KAPA AEBITIN

11 6lQlJoP<Pwol1

,

TI1~ npOOWnIKOTI1TQ~

\lJUxohoyia TI1<; 5paoTI1PIOTl1Ta<; .

H ~IAMOP<l>QLH THL IIPOLnIIIKOTHTAL

o ouyypa<p£ae; Kat 0 titAoe; oro nporroruno:

K. neBHTHH

nH'IHOCTbIO He POlK)l;3IOTCR

TBOp'IeCKHe noprpersr COBeTCKHX neAllfOfOB-nCHXOJlOrOB

To ~l~A.io )lEtl1<ppam:T]KE ano rnv £Kooo11 ora aYYAlKu: Karl Levitin, One is Not Born a Personality, « Progress Publishers», M(0)(u 1982

M£1a<PPU<Hl: Au()iu KUpOEPU

Emo mpovtxq O£ropT]oT]: ~lOVU(JT]<; LUKKa<; Em)l£A£lu K£l)lEVWV: AYYEAIKT] LlOurraKT]

Tn 0XE()lU oro E~ro<pUAAO KULOW EoWt£PlKO tOU ~l~AiOlJ EiVaI tOU OAAUV()OU KUAAlttXVT] Mnouprrq KOPVi:Al<; "Eosp (1898-1972)

LlO £~ro<PUAAO: EVWTlK()(; Jr.afl()(;

H dIAMOP<l>Q~H THL rrpO~QrrIKOTHTAL

'I'uxoAoyiu rrp; 8puOTll ptornruc

{)Etyn:Pll EK8oO"ll

Ttu TO i>pyo TOW:

As~ BlYKC)'t(JKl

AAS~i>l Asovnsqi AAS~aVTp Aouptc AAS~aVTp MS(JT(JSP1.UKO<p BucriAl NTU~ivTO<p

EK~OLEIL «LyrXPONH EDOXH» EK~OLEIL «EAAHNIKA rPAMMATA» A0HNA 1990

Copyright. I'tu TT)V ct..AT)VIKT] J.IETuq>paaT) (1988)

. EKoocrw:; «LUYXPOVT] ErroXT]» EflE Exoocs«; «EAAT]V1KU Tpduuurn»

ISBN 960-224-081-4

KEVtP1KT] ()UiElWT]:

EKOOm;u:;: «ruyxpOVT] Erroxi]», ZUAOYYOlJ II, A8t)vu TT]A. 3640713, 3642734

EKoom;u:;: «EAAT]V1KU rpUpI1UTU», Iluvsmornuiou 34, 10679 A8i]vu TT]A. 3610064, 3636658

Fiu TOV a7tAOIKO vou, sncvnoruo n Kat toropiu octvovrur a<Jll~~i~a<JTa. nt<JT(:UEt on T] t<JTOptKl'j aVa7tTll~T] <JllVExil;:ETat ~OVO E<pO<JOV aKOAOllOEi uiu wOEia ypa~~l'j .. OTaV ETC£Pxnat ~ta aAAayl'j, tva orrnouio TOll io ropucou vl'j~aToe;, tva aA~a, TOTE allTOe; 0 a7tAOIKOe; VOlle; ~Ai;7tEt uovo xurucrrpotpn, utu nrtoo n, tva pTiy~a. Fiu TOV a7tAOIKO VO\) T] io roptu <JTa~aTU, ~£xPt nou va ~aVa7tapEt TOV wOu Kat <JTEVO OpO~O TT]e;. 0 E7tl<JTT]~OVtKOe; vouc, m: aVTiOE<JT], ~At7tEt TT]V E7tava<JTa<JT] ouv TT]V Kt VT]Tl'j pta 8Uva~T] TT]e; io roptcc, nou TT]V roOd unpootu oAoTaxWe;. BAE7tEI TT]V E7tava<JTaTlKl'j E7t0xl'j ouv ui« a7tTl'j, I;:rovTavl'j EV<JapKro<JT] TT]e; ioropicc. MIa E7tava<JTa<JT] Auvn uovo ru OE~aTa sxsivc no» EXOllV TEOd uno TT]V ioroptc. Aurr] T] 7tpOTa<JT] t<JXUEt Kat yta TT]V ETCaVUcrTa<JT] yEVtKa aAAa Kat yta a7tOIJlEte; TT]e; xoivrovucrp; Kat 7tOAt Tl<JTtKl'je; I;:rol'je; KaTa TT] OtapKEta ~tae; E7tava<JTa<JT]e;.

LllVE7tWe;, T] poipu TT]e; IJIllxoAoyiae;, <JE ~ta xwpa 7tO\) I;:et uiu ETCava<JTa<JT], unopel va yiVEt KaTaVOT]Tl'j ioropuor, <proTil;:oVTae; TO napEAOov Kat TO ~tAAOV, ~OVO xpoorrnxu, Aa~~avovrae; ll7tOIJlT] TT] OllVa~tKl'j TT]e; aVU7tTll~T]e; Kat TT]e; avaTapaxl'je;. H f.7tl<JTl'j~T] OEV stvct KaTa xuvsvu TPOTCO ~OVO tva aOpOl<J~a aTCOAIJTrov aAT]OeIWV nou Ka7tOWt aVaKaAlllJlav. Fluvto un ' oAa sivrn utu I;:rovTavl'j OtEpya<Jia. Movo srcn unopei va yivEt KaraVOT]TO Kal va E~T]yT]OEi KaOE crTaow TT]e; aVa7tT\)~l'je; TT]e;. Movo srcn unops] va OEroPT]Oei TO KaOE aA~a TT]e; npoq ru ~TCpOe; ouv a7tOTtAw~a TT]e; uuxpoXpovT]C; I<JTOptKl'jC; aVa7tTll~T]C; 7tO\) 7tpOT]yl'jOT]KE Kat 7tO\) 7tpOETOi~a<JE TT] Y£VVT]<Jl'j TT]C;.

npOAoro!:

Avd roix; atffivc<;, qHAOOO<pOl, II'UXOAOYOl K.at EKrratDWtE<; npoo nnOouv va arrODEi~ouv tll <patVO~EV1KU curovonrn nporno n, rtou arrOtEAEi rov titAO uurou rou ~1~Aiou.*·OAOl roue rrapE~llYT]ElllKav arro KOlVOU<; avElpffirrou<;, £TClOtT]~OVE<;, nxouu Kat rrOAltlKOU<;. 01 II'llXOAOY1KE<; EVV01E<; sivo.r o rnv ouo iu Kat o tnv rrpoi:AEllOT] roue xnrovonrc; xrn yvcopl~E<; OE OAOll<; <JXEMv «no rnv rratD1KT] llA1Kia. 'Eva rratDi to OU~~OllAEilOU)lE Kat, AlyOtEPO ~UXVU, to £rratvOU)lE Yla rnv rrpoooXT] rou, rn )lVT])lll rou, n<; lKaVOtllti:<; rou, rn oup nspupopn rou, tTl ElEAllOT] rou KArr. LX£Mv KUElE EVT]A1KO<; unsprppuvsuetrn on etvoi II'llXOAOyO<;.

LtT)V lI'uxoAoyia, TClO rrOAU uno onotofirpto re UAAll ETClOtT])lT), AalKi:<; Kat Errt<JtT)~OV1KE<; arroll'£t<; ~piOKOVtat ouvtxpuousvec. Auto DT)~LOUPyEl •. tT)V II'£UDaioElT)oT) on T) lI'uxoAoyia aivm arrAT] Kat KaraVOT)tT] OE OAOU<;. Oi II'UXOAOYOI i:XOllV nsptooorepoix; AOyOU<; uno UAAOU<; £TClOtT])lOVE<; va <pO~OUVtat roue DT)~ootoypu<pou<; rtou urruivouv ora xropu<pta tOU<;, E1D1KOtEpa ore «UDuta nov aDUtrov», rrpuy)la nou EXEl va KUVEt 0Xl ~OVO )l£ rrElpU)lara Kat ElEropT)nKU rrpO~A T])lara aAAU Kat )l£ tu; npoccomxornrc; nov iDlroV rorv £TClOtT)~OVrov. Fin )lEva Kat Yla rrOAAOU<; ouvaDEA<pOU<; )lOU, 01 nsptooorcpoi II'UXOAOYOI rtou uvnocpovrm a' ouro to ~t~Aio D£V eivm arrAffi<; ETClOtT]~OVE<;. Eivrn 8aoKaAOl DaoKuArov, D1KOi ~a<; DUOKaAot, OUVEpYUtE<; Kat <piAOt, )lE Aiya AOyta, uvElprorrOl xovrtvoi Kat ayarrllroi OE ~a<;. Mepucoi ~ouv cxou«. Mrropsi KavEi<; vn ~UElEt oU~lltffivta<; )la~i roue .. AnOl ~ouv uovo )lEoa urro tu Epya roue Kat o nc ava)lVT]OEt<; )la<; .. Eroi UVOl~a ouro to ~t~Aio rou KapA AE~inv )lE KurrOla ETCl<pUAa~T), aAAU wyvro)lovffi to ouyypa<pEa trope rtou ro DtU~aoa.

