neOlo UVV nOAlnuwv xol UOLVWVlUWV aywvwv f) veoosaoXlU1] 0(!aairJ(!t6irJ-ra OE 0rJfllOV(!Yf'i flO(!CPEI; UOLVWVlUije; avveiorJarJl;, tUUVEI; va aaU1]aOVV Ofnu~ snio(!aarJ aiJ) xel(!acpETrWrJ iOV

, (J , """ " -" R "" ,

av (!wnOV xa: airJV ana/l.l'.ayr/ iOV ano ()lafJ(!WitUfl; aAAOi(!lWafll;.

IIoAv avxva, aAAWo'ie, X(!rJo'lflonolfi-ral WI; n(!6aXrJfla an6 avno(!ao'itUel; OVVaflfll; yta va SVlo'XVOVial xoxoaueo-axol (Jeafloi «al Yla va avyuaAvnTov-ral an6 iOVI; navio'xv(!OVI; flrJxavlo'flovl; n(!onayavoal; xol avnnArJeoq;6(!rJo'rJl; ia ovdtao'itUa n(!OpA1)fla-ra nov OEiet f) o'rJflf(!lV~ neaYflaitu6irJia.

ri~ xwea flal;, a aVa(!Xlo'fl61;, WI; l!ucp(!a(JrJ fllUeOaaitwijl; loeoAoy{al;, nov yivfial nt6 l!uOrJArJ an' i6v flfwneanx6 xa(!aUiJ]ea iOV eAArJVluOV UantiaAWflov «al WI; av-r:toeao'rJ ai6 paeOI; iWV y(!acpfWU(!anUWV oOflwV iOV UeaTOVI;, anOTeAf'i cpatv6flevo lvorJfllU6. AVi61; a avaexto'fl61;, nov oev elvtu, pepaw, oWTvnwflEVOl; wI; o'vaTrJfla lOfWV, naeUflEvel OlaXViOI; ae noUel; sxCPavaSll; iije; nOAlnuijl;, UOtvWVlUije;, oluoVOfltuije; xal nVfvflanuijl; !;wijc; iOV i6nov »al ao'ufi i~V sntO(!aCf~ TOV, flaCt flE ia aAAa CfTOlxe'ia iOV eUrJVluoV lOeoAOYIUOV snoluooofl1/flaTol;, i6ao ai~ oWfl6ecpwo'rJ iWV UOlVWVlXWV ijOwv, oao »al aiJ}v nOt6irJia iWV nOAlnuwvaywvwv.

, An6 njv ano'IjJrJ avn7, f) fl/3ABiJl TWV (Jewe11TtUWV xal laioocuwv ua-rapOAWV iOV avaeXwflov flnoee'i va anopfi nOAvnflo scp6- Ow Yla i6v uuOeva, nov f_vOlacpeeeial va S;V'ljJwOOVV ol S(!yaC6flfvel; ia;et; xal va n(!aYflaionolrJOovV of paOlil; uotvwVtUEI; aAAayEI; nov anatui a i6nol; puu; xal f) snox~ uac,

T. AEIBALlAL'

KPITIKH ~TON ANAPXI~MO TOY MAS ~TIPNEP

K. MAPE-~. ENrKEA~

CH n~PJ1avudl ·IbEOA.oyia. (1845/1846)1

IIpOA.010~

"Q:; tmpa ol uv9pronot &I:x;av mtV"Ca E(J(paAJ.l.&V&:; evtunmcr&t:; 1ut tOV eauto roue, 1t' auto nOD sivct tj O<P&iAOUV va elver, ' AVaAOya J.l.t ti:; avttAi]\JI&t:; roue Yla to 0&0, Yla tOV uv9pronoun6()stYJ.l.a KtA., rmcronoiotouv Kat ti:; OtK&:; roue cr:x;&cr&I:;. Ta anOKU~J.l.ata tOU J.l.UaAOU tou:; up:X;lcrav va KUptap:x;ouv navro roue. AUtOl, ol 0l1J.l.LOUPyol, zpomcuvnotrv ta Ol1J.l.LOuPY~J.l.ata roue. "A:; tOD:; AUtpmcroUJ.l.s ano tl:; :x; lJ.l.alpS:;, ti:; tots:;, ta 06yucru, ta nAacrJ.l.ata tfj:; <paVtacrla:;, nOD Katro ano to ~uyo rou; J.l.apa~mvouv. "A:; e~&y&p90uJ.l.& eVaVtta crt tODt11 t~V KUptapxia trov io&rov. "A:; tOD:; Otoa~OUJ.l.& nro:; va avttl(atacrt~crouv touta ta nAacrJ.l.ata tOU vof J.l.& crK&\Jf&t:; nOD va avtanoKpivovtat crt~V oucria tOU av9pmnou, At&t 6 Eva:;, nro:; va rnponv an&vavti roue KPtttK~ crtacr11, A&St 6 UAAO:;, nro:; va ti:; ~yaAOUV ano to K&<PaAt roue, MSI 6 rpiroc, Kai ... fJ unap:x;oucra npaYJ.l.attKOt11ta 9a xutapp&Dcr&t.

Aut&:; ol a9ro&:; Kat nalOtacrttKS:; <pavtacrtmcr&t:; OtaJ.l.op<pmvouv tOV nup~va tfj:; V&Ot&P11:; <ptAocro<pia:; trov V&oXSYK&AlaVroV, nOD crt~ Fepuuvto oXt uovo yivstat O&Kt~ J.l.& <PpiK11 Kat 0&0:; ano to KotVO, aAA.a aKoJ.l.a Kat ol tOtOt ol newer; -rifr; q;tAoaoq;lar; t~ crsp~ipouv J.l.t t~V Enicr11J.l.11 Eniyvrocr11 toU KtVOUVOU tfj:; KOcrJ.l.0xaAacrtii:; nOD avttnpocrron&DSt Kai tfj:; EYKA.11J.l.attKfj:; avaAY11cria:; t11:;. '0 nprotO:; tOJ.l.o:; autou tOU EPYou EX&t crKono va ~SJ.l.acrKapt\Jf&t touta ta npo~ata, nOD 9&ropouv tOV saUto rot»;

AUKOUe; Kai nov 8l>wpouv'tat ano t'iAAoue; roe; rsrotot, va od~et moe; 'ra PeAaO"lla'ra 'roue; unAWe; &naVaAallPavouV Il& q>tAOO"Oq>lKij Ilopq>ij 'rie; avnAij'l'&te; 'rwv y&p~LaVWv aO"'rwv, moe; of. KauX11O"1OAoyi&e; aihwv 'rwv q>tAOO"Oq>lKWV &PIl11veu'rwV O&V KaVOUV dAAO, napa va uv'rtKa8peq>'rii;ouv 'rijv n&VtXPo'r11'ra Tfje; Y&PllaVtK'fje; npaYllanKo'r11'rae;. To EPYo atno EX&t O"Kono va aq>atp&O"&t 'r0 q>wwo"'r&q>avo 'rou q>tAOO"Oq>tKOu uyffiva &vavna o"'rie; O"Kt&e; 'rfje; npaYllanKo'r11'rae;, Ka8ffie; Kai Ka8& a~to7tto"'ria auwu 'rou ayffiva, nov 'r00"0 8&Ayet rov ovstponupusvo Kai vUO"'raA&O yepllaVtKo Aao. [ ... ]

[ ... ] '0A,6KA11P11 ij Y&PllaVtKij q>tAOO"Oq>tKij KPtnKij uno rov L'rpaoUe; roe; rov L'ripv&p nl>ptopii;e'tat mijv KPtnKij 'rwv 8P11- O"KeunKwv aV'rtAij'l'&WV*. LaV aq>e'r11Pia XP1wille'l'aV 11 npayllanKij 8P11O"K&ia Kai i] Ka8au-r0 8&OAoyia. Ti naet va n&t 8P11- O"K&UnKij O"UV&i011O"l1, 8P11O"KeunKij aV'riA11'l'l1, npocotopto-rrpcs ~Le'rayeV&o"'r&pa Ka'ra otaq>opoue; rponouc. "OA11 ij npoOooe; ouvtcruro O"'rO o'rt of ofj8&v KUptapxouO"&e; lle'raq>ucrtK&e;, nOAtnK&e;, voutxsc, 1')8tK6e; Kai dU&e; UV'rlAij'l'&te; &v'rax811Kav xt aU'r6e; O"'rij O"q>aipa 'rWV 8P11O"K&U'rtKwv 11 8&OAOYIKWV uvnAij'l'ewV Kai f:7ttnA60v o-ro O'rt i] no AtnKij, vouucn, 118tK11 O"UV&lOl1O"l1 K11pvX'r11- xnv 8p110"Keu'rtKT] 11 8eoAoytKT] O"uveio11O"l1, tvw 6 nOAt'rtKOe;, vo- 1l1KOe;, 118tKoe; dv8pwnoe; - 0"6 'reAeu-raia uvaAuO"11 «0 uv8pwnoe; YBvlXa» (<<del' Mensch») - K11P~Xt11K& Op110"Keu'rtKOe; dv8pwnoe; 'H Kuptapxia 'rfje; 8P11O"K&iae; npounotWe'ro O"av Ka'rt 'ro 0&00- 1l6vo. Ltya-o"tya, Ka8e O"X60"11 Kuptapxiae; K11puX'r11K& 8P11O"Keu'rtKT] O"X60"11 Kai ll&tapAij811K& 0"6 Aa'rpeia : Aa'rpeia rof Aucuiou, Aa'rpeia 'rou Kpa'rOUe; K'rA. Ilcvrof &txall& va KaVoUIl& 1l0VO 116 ()6Ylla'ra Kai Il& 'rijv niO"'r11 0"6 ()6Ylla'ra. 'H xcvovrcrucn pu8-

* ['H UK6A.ou91l m:pIK01tTt oLaypa.qrtllK& O"t6 X&lp6ypa<po :] ... nOll 1taPOUO"la.O"tllK& j.l& tTtV u1;icoO"ll v« slvnt 6 un6A.uto~ A.UtpCOtTt~ tOD xoouou un' oA.a ta. O&lVa.. 'H 9pllO"Keta uvtKa9&v 9&COPTt91lK& Kat Uvtlj.l&tCOntO"tllK& ro~ it t&A.tKTt aitta trov OuO"a.P&O"tCOV yta. OA.OU~ aOtoll~ tOll~_<PIA.60"o<pou~ O"UV91lKrov, ro~ Eva~ 1tpOalrovLO~ ex9p6~.

).I.tOl1 'WU KOO).l.OU vivoruv 06 01.0 Kai ~LsyaA.(Jtspl1 I:KTaol1, monou OTO T6A.O~ 6 o&[3ao).l.to~ aytO~ Ma~ KaTacp&pS va rov UVaKl1pU~&t en bloc* ayto Kai va ~&).I.nEp06'1'&t ETO"1 ).I.la Yla navTa ).I.' nutov.

Ol naA.atoX&YK&A.wvoi 8s(Opouoav OTt TO nav yiv&Tat xcctovorJ1:6 ).I.OA.t~ uvax8&i 0'[11 ).I.ta 11 OTi]V aA.A.l1 XSYKSA.WVi] A.OYIKi] KaT11Yopta. Ol V&OXSYK&A.WVOt br;i'X(!l'Vav TO nay, unooioovTa~ nav'Wu 8Pl1O"K&UTtK6~ UVTtA.i]'I'St~ 11 xnpuccovrcc; TO nav 8soA.oytKO. Of V&OX&YK&A.WVOt OU).I.).I.&pi(oVTat Ti]V niOTl1 Tmv naA.atoX&YKSA.tavmv, OTt OTOV unapXOVTa KOO).l.O KUptapxouv ij Opncxetu, of £vvOt&~, TO Ka80A.IKO. Movo nou of ).I.6V KaTanOA.E).I.ouV TilV KUptapXta 'tOUTl1 oav OCPST&ptO).l.O, i::vm ot aA.A.Ot Ti]V i::YK(O).I.ta(ouv w~ vouiun.

MIa Kat Yla TOU~ V&OX&YKSA.W.VOU~ at)'[ou~ of UVTtA.i]'I'Sl~, of OK6'1'El~, ol EVVOl&~, Ta npOIOVTa Ti'j~ OUV&i0110"1l~ YEvIKa, nou ol tOtot Tij ).I.ETaTp6nouv 06 KaTt TO au8UnOOTaTO, slvnt Ta UA.l1- 81va Oso).l.a Tmv uv8po)1t(Ov, UKpt[3m~ on(O~ yta '[Ou~ naA.atoxsyKSA.taVOu~ UnOT&A.OUV UA.1181VOU~ OUVSKTtKOU~ OSO).l.OU~ Til~ uv- 8pO)1tlVl1~ xotvmvtuc, yiV&Tat &UVOllTO nw~ ol V&OXEYKSA.WVOt EXOUV va UVTtnaA.6~,OUV ).I.OVO aUT6~ Ti~ aUTanaTS~ Ti'j~ ouvstdn- 011~. Mtn Kai OTi] cpavTaoia TOU~ of OX60St~ Tmv uv8pwn(Ov, OA.&~ of npa~st~ Kat 11 oU).I.n&ptcpopa '[OU~, 'ta o&o).l.a '[OU~ Kat of cppay).l.oi TOU~ sIva 1 npotovru Ti'j~ ouv&tOl1oil~ 'tOU~, of VEOXSYK&A.laVoi, ).1.6 unoA.UTl1 ouv6nSta, 86'[OUV OTOU~ uv8pwnous TO 1)81KO aLTl1).l.U. va uVTtKaTao'[1100UV TflV T(OptVll OUV&iol1oll TOU~ ).1.6 ).I.ui uv8pwntvl1, KptTlKll 11 i::Y(oIOTtKi] OUVSi0110"1l Kai va napausptcouv E'[O"t 'tou~ nEptoptOTtKOU~ cppay).l.ou~ TOU~. AUTO 'to aLTl1).l.a v' UVTtKaTaOTa8si ij OUV&iOl1O"1l KaTaA.i]Y&l OTO alT1wa va ep).l.l1v&uTSi oWcpop&TtKa aUTO nou (mapXEt, 011A.aoi] v' uvaYV(oPIOTEi TO unapxov OW).l.600U ).I.ta~ aA.A.l1~ ep).l.l1vsla~. Of vsoXSYK&A.tavo( IDsoA.6YOt, napa Ti] Dfj8&v «xoouoxnrcxvrpc» <ppaosoA.oyia 'tOU~, slvm ol ).I.EyaA.UTSpOl OUVTl1Pl1TtKoi. or V&OTSpOt un' aUTou~ £Xouv [3psi 'ti] O(oOTi] £Kcppa01l Yla Ti] OpU.OTl1- ptOTl1Ta 'tOU~, DtaKl1puoOOVTa~ nw~ uY(oVi(OVTat uovo svnvrtov Tmv «cp(!aa8WV)). Movo nou ~SXvouv OTt 0' aUT6S TiS cppaosts of

• - <>.6 (rIlYOA.6 .ov.

tOtOl OSV UV'H1tapaSs'touv 1tapa uovo <ppaU&l\; KaL O'H KaSOAOU OSV Ka'ta1tOA!:flOUV 'tOV 1tpaYfla'HKO, rov U1tapK'tO KOUflO, ornv U1tA&\; Ka'ta1tOA!:floUV 'ti\; <ppaU!:l\; auwu 'tou xoouou. Tc uovu U1tO't!:Asuflll'ta, U'ta 01tOLIl fl1tOPOUU& va OOrlY11u!:1 IlU'tll 11 <plAOUO<P1K~ KP1'HK~, Tj'tIlV fl!:P1KS\; lU't0PIKO-SPljUKW'HKS\; U1tOUIl<PljVLU!:l\; - K1 IlU'tS\; flOV01tA&UP!:\; - Yla 'tOV XPIU'HIlVIUflO' OA01 ol UAA01 tUXUPtafloi 'tOD\; OSV !:LVO.l 1tllpa VSOl KIlAAro1tlUflOL 'tfj\; u~irou~\; 'tOU\; va Efl<paVlUWUV 1tcO\; fls 'tou't!:\; 'tL\; UU~flllv't&\; U1tOUIl<pljVLU&l\; £XODV KaV!:l xoouoto-roptxsc UVIlKIlAU'I'!:l\;.

LS KIlVSVIlV U1tO 'tODWD\; WD\; <P1AOUO<pOD\; OSV 1tSPIlU& U1tO 'to YOU va SSU!:l U'tOV EIlD'tO 'tOD 'to 1tpO~Aljflll 1tOla &IVIl1 11 UDVap'tljUlj 'tfj\; Y&PflIlV1Ki'j\; <p1AOuo<pill\; flS 'til Y!:PflIlVlKTJ 1tPIlYflll'Hxornru, 1tOla slvct 11 ouvupmcn 'tfj\; KPl'HKTl\; 'tOD\; flS 'to tOLO 'to OlKO 'tOD\; UAlKO 1t!:p1~anOV.

* * *

01. 1tpoi.i1tOSSU!:l\;, 1tOD fl' a.u't!:\; ~&KlVafl!:, osv slvct lluSaipsrsc, OSV &tV1l1 OOYflll'tIl' L!VIll 1tPIlYflll'HKS\; 1tpoi.i1tOSSU&l\;, 1tOD u<pllip!:u~ 'tOD\; fl1tOPSL va YlV&l flOVO u'tTJ <pIlV'tIlUlll. Elvrn 'ta 1tPIlYfla'tlKa U'tOfla, TJ Opaulj WD\; KaL ol W\,lKOL OpOl 'tfj\; 1;rofj\; WU\;, 'tOUO IlUWl 1tOD 11011 ~p{;SljKIlV E'tOlflOl, OUO K1 EK!:LVOl 'tOD\; 01tOlOD\; 'ta Iota 'ta il'tOflll OljflLODpYljuav flS 't~ OlKTJ 'tOD\; OpaUlj. Au'ts\; of 1tpoi.i1tOS{;U!:l\; fl1tOPOUV, f:1t0fl{;vro\;, va Ota1t1U'troSouv fl{; 'tP01tO KIlSapa Efl1t&lplKO.

'H 1tpcO'tlj 1tpoi.i1toS&ulj KaS!: uvSpc01tl Vlj\; Io-roplnc slvci eu()lKa 11 (51tap~lj 1;rov'tav&v UVSPOl1t1VroV <hoflroV*. Tt" au'to, 'to 1tp&w UDYK&KP1fl{;VO Y&YOVO\; 1tOD 1tp{;1t!:l va Ota1tlu'troSSt slvct 11 uroflll'HK11 UUYKpO'tljUlj au't&v 't&v U'tOflrov Kill it KIlSOP11;oflSvlj U1tO 't~ UUYKp6'tljUlj au't~ uX{;ulj WDS Il{; 't~v lJ1tOAot1t1'l <pDUlj. '£0&, Mv Il1tOpoUIl!: ~(;~1l1a va EIl~aSDVODfl& OU't& U't~ fl&A,{;'tlj 't&V

* ['H uKoAou911 m,plKonll lilaypu<ptllKe rrro XElpoypa<po:J 'H nprotll tl1iOI2t)'~ npu1;11 autoov tOOV UtOWov, nou Il' autllv upxi~ouv va 1;exropi~ouv ano tU ~ooa, oev slvca to on O'Ke<ptOVral, UAAU to on upxi~ouv pel :n:al2elYovv iel tteaa ilJC; Cwijc; iOV"

CPUcrtKrov t01O'tl'rrooV 'trov tOlooV 'trov uv9pwreoov, ou'tl> O"n1 J.lSA.&'ty) 'tmv CPUcrtKroV - Yl>ooAOYIKroV, opo-uopovpuqnxdiv, KAlI.ta'toAoYIKmV - Kai 'trov UAAooV O"UV9y)KroV, reOll of uv9pooreOl 'tl£ ppfjKav E'tOll.tl>£ J.lrepoO"'ta 'tou£*. Ka91> irrtoptoypnqiiu OCPSiAl>l va ~SK1- vdst ure' au'ts£ 'ti£ CPUO"lKS£ paO"sl£ Kai ureo 'tl£ J.lStaAAays£ reOll uresO"'tl]O"av cro olapa 'tfj£ fO"topia£ Xapl] O"ti] opaO"Y) 'trov uv- 9pwreoov.

Tou; uv9pwreou£ J.lreopst£ va 'tOll£ ~SXoopiSS1£ ureo 'ta sroa ureo 'ti] O"uvl>iOl]O"Y), ureo ti] Opncxetc xt ure' o,n uno 9SAS1£. Ol uv9pooreol oJ.loo£ of t0101 upxi1;ouv va ~sxoopisouv tOV eau'to 'tOU£ ure' 'ta sma, J.lOA1£ upxisouv va naeayovv 'ta J.lsO"a 'tfj£ sOOfj£ roix, pfjJ.la reOll Ka90pt1;s'tat ureo 'ti] O"ooJ.lattKi] roue O"uYKPOtY)O"1l. IIapayov-ra£ 'ta J.lsO"a 'tfj£ soofj£ roue, of uv9pooreot reapayouv EJ.lJ.lsO"a 'ti]v rOta 'ti]v uAIKi] rou; sooi].

eo 'tporeo£ J.lS rov oreolo of uv9pooreOl reo.payouv ta J.lsO"a 'tfj£ sOOfj£ rou; &~aptts'tal nplv ure' oAa ureo 'ti£ 10lO'tlFS£ tmv tOlooV 'tmv J.lS(l'ooV 'tfj£ soofj£ reOll pps9Y)Kav E'tOlJ.la Kat reOll repsreSl va uvareapax90uv. '0 'tporeo£ auto£ napayooyi1£ osv repsrest va !;~S'ta!;sw.l ureAm£ ureo 't11V reAsupa !;KStvll oreou !;J.lcpavisstat w£ uvareapayooyi] 'tfj£ CPUO"lKfj£ ureap~ll£ 'tmv UTOJ.looV. '0 'tporeo£ au'to£ sIvat O"S uKOJ.la J.ll>yaAll'tspo pa9J.l0 Eva£ Ka90pIO"J.lSVO£ 'tporeo£ opaO"'tllPlOtll'ta£ au'tmv 'trov utOJ.looV, Eva£ Ka90plO"J.lSVO£ rpono; EKcppaO"ll£ 'tfj£ 1;0011£ roue, Eva£ O"UYKSKPIJ.lSVO£ Te6nor; Cwijr; 'tmv tOlooV 'tmv UTOJ.looV. "Ozotn slvut 11 !;SooTSPlKsuO"y) 'tfj£ !;oofj£ 'tmv UtOJ.looV, rsrotn sivui Kat 'ta rOla. AUTO reoll uvttrepoO"ooreSllOUv 'ta utoJ.la O"uJ.lre tre'tsl , ereoJ.lsvoo£, J.lS 'ti]v reapayooY11 roue, ouuntre'tl>t 't00"0 J.lS 'to zl reapayouv 00"0 Kat J.lS 'to ncOr; reapayouv. Y Apu, 'to 'tL slvct 'ta UtoJ.la. f:sapttstat a.reo Wll£ UAIKOll£ opou£ 'tfj£ reapayooyfj£ roue.

'H reapayooyi] au'ti] upXtSSl J.lOVO J.lasi J.lS 'ti]v av~'Y}o''Y} TOV

* rH OXOA.OU911 n&plKonr, Dlaypa<ptTjK& <5tO X,&lpoypa<po:] Al)tE~ oi <5XE<5&l~ Ka90pi~ouv, OO<5t0<50, oX,t uovo tr,v UPX,tKr" npootoyovTj <5UYKPOrnon t&v uv9poo7toov, Kai iDlait&pa ti~ iJ.&ta~u tOU~ <PUA.&tlKE~ Dta<popE~, una Kat OA.6KA.TjpTj tr,v napa7tEpa uva7ttu~Tj 11 iJ.r, uva7ttU~r, tOU~ oo~ ti~ iJ.EP&~ iJ.a~.

'llAr/lv(J{toiJ. Auti1, nUA1, npOunOOEtel f!IU em'XotVOJvla (Verkehr) 2 troy UtO~LWV f!Eta~D TOU<;. 'H f!Op<pi) autfj<; Tfj<; f:1ClKoIvwvia<; 1<0.OOpiSeTO.l nUAt ano Ti)V napaywyi1.

Ot crXEcr&l<; f!Eta~D troy OtaCPOPWV f:Ovrov E~aptlrovTat ano TO pa.Of!O nOD to Ka8Eva TOU<; £XEl aVantD~&l Ti<; napaYWYIKE<; OUVUf!El<; TOU, TOV Kataf!Eplcrf!O tfj<; tpyacria<; Kai Ti1V tcrWTeptKi) E1ClKOtVwvia. AUTi) ij 8E0"11 uvayvwpi(Etat ano OAOU<;. 'AAA.a oXt f!OVO ij crXEcrll tVO<; £OVOU<; f!E TU ana, f!U Kat 6A.6KAllPll it tcrwT&ptKi) OOf!11 aUTOU rof tOIOU toU £()VOU<; E~apTl6tat uno TO paOf!0 uVuntU~ll<; Tfj<; napaywyi'j<; tOU Kat ano ti<; EcrWtEPIKE<; Kat E~WTePIKE<; TOU tnlKotVwvis<;. To f!ETPO uvunTu~ll<; TroV napaYWylKroV OUVUf!!:wv tvo<; WVOU<; TO OEtXVEt f!E TOV nlO napacrTaTtKO Tpono 6 pa8f!0<; avunTu~ll<; TOU KaTaf!&plcrf!OD Tfj<; tpyacria<;. Ku8E ve« napaywYIKi1 ODvaf!ll, o-ro f!ETPO nOD OEV slvm f!IU un Ai) nocrOTtKi) EnEKTO.crll TroV tjOll YVWcrTroV napaywYIKrov OUVUf!!:wv (AoyouXUPll, TO ~&XEpcrWf!a VEWV yatrov), ouvemoepet f!tu YEa avu7t'tU~ll TOD KaTaf!&plcrf!OD T11<; Epyacria<;. [ ... ]

[ ... ] 'APXIKU, 11 napaywyi) TroV lOsrov, TroV aVTlAi)~1&WV, 111<; crUVeiOllcrll<; OlanAEK!:tal c'if!wa ~LE Ti1V UAIKi1 OpacrTllPtOt1Fa Kai f!E Tl]V UAIKi) tnlKOtVwvia TroV avOpci)1Cwv, f!E 111 YAwcrcra aUTi) Tfj<; npaYf!aTtK11<; sW11<;. 'H olaf!Op<pwcrll TroV aVtlAi)'I'EWV, 11 crKE'I'll, it nVwf!aTlKi) smxor vrovlo TroV av8pwnwv Ef!<paVtsoVTat aKOf!a EOro vu nllYuSouV af!!:cra ano Ti1v UAlK11 crUf!nepl<pOpU roue, To lOtO tcrXD&t Yla Ti1V nvwf!aTlKi1 napaywyi1, onw<; autf] napOUcrtU(eTat crT11 YAwcrcra n1<; nOAl TlKfj<;, TroV vOf!WV, n1<; 1'!OlKfj<;, Tfj<; 8PllcrK!:ia<;, Tfj<; ~L!:Ta<pucrtKfj<; KTA. £vo<; AaoD. Ol avOPWnot dvat oi napaywyoi TroV aVTlA11'l'EWV, TroV io!:rov TOU<; KtA., UAAU 6 A.6yo<; slvm YIU npanWtlKOD<; av8pwnou<;, oproVte<; avOpwnou<;, onw<; aUTOt npocrolOpi(oVTat ano f!IUV optousvr; uvunTU~ll Troy napa.YWYlKrov TOU<; OUVUf!!:WV Kai TroV aVTlcrToIXODVTWV cr' aUTE<; crXEcr!:WV TOU<;, W<; Ti<; unwTaTE<; f!OP<PE<; TOU<;. 'H cruvslOll0"11 (das Bewusstsein) OEV f!nopEl nOTE vu sivcr TinoTa aAAO uno TO tvcrUVElOllTO Elvm (das bewusste Sein), Kai TO Elvm TroV uvOpwnwv TO unoTeAEl f] npanLaTtKl] Ota01Kacria tfj<; (wfj<; TOU<;. YAy cr' 6A.6KAllPll Tl]V iowAoyia oi av8pwnOI Kat cl !!&TaSD TOUe; crXE-

csu; i';~upavisov'tat J.lB 'to K8<paA.t Ka't(O, orew~ cr' EVa crKO'tBtVO 9aA.aiJ.0, rors Kai 'to qxnvousvo WUW rellya/,;St Breicrll~ ureo 'tijv Io-roptxn otaotKacria 'tfj~ /,;wfj~ WU~, orew~ Kai 'to uv'tw'tpaJ.lIlBVo BIOWA.O 'trov UV'ttK&tJ.lBVWV crrov UJ.l<Pt~A.llcr'tpostoi'j TCll'Ya/,;Bt ureo 'tijv a~L&0"11 <pUcrtKij otaotKacria 'tfj~ /,;wfj~ roue,

~B reA.ijPll U.V'ti9wll iJ.B 'tij y&p~LavtKl1 <ptA.ocro<pia., reoD xnrs~aivst ureo rov oupnvo cr'tij yi'j, 80ro uv&~a[vouJ.l& ureo 'tij yfj crov oupuvo, OllA.aoij ~SKtVaJ.lS OXt a.reo 8K&rVO reoD ol uv9pwreot Mv&, <paV'ta/,;ov'tat, uv'ttA.aJ.l~avov'tO.t, ~&KtVaJ.l& i';reicrll~ OXt ureo 'tOD~ uv9p6)1tou~ reoD ureapxouv uovo cr'ta Myta, cr't11 O"1~bjfll, cr'tij ocvrnclu, cr'ti~ UV'tlA.ij\j!&t~, &cr'ts OlC1.~LBcrOU au'trov va <p'tacrou~Ls crWD~ (wV'tavoD~ uv9p6)1tou~' yta iJ.a~, crlliJ.srO U<p&'tllpia~ slvut ol repaYiJ.a'ttKa oproV't&~ uv9pwreol, 8Vro areo 'tijv repaYJ.la'ttKij otaOtKacrta 't11~ /,;wfj~ WU~ ouvdyoous Kat 'tijv uvare'tu~ll 'trov LO&OA.OytKroV uv'tavaKA.acr&WV Kat urellXl1crBwv a.u't11~ 'tl1~ OtaOtKacrta~ 'tfj~ /,;wfj~. 'AK0J.la Kai 'ta OJ.ltXA.WOll reA.6.criJ.a'tC1. 'tOu 8YKB<paA.-Qu 'trov uv9pwrewv slvm Kt aiha uvaYKaTa reapaywya, Eva sloo~ uva- 9UJ.ltacrBL~ nl~ UA.tKfj~ Ota.oLKacria~ 'tfj~ swfj~ WU~, ij oreoia unoper va oLamcr'tw9&r Ka'ta rpono BiJ.reStptKO Kai cruvOB&'tat J.lB UA.tKB~ repoUreo9BcrBt~. 'H ij9tKij, ij 9PllcrKeia, ij iJ.&'tC1.<pucrLK11 Kai 'ta ana etoll to&OA.oyia~, Ka9w~ tmi ol uv'ticr'totXB~ roue J.lOp<pB~ cruv&iollcrll~, xavouv £'I:O"L 'tijv Brei<pa0"11 'tfj~ aihovOJ.ll1~ ureocr'tacrll<;. flBV Exouv Io-roplu, OEV £xouv B~BA.l~ll. OL uv9pwreot, reoD uvare'tDcrcrouv 'ti)v UA.tKij reapaywyij rou; Kai 'tijv UA.tKij roue BreLKOLVWVla., una/,;ouv, ~La/,;i J.lB 'toD'tll 'tijv repa.YJ.la'ttKo'tll'ta roue, Kai 'tij crKB\j!ll rou; Kal 'ta srporovrn 'tfj~ crKB\j!ll~ roue, flBV slvct ij cruvetollcrll reoD Ka90pl/,;St 'tij /,;wij, una slvct ij /,;wij reOD Ka- 90Pl/,;St 'tij cruvslOll0"11. '0 repro'to~ 'tporeoe; 9&Wp1lcrlle; 'trov repayiJ.a'twv ~SKtVaSt ureo 'tij ouvetoncn, crav va fj'tav au'tij EVa. /,;wvruvo uWiJ.o· 0 OSD'tBpOe;, reoD uv'tareoKpivs'tC1.t cr'tijv repaYJ.la'ttKij /,;wij, ~SKtva&t ureo 'ta repaYJ.la'ttKa swv'tava u'toJ.la Kai 9swp&r 'tij cruveiollcrll uovo crav cruV&LOllcrij 7:0V~. [ ... ]

K. MAPa· (]). ENrKEA~ •• AltllVtll, to". 3, ad.. 13, 19·22, 26·27.

K. MAPS - <D. ENrKEA~

eH rEpflavlKT) 'I()EOJ...oyia (1845/1846)

LtijV EK9scr11 nov Kuvalls ffi~ tffipa 6 'IuK{()~o~ 6 u:ya90vA11~ (Jacques Ie bonhomme) uvnAall~UVStal tijv tcrtopia3 uovo cruv npotov u<P11P11IlSVCOV crKbl'S{()V - 11 ~L1iAAOV troy OIKroV ron io&rov YUt ti~ u<P11P11IlBVf;~ crKB",sl~, - tijv uvnAall~UvE.tat cruv xuptnpXOVIl&V11 un' aUtB~ ti~ iOBS~, nov 6AS~ crs t&A&utaia UVUAucrll OtaAUOVtat IlBcra «cro 'Ispo». Autij tT]v KupIapxia toU «Tspon», tfj~ crKB"'l1~, ti'j~ X&YKSAtaVfj~ unoAUtll~ losa~ nuvco crov f:llnSIPIKO xoouo, tijv napOUmUi;&1 oriv npuYllan unupxoucra Io-roPIKT] crXBcr11 , cruv KUPWPXia 'TWV uyicov, troy iO&OAOY{()V nuvco o-rov ullv11tO xoouo - cruv iBeaexla. LtijV t&papxia autij o,n oro napsA90v EIl<PavIi;omv to Eva fiB7:&' to UAAO, tmUPX&l tffipa 'to Eva ()(nAa o-ro uno, Etm nov ij IlIU ano tl~ ouo ouvunupxoucr&~ 1l0P<PB~ E~BAI~ll~ KUPWPX&t nuv{() cr'tijv dnll. "Erot, 6 E<P11~O~ KUpIapx&t nuv{() cro nalol, 6 MOYYOAO~ nuv{() crto Nsypo, 6 LVYXPOVO~ nuv{() crov 'ApXato, 6 U<pocrl{()IlBVO~ f:Y{()lcrtT]~ (citoyen)* nuvco crov f:YCOIcrtT] IlB tij cruv119lcrllBv11 EvvOla (Bourgeois)?" KtA. - ~ABn& tijv «Oixovoutn tfj~ I1aAal1i~ L'ua9ijK11~»4. 'R «f:KIl11osVIcr11» tou «KOcrIlOU troy npaYIlUt{()V» uno tOV «xoouo 'tou nv&vllato~» f:1l<Pavii;&w,1 f:oro otrv «KUpIapxia» 'tou «xocuou 'trov crKB",&COV» nuvco orov «xoouo troy npaYllu'tcov». Eival unoAuta <pumKo on ij KupIapxia, 'tT]v onoia 6 «xoouo; troy crKS",S{()V» ucrKoucr& uno 'tT]V upxij cr'tT]V Io-roptc, napoucrIui;&tat crtO 'tBAO~ autfj~ ti'j~ tcrtopia~ Kal cruv npaYllanKij, ov't{()~ unupxoucra KU-

• - 6 ItOMtT1<; •

•• - 6 !1!toop~ooii<;. 6 Iiv9pollto<; !tou UVilKEl a,i1v uanKiI ,alit).

ptctPXta TroV crKsnTop,svroV - xrn, ozo»; ea OOUp,E, crs TEASUTata avaAucry), crav Kuplapxia TroV ElSroPy)TlKOAOYrov q>lAOcrO<prov - na.vro crTOV xoouo TroV npayp,aTrov, ETal nov Yla TOV aylO Ma.~ va. p,ijv anOp,SVEl CiAAO, napa. va ~SKIVijcrSt TOV aywva Eva.vTla crTie; crKS\jIEte; Kat Tie; losEe; TroV 10soAoyrov Kat va Tie; KaTavIKijest, mcrTE va. yiVEt «KaWXOe; wu KOcrp,OU TroV npayp,a.Trov Kai TOU xoouou TroV crK&\jIEroV».

(('Ieeaexia elvai uvewexia 1:WV aubpewv, KllpW.p)(io. 'tou nveUjlo.1:Oe;;.

"Iepupxucoi eljlo.{He lcro.jle cl"Iljlepo., Ko.'to.1tLe~ojlevot uno EKelVOIle;; nou ernpi~ovmt cr'tie;; crK!:ljIete;;, Ko.i aKEljlete;; slvm» - notOe;; OEV 'to npocrei;e 0.\)1:0 uno xntpo ; - ((1:0 'feeO)) (a. 97). (rux va jli]v rov Ko.1:1lYOpi]crOIlV on a' 6MKA.l1PO 'to «Bt~A.io» rou stv qma)(vet no.pa «crKEljlete;;», o1]A.o.oi] ((1:6' leaO)), 6 'E'tipvep npocrnaS1]ae v« npoqlllA.o.)(Sei, jli] Kavovme;; npaYjlo.n nOIlSeva Ko.jlta crKEIjI1] jlEcro. crE rotrro 'to ~t~A.io. "AUcoa'te, cro neptoOtKO 'tOU BiYKo.V't (cr. 162) unooioet orov so.uro ron «oei;tore)(vio. crri] crKEIjI1]», o1]A.o.oi], Ko.ra 'ti] OtKi] ron spjl1]veio., oei;to'te)(vio. crnv Ko.'to.crKeui] «'tou "Ispoii», npaYjlo. nou OEV npOKet'to.t va 'tou 'to ullqltcr~1]'ti]croulle). - «'Iepo.p)(io. alvut e:uuvewexia TOV nJlev/£a-r:oc;» (cr. 467). - «'EKeiv1l i] /£eaa£wv£u~ iepo.p)(io. stv i'no.v no.pa Ilta uvi]llnoP1] il:po.p)(io., OIO'tt i'no.v ll1to)(peCOIlEV1l va UVE)(e'to.t va ll1tap)(et oinA.o. 't1]e;; uvevo)(A.1l1:11 'tOU xoouou i] ~o.p~o.porll'ta» (Sa ooujle UjlEcrcoe;; «uno nou i;Epel uovo 0 'E'tipw:p OA.o. oao. ii'to.v unOxpeCOjlEV1] v« Kavel i] Ispup)(io.») «xct jlOVO " Me'to.ppUSjlla1] )(o.A.U~ocoae 'ti] OUvo.jlll 'tfie;; icpo.p)(io.e;;» (creA.. 110). '0 «'E'tipvep» nlcrreuel npaYllo.n moe;; «" KUPlo.P)(io. 't(i)v nveujla'tcov no'tE oro no.peA.Sov OEV ii'to.v roco Ko.SOA.tKeUIlEV1] Ko.i no.vicr)(UPljl> ooo jle'ta 'ti] Me'to.ppU9lltcr1l. Fho rsost moe;; o.\J1:i] " KUPlo.P)(io. 't(i)v nveujla'tcov, «dvrt v' unoanu 'ti] Spl]<1KeunKi] uPXil uno 'ti]v 'tEXV1], 'to Kparoe;; Ko.l 'tl1V Enla'ti]Il1], uV'tige'to., 'ta uvuljlcocre oro crUVOA.O roue uno 'to neolO 'tfie;; nflo.Yjlo.rucomrnc crro ~o.alA.elO 1:OU nVEUjlo.roe;; Ko.l 'ta EKo.VE Bpnoxsurucu»,

[ ... ] AUTij fJ aVTiAY)\jIY) Yla. Tij VSOTEPY) Io-ropiu OEV slvct napa p,la lnav~11crY) Tfje; lOWe; naAIUe; aUTanaTY)e; Tfje; a<pl1 pY)p,svY)e; qnAocro<piae; Yla Ti]V KUPWPX.ta WU nVEvp,aWe; crTi]V Io-ropin. To Xropio aUTO p,a.AIcrTa osiXVSl nroe; 6 8pfjO"l(Oe; 'IaKroPoe; 6 ayaElovAY)e; cruVf:xroe; anooEXSTat aVE~ETacrTa Ti]V Kocrp,oavTiAl1\j1y), nov KAY)POVOp,Y)crs ano TOV XEYKSA Kai nov TOU EXEt yivst nurponcpaooTY), TijV anOO&XETal ouv 'Jl(!aYflauu6 'Y.6Cfflo Kai «EAicrcrETat» o ' aUTO TO nSoto. AUTO nov Ela. p,nopoucrE va. <pavEi cr& rotiro TO xropio roe; «OlKO TOm) Kat «p,OVaOtKO» slvat it aVTiAY)\jIY) aUTfje; TfjC; KupwPxiae; TroV nvsoudreov roe; le(!a(!xla~ - [ ... ]

[ ... ] 'H uio9s'tljo"Yl 'ti'j~ X8YKSAw.vi'j~ iota~ Y1(1. naYKocrf.na KUpw.px[a 't(J)v CP1AOcrOCProV I<a.[ 1'] f.ls'ta'tponij 'tlj~ uno rov aylO Ma~ crt f.llaV L8papxia ouvrsxstrct Xaplj crt f.lla EV'tSA&~ f.lij KP1- 'tlK11 dJnlcr'tia 'tOU ayiou f.la~ Kai crt f.llaV liyvOla «9Wcr8~ODf.lSV1P) (oheilige») 11 U980CPO~11 (heillose), nOD {Kavonolsl'tat va CC~AErCSl OlSlcroU'tlKa» (odurchschauen») 'tijv Io-roplo (OljAa011 va pixVSl f.lla fJtaGnx/j !-lana (durchzuschauen) ma {moplKa Osoof.lsva nOD napa9t'tsl 0 XSYKSA), oixro~ va nOAucrKO'ti(S'tat va «yvroplosi» nOAAa c(1CpaYf.ld.'ta» Yl' aihijv.