0U)lU)lal KUrrOtE rtou 0 Asovtuxp ~OU eirrs on OKE<ptOraV va YPUII'EI Eva ~1~Aio Yla rov B1YKoraKl .. Hrov o iyoupo.; on KavEva<; D£v Ela unopoixrc va ro KUVEt KaAUtEpa, aAAu nors 'DEV ro Eypall'E. Kat 0 Aouptn T]ElEAE va YPUII'EI Yla tov- BtYKOtOKl aAAu DEV tu Katu<pEp£. Eyffi ea T]OEAa vn YPuII'ro Eva ~t~Aio yta rov II'UXOAOYO nurspu ~OU, tOY Iltorp Zivrosvxo, yta to rrffi<; DOUAeIl'E, rrffi<; rroH~llo£, Kat rrffi<; DiDa~E . . HEld a va ypulI'ro Eva ~1~Aio yta rov Fxopunoo, svav uno roix; DaoKuAou<; uou Kat KaAO )lOU <piAo .. Erot orrro<; T]peav tn rrpuY)lata, rtaptopio trpcn va Dta~uoro uin ETClKT]DEta D1UAE~1l Yl' nurov rov ortouDaio uvElprorro oro Fluvsmo truno tT)<; Mooxa<;.

* EllciJ yiVCTaI ovcoopc (nOV TiTAO 01lw<; civet IltaTlJ1lw~tvo<; (no PW<HK01lPWTOW1l0, 1l0lJ (JE ElllAt~£1 ~ETa<jlpa(JT] civet: H npooomncotntn &v yew/cm/ «JJW. T. ~ET.).

9

. Ia(J)<; rinore un ' aut a DEV sivrn tuxaio. "Onox; AEVE, tu rratDla tou taaYKap11 DEV oopnve ncnouroic Kat at \jIUXOAOYOl auxva DuaKOA£UOvtru va ypa\jlOuv yla rou<; avElprorrou<; .

. Ia(J)<; auto va au~~aiV£l Ylati Yla va ypa\jlEl<; yl • avElprorrou<; D1KOU<; oou rrpEm:l va ~rropEaEl<; va rou; DE1<; uno unoo tuo n, rrpay~a rtou DEV sivm EUKOAO. AAAa io ox; auto nou xpEla~Eral neprooorspo slvrn jun E1D1Ki] ucuvornru va DE1<; ro nrouo o to aUVOAO Kat tT]V rrEpl1tAOKOtT]ta rou, svdi E~Ei<; 01 \jIUXOAOYOl unoxrooue aUti] tT]V KaraVOT]aT] ~Eaa urro rov DuaKOAO DpO~O t11<; avaAUaT]<;, tT]<; aXT]~arorroiT]aT]<; Kat tT]<; ~EAttT]<; tT]<; «uvwrouiuc ron rrVEU~anKOU opynviouou». . Etot 01 \jIUXOAOYOl rrpErrEl vu rrapaDEXrouv on 01 auyypa<pEi<; xm 01 DT]~oalOypa<pOl EXOUV ava~<pla~i]tT]ra· rrAWvEKti]~ata a' auto rov rouse.

o KUPlO<; oxo noc uou ypa<povra<; auto rov rrpoAOYO sivm va E1tl~E~atroa(J) tT]V aAi]ElEla t(J)V oociv slvrn ypa~~tva a' auto ro ~l~AiO. Auto ~rropro va ro KaV(J) ~E KarrOla oryoupid Ylati KuplOAEKnKa ~EYaA(J)aa usou o rov KUKAO t(J)V \jIUXOAOY(J)V oro XapKO~O Kat YVroplon rrOAAOU<; nrr ' nuroix; npiv aKo~a nxouoco tT] AE~T] \jIuxoAoyia. Apyotspu, at iDlOl avElp(J)rrat uou DiDa~av \jIuxoAoyia o rn Mooyu. Kat rrpErrEl va rrapaDEXtro on 01 rrEplypa<pE<; uno uuronrs ; ~aptUpE<; Kat 01 epUA01, Ela unopouos va net Kavd<;, nou ~EraMElT]KaV cno YEVla os YEVla xm rtou uvurpspovtm EDro, ouuninrouv ~E n<; D1KE<; uou evtomoosu; Kat yvroaEl<;. 0 AE~inv EXEl KUVEl rroAu KaAi] DouAla ~a~Euovra<; aUtE<; ru; npotpopucet; uuprupieq Kat ~EAEtrovra<; rn ~l~AlOypa<pia (xrn rn XSlpoypa<pa) EKEiV(J)V t(J)V T]~sprov, Yla vu arrODoaEl srcn tT]V KararrAT]KnKi] ntuooompu t(J)V nprotrov XPOV(J)V tT]<; aO~lEnKi]<; \jIuxoAoyia<;. 'Htnv rrpa'Y~anKa Eva proouco a~avYKapvt xivnuc ornv \jIuxoAoyia, nou aKoAouElT]aE DEKa xpovla ~sta t nv a~avYKapvt nepiooo o rnv tEXVT]. OOAAOi arro roue avayvroatE<; oro E~(J)tEPtKO moreuouv on Kat at Duo 1tEplrrtroaEl<; tT]<; apavYKapv't dxav tT]V iDta uotpn, 'Ono»; 1tOAAE<; arrO\jlEl<;, stvor Kat auti] AavElaa~EVT] as rrOAAa orjueiu aAAa smoquuivst Kart rrpawanKo. Eivm aAi]Elsta on ot avaKaAu\jlEl<; tT]<; aO~tSnKi]<; \jIuxoAoyia<; i]rav rrOAU aT]~avnKE<; Kat eivm ErriaT]<; aAi]ElEta Ott ~OAt<; nopn apxi~ouv oi ~EVOl vu n<; cxttuouv nvrucsiusvucu Kat oroo rd. H EKti~T]aT] uurr], O~(J)<;, sivm uin apyi] E~EAt~T] Kat 1taAl rrOAAE<; uno ru; EKn~i]a£t(; autE<; xapaKtT]pi~ovral uno Dua1tlatia. Ilo»; unopai va EXEl DT]~lOUPyT]Eld urn E1tlati]~T] Kat vn EXOUV YEVVT]Elsi tDES<; DEKaDE<; XPOVta rtptv uno tT]V ropn roue xrn ~aAtata avn~Et(J)rri~ovra<; rooo rrpOKatEtAT]~~EVT] KPltlKi]; Flpuyurrn. 01 auvEli]KSe; i]tav DuaKOAE<; Kat urri]pxav rrOAAoi EVOXAT]nKOi uvnnepicnuouoi, neivc Kat aD1KEe; E1tlKpiaEte;. Yrri]pXE uiu emornuovucn Kat lDWAOY1Ki] rraAT]. AAAa U1ti]PXE ErriaT]e; T] xapa Kat to KE<pt t(J)V nporrorroprov. 01 avElp(J)rrOl uuroi ayarrouaav tnv rratpiDa roue, roue avElprorrou<; roue Kat tT]V smo rrum roue .. Houv

10

npuvuutucoi rra1"plc01"E<;. ~EV crKEq>tOV't"UV KaEloAou HI 86~a Kat ()EV VOHl1;ov't"UV yla 1"1'] q>i] 11 T] 1"OU<; onv cr1"Oxacr1"cOv.

Emtlouououv EV1"OVa va ~aAOUV tn ElEIlEAla uu«; llap~tcrnKi]<; II'lJXOAOyia<; Kat .()EV 1"T]V i]ElEAav cri;P~lPlcrIlEVT] o s no nucvio muro - rn rin rrOAAcOV crU1;T]1"i]crEffiV EKEiVT]<; 1"T]<; Erroxi]<; - i]ElEAav va 1"T]V q>ua~ouv 1l0VOl 1"Ou<;. H lI'uxoAoyia avarr1"UxElT]KE usou urto 1"T]V rrpaKuKi] Kat OXl uno 1"T] ElEffipia, cr1"T] vsupf crO~lEUKi] yT]. H EKrrat()EUnKi] Kat rrat()lKi] lI'uxoAoyia Kat T] IlEAE1"T] -rorv avarri]pffiv (BlYKOWKl), T] Bspunain Kat T] IlEAE1"T] 1l0vo1;UYffinKcOV ()l()UllffiV (Aoupiu), T] ()la()lKacria ()larrAacrT]<; EWOlcOV os rrat()la crXOAlKi]<; T]AlKia<; (Aeovnso), Ol II'UXOAOYlKE<; rrAEUpE<; 1"T]<; ElKovoypaq>T]crT]<; ttov rrapalluEllcOV Kat T] avarrW~T] 1"T]<; rrat()lKi]<; VOT]llocrUVT]<; (Zarrop01;E1"<;), 0 rporro.; IlE 1"OV onoto tu rrat()la llaElaivouv va XPT]crtllorrolOUV ru mo arrAa EpyaAEia (rKaArrEplV), T] avarr1"u~T] Kat T] ()lallopq>fficrT] 1"T]<; Ilvi]IlT]<; crE rrat()la crXOAlKi]<; T]Auda<; (ZiVWEVKO), OAa aU1"Ct ()EV sivrn rrapCt 1"uxaia ()EiYlla't"U uno 1"OV Ka1"CtAOYO rrov rrpO~AT]IlCt1"ffiV IlE tu oxoiu xorumoo rrpcuv Ol EpEUVT]1"E<; 1"1']<; oIlCt()a<; cr1"T]V onoto T]yEi1"O 0 BlYKOWKl, Kat, IlE't"Ct 1"0 ElCtva1"O 1"OU, 0 Aeovnse Kat 0 Aouptu,

I'i ' nurouq, T] Elsffipia i]'t"UV 1"0 usco Kat 0Xl 0 oxortot; .. HElEAav OAOl 1"OU<; vn npooqispouv ern IlEYCtAT] IlE't"UIlOPq>fficrT] rrou yl VO't"UV oro oofhsruco KPCt1"O<; Kat rn Ka1"Ctq>Epav. . Exnvnv rn rrCtV't"a Yla vu crtYOUPEU1"OUV on T] \jIuxoAoyia ea npoceeps oon YlVO't"UV o ' aU1"i] 1"T] IlS't"UIlOPq>fficrT] Kat Yla vn rrCtpEllllU a~lOAOyT] ElEcrT] ovcuscc o ru; CtAAE<; Errlcr1"i]IlE<;. Min Kat IllACtIlE Yla rrpaKUKi], 0 BlYK01"crKl Eypall'E: «H nsrpu rrou Ct<pT]crav cr1"T]V CtKpT] Ol OlKO()OIlOl npsrtet va yiVEl 0 nxpoycivtnioc Ai80<;». Kt aU1"O arrO()EiXHIKE rroAu crffi01"i] rrpocrEyytcrT]. O()i]YT]crE os uin ElEffipia. Tropn, aKouYOV't"q<; tu; avallvi]cri:l<; rmv IlEAcOV 1"T]<; crxoAi]<; 1"OU XapKO~O Kat tmv ouvspyntrov 1"OU Biyxoroxt o rn Mocrxa Kat o ro AEVlVYKpaV1", Bu i]ElEAE KaVEi<; vu EiXE ()OUA£II'El lla1;i 1"OU<; 1"O1"£:.

~OUAE\jIaV crJCAT]pa Kat IlE rroAAi] opun. To 1l0VO rrpCtYJ.la rtou ()EV 1"OU<; arracrxoAoucrE i]'t"Uv v ' unoxrncouv ovoun, va rrpoffiEli]crouv 1"T]V xuptspn 1"OU<; Kat vu ()1']Il0crtEUcrOUV tu Epya 1"Ou<;. Ano Eva rratXVi()l1"T]<; uoipnc, 0 Aoupin ~EKivT]crE 1"T]v «xnpiepu- 1"OU opyuvrovovtnq Eva nspioouco orn q>Ol1"T]nKCt 1"OU XPOVlU Kat IlE1"Ct un ' aU1"O Siopio rrpcs IlEAO<; 1"T]<; crUV't"UK't"lKi]<; smrpomu; uno 1"OV aKa()T]llalKO Bxuvruup MrrEX1"Epsq>. 0 BlYK01"crKl ~EKiv1']crE EK()i()ov1"a<; ru Epya 1"OU IAtCt'Epsvurroopyx, ~EKa xpOVla upyorepn, Eixav rrapayCtYEl svuv roco IlEYCtAO OYKO ()OUAlCt<; rrou Ela i]'t"UV a()Uvaw vn EK()oElEi OAT], Kat ()ucrKoAEUOV't"av vu ~pOUV EK()OUKO OiKO v ' avaACt~El 1"0 EPYO uuro, AAACt T] Errtcr1"i]IlT] EXEl 1"OV ()lKO 1"T]<; rpono vu ()iVEl xivnrpn Kat vn yivEml T] i()la avmllol~ij. ~ouAEUav AOlrrov IlE rrCtElo<; Yla xa1"ipl 1"OU IlEAAOV1"O<;. Iltorsuav, orrffi<; stns upyorspn 0 1"aAaV1"OUX0<; cro~lEnKo<; cruyypaq>Ea<; MlxaijA MrrouAYKCtKOq>, on «rn XElpoypaq>a ()EV Kaiyov't"Ul». Kat tu

11

8tKU LOUe; XEtpoypaq>a 8EV KUTJKaV. Erri:!';TJaav aKOJ.lTJ Kat uno ru; 8TJptW8iEe; TTJe; Va!,;tanKi]e; Eta~oAi]e; Kat EK8i80vWt nxouu.

MEptKOi IjfUXOAOYOt 8£v i]aav TOaO rrpo8uJ.lot va exoocouv rn i:pya LOUe;. Ot xutvoupvtot xmpoi ospvouv xutvoupytu Tpayou8ta .. Ioo»; Ot rraAtOTEpOt 8aaKaAOt va nporuiouv rn mo aya1tTJJ.li:va LOUe; 8TJJ.ltOupyi]uuro TWV rrEpaaJ.li:vwv Xpovwv va usivouv uvsxooru, <pO~OUJ.lEVOt J.li]rrwe; ouvouv arrA01KU Kat OXt rooo EKAErrTuaJ.li:va .. OJ.lWe; TJ aAi]8£ta ctvor on tn npdrrn E1ttaTTJI10VtKU i:pya, orrwe; Kat TJ rrpciHTJ ayurrTJ, txouv J.lta J.lOVa8tKi] XUpTJ Kat urn <ppEcrKu8a OpUJ.laLOe; noo rrATJatU!,;Et TTJV arrOKUAUIjfTJ .. Iawe; aUTOe; va sivm 0 Aoyoe; nco ru npdrrn i:pya J.lae; A.EVE roco rrOAAU yta TTJV rrpOaW1ttKOTTJW TWV auyypa<pi:wv LOUe;. Xnipoum non 0 auyypa<pi:ae; nurou LOU ~t~A.iou rrapa8i:TEt arroarruaJ.law arro'w npdrro i:pya TWV J.l£yUAWV ao~tEnKci:Jv IjfUXOAOyWV.

Kat nope J.lEptKU Aoyta yta ru; nvnvvrouist; Kat ru; KptTtKi:e;. H axoAi] IjfUXoAoyiae; LOU BtYKOTcrKt, noo rrEptypU<PEWt a' aUTO to ~t~Aio, 8EV <po~owv KaJ.ltU nn ' aUTi:e;. Emnxsov, or onnooi aUTi]e; TTJe; axoAi]e; sxuvuv xprnxf J.lEW~U LOUe; J.lE rs no svrncn rtou unopouonv Ot arri:~w. AAAU mrvru TTJV sxuvov J.lE 1ta8taaJ.li:vTJ rrErroi8TJaTJ. NOJ.li!,;w on aUTO 8iVEt i:va KaAo rrapU8EtYJ.la TWV axi:aEwv J.li:aa a£ uiu axoAi] aKi:IjfTJe;, rrapU8EtYJ.la noo Ot aTJJ.lEpt voi 8aaKaAOt Kat J.la8TJTi:e; 8a sxuvov KaAU v ' aKoAou8i]aouv .

. Onox; aUJ.l~aiVEt Kat J.lE LOV auyypa<pi:a nuroo LOU ~t~A.iou, ot uvcuvnoeu; uou rsivoov va Ecrnu!,;oVTat aTTJ axoAi] LOU BtYKoTaKt, LOU Aoupm Kat LOU Asovnso, av Kat aUTO LO ~t~A.io 8EV uoopn uovo LOUe; ciJ.lEaoUe; J.la8TJTi:e; Kat auvEpyciTEe; LOUe;. H axoAi] LOU BtYKOTaKt dXE ~EyciATJ emppon aTTJ aO~tlhtKi] ljfuxoAoyia Kat rrpOaEA.KUaE rrOAAOUe; o1ta80ue;. Ttu rrapci8EtYJ.la, 0 Meoroepuncoe i]wv J.la8TJTi]e; LOU Aoupin, rou ZarropO!,;ETe; Kat LOU ~OKOAtcivaKt. NOJ.li!,;w on 8a i]wv ccocro vu Clva<pi:pw rn KUpta xapaKTTJptanKci aUTi]e; TTJe; aXOAi]e; noo Tci:Jpa sivm 1tAanci yvwaTi] we; IjfUXOAOytKi] 8Ewpia TTJe; 8paaTTJptOTTJWe;.

I. H aVcirrTU~TJ TTJe; IjfUXOAOytKi]e; 8Ewpiae; tTJe; 8paaTTJptOTTJWe; CHTJ xci:Jpa aUTi] 8EV i]wv urn nepuo nxn J.lo8a aAA.cr xPEtciaTTJKE Xpovo. To npdrro avi:K80LO i:pyo LOU Aoupm UIjfci:JVEt TTJ <pwvi] TTle; VWVtKi]C; 5taJ.lapTUpiae; evcvno aTTJ J.lEW<pUatKi] ljfuxoAoyia.