Tevncc, f.l0la(sl va cpo~atal nro~ uno 'tij cr'tlYf.lij nOD 9a upXicrS1 «vc oloacrK8tat)) ot 9a f.lnoPSL ma «vd 9DS1 Kai unoAMst)) (cr. 96) Kai, cruvsn&~, 9a ~aA 'trocrS1 cr'tij «ucrmonovfn 't&V EV'tOuorv» - &napKij~ A6yo~ Y1a va f.l11V C(1CpoXropijcr8t)) o-ro CC9DS1V Kai unOAADSLV» 'tfj~ OlKfj~ rou liyvow.~.

"Av KanoLO~, onro~ 0 XSYKSA, Kavsl Yla npro'tlj rpopn f.lla rsrotn KatacrKw~ Yla OA6KAljplj 'tijv io roplu Kai Yla rov crDYXpovo KOcrf.LO cr' OA11 'tOU 'tijv £K'tacrlj, alno Mv f.lnOpsl va 'to KaVSt oixro; va £XSl supD'ta'ts~ 9S'tlKt~ YVrocr81~, oiXro~ uvacpops~, f.lsP1Kt~ £mro, mijv &f.lnSlP1Kij Icroptc, o[xro~ va EKOljArocrsl f.lta f.l8yaAlj &VSPY1l'tlKo'tlj'ta Kai O~UOSpKSW.. "Av Of.lro~ KanolO~ LKavonotstrm f.lt 'to va EKf.ls'taAASD8tat Kai va npocrapf.lot,:st Yla OlKOD~ 'tOU crKonoD~ f.lla 110lj unapxoucra iholf.llj Ka'tacrKsU11, &nlKaAoDf.lSVO~, Yla va Em~8~atrocrSt 'tij CC01K11 rou» UV't'tAlj\l'lj, usuovrouevc napaoetYf.lata (AOYOUXaPlj 'tOD~ Nsypoi»; Kat 'tOD~ MOYYOAOU~, 'tOD~ Ka90A1KOD~ Kat IIpo'tsmav'ts~, 't1'] raAA1K1'] 'Enavamacrlj K'tA.) - Kl au'to UKp1~&~ Kavsl 6 KoV't'apOf.laxo~ f.la~ svcvrtov 'tOU 'Ispoii, - rors otv 'tOU xpslat,:8'tat Kaf.lla unoM'tro~ yvrocrlj 'tfj~ Io-ropiuc. 'Ano 'tijv OAlj au't11 &Kf.l8'taUsucrlj ~yatVS1 uvanocpsuK'ta Eva uno'tEA8crf.la Krof.llKO, xceuucorcro f.laAtata, o'tav un' 'to napsA90v vivsrut ~acpVtKa Eva nijoljf.la cr'to lif.lscro napov, onro~ 'to &loaf.ls tjOlj otav f.llAoDcraf.lS yta 'tijv C(1Ca.Aa~Of.lapa»5 .

"Oco Y1a 'tl1V npaYf.lanKij ispapxia 'tOU Mecctoivc, crljf.l8trovouus anA&; EO&, on aihij otv unfjpxs Yla 'to Aao, Yla 'ti~ f.lsyaAS~ f.la(s~ 't&v uv9pronrov. na rov noM xoouo unfjpxs uovo it <psouoapxta, EV& Lspapxia unfjpxs f.lOVO cr'to ~a9f.lo nOD f) lOLa.

ii'mv ehe cpeOUOapXLKl] ehe av'tLcpeouoapXLKl] ().l.scra cr'ta nAatcrta 'tile; cpeouoapxtae;). 'R iOta f) cpeouoapXta cr'tij ge).l.eAiwcrij 'tTje; Exet &v'teAroe; e).l.neLpLKSe; crxscreLe;. 'R iepapXta Kat 6 ayrovae; 'tTje; &vavrfov 'tile; cpeouoapxtae; (6 ayrovae; 'trov 10eoAOycov ).l.Lae; oPLcr).l.SVTje; 'taSTje; svnvrtov 't11e; rowe; aihile; 'taSTje;) osv ano'teAei napa 'tijv ioeoAoYLKl] EKcppacrTj 'tile; cpeouoapxtae; Kat 'tile; OtanaATje; nOD avan'tDcrcre'taL ).l.scra cr'tl]V Iota 'tij cpeouoapXta - ()'tij OwnaATj aihij crU).l.nepLAa).l.~avov'tal Kat ol ayrovee; ava).l.ecra ()'ta oeouoapXlKa opyavco).l.sva E9vTj. 'Iepapxia slvut f) ioea'tij ).l.opcpij 'tile; cpeouoapxiae;. <l>eouoapxta sivm f) nOALTtKij ).l.Opcpij 'trov ueommVLKroV crxscrecov napaycoy11e; Kat EnlKoLVCOVtae;. 'Eno).l.svcoe;, 6 ayrovae; 'tile; cpeouoapxtae; svnvrtov 'tile; iepapXtae; ).l.nopei va ESTjY1'Jgei ).l.OVO [haY oogei E).l.cpacrTj o ' alJ'tse; 'tte; npaK'tLKSe; UA1KSe; crxscrele;. Aihij f) Iota f) E).l.cpacrTj ~aSeL 110Tj 'tsp).l.a cr'tl]v roe; 'tropa av'ttATj\jlTj 'tile; icr'toptae;, nOD nt()'teue XCOpte; va &peuva 'tte; 'Veuoatcr911crele; 'tOil Meoutrovc, iowhepa 'tte; ~Jeuoalcr9ijcrele; &Keivee; nOD KaAAlepyoucrav 6 Aoroxpdropr«; Kat 6 IIanae; o-rov ).l.e'taSD rou; ayrova.

MLa Kat 0 aylOe; MaS osv Kavel iiAAO napa va neplOpt~el crs «llXTjpa AOyta Kat nevlxpse; crKS\jlele;» 'tte; xeYKeAtavSe; acpalpscrele; Yla 'to Msoufmvc Kat 'tl]V 'Iepapxta, 06 ~ASnoU).l.e Kavsva AOYO va acrxoATj90u).l.e neplcrcrO'tepo ).l.S 'tl]V npay).l.a'tLKl], IcroPLKij 'Iepapxta.

'Ano 'ta napanavw cruvaye'tat 'tropa cracproe; OTt f) 'taxuoaK'tUAoupyta ).l.nopei va ytVeL Kat Ka't' uv'tt()'tpocpTj EVVOLa Kat 6 Ka90A1Klcr).l.0e; ).l.nopei va ytVel VOTj'toe; OXL uovo crav nl)oKa'tapK'tLKl] ~(9).l.toa, aAAa Kat crav iipvTjcrTj 'tile; aATj9LV11e; 'Iepapxtae;, ono'te Ka90A1KLcr).l.0e; = iipvTjcrTj 'tOU nVeD).l.a'tOe;, ).l.11 nveu).l.a, aicr9Tj'tO'tTj'ta, an' onou SenTjoael 1) ).l.eyaATj 9scrTj 'tOU 'IaKco~ou 'tOD aya90DA11 OTt oi 'Il](JOVirBt; «).l.ae; Ecrwcrav ano 'tT]V uaian-rw(J'l] Kat 'tT]V a n w A. B l a 'tile; aicr9Tj'tO'tTj'tae;» (cr. 118). Tt 9a YLVOuccrcv «'E).l.ele;», ).l.oAa'tau'ta, iiv f) «anroAeLUl) 'tile; aicr9Tj'tO'tTj'tae; elxe cruv'teAecr'tei, alno Mv 'to ).l.a9atvou).l.e. 'OAOKATjPTj f) UA1KT] KivTjcrTj, ).l.S anapxij rov oSKa'tO £K'tO alrova, nOD OXl ).l.OVO «Mae; Ecrcocre ano 'tT]V «Ka'tan'tcocrTj» 'tile; aicr9Tj't0'tTj'tae;, aAAa, aniee'ta, Eowcre cr'tl]V «aicr9Tj't0'tTj'tU» nOAD ).l.eyaM'tepll avan'tuSTj,

osv unapxe1 yta 'tOV «Ertpvsp». "OAa aiha 'ta EKaVaV oi 'Incouirsc. LUYKpive'te, uAAcoa'te, 'tl] «tAoao<pia 'tfje; 'Io-roptcc» 'tOD XSYKeA6, a. 425.

Kuvovrec f.le'ta<popa 'tfje; nanaooKpa'tiae; 'tOD napeAElov'tOe; a'to O"lhtepa, 0 ayLOe; Ma~ aV'tlAl]<pElllKe 'tl] auyxpovll EnoXl] orrv EnoXij «nanaooCf'eoavjJ'YJ~»' Knl umepa, E~e'ta(ov'tae; alJ'tl]v 'tl]V ~te'ta<pep~tsvll a'tij auyxpovll Enoxij nanaooKpa'tia as olaKptall uno 'tijv naAla f.leaalCOvIKl] nanaooKpa'tia, 'tl]v napouala(et aav Kuplapxia 't&v loeoAoycov, oriv «n'Vsvfw aXoAaexsiov». "Erct, nanaoo<ppoauvll = {epapxia me; Kupwpxia 'tOD nveuf.lawe;, axoAaa'tlKtaf.lOe; = Kuplapxia 'tOD nveuf.la'toe; me; l&papxia.

Al)'tll 'tl1V anAl] f.l&'tapaall a'tl]v nanaoo<ppoauvll - nou OUO"laa'tlKa Mv &lvat Kav f.l&'tapaall, - 0 «L'tipv&p» 'tl]V npay~tawnote1 f.lsaa ano 'tp&1e; paaaVta'tlKSe; f.le'taf.lop<proaete;.

IIp&wv, Ka'ta 'tl]v uno\jll] rou, «TJ EvvOla nanaoo<ppoauvll» «sivm aUf.l<puije;» o-rov KaElsva «(TeOU se1 Yla Kanow f.leyaAll iOEa, Yla Kanow oiKatll tmoEleall» (naAt aiJ'tY] " oiKa111 unoEleall I), «Yla Kan010 El&COPll'tlKO nta'teuco K'tA.».

A&u'tepo, f.lEaa. a'to OtKO rou xoouo 't&v \jIeuoataElijaecov, 0 L'tipv&p «oxovtuerst» a'tY]v «npocuovuz \jI&uoaiaElllall £v6e; K6- cuou nou aK6f.la OEV E~&l f.laElet va 'ta pyaSel nEpa xcopie; 't"v «nunaoo<ppoauvll», ollAaoy] «vc Se1 Kai va 0llf.lLOupyei o-ro ovof.la f.ltue; loea~ K'tA.».

Tpiro, «elver " Kuplapxia aihY] 'tfje; iOEae; 11 'tfje; nanaooqipoouvrp;», ollAaoij: «'0 Pop&amspOe;, AoyouXaPll» (AoyouXaPll I), «0 Laiv-Zua't Kai oU'tCO KaEle~fje;» (Kai oU'tCO KaEle~fje; !) ccTj'tav nEpa yta nEpa nanaoee;» K'tA. Kci ol 'tpeie; alJ'tte; ueruuop<proaete;, cHie; ono1ee; " nanaoo<ppoauvll (((iVaKaAUn'te'tam, «Bptcxerm» Kai «E~OpKise'tat» (oAa alJ'ta mY] a. 100), OEV EK<ppa(ouv, auven&e;, 'tino'ta napanavco un6 aih6 nou 0 aY1Oe; Ma~ flae; £Xe1 n&i EnaV&lAllflflSVa, ollAaoij, 'tl]v KUPWPXia 'tOD nv&uf.la'tOe;, 'tfje; iatae;, 'tOD 'Ispoti, navco a'tY] ccscoij» ( o-ro tOtO).

'A<pOD, u' au'tov rov rpono, " «KUptapxia 'tfje; lOEae; 11 'tfje; nanaoo<PpoauVlle;» unoKa'tta'tllae 't"v Icropic, 0 ayLOe; Ma~ unopst, pEpata, xcopie; ouaKoAia va &'vaSll'ty]a&t Kai naAl au'tl]v 'tl]V «1tanaoo<ppoaUVlp) a' 01..11 't"v npoyevEa'tepll Icroptu Kai

£TcrL va napOUO"Lacrel «TOV Pojlscmspo, AoyouXaPll, TOV IatvZUO"T Kat OUTCO Ka8e~fje;» oriv nanaOee; Kat va TOUe; ruurtcat ~lS TOV 'IVVOKSVTlO TOV I" Kat TOV Fpnyopto TOV Z', OnOTe Ka8e uovaOLKOTllTa E~a<pav{seTat ~npoaTa C1iOll Movuduco, "OAOL aUTOt OSV elver, OUO"LacrTlKa, napa Ota<pOpeTlKa 01l0paia, Ota<pOpeTlKSe; ~LeTa~<plsaele; EVOe; npoaronou, n"jt; (cnanaoo<ppoauV11e;)), Tj onoia 01l~lOupY11ae OAll 'tl1V Icroptc ana 't11V anaPX11 'tOU Xpio-rurvicr~LOU. "Orro YLa TO nwe;, ~S ~la rsrotn aVTtAll\jlll 'tfje; Io-roptnc, ((OAee; 01 yaTee; vfvovrcr crTaXTlSe;», ~l6. Kai OAee; 01 la'tOplKse; ola<popse; «dxupdivovrm» Kat ((OLaAUOVTao> ~scra crnlV ((£VVOta nanaoo<ppoaUVll)), oao Yl' alno, 6 aylOe; Ma~ ~ue; OiVel a~LS()(Oe; eva XTunllTo napaOeLy~a ~s ((TOV PO~ecrnlspo AoyouXaPll, rov IaivZoo-r Kai ount) Ka8e~fje;». 'Eow ~ue; srpootpeperm npw'ta 6 Po~ecrntSpOe; oriv (cnapaOely~a» TOU IatV-ZuaT Kat 6 IatV-ZuaT crav eva «xu] ount) Ka8e~fje;» TOU Pojleomspou. "Yo-rspn ASye'taL : «I' au'tOue; 'tOue; EKnpoaronoue; 'tWV 1epWV cru~<pePOVTffiV aV'tl'tt- 8eTal evae; xoouoc <1~lS'tP11TffiV 'npocrffinLKwv', Koa~LKwv cuuosPOVTffiV». Iloto.; 'toue; <1VTlTiSov'to.v; 01 npOVOtVOL xct 01 OsputOOPLavo{7, nou OtapKWe; roi»; KaTllyopouaav, aUTOUe; TOUe; <11.11- 8lVOUe; EKnpocrronoue; Tfje; snavaaTaTLK11e; ouva~llle;, - 01lAaM1 'tfje; pOll'YJ~ 'ta~lle; rtou ~'tav aA118lva snaVaaTaTlK~, 't11e; «avapiS~ll'tlle;» ~LaSae; (~Asne ((Aoyouxap1p) «Memoires» de R. Levasseur «xut OU'tffi Ka8c~fje;», ((011 AaUp) Nougaret: «Histoire des prisons», - Barere : «Deux amis de la liberte» (et du commerce), - Mme Roland: «Appel a Ia posterite», - «Memoires de J.B. Louvet - Kat UKo~a 'ta S~eTlKa «Essais historiques» TOU Beaulieu" K'tA., K'tA., Ka8roe; Kat OAa 'ta npaKTLKa TWV ouvsfiptrioserv TOU SnaVaaTaTlKOU oLKaa'tllPiou ((Kat OU'tffi Ka8e~fje;»), - nou TOUe; Kan1Yopoucrav Yla Ka'tana'tll0"11 'tWV (depWV cuurpepovroiv», 'tOU IuV'taY~LaTOe;, 't11e; SAeu8eptae;, 't11e; LaoTllTae;, 'twv OlKaLffi~arorv 'tou av8pronou, TOU penou~nAlKavlcr~ou, TOU OlKaiou, nle; sainte propriete", Yla Ka'tanaTllall «Aoyouxapll» 'tfje; olaKpLalle; 'tWV S~OUO"LWV, 't11e; av8pffinLUe;, 'tfje; l'j8lKfje;, 'tfje; ~e'tpLOna8eLae; «xui OU'tffi Ka8e~fje;». EtXav uV'tiSe'toue; OAOUe; TOUe; nan6.(Je~, nou

roo; Ka-rl]yopoucrav on napa~L(i(01)v oAa -ra Ks<paAatmOl] Kat Ssutspeuovru crl]fleia -rfj~ Spl]crKeunKfj~ Kat TjStKfj~ Ka't"llXl]crl]~ (~A{me «AOYOUXaPl]», 't"llV «Histoire du clerge de France pendant fa revolution» 'tOU M.R., Paris, libraire catholique, 1828 «xcl ou-rro KaSeSi'j~»). To Icropuco crXOAto 'tOU acr'tOu, nou ou-

vO\jli~e-rat crov icrxuptcrflo on cr't"11 OtapKeta -rfj~ regne de la ter-

reur* ((0 Po~scrnL&pO~ AoyoU;(apl], 0 I:aiv-Zucr-r Kat otirm KaSssfjQ) EKo~av -ra Ke<paAta -rrov honnetes gens** (~Mne -ra avapi8- fll]'t"a ypa<p-ra -rou cr-reVOfluaAou xuptou Peltier ((AOYOUXaPl]», -r1'jv «Conspiration de Robespierre» -rou Montjoie «xct Oll't"ro KaSssfj~»), 9 EK<ppa~e-rat ana rov ayto Mas fl& -r1'jv aKOAoUSl] ueroucrirocrl] : «'Enstol'j of Enavacr-ra-re~ nana.os~ ft ypaflfla-roOtOacrKaAat U1l:11Ps'tOucrav -r6v "Avtlprono, EKo~av Ke<paAta av(Jew:rUVV». Aero, ~&~ata, anaAMcrcret rov ayto Mas ana -ro ~apu Xpso~ v« nei Ecr-rro Kat Eva ((flOVO» AoyaKt yta 't"Ou~ npaYflanKou~ EflnetPIKOU~ AOYOU; -rrov anoKs<paA1crflrov, AOyOU~ nou ~acrisov-rat crt ihjltcr't"a Kocr~ttKa ouucspovrn, 0X1 ~&~ata -rrov KspoocrKonrov -rOD Xpnucrto-rnpiou, aUa -rl1~ ((aVapi8fll]-rl];» fla~a~. "Evcc «nuna~» npoysv&cr't"sPl]; neptooou, 0 J:1C11'6Ca, 110l] ano rov O&Ka-ro E~OOflO aimva sixe -rl'jv avaiosta va yivst Eva; ((aMKacr'tO~ oa.crKaAO~» 'tOU aytou Mas, A&yoV't"a~ on ((i] t'iYVOta Mv slvcr emxeipmLa»1 o. Tt" au-ro, 6 ayto~ MaS anocr-rp&<pe-rat -rOV nana I:mvo~a, crt rsroio ~aSflo, rocr-rs -racrcre-rat fl& -ro fl&pO~ -rOD nana /lalp,1CvliC;, nou ll-rav 0 avnnana~ -rou I:nLvo(a. Kat Y1a oAa au-ra -ra EKnAl]K't"tKa qxnvouevn, onro~ i] tpouoxputtu ((AOYOUXaPl]», ol anoKe<paAlcrfloi «xnt oiirm Kaeesfj~», ~picrKet Evav ((anOxpmvru AOYO», nou ouvto-rcrct aKpt~ro~ cr-ro on «oi t'ivSpronot -rOD KAl'jpOU elxav ~aAe1 cro Ke<paAt roue Kan napOflOlO» (cr. 98).

'0 flaKapto~ Mas, nou yta -ra nav't"U ~pfjKe livav anoxpmV't"a Myo (zureichenden Grund) (ppfjKa Aomov -rl'j ~acrl] (Grund)***, ono1) EXe1 oeSei Y1a nav-ra i} t'iYKupa M01»)11, Kat nOD aAAou, t'iv 0;(1 cro eloo~ -rrov ((AoyoU;(apl]», cr-rl'jv (manaoo<ppocruVl]» ((Kai

• - KUPlUpxlu~ tOU rpouou " - XPllatrov aV8pOl1tOlV •

••• - fIpOKf.ltUl Y'" Aoyo1trLlyvlo 1tOU Mv a1toolof.tal ata ·EAAllVlKU. 'H Atl;ll Grund o nuutva; atu Fepuovucd A6yo~. uttlrL. aAAU Kul eouq>o~ .Iluall .llu86~ (1:1111. IIEt.).

OUTOl l(U8s~fjS», TOU «POPSO"1rtEPOU AOYOUXapl'], wu Laiv-ZDaT Kal OUTOl Ka9s~fjs», TJ lsOlpyia Laval'], 6 ITPOUVTOV, TJ BVapSTT] PSPOAtVEsa paq>Tpa KTA.), - aUTOS 6 ~aKapLOS Ma~ «OEV \VEYSt Ti]V Ta~T] Tmv aO"Tmv yta TO on E9sas crov 8YOlta~0 Tl']S TO BpffiTl']~a reoao reAaTD resolo ~reopst va reapaXOlpijaSt O"Tijv 8reavuaTanKij • I ~ ian. na TOV ayLO Ma~ «TJ Ereavaa-ranKij 'IoEa» reOD BVErevsuas T06S habits bleus-" Kai '[ODS honnetes gens wu 1789, slvm lOW ~E '[ijv (<LOEa» '[mv sans culottes '" wu 1793, slvct afJi~ ij i'~la tOEa Y1a '[i]v 6reoia ol aa'wi auaKEreTOVTaL (tv 9a repEreSt «vc n1S reapaXOlpijaouv KareoLO resolo», uovo reoD aUTol oi OtaAoyta~oi '[ou Ma~ OEV «reapEXOuv resolo» Y1a 6reotsaoi]reo'[& «LOESS».

'Epx0J.taO"Ts Tffipa aTij aDYXPoVl'] ispapXlu, cni]v KupWPXla '[fjs 10Eas a'[i]v Ka9l']J.tsp1vij sOlij. 'OAOKAl']pO '[0 OSDTSPO ~EPOS wu «BtPAiol») aq>tSpffiVSTaL o rov ayffiva Evanlov aU'[fjs ,[11S (<lspapxias». na ronro 9a aaxoAl']90u~s 01S~001KoTspa J.t' au'[i]v, o'[av 9a ~1Ai]aou~s yt' aUTO '[0 OSD,[SPO ~LEpOS. 'Ana J.t1a Kai 6 ayLOS Ma~, oreOlS Kal aTO KSq>aAaLO yta Ti]V (<TCaAapOJ.tapa», E'[at xt tom, areoAaJ.tpaVSt repoKaTapOAtKa '[is LOEss ron Kat 8reavaAa~pavSt a,[11v apxi] ocra AESt apyOTspa, Evm apy6'l:spa AESt oaa tjOT] EXSt reSl aTi]v uPX11, Sl~aO"TS uvaYKaa~Evot va reapa9Ecouus K10Aas 80m J.tsp1Ka reapaosiwaTa '[fjs Lspapxias rou, 'H J.tE8006s ron va ypaq>st ptpAia slvct 6 J.tOVOS «EyOlWJ.t0S», reOD ouvcvrobue a' OAO '[0 PtPAio ron. 'H auwLKavoreOtl']aij roo elvut uvncr'[poq>OlS uvaAoyl'] repos '[ijv iKavoreoillal'] reOD OOKtJ.tasSt 6 uvayvffia'[l']S.

'Eoocov ol uawi ureaLwuv uyarel'] Y1a TO paaiAStO 'iOV!;, Y1a '[0 Ka9sa'[ffis roue, ,[OTS 8EAOUV, KaTa '[i] yvffi~l'] '[ou 'IaKOlpou '[ou aya90DAl'], «vc EYKa8topDaouv '[0 paaiASLO Tfie; ayarel']S Erei '[fis YfiS» (a. 98). 'Eeocov ureatwuv aspaa~o '[fis Kuptapxias rou; Kat '[mv aXEasOlv alnfiS '[fjs Kupwpxias, Ol']Aaoij 9EAOUV va aq>s'[sptawuv '[ijv KupwPxia reavOl cro aspacr~o, ,[OTS 8SAOUV, KaT a '[i] yvffiJ.tl'] WU lOLOU uvol']wu, '[ijv KupwPxia wu aspaaJ.tou ysvlxa, '[ore09SWUVTaL uresvavn aTO aspaa~o '[0 lOLO oreOlS Kai ureEvavn crTO ~AyLO Ilveiiu«, reOD sst ~saa roue (a. 95). '0 'IaKOlPoe; 6 uya90DAl']S, reoD TJ reta'[l'] ron ~reopsi va KtvijaSt Bouvc, areo-

O£XS't"!lL O"UV npaYJ!aTlKij, EYKOO"J!ta ~aO"ll TOU aO"TlKOU KOO"J!OU 111 oLacr'tPE~A,ro~u~vll J!opcpij, !H~ 'tijv 6noia l] \j1&U't"OE1)o"E~~~ Kat unoKptnK11 108OAoyia 'tmv aO"'tmv napOUO"Lai_;sL 'ta OLKa TOU iOLO'tSA,11 O"UJ!cpspov'ta we; O"uJ!cp£pov'ta TOU O"UVOA,ou. To yw'tt ai'm1 11 1080- AOYIK~ nAavllnatpVSL aKpL~me; ai'nij 't11 J!opcp11 YLa rov aYLO J!ae; Oa 'to OOUJ!S, {haY Oa J!LA110"0WtS YLU «rov nOA,LtLKO CPLA,sA,WOSPLO"J!0»14.

'0 aYLOe; Mu~ J!ue; OiVSL Eva KaLVOUpyLO napaoELYJ!a mij 0". 115, J!IA,Wv'tae; Yla 't11V OLKoytvSLU. ~llA,WVSL on, (iv Kat slvct noAU SUKOAO va XSlpacpS'tllOEL KavEie; ano 't11v KupLUpXta 'tfje; rOtae; 'tfje; OIKiie; TOU oLKoysvswe;, wO"'toO"o, «l] apVllO"ll 'tfje; unaKofje; SUKOA,a npOKaA,SL 'tU\j1SIe; O"UVSi0110"l1e;» Kai YL' au'to ol (ivOpronoL Kpa't"lOuv'taL yspa ano 'tijv OLKOYEVSLUKij ayanll, ano 't~v iota 'tfje; oixoyevetuc, anoK'twvme; C't"O"L 't"llV «isp11 EvvoLa 't1ie; OiKOysvSWe;», «ro 'JEPO» (0". 116).

To KaAOnaloo J!ae; ~AtnsL nUA,L KupWpXta TOU 'Ispof EKSL, onou KUPLUPXODV EV't"SA,me; EJ!nslpIKSe; O"XSO"SLe;. '0 aO"TOe; O"llJ!nsplcpspEmL unsvav't"l O"'t"Oue; ()SO"~LOUe; TOD KaOsO"'tmTOe; 'rOU onroe; 6 'E~paLoe; an£vavn O"TO VO~LO· TOUe; napa.Ka~L1C'tsL f.cpoO"ov J!nopEL va 'to KaVSt, O"S KUOS EnqtSpOue; nEpin'troO"ll, ana OSA,SL va TOUe; 't11pODV OA,OL ol (inOL. "Av 01.,01 ol aO"TOi (Bourgeois) napsKaJ!nmv, J!aSLKa Kat J!OVO~LlUe;, roi»; El&O"~LOUe; 'tfje; aO"'t"lKfje; 'ta~llS, 'tOTS Ou Enauav va sIVaL aO"TOt. Mia 't£TOW cuunspupopc, <PUO"LKU, OSV nspvdet an' 'to J!uaA6 TOUe; Kat J!S xuvevu rpono OSV E~apn£rrn ano 'tie; f.TClOllJ!ise; roue Kat Tie; npoO£O"ELS TOUS. '0 aKOA,amOS aO"TOe; napa~aivEL TO ya~LO Kat J!OLXSUS'taL ma Kpucpa, 6 E~Lnopoe; KamOOA,LSUETaL 'to OSO"J!o 'tfje; iowK't"llO"tae;, O"'tspwv'tae; ano 'touS (iA,A,OUS 'tijv tOWKTllO"ia OLUJ!GO"OU 'tiie; KSpooO"Kontae;, 'tmv nrroXSUO"EroV K't"A,., 6 vcupoc aO"'tos ETClXSLPEL va ytVSL aVE~ap'tllTOS ano T11V OLKoytvSLU rou orov J!nopEL vu 'to KavsL, Ka'tapywvme; 0"T11V npa~ll 't~v oixoysvetu ooov acpopu all't"OV rov YOLO. 'Ana 6 yaJ!o<;, l] iOwKTllO"ta Kat l] oixovevstn Osropll't"lKa napaJ!svollv anapa~iaO"'ta, OLon ano'tsA,OUv 'ta npaKtLKU OS~ttA,La navro O"'ta onoLa 1'] aO"'t"lK11 'ta~ll ExsL OlKOOOJ!TJO"EL T11V Kuptapxia 'tlle; Kat Sio n, uno Tl1V aO"nK~ roue ~LOPCP~, ano'tSA,OUV opoue; xap11 O"TOUe; oxolou; 0 aO"TOe; ElVaL amoe;, onro; aKpL~ms 6 vouoc, J!oA,ovon

miv'!(1. napaKa)J.n'tS'rU1, KaVEI 'tOV 9pfjaKo 'E~palo va slvrn Eva<; 9pfjaKo<; 'E~palo<;. Aunl i] maml 'tOU aa'tou ansvavn a'tOv<; opou; 'tfj<; unap~ij<; rou naipVEI )J.la ano 'ti<; Ka90AlKEU)J.SVS<; uopcps<; 'tlj<; mijv aanKij 1)91Kij. Mv )J.nopEI va ytVSml A6yo<; YEVlKa Yla 'tijv OlKOYSVEta «W~ ohwyiveta». 'H aanKij 'ta~lj Io-roprxn OtVEI a'tijv OlKOySVEH1. 'to xapaK'tijpa 'tfj<; aanKfj"<; OiKOYSVW1.<;, a'tijv anota Tj avia Kat 'to xpfj~La anOTEAouv 'to auvoEnKo KpiKO Kat an'lV anoia t~L1tSPlSXE'tat tnialj<; Kat Tj amlKij anoavv9calj 't11<; olxoytvEta<;, npay)J.a nov osv E)J.nooiSE1 n'lv lOta 'tijv OiKOYSVEta va t~aKoAou9EI va UnaPXEl. 'H ~pcO)J.lKlj unap~ll 'tlj<; BXEl 'tijv avna'tOlXta 'tlj<; )J.s nlv {Epij Evvoia 'tfj<; OiKOytVEta<; a'tllv tntalj)J.lj cppaasoAoyta Kat mij YEVlKll unOKplaia. 'EKEI onou Tj olKoySVEH1. n(!aYflail~6. Ka'tapYEltal, AOYOUXaplj o-ro npOAE'tapturo, auV'tEAEI'tat 'to aKpl~m<; av'timpocpo an' au'to nov VO)J.i~El a «Ertpvsp». 'EK"EI osv UnaPXE1 OIOAOU Tj EVVOia 'tfj<; oixoysvsu«; AAAa, aV'tt Yl' au'to, )J.nopou)J.E aacpaAm<; tom xi tKEI va ~pOU)J.E )J.la olKoYEVEtaKij a'topyij, nov ~aaisBmt as £v'tEAm<; npay)J.anKS<; axsaBl<;. Ka'ta 'tOV 06Ka'tO oyooo alcOva of cptAOaocpol EIXav Ka'tapyilaSt 'tijv EVVOia 'tfj<; OiKOYSVEta<;, olon Tj npay)J.anKij OiKOYSVBla EIXE 110lj apxiaEt va anoauv'ti9s'tat a'ti<; U\jlljAO'tBPE<; KOpUCPS<; 'tOU noAtna)J.ou. Xa9ljKE Tj £ao)'tEpIKil olKoYEVBtaK11 ouVaCPEta, otaM9ljKav 'ta aUamnKa )J.splj 'tfj<; £vvota<; 't11<; OiKOytvEta<;, AOYOUXaplj it unaKoij, 'to as~a<;, Tj aUSuYlKij nianl K'tA. 'AAAa a unapK'to<; KOp)J.O<; 't11<; oIXoysvBla<;, Tj nBpLOucrtaKij axsalj, Tj axsalj nov anoKAsiEL UAAE<; OlKOYSVBlE<;, 11 avaYKuanK11 aU)J.~iroalj, ol axsaEt<; nov yivovml 110lj YBYOVO<; ano 'tijv unup~ll natotmv, 'tij oO)J.ij 'tmv avyxpovrov nOAErov, 'to aXlj)J.una)J.o KB<paAatoU K'tA., OAU ulha ota'tljpij9ljKaV, UV Kat )J.S nOnanAs<; napa~aaBt<;, oton it unap~lj 'tfj<; OiKOYSVBta<; auvosB'tat aVaYKaanKa )J.s rov rpono napayroyfj<;, nov unaPXEt aVE~ap'tlj'ta ano 'tij 9sAljalj 'tfj<; aanKfj<; xotvoivluq. 'H avaYKatonFa aihij cpaVljKE )J.s rov mo x'tunlj'to rpono Ka'ta 'tij raAAtKij 'Enavamaalj, o'tCt.v yta )J.ta any)J.ij it OlKOYSVSta ElXB Ka'tapYlj9sr Kat VO)J.IKa. 'H OlKOYSVEta t~aKoAou9BI va unapxEt aKo)J.a Kat o-rov OSKa'tO Eva'to alcOva, uovo nov it olaolKacrta 't11<; anocrvv9Bcrij<; 'tlj<; YEVtKBU9ljKE aKo)J.a mo noM, npay)J.a nov ocpEiAE'tat 0X1 a'tijv EV-

VOta 'tfje; OLKOYEVEtae;, aAM a'til l!eyaAU'tePll aVanTU~ll 'tfje; ~10- I!llxavtae; Kat 'tOU auvayrovtal!Ou. 'R OLKoYEVEta E~aKoAou8Et aKOl!a va unaPXEt, 1!0AovOn Tj unoauv8Eml 'tl1e; EIXE npo nOAAOU OtaKllPUX'tet ano 'toue; yaAAoue; Kat UYYAOUe; aoataAta'tie; Kat OtaJ.liaou 'tou yaAAtKOU J.lu!ha'tOpi)J.la'toe; EqnaaE S1tt'tEAOUe; Kat a'toue; YEpl!aVOUe; rcaTEpee; 'tfje; EKKAllatae;.

Nu Eva aKOl!a napaOEtY~La yta 'ti)v KUptapxta 'tlle; loiae; a'ti)v Ka8lll!EptVi) Sroi). Muz Kat ol oaa'W.AOt 'tou aXOAelOUl!nopouv va ~ptaKouv napllyopla yta TOV YAtaxPO I!ta80 roue a't11v Isporrrru 'tfje; un08Ealle; nou unllPE'tOuv (npaYl!a nou I!nopEt va aUI!~Bi' uovo a'ti) Fspucvlu), 0 'laKro~oe; 0 aya80uAlle; nta'tEuEt rcpaYl!an on Tj cppaaBOAoyia alml sivot Tj ahta 'tmv xal!11AmV unoooxmv rou; (a. 100). ITta'tSUEt on 'to (('IE PO» a'to auyxpovo uanKO KOal!O EXEt I!ta rcpaYl!anKi] xp1wanKi) a~{a, nta'tSUet on, UV Ka'tapYfJSEt «ro 'Ispo», rots of nsvtxpot nopot 'tOU nproatKoU Kpa'tOUe; (yta 'to S&l!a au'to I!nOpOUI!E va uva'tpE~Ol)I!E, I!E'ta~u UAAroV, Kat crov MrcpaOUVtYKI5) 8a aU~ll80uv rooo rcOAU, cOa'tE Ka8s OaaKaAOe; 'tOU XroplOU Sa I!nOpOUaE ~acpVtKa va aJ.lSt~E'tat I!& unoupytKO J.lta80.

Ai'lTll slvm Tj tspapxta 'tOU napaAoytaJ.lOu.

'0 «dxpojrovtulo-; A18oe; 'tOU I!EyaAonpEnOl) Ka8eOptKOU vcoii» 'tfje; iepapx,iae;, - onroe; 'to ASet ol!Eyae; Michelet!", slvrn {(Kal!ta oopd» EPYO {(KanOlOlJ».

«Kauui cpo(!d 'toli~ uvep6)1tou~ "dnolD'; 'toli~ Xropi~Et crE OUO Ka'tllyopiE~: crE J.10pq>roJ.1EVOU~ Kai uJ.10pq>0J1:0U~». (KaJ.1la q>opa Ka1tOlO~ Xropi~El 'tou~ metlKOU~ crE ouo 6J.1o'tf1.!;iE~, cr'tou~ svoopouc Kai cn:ou~ iivoupou~). «01 1tpiii'tOl, £q>ocrov "crav ii!;lot 'tou ovoJ.1a'to~, UcrXOAOUV'taV J.1E 'ti~ iOEb~, J.1E 'to 1tVEUJ.1a». r ai'l'tou~ «Ka'ta 'til J.1E'taxplcruaVLKtl £1tOXtl UVfjKE " Kupmpxia Kat oi: UV'taA.A.aYJ.1a YLa 'ti~ iOEE~ 'tou~ U1tal'touaav ... aEl3aaJ.10». Oi UJ.10pq>CO'tOl ('to ~iiio, 'to 1tatOi, 6 VEYPO~) EiVaL «uvtaxupoLl> U1tEVaVn a'ti~ iOEE~ Kat «xuptupXOUV'taL U1t' ai'l'tE~. Au'to elvm 'to VOllJ.1a 'tfj~ iEpapxtaQ>.

at «uoperousvot» (0 Ecpll~oe;, 0 I!0YYOAOe;, 0 ~uYXpOVoe;) uaXOAouvTat, AotnoV, naAt J.lOVO J.lE «ro ITVEUI!(l», 'ti)v Ka8apil iota KTA. Elvat I!E'tacpUatKOi s~ snayyEAJ.la'tOe;, ollAaoi) ai reAell'tata uvaAuall XEYKEAtavoi. (tApa», ol ((U~LOPCProTOt» elvrn ol J.li) XEYKeAtavoi. '0 X&YKeA Tj'tav uvaJ.lCPta~i]'tllTa {(a mo uopqxo-

IlSVO~» xeYKeAta.Vo~17 Kal yt' alyrO atl]V nepimffial] tOU «ecdvs'tat Kaeapa noco eAi~etat yta ta npaYllata a,Kpt~&~ 0 mo uop<PffiIlSVO~ aVepffinO~». To Sl]tlllla slvci Ott «6 IlOP<PffiIlSVO~» xut «0 UIlOP<PffitO~» aUYKpODOVtat Kat Ilsaa tOU~ 6 Eva~ IlS tOV aAAOV, Kal llaAta'ta as KUee aVepffino Ilsaa tOU «0 UIlOP<PffitO~» ouvxpousrm IlS «ro IlOP<Pffi~U~VO». Kt snetol] crov XSYKeA EK()l1- Acavetat 6 lleyaAUtepO~ novo«; Yla 'ru npuwa'ra, ()11Aa()l] ytU oaa ns<pwuv oro IlOtPUol 'rOU cCUIlOP<PffitOU», sow snlall~ unOKaAUnrsrut Ott 6 cmapanoAU IlOP<PffiIlSVO~» slvct 'ramoxpova Kal 0 (mapanOAU UIlOP<PffiW~». cc'E()w» (crov XSYKEA) (cl] npaYllattKO'rllta eu npsnet vu ~plaKe'rUt as nAl]Pll uvttawtxia IlS 'rl]V {osa Kat KalltU EVVOta. OSV npsnet vu unSxet an' 'rl]v npaYllattKOtlltUl). Aoro alHtaivet : Eom, l] auvl1eta~lsvll sVtDnffia11 ytU 'rl]v npaYllanKonrca eu npsnet va ~PEt tl]V OAOKAllPffillSV11 <ptAOao<PIKl] 'rll~ £K<ppaall, EV& 0 XSYKeA <paVtUSe'rat, UVtWeta, on, ccauven&~», KUee <ptAOao<pIK11 EK<ppaall ()lllllOUPYEi 'rl]V npuyuurucornru nOD slvm avtiawtXll npo~ aut11. '0 'IuKffi~o~ 0 uyaeODA11~ naipvEl 'riJ.v \jJeuoaiaellall, nOD 'rpt<pel 6 XSYKeA ytU 'rl] <ptAOao<p[a rou, oriv Kae~pl1 Ilovsoa 'ti'j~ xeYKEAlavfj<; <ptAOao<p[ae;.