2. H \j1\JXOAOytKi] 8Ewpia TTJe; 8paaTTJptOTTJWe; eivut ErrlTwYJ.la OAOKATJPTJe; TTJe; aO~tEnKi]e; IjfUXoAoytKi]e; EmaTi]J.lTJe;. H axoAi] LOU BtYKOTcrKt J.lOtpci!';EWt TTJV uvnyvrbptor] yt' nutriv J.la!,;i J.lE J.lEptKi:e; ciA~Ee; IjfUXoAoytKi:e; TciaEte;. Ot Avuvieo, Mmrooo, Pouumvc rrnv, ~J.ltPvoo, TE1tAO<p, OU!,;VciVT!,;E Kat ciAAOt i:pXovWt aLO YOU, aAAci Ot aUVEt::J<popi:e; LOU Pouumvo rtnv i]aav Ot mo aTJJ.lClVnKi:e;.

3. H IjfUXOAOytKi] 8Ewpia TTJe; 8paaTTJptOTTJWe; mpouoicocc awaTci rn sm TEuYJ.lam Kat ru; EJ.lrrEtpiEe; TTJe; rraYKOaJ.ltae; ljfuxoAoyiae;.

4. H IjfUXOAOytKi] 8Ewpia TTJC; 8paaTTJptOTTJWe; i:XEt yEpci icropucn

12

Kat <ptA.OaO<ptKa nponvouuevn Kat rrapabOaW;, noo aVarrTUxOTjKaV, arrO~A.£rrOVme; m: aTOxOUe; TTje; ljfuxoA.oyiae;, uno TOUe; iototx; TOUe; IjfUXOA.oyoue;, aUYK£KPlJ..li:va TOV BtYKOTaKt, TOV Nrujiivrorp, TOV Aeovrice Kat TOV Pouumvorrnv, aA.A.a Kat uno rrOA.A.OUe; aO~t£nKOlJe; <p1A.OaO<pOUe; Kat J..l£OobOA.OYOUe;, aUJ..lrr£p1A.aJ..l~aVOJ..li:vwv TWV IA.ti:vKo<p, Konviv Asxropoxi, OyKOUpTaO<p, ~~ip£<p Kat Ttouvrtv, yta va uvuospm usptKOUe;.

5. H IjfUX0A.0Y1Ki] OEwpia TTje; Spuornprornrr«; aVTA.£i uno TTj orepen Y£V1Ki] emornuovucn rrapaboaTj, Tj mpouoioxrn TTje; onoirn; sivm ~acrtKOe; opoq yta TTjV nnpunspn avarrTu~i] TTje;. Sa unopouoe Kav£ie; va nvuoepet TTj O£wpia TOU J..l£yaA.ou £~£AtKnKou AA.£~tt U~£pm£<p, 0 onoioc i:~A.£rr£ TTjV ljfux,oA.oyia onv 1aXlJpo nnprryovrc TTje; £~EA.t~Tje;. M£Ta, i:pxovm1 rn cmrsuvuuru o rn <pucrtoA.oyia TOU £YK£<paA.OU, Tj usA.£TTj TWV ataOTjTTjpiwv opjnvoiv, Kat ru nnpuprrtunrc noo urrapXOUV am i:pya TWV ~i:Ta£vo<p, ~i:P1VYKTOV, Bevsvoxi, OUXTOJ..lOKt, Ilc~A.o<p Kat Mncpvorntv. 01 ZarropO~£Te;, Aoopin Kat rroA.A.oi aA.A.01 £iXav onv a<p£TTjpia ru; apXtKi:e; TOUe; J..l£A.£T£e;.

6. H IjfUX0A.0Y1Ki] O£wpia TTje; bpaaTTjp10TTjme; tX£l ~aOti:e; pi~£e; Kat rrapabOa£te; o ru; avOpW1ttanKi:e; £1ttaTi]J..lCe; Kat ru; Ti:xv£e;. AUTi:e; 01 nupuooos«; £~£Ta~ovmt evusper am i:pya TWV B1YKOTaKt, EA.KOVtV Kat TOU Asovnso. Mersnerru £pyaai£e; a' aUTi] TTjV KaT£UOuVaTj eivut 1- btaiT£pa auyxpov£e;. 01 IjfUX0A.oyOt b£v i:xouv nxouo £~OtK£lWO£i ue TTjV cmomuovncn KA.TjpoV0J..lta TOU Mtxai]A. MrraXTiv, TOU Dol. Boxeot, TOU AA.:;~i:1 t\oa£<p Kat rroA.A.wv aA.A.wv.

7. H IjfUX0A.OytKi] O£wpia TTje; bpaaTTjp10TTjme;, o rn aTjJ..l£ptvi] TTje; uopqn], eivm orsvo aUvb£J..li:VTj us TTjV £<papJ..loaJ..li:vTj ljfuX0A.oyia. Yrrapx£t utu auvcxi]e; avmA.A.ayi] tb'cWV, J..l£OObwv Kat arrOT£A£aJ..laTwv J..l£m~u TTje; O£wpiae; Kat TTje; rrpaKnKi]e; TTje; £<papJ..loyi]e;. ~£ rroA.A.OUe; KA.abOUe; TTje; ljfuxoA.oyiae;, aUTi] Tj O£wpia i:X£l yiV£l rroA.u A.£lTOUPY1Ki] ue TTjV rrpaYJ..lanKi] aTjJ..laaia TTje; A.£~Tje;.

8. Ta Kupta aTjJ..l£ia TTje; IjfUX0A.0Y1Ki]e; O£wpiae; TTje; bpaaTTjptOTTjme; aVmVaKA.WVm1 aX£bov a£ OA.OUe; TOUe; KA.abOUe; TTje; ljfuxoA.oyiae;, snousvo»; awaTa ami] rr£p1ypa<p£ml we; Y£VIKi] IjfUX0A.0YIKi] Bstopiu, 9. H \jfuX0A.OytKi] O£wpia TTje; Spuornpiornrr«; b£v eivm uxouurrA.i]pTje; os KaO£ TTje; A.£rrTOJ..li:p£ta .. Onox; kaO£ ~wvmvi] O£wpia avanrucccrci aKOJ..lTj Kat Sev <po~amt TOV nvrtxovo.

Ttu va J..l£A£Ti]a£t xuveit; A.£rrTOJ..l£p£taKa ne; nupunnvci Oi:a£te; Oa xp£ta~omv svo ~l~A.io oco J..l£yaA.o eivrn TOU t\£~inv. nap' oA.a uuru, ataOaV0J..la1 on 0 auyypa<pi:ae; rrpoa£yyi~£t TO Oi:J..la us £Vbta<pi:povm rporto Kat Sivst rroA.u KaA.£e; eucovcc a£ rroA.A.£e; nspmrdice«; av Kat b£v £rr£~Tjy£i optouevn rrpaYJ..lam J..li:Xpt TEA.OUe;.

Sa i]O£A.a va unopouon va mo K1 aA.A.a yta La i:pya TOU BtYKOTaK1, TWV J..laOTjTWV TOU Kat TWV ouvspvcnov TOU noo £i'Xav rooo J..l£yaA.Tj eni-

13

opaaTj aTTJv aVU1nU~Tj tTje; \jfuxoAoyiae; os 01..0 tOY KOaJ..lO. n:VtKU OJ..lroe;, to J3tJ3Aio tOU AEJ3ittV Ka"Cop9ci:JvEt va J..lEtaJ3tJ3uaEt auto to J..lijvuJ..la. Kat, tEAO<J1tUVtrov, mo rsum on etvm KaAutEpa v ' aq>ijaro rov avayvci:JatTj va to xpivst ,0 iowe;.

3i:pro on 0 1tpOAoyoe; 1tpi:1tEt va 1tEptypUIjfEt "Co J3tJ3Aio Kat va 1tEt KUn yta to auyypaq>i:a, aAAu i:maaa tOY WUtO J..lOU va KUVEt xrrn uAAo. Kat iaroe; va stvoi KaAutEpa, ytati eium otvoupoc on 0 nvcyvdiorrp; 9a unopsost va xpivst to i:pyo J..lE rn OtKU tOU OEOOJ..li:va. To onuavnxo yta J..li:va sivm on autij Tj E~avtATjnKij J..lEAi:tTj J..lOU ~U1tVTjaE EUXUptatEe; aVaJ..lvijaEte; yta xovnvouc uou av9pci:J1toue; Kat J..lOU 1tpoKuAEaE aKi:IjfEte;. EA1ti~ro Ot avayvci:JatEe; uAArov xropci:Jv va KaAooEXtOUV autij rnv ropaia eusmptn va OOUV uno usee to n i:XEt yiVEt uno rou; IjfUXoAoyoue; orn xci:Jpa J..lae;. H OOUAtU tOU emcmuovo sivm 1tUVta i:vae; ouaKoAoe; rpo- 1t0e; va KEpoi~Et KavEie; rn 1tpOe; "Co ~EtV. Oi Ema"CijJ..lOVEe; i:xouv va KUvouv J..lE Aoyta, aAAu KataAaJ3aivouv "COV aq>optaJ..lo roo J..lEyUAOU pdicou 1tOtTjtij 'Oom Mav"C!:Aa"CUJ..l, 1tOU d1tE on 0 Aoyoe; unopsi va Eivat oupxo Kat to IjfroJ..li xapu.

KaOqyrrrr,c; BAavrifllp Zivtaevxo Kpuruco Ilcvemorruuo Moaxae;

14

AlrA AOrIA xno TO I;vrrPAcDEA

H , . roipo nuroo rou ~l~Aiou cHppayi(HTjKE ro cp€hvo1t(opo 1'OU 1979 CHTjV TucpAioa onou ytvo ruv svo oldNi:e; oounooto ~E 8i:~a TTjV aauvEiOTjTTj \jfUxoAoYlKij OpaaTTjplOTTjm. DOAAi:e; EKaTovTaOEe; smaTij~OVEe; an ' 01..0 TOV xoouo, ~a~i Kat rroAAoi \jfUxoAoyol nn ' aUTij TTj xffipa, dxav aUYKEvTpro8d aTTjV nporrsuouon TTje; aO~lEnKije; I'scopyiae;. Mspucsc rroM yvroaTi:e; Kat arrapaiTTjTEe; cprovi:e; na~ljfav ~E TTjV arrouaia roix; nn ' aUTij TTjV rroAUyAroaaTj xoprooia. ~m TnTj TTje; OEKaETiae; rou '70 Tj aO~lETlKij ljfuxoAoyia urri:aTTj ao~api:e; arrffiAElEe;, au~rrEplAa~~avo~i:vou rou Buvrrrou roiv Aoopic Kat AEOVTlECP. Auroi Ol 800 awxaaTi:e; Oli:cpEpav ~ELa~U WUe; aAAa touq svcovs Tj axi:aTj roix; ~E WV AE~ BlYKOTaKl, WV av8prorro rtou Ka80oTjyouaE ru; E1tlaTTj~OVlKi:e; TOUe; rrpoarra8w:e;. Ma8TjTi:e; Kat auvEpyaTEe; ron BlYKOTcrKl, dXav xm oi iOWl orraooue;, ~EPlKOi arro roue orroiou; ijaav nupovrc; o ro OlE8vi:e; oopoop o rnv TucpAioa. Toix; svoivcv oopnrc OEa~a ~tae;' KOLVije; 8EropTjTlKije; ~<iaTje; xnt i:va YEVlKO aTuA IjfUXoAoYlKije; aKi:IjfTje; rtou rrijya~E arro TTjV iOta axoAij, TTj axoAij rou BlYKoTaKl, iaroe; TTjV mo rroAAa urroaXO~EVTj o rn aUYXPovTj ljfuxoAoyia .

. ETuXE va unopsom va rrapaKoAou8ijaro ru; Spucrnptornrec rroAAffiv arr' nurouc roue av8pffirroue; yta uto XPOVlKij nsptooo. ~' 01..0 aUTO TO Ol<iaTTj~a, ~ayvTj1'OcprovijaEle;, aTj~ElffiaEle; Kal aXEOov TEAElro~i:va xouucriu, ~a~EUOVLaV o ru apXEia uou Kat nsptuevov va unouv ~a~i a' svc ~l~AiO. AAAa yta va vtvsi aUTO xpEla~OVLaV 800 rrpay~aLa: uio apXlKij ffi8TjaTj Kat TEK~TjPlro~i:VEe; rrATjpocpopiEe; yta TTj ~roij Kat ru; aKi:\jfEle; rou AE~ BlYKOTaKl npiv uno TTjV aA Tja~OVTjTTj XPOVla TOU 1924 oxors aUTOe; 0 ayvroawe; o<iaKaAoe; arro 1'0 rKo~EA i:YlVE, aXEoov uno TTj uio ~i:pa aTTjV aAATj, i:vae; uno roue ~EyaAuTEpoue; aO~lEnKOUe; ljfuXoMyoue;.

To Epi:8la~a rrpoijA8E uno TO ouunooro ytaTi La 8i:~aLa' noo aU~TjTij8TjKaV dxav axi:aTj u ' uurd nou crt.\~Tjwuvmv am rrpffim Xpovta TTje; «qroxije; BlYKoTaKl», xrn usee o rou; rpsu; ~EyaAOUe; TO~OUe; nov npoxrucdiv TOU oounootou ~pijKa OEK<iOEe; avacpopi:e; os i:pya TOU BlYKOTcrKl. . Eva aAAo Epi:8la~a ijTaV Tj au~ijTTjaij uou ~E TOV Poucv I'uncouncov nou uotpnorrpce ~a~i uou Tle; ava~vijaEle; TOU yta rov AAE~<ivTP Aoupio, TOV mo moro, ouvsnr], ceoououevo xm, rrapOA.o nou unopsl va ouvei rrapa~EVTj Ai:~Tj, rov mo TpUCPEPO ~a8~Tij TOU AE~ BlYKOTcrKl.

~TTjV TucpAioa, cuvnvmoo Karrowv nou ijLaV cpiAoe; TOU BlYKOTaKl

15

KaTa TT!V EAaXtCHa YVWCHll veupn TOU TJAtKia CHO rK0J..lEA. Na cm<; £~TJyi)aw. ~TTJV TU<pAi8a, yvwptaa svov ytaTpo ovouun <l>i:tYKEvJ..lrrEpYK rtou rrapouaiaaE J..lta Ev8ta<pi:pouaa Epyaaia J..lE 8i:J..la TTJV apxi) TTJ<; aUJ..lrrATJpwJ..laTtKoTTJLa<; aTTJV ljfuxoAoyia. H unrspc TOU i)LaV uno TO rKOJ..l£A, Kat ortox; arro8£ix8TJKf., TJ oucovtvsi« TTJ<; Kat Ot BtYKOTaKt Eixav rroAu <P1AtKt<; axi:aEl<; .. OLaV vupionus aTTJ Moaxa 0 <l>i:1YKEVJ..lrrEpyK KaVOVtaE va ouvcvrnoro TOV a8EA<po Tll<; j.1TJTi:pa<; TOU, TOV ~f.I.HOV NTorrK1V, nou nrcv <piAo<; WIJ B1YKMaKI oruv i)aav VEOL 01 nvouvncc«; TOU Nrortxtv ytlllaav TO KEVO xrn j.10lJ £rrhp£ljfav va auv8taw oe utu aa<pi) cucovo oou Eixa uxoucer, 8ta~aa£1 Kat oxeorai yta TOV B1YKOTaKt La TEAwLaia xpovta. Kt hat f.i8E TO <pw<; TTJ<; TJlli:pa<; aUTO TO ~t~Aio.

"Onox; Oa 8£1 0 avayvwaTTJ<;, TO j.1f.yaAllTEpo J..lEpO<; TOU arroT£A£lTat uno uvrnpopsq rtuv ouvcvrnosrov Kat TWV alJ~TJTi)a£wv J..lOlJ J..lE TOU<; rrpWWYWVlaTi:<;, TOU<; aTJj.1aVTtKOn:pOlJ<; aO~tETtKOU<; IjflJXOAoyOU<;. H KaAoauvTJ TOlJ<; Kat TJ alJj.1rrapaawai) TOU<; i)TctV aVEKTij.1TJTTJ KaTa TTJ alJAAoYi) Kat TO 81aXWplaJ..l0 TOlJ UA1KOU noo mpopn La i:pya aUTi)<; TTJ<; Ev81a<pi:pouaa<; Kat rrapaYWY1Ki)<; axoAi)<; TTJ<; aO~I£TtKi)<; ljfuxoAoyia<;, TTJ<; axoAi)<; TOlJ B1YKoTaKI. Ilpoc J..lEyaATJ j.10lJ AurrTJ, rroHoi un ' nurou; 8EV ~ouv ma Kl hat 8£v unopro va TOU<; £uxaplaTi)aw npootomxc.

H ooveiooop« TWV EK80TWV aTO va yiV£1 aUTO TO ~1~AiO aa<pi:<; xm aUVEKTtKO sxnudrm J..lOVO uno xrrnotov nou i:XEt 8Et T' apxtKa XElpoypa<pa. Touc f.UxaplaTw Yla n<; urrEpav8pwrrE<; rrpoarra8Eli:<; TOV<;. n<p£Ai)811Ka mrpn rroAu uno ru; aUJ..l~ouAi;<; TOll Ka8TJYTJTi) OETpO<paKI Kat ru; KpmKi:<; aUJ..l~ouAi;<; TOU Ka8TJYTJTi) ZiVt<JEVKO. ME ~0i)8TJaE rrapa rroAu aTTJv £pyaaia uurou TOU ~1~Aiov TJ rl£Ai:va Aouptn, KOPTJ TOU Ka8TJYTJTi) Aoupiu, TJ onotn i:XEt WKTOrrOI i)a£l La apXEia TOU nnrspn TTJ<;·

~' aUTO TO ~1~AiO 81aAE~a TOV rporto a<pi)YTJaTJ<; noo Bo uou Erri:TpErrE va j.11Ai)aw, corco Kat J..lE Aiya Aoyta, yta rroAAou<; aO~tETtKOU<; \jfUxoAoyou<; nou KaTa xunoto rporto Elxav axtaTJ j.1E rnv ava8uaTJ Kat aVarrTU~TJ TTJ<; axoAi)<; TOU BtYKOTcrKI. ~uvaJ..la ouox, rrpoaE~a waTE va Kavw j.1ta ava8p0j.1tKi) 8EWptl<JTJ TWV npuyurrrcov Kat va 8taTTJpi)aw TTJV rrpoonrtxf uou. AUTO<; civet 0 AOYo<; noo La nsvrc K£<paAala 8ta<pi:pouv oe J..lOp<pi) Kat rrEplqOJ..lEVO, aAAa f.Arri~w OTt auvoA1Ka Sivouv utu aa<pi) eucovo .