'H xeYKeAtavl] <ptAoao<pia, nOD, IlS 'rl] lloP<Pl] 'rfje; xuptupxlae; 'r&V xeYKeAta.vmv nuvffi crou; Ill] xeYKeAta.voD~, EIl<Pav[Setat auv 11 Kopffivioa 'rfj~ iepapx[a~, KataK'ri'i rcopu Kal 'rl]V 'reAeutaia autoKpa'ropia 'roo Koallou.

«T6 crucH1Wa 'tol) XEYKEA, i'itav Kopu!pOlj.la &cm;ouop,ou Kai uovoxoaToelu.~ 'tii~ crKE"'ll~, i'itaV iJ :rwvr:o(jvvaflla 'tol) 1tVEuj.lato~» (cr. 97).

'Eo& <p'ravoulle hat cro ~aa[AeLO 'rmv nveullUtffiV 'rfj~ XeYKeAtavfj~ <ptAoao<piae;, nOD EKtElVe'rat un' 'ro Bspoxtvo Iouus 'rT! XUAAe Kal ro TDllmYKev, ato ~aa[AelO 'r&V nveullu'rffiV, nov 'rl]V Icropto tOU £ypa\jJe 0 K. Mnuupxo<pep18 Kal to uniatolXO amrto-ruco 6AIKO tlle; auvtAE~e 0 Ilsya~ Michelet.

Ilponnpuoxsuuoruco a'rU()lO yt' aino to ~aa[Aeto 'r&v nvsulla'rffiV ataell xs l] raAAtKl] 'Enavuataall, nov cc()iv EKave -dn07:u <'£.120 ano to va llemtps\jJet TO. neo.yp,UTU as BvTvnwaw; yto. TO. neo.yp,UTU» (a. 115 - aVYKptVe mo nuvffi tl ASet 0 XSYKeA Y1(1

'tT]V bravaama11, a. [158]). «Tirot of avSpo)1tot rrapsJlsvav noAi m; (Staatsbu rger)» (crov «Erlpvep» of M~w; all'tS~ nupnrtOsvrut mo unpocr«, dAM «nuro rtou AtSt 6 L'tipvsp osv sivm auto rrou EXSt o-ro f.lUaAo 'tOU, Kt auto ztou EXSt oro JlUaAo ro» osv JlrropcI va sLrrwSsI», Btyxovr, a. 149) Kat (d~ouaav 'Voc(}a, EXOVWS 'Va m!frrco'VWl Kan rrou Jlrrpoma ron» (per appos [itionem]*) «EVtWOav oso<; Kai <poPo». '0 «Eripvep» ASSt Kurron a'tl1 a. 98: «'0 OpOf.lOC; rrpo~ 'tl1V KOAaa11 slvrn mpwJlsvoS ~LS ayaSss rrpoSsast~». 'EllSrS, O~IWS, Oa noiiue : () opoJlo<; rrpo<; rov MoveOtKO slvat a'tpwJlsvoS Jls KaKs~ a<palpsaslc, Jls'taoV'tss, noo a' au'tov rraisouv'to pOAO 'tfj~ «Erroupavta~ aKUAas» rrou 'tT]V oavcia't11KS arr' rou; Ktvssou<;, Kai wu xp11al~lsuoUV aav 'to «aXOlvi wu avnKCl~ISVIKOU» (a. 88), rravw oro onoto EK'tSAd «rr110T]Jlam \jJUAAOU». "Y crepu arr' oAa au'tu, i] «VSO'tSP11 (ptAoao<pia 17 vsorspr] frrOXT]», - Kai f.lS t11V £AW0"11 wu pacrtAciou'trov rrvwJlurmv VSO'tsP11 ErroX11 osv elva: rrapa l] VSO'tSP11 <ptAoao<pia, - osv ouaKOAsu011KS «vc ).lS'tU'tpS\jJSI 'ta lmapna dvrucsluevu as avnKclJlsVa vospc, ollAaoi) as EVVOIS~», a. 114, JlIU OOUAStU rrou 'tl]v auvsxiSSI 6 {jyto~ Ma~.

Eloa~ls moS 6 [rrrro't11~ Jla~, [rrrro't11S 'tfj<; EASStvfj~ Jlop<pfjs, aKOJla «nporou rrpopuHouv 'ta POUVU», rrOD dpyO'tspa nz xtvnos Jls n1v rrta't11 WU, KaArrassl aKuSsKw~, 11011 arro 'tl]v apXl] w\) pt!}AtOU 'tOU, rrpos ro ).lSyUAO a'toxo «W\) ~lsyaAorrpsrrou KaSsOplKO\) vcoii» WU. Mn 6 «\I'api'js» rou - l] rcovro - os unopotics vu 'tpS~Sl oao Oa ilOsAs 6 Lrrrron1S Jla<;. 'Emts/'ou~, rdipn, ml] a. 114, rrf.'tUXs 'to a'toxo rou, Kat, JlS n1 !}01lOCla £vo~ aKa'taJlUX11- rou (<11», ~ls'ts!}aAs n1 'Vc6u(!1] 8nox~ as jI[,6u(!1] cpl}.oaocpla.

"Erot l] apxa ta £rroX11 (011 Aaoi] l] apxa ia Ka i l] ven, 6 aliliva~ 'trov vsypwv Kat trov ~LOY'YOAWV, an1v rrpaYJlanKc'tll'ta oJlWS l] npoo-npvsptnvn srroxi]) «sorucs crov 'tSAtKO 'tll~ oxono». Trope f.lrropo\)f.ls va arrOKaAU\jJOWlS yuz nOLO AOYO 6 ayto~ Ma~ i:BaAs a' OAO 'to rrproto JlspOS tOl! !}tBAtOU ron rov thAO «'0 a'V- 8(!wnof";» Kat aspBtp11as OA11 ti]v lrrroplu ron YIU SauJla'ta, <pavtUaf.lam Kat irrrrotss aav Ioropln «7;'OV 'AvSpwrrotJ). Of lossS Kai

* - KCLta 7tapa9aGll.

ol O"KS\fIEIe; trov uvElpffimov l'icrav, ~t~aw, iotEe; Kai crKt\flE1e; rrOD ElxaV Y1(1. tOV sauto tau; Kai Y1(1. tie; crxtcrEIe; roue, ijcrav 11 ouvst()T]crT] rrOD EtXaV yU1. tOV saViO iOV~ Kai y[(i roue uvElpumoue; Y8- Vl"&, Olon au'to osv ij'tav arrAro; i] cruvEi011crT] wu usuovouevou <hof.l0u, aAAa. wu f.lEf.lOV(f)f.ltvou a'tOf.lOU cr'tij crUva.P'tT]cri] rou ~lt oA6KAT]pT] 'tl]V xorvoivtn Kai Yla. OAOKAT]PT] 'tl]V xotvoivta cr'tllV orroia ~oucrav ol uvElp(f)rrot. 0[ aVE~a.p'tT]'tOt arr' au'tOue; opoi, f.ltcra cr'tODe; onotouc rrap11yayav 'til ~(f)11 roue, ol cruvOEOf.lEVEe; f.l' aUWDe; 'tODe; opoue; aVaYKa'iEe; f.lop<pte; STrlKotv(f)viae;, of npoodtoPt~Of.lEVEe; arr' oAa au'ta. atof.l1Kte; Kai K01V(f)VtKt; crxscrEte;, ErrpErrE - oro 13aElf.lo rroD ~K<ppa1;ovtav crt 10tEe;, - va rra.pouv 'tl] f.lop<pl] tOEa'trov OP(f)V Kat avaYKai(f)V axtcrE(f)V, OT]AaOl] ErrpErrE va. ~pOuv 'tflV EK<ppacrij roue cr'tl] cruvEi011(J11 we; npoofnoptouot rrou npoxuzrouv arro 'tflV EVVOta 'tOu 'AvElpwrrou Y8Vl"&, &'rrO'tl1V avElpWTrlVll oixrin, arro 't11 <PD(J11 'tou uvElpwrrou, urro 'tOV uvElp(f)rro w~ avf)(jwno. Au'to rroD l'jcrav rrpa.wan ol uvElp(f)rr01, au 'to rtou l'jcrav rrpa.yuurt ol crXscrEte; roue, ~~I<paVt~O'tav m11 cruvEiOT] crT] cra.v tV'turr(f)crT] yta. 'tOV avElp(f)rro w~ avO(!wno, Y1a rou; rponou; 't11e; i5rrap~i]e; 'tOU 11 yta. 'tODe; srraKpt!)tcr'tEpOUe; AoytKOUe; npocotoprouoo; rou, Tt" uuro, Aomov, u<pou ol iOEOA6ym urrWEcrav on ol iotEe; Kat 01 crKi:\fIEIe; KUptapxoucrav 'tijv we; nopa Icroplu, on i] ioropin atJ'trov 'trov iOErov Kat 'trov crKt\flE(f)V arrO'tEAEt 'tl]V ~lOVT] icropiu rrOD urra.pXEt we; rtop«, a<pou <pav'ta.cr'tT]KaV on ol rrpaYf.lanKSe; crXi:osu; oWf.l0p<pffiElT]Kav cru~l<p(f)Va ~lt rov avGp(f)rro w~ a1lO(jwno Kat ~IS 'tie; iOEa'tte; crxscrEt; 'tOU, 0T]Aa011 cruf.l<p(f)va f.lS Ka.rroLCUe; Il.oytKOU; npoofiioprououc, a<pou f.lE'ts'tpE\fIaV YEVtKa. 'tllV ioropln tfje; cruvEi011(J11e; rroD dxav of uvElp(f)rrOI yta rov sau'to roue crt 13a.cr11 'tfje; rrpaYf.lanKfje; Icroptcc; roue, &'<pou EY1vav oAa aiml, otv urrfjpXE 'tirrow 'to EUKOAO'tEPO &'rro 'to va. 13a<p'ttcrouv 'tl]V Ioropiu 'tfje; crUVEtOT]crT];, 'trov tOEroV, 'tOU 'Ispoti, 'trov pl1;of.ltv(f)v EV'tUrrmcrE(f)V, Icroptu «rof 'AvElpumou» Kat f.l' au'tl]v va. urroKawcr'tl]crouv 't11V rrpaYf.lanKij Icroptc. '0 aYLOe; Ma.~ Ota<ptpEt &'rr' OAOU; roi»; npoKa'toXOUe; 'tOU uovo Ka'Ca. 'to on au'toe; Mv ~tPE1 rinota yt' ai'nte; 'tie; Ev'turrwcrEte;, &'KOf.la Kai orov !)picrKov1a1 crt f.l1a auElaipE'tT] a7tof.lOV(f)(J11 arro 'tl]V rrpaYf.lanKl] ~(tll], 't11; 6rroia; ijcrav npotovru, Ka.i OAT] 1') f.lamlOcrrrouoia rou rrEpLOpi1;E'tat oro on, &'vnypa.<pov-

'ra~ TTI XEYKEAtaVl1 LOEOAoyia, anoKaMnTEt 1t(O~ ayvoEi aKOJ.la Kat TO npO)TOTl)1tO an' TO onoio aVTtypa<pEt. "ETOl, Kat J.lOVO an' alno, tl;TJYEiTat nro~ IlnopEi crTTI <paVTacrta TOU yta T11V Icroptn TOU av9pwnou va aVTtreapa9STEt T11V Ioroptn TOU npaYllaTtKOU aTOIlOU ureo TTI 1l0P<PTI TOU MovafJlYvoiJ.

'H J.lovaOtKl'j Ioropfn crUVTEAEiTat apXtKa crTTI LTOHKTI crXOATI TfjS 'A911vw;19, apYOTEpa crXE06v unOKAEtcrTtK<1 crT11 Tepuuvin Kui, TEA1Ka, Am Kupfergraben*, o-ro BEpoAiVO, onou U\jIrocrE TO KacrTpo TOU 0 oEcrnoTll~ Tfj~ «VEOTEPTJ~ <PtAocrO<ptU~ 11 Tfj~ VEOTEPTJ~ Ereoxfj~»20: AUTO Kai 1l0VO aUTO OEiXVEt noco areOKAEtcrTtKa t9V1KOU KUt TOnlKOU xapaKTTIpa ElVUl i] un09Ecrll reOD ou~l1TtSTal fOro. 'AVTi Yla reuYKocrJ.lla Icroptu, 6 {iyto~ Mal; J.la~ oiVEL EOro KanOtoU~ crXOAtucrIlOD~, Kt UUTOD~ noM lcrxvoD~ KUt Ecr<paAIl&voU~, naVffi ornv Ioroptu Tfj~ yeeflavlYv* eEOAoyi(J,~ KUt <PtAocro<piw;. "Av KUllta oopd, ~yatVoUIlE, <pUlV0J.lEVtKa, i:l;ffi ano Ta Opta Tfj~ Tepuuvluc, UUTO crull~uiVEt 1l0VO yta va KaTaOEtx9d Ott Ta £pyu KUt OL crKS\jlEt~ TroV aAAffiv AUroV, A,X. i] raAAtKTI 'EnuvacrTacrll, «reEwxaivouv TOV TEAtKO TOU~ oxom» crTTI Fspuuvlo, Kat llaAtcrTU Am Kupfergraben. I'Ivsrm napa9Ecrll J.lOVO YEPlluV1KroV-E9vlKroV YEYOVOTffiV, reOD EI;ETa1;oVTUt KUt EPllllvEDOVTat J.lS YEPIlUV1Ko-t9vt1cO rpono KUt TO anoTsAEcrllu ElVUl Kt UUTO YEPllaVtKo-t9vlKO. 'AAAU OSV ElVUl ~IOVOV aUTO. '0 Tpono~ crKS\jI11~ Kat i] natoEia TOU ayiou Ila~ slvut oXt 1l0VO YEPllaVtKTI, aAAU KUt nspa Yla respa ~EpOAtV&1;tKl1. '0 pOAO~ nOD anooioETUt crnl XGYKEAtaVTI <plAocro<pia, ElVUl 0 rOto~ aUTo~ pOAO~ nOD UUTi] reai1;Et cro Bspoxtvo. '0 LTipVEP crUYXSEl TO BEPOAivo J.lS TOV xoouo Kat IlS T11V nUYKocrllLa Icrroplu. '0 «VEUPO~» ElVUt BEPOAtVS1;o~. Q{ aya90i nOAiTE~, nOD ouvuvrttus cr' oA6KAllpo TO ~t~AtO, ElVUl 13.EpoA1Vtr,Ol <plAtcrTUiot, 9allrovE~ Tfj~ J.lnupupia~. SEKtVWVTa~ areo TST01E~ npoiireo9scrEt~, J.lnopEi va <pTacrEt KavEi<; 1l0VO crs anoTsAEcrlla nsproptouevo oi: crsve S9VtKa Kat romxd reAuiOla. '0 «LTipVEP» Kai OAO TO <ptAOcrO<plKO TOU aOEA<paTO, crTi<; Tal;Et~ 'tOU orto iou sivct 0 relO aoDVUTOC; Kai acrTOtXEiffiTOc;, EtKOVO-

• - dlropuya. (no Bspoxtvo xui Illa an' ti.; 6000'; roo, (l:111l, uer.).

YPCHPOOV ~roVTaVa Ta ysVVatooropa crnxaKta TOO ysvvmoKapOOU Xoounv <pOV <PanSpcrASIl1tSV:

«L'tTJ Fspucvlc Kui mlA.t <nTJ Fspucvtc, 9iigeA.u. 9ii9EA.U 7tUVtU !lOU VU ~G»).21

To f)spOAtvs~tKO T01ttKO crUIl1tSpacrlla TOO ysvvaiou llaC; aytou, on it XSYKSAtaVl1 <plAocro<pia EXSt crull1tSpIAa~St 011,0 TOV xoouo, TOO E1ttTPS1tSt rrop«, XropiC; 1tOAAU E~ooa, va eSIlSAtwcrSl Ilta «()tKta TOu» 1taYKocrlllU aUTOKpaTopia. 'H XSYKsAtavi] <ptAOcro<pia IlSTalloP<Procrs Ta 1tana crs lOSSC;, crs 'Ispo, crs o1tTacrisC;, crs 1tVSOlla, crs nvsuunru, crs <pavTacrllaTa. 'Evcvrlov aUTrov ea 1tOASlli]crSt 6 «Ertpvsp», ea Ta KaTaTp01twcrSt crTi] <panacria TOU Kai 1tavro crTa Kou<papta TOUC; ea inl'wcrSt Ti] «()tKla TOU», «uovcduoi», 1taYKocrllta nuroxpuropte «Il& crapKa Kat oma», Ti]v aUTOKpa· ropin wo «(lKSpaWU uvepomoU». [ ... ]

K. MAPS - q,. ENrKEAl:, - Altuv'tu, tOil. 3, (faA .• 156-157, 159-168.

K. MAPE-~.ENrKEA~

eH rEPJlUV1KT) ·I~EOA.o'Yiu (1845/1846)

'0 aytO~ Ma~ QVOJlaSEt 'tOV KO~lJlOUVtO'JlO «KOtVWVtKO <lnAEAEU{}EPtO'JlO», yunt !;sPEt KaAa. nooo KUKij cpijJlY] £XEt i] A.S~Y] qnAEAEl)9EPtO'JlO~ yta rou; ptsoO'reaO''tE~ 'tOt) 1842 KUt yta 'tov~ reto repow9y]Jlsvou~ ~EpOAt VESOUC; tAEU9EpOO''t'OXUO''tS~17. Alm'l i] owO'TpS~AWO'Y] 'tOU otVEt KUt 'tilV EUKUtpiu KUt 'to 9appo~ va ~aAEt 0',0 O''tOJlU 'tWV «KOlVWVlKWV cptAEAEV9EPWV» Ka9E AOyfj~ YVWJlE~, reov repiv ureo rov «L'ttPVEP» osv Eixuv 11:O'tS otaTUTCw9El KUt reov i] UVUO'KWT] 'tOU~ OCPEtAEt va O'Y]JlUtVEt 'tuu't0Xpovu KUt uVUO'KEuil 'tOU KOJlJlOUVtO'Jlou.

'R lmEpVtKY]O'Y] 'tOU KOJl~LOUVlO'JlOU O'UV'tEAEt't'Ut JlS Jlla O'Etpa KU't'UO'KEUS~, SVJlSPEt AOytKS~ KUt €VJlSPEt {O''tOptKS~.

IIpWtl1 AO'YlKlt KUtUO'KSUlt

'Em:L15T] «El15alle 1tO:J<; ExOUlle yiVEL \mflPE'tE<; EYCOLcr'tiilV», 15EV «1tPE1tW> of. 115LOL «vn yivOUIlE Eycoicr'tE<; ... a').) .. a. 'to Kal..U'tEpo elvca va Ka'tacr'tT]crouIl6 a15uva'to 'to vc U1taPXOUV EYCOLcr'tE<;. 'EIlEl<; 8EI..OUIlE KavEva<; va 1lT] Ka'tExEL 'ti1to'ta, wcr'te «OI..OLl> va Ka'tExoUV. - "Erot !..EVe ol KOLVCOVLKOi (jlLl..P.1..6U8epOL. - Kni 1tOLO elvm au'to 'to 1tpocrC01tO 1tOU &crd<; 'to OVOIla.~6't6 OI..OL ; Elvut T] KOlVCOvia», cr. 153.

Ms 't11 ~OT]9Eta JlEptKWV EtO'UYWytKWV 6 Lav't'O'o JlE'tU'tpsreEt &OW TO «('lAot» O'S Kan uovorcpoomno, O''tT]V KOtVWVtU ro~ repoO'wreo, ro~ tmOKElJlEVO = O'S {EPT] KOtVWViu, O'S 'Ispo, Trope 6 aytOs llU~ vlffi9Et 0',0 O''tOtXEtO TOU KUt JlreopEl va s~ureoMO'Et svuV't'iov 'tOU «Tspoo» OAO 'to XElJlappo 'tOU TCVptVOU 9uJloU 'tOU, repaYJlu reOD

<puatKa EXEt aav ano'rSAEaJla TllV &KJll1OSVtal1 TOU KOJlJlOUVtaJlou.

To on 0 aytoe; Ma~ ~asEt naAt soro TO (jl~O TOV 1wpaAoYWJlo cro a'toJla 'trov «KOt vmvucdiv <ptAEAEuOEProV», &Jl<paviSonae; TOV we; VOllJla TWV (jl~WV TOV~ AOYroV, alno osv slvot KaTt nou npSnEt va Jlae; wlKnAT]aaEt». Tau'tisEt, npiv an' oAa, ro «EXEtV» (das «Haben») we; aWJlIKOe; lotoK'tT]'tl]e;, Jle 'to «EXEtV» YEvtKa. "Avri va e~E'taaEt 'tie; KaOoplaJlsVEe; axsaE1e; 'tfje; aTOl-llKfjC; totOK'tl1aiae; Jls 'tT]V napayroY11, av'ti va SSE'taaEt 'to «EXEtV» we; ELaOol]Jla'tiac;, we; commercant", we; epyoa'tacrtapX11e;, we; epya'tl]e; - onors 'to «EXEtV» OU anooEixvovTav Eva EXEtv ev'tEAroe; l}aOoptaJlsvo, Oa anooEixvovTav on slvrn Eva xouucvro navro aTllv ~svl1 epyaaia - usrutpenet OAEe; au'tsc; 'tie; aXSaEte; as Eva «f.XEtV au'to KaOau'to».

** [ ... ] a<pT]VOVWe; va opa. rov nOAITtKO <ptAEAcuOEptaJlO, nou KT]PU~E 'to «eOVOe;» lJ1tSpW'tO LotoK'tT]'tl]. "Apu, AOlnov, 0 KOJlJlOUvtaJloe; OEV EXEt nta «vn Ka'tapYT]aEt» 'tT]v «npooromxn LotoK'tl1- cto», aAAa, 'r0 noM-noM, va taOnEoWaEt 'tT] OlUV0l-tT] 'trov «qisouoroV», Elaayovwe; soro T11v aPX1l 'tfje; «egalite»***. na 'to OsI-ta 'tfje; xorvorvtco; we; «lmsp'tUTlle; lotOK'tT]'tpWe;» Kat Yla TOUe; «KOUPEAfjoEe;», 0 aytoe; Ma~ <'i.e; KOt'ta~Et, I-tE'ta~u <'i.AAroV, 'to «Egalitaire»22 'rOU 1840:

«'R xorvrovucf iOtOKtTlO"ia elvm IllCt uvti<paO"Tl, u').Jd1. 6 «owrovucoc ltA.OU- 1:0e; slvm eva EltaKOA.OtlOO tOU KOI-l~lOtlVtO"~lOU. '0 OtlptE, O"E UVtieEO"Tl I-lE 1:0Ue; O"EI-lVOltpEltCLe; uO"toUe; i]OtKoA.6yOtle;, fmavaA.al-lpavEt EKato oo pEe; mile; KOWroVtKo KUKO Mv UltOtEA.EL to Ott uepucoi ExOtlV mipa ltoA.M:, UA.M. 1:0 Ott OA.ot ExOtlV rrapaltOAU A.iya» xui YI' auto ElttO"Tll-laivEt EltiO"Tle; O"tij «La fausse industrie» (Iluptot 1836,0".410), «rnv &VOEtU trov ltA.otlO"irov».

To 10to enial1e;, 110l] ano 'to 1839, auvEnroe; npiv ano 'rie; «'EYYU11aEle;»23 'tOU Bal'tAlvYK, oro &Kol06l-tEVO oro Fluptct KOJluouvto ruco nEptootKO «Die Stimme des Volks»24 ('tEUXOe; II, a. 14) AtYEWt:

'" - EJ..l7tOpO~ •

•• - &800 Adltollv 4 0"0Ai8e<; ,,,,6 <6 xetp6YPu<jlo, OltOll UltijPXE <6 < .. 1..0<; <ij<; «Flpro<1]~ AoytKfj<; KataO"Keufj<;» Kai i] "PXi] <fj<; "Aeu<epT]<; AoytKfj<; Krtt<HJKeufj<;».

*** - iaotTJtw;.

«'H UTOlltKT] iOLOK'tllO"ia., it 1tOAU1ta.LV&J.LEVll, qlLA.01tOVll, ~OALKT], U~Aa.~T]~, UTOJ.LLKT] 1tPOK01tT] KUV&L oAo<PUV&Pll ~llJ.LLU orov 1tAOU'tO 'tii~ ~(Oii~».

'0 a.yto~ LaV'tO"O 1tatpVEt tow Yla KOl!l!OUVtO"I!O 'tt~ to&E~ J!EPtKWV <ptAcA.ED9EpmV 1tOD 1tPOO"Xmpoi)v O"'tOV KOl!l!OUVtO"I!O Kat 'tOV 'tP01tO 1:K(ppaO"l1~ I!EptKWV K0I!I!OUVtO"'tWV nou, yui 1tOAt> rtpuxttKOU~ A6you~, EK<ppasOUV 'ti~ anO'l'Et~ 'tOU~ I!& 1tOAt> npOo"EYI!&VE~ ota'tU1tWo"Et~ .

Mtri Kat 6 «L'ttPVSP» I!E'tal3tl3ao"E 'tijv 10toK't11O"ta O"'tijv «KOtVmVLa», oAa 'ta I!&A11 au'tfj~ 'tfj~ xotvroviuq I!ETaTp&1tOv'tUt I!El!tiJ.~ yt' au'tov 0"& <pouKapaoE~ Kai KOUPEAfjOE~, I!OAOvOn - UKOI!U Kat O"uJ!<pmva I!s. 'tl'l &u~ iOV EV'tD1tmO"l1 yui T"V KOI!J!OUVtO"'ttK" Ta~l1 1tpaYl!a'tmv - «1:XOUV» 't"V (ctJ1t&PTaT11 10toK'tij'tptal). - 'R KaAo1tpoaipE't11 1tpOTaO"l1 nou a1tEUOUVEt O"'tOD~ KOI!I!OUVtO"'t&~, «vc Kal!OUV 'tij A6~11 'KOUPEAfj~' nl!l1'ttKij npoouvopeuon, £'[O"t o1tm~ £KaVE i] imavaO"mO"l1 T" M~l1 1tOAh11~», a1tOTcA.Ei Eva 'X'tu- 1t11'to nupaOEtYl!a yta 'to 1tW~ O"UYX6Et rov KO!1I!OUVtO"I!O I!& Kan nou a1to KUtpO nta aV"KEt cro 1tUPcA.Oov. 'H EnavacrraO"l1 «£KUvs nl!l1'ttK" npoO"ayopsuO"l1» aKOl!a Kui 't" A&Sl1 «sans-culotte»!", 0"& avn1tapaOEO"l1 1tpO~ 'tOD~ «honnetes gens»*, ol 01tOrot, O"'t"v nOAD aOOKtl!l1 I!sTa<ppaO"l1 'toi) L'ttPVEP, I!s'ta'tpa1t11Kuv 0"& KaAou~ nOAhs~ (gute Burger). [ ... J

'0 a.ytO~ Lav'[O"o i.O"'Xupi1~s'tat on «i] avu'IJmO"l1 'tfj~ xorvervtuc cro E1tL1tEOO 'tfj~ {J1ts.pm't11~ i.OtoK'tij'tpta~» Oa lj'tuv «I!ta OEu'tEp11 UaiaA~(fieV(f'YJ 'toi) 1tp0O"W1tOU 1tpO~ 'to O"UI!<P&POV 'ti'j~ avOpmltta~», EVW 6 KOI!I!OUVtO"I!O~ O&V slvrn 1tupa it ool1Y1W&V11 O"'ta liKpa xo'tUAijO"'tEUO"l1 'tWV oomv «Ku'taAi}O"'tS'I'S 'to npootono». «'EnEtO" yt' uu'tov it A11O"'tsiu slvct aval!<pil3oAa Kan 'to U1tOKpouO"nKO», 6 a.yto~ Lav'tO"O «mcreuei, Aoyouxap11», on w~O"nYl!anO"s» 'tOV KOl!l!OUVtO"I!O «ijo11» I!& 'tijv 1tapu1tavm cppaO"l1. (c'I'o BtI3Aio», 0". 102). «'Ano 'tij O"nYI!"», nou 6 «L'ttPVEP» «I!UPtO"'t11KE» crov KOl!l!OUVtO"I!O «aKOI!U KUt A11O"'tclal), «os. !11tOpofj~s vc I!" VtWO"Et l3aOta a1toO"'tpocp" Kai oiKat11 uyuvaK't11O"l1 svevrtov ron» ! (Biyxcvr, 0". 156). KUAOi)~LS 'tOV «L'tipVEP» va I!a~ xurovounoat £O"'tm Kt EVUV aO"'to, nou, avu<pEpOI!SVO~ O"'tOV KO~LI!OUVtO"I!O (ij orov

• - XPllO"tOU<; uvOp6l1too<;.

xapncrj.t0)2S, va j.ti)v EXEt ota.urerocrEl j.tS j.tEyaA11 Ej.t<pacr11 .i)v LOta autit xotvorontn. '0 xouuouvtcuoc avaj.t<plcr~i)t11.a 8a npo~Er crs «A11crtda» au.o£) reoD 6 acr.o<; to 8EffipEr onv «zpooroTCtKO».

IIpmto reOpUjlla.

LEA.. 349. «'0 <PtA.EA.EU9EPtO'I!O~ 8taKijpu1;,E Eu9u~ E1;,apxfi~ on 6 UV9pOl- 1tO~ ano tijv 'i8ta tftv ouO'ia tOU 8EV 1tpEnEt vu slvca l&ol<:r:1]ata, aA.A.U l&oXi1j.1]~.Mtu Kt E8ro E1tpOKEttO ytU tOV • Av9pOl1tO Kai ox.t yui to I!EI!OVOlI!EVO Utol!o, to ~fttlwa toU i5",ou~ trov 1tPOO'Ol1tlKroV uya9rov, 1tOU ouvtcrrotios uKPtf3ro~ Kai to i8taLtEpo Ev8tacpepov trov I!EI!OVOlI!EVOlV ato~tOlV, acpe91lK& O'tft 8uIKptO'ft roix. I'i' aVT6 .6 A6yo 6 EyOltO'I!O~ trov I!EI!OVOll!evOlv C'ttOI!OlV O'tOV Ka90ptO'I!o autou 'tOU i5",ou~ f3pfiKE to mo 1tA.atu 1tE8io 8paO'll~ Kai l!1tfiK& O'tO Spouo EVO~ uO'taI!Ut1l'tOU O'UvaYOlvtO'I!OU».

Auto cr11j.taivEl: 6 <plAEACU9EPWj.t0<;, 011Aa011 ot <plAEAEU9EPOt aTOj.ttKOi tbtoKTfjtE<;, reEptS~aAav crti)v apx.it tfj<; raAAtKfj<; 'Ereavacrracr11<; titv atoj.ttKi) tbLOKt11cria j.ts Evav <ptAEAED8EPO <pffiwcrts<pavo, K11 PDcrcrOVta<; t11V w<; Eva areo to. btKatroj.tara to£) av8proreou. TOD<; aVaYKacrE va TO KaVOUV auto 11 lbta 11 8S0"11 reOD Elxav crav sreavacrtaTtKO xouuc. "Honv j.taAtcrta avaYKacrj.tSvOl oXt j.tOVO va orocrouv m:i) j.tu1;;a tOU yaAAtKO£) a.ypOTtKOU reA118ucrj.tOU TO otKaiffij.ta LbtoKt11cria<;, aAAa Kai va tOU officrouv 111 ouvarornru va rvaraAa.{Jst j.tta repayj.taTtKi) l8touTrJCfla. Kt OAa auto. j.treOpEcrav va ta KaVOUV, &reEtbit j.ts tOV rpono aUTO «to U\jfO<;» trov OtKWV roo; aya8wv, reOD Kupiffi<; tOD<; €VOtS<pEPE, reapSIlEtVE areapa~iacrw Kai llelAtcrTa EUptcrKE j.ttel crra8Epil ESacr<paAtcr11. - 'Ereicr11<; s8w j.ta8aivoullE ott, Kata ti) yvro~ll1 rof a.ylOU MaS, 0 cruvaYffiVtcrll0<; YEvvtS.at are' tOV <ptAEACU8EptcrIl0, - va Eva Xa .. crTODKt reoD OiVEt crti)v Io-ropiu onv €KoiKl1cr11 yta to. xacrTODKta noo, oreffi<; ElOallE repo11yoDj.tEva, £repEreE va OrocrEt crov sauTo ron. Ti)v «&.KPt~scr.EP11 &Si)Y11cr11» tOU uuvupscrou, j.ts to oreoro, oreffi; auto<; MEt, 6 <ptAdEu8Eptcr~lo<; «1tpO~aAE sv(Jv~ l~a(!xfj~», tit ~picrKOUj.tE crov XSYKEA, reOD .0 1820 bta.DrefficrE .ilV aKoAou811 crKS\jf11 :

«Le O'XEO'll I!E 'tU E1;,Ol'tEptKU 1tpuYl!a'ta elvm A.oytKO» (81lA.a.8ft I!OU 'tatpta~El SI!EVa O'UV A.OytKO, O'UV UV9POl1tO) «VU KatEXOl 18tOK'tl10'ia .•. 'to 'ti Kai :n:6ao aKptf3ro~ KatEXOl slvtn, E1tOI!EVOl~, eva vouuco O'ul!f3UV» «(1II1A.oO'ocpia 'tOU A1Kaiou» 26, § 49).

Even x,apaKTTjptcrnK6 "Ita T6v XSYKEA. on IlEmTp&nEt TO qipucruco crx,fjlla 'tOll aO"Toll crt unapKTij EVVOW, crs oucria Tfje; totoKTTjcriae; Kai cr' aUT6 0 «LTipVEP» T6v IltllEiTat ntcrTa. Ms f}acrTj TODe; npoava.<pEp8sVTEe; crunoytcrlloue;, 0 aytoe; Mas OtKOoOIlEi rropu Evav fino tcrXuptcrll6, ollA.aoij on 0 KOIlIlOUVtcrIl6e;

{(E9EaE 'to epOOtTJI.W. yui to ihJloe; tile; nEptoucriae; Kat unaVtTJaE on 0 uv9pmnoe; 9a EnpEnE va EXEt roou, oaa toil slvm uvaYKata. 0a Jl11.0pBaEt upaYE 0 eymlaJlOe; JlOU va IxavonotTJ9Et Jl' auto ; ... "Oxt, npBnEt va Exm roon, Daa ELJlat tKavOe; vc i.OtonotTJ9a))) (a. 349).

I1poha an' oA.a npSnEt eow va napaTTjpijcroUIlE on 0 KOIluouviouoq Ka86A.ou Mv npofjA.8E ano Ti}V § 49 Tfje; «<l>tA.ocro<piae; 'tOll Aucuiou» rof XSYKEA. Kai an6 Til OWTD1t(Ocrij 'tOU nsp! 'tOll «rt Kai noco». AEUTEPO, OSV n&pacrE Kavan' T6 lluaA.6 WWV KOIluouvtouou» va OrocrEt Kan «O"T6v y A v8p<ono», ot6n «0 KOIlIlOUvtouor;» osv sivut Ka86A.ou Tfje; yvrollTje; on ((() "Avspomoc» «XPEtasETaL» onoijnoTE nspa an6 Ilta cruvonnKij KptnKi} avaA.ucrTj. Tplto, 0 «L-ripVEP» a.nooiOst o-rov xouuouviouo -ri}v EVVOW 1tEpi rof «rf x'PEtasSTUO> IlS TT] crTjllacria 1tOD oiVEt o-rov opo 0 cnueptV6e; acrT6e;, xt £Tat dcraYEt Eva otaKptnK6 yvroptcrlla, nOD, EsatTiae; Toll XOVTPOKollllSVOU xapaKTi}pa TOU, M Ilnopsi va EXEt crTjllacria 1tapall6vo yta TT] crTjIlSptVij xoivoivtc Kai T6 tOWT6 TTje; 0lloi<Olla - T6v o-npvspurvo LUA.A.0YO TWV «IlSlloV<OIlSV<OV omvcKA.ao<ov» Kai TOW i:A.Eu8sp<ov pamptwv. '0 «LTipVEP» 1tSTUXE Kal naAt ~lsyaAEe; «OtStcroucrElQ> O"Ti}v oucria rof KOIlIlOUVtcrIlOll. TEA.tKa, O"Ti}v asi<ocrT] 'tOU va £XEt roou ocra elvor tKav6e; () lOWe; va lownotTj8cr (Me; Kal llT]n<oe; aUT6 OSV slvrn " cruVTj8tcrll&VTj acrnKi} <ppacrTj on () Ka8&vae; npSnEt va EXEt roou, ocra Toll E1mpSnSt " fKav6TTjTa 'tOU va anoKTijcrEt, on nps'nEt va EXSt T6 otKal<Olla Tile; EASD9EpTje; npocooou), 0 aylOe; IavTO"o Un08&TSt on 6 KOIluouvrouo; EXEl KtOA.ae; 1tpaYllaT<o8Ei Kal TOU 1tapsXE-rUt " SuvoTOTTjTa. va avanTDcrcrEl aVEllnOOtcrm Kai va OEiXVEt Tie; «IxcvoTTjT&e;» TOU, npaYlla nOD, on<oe; Kai of totEe; oi «tKaVOTTjTSe;» TOD, osv esapn&mt 11& KaV&Va rpono uovo uno T6v IavTcro, UA.AU Kal ano Tie; crXscrEte; napay<oyfje; Kal &ntKotv<oviae;, Ilscra crTle; onoiEe; SEi. - (BA.. napaKaT<O TO KE<paAalO yta TO LuvE-ratptcrIl6)27. "AA-

Arocrn:, OU"CS 6 lOtoe; (; a.ytoe; Ma.~ osv svsPysL crull<Provu IlS "C1'] OtK1'] rou OtOUcrKUAiu, oton cr' OAO rou "Co «Bt~Aio» «€XSt uva.YKl1» KUt XPl1crtll01totst 1tpa.Yllum 1tOU os cr"Ca.811KS «fKUVOe; va. {Oto1tOtl1- 8sL».

AEUtEPO 1tOplO"lla.

«' AAA.o. ol KOLVOlVlKOi ll&mppuOlllO"tE<; Mu<; KllpUO"O"ouv EVCl AiKClto rfj<; KOLVOlViCl<;. 'Eoro to Utollo yiV&rCll O"KAo.l3o<; rfj<; KOlVOlViCl<;» (0". 246). «:EUWPOlVCl IlE tit YVcOIlll troy KOIlIlOUVlO"trov, 6 KClO{;VCl<; o<jl&iA&l v« U1tOAClIl- 1300V&l to. CllcOVlCl OlKCllcOllClrCl tOU uvOPc01tOU» (0". 238).

rta. "COue; opoue; OtKUiroIlU, spyucriu K"CA., 01troe; of opo; UU"COl XPl1O'lIl01tOtoUVtat U1t' "COue; 1tPOASta.ptoUe; cruyypu<pste; Kui yta. "Co 1t0la. 1tPS1tSt va. slvat 11 KpmKl1 ma.crl1 U1tsvuv,i roue, 8a. IltA1']couus oro KS<pa.AUto yta. rov {((1A118tvo oootuxtouo» (~AS1tS "Col-to IpS). "Oco yta. "CO otKuirollu, Sll ste; , oinAu crs 1tOAAa. aAAU, U1tOYPUl-lllicrul-ls "CiJv uV"Ci8scrl1 "COU xouuouvicuof un&vuvn cr"CO StKuirol-ta., roco "CO 1tOAt"ClKO Kui "CO iOtW"ClKO, ocro Kui "Co OLKUi(J)llu crnl YSVtKO"CSP11 1l0p<pf] "COD, We; otKuirollu "COU uv8pw1tou. BAS1tS «rSPIlUVO-rUAAtKa. XPOVtKa.»29, onou ,a. 1tPOVOlltU, ,a. U1tOKAStcrnKa. OtKUtcOl-lUm, VOOUV"CUt cra.v Ka.n 1tOU UV"CLcr"COtXSL npoe; "CiJv u"COlltKf] iOtoK"Cl1crtU nou cruvoSsmt IlS "C1']v U1tUP~l1 ,wv iOta.i"Csprov KOLVroVtKWV cr"CProlla.,rov, SVW "CO OtKuirol-lU vostrut cra.v Ka.n 1tOU uvncr"CotXcL cr,te; cruv8fjKse; "COU cruvuyroVtcrl-LOU, "Cfje; EASu8SPl1C; u"COlltK11e; iOtoK'l1crtUe; (cr. 206 Kui UAAOU). 'E1tt0'11e;, "Ca. lOta. "Ca. OtKutcOl-lUm "COU uv8pc01toU VOOUVtat onv npovouio, EVW i] uwIltKij iOtoK"Cl1crta cra.v 1l0V01tcOAtO. Flnpunspu, f] KpmKf] "COU otKatcOl-tU"COe; crucrXS"CtSS"Cat EKSi IlB "Cij YSPIlUVtKl1 <ptAocro<piu Kut EIl<puVtSS"CUt cra.v noptoun E~uYOllsvo un' ,ijv KpmKij "Cfjc; 8pl1- crKciae; (cr. 72). Tau,oxpova, l)1toypul-llliss"CUt cru<pwe; ncOe; "Ca. voIltKa. u~t(Ollum, 1tOU 00l1YOUV ofj8sv orov K0l-lI-LODVtcrIlO, U1tO,SAOUV u~tcOlla,u "Cfje; u"COlltKfjC; iOtoK"Cl1criuC;, EVW "CO YSVtKO OtKuirollU "Cl1e; K,f]crl1C; EVOe; 1tpa.Ylluwe; unO'tSASL I-tta. <pavmcrtc00l1 npoiin08scrl1 "COU OlKatcOI-LU"COC; nle; u"COlltK11c; {otoK"Cl1criue; (cr. 98, 99)30.

"AAArocr"CS, 1l0VD un' "CO lluuA6 EVOe; ~SpOAtVSsOU 0111l00tOa.crKaAOU 8a. unopotics vc 1tspa.crn i] iosu v' avn,a.~St "Ca. ocra cincO-

0l1Kav napunavO) a' EVUV Mnallns<p Kai va rov napst aav OSO)Pl1- 'tt KO SK7tpoaO)7tO 'tOU xouuouvtouoii. '0 «L'tipvsp», roatocro, os vrpsnerm va ia%upi~s'tat a'tij a. 247 on 6 KOllllolWtallcc;, 6 6noioc; osxs'tUt

«on OA.Ol oi iiv9pol1tOl exouv a1to 1:11 <puc}'!] 10"0. 8lKCl.UOjlCl.'tCl., aVCl.lpei 'ti]v 18lCl. 'tij 8lKij roo 9EO'll, omv A.EEl on oi iiv9pOl1tOl a1tO 'tij <puO'Tj 8EV exouv KCl.VevO,; d80u,; 8lKCl.lOOjlCl.'t.C1.. 'E1tEl8ij 8EV 9EA.el, A.oyouXaPTj, va 1tCl.pCl.8eX'tei on ol yovctc EXOUV 8lKCI.lrojlCl.'tCl. a1tEVCl.Vn O"'ta 1tCl.l8la roue, C1.\)'to,; KCI.'tCl.pyei 'ti]v olxoyEVElCl.. Tcvucn, OA.Tj C1.\)'tij i] e1tCl.VCl.O"'tCl.nKij ii jl1tCl.jl1te<plKij apxi] (O"uYKpLVe:

CCOl KOjljlOUVlO"'tE'; O"'tijv 'EA.~E'tiCl., EK9EO"Tj 'E1tl'tp01tfj,;»31, 0". 3) o"'tTjpi~E'tal 1taVOl O"E jlla 9pTjO'KEunKij, 8TjA.C1.8i] empCl.A.jlEV11 av'tiA.Tj\jlTj».

L'tijV 'AYYAia <p'taVst Evac; rtavKl1C;, pp[aKSI EKEi EVa KroAUlla oro npoomno EVOC; Eipnvodtxn, nou rov &1l7tooisst va lluanyroast 'to OOUAO 'tOU, Kat <pO)vaSSt ayavaKnallsVOC;: «Do you call a land of liberty, where a man can't Iarrup his nigger?»*

'0 aytoc; LaVTaO naOaivst toro OtnAO PsSiAslla. IT pro'tO, SsO)p€i on Ku'tapyouv'tUt 'ta «tau OtKatrolla'tu 'trov avOpronO)V» un' 'to on uvuyvO)pi~ov'tat «ano 'tij <pual1 Ion OtKaHllllu'tU» a'ta 1tatOLa Evavn 'trov yovsO)v, un' 'to OTt a'ta natota Kai a'tOUC; yovf:iC; OiVOV'tUL 'ta. taa ()tKaLrollu'ta 'tou uvSpro1tOU. Asurepo, OUO aSAiosc; nLo navO), 6 'IaKo)poc; 6 uyuOouAl1C; ASSI on 'to Kpa'tOC; Mv avullStYVUS'tUL o'tav EVUC; 7tu'tspac; OSPVSl 'to ytO 'tOU, oton avayvO)piSSt 'to OLKOYSVSLUKO otKaiO)lla. "Erct , alno 1tOU 6 L'tipvsp, ano 'tll llta IlspLa, 'to napouatasSt ouv iOIO)TtKO (ohcovevstuxo) otKaiO)llu uno t"ijv UAAl1 IlSpta., 'to sv'ta.aast a'ta. «anO 'tij <pual1 tau OtKatrounru 'trov uvSpromoVl>. TSAtKa, llaC; 6110AOYSl on yvO)pisSt rov Mnallns<p 1l0VO ano 'tijv EKSsal1 M7tAOUVTaAt, EVro a'tijv iOtu 'tijv EKSsaij 'tOU 6 MnAOUVTaAt 6110AOYSl IlS 'tij astpa 'tOU, a'tll a. 3, on EXSI aV'tAijaSt OAU 'ta a'tOLxsia 'tOU ano 'tOV EvnllO'tU'tO ()OKt"O)pa 'tOU Aucatou A. L'taLV32• Ol EllnSptcr'tU'tO)IlSVSC; yvroastc; 'tOU ay10u Lav'tao nspi xouuouvtouof ouvepdrvovtut a'tijv nspiKonij nou uVU<PSpallS. "Onroc 6 ay1OC; Mnpotivo slvot 6 IlscriTl1C; rou oro SSlla 'tllC; Enavaa'taal1C;, E'tat Kai 6 ay1OC; M1tAOuV'taAt slver 6 IlsaiTl1C; 'tOU cro SSIlU 'trov xouuouvicrnov. Mtn Kt Ihat

• - Knt ;l.Ete xropa tii_ ll;l.euSep'a_. ,.lIU xropa /l1tOU Eva_ iivSpo",o, Il& ,.mopEl vu unc n"{rovel tOV vcypo tOU;

8XOUV to. n:paYJ!ata, osv n:pSn:El va J!a~ n:apaSEvEDEl o'tav, crov n:ponOyovo J!a~ «'Aoyo rof 0EOU», 'AiYE~ ypaJ!J!s~ n:apaKatCO, f] fraternite" til~ sn:avacr'tacrl1~ Un:O~l~a/;;Etal ei: «icornrn t&v tsKVCOV 'tou 0EOU» (crs n:010 06YJ!a toU xplcrnavlcrJ!OU yiVEta! 'Aoyo~ nsp] egalite** ;).

Tpito 7tOP1(fJlU.

l:EA.. 414: Mui Kui i] upxi] 'tOU KOA.A.EKnI3LO"Il0U U1tOKOPUcproVEtat orov KOlllloUVLO"Il0, iipu, KOlllloUVLO"Il0~ = «u1togeooO"TJ 'toU Kpa'tou~ 'tfj~ uya1t11~».

'An:o to Kpato~ til~ ayan:l1~, n:OD slvut OlKO tOU KatacrKEDaouc, 6 {iylO~ Mas n:apaYEl so& xouuouvtouo, 6 6n:oio~, Yla to 'Aoyo alno, n:apaJ!svEl CPUcrtKa Eva~ an:OKAE1crnKa crtPIVEpW.VO; KOJ!J!OUVlcrJ!O~. '0 {iylO~ LaVmO 0& YVCOpi/;;El n:apa Eva un: 'to. OUo: 11 'tOV EYC01crJ!0, tj to aitl1J!a yta ayan:l1 n:po~ rov n:'Al1criov, Eucrn:'Aaxvia Kat EAEl1J!ocrDVl1 't&v uv9pffin:cov. "£SCO Kat n:aVCO an:' uu'tO to OtAl1J!J!a, osv Un:aPXEl Yl' autov tin:om.

Tpitt} AO,¥lKi] KUtU<fKEUi].

«'E1tELOi] O"'ti]v xotvcrviu 13A£1tOUIlE 'ta 1tLO ul3aO"'tux'tU OELva, YL' uuro eLOlKa» (!) «oi KU'tU1tlE~OIlEVOl» (!) «exsqrrovnn on cp'tUiX'tTJ~ Yla OA.U uu'tu elvut i] xotvovtu Kui ge'touv crov euu'tO roi»; 'to Ku9fjKOV v' U1tOKUAUIjIOUV 'til O"ooO"'ti] KOlVOOviu» (0". 155).

'0 «LtipVEP», o.vticrtpocpa, «9StEt crov eaUto 'tOU» «ro KU- 9ilKOV» va avaKuM\jIEt ti] «crcocrti] xotvrovln» n:OD 'ta!P1a/;;Et a' aViOV***, tl'lV LEpi] xotvovlu, ti]v xoivoivln ouv EvcrapKmcrl1 iOV 'Ispoti. Auto t n:OD sfvct Kam1tlEt;;'oJ!EVOt crl1J!Epa «crnv KOlVCOvia», «cxsorovmt» an:A&~ n:&~ va cpnasouv J!ta xorvorvtu, n:o D va Elva! aWo'i17 yl' aViOV~, Kat yt' auto n:pSn:El n:piv an:' OAa va KatapY119Ei, J!S ~acrl1 ti~ uCPtcrtaJ!EVE~ n:upaycoYlKl~~ OUVaJ!Et~, f] tCOPlVi] xotvorviu, v Av, e.g. ****, crs J!la J!l1xavi] «OOUJ!E a~acrtaX'ta OElVa», av, AoyouXaPl1, aPV1Stal va AEttOUpyi]crEt xt SKEtVOt n:OD SXOUV aVaYKl1 an:o 'ti] J!l1xavi] au'ti], AoyouXaPl1 yta va KaVOUV

• - aoeA.<j)ocn\vll • •• - (aoTlltaC; •

••• - AoYOltU(YVLO aTtl Tepuuvrxu ; «die rechte Gesellschaft» «<1'1 moaTi] KOlVroV[U))) KU( «ihrn rechte Gesellschaft» «(KOlVroV[U ltOU TOU TUlPltl'W» (I:ll!l. uer.) •

•••• - exempli gratia (ltUPUO&(YIlUTOC; XtlPll).

AsqmJ., Bpioxouv on to KaKO £YKSttat atilV tOta tij IllJXavij Kat nuaxtsouv va 'tl1V rpoxoaomcouv KtA., tors, Ka'ta tij YVOllllJ LOU uytoU LavtaO, 8s'tOuv crov tamo roue to Ka8fjKov axt ')Ia ~lO(!(JCOCfOVV tIl ~LlJxavil yta rov tauto roue (sich Zurechtzuriicken), aAM v' avaKaAlJ\jfoUV tfI CfWaT1] IllJXavij, tfIv {spfI IllJXavi!, 't11 1l11Xav11 ouv i';vaaKpWalJ 'toD 'Ispou, to 'Ispo aav i';vaapKWalJ tfj<; IllJXavfj<;, tfI IllJXavij crov oupuvo. '0 «Et ipvsp» rou; aUIl~ouASVSt v' CWaS1l't11aOUV to <ptai~I~LO ((Cfr6v r~lO r6')1 eavr6 rOV~». ~sv slvci ~LfI1tw<; OtKO roue <ptai~tllo nov XPsIai,;ovtat, AoYOUXaPlJ, 'tfIv mana Kat to uAStpt ; !!t 8a unopotiouv IlfInw<; va <pUTS\jJOUV natats<; cro xrolla Kat va tt<; ~yaAouv ano KSi' IlS ta vvXta; '0 UYlO<;, atfI a. 156, KaVSt axsnKa LOULO to Kij pUYlla :

«Eivm an/doe; EVu nuvapxUlo oarvouevo 'to va ~ll'taEt Kuvde; npllimn plli'tu va piXVEt 'to cpmil;,tllO cr' 5r.,oue; 'toue; ar.,r.,oue; EK'tOe; un' 'tOV i:uu'to 'tau, - va 'to ~l1'taEt 011r.,uOT] oro KpU'tOe;, cr'tT] CPIA,UU1:iu 'tlliv nA,oucrirov, Evlli 'to cp'tUil;,lllo, wcrtocro, dvm UKpIPIlie; OtKO IlUe;».

'0 «Kata1tlsi,;oIlSVO<;», nov nast va pi~SI «oro KpaLO<;)) «ro <pmiSIIlO)) Yla t~ <ptOlXSta, osv slvor, onw<; to s'loalls KtOAa<; nto navw, KavFva<; fiAAO<;, napa 6 tOlO<; 6 'IaKw~o<; 6 aya80vAlJ<;. !!svtSpo, 6 «Kcna1ttsi,;ollsVOQ), nov S(p1lauxai,;St IlS to va uvai,;lJ'tst to «(ptai~tIlO)) yta oAa atil «<ptAautf,a trov nAouaiwv», osv civet naAt KUvtva<; UAAO<;, napa 6 'IUKW~O<; 6 aya80vA1K ea J,l1topouas va napsL &Kpt~Satspa aLOtxsi'a yta fiAAOU<; xurumsi,;0llsVOU<; ano ta «Facts and Fictions» LOU John Watt, pootatpou Kat DtoaKLOpa ti,]<; <ptAoao<pia<;, ano to «Poor Man's Companiofi))33 'tou Hobson KtA. Kai, rpiro, noto<; slvcr 0 <popsa<; 'tOD «(ltKOD Ila<; <pmtsillaLO<;)) ; Miprw<; to nat8i tOU npOAStaptoU, nov EPXStat crov xoouo paXlJ'ttKo, nOD of yovsi<; 'tOU to IlsyaAOlvouv p,s to a1tlO Kai omv yivst t<pta xpovro 'to atSAvouV oro epyoataoto, il 1l11nw<; 0 IlSIl0VWJ,Lsvo<; spyatlJ~, an' tOV onoi'o yupsuouv I';oro va «~salJKw8f:i» uovo; 'tOU svavna atfIv naYKoa~lta ayopa, il 1l11nw<; to xopirot, nov slvot avaYKaallsvo il va ns8avst an' 'tl]V zrslvc 11 va yivst nopvr; ; "Oxt, Otv slvut Ka80Aou atHOL, aAAa 1l0- vov SKstVO<;, 1tOV «OAO to <ptai~tIlO)), OlJA., to «<ptai~t~LO)) YIa OA1') 't~v tWptV11 Kataamall 'tOu KoaIlCU, 'to uvas1')tst «Ilsaa 'tOU»,

slvut, OXt Kavevw; UAAO~, 1tapa 1taAL 6 lOLO~ 6 'IaKw13o~ 6 aya- 90UAll~ : «Eivm U1tA&~ Eva 1tavapxato qxnvousvo» Ti1~ xptcmaVlKi'j~ &vOOaK01tllall~ Kat flETavota~ U1tO T~V YEPflavLKi] 9EWPllTtKOAoyouaa flOPCPij Tll;, fle TijV {OEaAtanKij cppaacoAoyia Tll£, 01tOll TO 'EycO, 6 lJ1tapKTO£ uvSpro1tO£, 1tpe1tEt v' aAAa~ro oXt Tijv 1tpaYflanKoTllTa, Kan 1tOU flOVO flast fle UAAOU£ Sa fl1topouaa va Kavro, aAM v' aAM~ro 6 rOto£ fleaa uou, «Elvm 6 &aroTEptKO£ aYcOva£ TOU auyypacpea fle TOV LOto TOU TOV sau't"o» (('H "Ayw Olxovevsur», a. 122, 1tp13A. a. 73, 121 Kat 306)34.

"naTE, AOt1tOV, KaTa TOV ayto Lanao, ol KaTa1tLESOflEVOt a1tO TijV xotvorvlu avaSllTOuv Tij aroaTij xowoivto. "Av EtXE auVe1tELa, 9a B1tPE1tE Kt SKcivOt, 1tOU «SmSllTOuv va pi~ouv TO cpTat~LflO aTO KpaTO£», - Kat yt' allTOV Kat ot OUO slvat aVTa Ta UJla npoomn«, - va avasllTijaouv TO o'Wo'T6 UeaTOi;. 'AAAa aUTO oev TOV 130AEUEt, OLon EXEt aKouaEL 1tcO£ of xouuouvtcrsc geAouv va KaTapyijaollv TO KpaTO~. n pe1tEt va KaTaaKEuaaEt rdipo aUTij Tijv KaTapYllall TOU Kp(hou~, 1tpaYfla 1tOU 6 ayto~ Lavmo TO TaKT01tOtci, atJVE1tlKOUpOUflEVO~ 1taAL a1t' TOV «ljIapi'j» TOU, Tl]V rcovru, fl' Evav TP01tO 1tOU «cutverut 1toM U1tAO~» :

«'Em;t8ft ot Epya,!:<; ~p[crKOVtat ci: xauiawa'f} l1V/JelW; (No ts tan d), ft lntapXOUcro. xa,dawa'f} neaYfld,wv (S tand del' Dinge), 8111... ,6 xedroc; [del' Staat] (Status = Stand), ltpf.lt!:t va Ko.,o.pYTJ90iiv» (o ro L8w).

KaTaaTaall EVoEtu£

U1tapXOuaa KaTaaTaall 1tpaYflaTrov. KaTaaTaall (Stand) Status*

Staat**

KpaTO£

'Y1taPXOUaa KaTaaTaall1tpaYflaTrov Stand Status LUfl1t&paafla : KaTaamall EVOEta£

Ti ea fl1tOpOUaE «vd cpavci U1tAOUaTEpO»; «Elver flOVO EK- 1tAllKnKo» TO on ol UYYAOt aaTOt (Bourgeois) TOU 1688 Kat ol yaAAOt aaTOt TOU 1789 O&V «(KaTeAll~aV» aTi£ lotE~ «U1tA6£ aKe\JfEt~» Kat e~tacOaEt£, UV Kat aTOU£ KatPOU~ SKcivou~ i] &~taroall

• - ta!;l1 ltpaYl1atcov • •• - Kpato,;.

«Kunlcr'Wcr11 (Stand) = 'taSl] npuYJlanov (Status) = to Kp6.tO~ (der Staat)» ijtUV nOAu mo OtKUlOAoYmll~Vl] an' 0, rt cr11JlEpu. 'Ano (lro npoxunrst on nnvrof onou {maPXEt Jlta «KUtacr'Wcr11 SVOEta~», «'1:6 KpatO~», nou, <pucrtKa, slvct EVu Kai 'to UU'to crt11V Ilpoictu Kui crtr, Bopstn 'AJlEptKr" np~1tf;t va KU'tupYl]9Ei.

'0 ayLO~ 1:avtcro Jli'i~ npocnpspst trope, Ka'ta 'to crUVr,9EtO tOU, ~lEptKa ano<p9~YJluta 'tou 1:oAoJlooVta.

I:OAOJiroVt&lO o:n(l(p9&YJiCl ap9. 1.

LEA.. 163 : «To on " KOlVCJ)via. OEV elvrn Ka.VEVa. 'Eyoo, to 6noLo ea I1noPOUo"E va OiV&l KtA.., una eva. opya.vo un' 07t01l I11tOpoUI1E va UVtA.1lO"OUI1E 6<pEA.11" Ott OEV ilXOlll1E KOlVCJ)VlKE~ U1tOXPEooo"El~, UA.A.a 110VO KOlVCJ)VlKa. 0"1l11- <pEPOVta.· ott OEV 6<pElA.OIlI1E va KaVOIlI1& eUO"iE~ Yla t1lV KOlVCJ)via., una, Ota.v Ka.l1la <popa KaVOlll1E tEtOlE~ eIlO"i&~, ilxoul1& U1tOljll1 tOV Ioto tOV e Ea.uto 11a.~, - OA.a. a.Uta OEV ta O"1cf;<ptoVtCl.l ol KOLVCJ)VlKOi <plA.&A.EUSEPOl, olon eIva.t a.ixl1aA.CJ)tOl tii~ upxii~ tii~ epllo"KEia.~ Ka.i I1E I1EyaA.O ~iiA.o u1toI3M1tou v 1tpO~ I1la iEP1l KOl vrovto».

'Ano oro npoKUntOUV ol aKoAou9E~ «OtEtcrMcrEt~» cr'tr,v ouo in toU KOJlJlOUVlcrJlOU:

1. '0 {iylO~ 1:aVtcrD EXEt SExacrEl svn;Aro~ on UUtO~ 0 '(OLO<; ijtaV tKErVO~, nou JlEt~tPE\jIE «'tr,v xotvorvlu» ai: KanotO «'Eyoo» Kui on, cruvEnro~, Bptcxerut anAro~ ~l~crU cr'tilV '()tU 'til ()tKr, ron «xotvorvic».

2. Ihctsuet on o] KOJlJlOUVtcrt~~ nEpiJlEVUV uno «tr,v xoivoivtc» va tOU~ «ooocrf:t» Kan, tvro npaYJlUn 'to UVooWto nou 9~Xouv slvm va owcrouv crcv EUU'tO 'tOU~ Jlta xctvorvin.

3. Tlporof UKOJla apxicrEl va unapXEl KanOtu xowoivtu, 't11 JlEtatp~nEt cr~ opyuvo, un' 'to onoio 9~AEt v' UVtA11crEt 6<p~Al], XO)pi<; UU'tO~ Kui aAAOt av9pronot, Jl~ 'ti~ uJlolpuiE~ KOlVo)VtK~~ crXScrEl~ roue, va. EXouv ol]JltoUPYl]crEt 'tilv xotvcovlu, Ol]Aaoi) 'to tOto au'to 'to «OPyuVO».

4. Il trrtsust on cr'tllV KOJlJlOUVtcr'ttK1l xotvoivtu Jlnopsi va yiVEt A6yo~ yta «UnOxpEoocrEl~» Kui «ouuospovru», yta Suo uAAl]AocruJlnAl]pouJlEvE<; nAf:Up&~ Jlti'i~ UV'tiGEcrl]~ nou {mapXEl JlOVD cr'tllV acr'ttK11 KOLVO)VtU (uno 'to npocrX11JlU 'tOf> crUJl<P~pov'tOc;, 0 cxsnrouevo; &.cr'to~ nUPEJl~aAAEt naVto'tE EVu rplro cr'tOtXEio uvaJlEcra orov ~UUtO 'tOU Kat crov rpono EK()l]Arocrl]~ 'tf)<; srof)<;

rou, ,.lUi J.lavtspa nOl> Tfj~ EOWn: npaYJ.lan dacnKiJ J.loP<PiJ 0 MnsvOaJ.l, noo f] J.lUT1"] rou npS1C!:t va £XEt KanoLO auJ.l<pspov npoTOl> anO<paaiaEt va napEt ~LUpououi. LUYKptVE Ta oaa AtYOVTat aTO «Btf)Aio» yta TO tmw[wp,a nou 8XEt 0 KaOsva~ nav(O aTiJ J.lUT11 rou, a. 247).

5. '0 aytO~ Ma~ ntaTEuEt on of KOJ.l~LOUVtaTt~ 8SAOUV va «KaVOUV OUaiE~» «crnv KOtV(OVlU», EVro TO noM-noM OSAOUV va Oucnaaouv TiJv unapXOllaa xoivoivto. Ln'lV nEpinT(Oa1"] ai'm'l, TiJV imlyv(oa1l rou; 1C(O~ 6 ay(iJvu~ TOU~ anoTEAEi K01ViJ UnOOEa1"] OA(oV TroV avOpwn(Ov, yta TOU~ onotouc TO aanKO KaOI:aTW~ 8XEt YlVEt noM aTEvoXolpo,Oa i:npEnE va nlv xapaKT1"]plaEt ffi~ J.lta Ouala nou Kavouv aTOV rOtO TOV f.UUTO TOU~.

6. To on o i KOtV(OVLKOi <pLAE/,EUOEPOt slvut alnlaA(oTOL Tfj~ upxfj~ Tii~ Opl1a·KEla~ Kat

7. "Ott unof)Asnollv npo~ J.lta lEP11 xotvmviu, npaYJ.la YLa TO onoio ElnaJ.lE upKETa nto nav(O. Eloa~lE 1101"] J.lS zooo «sfjAO» o {iytO~ LaVTao «unof)Atnw) aTiJv ~yKUOl()pUml J.ltu<; «tEpfj~ KOtvciviuc», maTE, J.lS TiJ f)OlWELa T1"]~, va unopecct va avnKpouaEt TOV KOJ.lJ.lOUVlaJ.lO.

:Eol..0flUWU:LO urco«p9E"{fla apO. II.

~EA. 277: «"Av to cr\)I.HpEpOV nuvro cro KOlVroVlKO npO~AllllU i'imv AlYOtEPO nu9lucrllEVO KUt AlyOtEPO t\)!PAO, tOtE 0 L a v 0 (! W :rr. 0 t ••• Ou KUruvoououv on IllU KOIVroVLU Ot IlnopEI v' UVUVEroO!:I, ocro uutol nOll tilv ouVUnotEAOuV xa! tilv cr\)YKPOtOUV nupUIlEVO\)V onroc; i'icruv npOOta».

'0 «LTlPVEP» VOj1iSEt EOro on ol KOJ.lJ.lOUVLaTt~ nPOAETaPLOt, nou &navaa-ranKOnOtOl>V Tf]V xorvevlu Kai OS-roUV Ti~ axtaEL~ napay(Oyfj~ Kat Tf] J.lOp<pf] EntKOtV(oVla~ miv(O as J.Lta vsa f)aa1"] - Kat J.lla TSTOW f)aa1"] sivct atHol of l()LOl m~ xmvoupytot avOp(07tOt, 6 xuivoupyu»; Tpono~ s(Ofj~ roue, - napaJ.lsvouv «on(O~ ilaav npro-ra». 'H aKOUpaaT1"] nponayav()a aUTrov TroV npoAETapuov, of KaOl1J.lEptVS~ aUsl1TilaEt~ nou KaVOUV J.lE-ra~U roue, ()ElXVOUV apKETa noao Aiyo auwi oi rOtot OSAOUV va nupuustvouv «on(O~ ftaav npro-ra» Kat noao ()SV OSAOUV va nupnustvouv YEVtKa of avOp(07tot «on(()~ l1TaV nprom». 06 nupsuevcv «on(O~ ilaav nproTa» J.lOVO aTiJv nEpinT(Oa1"] nou, !la~i J.lS TOV LaVTO"O, 0' «dvu-

sllTOuaav to <pmi~l~LO crov tblO tOV eaUtO TOUe;». ' A'A'Aa ~spouv rroM KaAU on uovo iiv ana~ouv ol rrEpta"J;aEte; e6, rra\jlouv va EtVat «orrw; rrpmtw) Ka i Yl' auto slvct arro<pacrta~svot ~o'Ale; bOeEi iJ buvatonFa v' u'A'Aa~ouv autSe; tiC; m:ptcrtaaEte;. ItiJv btavaamnKl1 bpaall f] u'A'AayiJ wu IbLOU TOt} eauwu ~ae; ouuntnrst ~s tij ~Eta!)o'Ai] tmv rrEptataaEWv. [ ... ]

«or a.vOPOl1tot, um':xovtu<; noM uno tftv E1tlOlc.o1;,11 v' uvuntul;,ouv rov lOtO tOV euuto roue, nav7:0te OD.rwav va. nAa.crouv Ilta. xowrovic».

Of iivOp(J)rrot, urrsXOVtae; rroM urro to va Os'Aouv va rr'Aaaouv ~ta xotvoivto., EvijpY'llaav, rocrtoao, ~s rsroto tpono, matE v' uvamuxOEi iJ xotvorvtu, ErCElbij rravm ijOE'Aav va uvarrtux.90Dv uovo aav ~EX(J)ptata iito~a Kat yt' auto rrsTuxav tijv avarrtu~ij roue ~LOVO ~saa atijv xotvoivtu Kat bta~Saou tfiC; xotvorviuc, "A'A'A(J)ore, uovo Evae; aylOC; TOU <pl)pa~atoe; tou Iavtao ~ac; ~rropEi va btaV0119Ei va ~EX(J)ptaEt tl1V uvarrTU~'ll «tmv uvOpo:m(J)v» urro tijv uvamu~ll «tfie; xotvorvtuc», ~saa crnv 6rroia. souv autoi of avOP(J)1tOt Kat va auvExiaEt tiC; <paVtaaLOK01tiEe; rou rravw a' autij t11 <pavtaa't"tK11 0acr11· 'Errt1tASOV, £XEt Kto'Aac; ~ExaaEt tiJ btKij tOU Osa'll, 1tOU wu t11V 6VS1tVEUaE 6 aYlOe; M1tPODVO, ~s tijv onoin, ~o'Ate; 'Aiyo mo rrav(J) , lWEtE awue; uvOpwrroue; to 119tKo ah'll~a v' u'AAU~oUV tOV tblO tOV eauTo TOUe; Kat ~sa(J) auwu ti]v KOtV(J)via roue, taUti1;;ovmc;, aUVE1tme;, tijv uvarrtu~ll tmv UVepW1t(J)v ~(;. tl1V a.varrtu~'ll tfie; xotvoivicc roue,

Itij a. 156 !)al;;Et roi»; xouuouvicrcc, a{; UVTiOEa'll rrpoe; tOUe; rro'AitEe;-~s'A'll tfje; rro'AttEiae; (Staatsbiirger), va MVE:

Tttuptt] I.011Kl) KUtUO"KWl).

«'B oucriu Muc OEV ouvio-rurut» (!) cro «on 'EIlEl<; OAOt Ehman: tau tEKVU tf\<; nOAttELU<;» (!), «Una. oro on 'EIlEi<; OAOt una.pxoullE 0 &vu<; yta. tOV a.AAOV. 'EIlEi<; OAOt Eluco te Icroi, SnEtoft unapxoullE 0 &vu<; yta tOV a.AAOV, 0 KUOEVU<; SpyasEtUl yta tOV a.nov, 0 Ku9tvu<; uno Mu<; ElVUt spya.tTJ<;l)· BasEL, Aomov, &VU cnueto s;iaOlall<; uva.IlEau oro «una.pxc.o aav spyatTJ<;» KUL cro «unapXEl 0 Ku9EVU<; Ila<; f!OVD olullEcrou toG a.AAOU», EtO"l nou 6 UAAO<;, «SpyasEtat, AOyouXap11, yta to vroouio 1l0U, 'Ejto yta vn iKuvonotoo tftv UVUYoCll tij~ IjIllx:uyc.oyLa~ tOU, UUto<; yta tftv tpoq)]l 1l0U, 'Eyffi yta tft 1l0P!pOlai] roo. "Apn, ft aUllllEtOXil Ila<; oro YEVtKo epyo elvut it ul;,LOnpEnE ta IlU<; Kai ft laOtllTa Ila<;. - I1otO slvut to O!pEAO<; Moe un' tftv lototTJtU toG no-

1..i'tTJ; Bapn. Knt 1tota slvut f] EKtillTJcrll 'ti'j'; Epyacria,; ucc ; "Oo o yiVEtat mo XallTJAi] ... Tl 111tOpEi'tE va llu,; uvttltapa9EcrEtE ; 'Epyacria Kai 1taAt Epyaotu !» «Movo yta 'ti]v Epyacria O<PELAOUllS va cru,; ooocroulls utrrv ullot~ip). «Movo crE ouvcprncrn IlE ta O<pEATJ 1tOll 'EcrEi,; 1tpocr1tOp[~EtE crE Mdc», «EXEt& 'Em;t,; Ka1toto otKairolla U1tEVaVtt crE Mdc», «'EIlEt,; 9EAOUIl& v« IlU'; EKttllu't& 'Ecr&t,; 1l0VO rocro, ocro 'EIl&t,; oivOUIl& Ka.tt crE LU,;. 'Ana Kai Let,; 9a EKttIlTJ9&l't& U1tO Mu,; Ka'ta tOV tOto uKPt~OO'; tporco». «'H EKtillTJcrTJ reooootopi~&tat U1tO ta. Epya 1tOll yta Mu,; EXOUV Ka.1tOla ul;ia, OTJAaoi] U1tO ti,; EPyacri&,; KOtVi'j,; ro<p&A&ia,; ... '01tOlO'; EK'tEASt Epyo ro<PEAtIlO OEV 1tPE1tEl va. slvm Ka'tOOt&po,; 01totouoi]1tot& UAAOU i\ IlE una A.6YW.: O1..ot OL Epyat&'; oi xpi]cuioi cro allvoAo dvaL Ioot, 'Ana Ilta Ka[ 0 EPya.'tll'; UI;[~El roco, oao elvrn o Iltcr90,; tOU, u,; slvci rors xui 0 Iltcr90,; roo lao,;» (cr. 157, 158).

~'tov ~TipVf;P «0 xouuouviouoc» ap:x;isEt j.lS TO va \jIa:x;vEt va ~pEi ((7:'I]Y ova[a». 0tAEt 1taAt, aav «<ptpEAme; vsoc», a1tAme; «vrr <pTaaEt aUTO 1tOU ~piaKEmt 1tiaco a1t' Ta 1tpaYj.lam». To on 6 xouuouvrouo; slvct crov U\jIYJAOTEPO ~a9flo Eva K[vYJfla rcpuxruco, 1tOU SmOtWKEt 1tpaKnKOUe; aK01tOUe; flt 1tpaKnKa flsaa Kai on taCOe; TO 1tOAU-1tOAU an'l Fepunvto., avnTaaaOflEVOe; awue; YEpflavOue; <ptAOaO<pOUe;, va uxopst at j.lta anYfll] v' aa:x;oAYJ9Ei ~lS TO nspt «Tfje; ouaiae;» 1tpO~AYJfla, nuro, <pU<JtKa, osv svota<p{;pet Ka90Aou TOV ayto flae;. AUTOe; 0 crnpvepurvoc «xouuouvtouoc», 1tOU roco 1tOAU 1ta9aivEmt yta «Tl]V oucto», KaTaAl]YEt yta TO AOYO aUTO flOVO as flta <ptAOao<ptKl] KanlYopia, aTO «0 Evae; U1tapXEt yta TOV UAAOV», flUX KaTYJyopia, 1tOU flS Tl] ~Ol]9Eta flEptKmv ~E~taaf.tSvcov S~tawaEcov :

6 Evae; U1ta.PXEt yta rov UAAOV = u1tapXEt p,6YO XapYJ aTOV aAAOV

u1taPXEt roe; spyu'tYJe; KUptapxia 'tfje; olxoupsvucfj; spyaaiae;,

60rIYEiTat KareCOe; mo KOVTa 1tpOe; TOV Sfl1tEtPLKO xoouo. KaAouflE, iiAAcoat"E, TOV ayLO ~aVTaO va flae; 1tapa9SaEt, ae; 1tOUf.tE, a1t' rov "Dovey (0 o1toioe;, aTO KaTCO-KaTCO, roe; SK1tpOaC01tOe; WU ayyAtKOt) xoupouvtouoti, f.t1topEi va 9ECOP119EL oXt AtYOTEPO avn1tp~comsurucoc yta «TO V xouuouviouo», areo TOV fll] xouuoovrcrn,

Aoyouxapl1, Tlpouvrov", un' TIl £pya 'to\} onotou 0 ~'tipvEp £KO,!,E Ka[ Epa,!,E 't[~ m;p1aao'tEpES un' tiS eeaw; nOD EK'tt:811Kav mo navO)), tato) K1 Eva E(laqHo, onou gnopBi KavBi~ va ~pEi £ato) Kat gta At:Sl1 autwv 'twv esaBo)v nBpt «ouofr«;», nspt Kuptapxia~ 'tfjs Ot'5=0UgEVtKfjt; spyaa[at; KtA. "AAAo)a'tE, at: XPWlSB'tat Kav va yupiaougB roco noM niaO). To YEpl!aVtKo xouuouvtcruco nspioouco «Die Stimme des Volks»24, 'to\) onotou napaeeaa~lB ilO11 nBptKOns~, oro rpiro <pUAAO 'tOU ypa<pBt aXETtKa 'ta s1;i'iS :

«AIJ1:o 1tO\) ovo~a~!mlt cr1l~EPU i':Pyu(jiu U1tO'tEAEl uovo EVU i':AaXLcr'to xouuun 'til~ 'tEpacr'tlW;;, 1tuvicrxllpll~ 8lU8lKUcriu~ 'til~ 1tupuyoryil~· 'R Oer](nuda Kui " ~Ol"li Ku'tu8EXOV'tUl va ovouccouv €eyaata uovo 'ti~ U1tOKPOIlcr'tlKE~ xt i':1tl1dv8IlVE~ O~/El~ 'til~ 1tupuyroYil~ Kui i':1tl1tAEOV BEv 8lcr'ta~0Ilv va 'ti~ KUPIlKE\)OIlV ~E KaOE AoYil~ Pll'ta, EUXOA.OYlU (f\ ~UYlKE~ crUV'tUYE~) : CCKEP- 8l~E 'tOV c'ip'tov cou ~E rov t8pwm 'tOU npooronou cou» (jav npoorpopu cr't1l 80Kl~ucriu 'tOU 0EOU, (Cli i':pyucriu ouopoulve; 't1l ~ro1l» K'tA. 'R r,OlK1l 'tOU KOouoo crov o1toio ~OU~E U1tO<jlE\)YEl ~E 1toM 1tEpicrKElj/ll va ovounos. i':pyucriu 't1l 8PUcrT11PtOTll'tU 'tiiiv uvOpW1trov cr'ti~ Ij/IlXUyroYlKE~ Kui i':AEIlOEPE~ EK811AWosic 't11~. 'R ijOlK1l KUKOAOYEi UU1:E~ 'ti~ i':K81lM)crEl~, ~OAOVO'tl xt UU'tE~ i':vrccoovrca cr't1l 8lu8lKucriu 'tfj~ 1tupuyroYil~. Ttc KUKOAoyEi: 1tp66ll~u w~ ~u'tuL080I;iu, ro~ ~atalll U1tOAUIlcr11, ro~ 1l8u1taOElu. '0 xouuoovtouoc EXEl I;EcrKE1tacrEl UUTOV 'tOV K1lPIlKU 'til~ U1tOKPlcriu~, UUT1lV 't1lV c'iOAlU r,OlK1l».

E>Bo)PWV'ta~ rov «ouuouvtouo (ll~ Kupwpx[a tfj~ OLKOUgBVtKfjS Epyaa[at;, 0 uytot; Mas rov nBptop1sBt trope oro tao I!BpOKal!a'tO - I!la avaKa)'U\l'l1, nOD gBta EnavaAa~t~6;vE'tat a'tlt; UKOAou8B~ tpBLS «otaOAa.aBI~». Inl a. 351 : «'Evavtlov 'to\) ouvojtovtal!o\} opOwvBtat it uPX11 'tfj<; xotvoivfcc; tWV KOUPEAitOo)V, fJ POl(lama. Ilpsnet , Aomov, 'Eyw, 6 nOAD Ixcvoc, va. gllv £XO) Kaveva nAf.OvtK'tl1l!a untvavTt at KBLVOV nOD sivut uV1Kavo~;» IlupuKatO), a'tll a. 363, KavBt Aoye Yla Em~oAit «YBVtKWV tEAWV navO) crnv avOpwmvl1 opaanlPlOnlta anlv xouuouvtcrucn KOIVO)-

*['Y1tOcr1WElrocrll 1t01l 8lEypa~/uv ol cruyypa<jlEI~l : «'0 I1POIlV'tOV, 0 o1toio~ f\81l U1tO Ta 1841 dXE i':1tlKPlOEi: EVJ:OVU U1tO 'to xouuouvurtuco i':pyunKo 7tEpl08lKO «La Fraterniten-> Yla rnv uvJ:iAIW1l rou nsp! Irrou ~EpOKa~u'toll, 1tEpi «rof i':pya'tll YEvlKa» Kui Yla c'inE~ OiKOVO~lKE~ 1tPOKU'tUA1lIj/El~, 1t01l ouVUVJ:OUVTUl crTa EPYU uuwu 'tou 8lU1tPE1tOU~ crUYYPU<jlEU xt U1t' rov o1toio ot KO~~OIlVlcrtE~ 8EV EXOUV U1t08EX1:El rinotu c'iAAo 1tEPU U1tO 't1lV KPl'tlK1l rou Yla 't1lV 18loKTllcria».

vto». Kui, ,SAO;, cr1'1,! cr. 350, unoSiSBt crtoU; xouuouvto-rsc 1'f) crKS\jIT) mo; «il spyucriu» BLVat «to flOVUStKO uyu(0» tot) av9pffinou. "Erot, 0 aylO; Ma~ ~uvaflnasBt crov xopuouvtcuo tijv uwfltKij tSlOK1'T)criu, uno tij StnAi! tT); floP<Pij, m; flo1pucrta Kut (h; fltcr90nij spyucr(u. "Ono»; KUt crti; np0T)youflBVB; xpicsu; 'LOU nBpi «AT)crtBiu;», 0 aylO; Ma~ nupoucrta~Bt xt SS& 1'{; mo uyopUiB; Kai crtBVOflUUAB; ucrnKs; uvnAij\jlBt; crav «StKS; rou» «SiBtcrMcrBte;» cr1'ijv ouo in wu xouuouvicuou. 'AnsSBt~B on Tt1'UV i':VtBA&; c'i~lo; 1'fj; nflfj; wu va EXBt flu9T)1'BucrBt crov MnAouv1'crAt. Lav yviIcrto~ uncpoccroc, 0 aylO; Mas <po~a1'Ut nffi; UUtO;, crav c'iv9pcono; (mOAU {KaVO;», «SSV 9a EXBt KUVSVU nABOvsKtT)flU u1tsvuvn crs KBivov nou slvot aviKUVO;» - floAovon rtzroru &tv 9a EnpB1tB va <po~a1'Ut nBptcrcr01'BPO un' to va snu<piB1'Ut cr1'i; StKS; roue «tKUVOtT)1'B;».