. Huouv moroc oro XElpoypa<pa TWV aPX£lwv, o nq J..lf.Ta<popi:<; aU~TJTi)a£wv xut Tt<; 8TJJ..l0atEUa£t<;. AAAa j.1TJV rr£pllli:vETE va ~pdTE a' aUTO TO ~t~Aio KlJPtOAEKTtKt<; i) aJ..lEaE<; rraparroJ..lrri:<;: . AAAwaT£, aXf.80v mrvro TO nveuun civm mo aTJJ..laVTtKO uno to ypaj.1j.1a.

Kap). Ar./JiTIV Moaxa, 1980

16

KE<pUA.(110 1

«EnOXEI: KAI MEPEI:»

17

01 llT]xavlcrlloi TT]<; yv<ilcrT]<; TOU cuurou (alJwcruw:iOT]crT]) Kat TT]<; yv<ilcrT]<; TmV UAAmV sivut aKpl13<il<; 1:OUTOcrT]1l01. 01 rrapaOocrta!(i;<; 6l;mpic<; yla TT]V Ka1:OVOT]0T] TT]<; IjIUx1\<; trov UA/cmV rrPOePXOVlOl !:in: ami TOV uIl!:OO lcrxuPlcrllO on aun'! Scv unopct va yi vet yvmcrr1\ iJ uno OIUqJ0PC<; urroOtcru<; rron npoorroflouv va qJnu~ouv evav mcrTl;\HOIlT]xavlcrllo rtou sivut ouotuo nxn iOlo<; o rn Ocmpia TT]<; aicrOT]crT]<; xm OTT] Ocmpia nov avaAoYlCilV. Ma6aivoullc yla 1:Ou<; UAAOU<; cqJo-

, cov llaOaivoullc yla TOV couro ucc. MaOaivovm<; TO OUllo rtov uAAmv avarrAuOm lOY OIKO uo»,

~TT]V rrpnyuur txor q ru crtJIl13aivEI GFOOV TO OVTiOf.To .. Exo\Jllc G\JvdOT]oT] TOU EaUTOU Ila<; ytnr i EXOUIlf. cruvciOT]GT] tmv U),Amv, Kat Ilf. tu iOta OEoolltva rtou exoulll; cruv!:iOT]crT] rmv uAAmv, YWTi ciunorr Yla rov f.UlHO Ila<; nuro rtou 01 unO! sivm yla Ila<;.

A£~ BtYK01<}"Kt

BtOypa<ptKi] npooomovpurpic

o ,.H:yaAoe; aO~tEnKOe; IjfUXoAoyoe; t\E~ BlYKO"CaKt YEvvi]8l'jKE o ru; 5 Noi:J..l~pl'j 1896 o rnv TCOAT)' Opec xovru a"CO MtVaK, "CT)v TCpw"CEuouaa "CT)e; Aeuxoprootuc. TEAEiwaE "CO YUJ..lVaalO a"CO rKoJ..lEA "CO 1913 Kat J..lETa TCi]YE a"CO DaVETCta"Ci]J..ltO "CT)e; Moaxae;. To 1917, rnpou TCi]pE TC"CUXio vouucru; Kat uoou TCapaKoAou8T)aE J..la8i]J..lam ljfuxoAoyiae; Kat cptAoaocpiae; a"CO t\atKO Flqvemcrruno "COU ~avtacpaKt, ETCi:a"CpEIjfE a"CO rKOJ..l£A Yla va 8l8li~Et cptAoAoyia Kat ljfuxoAoyia a"CO EKEi axoAEio .

. E8tVE ETCiaT)e; J..la8i]J..lam os 8paJ..lanKi] axoAi] Kat auxva i:8tVE 8taA.i:~Ele; J..lE 8i:J..lam cptAoAoYlKa Kat ETCta"CT)J..lOVtKa. EKEiVT) "CT)V ETCOXi] TCEpiTCOU 8tOpyavwm: Epyaa"Ci]pw ljfuxoAoyiae; a"CO KoA.i:ytO L1aaKaAwv "COU rK0J..lEA. EKEi TCapi:ooaE um aElpa 8taA.i:~EWV TCOll npvorspc EK808T)Kav a£ ~t~A.io J..lE "ChAO EKlCau5wTlKyt IfIvxoAoyia.

o BlYKo"CaKt ~EKivT)af. "CT) 80uAta "COU a"CT) Moaxa "CO 1924, nproro a"CO I van "COu"CO 'PllxoAoyiae; Kat J..lETa a"CO I van "CoU"CO yta "CT) Mdi:"CT) rtov Avcmi pWV. Kurn "CT)v i8ta 1tEpi080 8tEU811VE "CO "CJ..l i]J..la EK1tai8EUaT)e; rorv 8laVOT)nKa xm otouurtxri cvrrrmpcov 1tat8tci>v a"CO Nnpxounpoc (t\atKO Koutonpurro Dat8Eiae;) Kat 8i8a~E otnv AKa8T)J..lia KouuouVt<HtKi]e; EK1tai8EUaT)e; Kpouncxcvic Kat oro Ivan"COu"CO Dat8Eiae; rou Asvtvvxpnvr. EKEiVT) "CT)V 1tEpi080 0 BtYKo"CaKt aUyKi:v"CpwaE xovro "COU TCoAAoue; vsupou; EpEUVT)"Ci:e; TCOU 80uAEUav orov KAa80 "CT)e; ljfuxoAoyiae; Kat a"CT) J..ldi:"CT) "CWV nvumjprov. DOAAoi aTC' uuroix; roue J..la8T)"Ci:e; rou aivrn ai]J..lEpa 8la1tpE1tEie; cofnsnxot ETCla"Ci]J..lOVEe;.

~UVOAtKa, 0 BtYKo"CaKt i:ypaljfE 200 ETCta"CT)J..loVtKi:e; EpyaaiEe;. ~ne; TCtO aT)J..lavnKi:e; "COU Epyaai£e; TCOU i:xouv EK808Ei 1tEptAaJ..l~avov"Cat: H (JvvdJ'I(J'I we; lCpO{JA'1Ila auuncptooptu; (1925), EKlCat&VrtKyt IfIvX0Aoyia (1926), H avalC'V~1J E:KOVmae; lCPO(JOXytC; atnv lCalJ1Kyt IJAlIda (1929), L1oKiuta yta tnv tatopia 'IJC; oouneotoopcc (J..la~i J..lE "COV Aoupin, 1930), LKt.1fI1J Kat YAW(J(Ja (1956), H avalC,v~1J ,wv avtbrspcov IfIVX1KWV At:lWVPY1WV (1960), H IfIvxoAoyia 'IJC; ,t.xv'IC; (1965, 8EU"CEPT) TCtO 1tA i] pT)e; tK80aT) "CO 1968). Trope E"COtJ..la~E"Cat uiu E~a"COJ..lT) aUAAoYi] roiv tpywv "COU BlYKo"CaKt uno "COV cofneruco EK80nKo OiKO «DEv"CaYKoYKtKa».

·QplJ..lOe; me, 0 Bryxoroxt Ev8tacpi:p8T)KE yta "CT)v turpucr] aTColjfT) nov ljfuxoAoytKci>v EpEUVci>V "COU. Auro "COV 08i]yT)aE va ypacpEi o ro Inrpuco Ivorrrouro ouv cpot"CT)"Ci]e;, npdrro a"CT) Moaxa Kat J..lE"Ca a"CO Xdpxojio, av Kat rrrnv i]8T) Ka8T)yT)"Ci]e;. Knru ru; ETClaKi:\jfW; "COU a"CO Xupxojio

19

yw va OOCH:l E~E'taCH;l<;, 0 B1YK6'taKl i:ooaE auyxpovro<; uio aE1pa OWAE~EroV yw 'tT!V \jIuX0A.oyia crnv AKaol"II..lia 'PuXOVwpoA.oyia<; 'tTJ<; Ooxpovtuc. Aiyo npiv uno 'to 8ava't0 'tOU, nporstvov o rov B1YKO'taKl 'tTJ 8i:aTJ 'tOU Olw8uv'tli oro Tunuo 'PuxoA.oyia<; 'tOU E8vlKOU Ivo n rourou UE1pal..lanKi)<; Inrpucnc,

o B1YKomKl rri:8avE arro <pul..la'tiroaTJ o ru; II roo Iouvn 1934 os TJA.tKia rpurvrc E<p'ta xpovrov.