"AAAcocrtB, «0 noAU [KUVO;» flu; <pUV1'aSB1'Ut on ,a StKatffiflU1'U wt) nOA{1'T) dvat Kan nou U<P11VBt uSta<popou; wu; npoAB- 1'aplOu;, c'iv Kui apXtKa OBX0taV w; npoi.ino9BcrT) on ol 1tPOABrcpto; ,a exovv uU1'a ta OtKutffi~LUta. KU1'a 1'OV IOto tpono ouv- 1'acrtT)KB mo 1tavco on 0 ucr1'O; flSVBt uSta<popo; yta ,11 flOP<P11 OtUKUJ)SPVT)crT);. 0[ epyatB; S{vouv roco flByaA11 crT)flucr{U cr1'a OtKutffi~LUta WU nOAl1'T), OT)A. cr't'11V t()totT)1'U 1'Ot) SvBf2YOiJ nOAl't'T) - flsAOU; 1'11; nOAt't'Biu;, WcrtB SKBt nou xavovv Xf21}C1'YJ roue, onco;, AoyouxapT), cr't"iIv 'Auspucn, «UV1'AOUW un' UU1'ijv «o<psAT)), Sv& SKBi onou OSV EXOUV OtKUtffiflU1'U 1'OU nOAl1'T) uycov{~ov- 1'Ut yta va 1" U1tOKtijcrOUV. BA. ,a npuKnKa 1'&v crusT)1'ijcrBCOV 1'&v ~oPBtoUflBPtKUV&V epyut&v crs 1toAUapt9flB; crUYKBV1'pfficrBl;, oA6- KA11PT) tf)v Icropto wu uYYAtKOU xupncr).lOu25, Ku9ffi; Kui toU yu/,AtKOU xouuouviouof Kui pscoputouoti. [ ... J

K. MAP::: - 11>. ENrKEA~, wA1tllvtll, 'tOil. 3, If. 186-198.

K. MAPS: - (J). ENrKEA~

eo rEPJlaV1Klt 'I~EoAo'Yia (1845/1846)

"OnCOe; doa~u; KIOAae; ati)v «Oixovoulu tfje; IIaAatiie; Atu- 8i)Kl]e;»3 KU i at11 auvSXEIa, 6 aAl]fh voe; lYCOIati)e; tOu aylOU I:a.vtao, 6 EycoIati)e; nou slvor aUIl<PCOVOe; Ils tOV EaUtO tOU, osv npsnEI as Kallia. nEpi1t'tOlal] va. aUYX&Etat Ils rov uyopalo Eycolati) tfje; aEIpiie;, tOV «Eycolati) Ils ti) aUVl]81allsvl] EVVOta tou OPO\))). 'AVti8Eta, roco autOe; 6 tEAEU'tUlOe; (6 osalllOe; tou xoouou tWV npaYlla.tcov, to natoi, 6 vsypoe;, 6 'ApxalOe; KtA.), oao Kai 6 a<poouousvo; EycoIat1}e; (6 osa~LlOe; tOU xoouou tWV LOEWY, 6 E<pl]~Oe;, 6 1l0YYOAOe;, 6 I:uYXpovoe; KtA.), UnOtEAOuV npoun08Eaij ron. 'Qatoao, dvat rsrotn ano ti) <pucr11 roue ta. IlUanKa. tOU MovoOlKOD, WatE auti) 1'] avnnapa.8Eal] Kai 1'] UpVl]nKi) £votl]ta nou npoxunret an' auti) - ((() (J1)flcpwvoc; flB -r6v eav-r6 -rov eywl(fT1}C;» - va. IlnoP0l)V va. E~EtaatOuv ~lOVOV EOW, ati)v KaIv11 ~la8i)Kl]36.

MIa. Kai 6 ayLOe; Ma.~ 8SAEI va. napoucrla.aEl tOV «UA.l]8LVO sycotcrti)) aa.v Ka.n to EVtEAWe; Kat VOUPYlO, aa.v aKono OAl]e; tfje; npo11YoUIlEVl]e; tatopiae;, O<peiAEl, ano ti) Illa. IlEPla., va unooei~El atOue; a<poalcoIlSVOUe;, atOUe; KijpuKEe; tOO Devoument", on slvrn EYCOtcrtf.e; napa. ti) 8sAl]ai) roue, Ka.l atOUe; uatOUe; EycolatSe; IlS tij aUVl]81aIlSVl] EVVOta., on slvm a<pOcrlCOgf.VOl, on osv slvm aA.l]- 8LVOl, osv slvm Ispot sycotatSe;. - "A; apliaou~lE uno tOue; npffitOU;, tOUe; U<PoatCOIlSVOUe;.

"EXOUIlE OEl KtoAae; aIlStpl]tEe; <popse; on crov Koallo tou

'IuKro~ou 'tou ayaOouAYJ oi 1tUV'te~ DtaKa'tsxov'tllt a1t' 'to «Tspo». «'y 1tUPXet 1tav'trot; !!ta ota<popu)), aVa!!eaa crov «!!OP<Pro!!SVO KaL a!!op<pro'tO». Ol !!OP<Pro!!SVOt, 1tOU aax,oAouV'tat !!E 'tTJV KaOapiJ iosa, !!a~ t~l<pavisov'tat aav &KelVOt 1tOU xnr ' tsoxi]v «Suncn'tsxov'tUt)) a1t' 'to «Tspo». Eivat oi «doocuousvot» a'tTJv 1tpaKnKTJ 'tOU; EK<pavaYJ.

«IIOlo<; slvm, AOlnoV, Uepocnooll&VO<; ; 'EvTeAw<;» (I), «ucrepaA.ffi<;» (II), «11& aepocrioocrll, lcroo<;l) (111), «elva! EKelVO<;, nOD YLU XUpT} evac; ngayp,aToc;, YLU XUP1l &vo<; oxoxoo, IlLU<; uovo 9&AT}crll<;, EVO<; 1l0VO nu90u<;, 9ucnu~eL oAa T' aA,Aa ... "Eva alvut TO nu90<; nOD TOV icopisuet Kai o' aUTO 9lJcnu~eL OAa T' aAAa. Kai Ili)noo<; aUToi of uepocrLooll&VOL O&V elva! 10LOTeAet<;; Mui Kai &auarixol'Tat uno Eva Kai uovo _nu90<;, vOlu~ovmL 1l0VO yui IlLU Kai 1l0VaoLKi) Ixuvoxotncn, yui TOUTO 01100<; Kat 11& noM lleyaMTepo ~fiAO. ·OAe<; TOU<; of npu- 1;eL<; Kat EV&pyeLe<; elvor EYOOLcrnK&<;, UAAU aUTO elva! Eva<; p,ovanAwgoc;, dl1cUJljAwTOC;, nc(!w(!tap,evoc; eywwp,ac;. Flpoxsrrm YLU oa!llovLcrll&Vou<;» (cr. 99).

LUVe1tro~, Ka'ta 'tTJ yvcO!!YJ 'tou aywu Luv'tao, 'tOU~ /Jta"a-rSXE£ !!.va "at IW1'a/Jt,,6 1tUeo~. Ml11tro~ O!!rot; Oa E1tpe1te vu EVOta<pepOouv Kai ytU xstvu 'tu 1taOYJ 1tOU exovv 6Xt osrrol, aAAa oi aAAol, yta va aVUljfroOouv a' Evav tyrotcr!!O OA61tAeUpO, OeOYJAro!!SVO, a1teptoptcr'to, ma'te v' aV'ta1tOKptOOuV a' aiJ'tllv 't11V ~sv'YJ KAi!!aKa 'tou «Ispot» tyroW!!OU ;

Ilupeummovrcx, oro aYJ!!clO nuro, aav 1tapaoeiy!!a'tU «a<poatro!!svrov, OIlt!!OVtKroV tyrota'trov)) 1tape!!~aAAov'tat roco 0 «<PtAUPYUPO~)) KaL 0 aO'YJf1EVT:1](; iOW -rSf11fJEWV)) (tarot; &1tetOTJ 0 L'tipvep VO!!it;;et on aiJ'to~ 0 'teAcu'talo~ Ot\jfUet yta <<T1]V 'tsp'l'YJ» aiJ'tTJ KaOaU'tll, 'tllV tepiJ 'tsP'l'(j KaL 6Xt 'ti~ Kaee AoYfi~ 1tpay!!anKs~ 'tSp'l'et~), ooo KaL «0 PO~W1ttEPO~ AoyouXaPYJ, 6 LaLv-Zua't K'tA.» (a. 100). «'A1to !!ta optopsvn U1tO'l'YJ 'tfi~ TtOtKfi~ !!1tOpel vu KaVet Kavei~ Evav aUAAoyW!!O)) (oYJA., 6 tep~ «I~yrota'tTJq) !!a~ 0 «au!!<provol; !!S rov sau'to 'tOU)) KaVet aUAAoytagout; a1to 'tTJ OtKiJ rou U1tO'l'YJ, as uKpa aau!!<provia !!S rov sau'to ron) «nepizou cDS sSfi~)) :

«'AAAU OTav EYW 9UcrLU~oo ana nu911 cr& Eva nu90<;, aUTO O&V crllllaivet on ihcrL KUVoo 9uO'ta TOV eaVTa /WV cr' aUTO TO nu90<; Kai 0& 9ucnu~oo TinoTa uno xetvo nOD 11& KuveL vu ellla! dAr/ltvd 'Eyw 6 10LO<;» (cr. 386).

AlltB; o] ouo «a.aU~L<pCOVE<; )lE'L"U~U 'tOU<;» 1tpOtaaEt<; avaYKaI;;ouv tOV ayto Ma~ va KaVEt tl1V «rtzo tsviu: otaKpta11 Ott, uoAovon )l1tOPEL KaVEl<; va flUata/;;Et E~t «AoyouXaP11» 11 E<pta «KtA.» 1ta811 as Eva Kat )lOVO 1taflo<;, Xcopt<; va 1taUEt va dvat (((UrlJlYa ai'lto<; 6 lOW<;», roo roco, 0EO<; <puM~ot, )lr, tUXov Kat flUataaEt OSKa 1tafl11 ij Kat 1ttO 1tOna. rrpaY~lan, «(J.A1'j{}lYa 'Eyro 6 lOW<;» Ssv ~aav OUtE 0 Pojleomspoq, OUtE 0 ~atv-Zuat, 01tCO; OUtE 6 Eva<; OUtE 0 ano<; osv ~aav uA11fltVa «0 sr Av8pco1to<;», uAM U1tAme_; aA1'j{}lYa, 0 PopEamspo<; Kat 0 ~atv-Zuat, auta ta uovcotKa, 'ta uaUYKptta ato)la.

'H 'L"UXUOUKtUAoupyta, 1tOU U1tOOElX;VEt atou<; «u<pocrtCO)lSVOU<;» on sivut tYCOtatB<;, slvct 1taAtO rsprtm, 1tOU to iixouv ij011 UpKEta XP11crt)lo1tOtr,aEt 0 'EAptno<; Kat 0 M1tsv8a)l. (<'H iotatrspornrn» tfi<; taXUOaKtUAoupyia<; wu aytou ~avtao ouvtcrunn oro on 'tOU<; «EYCOtatS<; )lS t11 aUV11flta)lEV11 EVVOW», lOUC; uatou<;, rou; ~lEtatpS1tEt aE ~Lr, i';yCOtats<;. '0 'EAPStto<; Kat 6 M1tE.vfla)l U1tOOElXVOUV 1tpaY)lan atou<; uatou<; on )lE ti<; 1tEPWptcr)lSVE<; dVttAr,\jIEt<; rou; pAa1ttOUV atr,v nea~1'j rov EaUto roue, i) «iduntEPOt11'tUl) O)lCO; tfj<; 'taxubaKtuAOupyta<; tOU aytou Mu~ ouviorutrn ati)v U1tOOEt~l1 tOU' on of uatot OE pptaKOVta.t at uvnatotxta )lE 'to «tOEmOE<;», ti)v «EVVOta», tl1V «oooto», tOV «npooptouoi KtA. toU sycotcrti'j Kat OEV iixouv )ltU ataCJ11 U1tOAtJt11C; upv11a11<; EVaVtt toU EUUtoU roue, Kat tom 1tUAt iJ aKS\jIl1 tou osv reaEt UAAOf), 1tapa )lOVO O'tO YEp)laVo utxpoucro. ~l1~LEtrovOU)lE, ~lEta~U UAACOV, on EVm, atl} aEA. 99, rov «<PtAU.pyUPO» rov reapouaull;;Et 0 ayto.; )la<; ouv «u<pocrtCO)lsvo tycotatr,», (tTCEVaVttac;, an'! aEA. 78, 6 «U1tAl1ato<;» KatataaaE'L"Ut awu<; «tYCOtcrt8<; )ls t11 auv118ta)lsVl1 EVVota», atou<; «uKaflaptou<;, atou<; UVtEPOU<;».

Aut11 iJ OEUtEPl1 Kutl1yopia 'tmv 1tPCl1Yl1flsvtcov tycotatwv opil;;Etal at11 aEA. 99 w<; E~i'j<;:

«Aorot oi livSpco1tot» (ol uO''toi [Bourgeois)) «OEV &Ivat E1tOIlZVCO<; u<poQ'tCOI!Evot, oEv sivui EI!1tveuO'I!Evot, Mv eIVUt ioeoA.oyot, oEv &IVUt O'uve1tei<;, oEv elvct svSouO'trooel(;. Elvut lywtaTl!!; p.e T~ aVlJ1JOtap.EvYJ evvota, couespov'tOA.oyot, 1tO\) O'KE<p'tov'tat 'to o<peA.o<; roue, crojvot, U1tOA.oytO''tE<; K'tA..».

'E1tEtOl'! «to BtpAtO» of-v EXEt )lta iivtaia KatEufluval1, dxa~u, 11011 til v EUKatpta va OOU)lE, ata. KE<pUAata ytU t11V «1taAapolla-

PU»S KUt YUl 'LOV «(1tOA.t'ttKO qnA.EA.l;U9EptcrJ.l0»14, nw~ () L'LipVEP KUVEt 'LTJV 'LUXl'OUK'WA.OUpytU 'Lfj~ J.lE'LG'Lponfj<; 'LWV acr'LWV cr.6 J.lYt i';yrotcr'L&~, KUptro; XUPYJ crro on aYVOEL i';V'tEA.W~ Wu; npuYJ.lunKOU~ av9pro1tou; Kat 'Lt; npUYJ.lU'ttK&~ crX&crEt~. 'R rOta ulml aYVOtU wo XPYJO"l~lEUEt KUt cro crYJJ.lElo ulno ffi~ J.lOXA.Oc;.

CCk' uirto» (811A.., O"'tie; cpuvtaO"loom:te; 1:OU k'tipVEP ltEpi 'tlie; Uvt8to'tEA.Etue;) «dvnrdcosnn iJ ~EPOKEcpUA.ta 'tOU KOO"IHKOU uv9pooltou' rocrooo, e8ro KUt xtA.ta8Ee; XpovtU, 0 'tEA.l:U'tutoe; uu'toe; YitaV lllt080uA.roIlEVOe; 'touA.axtO"1:Ov crE l3u91l0 ltOIl EltPEltE va o"KIl13Et 'to ltEtO"llutaptKo KEcpaA.t 'tOU Kui va A.U'tPEIlEL llltEp'tU'tEe; 8uvaIlEte;» (0". 104). Oi tyrotO"'tEe; IlE til O"UV1l9tO"IlEvT) EVVOia CCO"UIlltEptcpepovtat IltO"oltaltu8iO"'tLKU Kai uiooxoouucn, llltllpEnOVme; 'tuu'tOXpovu KUt 'to 0EO Kui tOV MUllllrovii» (0". 105).

L'Li) cr. 78 1tA.YJpoq>opOUJ.lucr'LE: «'0 MuJ.lJ.lrovu~ wu oupuvoli KUt 6 eEO; 'Lfj~ yfj~ Cl1tat'LOUV Kt ol OUO avrana{!y'fJa''fJ cr'LOV t:/jw aKpt~W~ ~a9~LO», emt nou elvor douvu'LO va KU'LUA.Uf)OUJ.lE 1tW'; J.l1tOPEL VU ytVEt «xocuucrp KUt (<1tu1tUOtcrnK'tp) avnotacr'LoA.1l cr't"11V GtJ'tumxpvllcrl) ytU 'LOV MuJ.lJ.lrovu KUt cr't"11V uu'tU1tUpvYJcr1l yui 'LO eEO.

L'LTJ m;A.. 106, () 'IaKro~o~ 6 ayu90uA.'tJ~ avupron&'tCI.t :

ccTIroe; e~T)yEitat, ollroe;, 'to Ott 0 eyrolO"ll0e; EKdvrov ltOIl ltpouO"lti~OV'tUL to npocromxo roue crullCPEpoV ulto'tacrcrEtat, EV'tOIl'tOte;, ltaV'tO'tE cr' EVU ltUltU- 8iO"'t1KO i1 8acrKUA.icrttKo, 8T)A.u8iJ 0"' EVU l8Ea'to crullCPepov ;»

('E<iw nupEVeEnKu np&1tEt va «KUVOUJ.lE crtVtUA.O» on cr'LO cr'tJJ.lE10 uuro, of acrwt [Bourgeois] a1tEtKOVtSOV'Lut ffi~ EKnpocrro1tot n{!oa'wnl'Jd7w cuuospovrrcv). Au'LO O"UJ.l!)UtVEt i';1tEtOi) :

«Oi 'i8tOt I3A.Eltouv rnv ltpoO"rolttKo'tll'ta roue roe; 1l118ulttV11, roe; ucriJllaV'tT) - Oltroe; Kat ltpaYllutt EI vrn, - &O"'tE va ltpol3aA.OUV U~tooo"Ete; yta 'ta ltavm Kat va EXOUV ltA.11Pll e1ttl3oA.iJ. Mta. uO"CPUA.iJ Ev8Et~T) yt' uu'to UltO'tEA.Et to YEYOVOe;, ott uu'tot oi 18tot 8txa~ouv tOV BUU'tO roin; O"E Suo ltpoO"roltU, to EVu utooVto KUt to aA.A.o ECPiJllEpo KUt tie; KuptuKEe; CPPov'tt~ouv yta to utooVto, EVro 'tie; Ku911IlEptVEe; yta to ECPiJIlEpO. "Exouv to ltulta IlEO"u roue Kt E'tO"t 8Ev I!ltOPOUV v' UltUA.A.uyouv Ult' uU'tOV».

Tov LO:VCcrO 'LOV ~rovouv 60W J.lEPtK&~ aJ.lq>t~OAtE~ xt avupro'tt&'t(xt dVllcruXO~: M i)1tro~ (cOO: crU~l~et 'LO rOto 1tpanlW) cro 'Eyro 'LOU drouou, crov EyroWJ.lO J.l& 't11V acruvl1f)tcr't"YJ EVVOLU ;

E>a: OOU!J.E on 'to l;vuywvto uu'to l;pon'l'U.ta OSV 'tteE'tUt IHx.co~ AOyO. ITpiv f\ &'MK'tCOP <Po.'vij<nl oi;, 6 {iyto~ '1uKcoj30~ (6 '1uKcof3.o~ 6 ayu90vA:rl~) 9a: EXEt ((Wca(jyr/Jel)) 'tpi~ rov SUI)'to roo.

'AvuKuAlm'tEt npoe; f!EYUA.1'] 't01) Mn1'] on ol ouo nA.El·pSe; nov l;K01']/,ffivov'tUt O''tijv 1 cropiu, 'to l&tconKo O'uf!<pepov 'trov IlE!J.OVCO!!SVCOV a'tollcov Kui 'to A.EyO!!EVO YEVtKo O'Uf!<pspov, uvsKu9EV O'UVOOOt7tOpouv. Knt, oncos O'uvij9coe;, &'vuKuMmEt 'to YEYOVOC; utno uno Ilta \jIEvnK1'] J . iopor], uno 'tijv fEpij ron lloP<Pl), uno 'tij IlEPUl 'trov loEa'tIDv O'U!!<PEPOV'tCOV, 'tOU 'Iepob, 'tfi~ \jIEUoui- 0'9'10'1']e;. 'Avupcrnsrm : nroe; s~1']YEi'tUt 'to on of O'UV119tO'!!&V0t syo)tO''tse;, oi EKnp0O'ffinOt 'tIDV np0O'ffintKrov O'UIl<PEPOV'tCuV, BptO'KOVWt Ilo/\,a'tau'tu uno ~ijv sl;ouO'tu 'tIDV YEVtKroV O'U!!<PEPOV'tffiV, 'trov ()1']!J.C'ot<>uO'KaA.COV, uno 'tijv e~ouO'ia 'tfie; fEpupxia~ ; L'tO l;pffi't1']!J.u ron a.nuv'taEt, Myov'tue; on of uO''tOt (Burger) K'tA.., «9Effipotiv rov sauro roue noM a.O'ij!!uv'tO», Bptcxst !J.ta «uO'<paA.ij EVOEt~1'])) yt' ulno O''to YEyovoe; on O'u!J.nEpt<pspOv'tut 9p1']O'KsunKa KUt O'UYKEKpt!!SVU on <>tXa!;ouv rov suu'to roix O'S OUO npoO'ffinu, 0" Eva e<pll!J.EpO xui 0" Eva uiwvw· O'uvEnroe;, 'tij 9p1']O'KsunKij rou; ouunspupopu 'tijv f:~1']yEi IlS 'tij 9p1']O'KsunKij rou; ouunspioopd, u<pou nponu rov a.yffivu uvallEO'U O''ta YEVtKa KUt 'ta a.'tOlltKU O'UIl<PSpov'tu tov IlE'tS'tPE\jIE O'S a.nEtKoVtO'1'] a.yffiva, O'S <lnA.ij uV'tavaduO'1'] IlsO'u O''ta optu 'trov <pUV'tUO'LWO'ECOV 'tfi~ 9p1']O'KEiae;.

"00'0 yta 'tijv KUptaPXtu 'tOu 10UVtKOU, ~A.SnE nto navffi oro KE<paA.UW yta 'ti1V fEpUPXiu.

"Av 'to epon1']!!a 'tOu LUVrcrO 'to IlE'tayA.ffi't'ttO'oUIlE ano 'tij usYUAOO''tO!!1'] I.lOP<Pij 'tOU O''tijv Ku91']IlEptvij YAffiO'O'u, rots «uu'to O'1']!J.u i VEt)) :

TIroe; O'U!J.~UtVEt, wO'rE ra npOO'ffintKa O'U!!<PSPOV'tu va E~EA.tO'covrm naV'tO'tE, nupa 'til 9sA.1']0'1'] 'trov u'tollcov, O'S 'tul;tKa O'UIl<PSpovru, O'S KOtVa O'u!J.<pspov'tu, nov a.noK'touv au9vnupK't1'] unoO''tuO'1'] Evuvn 'trov IlEIlOVCOllsVffiV npoorbnrov KUt, uno 'tijv aU9vnupK't1'] uu'tij unoO''tUO'1'], va nu ipvouv 'tij uo p<pij yeYlXWY O'U!J.<pEpovrcov, va EPXOV'tUt, uno 'tijv l<>to't1']'ta au'tij, O'S uvrieEO'1'] f!f. 'ta npuY!J.unKa tl'tOIlU KUt, O''ta nA.uicrtu uu'tfi~ 'tfic; UV'ti9EO'1']e;, npooOtOPLO'llsVU ijo1'] me; yeYlXa ouuespovtu, va unopotiv va UnEtKOvi!;ovrat O''tij O'uVEio1']O'1'] me; lt5w-ra, a.Kollu Kut me; 9p1']O'KEU'ttKU,

iepa O"U!!<pspov'tu; I1wr; O"u!!puivet, wO"'te O"'ta nAuimu uu'tfjr; 'tfjr; 10tUr; OtuotKuO"iur;, onou 'to. nPOO"{.onlKa cuuospovcc anOK'tODV !!ta uu9llnupK't11 lmoO"'tuO"l1 cbr; 'tU~IKa O"U!!<pspov'tu, f] npoO"{.onlKll O"l)~L1tePI<POpU 'tOD a'to~LOu npsnet 6m.oO"ollno'te va uvnKet!!eVOnotd'tut, va UAAO'tPlcOVetat Kui O"UVa!!a va {mapXel cbr; !!Ia aVe~ap'tl1't11 an' uu'to ouvu~L11, 011!!lOUPY1WSV11 an6 'tir; O"XSO"eIr; us'tU~ll 'tWV av9pcOm.ov, !!e'tu'tpeno!!eV11 O"S xotvorvuce; O"xsO"et<;, 0"& !!ta O"etpa OUVa!!etr; nOll npoO"otopi~ouv, lmO'taO"O"ouv 'to li'tO!!o KUt yt' uU'to E!!<puvi~ov'tut O"'ti} ouvruofn ron cbr; «ieps<;l) OUVa!!ete; ; "Av 6 ~av'tO"O KUtaVOODO"e EO"'tffi Kui !!OVO 'to yeyovor;, on !!sO"u O"'ta nAuimu 6ptO"!!SVffiV -r(!6nwv naeaywyfj~, - nou, <pUmKa, otv E~upnoilvtat ano 'ti} 9sA110"11 'tWV !!e~LOVffi!!SVffiV U'tO!!ffiV, - O"'tSxovrm naVta naVffi an' 'tOlle; uv9pcOnour; ~svee; npuKnKsr; ouva!!ete;, aVe~ap't11'ter; OXt !!OVO uno 'to. !!e!!OVffi!!SVU li'to!!u, uAM KUt uno 'to. li'tO!!u cro O"llVOAO roue, rors 90. 'tOD TjtaV EV'teAWr; aOtarpopo, liv uU'to 'to yeyovor; nupouma~etat {mo 9p11O"KcunKi} !!OP<pi} 11 liv OtUO"'tpePAcOVe'tat O"'ti} ouvruotn 'toil EYffitO"'ti}, 6 6nolor; uvayet 0"& toser; OAer; 'tie; OUVU!!ele; nOll rov E~OUma~ouv, OLUO"'tpej3AcOVe'tUt uno 'tl1V EVVOtU on 6 EYffitO"'tf]r; otv uvuyvffipi~et Ttnotu naVffi un' uU'tOv. Tors 6 ~av'tO"O 90. KU'tSPUtVe yeVtKa un' 'to puO"tAeLO 'tfje; geffiptur; O"'to PUO"tAeto 'tfjr; npuy!!u'ttKO't11'tue;' an' au'to nOll OL liv9pffinot <puv'ta~ov'tat on elvm, 90. ~Le'tSPUtVe 0"' ui'l'to nOll npUY!!U'ttKa etvor, un' uu'to nOll <puv'tu~ov'tUt, 0"' uu'to nOll npa'trouv KUt noo O<petAOUV va npa~ouv !!sO"u O"S Ku90PIO"!!&VeC; neptO"'taO"ete;. Aaro nOll 'tOD ouivetm O"av npotov md1jJ'YJ~, 90. 'to KUWMJ3atve O"av nporov 'tilr; i;wfj~. 11& 90. E<P'tUVe wr; 'ti}v KOU'tU!!apU, uv'ta~ta rou J3SJ3ULU, va E~l1yel 'to otxuO"!!6 UVU!!eO"u O"'ta npoom- 1ttKa Kut 'to. yeVtKa O"WL<p&POV'tu !!& 'to on OL liv9pffinOt <puv'ta~ovrm uU'to 'to OIXUO"!!O uno !!ta sn[(J'YJ~ 9P11O"KeUtlKi} !!OP<Pl1 Kut 6 EVUC; tpcdveto» crov liAAOV E'tO"t eL'te UAAtWr;, npay~ta noo uno'teAd anAwc; uv'ttKu'taO"taO"l1 't11r; A&~11C; «<puv'ta(OV'tUOl !!S !!tU liAA11 A&~11·

"AAAffiO"'te, UKO!!U KUt O"'tf]v uO"uvap't11't11 YeP!!UVtKi}-!!tKpo-

UO"'ttK11 !!OP<Pi), !!& 'ti}v 6notu 6 ~av'tO"o UV'ttAU!!!)aVe'tut 'ti}v av'tt<puO"l1 npoo"ffi7ttKWV KUt yeVtKWV O"U!!<pepovnov, 90. Enpene va elxs KU'tUAaj3St on aV&Ku9sv 'to. li'tO!!u ~SKtVODo"UV, KUt OSV !!nOpOD-

ouv va f.li] ~EKtv11crouv, U1tO rov Eau'tO 'tour; Kat yt' au'to 'to A6yo Kai of 8uo 1tAEUps.r; 1tOD aU'tor; E1ttcrYjf.latVEt U1tO'tEAOUV 1tAEUps.r; 'tfjr; 1tpocrO)1ttKfjr; uva1t'tu~Yjr; 't&v U't6~lWV, 1tOD Kat of 8uo YEVVtoUVtat 'to t8to U1tO 'tir; Ef.l1tE1p1KSr; cruvOfjKEr; 'tfjr; ~wfjr; roue Kat of Suo U1tO'tEAOUV EK<ppacrE1r; fJ,lii~ xol i17~ rfJl,a~ 1tpocrW1tlKfjr; uva1t'tu~Yjr; 't&v uv9pffi1twv Kat Y1' au'to ~PtcrKOVtat crs. qJutlJOfJ,S'VtXl] f.lOVO uv'tieecrYj i] f.lta ~lS n1v UAAYj. "Oco yta 'to 1tota aivat f) Os.crYj, - f) Ka90pt~0f.lEVYj U1tO 'ttr; El8tKs.r; cruv011KEr; uva1tw~Yjr; Kat 'tOV xuruf.leptcrf.lO 'tfjr; Epyacriar;, - 1tOD EXet AaXet oro 8eOOf.l&VO u'Wf.lO, UV 8YjAa8i] 'to u'tOf.lO uvn1tpocrW1teDet cr& f.leyaAD'tepO ~aOf.lo 'ti] ~Lui il 'ti]v UAAYj 1tAeupa 'tfjr; UV'tieecrYjr;, UV slvct neptccorepo EYWtcr't11r; 11 nepiccoreoo u<poO"tWf.ls.vor;, au'to dVUl 1tta Eva EV'tEA&r; OEU'tEpeUOV Epffi'tYjf.la, 1tOD Oa ~l1tOpOUcrE va U1tOKTi]crEt Ka1tOto ev8w.<p&pov f.lOVO cr'ti]v 1tEpi1t'twcrYj 1tOD Oa dXE 'tEOEt yta KaOoptcrf.l&VEr; E1tOX&r; 'tfjr; fcr'Wpiac; cr& crXs.crYj f.l& KaOOptcrf.lsva uWf.la. llta<pOpenKa, 'to Epffi'tYjf.la au'to Oa f.l1tOpoucre va 68Yjyi]cret cX1tA&r; crt ljIeU'Wll801tAucrnKoDr; KOf.l1toytvtuncrf.lODr;. 'AAAa, 6 I:aV'tcro, crav oOY~lanKOr; 1tOD elvm , 1tE<p'tet E8(0 crt 1tAaVll Kat 8E ~PtcrKEl UAAYj 8t&~080 a1t' 'to va 8lUKYjpDcrcrel on oi 8ta<popot I:av'tcro Iluvrou Kat ol 110v KtX&'tEr; YEVVtoUV'tUl rsroiot 1tOD slvct Kat on oi 110v KtX&'ter; YEf.lt~OUV 'ta KE<paAta 't&v I:av'tO"o f.l' Eva otopo xouruucpec. I:av oOYf.lanKOr;, u1tocr1taet f.lOVO 'ti] f.lta 1tAEUpa 'tOU 1tpanla'to<;, 1tOD 'tllV uVnAuf.l~aVemt f.l& 8ucrKuAicrnKo 'tP01tO, 'ti]v U1t08t8et U1tO au'ti]v n1v EVVOLU cr'ta UWf.la Kat EK<ppa~Et 'tl1V a1tOcr'tpo<pi] rou yta 'ti]v UAA1l 1tAeupa. Fi' au'to, crav 80nlanKor; 1tOD slvm, KUt f) UAAYj 1tAEUpa WU outvsrm E.Vf.l&PEt crav f.lUl a1tAi] 1pVxtX~ xU7:arYTarY'f} devoument", EVf.lEpel onv f.lta a1tAi] ((aeXl]» Kat oXt crav f.lla crXEcrYj, 1tOD 1tpOfjAOe avaYKucrnKa U1t' OAOV TOV npovsvscrepo '<pUO"tKO TP01tO swfjr; 't&V U'tOf.lWV. I:UVe1t&r;, 8&v U1tOusvst 1tapa «ol uvOPW1tot va ~yaAouv U1t' TO Ke<paAl roue» UUTi] Ti]V «UPXl'P), UV Kat crDf.l<pWVU f.lE 'ti]v 18f.OAoyia TOU I:av'tcro, 'Ii apX11 ulnl'j 8Yjf.ltoUpyet KUOE d80u<; Ef.l1tEtptKa 1tpaYf.lata. "Ercn, AOY0l)xapYj, cr't11 cr. 180, «ij &,pxi] (Prinzip) Tfjr; swfjr; i1 Tllr; KOlVWvtuc» «8Yj~ltoDpyYjcre» «rnv KOtVWVtKij swij, KaOE KOWWVtKoTYjTa,

* - iupocriCllO'l1C;.

Ku9c aOcAcpOO"UVTj K1 OAa 't' aAAU». LWO"'tO elvor 'to avriO"rpocpo : it ~w~ ()Tj~LOUpYTjO"c aurij rijv apx;~.

<0 XO/-l/-lOVVU1/-l0r; slvor a:TCAOUO"rara o KaraVOTjrOC; Y1U rOVaYIO J..la~, £nc10ij of KOJ..l~OUVlO"rs~ OEV nporuccouv oiire 'tOV £YW10"~lO EVaVrt rfj~ auro9uO"ia~, ourc r11V auro9uO"ia svovn rou £YWlO"~LOU, OlOrt 9cWPTj'tlKU 06V anoosxov'ta1 aur~v 'tijv avrmapu9cO"Tj oiirs uno 't11V ai0"9TjJ..lartKij, ourc uno rijv ~cyaA6O"ro~lI1 tOEOAOY1Kij rTj~ J..lopcpij, aAM, avriecra, ()cix;volJV 'ti~ UA1KS~ Kara~oM~ 't11~, ~& r11V E~UCPUV10"Tj rrov onolorv £~acpavi~c'tal Kai ij Iota aur1l it av'tlnapu9cO"Tj. rcV1KU, of xouuouvtcrc; OSV slvm KllPuKc~ KU- 1tota~ 1]fhxijr;· rsroiu KTjpuy~a'ta KUVE1 Kai napuKuvE1 6 LripvEp. AEV EPXOVrat vu 9sO"ouv ~npoO"ra oroix; a.v9p6}1tou~ ro 1]91KO alrTj~a: ayanu'tE aAAllAoU~, Il~V dO"rE £ywlO"rE~ KrA.· uvriec'ta, yvwpi~ouv noM KaAu ort roco 6 £YW10"J.l0~ 00"0 Kai ij aur09uO"ia, elvcu, Kurw uno 6plO"~fVc~ O"UV9fjKc~, ~lU uvaYKaia J..lOpcpij auroETCl~OAfj~ rrov uro~wv. Luvcnro~, of xouuouvicre; J.lS xuvsvn rporro os 9SAOUV, onw~ VOflisE1 6 ayLO~ Mu~, Kai OTeW',; rov £navaAa~l~UVE1 6 ntO"ro~ rou Dottore Graziano CApvoAvr POUYKc - Kat yt' auro 6 aywr; Mu~ rov OVO~U~E1 «UO"Uv1l910"ra ~unvto K(Jj noA1rtKO ~UaAO)), Blyxnvr, 0". 192), va KaraPY110"oUV rov <div9pwno mr; aroJ..lOl) Y1U xurijP1 rou «YEVlKOU)) 9umu1,:0J..lcvOU uv9pmnou. Ilpoxsrrot Y1U cpavraO"LOnATj~ta, Y1U r~v onoto 9u unopoiiouv Kl of ouo roue va ~pouv 't11V uvaYKaia £~11YTj0"11 O"ru «Fapunvo-TuxAIKU XpOV1Ka))29. Of KOJ..l~oUVlO"rSr; 9EWP11rtKOi, auroi ol Aiyot, nou EX;OUV xpovo va Karayivov'tat J..lS rij ~lEAS't11 ri'jr; Icroptuc, ()tacpspouv uKpl~ror; Karu ro Ort elvo t of uovot nou a1laXaAV1paJ1 ro YEyovor; nm~ mrvrof O"rijv Icropiu 'to «YEVIKO O"UJ..lcpspOV» otxodoustrut uno aro~a TePOO"OLOpt1,:o~cva mr; <div9pwnot-totror8r;)). rvwpi~ouv Ort aurij it uvrW80"Tj slvat uovo cpal1l0/-lc1llX'Ij, En8toij it J..ltU nAcupu rTjr;, it AcyO~cVTj «Y8V1Kl1)), napuyc'tal otapK&r; uno r~v UAATj nA8upu, ro Uro~lKo O"UJ..lcpspov, Kai ~s xuvsvo, rpono 0& ~pio"K8rat O"S uv'tlnapu9cO"Tj ~' auro m~ au9UnapKrTj 06- vuur], J..l& au9UnapKrTj Icropiu, ErO"t nou it uvrie8O"Tj aurij StupKror; EK~Tj08Vi~8ral Kai ()tapKror; avanapaY8rat O"rijv npu~Tj. 'Eno~&VWr;, £()ro npoxerrm oXt ytu rij X8YK8AtaVij «apVTjrtKij EVorTj'tUl) ()UO nAcuprov ~tur; uvrie80"Tjr;, &AM YUl !-lta SK!-lTjOSVtO"Tj, UAtKa

npoO"OtoptO"I-U~V11, EVOe; npOYEVSo"'EPOU rponon unaPS11e; ,rov 0.,0- !-tOW, UAtKa npocdtopicusvou, 0 orcoioe;, ,ctl>'toxpova flS ,f]v Esa<pavwf] 'tOU, sSa.cpavi~Et Kai ,f]v o.V,iElEO"11 EKdv11 flaSi !-ts ,f]v EVO-

'11'11. '11e;·

BASrcOl)flE, Aomov, moe; 0 «sYCOtO",f]e; 0 O"Ufl<pCOVOe; flS rov Eau,o 't01)), O"S o.v,iElEO"11 rcpoe; rov «EYCOtO",f] flE ,f] 0"I)V119tO"!-tsV11 EVVOta» Kai rov «o.<POO"lCOl-lSVO EYCOtO",f]», paO"i/,;'E,at Eu8ue; Esapxfje; rcavco ci: flta \jfEl)oai0"9110"11 Kai yta ,ie; (1)0 atnSe; Ka'11yopiEe; sYCOtO",rov Kai yta ,ie; npaYflanKse; O"XSO"Ete; ,rov npaYflanKrov uvOpwncov. '0 EKnpoO"corcoe; ,rov rcPOO"C01ttKroV o"l)fl<pEPOV'tCOV slvat Evae; «EYCOtO",f]e; flS ,f] 0"I)V118tO"flsv11 evvOta» flOVO ESat,iae; ,fje; o.vayKctiae; o.V,iElEO"f]e; 'tOU rcpoe; ,a O!-taOtKa o"l)fl<Pspov,a, ,a onotu, 0",11. rcAaiO"ta ,OD urcapxov'tOe; rpozou rcapaycoyfje; Kai ErctKOtVCOviw;, unsK'11O"av flta ao8urcapK'11 urcoO",aO"1'] roe; YEVtKa o"l)fl<PSpovrn, naipvov,ae; O",f] <pav'tctO"ia ,rov o.v8pwrccov ,f] flOP<Pf] Kat ,f] O"11flaO"ia tOw,rov o"l)fl<pEPOV'tCOV. '0 EKrcpOO"corcoe; ,rov oflaOtKroV o"l)fl<PEPOV,COV slvm 0 «o.<POO"tCOflSVOe;» flOVO Esauiae; ,fje; uv,iElEO"f]e; 'tOU rcpoe; ,a rcPOO"COTCtKa O"ufl<Pspov,a, nou exouv UrcOKPUO"'tctAACOOEi urco flOP<Pf] a'tOfltKrov o"l)fl<PEPOV'tCOV Kai uovo Esauiae; 'tOD on ,a Ol-laOtKa O"u!-t<pspov,a exouv Ka80pt0"8Ei roe; ouuespov,a YEVtKa Kat 10Ea,a.

Toco 0 «o.<POO"lCO!-tSVoe; EYCOtO",f]e;», 00"0 Kat 0 «Eycow,f]e; !-tS ,f] O"UV110tO"l-lSV1'] EVVOta» o"I)VaV,WDV,at, O"S ,EACU'tctia o.VaAUO"11 O",f]v avranaevnan.

:ESA.. 78: «vE'tO'l i'l au'tanupV110"1l uno'tSA.El KOlVO YVroPlo").lU YlU 'toue; aYLOUe; Kai 'toue; uvispoue;, YlU 'toue; uyvoue; Kai 'toue; ).llapOUe;: '0 ).llapOe; anaevtb:at Ku9& lllj/llA.O ul0"91l).la, Ka9E V'tP01t11, UKO).la Kai 'ti'lv &).lCpu'tll OUO"'tOA.i) ron Kai llnaKouel ).lOVO O"'ta na91l nOD rov KU~EpVOUV. '0 uyvoe; unapvlE'tat 'til <pUO"lKi) rou O"XE<1llnpOe; rov KOO").lO ... '0 anA.llO"'toe;, nou rov KlVEl i'l oliVa YlU 'to xpfj).la, unapvlE'tal Ku9E npoO"'tayi) 'tfje; <1UveiOll<1i'le; 'tOU, Ku9E uI0"91l).la 'tt).l fje;, Ka9E np0<1i'lvElU Kat <1U).lnOVOla· napa).lEpi~El Ku9E 1']9lKO EVOOla(1).lO· 'tOV KU~EPVUEl 'to nu90e; 'tOU. "Erot <1U).lnEpl<pEpE'tal Kai 6 aYLOe;: yivE'tal respiYEA.OOe; O"IU urrnu 'tOU KO(1).lOU, slvut «<1KA.llpOKapOOe;» Kai «UOEKaO"'ta oixuioc», OlOn rov Ku13EPVUEt U<1UYKpU'tll'tO na90e;».

'0 «urcA11O"'tOC;», nou E!-t<pavisE,at toro ouv Evac; !-ttapOe;, psp1']AOe; EYCOtO",f]c;, 01']Aaof] O"av EYCOtO",f]e; !-ts ,1'] o"l)v1']OtO"!-tSV1'] EV-

VOtU, otv GIVUt tt7WtU UAAO, nupa EVU npooumo, not'> to ouvnvtUllE no At'> cruxva crt ljElonAucrnKte; Icropte; yta IltKpa nutOta KUt not'> SytVE to ayu1t1wtvo Eltllu tmv lluEltcrtOpll1latmV, crtijv npuYllunKotTJtu ollme; ouvcvnsrut crav Kan to avilllluAo KUt Ilt xcvevo rpono otv slvut 6 sKnpocrmnoe; tmv {inATJcrtmV acrtmv. Auto] ol tEAEUtUtot, aniElEta, otv EXOUV KUVSVU AOYO va unupvTJEloi)v tte; «1tpocrtuyte; tfie; cruvdoTJcrTJe;», to «uicrElTJIlU nllfie;» KtA., OUtE va nEplOptcrtOUV anOKAEtcrnKa crto naEloe; tile; unATJcrttUe;. ' Axevnvrtuc, it unATJcrttU rou; ouvofieuerut ano Eva otopo {iAAa - nOAtnKa KtA. - naElTJ, not'> tijv tKUVOnOtTJcrij tOUe; oi acrtot otv t11 Elucrtasouv crt KUllta nEpt1t'[mcrTJ. Aixme; v' acrxoATJEloullE OtESOOtKotEPU Il' uuto to Eltllu, {ie; OOUIlE tillpu t11V crnpvsptavij «uutanapvTJcrTJ».

·0 {iYlOe; Mas unoKuEltcrtU sOm to 'Eyill (Selbst), not'> anupvtsrm rov SUUto rou, Ilt EVu (iAAO 'Eyill, not'> unaPXEt 1l0VO crt11 ouvtuotu toi) {iylOU Mas. ItiJ <pavtucrtu tOU oi «jnnpol» Elucrtasou V YEVtKte; apEtte;, onme; EIVat to «UO/TJAO uicrElTJIlU», i] «UtOTJuoouvn», it «oucroxn», to «uicrElTJIlU tfie; nllfie;» KtA. KtA. Kat OUtE Kav avupmnttat ii» 6 Iltapoe; EXEt npaYllun UUtSe; tie; apEtte;. Ate; KUt 6 «uinpoc» EnpEnE orevsi KUt KUAa va KUt&XEt OAEe; UUtte; tte; tOtotTJtEe;! 'AAAa. (lJCOIlU KUt crt11v nEpt1t'[mcrTJ not'> 6 «uicpo;» ta GIXE OAU uuta, to va ElucriuSE ai'nte; tte; apEtte;, naAt otv Ela Tjtav av'ranapvTJcrTJ, aAAa. unAme; 011AmcrTJ tOU YEYOVOtoe; - not'> it OtKUtmcriJ rou Ilnopd va ~PEElEt UKOIlU KUt crt Ilta l']EltK11 «crt'>ll<PmvTJ Il& rov euuto tTJe;» - on yta XUt11Pt svoe; na80ue; Elucrtas0Vtat Eva otopo UAAU. KUt, tEAtKa, crt'>ll<pmvu Il' UUt11 t11 ElEmptU, ta mrvm, not'> 6 Iavtcro KaVEt fj O&V KaVEt, EtVUt «nutunapvTJ en». [ ... ]

K. MAPS - «I). ENrKEA~, • Altavta, 'tOil. 3, 0'&1.,. 224-231.

K.MAPE-w.ENrKEA~

·H rEPJUlVU(tl ·I5Eol..oyia (1845/1846)

II. '0 vopoc;

'Eo& npsnBt v' anOKUAl)\jfODJlB crov avuyvfficrt1') BVU JlByaAo uucruco wi) aYlOD JlU£, 01')AUOi] Ott OA1') ti] OtUtPl~i] tOD nBpi LltKUlOD ti]v apxisBt JlS Jlui YBVtKi] EpJl1')vdu toi) LltKUlOD, Jlta sPJl1')vdu nou toi) «Ota<pBUYBt» ooo JltAaBt nBpi LltKUlOD Kui nou KUtU<pSPVBl va ti]v ~uvucrDUa~Bt JlOVO otUV apXl!,;Bt va npuyJlUtBUBtUt Katt tBABlCO£ Ota<pOPBttKO, 01')AUOi] to VOJlo. TOtB to EUUYYSAlO £KpU~B orov aylO JlU£: Jli] xptvere tVU Jli] Kpt9fjtB, Kt uUtO£ aVOt~B to crtOJlU tOD Kt Boiou~B, Myovta£ :

«T6 i5txaw elvac T6 nVeiJpa Tii, xoivcovlac» (evro xotvcovlc slvat 'to '11;po), «"Av fJ xoivoivlu l!xCl KunOlU ~OUA.llcrll, T6u OiKUlO stvut dX(!t{J(jj, ulml fJ ~OUA.llcrll : '" xounnvlo: v:nrl(!XCl /t6vo XUP1l cr'to OiKUlO. 'n':nw51j 0IlWC; vnaQXet 1l6vo xcleIJ I1T6 ne(!tl1iauu6)) (OXl XUPll oro OiKUlO, aA.A.U /t6vo XUPll o ro rrsptrrrutuco), «Ott acrKEI 't1')v xv(!taQxta tOU nuvw crtU atOI.W" T6u 8ixuio slvrn 1') uvetaexIJ (JOVAIJIJ1) 't1lc;J) (cr. 244),

Ll1')AUOi], «to OiKUlO ... sivat ... rots ... BIvut aKptp&£ ... unapXBt JlOVO ... &nBtoi] OJlCO£ tm:apXBt uovo xap1') oro nepto-ruruco •.. ott ... rore ... "vQiaex'YJ f30VA'YJ(f'YJ». Lti] <ppacr1') UUt11 £XODJlB tOV LaVtcro JlU£ cr' OA1') tOD ti]v tBABtOt1')tU.

'H <ppacr1') UUti] tOU «OtS<pDYB» rots tol) aYlOD JlU£, ytuti ()&V tUiptaSB JlS ti£ 9ScrBt£ tOD, &v& tffipu til. KUta<pBpB naAt va ti]v macrBt, ytati tffipu naAt tOU tatpta!';Bt &VJl&PBl.

Kut oeJO UUtl] l] UV(!ta(!Xovaa (3oVA'Y}aY) 9EOlpEItut lcroouvullll IlE tl]V lotu[tEpll !3oUA.llcrll tiOv UtOIlOlV. 'H !3oUA.1l(j]1 tOU UU9EVt1l Elvut vouoc: (cr. 256). ,

KupiUPXT] pODAT]crT] 'til<; KOtVffiViu<; Kupwpxoucru pODAT]crT]

OiKUW VOJ.LO<;

L1iKUW VOJ.lo<;.

«IIO,B-nOnD>, OTJAuoi] m<; npOJ.lB'tffiniou 'ti'j<; «OtU'tptpfj<;» 'tOU nspt 'tOu V0J.l0U, yiVB,Ut Kui J.lui. ()ta.KptcrT] ava.J.lBcru cr,o oixmo Kui o-ro VOJ.lO, J.lta. Ota.KPWT] nOD, KU'a. nBpiBpyO rpono, EXBt rooo J.ltKpi] crxscrT] J.lS 'til «OtU'tptPi]» 'tOU nspi 'tOU VOJ.lOU ocrT] crxscrT] EXBt 0 «()tU<puYWV» OPWJ.lo<; 'tOU ()tKuiou J.lS 't1) «()LU'tPLPi]» nspt «Sucaiou» :

«O,n O~lOlC; crUVlcrti'i o{uaw, o,n cr' 01totUOl]1totE KOtVOlVtU 9EOlPEltUt UKpt!300tKato, 1tU[pVEt 6n{a'Y}, KU[ tl] A.EKnKT] tOU OtutU1tOlcrll... oro v6p,o» (cr. 255).

«·O,n elvm crullQlOlVO IlE to VOIlO, U1tOtEA.EI 1tllYT] yvwcrllC; tou ti slvrn O[KUtO T\, KUA.UtEPU, tOU ti Elvut UKpt!300[KUtO».

Au'to nOD 0 ayLO<; 1:a.v't'O'o 'to AtBL «no.ipvat ,i] ABK'ttKi] 'tOU OtU,DnfficrTJ», 0 XSYKBA 'to AtBt Kui «Ku90pwJ.lsVO», «yvmo-n» K'tA. ((<DLAocro<piu 'tOU L1LKUiotJ»26, § 211 K. tnoJ.l.).

Elver BUVOTJW<; 0 AOYo<; YLa. rov onoto 0 ayLO<; 1:a.v,cro i'j,uv avuYKacrJ.lsvo<; v' anOKAalcrBL 'to OiKUto m<; «PODAT]O'1P) il m<; «KUpiuPXT] PODA11crTJ» ano 't'1) «()LU'tptPi]» 'tOU nBpi otKuiou. Movo oro pu9J.l0, nOD 'to (jiuuw Ku90PL1,:0'tUV m<; (j{J1IUpiYj 'tOU av9pwnou, UU,O<; J.lnopoucrB va. 'to Bnuvu<pspBt crov suu'to 'tOU m<; (jlU~ TOV MvuJ.lT]. "Hruv, Aotnov, avuYKucrJ.lSVO<;, npo<; Xa.PT] ,i'j<; av,i- 9Bcri]<; 'tOU, va. Kpu'TJ9Bt crov D/,lcrnKo 6PlcrJ.lO 'tfj<; «OUVUJ.l11<;» Kai v' a<pi]crBt va. 'tOU «OLU<PDYBV> 6 tOBaAlcrTlKO<; 6pwJ.l0<; 't11<; «PODATJcrT]<;». To yw'ti <lAtBDBt na.At ,i] «PODATJcrTJ», ornv J.ltAUBt 'twpu YLa. 'to «VOJ.lO», 9a. 'to Ku'tuAa.POUJ.lB orov E~B'ta.crOUJ.lB 'ti<; avn9scrBt<; nOD a<popouv 'to VOJ.lo.

1:,i]v npuYJ.lUnKi] Irrropiu, of 9BffiPTJ'ttKOi, nOD 9Bffipoucruv m<; 9BJ.lsAW 'tOU otKuiou 'ti] (jvvaflrJ, Bploxovrcv crs UJ.lBcrTJ av'ttnupa.9BcrTJ J.lS BKalVOU<;, nOD Osropouccv m<; 9BJ.lsAW 'tOU ()tKuiou

'til (3ovArJGrJ - fJ,ta uv'tl1tapa8wTJ, 1tOU 6 ayto<; l":aV'tcro 80. fJ,1tOpobos va 'tijv EvvoijcrSt Kai onv uvn1tapa8scrTJ UVaJlscra oro psnAtcrJlO (ro 1tat()l, 6 'ApXato<;, 6 vsypo<; K'tA.) Kat rov l&aAtcr~Lo (6 E<PTJ!}O<;, 6 l":uyXpovo<;, 6 JlOYYOAO<; K'tA.). Y Av ()SX'tOUfJ,S 'tij ()UvaJlTJ m<; 8SJlSAto 'tOU ()tKaiou, 01tw<; 'to KaVSt 6 XOJl1t<; K'tA., rors 'to Sixuto, 6 VOJlo<; K'tA. slvm U1tAro<; cruJl1t'twfJ,a, EK<ppacrTJ Ka- 1tOtWV aAAwv crxscrswv, 1taVW cr'ti<; 61tots<; cr'tTJPi(s'tat it Kpa'tlKij sSoucria. 'R UAtKij (wij 'troY U'tO~LWV, 1tOU ()SV Esapns'tat ()tOAOU U1tAro<; U1t' 'tij «!}OUATJcrij» 'tOU<;, 6 rpom»; 1tapaywyfj<; Kat it uop<pij E1ttKOtVwvia<; 'tOU<;, 1tOU UAATJAOKaeopi/;;oV'tat, slvot 'to 1tpayJla'tlKO eSJlSAto 'tOU KpaWU<; Kat 1tapaJlsvst 'tS'tOto cr' OAS<; 'ti<; !}a8Jli()s<;, 01tOU UKOJla U1tatwuV'tat Ka'tafJ,sptcrfJ,O<; 'tfj<; spyacria<; Kat UWJltKij t()toK'tTJcria, EV't6Aro<; UVSSaP'tTJ'ta U1tO 'tij (3ovArWrJ 'troY U'tOJlWv. Au'ts<; ol 1tpaYfJ,a'ttKS<; crx;scrSt<; ()S ()TJJltoUpyouv'Wt ()tOAOU U1tO 'tijv 1tpaK'tlKij ESoucria· uv'ties'ta, au'ts<; slvot it MvaJlTJ 1tOU 'tij ()TJJltoUpys'i. TO. li'toJla 1tOU Ka'tsxouv 'tijv Esoucria Jlscra crs ()s<>OJlsvs<; crxscrst<;, 1tspa U1tO 'to O'tt 1tPS1tSt va 01.KO()OJlijcrouv 'tijv Esoucrfa roue U1tO 'tij JlOp<pij 'tOU ue6:rov~, O<pSiAOUV Va ()mcrouv cr'tij !}OUAllcrij 'tOU<;, 1tOU 1tpocr()topi/;;s'tat U1t' au'ts<; 'tiC; crUYKSKptJlSVS<; crxscrSt<;, fJ,ta YSVtKij EK<ppacrTJ U1tO fJ,Op<pij BouATJcrTJ<; 'tOU Kpa'tOU<;, U1tO Jlop<pil vOJlOU - fJ,ta EK<ppacrTJ 1tOU 'to 1tSptSXO~LSVO 'tTJ<; Ka8opi(s'Wt 1tav'to'ts U1tO 'ti<; crxscrSt<; au'tfj<; 'tfj<; 'taSTJ<;, 01tw<; Jla<; 'to <>slXVOUV 1toM 1tapacr'ta'tlKa 'to 'I()tO)'ttKO Kat ITOtVtKO AiKato. "01tW<; U1tO 'tijv t<>WAtcr'ttKij !}OUATJcrTJ tj U1tO 'tijv au8aips'tTJ KpicrTJ aihrov 'troY U'tOJlWV ()SV ssapns'tat 'to !}apoq 'tou crro~La'to<; 'tOU<;, E'tcrt <>sv ssapns'tat U1t' auwu<; 'to on S1tt!}aAAOUV U1tO JlOp<pij VOJlOU 'tij !}OUATJcrij 'tOU<;, KaVOV'ta<; 'tTJV 'tau'toxpova uvsSap'tTJ't1l U1tO 'tijv 1tpocrW1ttKl1 aDeatpscria 'tou xu- 8svo<; U1t' au'tou<;. 'R 1tPOcrW1ttKij 'tOU<; KUptapxia 1tPS1tst va ouyxooretrm 'tau'toxpova m<; YSVtKij KUptapxia. 'R 1tPOcrW1ttKij 'tour; MvaJlTJ !}acri/;;s'tat cr't"[<; crUV8fjKS<; 'tfj<; (wfj<;, 1tOU uva1t't"ucrcroV'tat crav crUV8fjKS<; KOtVS<; yta 1tOAAa u'tofJ,a, 't"rov 01tOtWV 'tl1 crUVSXtcrTJ, au't"oi, mr; KUptapx;ouv'W uWJla, O<pslAOUV va 'tij ()wcr<paAicrouv EvaV'tt 'troY UAAWV U't"OJlWV Kat JlaAtcr't"a U1tO JlOp<pij opWV ySVtKfjr; tcrX;Uo<;. YEK<ppacrTJ aU't"fj<; 't"fj<; !}OUATJcrTJr;, 1tOU Ka8opi1;;s'tat U1tO 'to. KOtVa roue crUJl<pspoV'ta, slvut 6 vOJlor;. 'AKpt!}ror; it au'to61tt-

~OAl] a't0flOOV aVE~apnl'tooV flE'ta~U WU~ Kat fJ bn~OAl] 'tfj~ otKfj~ WU~ ~oUA11cr11~, 1tOU 1taVOO cr'tl] ~acr11 au'tulV 'troY aflot~atooV crxecrEOOV sfvrn aVa1tocpEUK'ta syoownKl], KaVEt avaYKaia 'tl]V olxsto- 8EAl] 1tapal't11cr11 cr'tO 1tEoio WU VOflOU Kat 'tOU otKaiou. 'H nnpal't11cr11 au'tl] OflOO~ a1tO'tEAEi 'tl]V s~atpEcr11, svro 0 xuvovoc elvor iJ auwotacpuAa~11 'troY ouucspovtoiv roue (Kat yta roiito nupnt't11cr11 'tl] 8EOOPOUV oXt oirtoi, aAAa 0 (<crUflCPOOVO~ fle 'tOV eau'to ron Eyootcr'tl]~»). To toto tcrXUEt Kat yta 'tl~ E~oucrta1;;oflEVE~ 'ta~Et~, a1t' 'troY onotoiv 'tl] 8SA11cr11 E1tlcr11~ OSV E~apnS'Wt 'to fiv {mapXEt i] OXt VOflO~ Kat Kpaw~. Aoyouxap11, ocro ol 1tapayooytKS~ SuvcflEt~ OSV slvut aKOfla ava1t'tUYflSVE~ crs rsroto ~a8flO, 1tOU va KaVOUV nsprrro 'to ouvuycivtouo, Kat yt' au'to YEVVOUV OAosva 'to ouvovoivtouo, ol E~oucrta1;;oflEVE~ 'ta~Et~ 8a E1tt1;;11wucrav 'to aKa'tOp8ooW, ti» dxav 'tl] «~OUA11cr11» va Ka'taPYl]crouv 'to ouvnjrovtcrflO Kat fla1;;i fl' au'tov 'to Kpaw~ Kai 'to VOflO. "AUoocr'tE, 1i «~OUA11cr11» aihl] OSV sflcpavl1;;E'Wt - nporof ava1t'tux80uv crs rsroto ~a8flo ol crXScrEt~ 1tOU fl1tOPOUV va 'tl] cpspOUV cr'tl] 1;;OOl], - 1tapa uovo cr'tl] ouvruotu 'troY lOEOAOyooV. "Oruv ol crXScrEt~ ava1t'tuX80uv crs rsroto ~a8flo, rucr'tE va fl1t0POUV va cpspOUV cr'tl] 1;;OOl] alJ'tl] 'tl] ~ouA11cr11, 6 IOEOA6yo~ fl1tOPEi va 'tl]V 1tAacrEt cr'tl] qxrv'tacrfa ron ro~ flta ~ouA11cr11 Ka8apa au8aipE't11 Kat crUVE1tro~ scptK'tl] yta Ka8E E1t0Xl] Kat yta OAE~ 'ti~ 1tEptcr'tacrEt~.

"01tOO~ 'to OlKato, Emt Kat 'to aoiK11fla, 011A. 6 ayffiva~ 'tOU flE~LOVOOflSVOU a'toflou svevrtov 'tmv crX8crEOOv 1tOU E1ttKpawuv, o8v a1topp8Et a1to flta Ka8apl] au8atpEcria. "Azsvcvttuq, EXEt 'tl~ pi1;;E~ ron cr'ti~ '(otE~ crUV8fjKE~ 1tOU lcrxuouv Kat yta 'tl]V {mapxouou KUptapxla. 'Axouu Kat ol OVEtP01tOAOt, 1tOU ~A81tOUV 'to otxuto Kat 'to VOflO ro~ Kuptapxia Ka1tOta~ aueu1tocr'W't11~ YEVtKfj~ ~ouA11cr11~, 08 fl1t0POUV va OOUV 'to aotK11fla ro~ Kan fiUo a1to flta a1tpOKaAU1t't11 1tapa~iacr11 'tOU OtKatOU Kat 'tOU vouou, L'tl]V 1tpayflanKo't11'ta, OflOO~, 'to KpaW~ 08V {mapXEt xap11 cr'tl]V xuptup,xoucra ~ouA11cr11, aUa, av-ricr'tpocpa, 'to Kpaw~, 1tOU a1tOppeEt a1t' rov UAtKo 'tP01tO 1;;oofj~ 'troY a'toflOOv, EXEt Kat 'tl] flOPCPl] flta~ KUPtaPxoucra~ ~ouA11cr11~. "Av au'tl] iJ ~ouA11cr11 xavEt 'tl]V KUplapxia 't11~, rors au'to cr11flaivEt 1tffi~ EXEt aAM~El 0Xl ~lOVO iJ ~ouA11cr11, aUa Kat 'to UAIKO Elver Kat iJ 1;;OOl] 'troY a't0flOOV Kat

unA&£ yt' all'rO LO A6yo uAAUsEt Kai 11 pOl)A1']cri1 LOU£. LUflPaivEt La OLKaLWflam Kat of vouo; va «flEtapLpasOVmt KA1']PovOfltKa»37, crnlV nEpinHilO"ll alml, 6wo£, OSV I::XOUV KUptapxo, UAAa flOVO ovouco nxo xapaKLilPa. ' Ano LijV anO\jl1'] alnij fla£ npootpspat unLa napaoEiYflaLa ij Io-roplu LOU upXaiou pWflatKOD Kat UYYALKOU ~tKaiou. £loaflE il011 npwnhEpa n&£ flnoPEcrE va yEVV110Ei crLa ~LUaAa L&V <PLAocro<pwv - xap1'] crLi1V anocrnacr1'] L&V crKS\jIEWV uno Lij pacr1'] LOU£, 01']Aaoij uno La aLOfla Kai Li£ EflnEtPLKS£ LOU£ crXScrEt£, - ij EVLDnWO"ll flLa£ ~EXWPLcrLii£ uvanLU~1']£ L&V Ka9apo)V lOE&v Kai Lii£ LcrLOpia£ LOU£. Ms LOV tOto rporco flnoPEi Kt EO& va unocrnacr9Ei LO oiKaLO uno LijV npanwnKij LOU pacr1'] , onoLE unoKLa Kanow «KupiapX11 PODA1']O"lP), ij onoia crs ota<pOPELlKS£ Enoxs£ naipvEL OLa(pOpE£ napaAAays£ Kai flS La ol1flLOupY11~laLa L11£ - LOD£ VOflOU£ - unonii flta OtKij L1']£ nuroLEAij Icropln. "Erot , ij nOALnKij Kat acrnK11 Icropiu flELaLpsnErut lOEOAoYLKa crs Icroplc Lfj£ KUPWPXia£ VO~lWV nOD owosxovrut 0 £va£ LOV aAAov. A\'nij ElVat f) lOLasoucra \jIEuoaicr911cr1'] L&V vOflo~la9&v Kai nOAtnK&v, nlv 6noia uL09ELEt san facon? 6 'IaKwpO£ 6 'Aya90DA11£. 'YnoKDnLEt crnlv lOta \jIEuoatcr911cr1'], AOYouXaP11, ~lS LOV <DPElOEpiKO rot)AlsA~LO LOV ~', nOD Kt aULo£ 9EWpEi on OL vouoi slvut unAs£ lOLOTponiE£ Lfj£ oEO"nonKii£ PODA1']cr1']£ Kai YL' aULO PpicrKEL navm on xutuppsouv flnpocrLa crs KEtVO LO «UvanOOo Kan»38 noi5XEL LOULO£ 6 xoouoc, Eivrn sijL11fla av EO"'T:W Kat ~LLa uno d£ UVWOUVC£ A6~E£ LOU KaVEt Eva pfjfla mo nspa uno nlv lmayopEUO"ll EVLOA&V LOU ypa<pEiou. "A£ oOKLflacrEt va i:K06crEL OlamnW YLa Eva OUVELO 25 EKaLOflflUptWV ocro slvut ol1Aaoij LO 1/110 LOU 01W0crtOU Xpsou£ Lii£ 'AYYAia£ Kat LOLE 9a OEi rtvoc 9SA11cr11 sivm ij Kupiapx1'] 9SA1']crij LOU. ·AnwcrLE 9a ownLcrTwcroUflE Kat mo nspa on 0 'IuKwpo£ 0 aya90llA11£ XP1']crtuonotst ouv VLOKOUf-lSVTa La <pavnzcrflaLa Tj Li£ onLacriE£ LOU f)YEuovn LOU nOll sivct KL aULO£ BEPOALVSSO£, YUl va u<paVEt fl' aULa LOV LcrLO L&V OLK&V LOU 9cwP11nK&V uovouovnov nEpt otKaiou, vouou , uOLKiwaLO£ KLA. AULo OSV npsnst Ka80AOU va l1ii£ EKnAl1crcrEt, OLon uKO~La Kat LO <paVtacrl1a Lfj£ «Vossische Zeitung»??

* - xwpi~ 8la.tU1t(.oO'El~.

OAO KUt TOU «spocospet» Kan, A.X. TO KpaTO<; OtKUiou. KUt 1') 7tt0 t7ttnOAatTJ E~S'tU0"11 Tii<; VOI.108f:aiu<;, A.X. TWV VOIlCOV yta TOU<; unopou<; as OAf:<; Ti<; XWPf:<;, odXVf:t Ti KUTacpf:pUV va Kavouv ot tGUVOVTf:<;, O'tUV cpUV'taa't11KUV on unoootionv va nf:TUXOUV o.noi)non, 1l0VO IlS Tl] ~0118f:ta nl<; «KlJpiUPX11<; ~OUA110'l]<;» TOU<;, OTJAUOl] 1l0VO (h<; uv8pconot ~ouA.6llf:vot. "AA.A.COaTf:, 6 ayw<; LavTO'O OCPf:iAf:t va UnOOf:XTf:L Tl]V UU'tUna't11 TWV VOll0llu9wv Kui TWV nOAtnKwv nspl «KUptapxou ~OUAl]O'f:CO<;» YHi va ~la<; od~f:t a' OATJ 'tTJ<; 'tl] AUllnpOTTJ'tU 'tl]V lOW 'tl] OtK11 ron ~OUATJO'TJ yta E~taroO'f:t<; xui uvn9sO'f:t<;, nou 9a Ti<; unoAuuO'oUIlf: UllsO'CO<;, KUt yta va KU'tUCPSPf:t va ~uvuj)yaAf:t un' 'to Kf:cpaAt ron KUllta un' 'ti<; 10Sf:<; nou 61010<; !:IXf: ~aAf:t IlsO'u 0" UU'tO. [ ... ]

'R altA.11 uVttmJ.paOEO"ll : 130UA.llO"ll tOU xpurou; - 130UA.1l0"l1 OtK11 Mou ltUipvEt crta ocru (lIWA.OUOOUV tT]V Elti<pUO"ll Ilta~ uinoA.oYllO"ll~: «'AKOllll KI uV ua:n:ow, <pUVtU(HEl tiJv ltEpilttCOO"ll OltOU OA.U ta UtOIlU EVO~ A.UOU Oa EKoiJA.COVUV rnv lOta 130U/ollO"ll xui EltOIlEVCOe; Sa dXE E1tltEUXOEl ilia tEA.EtU olxooIW'!U~ (JoVA1]arj» (!) «to ~iJtll1lU Oa ltUPEIlEVE to tOIO. M11ltCOe; OE OallOUV Kui O"iJllEPU Kui upyon:pu OEcrIlEUIlEvoe; UltO tT] XtEO"lV11 Mou 130UA.llcrll;... To 0lllllOupYlllla Mou, 011A.UoiJ iJ KUOOPlO"IlEV1l EK<PpUO"ll tfie; l3ouA.llcrT]e; Mou, Oa YIVOtUV 6 E!;oumuO"t11e; Mou. KI 'Eyre ... 0 OlllllouPyoe;, Oa EllltOOl~OlloUV o"tT] POll tfie; ~cofie; Mou Kui O"tT] OtaA.ucrT] Mou ... 'EltcI011 'Eyre OIEOEtU xtEe; l3ouA.llcrll, O"iJllEPU Elllat KutuOIKUO"IlEVOe; O"E ul3oUA.iu. X-(E~ 'Eyre dxu EA.EUOEP11 130UA.11crll, crT]IlEPU 'Eyre OEV tT]V EXCO» (cr. 258).

Tl]V nUAta 8sO'TJ, nou EXf:t ow'tUnC09f:L EnUVf:tATJIlIlSVU rooo uno EnUVUO'Ta'tf:<;, oco Kui uno uvnopuanKOU<;, on 0''t11 OTJ~lOKPU'tiU 'ta UTOIlU UO'KOUV 'to KllPWPXtKO 'tOU<; OtKU.iCOIlU 1l0VO yta Ilta O'nYIll] Kui UO'Tf:PU naAt 'to EYKUTUAf:inouv, UU'tl] 'tl] 9s0"11 6 aylO<; Lav'tO"o npoO'nU9f:L tow va 'tl]V LownotTJ9f:L IlS «u8&~lO» rporro, tcpuPllo1;;ov'tU<; 0" UIl't11V TilV CPatVOIlf:VOAoytKl] 9f:copiu rou nspt 0TJlllOUPYOU KUt 0TJlllOUPyl]IlUTO<;. 'A AM 11 9f:copiu nf:pt OTJ~lWllPYOU KUt 0TJIlWuPyijlluTO<; UcpatPf:L un' UU't11 'tij 8sO'TJ Ka9s VOTJIlU. LUIlCPCOVU 11' uU'tij Tij 9f:copiu TOll, 6 ayw<; Lav'tO"o slvat O'ijllf:PU U~OllAO<; OXt YWTi UAAU~f: 'til XTf:O'lVij 't01) ~OUA110'TJ, OTJAUOij, OXt ytuTi O'lWf:PU EXf:t Ilta ~OUATJO'TJ owcpopf:nKa Ku80ptallsVTJ KUt YWTi ol uvoTJO'if:<;, nou 6 1010<; Ti<; uviJyuYf: XTS<; O'S VOIlO, ro<; EKCPPuO'TJ 'tfj<; ~OUATJO'ij<; rou, EytVUV 'tropu Of:O'lla xt UAUaiof:<; yta 't11 O'TJIlf:ptvij 't01), KUAUTf:PU cpconO'llsvTJ ~OUATJO'TJ. 'Av-

'ttef:'W, O"ulI<Prova lis 'ti) ef:ropfa rou, fJ mWEplVT] 'tOU ~ouA:rlO"l1 ne8- net on:roO"oi)n:O'tf: va sfvot f} lipvllO"l1 'til<; X'tEO"lVfj<; 'tOU 13oUAllO"l1<;, Olon au'to<;, m<; 0l1lIlOUPY0<;, O<PBlAf:l va UKUproO"f:l 'tT] X'tf:O"lVi) 'tOU j3ouAllO"l1. Movov m<; (dij3oUAO<;» alvat 011~llOUPYO<;, svw m<; n:paylIan j3ouAOlIf:VO<; liv8pron:0<; slvm n:avm ol1lIlOuPYlllIa. (BAtn:E ((q)a!VOlIf:VOAoyia»)40. 'QO"'toO"o, O"'ti)v l£Epil£'twO"l1 aU'tT] , Ul£' 'to on ((1j'tav X'ts<; ~OUAOlIf:VO<;» OSV El£f:'ta! Ka80AOU on O"T]lIf:pa !:Ivat ((li~OUAO<;», UAAa on, uV'tief:'ta, elvat alJ7:[naAot; 'til<; X'tf:crtvfj<; j3ooAllO"l1<;, liO"Xf:'ta Ul£' 'to liv f} 'tf:Awmia l£ilPE t] 0Xl 1I0P<Pi) VOliOU. Kai O"'ti<; ouo l£f:Pll£'troO"f:l<; 1I1£0Pf:i va 'ti)v UKUproO"El, 01£W<; Yf:V1Ka O"uv118i(f:l va 'to KaVf:l, ol1Aaoi) wt; f3ovkrJC1'YJ <JtU1} 'l'OV. Ms rov 'tPOl£O au'to, OiVf:l l£Ai)Pll Ixuvoxoincn crov O"uWPwvo lI& rov sau'to 'tOU sywwlIO. 'El£OlISVW<;, sow elvui 'tf:A!:lW<; UOla<popo 'to liv f} X'tf:O"lVi) 'tOU j3ooAllO"l1 l£fjPf: t] 0Xl, m<; VOlIO<;, lila 1I0P<Pi) ul£ap~l1<; E~W Ul£O 'to Kf:<paAl ron, {oiw<; liv 8UlI1180DlIf: on l£POllYouuevu f} ((A&~11 n:OD 'tOD OlS<PUYf:» <psp811Kf: 't00"0 O"'taO"wO"nKa svavrtov 'tOU. "Ensrtn, O"'ta oO"a A&f:l l£apal£avw, 0 aylO<; Lav'tO"o eSAf:l va Ola<pUAa~f:l 0Xl 'ti)v n:f:10"1I0vi) 'tOU, UAAa 'ti)v aV'l'oj3ouAia 'tOU, 'ti)v lAev88eo~ouAia 'tOU, 'ti)v lAevOeela, n:paYlia 1£0D O"l1lIaivf:l on l£apaj31a/;;E'ta! Ka'ta<popa 0 i}81KO<; KroolKa<; 'tOD sYWlO"'t11 1£0D slvot O"DlI<PWVO<; liS 'tOV sau'to 'tOU. ITapaj31a/;;ov'tw; au'tov 'tOV KroOlKa, 0 aylO<; Lav't"O"O <p'taVf:l 0"'t0 O"l1~lf:LO va KllPUTtf:l m<; Kan 'to uAllelVa iowi'tf:pc 't1}v 't00"0 OUO"<pll1I10"1Isvll £O"w'tf:PlK11 £Af:u8f:pia, 'ti}v SAf:uef:pia 'tfj<; SO"W'tf:P1Kfj<; svav'ttwO"l1<;.

«rr&~ Il1tOP&1 ao'to v' aA.w1;,&l;», avacpOlv&t 6 :Euv'tao. «Movo Ilf; Eva rpono : Ililv avayvOlpi~ovtaC; KalllU U1tOXPEOlO"Tj, oTjA.aoil, Ilil O&all&Uov'tac; rov Eau'to Mou Kai Ililv acpilvov'tac; vu ME O&a~l&6O"ouV. - 'AA.A.u SU ME 0&ousocoov ! T'Ij /3oVA1)a'lj Mov uavevw; oe fJ,7w(},si va nj OSfJfJ,BVaB£ uat 1} B (J roT e (] t U 1} Mov B v a v T l ro a 1) na(}afJ,eve£ B A e v (j e (] 'Y} ! » (a. 258).

((TalIl£ODpAa Kat 'tP0J.ll£S'tf:<; 'tlJ.l0DV 'ti) Vf:aVtKi} Ton lIByaAOl£pSl£f:la! 41

'Eow 0 ayto<; Lav't"O"O ~f:XVaBt ((va KaVBt 'ti}v &'l£AT] O"K&\jIll» on f} ((j3oDAllO"i)) 'tOU slvnt on:wO"oi}l£O'tf: ((Of:O"lIWlISVll», S<pOO"OV, l£apa 't11 GSAllO"i) 'tOU, un:o'tf:Af:i J.lla «IO'W'l'8etu1) lvavdwO''YJ}}.

L'ti)V l£tO mlvw G&O"l1, on:OU imoO"'tllPt/;;f:'t"a! on f} U'tOJ.ltKi} 1306-

A11a11 OEcr)!f:Uf:Tat un:o Tij Yf:VtKij pouAlJa11 un:o )!OPCPij VO)!Ol), OAOKA11pmVf:TUt, UAACOaTB, 1) tOWAta'!tKij IlniA11'1'11 yui TO xprrroq, UntA11'1'11 aU)!cpcova )!& TijV on:oia Ta n:avTa uvuYOVTat uovo aTij pouA11a11, UVTiA11'1'11 n:ou 0011Y11aB TOUt; yaAAOUt; xui Yf:p)!avout; auyypacpf:it; aTte; n:to SKAf:n:'!tla)!&VBt; aoqnaTf:if:t;.

v AAACOaTf:, UV n:pOKf:tTat an:Awt; yta TO «~OUAO)!am Kai oxt yta TO «(5Uva)!at» xul, aTij Xf:tPOTBP11 n:f:pin:Tcoa11, an:Awt; yta. TijV «sororepucn BvaVTicoa11», TOTf: slvct UKaTaVo11TO yta noio A6yo 0 aytot; Lav'!O"o eSAf:t amVf:t Kat KaM va ~yaABt un:o Tij )!Sa11 Eva uv'!tKf:i)!f:vO rooo n:A11eCOptKo as «pouA11a11» Kai «scoiTf:PtKij svavTicoa11», on:COt; elver 0 VO)!OC; TOU KpaTOUt;.

«'0 vouo; Y&VlKa K'tA.., '" va ltOD EXOUJl& <p'taO'&t cnusoe», (0'. 256).

K. MAPa - Ill. ENrKEAI:, • Altuvtu, tOJl. 3, <r&A.. 310-213, 315-317.

K.MAPS-~.ENrKEA~

<0 n~PJ1aVtKft ·IoEo).,oyia (1845/1846)

[ ... ] lleaY/-lars{a apS. 2; 'A tO~LtKi] LOLOKt1']aia, Kpatol; Kai Sixio.

«"Av, (iv, (iv!».

«<Av» 6 ayto~ LavtO"o U<p1']VE yt6 ~ta atty~i] Kata ~&PO~ tis tpExooaE~ is&E~ tWV vo~o}laSwv Kai tWV 1tOAtttKWV nspt ato~tKii<; iOtoKt1']aiac;, KaSw~ xui tilv 1tOAE~tKit svcvriov autwv tWV LOEWV, UV EPAE1tE autll titv atOlltK~ iStoKt1']aia atllv e~1tEtplKi] t11~ U1tOataa1'] , atil ouvnprn ail t1']~ }l& tic; 1tapay(f)ytKl~~ ouva~Et~ tWV (ho~(f)v, rots OA11 it aOAo~WVtELa ao<pia tOO, 1tOU ~EtOAiYEtat t(llpa ~1tpoata ~a~, Sa KatEA11YE oro ~1']SSv. Tors «Sa tOU YttaV» ouaKoAo va tou Sta<puYEt (uv Kai, onv a.AAO~ 'APBaKou~42, slvut capable de tout*) Ott " atoll tKi] iSWKt1']aia slvat ~lta ~op<pi] i':1ttxotvrovlnc, avaYKaia aE ~ta 6pta~&V11 KA[~aKa ava1tto~1']~ tWV 1tapayroytKWV Suva~Erov, Ott autil 11 ~op<pil i';1ttKotvrovia~ OE ~1tOpst aKoua va KatapYllSEt, oao a1tOtEAEt a1tapait1']to opo yta rnv 1tapayroyi] tii~ U~f:0"11~ 6AtK11~ Sroi'j~, oco O&V EXOOV S1']~toUpy1']Sd o] 1tapay(f)ytK&~ oova~Et~, yta ti~ 61tOtE~ i] atO~tKi] LStOKt11- ala 8a a1tO~f:l Eva~ nepropto-nxo; <ppay~o~. LtilV 1tf:pi1ttro0"11 autit, Mv «8a rob» StE<pEOYE OUtE tOU avayvwat1'], Ott 6 LaVtaO E1tPE1tf: va Kata1ttaatEl ~& ti~ &AIK&~ axsaet.;, avti va SLaMEt OAO tOV xocuo a' Eva auat1']~a 8EOAoytK11~ ,,8tKi'j<;, yta va tOU aVtt1tapata~f:t Eva xutvoupyto auat1']lla, 1tOU autOaVaK1']puaaEtat eY(f)tattKi] ,,8tKil. ,1& «8a roti» St&<j>EUYf: tOU avayvWat11 1tw<;

• - """vo, 'YUt 61..a.

npoxettut YUt 1tpaYJla'ta 'tEAEiO); OtaCPOPEnKa U1tO o,n yta 'to «crEpacrJlO» Kat 'tOV Jll] crEPacrf.lO. «Av, iiv, av!»

v AAAo)cr'tE, atno 'to «dv» sivat uovo Eva~ u1torl'X;o~ 'tfj~ cppacrl'J~ 'tOU LaV'tcrO, 1tOD 1tapa8scraf.lE 1tPo)'tD't"Epa. L1t6n, «dv» 6 LaV'tcrO 't"a EIXE oAa aU't"a, rots, CPUcrtKa, ~s 80. Jl1tOPOUcrE va. EXEt ypa\jfEt 'to ptpAtO rou,

'E1tEt0l] 6 (iyto~ LaV't(J'O 1taipVEt yta uAl]8Eta 'tl]v aU't"U1ta't"l'J 'tWV 1tOAtnKwv, 't"WV vOJlof.la8wv Kat UAAOlV iOEOAOYo)V, 1tOD W1t08EWDV f.lS 't"0 KEcpaAt 1tPO~ 't"a Ka't"o) OAE~ 'ti~ BJl1tEtPtK{;~ crXScrEt~, xt U1tO 1tavO) PaSEt Ka't"a 'tOV YEpJlaVtKo 'tP01tO Kat Kan OtKO WU, T] &TOJl£~~ l~tO~T'YJa[a JlSTaTgenSTat yt' uurov crs ~eaTl~~ loioxtnala, avricr't"otxa oi: VOJlt~~ l~w~Trwla, 1tavO) cr't"11V 6nota Jl1tOPEl rropn va. KaVEt Eva nstpuun yta va OtKatwcrEt 'tt~ 1tt0 1tavO) &~tcrWcrEt~ 'tOU. "A~ OODf.lE 1tPWT a1t' oAa 'tl] JlE't"U't"P01tl] 't"fj~ a'toJltKfj~ iOtoK't"l'Jcria~ crs KpanKl] tOtoK'tl'Jcria.