H (;roi) rou BtYKomK1 OEV rrrnv rrEptrrE'tEtWoTJ<; aA.A.a i)'tav YEl..la'tTJ uno soorrspuco rrEptEx0I..lEVO. Ot i:pwvi:<; rou i)aav nspmsreu«; rou nvsouuroc,

Tropu, uno unooruon I..lEyaA.u'tEPTJ rou uicoo uuovo, TJ ouvroun (;roi) rou ouiverci Karrro<; ow<popEnKi). L11E1aounKo<; \jIUX0A.0y0<;, qrruouevoc I..lEAE'tTJ'ti)<; rtov 'tEXVWV, 'taA.av'tOuxo<; OaaKaA.O<;, I..li:ya<; yvwa'tTJ<; 'tTJ<; <p1A.oA.oyia<;, A.al..lrrpo<; a'tuA.iam<;, O~UOEPKi)<; EPWVTJ'ti)<; o rn IlEAi:'tTJ rtov avarri)prov, E<PWPE't1KO<; netpnuurtornc, atoxaanKo<; 8EroPTJnKo<;, aiyoupa i)mv oA.a uuru, aA.A.a rravro nn ' OA.a i)'tav atoxaa'ti)<;.

,,0 t\E~ B1YKO'taK1 aval..l<pi~oA.a Ka'ti:XE11..l1aV E~atPEnKi) 8i:aTJ a'tTJV icropio 'tTJ<; aO~lEnKi)<; \jIuxoA.oyia<;. EKElVO<; i)'tav rtou i:8f.aE ru 8EI..lEAta yw rnv nepnrrspm avarr'tU~i) 'tTJ<; Kat npoofnopice 'tTJ aTJI..lEp1vi) 'tTJ<; Ka'taa'taaTJ uno rrOA.AE<; arrO\jlE1<; ... L1EV urrapXE1 aXEOOv xavsvr«; KA.aoo<; 'tTJ<; \jIuX0A.oyia<; o rov onoto va I..lTJv i:XE1 rrpoa<pi:pE1 onuovnxc 0 BtYK6'taKl. H \jIuX0A.oyia 'tTJ<; 'ti:xvTJ<;, TJ YEV1Ki) \jIuX0A.oyia, TJ avarrw~laKi) \jIuX0A.oyia, TJ EKrratOWnKi) \jIuX0A.oyia, TJ I..lEAi:'tTJ nvdrtrjprov rrato1wv, TJ rra80- Kat vWPO\jluX0A.oyia, aE OA.ou<; nurou; roue rouek; i:ooaE xmvoupvtu EVEPYTJ'tlKo'tTJ'ta.»

Aorc i:ypa\jlE 'to rrEplOo1KO Banpoat IJ'vXOAOYKll (Znrnuntu 'PUX0A.Dyia<;) 'to 1976 os ap8po yw rnv 80i) Erri:'tElO rou B1 vxorojo ,

Eivm OUaKOA.O va ma'ti:\jIE1 KaVEl<; on uurn La A.oyw nvnospovrm aE i:va a'tOl..lo noo a<p1i:proaE A.iyo nepiooorepo uno oi:Ka Xpovw 'tTJ<; (;roi)<; roo a'tTJV \jIuX0A.oyia, Ka1 uurn aKwal..li:va uno uurv E~av'tA.TJnKi) upprbo no uno rnv orroia 'tEAtKa rri:8avE. Mere, urri)pxuv 01 Ka8TJI..l£ptvi:<; ouaKoA.iE<; 1tOU rov unoo noucuv uno 'tTJ OOUA.1a roo Kat ru; aKi:\jIE1<; 'tOU Kat ElXE v ' uvnuercmicst rnv i:A.A.Et\jlTJ rrpoaoxi)<; Kat ru; 1tapE~TJyi)aE1<; rtov aA.A.rov non E~aa8i:v1(;av 'tTJ ouval..li) rou Kat rov rrA.i)yrovav. Emnxeov, rn rrpo~A.i)l..la'ta 'tTJ<; \jIuxoA.oyia<; OEV i)aav 'to uovo rou EvOta<pi:pov .. AA.A.a rra8TJ, I..lEptKi:<; <popi:<; unounxptousvu, Bpioxovrcv Ili:aa am rrveuuurucc rou opiu.

«L1EV v()~li(;ro va UrriJP~E Erroxi) a'tTJ (;roi) 'tOU noo va I..lTJ aKE<p'tOLaV Ka1

20

vc unv typacp£ Yla to 9Eatpo», uoo sbre Tj ab£A.cpi] TOU BlYKOTcrKt, Zivutvru, nou i]tav rroA.u ouvosusvn Kat atcr9avotav J..lw cruvatcr9TjJ..lanKi] Kat rrVEUJ..lanKi] crUYYEV£W J..la/,;i TOU .. H~£p£ KaA.a ru; EYVOl£e; rou, ru; xapEe; TOU Kat r«; A.urr£e; TOU. «H A.oyoT£xvia, Kat tbwiT£pa n ayarrTjJ..lEVTj 'tOU noincn, Ebtvav mrvru npeuto o rn /,;ooi] TOU Kat arracrxoA.oucrav TTjV rrpocroxi] TOll», avarroA.d 0 U:J..ltOV NT0J..lrrKtV noo i]mv cpiA.oe; TOU KaTa TTjV rratbtKi] Kt £CPTj~tKi] TjA.tKia.

o rK£OpYKt ~K£VTpO~iTcrKt, btarrp£rri]e; cro~t£nKOe; J..l£90bOA.oyoe; nou dX£ tbwh£po evounpspov yw rnv ioropto tTje; \jIuX0A.oyiae;, morsusr on Tj 8iJvaJ..lTj TOU Brpcoroxi eivut aKpt~ffie; aUTO: Ssv i]mv £rrayy£A.J..laTiae; IjfUXOA.oyoe; Kat ETm nno TTjV apxi] i]mv arr£A.w9£pOOJ..li:voc uno ne; b£crJ..l£ucr£te; orrowcrbi]rroT£ uno r«; KUPWpxoucr£e; crxoA.i:e; TTje; £1tOxi]e; exeivnc. NOJ..li/,;oo on unopai xovet; vn cruJ..lcpoovi]cr£t us aUTi] TTjV arroljfTj aA.A.a ue TTjV unnpntrnrn £1tlcpuA.a~Tj on Tj unoxstuevn ~acrTj OA.oov TOU TOOV avtlA.i]Ijf£OOv i]mv Tj J..lap~lcrnKi] CP1A.ocrocpia ornv oxolo dX£ 8Ocr£l OpKO rricrTTje;.

Eivm £VbWcpEpoucra Tj yvffiJ..lTj TOU ~Ti~£v TOUA.J..l1V, Ka9TjYTjTi] TTje; Koivrovuop; ~Ki:IjfTje; Kat <l>lA.ocrocpiae; o ro DaV£1tlcrTi]J..110 TOU ~lKayou:

« ••• Eivm aKp1~roe; aUTOe; 0 9£oopTjtlKOe; npoouvaroxicuo; npoc TTjV ioropio Kat TOV rrOA.LT1crJ..lO 0 onoioq i:X£l £1tltPE\jI£l orotx; cro~l£nKOUe; smo rriuove; 'tTje; crUJ..lrr£ptcpopae; vn qrruo ouv oro £rrirr£bo Sismornuovuou; cruv£pyacriae; Kat nvsuurrnxrp; OA.OKA.i]poocrTje; oro onoto ~picrKOVtat. Eioucorapu, i]mv Tj rrpffilJ..lTj emppon TTje; J..lap~lcrnKi]e; io ropucrj; crKi:IjfTje; no» srrsTp£ljff: crTOV B1YKOTcrK1 TOV iblO vc xurcmuorsi J..l£ TO rrpo~A.TjJ..la TTje; rratb1Ki]e; avarrTU~Tje; ue TOV b1KO TOU nprororuno rpono ... Kat J..l£A.ETffivme; uurst; ru; b1£pyacrh:e;, 0 B1YKomK1 Kat 01 b1aboxoi TOU ~OTjei]9TjKav uno TO on ~£KivTjcrav uno uto "lcr't0P1KOUA.1- o rucn" 9EcrTj.

»M£ aUTa ru b£bOJ..li:va, 9a rrpi:rr£l vc aivrn £J..lcpavte; on 01 Y£J..laT£e; cr£~acrJ..lo avacpopte; TOU B1YKO'tcrK1 Kat TOll Aoupio o rouc Map~ Kat . EVYKEAe;, nvnnpooconeuouv xrrn rraparravoo uno rrOA.LT1Ki] CP1A.0cppOVTjcrTj. AUTO civet Katl rtou Kat 01 Surucoi 9aullacrTEe; rou B1YKomKl b£v KamA.a~atvav rravm.