«Movo ii E1;oucria ulto<jlacri~El yui to BElla tfi~ iOloKtllcria~» (UVriBEta, to BElla tfi~ E1;oucria~ ulto<jlacri~Etal yui tiiv {Opa UltO tilv iOloKtllcria) «Kai Ilui ltOD to Kpato~ Kai 1l0VOV auto UltotEAEI tilv E1;oucria, UO"XEta UV EIVaL xprrrot; tOlV ucrtrov 11 Kpato~ trov KOUPEAil8o:JV» (0 o-npveptuvoc «Euvsrrnptouoc»), «11 altAro~ Eva Kpato~ uvBpoolto:Jv, - auto slvnt Kai 0 Jlovo~ i8l0Ktiltllq> (cr. 333).

ITAat o to 1tpaYf.lanKo YEYOVO~ roti YEpf.laVtKOU «KpaWU~ 'twv acr't"ww, BOW cptyoupapouv Kat 1taAt JlS 't"OV tOto 'tP01tO ouyKpO't"l'JJlSVE~ of Xtf.latPE~ 'tOU LaV't"crO Kat 't"OU MnaOUEp· nOU8EVa, wcr't"ocro, M PptcrKOUf.lE va JlVl'J~LOVEDOV't"at 1tapaoEiYJla'ta Kpa't"WV 1tOD EXOUV 1tpaYf.lan tcrWptKl] crl'Jf.lacria. Tlpdrr' a1t' oAa, usrc'tpsnEt 'to KpaW~ cr' Eva 1tpocro)1tO, «aTOV Ka'WXO 'tfj~ &~oucrta~». To YEYOVO~ on 11 KUptapxoucra 'ta~l'J opyavWVEt 'tl]v a1t6 KOtVOU KUptapxta 'tl'J~ uno JloPCPl] ~llJlocrta~ &~oucria~, U1tO JlOpcpi} Kpa'WU;, 6 LaV't(J'O 'to epJlllVEDEt - Kat 'to Otacr'tPEPAWVEt Ka'ta utxpono nxo YEpJlaVtKO 'tP01tO, - A{;yov'ta~ on «ro KpaW~» ouyicporstrut w~ f.lt<1. 'tPl't1') Mvaf.l1') BVaVna cr' aU'tl]v 'tl]V KUptap:x;oucra 'ta~l'J Kat crUYKEvrPWVEt a1tSvavn cr' au'tl]V OA1') 'tilv B~oucria. Kuromv, 80. &1ttXEtPl]crEt 'tl]v &1taAl]8Eucr1') au't"wv 'tWV «morsixo» 'tOU f.lS f.lta crEtpa. 1tapaoEiYJla'ta.

'E1tE10l1 11 LOtoK't1')cria U1tO 'tl]v KUptapxta 'tfj~ acrnKfj~ 'ta-

S'll~, on(f)~ Kat cr' oAE~ 'ti~ aAAE~ Enox;e~, cruvoeE'tat Ile KaeoptcrlleVE~ cruvefjKE~, npiv un' oAa oixovouucec, rrou Esapnouv'tat uno 'to ~aellO avun'tus'll~ 'tmv napay(f)ytKmV OUVUIlE(f)V Kat crx;ecrE(f)V, - cre cruveilKE~ nou unOK'touv avanocpEuK'tU IltU VOlltKl] Kat noAt'ttKl] EKcppacr'll, - 6 liyto~ Iuv'tcro, cr'tl]V unAolKO't'll'tu roo, mcr'tEUEt on

«to U(!UW, crUVOtEt ti}v KatOxi} tfj<; iOtOKHlcri(J.(;» (car tel est son bon plaisir*) «Ilt ootcusvooc opou<;, aKpt~ro<; OltOl<; crUVOtEt Kat OAa t' uUa, A.X. to yaIlO» (cr. 335).

'EnEtOl] oi acr'tot oev Ent'tpenouv cr'to KPU'tO~ rou; VU EnEIl~aiVEt cr'tU iOt(f)'ttKU roue crullCPepov'ta Kat 'tOU napsx;ouv uovo rocn Esoucria, ocr'll elvm avaYKaia ytU vu Ka'tox;uprovE'tat i] OtKl] rou; acrcpuAEta Kat ytu VU Ota't'llPEi"tat 6 cruvay(f)Vtcrllo~ xt EnEtSl], YEVtKo'tEpa, oi acr'tot EVEPYOUV w~ nOAt'tE~-lleA'll 'tfj~ nOAt'tEia~ 1l0VO oro ~aello nou 'to unayopEuoUV 'tu iOt(f)'ttKU 'tOU~ crullCPepovro., 6 'IuK(f)~o~ 6 ayaeOUA'll~ vOllisEt on aU'toi elvm «Eva Tinorc» Ilnpocr'tu oro KPU'tO~.

«To Kpato<; EVOta.<ptpEtat 1l0VO YHI Eva ltpaYlla : auto to tOto va slvnt ltAOUcrto. Ton elvnt aota<popo uv 0 MtxaAll<; elvm ltAOUcrtO<; Kat 0 Ilerpo; <ptOlXO<; ... Kat OL OUO roue yta to Kpato<; slvut eva Tbeorco (cr. 334).

Tl]V iOta cooic aV'tAEt cr'ti] cr. 345 ano 'to YEYOVO~ on 'to KPU'to~ avsX;E'tat 'to ouvajrovtouo,

'EnEtOl] i] otEu9uvcr'll Ilta~ E'tatpia~ mO'llPOOPOIl(f)V CPPOV'ttSEt ytu 'tou~ IlE'tOX;OU~ 't'll~ 1l0VO oro ~a91l0, nou Ka'ta~uAAouv 'ti~ eicoops; 'tOU~ Kai dcrnpunouv 'tu IlEpicrlla'tu 'tOU~, 6 ~EpoAtveso~ O'llIlOotMcrKaAo~, Ile 'tl]V ucpeAEtu ron, crullnEpatVEt un' au'to on ot lle'tOX;Ot «slvor Eva Ttnoru Ilnpocr'tu cr'tl] otEu9uvcr'll, 'to tOto on(f)~ Elld~ OAOt of ullap't(f)Aoi Ilnpocr'tu oro 0EO». 'Ano 'to on 'to KPU'tO~ Elvat aOt'Jvallo Ilnpocr'tu cr'tou~ iOtm'tE~ {OtoK'tfj'tE~, 6 Iuv'tao ~YUSEt 'to crullnepacrlla on oi iOtoK'tfj'tE~ slvrn UOt'JvallOt Ilnpocr'tu cr'to Kpa'tO~ Kat on alJ'to~ 6 tSto~ slvot uOt'Jvallo~ unpocr'tU Kat cr'tOU~ Suo,

IlapaKu'tffi. 'EnEtoi] oi dcrot i:x;ouv opyavrocrEt ffi~ KPU'tO<;

• - Ylud 1:'(11 toO "pEGEI.

't~v m:ptcpPOUP11crYJ 'tii<; LOtoK'tYJcriu<; 'tOU<; Kt &nEtO~, cruvEnW<;, 'to «'Eyei))) OS ~nopEi UTCI"OUcr'tU'tu va uCPUtPScrEt 'to spyocr'tacrto LOU «'taOE spyocr'tuatapxYJ», nupa uovo ~scru cr'ta nAuiatu 'twv OPffiV 't11<; ucrnK11<; 'ta~11<;, 011AUO~ 'tOU ouvajtovrouoii, 0 'IaKffi~o<; 6 UYU90UAYJ<; VO~iSEt on ;

«To KpaTo<; EXEl TO f:PYOO"TaO"LO llE 'thA.ou<; iOLOK'tllO"ia<;, EVG> 0 EpyoO"mO"lapXll<; 'to EXet llOVO crav 'tlllaplO, crav K'tilll(J.l) (0". 347).

"Erot UKPt~W<; Kui 0 crKUAO<;, nou cpuAaEt 'to crnin ~OU, «EXW) 'to crnin «~s 'thAOU<; LOtoK'tYJcriu<;», svw 'Eym 'to EXffi uovo «oriv n~apto, crav K't11~U» an' 'to crKUAO.

Mtn Kui of crUYKEKUAU~~SVOt VAtKOi OPOt 1:11<; aLO~tKii<; 1010- K'tYJcriu<; EPxov'tUt KUt avaYK11 crux va crs av'ticpucrYJ ~s 'tij 'VO/-ltU17 1pBv~al(JO'Yj(J'Yj nEpi u't0~tK11<; LOtoK'tYJcriu<;, - onffi<; unOKUAU1t'tEret, AoyouxapYJ, crLi<; nEpt1t'tmcrEt<; anuAAO'tptmcrEffiv, - 0 'IaKffi~O<; 0 UYU90UA11<; cru~nEpuivEt on

«EOG> 1tapOUO"la~f.TCI.l oA.ocpavcpa crnL llano. lla<; i'1 KUTa 'to UA.A.U O"UYKEKUA.UllllEV11 apX11, O"ullcprova llE Ti]V 61toia llOVO TO Kpam<; slvm iOloKTi]nl<;, EVG> 'to usuovomevo UTollo dVUl 0 TlllapLOuxo<;» (0". 335).

«'Eow nupoucrtaSE'tut oAocpavEpu cr'ta ~anu ~lU<;» uovo 'to on cr'ta ~anu 'tou u~ton~ou acrLou ~a<; nupS~EtVUV KUAWl~SVE<; ntoto an' 'to nupuns'tucr~a «rof 'Ispoii» of KOcr~llKS<; crXScrEt<; LOtoK'tYJcriu<; Kui on 'tOU xpEta~E'tat (lKO~a va npo~119EU'tEi an' 'tilV Kivu ~tav «f;nOupaVta crKaAU» yta va ~nopscrEt «v' avupptXYJ9Ei» crs KEiVO 'to «crKuAonan LOU nOAtncr~OU», nou cr'ti<; nOAtncr~lsvE<; XWPE<; 'to EXOUV cp'tacrEt uKo~a Kt of oYJ~OOtoacrKaAot. '0 Iav'tcro ~E'tU'tpsnEt &OW 'ti<; uvncpacrEt<; nou cruvosoV'tut ~s 'tijv V:TW,e~'Yj 'tii<; a'to~tKl1<; LOtoK'tYJcria<;, crs af}'V'Yj(J'Yj 'tii<; a'to~ltKii<; iOtoK'tl1cria<;, E'tat onffi<; 'to EKavE, Ku9m<; ElOa~E mo navffi, KUt ~s 'tijv unup~11 'twv avncpacrEffiv ~scra cr'tijv ucrnKij OLKOySVELa.

'EnEtoij of ucr'toi, Kai YEVtKa oAa 'ta ~lSA11 'tii<; acrnK11<; KOtvrovtuc, avaYKasov'tat va cruYKpo'tYJ90uv m<; «'E~Ei<;», m<; VO~tKO npocomo, m<; Kpa'to<;, yta va npocr'ta'tEucroDv 'ta xotvd rou; cupcpspovra Kui yta va ~lE'tu~t~acrouv crs nsptopiouevo apt9~0 av- 9pmnffiv - Ecr'tffi Kat ~OVO s~at'tiu<; LOU Ka'tU~Eptcr~ou 'tii<; spya-

crta~, - til crUAAOytKiI tOU~ MvaJlll, n:OD YEvvil9llKE Jl' autov tOV rpono, 6 'IaKw~o~ 6 aya90uAll~ <paVta~Etat on

«0 Ka8Eva.;; EXEt ,n vOlln 'fj.;; i8toK'T]0'Ia.;; IlOVO ,00'0v xmpo 00'0 CPEPVEt IlEO'a ,01) T6 ' Eyw ,OU KPCl'tOU';; f\ slvm Eva vOllo'taYE';; IlEA.O';; ,fj.;; xotvmvtnc ... ·0- notoc slvm Eva 'Eyoo-,ou KPU,OU';;, 8T]A.a8n, onoto.;; elvut Eva.;; Ka'A.o.;; noA.i'tT]';; f\ unnKOO';;, TO,S, 00';; Eva drow 'Eyoo lwi oxt 00';; i8tai'tepo 'Eyoo, KpaTUEt UIlEptuvo; 'to 'ttIlUptO» (0'. 334, 335).

LDJl<pwva JlS til AOytKiI autil, Ota9StEt KavEi~ Jlta JlEtoXil tfj~ Etatpia~ crt0llPOOpoJlWV JlOVO ooo «<pSPVEt Jlscra tom) «to 'Eyo))) tfj~ OtEu9uvcrll~ tfj~ Etatpia~, n:paYJla n:OD crllJlatVEt on JlOVo crav aytO~ Jln:OPEt KavEi~ va KatSXEt Jlta JlEtoxil crtOllPOOPOJlwv.

'A<pou Ota<pomcrE Jl' alJtov tOV rpono tOV EaUtO ron yta tilv mDncrll tfj~ atoJltKfj~ Kat tfj~ KpanKfj~ tOtOKtllcrta~, 6 aytO~ LaVtcro Jln:opd va crUVEXtcrEt:

«To on ,0 KpUTO';; 8EV ucpatPEI an' ,0 (i,ollo Ka,' au8aipETo rporco uuro nou EXEt an' ,0 KPUTO';;, ,OU,O orumlvsr clnA.ouO'Ta,a on ,0 KpUTO';; 8E A.T]O'TEuEt rov samo TOU» (0'. 334, 335).

To on 6 aytO~ LaVtcro osv un:E~atpEl au9aipEta tilv tOtoKtllcria troy UAAWV, auto crllJlatvEt an:Aoucrtata on 6 aytO~ Lavreo os AllcrtEUEt tOV EaUtO tOU, oton n:paYJlatt «~ASn:w) tilv Ka9E tOtOKtllcrta crav OtKiI tOU.

!:if:. Jln:OPEt va £XOUV tilv an:aitllcrll va acrxoA1l90UJlE Kat JlS tt~ Un:OAOtn:E~ <pavmcrtOn:All~tE~ tOU ayLOu Lavmo yta to KpatO~ Kat tilv tOLOKtllcria, on:w~ A.X., on to KpatO~ «OEAEaSW) Kai «dvtaJld~Em ta utoJla Jlscrw tfj~ IOLOKtllcrta~, Ott an:o IOtaitEPll 00- Atotllta £XEt En:t~aAEt U\jIllM tSAll XaptocrilJloU yta va Katacrtpsost rou; n:OAitE~ otav OSV slvat vOJlotayEl~, KtA., KtA. Tsvucd osv 9a crta90UJlE n:EPWcrOtEPO crtil p'l U (! OU(JT:lufj-ye(Jp,UYlufj avttAll\jlll n:Epi nUY7:o('JvyUp,[uq, tOU KpaLOU~, Jltav aVLtAll\jlll n:OD ouvcvrdus tjOll Kat crtoD~ n:aAtOD~ YEPJlaVOD~ vOJloJla9d~ Kat n:OD eoii'> Jli'i~ crEp~tpELat un:o JlOP<Pil en:icrllJlwv Kat JlEyaMcrtoJlwv ota~E~atrocrEwv,

Tnv SKtELaJlSVll e1ttXEtPllJlatOAoyia tOU yta Lilv Launcrll Lfj~ KpanKfj~ Kat aLOJltKfj~ iOtOKLllcrta~ 6 aytO~ Lavmo e1ttXEtpEt oro Lf:.Ao~ va tilv EVtcrXDcrEt Kai Jlscrw Lfj~ en)JlOAoytKfj~ ouvorvu-

Jliae;, aAAa £'tcrt OSPVEt 'tl]V £1ttcr't11JlO()l)V11 rou en ambas posaderas*.

«'AtO~tKi] uou lOtoKtl1aia (Privateigentum) elvoi uovo EKElvo 11:06 ~oG EKXropEI to Kp(ho~ U1I:' .6 lxstv TaU, (YTs(!wvr:ar; to (priviert) Etat U1I:0 uA.A.a ~EA.l1toG xpnrou; : slvut KpanKi] iOtoKtl1aia» (a. 339).

~UIl~aivEt, OJlCOe;, va yiVEtat aKpt~We; to aV'ttcrtpocpo. 'H ihoJltKl] tOlOKt11cria crtl] PW/l/Y/, - crtl]V 6noia Kat 1l0VO unopst va avacpspE'tat auto to EtlllloAoytKO EUCPllOAOY11lla, - ~ptcrKOtaV cr'tl]V mo Pt~tKl] aVtt8Ecr11 ~lS tllV KpanKl] iOlOK't11cria. BE~ata, 'to Kpa'tOe; EKXCOPOUcrE orouc nA11~dolle; UtO~LlKl] iOlOKt11cria, 'to EKavE oJlCOe; au'to oixcoe; va cr'tEPEL an' rou; «(lAAOlle;» 'tl]V UtOlltKl] LOUe; 101OK't11cria, una acpatprovtae; an' rou; IOlOUe; autOue; nA11- ~Eioue; 'tl]V KpanKl] roo; IOlOKt11cria (ager publicus)*M3 Kai ta nOAtnKa LOUe; OtKatO:Jllo'ta, Kat yta tOUtOV aKpt~We; to AOYO OVOJlacr't11KaV privati, 011AaOl] unocr'tEp11IlSVOt, aViol, Kat oxt EKdva 'ta cpaV'tacrnKa (diAAa IlSA11 tile; nOAttEiae;», 11& 'ta onoLa ~aUKaAtsE'tat 6 aylOe; ~aVtcro. '0 'IaKco~oe; 6 aya80uA11e; E~WtEAii;E'tUt cr' OAEe; 'tie; XWpEe;, cr' OAEe; 'tie; YAwcrcrEe; Kat cr' OAEe; 'tie; EnoXSe;, JlOAte; naEt va IltAl]crEt yta 8EnKa YEYOVOta, yta 1:(i 6noia «ro 'Ispo» Os JlnopEL va Ota8StEt a priori YVO:JcrEte;.

'AnEAntcrJlSVoe;, nou ~A&nEt 'to KpatOe; va Ka'tU~pox8isEt OA11 tl]V 101OK't11cria, Ka'tacpEuYEt naAt cr'tl]V mo Ev06IlUX11 «E~EYEPIlSV11» au'tEniyvcocrl] ron, onou UVaKaAU1t'tEt Ka'tanA11K"COe; on slvct Evae; A.6ylO~. Tnv anopia ron tl]V EKcppai;Et IlS 'ta napaKatCO U~tOcr11IlEico'ta Myta :

«kE UVti8Eal1 J,lE to Kpato~, 'E'Yoo vtoo9ro 011.0 xuf Ka9apOtEpa on MoG J,lEVEt UKOJ,la J,lta J,lE')'aA.l1 E~ouaia, i] E~ouaia 1I:avro aTOV Eamo Moo»,

«Flcvoi ati~ O'KE'IIEt~ Mou EXro ~ul 1I:pa'YJ,lanKi] iOtoKTl1aia 11:06 ~1I:OPW EtO't va ti]V EJ,l1l:0PEU9w» (a. 339).

"Erot, 6 «KOllpEAl]e;» ~'ttpvEP, «(lv8pconoe; JlOVO IlS nAOUtO lOEWV», KataAl]YEt crtl]V anEyvcocrJlSV11 unocpacr11 va nai;apS\jIEt to

• - El~ aJ.lCjlottpou~ to6~ yA.outo6~ . •• - Ol]J.l60'1O~ ayp6~.

xouusvo Kat ~DVtcrlltvo yaAa trov crKElJlEffiv tOD44. 'AA'Aa crt 1tota rtovnptd 9a Kat8.<pwYE, UV to KpaWC; x.apaKtllP1SE tic; crK8.\jIEtC; tOD Aa9pqlTCOpto; 'Axoiiore :

«Ttc unoK11PDO'O'OO» (npaYllun noM ooeo ulno) «xnt ti<; uVtUA.A.aO'O'oo J.lE aA.A.e<;» (dv, ~E~UtU, ~peSel Kanoto<;, nOD va elvut roco uoui}<; O'ta EJ.lnOpta, roO'te va oeXtel Ilta tELOtU UVtUAA.Uyi} ioeii'lv) «OL 6nole<; Kui Sa yivouv rors 1'] KUtVODPYIU, uYOPUO'J.lEV11 iOtoKt110'lU Mou» (O'. 339).

'0 U~tOnlloc; acrtOC; Ilac; os 9a i]crDXacrEt napa 1l0VO otav 9a EX!:t cro XSPL to xapti, nov 9a moroxotst on uyopacrE tillLa tllV iOtoKtllcria tOD. Nd nota ELVa! i] napllyopLa wu ~EpOALVSSOD ucrtOU yta OAa ta tpa~11Yllata Kat ta IlnAE~illata nov EXEL lIS to KpatOC; Kai tijv acrtDVollia : «0[ crKS\jIEtC; slvor unaAAaYllsvEC; Oacrllrov !»

'R IlEtatp01t11 ti'jc; UtOlllKiic; tOLOKtllcriac; crs KpanKll uvaYErut, tEALKa, crt1lv tOSa on 0 ucrtOC; (Bourgeois) ElVaL KatoX0C; tOtoKt1lcriac; 1l0VO ffiC; Eva OEtYlla wu YEVOUC; trov acrtrov, nov crt1lv oA6tllta rou QVolla/;;EtaL Kpatoc; Kat nov 6KXOOPEt crta UtOlla tOtoKtr]crta uno ~tOP<Pl1 rtuuptou, KL tom, YL' uA'All IlUX rpopd, to OAO SlFlllla ton09EtEltat lIS to K!:<paAt npoc; ta Katoo. Lti]V ucrnK11 ta~ll, 01[(UC; Kat crs Ku8E UAA1l, yivOVtaL KOtVSC; Kat YEVtKEC; crxscrEtC; 1l0VO EKdvEC; oi npocroontKSC; crX.ScrEtC;, crtU nAaicrta trov onoirnv ta IlE~tovOOllsva uWlla tfIC; tU~llC; slvot KatOXOt tOtoKt1lcriac; Kat unoAall~avouv t1)/;;OO11 tODC;. "Av, naAtOt!:pa, napOllotEC; <ptAocro<ptKSC; at'nanat!:C; urtopofiouv uKo~la va EXouv nSpaC>1l crtij Tspuuvtn, trope, nov to naYKocr~ltO 61lnOPto unso!:t~E ~lS to napanavoo on ta dcroollllata tmv acrtmv osv t~apnouvtat OtOAOD un' tllV nOAtttK11, 6vm, UVti8EtU, i] nOAtttKij E~dpnstat 6~ OAOKAllpOD un' ta ucrnKa dcrooJ1llata, rropu napOIlOtEC; aUtanatEC; xutavtllcrav BVtEAmc; YEAOtEC;. "ROll un' tOV 180 atffiva i] nOAtttK11 E~apnOtav roco noM un' to 61l1tOPto, rocrtE, otav, Aoyouxapll, to yaA'AtKO KpatOC; il8EAE va crDVU\JlEt Eva oavELO, tijv 6YYVllcrll yta to oavEto evavtt tmv 'OAAavomv snpEnE va tij officrEt Evac; iOtOtllC;· [ ... ]

K. MAPS - «1>. ENI'KELU;, • Anuvtu, tOJ1. 3, (ff:}'" 338-342

K. MAPE-~.ENrKEA~

'A rEPJlUVLKi) '!OEOAOyiu (1845/1846)

[ ... ] 'EpxoJlacrn: tropa crtO 9sJla tfj~ crxscrl']~ atOJltKfj~ tOtoKtl']cria~ Kat LltKaiou, onou Jla~ npooospovtut uno UAAl'] JlOp<pi} to. lOta Koupa<ps~aAa. OR ta(mcrll tfj~ KpattKfj~ Kai atOJltKfj~ tOtoKtllcria~ naipVEt oorvouevucc EO& Ilta vsu otatunwcrl']. 'H nOAtttKi} uVUYVW(!UI'Yj tfj~ atOlltKfj~ tOtoKt11cria~ crti} vouofleofo 9EWPEltut OerdAlO tfj~ atOlltKfj~ tOtoKtllcria~.

«'H U'tOlltKi] iOtoK'tllO"iu ~Et EAEOO Aucuiou, Movo 0"'t0 !liKutO ~pio"KEt 'tllV EYYVl1O"i] 'tll<;, oton Kti]O"ll OE O"lWUiVEt OXOIlU iOtOKt110"iu' UUtO 1tOD KU'tEXOO yiVE'tUt OtKO Mou 1l0VO !!E 'til O"uYKu'tu9EO"ll 'tOu Aucutou- OEV alvnt EVu YEyovo<;, unu EVu 1tAUO"IlU, IltU iOEu. EIVUt 11 vouucn iOtoK'tl10"iu, i] VOlltlll1 ioLOK'tllO"iu, i] iyyv1]piv1] iOtOK'tllO"iu. EtVUl 01Ki] Moo Oxt XUPll O"E Mcvc, unu XUPl1 o'to !liKUtO» (0". 332).

~titv napanavw <ppacrl'] 0 napaAoytcrJlO~ yU1. titv KpattKi} iOtoKtllcria aVE~aivEt crs aKOJlU nto JlEyaAU ihJll'] KW~ltKOtlFa~. n', auto npoxwpOUIlE aJl&crw~ crov rporco JlS tOV onoto 0 ~areo KaVEt EKIlEtaAAEUcrl'] tOU nAacrllattKoU jus utendi et abutendi*

~ti} cr. 332, SKtO~ ano to nto naV()) OIlOP<PO ano<p9EYlla, nAllpocopoouccrs Ott 1'1 iOlQKtl']cria

«slvca U1tEptOPtO"tll E~ou(jiu 1tUVOO O"E Kun 1tOV 'Eyro Il1tOPro vu 'to OtU9E'tOO 01too<; 1l0U apEO"w>. «'H E~ouO"iu», rocrrooo, «OEV slvut Kun 1tOD (muPXEt U1tO 1l0VO tOU : (muPxf:t uovo !!EO"u O"tO iO"xupo 'Eyoo, IlEO"u O"E MEVU, 1tOV OtU9E'too l;~ouO"iu» (0". 336) .• Apu, 1'] iotoK'tllO"iu OEV slvm Eva «1tPUYIl(1.l>, OEV slvm «UU'to 'to OEVtpO' 1'1 l;~ouO"ia Mou 1tuvoo tou, 1'1 Otivalli] Mou vu to Ota9E't00 01t00<;

• - To 311«liOlI'Il. xpijO"l]C; Kll.i Kll.tUXPl]O"l]C; (toil 31KOill'ou ItpuYl'll.tOC;).

Sf:A.ro, vu rl SU 1tEi 8lKO MoU» (a. 366). AUTo~ ~f:PEl JlOVO TU «1tpuYJlUTa» Kui TU «'Eyom. 'H «i:~ouaiu» it «fmOxroplaJlf:V1l U1t' TO 'Eyro», it UUTOVOJl11Jlf:Vll U1tf:VUVTi TOU, it JlETaJlOpq>roJlf:V1l af: «q>UVTuaJlU», «eivor TO diKuto». «AuTit it 8tatroVl~OJlEVll E~ouaiu» (aKf:'IIEl~ 1tEpi TOU KA.llPOVOJllKOU 8lKUiou) «8f: af3itvEt OUTE Jlf: TO SUVUTO Mou, UUU JlETaf3tf3U~ETUt ii KA.llPoVoJllf:Tut. Tn 1tPUYJlUTU Mv UVitKOUV 1tpuYJlun af: Msvc, UA.A.U aTO diKatO. 'E~uUou, UUTO 8tv elver Ti1tOTU 1tUPU1tuvro U1tO Jlui oq>SUA.JlU1tUTll, 8ton it i:~ouaiu TOU JlEJlQvrousvou UTOJlOU yiVETUt uovum, yiVETat diKutO, JlOVO XUPll aTO on ol aAA.Ol ouvsvrovouv TitV i:~ouaiu TOU~ Jlf: Tit 8lKit TOU. 'H 'IIEu8uiaSllall ouvlorcrci rrro OTt vOJli~ouv 1tro~ 8f: Jl1tOPOUV v' UVUKUA.taouv TitV i:~ouaiu TOUQ) (a. 366, 367). «·Evu~ crKUA.O~ f3A.t1tEl EVu KOKKUA.O aT1lV i:~ouaiu {;VO~ iiUou aKUA.OU Kai KUVEl moro, OTUV VlroSGl 1tro~ ELVUl 1tOA.U U8UVUTO~. '0 avSpro1tO~, rocrToao atf3ETul TO 15!Ka{Wf1a (;VO~ iiUou uvSpro1tOU 1tUvro oro KOKKUA.O TOU ... Kui, 01tro~ B8&, srot Kui YEVlKU A.f:JlE «dl'()erixlUvr»), BKEl Vll Tit aTuml U1ttvuvn aTU 1tPUYJlUTa, OTUV 0 avSpro1tO~ f3A.f:1tEt at OAU Kun JlJlelJ!taT!KO, ornv 1tEpi1tTroait JlU~ TO diKUto, OTUV 811Au8it 0 avSpro1tO~ JlETaTpt1tEt TO KUSETl at q>uvTUaJlU Kui auJl1tEPlq>f:PETut U1ttvuvTi TOU auv VUXEl Jl1tpOaTU TOU EVU q>uvTaaJlu ..• 'Avdptomvo slvor vu KOlTU~OUJlE TO UTOJltKO OXt auv UTOJllKO, UA.A.U ctx» KUSOA.tKO» (a. 368, 369).

"Erot , OAO to KUKO nl]ya.1;;El Kui na.Al ano 't:11V nicrtl] trov ihollrov crt11v EVVOLU tOD LllKUiou, nOll OrpslAOVV va. ti} ~ya.AOUV E~ro ano to KE<pa.Al roue. '0 {iyLO~ ra.Vtcro yvropi1;;El uovo ta. «npa.yuuto» KUt ta. «'Eycl)))' ocro Yla. OAU BKEIVU, nOll osv svrnccovrci o ' UiHSC; ti~ crtfjAE~, yui OAE~ ti~ crXScrEl~, osv EXEl nupa. 1l0VO a<pl] Pl]IlSVE~ EVV01E~, ztou Etcrl IlEtUtpsnOvtut Yl' UlHOV Bnicrl]~ crs «qmvtuourrm». «'Ano ti}v iiAAl] uspic», EXEt, npa.YIlUtt, cr' optousve; crttYlls~ to crKOtE1VO npouicr8l]1l1l n:co~ OAU rofiru osv slvci «nupn 1l1a. crKStl] utnuna.tl]» Kui Ott 1) «B~oucriu tOU usuovoiusvou atOIlOU» l;~upnstat na.pu noM ano to iiv KUt iiAAOt iiv- 9pronot ouvsvrovouv ti}v B~oucriu tOU~ IlS ti} OlKi} rou. ',ncrtocro, ci: tEACUtaiu aVa.AUcr11, OAU ava.yovtat na.AL u111 v «\jfcuouicr8l]en» on t<1. iitoJlu «vop,lCovv nro~ Os unopoiiv v' aVUKUA&crouv ti}v B~oucriu tOU~». «II pUYIlU't:ll) , AOtnov, ol crtOl]POOPOJlOt osv avi}KOUV crtOll~ IlEtoXOU~, aAAu oro £'W1P1KO. '0 rUVtcro nupouctusEt allscrroc; cruv %tunl]to nupUOEtYIlU to KAl]POVOlltKO OiKULO KUt 'to B~l]YEI O%t IlS ti}v avuYKl] ytU crucrcrropcucrl] Kui ytU Ol]uioupvlu OiKOYEVEtU~, nOll npounfjpXE npiv an6 K(1.9E OiKULO, aAAa. 11& 'to vop,t,,6 nM.Cfp,a naQaraCf1}r;; rifr;; e~ovCflar;; n&pu ano 'to 9uvu't0. ',ncrtocro, oro ~u81l0 nOll ouvrsxstrut TJ IlE'tU~Ucrl] tfjc;

<pEOUOUPXtKil~ xorvorvtuq a,iIv aanKiI, ,0 V0J-ltKO ai'no nAUaJ-lU EYKUTUAElnEWt an' OAE~ ,i~ VOJ-l09EaiE~. (BA. A.X. ,OV NunoAEOVrsio KroOtKU)45. Lls XpEtU~Emt v' aVUAUaOUJ-lE Eom on Tj anoAu'll na,ptKiI E~ouaiu Kui ,a npcrro roxtu - roco EKdvu nou ouvosov,ut J-lS ,a npO),oYEvil <psouou ooo Kui J-lS ,a J-lEmYEvsa'Epu - ~uai~ovmv navO) as noM Ku90ptaJ-lSVE~ axSaEt~. To t(ho aUJ-l~uiVEt Kai crou; apxuiou~ AUOU~ ,11V EnoxiI rrou OtaAUE,m 0 XOlYO(Jla,,6~ rporco.; (Gemeinwesen) ~O)il~ A6yO) avan'U~ll~ 'il~ lbtwTlxfj~ ~O)il~ (,iIv KaM,EPll an60Et~1l yt' uu,6 ,iI oivEt 1] Irrtopiu 'rOU PO)J-lUtKOU KAllPOVoJ-ltKOU Atxuiou), Tsvucn 0 ~avmo os unopoiioe va OtaAS~Et mo anO,UXllJ-lSVO nupaOEtntu an6 ,6 KA11P0- v0J-ltK6 LliKuw, nou OElXVEt J-lS rov mo Ka9up6 rpono nlv E~ap'llall ,au LltKuiou an6 ,i~ nupuyO)ytKS~ axSaEt~. nupt~uAE, AOyouxapll, ,6 pO)J-lutK6 J-lS ,6 YEPJ-lUvtK6 oiKaw. <l>uatKa, KUVSVU~ aKuAO~ otv sqmu~E nOTs cpO)acpopo, KOKKUAUAEUPO 11 aa~sano an6 EVU K6KKUAO, onO)~ KUl no,s OSV «,OU nspuaE an' ,6'J-lUaA6» on 9a dXE Kanow «Sucniroun» navO) at Kanow K6KKaAo. 'AAAa osv «WU nf'puaE an' ,6 J-luuA6» OilTE Kui wu aywu ~uv,ao v' avupO)'1l9EI KanOTE J-litnO)~ ,6 OtKatO)J-la navO) a' EVU K6KKUAO, nou ,6 anoK,ouv yta rov sau,6 WU~ of dv9pO)not, OXt of aKuAot, auvosE,Ut J-lS ,6 on of uv9pO)not usrurpenouv au,6 ro KOKKUAO as aVnKElJ-lEVO nupuYO)Yil~, Evm of aKUAOt OSV unopobv va ro Kavouv. Fsvtxn, f.XOUJ-lE Eom, a' EVU uovo nupaOEtYJ-lU, OAll ,iIv KPtnJ(11 J-ls90oo wu ~&.vmo Kai nlv aKA6vlFll nia'll rou a'l~ 'rpsxouaE~ aU'ranu'E~. Of &~ 'rropu nupuyO)ytKE~ aXSaEt~ 'rmv a'r6J-lO)v EKcppa~ov'rUt Kat roc; nOAtnKS~ KUl VOJ-ltKS~ aX;SaEt~ (~ASns nt6 navO)). Meon a'ru nAalmu wu KU'rUJ-lEptaJ-l0U 'ril~ Epyaalu~ ofax.saEt~ aU'rE~ KU'ruvaYKll uU'rOVOJ-l0UV,Ut f.vavn 'rrov a,6J-lO)v. ~,6v npooopuco A6yo, OAE~ ofaxsaEtC; unopotiv va EKcppua,ouv uovo aav f.VVOtE~. 'H nEnoi911all nro~ au,s~ of YEVtKSC; tOSE~ Kal f.VVotE~ tmapxouv aav J-lUa'llPtrooEt~ OUVaJ-lEt~, slvut ro avuYKulo EnuKoAou90 wu on of npaYJ-lUnKSC; aX;SaEt~ ,mv onotoiv ano'rEAOUV sK<ppaall, SXOUV aU'roVOJ-l1l9Et. Au'rs~ of YEVtKS~ io&E~, nspu an' aU'riI 'riI allJ-laalU nou SXOUV a'riIv KotviI auvElOllall, anoK,Oi)V EntnASov J-lta ELotKiI allJ-lUatu KUt nposK,uall a,ouc; nOAtnKou~ KUt ,OU~ vOJ-loJ-la9EI~, WU~ orcotou; 0 KU,uJ-lEptaJ-l6~ 'ril~ EP-

yaala~ toU~ W9El oro va. avayouv toUtE~ ti~ iO&E~ a& Aatpda Kat va. ~Mn:ouv a' alm~~, Kat 0XL ati~ ax&aEL~ n:apaycoY11~, to aA1')- 9LVO 9EIl&AlO OACOV tmv n:pay~tanKmv ax&aECOV lOLOKt1')ata~. '0 ayLO~ ~a.vtao uLo9EtEl aVE~&taata auti) ti)v autan:a.t1') Kat n:a.VCO a' auti) t~ ~a.a1') K1')puaaEL t11 vOIlLKi) lOLOKt1')ala 9EIl&AlO tfj~ atOIlLKfj~ iOLOKt1')aia~ Kat ti)V EvvOLa tou oLKatOU 9EIl&Ato tfj~ VOIlLKfj~ lOLOKt1')ala~. MEta. an:' aiho, Iln:OPEl n:La. va. nsptopicet OA1') t~V KpLnKi) ron oro va. oLaKl1pu~EL n:ffi~ i) i:VVOta tOU oLKatOU elvor Ilta. i:vvOta, Eva <pa.Vtaalla. Kat 11' auto, 6 ~a.vtao Eln:E o,n EIXE va. n:Ei. na. va. tOV Ka91')auxa.aouIlE, Iln:OPOUIlE va tou 9Ulllcoups aKolla on a' OAE~ tt~ apx&yovE~ vououecte; i] aUIln:EPL<popa. ouo aKuAcov, n:ou l:xouv ~pEi Eva KOKKaAo, 9EcopEltat cb~ xuvovr«; L\LKaiou: vim vi repellere licere*, MVE of IIavO&KtE~46. Idque jus natura comparatur**, 11& ti)v i:vvota on jus quod natura omnia animalia - (iv9pcon:ot Kat aKuAot - docuit***. 'ApYOtEpa, cbatoao, «aKpL~m~» i] OPyavCOIl&V1') an:oKpOUa1') tfj~ ~la~ 11& til [3la yiVEta! OlKato.

'0 ayto~ ~a.vmo, Ka~a.na n:a.VCO at' UAOYO, Ka.VEt &n:iOEL~1') t11~ &n:tat1')lloaUV1')~ tOU o-ro n:EOlO t11~ Io-roptce; tOu L\LKalou, 'KOVtapollaxffivta~ 11& tOV Tlpouvrov YLa. to «KOKKaAO». '0 Ilpouvrov, A&Et 6 ~a.vtao,

«9EA,&l v« Ila~ KaVEl va mO"1:EIjIOUIlE on i] KOLVWVlo. EIVa.l 0 7tPW'tOYEVf]~ Ktf]KWP Ko.l 6 1l0Vo.OlKO~ iOLOKti]tl1~ Ko.ta u7to.paypmtto OlKo.IWllo.· on svovn tfi~ KOLVWV[o.~ 6 A,&yoll&VO~ iOLOKti]tl1~ BXEl YIVEl KA,E<Ptll~' on, cruV&7tro~, OtUV o.iml a<po.lp&i a7t' tOV tWPLVO iOlOKtf]t11 ti]v iOlOKtl1alo. tOU, OEV KA,E~El rbroru, soocov aaK&1: a7tA.ro~ to u7to.paypo.mo OlKo.lwlla tl1~. Nn 7tOU Il7tOP&1: va 6011Y11a&l to <paVtaallo. tfi~ KOlVWVlo.~ IlE ti]v iOlOt11to. tOU VOp,tUOV n(!oadmoo» (a. 330, 331).

'AVtl9Eta, 6 ~tiPVEP npoana9El «va. Ila~ Ka.VEt va. n:tat&\jIoUIlE» (aEA. 340, 367, 420 Kal anou), on EIlEl~, o1')Aaoi) of aKti)- 1l0VE~, Eocop~aallE crou; lowKtfjtE~ ti)v lotoKt1')ala rou; an:o uyvota, ano OELAia 1\ ano \VUxonOVta KtA. Kat Ila~ KaAEl va. na.pouue ntaco to ompo Ila~. 'Aveueou ati~ ouo aut&~ «aAX1')lltE~» i]

• -'H l3(a unopet v' altOKpoucrtEl J.IE tl] l3(a . •• - Kt auto to oiKatO Op(~Eta' a7l0 tl] cpucr" .

••• - 'Eva oiKato ltOU I] cpucr" EXEt o,oa~Et o ' DA.U tli ~Olvtuvli.

Ota<popa ~pio"Kctat 0"1:0 on 6 IT POUVtOV ~aO"i~ctat 0"' Eva to"tOpuco YEYovor" l:vw 6 aylOr, LaVtO"O EX;ct unAwr, «~aAct Kan ~E.O"a O"tO KcepaAt ron» Y1a va DcOO"ct O"tO npay~a Ina «VEa rpomi». IIpay~an, 01 npoO"<patcr, Epcuvcr, O"tO ndHo tfjr, Icroptcc tOD ~tKaiou EDct~aV on rooo 0"1:11 PcO~11 00"0 Kat O"tOur, ycp~avtKour" KcAnKour, Kat o"Aa~tKour, Aaour, " uvamu~11 tfjc; tDLOKt11O"iar, ElX;c O"av aepct11pia t11r, tilv tDlOKt11O"ia tfjr, KOlV0t11tar, 11 tfjr, qiuAi'jr, Kat on i] Ka9auto UtO~tKi} tDLOKt11O"ia ycvvi}911Kc novrof ~E to ccsrsptouo, npay~a nou 6 aylOr, LavtO"O OE urcopoiice, epUO"lKa, va to O"uvayayct uno til ~a9uO"tox;aO"t11napat11 P11O"i} tOU on i] svvoto tOD Auculou slvct ~la EVVOta. 'Ansvcvrt O"tOuc; ooy~anKour, vo~0~a9Eir" 6 ITpOUVtov dX;c unoAUta OiKLO, otav U1COypa~~tsc auto to ycyovor, Kat otav ycVtKa rou; avn~ax;otav ~E tir, un09EO"ctr, nou EKavav autOt of [DLOt. «Nn nOD unopst va 6811- Y110"ct to <p.avtaO"~a» tfjr, EVVOtaC; tOD ~tKatOU roc; EvvOtar,. 0a unopoocs Kavcir, va uvntax;9ct O"tOV ITpoUVtOV yta tilv 1ttO navw 9EO"11 rou, uovo O"t11v 1CcpintwO"11 nou 9a uncpaO"1ttSc ti}v naAtorspn, ti}v mo npWtoyovll ~opepi} tDLOKt110"iar, Evavn tfjr, Uto~tKfjr, tDlOKtllO"iar, nou npofjA9c un' aUt11v tilV uPX;EyoVll KOtVOb1ta (Gemeinwesen). '0 LaVtO"o O"uvo\jfisct tl1V KptnKi} tOU Kata tOll Ilpouvrov, 9EtOVtar, to E~i'jC; uAaSOVtKO EpcOtll~a :

«Ilpoc 'l aim, T] rooo cruVatcrOllJlanKT] E1tlKA.11crll, A.t<; Kal A.T]cr1:!;",av svov <p,coxo, cr,a aicrOT]Jla,a cruJl1tovta<; lOU iiA.A.ou ;» (cr. 420).

aivctat ncOr, 6 O"UVatO"e1WanO"~0C;, nou aAAwO"tc AEtnct EVtcAWr, un' tOV ITpOUvtOV, elvct E.1tttp£ntor, uovo unEvavn O"ti} Muptropvec". '0 LaVtO"O epavtasctat npay~an ncOr, autor, slvut «uKspaLOr, av9pwno<,l> O"E O"uYKpwll ~' Evav epavtaO"lonA11KtO O"av tOV Tlpouvrov. 0cwpct on to yqtaw EnapO"11 ypaepcLOKpanKo rou uepor" yta to 6noto ea vrpenorcv UKo~a Kat 6 pctDcpiKOC; rOUAtEA~Or, 6 ~', slvrn uepor, EnavaO"tanKo. «Muxnptot of m-

, I crot r».

Lt1) 0". 340 ~a9aivou~c on:

«·0A.8<; ol 1tPOcr1ta9Et8<; va 9scr1ttcr1:OUV A.OytKOl vouoi yta 'T]V iOtoK'l1-

O'iu l;Exu9TjKUV U1t' 'toue;; pvxovc; TIle; dyan1)e; IlEO'U 0" EVU EPTjIlO 1tEr...uyoe;; OptO'llroV».

IIpaYJla nOll svapJlovii;;E'tat JlS '!11V S~tO"ou nOAUKllJlav'tTj <ppaO"Tj :

«'H roe;; 'toopu i':1tlKotvwviu BuO't~o'tuv o rnv uya1tTj, crnv ullotBuiu uBpoIppoO'UVTj, O''tij Iptr...uA.A.Tjr...iu» (0'. 385).

'0 aytos 'Iav'tO"o at<pVtOtai;;Et som rov Eamo rou ~LS Jlta xu'tanATjKnKT] napaoo~oAoyia yta 'to AiKato Kat 'tT]V sn:tKotvrovia. "Av 8UJl118ouJlE, wO"'!oO"o, on orov ASEt {((lyanTj» svvost '!11V aya- 1[11 yta «rov "Av8prono» YEVtKa, yta Kan nOll UnaPXEt Kae' suu'to Kat Ot' EaU'l:O, yta 'to OiKOUJlEVtKO, on o'!Uv MEt ay6.nTj svvoEi 'tT] O"xsO"Tj npos 'to aTOJlO 11 'to npaYJla Ws O"xsO"Tj npos 'tT]V ouotu, npos 'to '/ego, rots OATj aU'tT] iJ AaJlnpT] sni<paO"Tj Ka'tappsEt. Tors, ot nto navro XPTjO"JlOt avayov'tat O"'!is naAtSs, nATjKnK&s KOtvorontsc, nOll ouvuvrdps 0"' OAO 'to «Bt~AtO», oro on 'ta ouo npaYJla'ta, yta 'ta onoia 6 Iav'tO"o osv ~6PEt rtnoru - OTjAa0T], 'to ills rrop« Aixutc Kai 11 ills rropn Sn:tKOtvroVta, - ano'tEA.ouv svO"apKroO"Tj «'tOU Tepoii» Kat on, YEVtKa, ills 'tropa JlOVO «of EVvote; s~ouO"iaSav rov KOO"JlO». 'H O"xtO"Tj npos 'to 'Ispo, nOll O"UVT]8ms 6VOJlaSE'!Ut «o"E~aO"JlOs», JlnopEi, o'tav 008d EUKatpta, va Einm8Ei Kai «ayanTj». (BMnE «AoytKT]»47).

IIapa8s'touJlE Eva JlOVO oEiYJla 'tOU nms 6 aytos Iav'tO"o JlE'ta'tpsnEt 'tT] VOJl08EO"ia O"S spmnKo OEO"JlO Kat 'to sJlnopto (Handel) O"S sproTOooUAEta (Liebeshandel):

«~' EVU VOIlOO'XEOlO Yla 'tij O'uvml;Tj 'trov i':Kr...0YlKroV Kumr...oywv O''tijv 'Ipr...uvoiu, ij KuBEPVTjO'll 1tpO'tEtVE va 1tUPEXE'tUt otKuiwllU 'IIijlpou 1l0VO 0" GO'oue;; KU'tuBar...r...ouv eooo 1tEV'tE r...lProV O''tEPr...tv&V ()1[{;p 't&V U1tOpwv. ~UVE- 1t&e;;, G1tOWe;; KaVEt Er...E11lloaUVEe;;, U1tOK'tU 1tOr...tnKa olKatOOIlUm 1; yivEml, ot:

IlEplKEe;; X&pE<;, "Irtrrornc 'tou TaYIlUme;; 'tou KUKVOU» (0'. 344).

Ilpiv an' oAa, npenEt som va napa'tTjpT]O"oUJlE on uuro 'to «NOJlOO"X60to yta 'til o"Dv'ta~Tj 'tmv sKAoytKmV Ka'taAOYroV», nOD nupeXEt «nOAtnKa OtKUtWJlU'tu», li'!Uv EVU VOJloO"XSOto yta OT]JlOUs il O"mJlu'tEiu il - yta va JltAT]O"OUJlE O"t YAroO"O"a mo xutuvOTj'tT] crov Iav'tO"o - Eva O"xeoto «KUVOVtGJlou OT]Jlrov Kat KOtvornroiv», nOD unopoiios va napaxwpEi oxt «nOAtnKa OtKatW-

unto», UAAa 01lJlOnKa OtKatIDJlUla, EKAoytKa OtKatIDJlUrU yui l1'!V UVaoEtSll rwv 'r01CtK&V UPXOV1ffiV. LlEDrEpO, 0 Lavmo, reOD UaXOAEirat JlS rij JlEra<ppUall rOD MaK KaAAoK, srepEreE reaV1ffi~ va SSPEt ri allJlUiVEt «to be assessed to the poor-rates at five pounds». At'no OSV allJluiVEt va «KUrU~aAEt~ oopo resvrE AtpWV crrEPAtVWV ureEp rwv ureopffiV», uAAa allJlUiVEt va &npu<pEl~ crov KuraAoyo &KEivffiV reoD Kuru~aAAouv uuro ro <popo ffi~ SVOtKOt cnrnoii, reoD ro ihi)crto Jlia9ffiJla ron UVePXElat as reEV1E AipE~ arEpAivE~. '0 U<PEAij~ BEpOAtvel;;o~ oev sepEt on 0 <popo~ uresp rwv ureopffiv arijv 'AYYAiu Kui crrijv 'IpAuvoiu slvct Tomuoc; <popo~, reoD ro u\jlO~ 'rOU (Jwq;ee.sl ureo reOAll as reOAll Kai Ka9E Xpovo UAAal;;Et, £rcrt marE 9a ijruv areAODarUla uouvuro va auvoE9Et i] nupoxij oreowuoijreorE otKatffiJlu'to~ JlS rijv Kuruf30Aij EVO~ oopou JlE KU90ptaJlEVO U\jlO~. TSAO~, 0 Lavrao VOJlil;;Et on 0 UYYAtKO~ xut tPAuVOtKO~ <popo~ ureep rwv ureopffiv sivat Jlta «€AS'YJI-lO(JVV'YJ)), &VW, al1'!v repuYJlUnKOrllla, ra xpi)Jluru nou ouvxsvrpccvovrtn XPllatJlEDOUY areAw~ m~ Jlsao yta rov UJlEaO Kui urepOKaAurero &ret9EnKO reOAEJlO reOD KaVEt i] KupiupXll uanKl'!raSll svcvrtov wi) repoAEruptarou. XPllcrtJlEDOUV yta va KUAUTC10Vlat oi oureaVE~ ouvrn pllall~ rwv &pyunKwv ohcrov, nou, oreffi~ slvct YVffiaro, ureorEAODv EVu JluA90uatavo !leao EK<pO~ta!loi) &vavnu ar1'] <prffiXEtU. BA&reOUJlE TC(;)~ 0 Lavmo «SEXDvErat ure' ro JlUXO rfj~ uyaTC11~ Kui xaVElat a' EVu SPll!lo resAuyo~ opta!lWv».

v A~ allJlEtIDaOUJlE reupEv9EnKa on i] YEP!lUVtKi) <ptAoao<piu, &reEtoi) !lOVUotKO allJlElO u<pErllpiu~ 9EffipODaE rij auvEiol1all srepEreE va KUlaAijSEt o-ro va dvat <ptAoao<piu rfj~ Tj9tKfj~, oreou ol ota<popot flPffiE~ &pil;;ouv YDPffi ureo ri)v UA1l9tvfJ_ Tj9tKi).

'0 <l>ouEpJlreUX uyurea. rov uv9pffireo yta xapll rOD uv9pIDreou, o (iyto~ Mnpoiivo rov uyurea. &reEtoi) ro «uSil;;w) (Btyxnvr, a. 137), &v& 0 {iyw~ Lavrao, £XOVla~ reAijpll &reiyvffiall WD &YffitalloD, uyurea. rov «Ku9svu», ytari £rcrt rOD upeaEt (To «Bt~Aio», a. 387).

EtoUJlE reto reaVffi - arijv repIDrll repuY!lurEiu, - rew~ of utKpoKrllJluriE~ uihoure01cAEia'tllKuv, YEllarOt aE~Ua!lO, ureo rij JlEyaAll yatOK'tllaiu. Tov uu'toureoKAEtallO ui'nov ureo rijv seVll tOWK111aiu, AOYffi aE~ao"JloD repo~ uim,!, rov &Jl<puvil;;ouv

YEVtKa. W~ xapaKT'llptcntK6 yvroptaj.!a 1"fj~ aanKil~ totoK1"'llaia~. , A1t' at)1"6 1"6 yvroptcrj.!a 6 L1"ipVEP Ka1"a<pspVEt va &~'llyl]aEt crov &au1"6 1"OU, yta 1tot6 A6yo

«ueon oro aanKo auaT1Wu, - 1tupa TO on, aUI!q>oovu I!E TT]V apXll roo, 6 KUSEvw; Sa f,1tPE1tS va elVUL t(lLOKTT]n}<;, - oi rcsptocrorepot (lEV EXOUV oixnoanKa Tinorn» (cr. 348). AUTo «()q>EiAE'tat oro on ol 1tSPLcrcrO'tSPOL slvm euxuPLcrtlWEVOL KU{ I!OVO YLa TT] (lUVU'tO'tll'tU va anOKTT]crouv YEvLKa t(lLOK't11criu, Ecr'too KU{ Aiyoov KOUPSALWV» (a. 349).

T6 on «ot xeptccorepot» Ka1"SXOUv uovo «Atya KOUPSAW», 6 LSAtYKa 1"6 &~11yd, 1"6 SEWPEi' ro~ &V1"EAro~ <pUcrtKl] aUVS1tEta 1"fj~ aUj.!naSEt(l~ 1"OU~ yta 1"0. KoupsAta.

LSA. 343 : «Luvsnw<;, (lEV slum nupa uovo K'tT]'tWP ; vOXL, we; 'tropu 6 avSpoo1to<; Tj'tuv K'tT]'toop, nou S!;Uaq>aAL~e 'tT]V KU'tOXT] EVO<; KOl!l!unoi) Yfie;, uovo S1teLOT] aq>l1ve xui aUou<; va KU'tExOUV EVU xouurrn Yfi<;. Ttopu, Ol!ooe;. TO nii» aVT]KSL aE Mevc, 'Eyro etl!UL 6 toLOK'tT]'tT}<; OAooV ocroov 'Eyro EXro avayK11 xut ocroov I!1tOPW vn yivro Ka'tOXOe;».

"01tCO~ npomrrep« 6 LaV1"aO 8~aAE LOV~ ~ltKpOK1"'llj.!a1"iE~ va aULOa1tOKAcioV1"at EUaE~aa1"CO~ a1t6 1"11 j.!EyaA'll totoK1"'llaia, &vro rropa LOV~ ~a~Et va a)"Al1AOa1tOKAciov1"at, 1"6 LOto so. j.!1tOpOUaE, 1tpOx;coproV1"a~ as AE1t1"Oj.!SPEtE~, va U1tOKAclaEt 1"11V &j.!1tOptKl] tOtoK1"'llaia u1t6 1"l]V yawK1"'llaia, 1"i]v &pyoa1"UataKi] totoK1"'llaia U1t' 1"i]v KaSau1"6 &j.!1tOptKi] - OAa atna Ota LOU aE~aaj.!ou - Kt lhat va <p1"aaEt as j.!taV SV1"EAro~ veo. 1tOAtnKi] oixovoutn, ~acrta~tsv'll a1"O 'TEp6. To uovo 1tOV So. dXE 1"01"E va KaVEt so. l11"av va ~yaAEt j.!saa a1t' 1"6 KE<p6.At 1"OU 1"6 aE~aaj.!6, Wa1"E va Ka1"apyi]aEt j.!OVOj.!ta~ 1"6v Ka1"aj.!Eptaj.!o 1"fj~ &pyaaia~ Kat 1"i] j.!op<pi] totoK1"11aia~ 1tOV npOKV1t1"Et un' aU1"6v. L1"i] a. 128 1"OU «Bt~AtOU», 6 LaVLcrO of VEt Eva ociyj.!a aU1"fj~ 1"fj~ vsa~ 1tOAtnKfj~ ohcovoutuc, o1"av ayopa~Et 1"i] ~cA6va oXt a1t' 1"6v Shopkeeper", ana un' 1"0 aE~aouo, Kat OSV 1"i]v UyOpaSEt j.!S 1"0. AE<P1"a 1tOV OiVEt orov Shopkeeper, aAAU j.!s 1"0 aE~aaj.!6 nov 1"pS<PEt a1"i] ~cA6va. y AAAwa1"E, 0 (joypan,,6r; aU1"Oa1tOKAEtcrj.!O~ KaSE a1"6j.!0l) U1tO 1"i]v ~sv'll tOtOK1"'llaia, 1"OV onoto roco UVnj.!aXE1"at 6 LaV1"aO, a1t01"EAci j.!ta aKS1"'ll VOj.!tKl1 aU1"a1ta1"'ll. L1"O a'llj.!Eptv6 1"p61t0 napaycoYl1~ Kat

• - TOV IjItA.tK"T~ij.

S7ttKOtv(()viw;, 6 Ka9svae; KaTanU1:U aUT11 TijV aUTanUTrj Kat taiVEt, aVTi9ETa, V' anoKAcicrEt OAOUe; TOUe; aA.A.OUe; ano TijV LOtoKTllcria, n06 TOUe; avijKEt. To nme; EXEt TO npuY!la !lS TO o-npvsptuvo ((TO nav avijKEt crs Msvo» KaTa<patVET<U ano T11 Ssurspecouou npoTacrll Tfie; lowe; <ppucrlle; : «oornv 'Eyw EX(() avuYKll Kat oorov 'Eyw f-l'lWfdW va yfvw XaTOXO~». To E~1lYEl aUTO mo AE1ttO!lEpEtaKU crTij cr. 353: ((Av 'Eyw nm: 6 Kocr!lOe; MOD avijKEt, -r6-re Cf1'1]V obolc elvai Xl av-r6~ f-lla XeVOAoy[a, rtou EXEt Kuno1O vonuo !lOVO oro ~a9!l0 nou 'Eyw os crs13o!lat KU!ltU ~svll tOtoKTllcrta», ollAaoij crTO ~a9/l0 nou 6 f-lf; CfefJaCff-l6~ Tfie; ~SVlle; LOtoKTllcriae; anOTEAEl TijV l~LOXTrJCJta rou,

'H TOcrO npocr<ptAije; ytU TOV LUVTcrO !lae; a'rO!ltKij t01OKT11- ofn, TOV crTEVOX(()PEl aKpt~me; ytU TijV anoKAEtcrnKoTllTu Tlle;, OtX(()S TijV anoia 9u l'jTav aOWVollTll, TOV crTEVOX(()Pct TO YEyovoe; on E~(() ano TOV lOto unupxouv Kat UAAOt (hO!ltKOl i01OKTiiTEe;. ~ton fJ ~{;Vll aTO!ltKij t010KTllcrla slvct lEpij. LTO KE<pUAalO nspt «LUVETatpW!lOD»27 9u OOD!lE nme; 01Op9wVEt aUTO TO EAUn(()/la. 0u OtantcrTwcroU!lE npuY~lan on fJ sy(()tcrnKij TOU tOtoKTllcria, fJ iOlOKTllcria !l{; T11v acruvij9wTll EVVOW, osv slvct TlnOTa UA.A.O napu fJ cruv1l9tcr!l{;vll 11 acrnKij iOtOKTllcria !lETa!l0P<Pffi!lSVll an 0 TijV Ka9aywcrnKij qxrvruotu TOU. [ ... ]

K. MAPS - <1>. ENrKEA~, • AltuV'tu, tOil. 3, O'EA .. 345-351

K. MAPS - fJ). ENrKEAl:

"H rtp,ulvlKi) ·IStoJ..oyia (1845/1846)

II. 'H uV'tap()ia

ME 'tilv Kpt'ttKil 'tfj<; xotvoivtce; n:pl-luri1;;&rut il KptnKil 'tOU 1tUAlOU, WU h:pou xoouou, ~tal-lEcrou 'tfj<; o.vr:a(]aiar; Ka.VOUI-l& I-lta. 1-l&'tU1tT]&TJcrTJ oro YEO, Sy()}tcr'ttKO xoouo,

Ti m1&t va. 1t&l avrupcriu Y&VtKa. ro d&ul-l& KtOAU<; crril «AoytKT]»: sivrn apvTJcrTJ cr&~ucrI-lOU 1tpo<; 'to 'Iepo, 'E&6>, ilicrrocro, il avrapcriu no.tpvst S1tt1tpocr9&ru EVU {&tai't&PO 1tpUK'ttKO xupuKrilpu.

'E1tuvacrmcrTJ 'Avtupct« 'E1tuvacrrucrTl 'Avrupctu

, EnuvacrrucrTJ 'Avrupotc 'E1tuvacrracrTJ 'Avrupotu

t&pil avrapcriu

Sy()}tcr'ttKTJ ft KOcrl-ltKil snuvacrrucrTJ

ptstKil l-l&m~oATJ 'tfj<; umlPXoucru<; KU'tacrrucrTJ<; ptstKTJ 1-l&'tU~OATJ I-lEcru Mon

nOAlnKT] t] KOtV()}VtKil npaSTJ

OtKil Mou Ey()}tcr'ttKilnpaSTJ

avurponT] uurou nou unapX&t

unuPSTJ rfj<; avurponfj<;

KrA., K'tA., cr. 422 K.t. '0 rponoq, I-lE rov 0nOtO ot liv9p()}1tot av&rpsrmv &<; 'tCopu rov xoouo nOD &UptcrKUV l-l1tpocr'ta 1:OU<;, &np&n&, ~&~utU, va KTJPUX't&t Kt uuro<; t&po<; Kui va 'tOU av'tt1tupu't&9&t EVU<; «iomtrspo.;» 'tP01to<; cruvrPt~fj<; 'tOt) unapxovw<; xoouou.

'E1tavuO"TUO"T] slvoi <quu Pt~lKit Jl&ta~oA.it tfj~ Imupx,ouO"w; KatuO"ta.O"T]~ i1 tu1;,T]~ 1tpaYJlutrov (Status), Jltu Pt~tKit Jl&ta~oA.it tOU KPU1:OU~ i1tfj~ KOtvervir«; Kai yt' alnD civet JltU nOAmX1} i1 xOtVwl'tX1} ltpU1;,lP). ·00'0 ytu tllV

uv,upcriu, ("lOAOVOn Exet roC; uvunoepWK,O EnuKoAouSO ,11C; llui llem,ponf] ,fjc; Ku,acr,ucrllC;, rocr,ocro, oEv unoppEet un' ulm'! ,f] lle,u,ponf], una uno ,f] lJvaaeeay.sta rwv dv(}ewnwv p,e rov eavro roue», «Lll11uivet EVu !;Ecrf]KOlllu 'trov U'tOllrov, llta dV(lraa1), nou oEv unoAoyi~et 'ti AOyfjC; Bsouot Sa npoKUljIouv un' ulno. 'H Enuvacrmcrll unoaKonoucre aE xmvonpytou; (}eapov<;, EVro Ti uvmpcriu 601lyEt cro va llf]v EntTeenOvl!8 ma va PUSlli~ouv UnOl 'tf] COlf] MuC;, aAf...U va ,f] PUSlli~oUllE 'EllEtC; 01 tOtot. 'H avmpcriu OEv sivm ayrovuc; Evuv'tiov TOU unapxovroc; KuSecrTroroc;, aepou, uv EmTUXEt, 'to KuSecr'troc; UUTO Sa Ku,uppeucret uno 1l0VO roo, Elvm a,nAroc; i} anoM,pOlcrf] Moo an' ,0 unapXOV KuSecrTroc;. v Av 'Eyro nupu,f]crOl 'to unapxov KuSecr'troc;, tors ulno e{vul VEKPO Kt apxi~et v' anocruv'tiSemt. 'AAAa llta Kui 6 mcorroc Mou oEv slvoi va avuTPEIjlOl 'to unapxov KuSecr'tro;, aAAa v' avuljlOl9ro 'Eyro navOl an' au,o, rors 0 crKonoc; Mou Kai 11npa!;1l Mou oEv ExoUV nOAtnKo f\ xotvzovuco xapaK,f]pu' Enetof] ano~Mnouv 1l0VO cr' 'EllEVU Kat o rnv iotam:po'llTa Mou, elvoi iiYWUIUy.oi» (a. 421, 422).

Les beaux esprits se rencontrent*. "Iva 1tATjPffi8fj f] <pffivij "COu powv"CO~ i':v 'tU EpijllCfl. '0 allaptffiA6~ 'IffiuvvTj~ 6 Ba1tn(nij~, 6 «Eripvep», Ppi'jKE rov ayto Mscctc "COU cro nporromo "COu (fLleaf{ovAf-lav an' TO XOA(fTaiv». 'Axoiicrre :

«Mn YKpelli~eTE Kat llf] KamcrTpEepe,e 'ta acra Ellnooi~ouv 'to OPOllO Lac;, aAAa va ,a napaKallnTETe Kui va 'ta nupuTu,E. Kul amv Sa 'ta nupuKallljle'tE Kai Sa 'ta nupuT11cre'te, Sa E!;uepavtarouv ano uova 'tOUC;, OtOTt oE Sa I3piaKouv ma rpoqm», «(To l3ucriAeto 'tou nveullaToc;» KTA., rEVEU11, 1845, cr. 116t8•

'H bta<pOpU avullEcra cr'tl1V i':1tavucrtacrTj Kat 'tij o-npveptuvn uv'tapcria bE covtcrurm , 01tffi~ VO)li~Et 6 ~tiPVEP, ceo on f] IltU U1tO'tEAEi 1tOAtttK11 il xotvrovucf 1tpU~Tj, i':vw f] UAATj U1tOtEAEi 1tpu~Tj i':YffitcrnKij, UAAa. cro on f] E1tavucr'tacrTj dvat 1tpu~Tj, i';vw f] uV'tapcria Mv slvut. "OAO~ 6 1tapaAoytcrllo~ 'tfj~ uvti8EcrTj~ 1tOU ota'tumllvEt 6 ~'tiPVEP <patVEtat aIlEcrffi~-aIlEcrffi~ cro YEYOVO~ on IltAUEt ytu (<T1jv 'E1tavucr'tacrTj» cru VU npoxerrut YlU KU1tOlO voIllKO npooonro, 1tOU 1tPE1tEl VU aYffivlcrtEl i':vuvna (fro «'Y1tUPXOV», OTjAabij Eva UAAO VOlltKO npooomo. "Av 6 aylO~ ~uV'tcro ElXE IlEAS'tijcrEl 'ti~ blU<pOPE~ neayp,aTt'i.cer; E1tavacrtucrEl~ Kat E1tavacrtanKE~ a1t01tElpE~, - AOYOUXUPTj, crtOU~ Kopoucovoo; Kai tOU~ 'IpAavbou~ Kat crtOU~ pdxrou; bOUA01tUpOtKOU~, Kat YEVlKU

• - fa J.lEYUA.U 1tVEUJ.lUta CiUvavnWVtUl.

cr'toue; jli] reoAmcrjlSVOUe; AUOUe;, - 8a slXE lcrroe; PpE! cr' UtHSe; aKOjlu Kui 'tie; jlOp<pse; 'tie; 6reolEe; otatcr8av8fjKE aoPlO"'tu, o'tuv E<pnuxvE 'ti]v iOSOAOytKi] «dvrupoto» roo. "Av, repoxroprov'tue; mo nspn, eIXE acrxoAfj8ci jlS 'ta repuYjlunKa, 'ta «lmapxov'!U» crs Ka8e &reuvacr'tucrfj u'tOjlU Kui jlS 'tie; crxscrete; roue, av'ti va {KUV01totEI'!Ut jle 'to Ku8upo "Eyro Kui jls «ro 'Yreapxov», OfjAUOi] jlS 'ti]v oucriu (jlta KOU<ptu <ppacrfj, reou 'Ita 'ti]v avucrKeui] 'tfje; M XPEtase'tUl &reuvacr'tucrfj, aAM ureAO'le; svue; reeptreAuvrojleVOe; irereo'tfje; 'tureou aylOu Mxpoiivo), 'to'te tcrroe; va jlreopoucre va KU'tUMpet on ij Ka8E &reuvacr'tucrfj Kui ij EKpucri] 'tfje; Ku80picr'tfjKUV are" uU'tse; 'tie; crxscrEte;, Ku80picr'tfjKUV areo 'tie; avaYKee; Kui on ij «110AtnKi] 11 xowoivucn repa~fj» Os Bptoxoruv jlS KUVSVU tporro crs av'ti8ecrfj jlS 'ti]v ({syrotcrnKi] repa~fj».

Iloco pu8ta aV'!lAUjlpave'tut 6 aylOe; Iav'!O"o 'ti]v «snuvccroon» outverut an' 'to aKoAou80 ano<p8eYjla 'tOU: «Moxovort, &reUKOAOu80 'tile; aV'tupcriue; slvor jlta jle'!U'tporei] 'trov crUV8fjKroV reou u1tlipxouv, rocr'tocro, osv anoppSEt an' uU'ti]V». Au'to ouvsnuye'tut, KU't' avnOtacr'toAi], on i] &nuvacr'tucrfj areoppset «ano jlta jle'tu'tponi] 'trov crUV8fjKrov nou unapxouv», jl' UAAU AOyta i] &nuvacr'tucrfj ~eKtVaet areo 'ti]v sreuvacr'!Ucrfj. 'H av'tupcriu, areevuv'tiue;, «drtoppsst ano 'ti] oucrupecrKEtU 'trov av8pronrov jlS rov EUU'to roue», Au'ti] ij «oucrupecrKEtU jlS rov &uu'to jlue;» 'tUlpta~et E~OXU jle 'tie; repofjyoujlevee; KevSe; <ppacrete; yta iOtul'!epo'tfj'tu Kui yta rov «ouuqxovo jlS rov &uu'to 'tOU syrotcr'ti]», nou jlnopel reav'tu va nopsusrut «ro OtKO rou Spouo», nou Vtro8Et nav'!U EUXUplO"'tfjjlevoe; jle rov &uu'to 'tOU Kui reou ava nucru crnYjli] elvor UU'to reou jlreopci va slvm. 'H oucrupscrKetU jle rov &uu'to cou ehe elvut oucrupscrKetU jle rov &uu'to oou cr'ta reAuicrtu jltUe; crUYKEKptjlSVfje; Ku'tacr'!Ucrfje; reou Ku80pi1,:et 6AOKAfjpfj 'ti]v npooromxornrn, - AOYOUXaPfj, ij oucrupscrKetu yta 'ti] 8scrfj cou roe; spya'tfj, - ehe d VUt iJ8tKi] oucrupecrKeta. 'Enojlevroe;, cr'ti]v repro'tfj nepire'trocrfj elvm - 'tuu'toXpovu Kui Kupiroe;, - oucrupscrKeta jlS 'tie; tmapxoucree; crxscrEte;. I'ti] oeu'tepfj nepin'trocrfj, slvor ij iOSOAOytKi] EK<PpUcrfj uU'trov 'trov IOtrov crXScrEroV, nou Mv pyuivet Ku80AOU E~ro an' 'to nAuicrto rooc, ana avi]Ket 6M'tEAU cr' uU'tse;. 'H npro'tfj reepi1t'!ro0"11 6OfjYe'f, Ku'ta rov Iav'tcro, cr'ti]v snuvacr'tucrfj. Iu-

vEnro<;, yui 111V uv'Wpcria unollSVEt llOVO 1') SElnEPTJ nEpi1C'tfficrTJ, 1') ilJtU1} oucrapscrKEta llS tOV sauto con, «To 'YmxPXov» elvm, onffi<; SSPOUllE, «to 'IEPO». "Apn, 1') «Suoupsoxstn lls tOV sauto oou» UVUYE'Wt cr't11V "etKi1 SucrapscrKEta llS tOV 10to tOV sauto cou me; ayto 0TJAUS11, roe; aVepffino nOD mcrtEDEt oro 'IEPO, cro 'Y1tUpxov. Movo un' to lluaM svoe; ~apDeUllOU 0TJllootoacrKaAou eu llnopoucrE vu nEpucrEt ij crKS\j111 vu eEllEAtrocrEt to cruAAoytcrllo tOU ytu tijv &navucrtacrTJ Kai 111V uVtapcria nuvffi crtijv EuXapicrtTJcrTJ Ka i tij SucrapscrKEta, STJAaSij ai: \j1UXtKse; otaescrEte; nOD UVijKoUV OAOtEAa oro utxpoccruco KDKAO, un' 01tOU, onm<; ~ASnoous cruvExroe;, 6 ayto<; LUVtcrO uvtAci 111V 811nvEuml ron.

rVffipi~OUllE 110TJ tie; onuutvat «8S000e; un' to nAaicrto toU lmupXOVtoe;». EIVat 1') naAtu qxrvruoroxomu on to KpUtOe; eu xuruppsuoet llOVO tOU, llOAte; ~youv i;Sffi un' auto oAa tu llsATJ tOU Kai on to x.pfjlla eu XUcrEt tijv uSia roo, llOAt<; UpvTJeouv vu to SEXtOUV OAOt ol &pyutEe;. Lti1V 10ta ti1V lmoeEnKij 1l0P<Pij autfje; tile; npo'WcrTJe; <pavEprovEtat ij <pavtacrtoKonia Kai ij UVTJll1tOptu tOU EucrE~oue; noeou. I1POKEttat ytu tijv naAtu auta1tutTJ on 11 uAAayi1 trov u<PtcrtullEvmv crxscrEffiV Esapns'Wt llOVO uno tijv KaAij eSATJcrTJ trov uvepro1tffiV Kai on ol U<PtcrtUllEVEe; crxscrEte; OSV elvm tinota aAAo napu tOSEe;. 'R uUayij tile; cruvcl0TJcrTJe;, unocrnacrllSVTJ uno tie; crXScrEt<;, - 8tcrt onffi<; ti1V KaAAtEpyOUV o] <ptMcro<pot cruv EnuYYEAlla, cruv bUiljfJBv/-la, - slvrn Kt autij it rOta Eva napuymyo trov u<ptcrtU~lEvmv crXScrEffiV, USEXroptcrtO un' auts<;. Auti1 ij iOEa111 UVD\l'fficrTJ nuvffi un' tOV xoouo U1tOtEAEi tijv iOEOAOytKij £K<ppacrTJ tfje; UoUvalliue; trov <PtAocro<pmv U1tSvnvn crov xoouo. 'H iOEOAoytK11 llEyaAauxia roue ota\j/EDoEtat KaeTJllEptVu uno 111V npuSTJ.

I1uVtffie;, 6 LUVtcrO omv 8ypa<pE autse; tie; ypallllse;, OSV «8KaVE uvtapcrta» &vuvna oro 'LOw to StKO tOU KO~l<pOD~W. 'Ano oro ~U~Et tij «llEta~oAij trov U<PtcrtallSVffiV cruVeTJ KWV» KL uno Kci ~U~EL TODe; «UVepro1tOue;»" Kat ot SUO autSe; nAcupSe; alvor ~VtEAroe; SEKollllSVE<; 1') lltu un' tijv aUTJ. OUtE KUV nEpVuEt un' to lluaAo tOU LUVtcrO to on oi «cruvefjKEe;» l1crav uvsKaeEV ol cruvel1- KEe; autwv trov uvepronffiv xut os eu unopououv nots vu usrnpAl1eoUV xffipie; ol aVepffi1tot vu llEtapuAouv tOV sauto rou; Kat,

- YUt 'to rroullE crn'} YArocrcru 'tOU LaV'[(JO, - xropie; va CP'tacrouv va sivut «oucruPEcr'tl1IlSVOt Ils rov EUU'tO rou;» IlscrU cr'tie; rruAtse; cruv8fjKEe;. NOlli~Et on KU'tUCPSPVEt 8uvacrtll0 rrAi]Yllu cr'ti]v Enuvacrmcrl1, tcrXUPt~OIlEVOe; on i] Enuvacrmcrl1 unocrKonEt crs Katvoupytoi»; 8EcrIlOUe;, EV& i] uvmpcriu oOl1yEt oro va Ili]v S7tt'tpsnouue ma va pu8lli1,;ouv aAAot n'} ~ffii] Ilue;, UAAa va n'} pu8lli~oUIlE 'EIlEie; of lOtol. 'An' 'to lOto 'to YEyovoe; on «'EIlEie;» pu8- lli/,;OUIlE 'ti] /,;roij Ilue; «Movoi» Ilue;, on of UV'tap'tEe; E'illucr'tE «'EIlEie;» , crUVaYE'tat nroe;, nup' 01.,11 'tijv «scrrotEPtKij Evuvtirocrl1» 'tOU LaV'[(JO, to usuovousvo a'tollo ocpEiAEt va orocrEt 'tij cruYKu'ta8Ecrij 'tOU oro va pu8Ili/,;E'tat i] /,;roij tOU uno 'to «'EIlEie;», npaYIlU nou cnuutvet nroe; Enuvacrmcrl1 KUt uvmpcriu owcpspouv uovo KUta 'to on cr'ti]v nprotl1 nEpin'tfficrl1 ui'no slvor YVfficr'tO crtoue; uv8pronouc, h& crtij bEu'tEPl1 ot {iv8pronot rpaqiouv UlnUna'tEe;. '0 LaV'[(JO UcpijVEt iScr'tEPU uvotX'to to /,;ij'tl1llu {iv fJ uvmpcriu «axupexo: dno Entivx[a» 11 oxl. IIuPUIlSVEt ucrucpse; yw'tt fJ uvtupcriu va fJ/1} «crtEcp8Ei IlS snt'tuxiu» Kt UKollu mo ucrucpse; n&e; 80. IlnoPOUcrE va crtEcp8Et IlS Ent'tuxiu, ~lta KUt 0 Ka8E UV'taptl1e; uKoAou8Ei 1l0VO 'to OtKO 'tOU Spouo. Eivut npocpUVEe; on EO& 80. npSnEt va nupsu~A1180uv of KocrlltKse; crxscrEte;, nou 80. i:8E'tUV 'tOue; UV'taptEe; Ilnpocr'ta cr'tijv uvuYKatotl1'tu IltUe; ana UOlVOV bpacrl1e;, IltUe; bpacrl1e;, nou 80. l1'tuv «noAtttKl1 11 xotvovucn», acrXEtU {iv 80. SEKtVOUcrE uno SyrotcrnKa KiVl1'tPU 11 oxl. '0 LaV'[(JO KaVEt (iAAl1 Ilta «1l11bUlltvij btaKPtcrl1» - nou ~ucri1,;E'tat xi ai'nij crs EVU xouqiou/,;to, - uvallEcru crtijv «dvnrponn» 'tOU tmapxOVtOe; xui crtijv ((UVU'Jfrocrl1» navro un' uuro, crallnroe; IlS 'tijv uvu'tponij va Ilijv U'JfroVE'tUt 0 uv8pronoe; navro un' uu'to Kat Ils tijv UVU'Jfrocrl1 va Ilijv to uVUtpSnEt, Ecr'tro KUt uovo oro ~u81l0 nou UUtO unaPXEt Ilscru o ' UUtOV rov lOto. "AAArocrtE, OUtE i] crKstl1 «cvurponn» oihE fJ crKE'tl1 «i:YEPcrl1» MEt tino'tu. To on Kai i] snuvacr'tucrl1 dvat Ilta i:YEPcrl1, slvat Kan nou 0 LaV'[(JO 80. IlnOPOUcrE va to crullnEpaVEt un' to YEyovoe; on 'to «Levons-nous !»49, uu'to 'to EYEp'tijpto craAntcrllU 'tfje; raAAtKfje; 'Enuvacrmcrl1e;, l1'tuv EVU cruv811lla AutKo.

«'R &1tUvucrTUcrll 1tpom:u~w) (!): ((Oll~Uoupyetcrn: OWI!OIJc;, i] uVTUpcr[U cmUli:eL: l;eafJuwOeire if eye(!Oeire. Tn {mavam:anKU JlUaAU ucrXOA.O()VTUV