»0 B1YKOTcrK1 i]mv xrrn nnpurtnvm uno EUTuxi]e; vn arroKaA.f.i TOV £aUTO TOU J..lap~lcrTi]. To Y£V1KO rrA.aicrlO rtou rrapdx£ Tj lcrwP1KOUA.1crnKi] CP1A.ocrocpia, TOll tbou£ TTj ~acrTj noo xp£la/,;ornv yw TTjV aVarrTU~Tj J..lwe; OA.OKA.TjpOOJ..li:vTje; avacpopae; TOOV crxtcr£oov J..l£ta~u avarrTu~wKi]e; ljfuxoA.oyiae; Ka1 KA.1VlKi]e; vsupoA.oyiae;, rrOA.ltlcrtlKi]e; aV9pOTCOA.oyiae; Kat TTje; ljfuxoA.oyiae; TTje; Ti:XVTje;, J..lw uvnoopd noo £J..l£ie; 01 Surucoi unopouus cri]J..l£pa vc

21

rrapOlJll£ rroA.u oo~apa. H o rdo n rou O£V £iX£ Kallla oXi:01"] 11£ w; arrat'tTjOCl<; WlJ 10£OA.0Y1KOU KOIl<P0PlllOIlOU.

»Av civet va xpivouus OiKata ru i:pya nov OO~l£nKWv \jIlJX0A.oywv, Tj va xpivoous rnv rrpaYllanKTj 8£wp1"]nKi] oxto1"] WlJ 10WP1KOU lJA.101l0lJ 11£ ru; 8cwpi£<; 't1"]<; av8pwmv1"]<; ouuncpr<popa<; Kat avarr'tlJ~1"]<;, rrptrr£l va rrpooi:~OlJll£ va ll1"]v nrroo ndOOlJV rnv rrpoooxi] Ila<; 01 rrOA.l nKi:<; Ila<; 8tO£1<; unsvavrt crnv KlJ~i:PV1"]01"] 't1"]<; E11~. E1DaA.A.W<; 8a KavOlJll£ ru iOla M81"] rrou sxuvav oru; apxi:<; WlJ 1901J uuovc ~pcmvoi uvurouoi Kat rra80A.OyOl ornv Ka'taYYC1A.aV 't1"] yaA.A.1Ki] <pllOLOA.oyia ouv "aO£lonKi]". Tors 8a eiunore £Il£i<; 01 10£OA.0YOl xm 0Xl 0 Bi YKO'tOKl Kill 0 Aoupiu.»

Oapi:8£oa ll£yaA.o unoo nuoun uno rnv arrO\jl1"] WlJ TOlJA.Il1V yurti £vwrriSCl aKpl~w<; rnv KlJPla xtvnrriptn OlJVall1"] rtov i:pywv WlJ B1YKO'tOKl. Oi Ka't1"]yopic<; rou OlaA.£K'tlKOU Kat 10WP1KOU llA.101l0U oli:rrOlJV 01..0 WlJ W i:pyo. Ftu va rrapollll£ svu uno ru £Kawv'tao£<; OlJva'ta rrapaodYllo.m, aKoA.olJ8£i svc unoortuoun uno rnv OlllA.ia rou Yla 'to pol..o WlJ A.0YOll, nou arrOKaA.Urr'tCl 't1"] ~a81a Kamv01"]oi] WlJ yta W vOIlO «rrp; apv1"]o1"]<; 't1"]<; apv1"]o1"]<;» Kat utu av'tiA.1"]\jI1"] ym rn OlaA.£KnKi] <pU01"] onoiuodrprorc A.£l'tolJpyia<; O£ OlJV£xi] avarr'tlJ~1"], xnt yla rnv aVmA.A.aKnKi] A.£lwlJpyia ll£m~lJ A.oyOlJ Kat rrpa~1"]<;:

«~£V IlrrOPOUIl£ va nsptopto rouue ours 0't1"] <POPIlOlJA.a WlJ rKal-c£ OU't£ ow ~1~A.1KO "sv apxi] nv 0 1\oyo<;" ... Aurt«; 01 <POPIlOlJA.£<; rrpi:rr£l va £rr£Km80uv. Mr«; A.tv£ W rt lJrri]p~£ crnv apxi]· AA.A.a Il£'ta ri lJrri]p~£; H apxi] ctvoi 1l0VO uio apxi], o1"]A.aoi] tva 01"]1l£i0 £KKiv1"]o1"]<;.H A.£l'tolJpyia 't1"]<; avarr'tlJ~1"]<; Ka8£all'ti]<; rrpi:rrcl va OlJllrr£plA.all~aV£l uiu apv1"]o1"] nuroo WlJ onustoo Evap~1"]<; xnt uio Kiv1"]o1"] rrpo<; ll\jl1"]A.O't£p1"] 1l0p<pi] opao1"]<; rrou o£v ~piOK£'tat crnv apxi] aA.A.a ow 'tf:A.0<; 't1"]<; A.£l'tolJpyia<;. OW<; yivsrm uuro; ... 0 iloyoC;, rrou 0 iOLO<; yivetrn nvsuunrucot; xm avanrooocrm 11£ ~ao1"] 't1"] opao1"], uvuiptovet alJ'ti] 't1"] opao1"] O£ lJ\jI1"]Xorspo o'taoLO urtoruooovruq W rraloi 'xm rrpotKisov'ta<; W Ilc W xaplolla 't1"]<; all8alp£oia<;. Eeooov rrpoorra80ull£ va 8000lJll£ 1l1a <PoPllollA.a, 1"] oKi:\jI1"] rrpi:rr£l va £K<ppam£i 0' alJ'ti] rnv nporuo n: av n avd/iprt7rt7 arro ro ,.loyo Opaat7 /3piaKr-ral atnv apxi! inc; avarrrV¢t7I;, 0 AOYOI; nov ty/VE; Opaat7 /3piaKr-ral ato rtAol; tnt; 0 ,.lOYOI; Kava rov av8pwno eAeV()r-pO».

1't1"] o£Ka£'tia WlJ '20 Kat n<; apxi:<; 't1"]<; o£Ka£'tia<; ron ' 30 0 Map~ Kat O· EVyK£A.<; Ola~asovmv exvsou, 8a unopooos va nsi Kav£i<;, Ka8<l><; ot ~aO£l<; WlJ llap~lOIlOU £~£'tasovmv 11£ oxono rnv £<paplloyi] rou; O£ OllYK£KPlIlEV£<; tOlai-c£p£<; £monill£<; Kat 't1"] OUYXPov1"] spsuvo. To 1925, W 1l00XO~i-clKO nspvoouco ApXi/J K. Mdp¢a I C/>. EVYKdaa (To Apx£ia

22

TOU Map~ Kat TOlJ . EVYKEA.<;) E~f:OOOE HI AlaA[;KrrKr, inc rpvaf/I; TOlJ . EVyKEA.<; OTa pWO"lKa Kat YEPllavtKa ouYXpOVw<;. Auro sm TaXUVE TO svounpcpov yta HI llEA.f:T11 EVO<; aA.A.OU ~t~A.iOlJ, TOU Avtt-Ntiptvy«, ortou Enio11<; E~i;8ETE r«; anO\jlEt<; TOU yta TOU<; VOllOU<; nou 0XETiSOVTat llE OA.E<; r«; <pUO"lKf:<; E1ttonillE<;. Bf:~ata 0 BtYKOTOKt OEV unopouoe va 11l1V napaoup8d uno r«; OUEAA.E<; TWV ouxva OUYKPOUOllEVWV anO\jlEWV Kat KpioEWV rrou npOKA.i]811Kav uno ama rn ~t~A.ia. Apyorspn, o r«; apxt<; T11<; OEKaETia<; TOU ' 30, TO nEptOOtKO Ilovr Zvaill:Wp Mopcioua (Kerce uno T11 11111aia TOU Map~tOlloU) E~f:OOOE ayvWO"TE<; llf:XPt TOTE OEA.iOE<; uno ru XEtpoypa<pa TOlJ Map~ navw OTOV Ota<pOptKO A.oytOllO. 0 Map~ E<papllOOE TO opyuvo Trl<; UA.tOnKi]<; OtaA.EKnKi]<; non ElXI: 01111tOUPyi]OEt OTO nucrnpo nEoio TWV lla81111anKc1lV. Kat f:<pTaOE OTO OUllnf:paolla on 11 avaouo11 TOU llExpt TOTE ayvwoTOu qxnvousvoo TOU ota<poptKOU A.oytOlloi) lltoa uno TOU<; KOA.nou<; TWV anA.wv lla81111anKwv, OlJViOTaTO OT11v «avTaA.A.ayi] IlE800wv», uiu aVTaA.A.ayi] TWV pOA.WV llETa~U TOU napaywyou Kat TOU OlJll~OA.tKoi) OUVTEA.EOTi] TOU ota<poptKOU, rrou eivot OUO f:VVOtE<; KA.EtOta TOlJ VEOU KA.aOOlJ TWV lla01111anKwv.

Oapa8tTOlJllE uno f:va ~t~A.io a<ptEpwlltvo OTa lla81111anKa xnpoypa<pa TOU Map~:

«lull~aivEt Eva napa~Evo npaYlla: 0 OUll~OA.tKO<; OUVTEA.EOTi]<; TOU ota<poptKOu, rrou apXtKa nupouctdo rrpce ouv oUll~OA.tKi] EK<ppao11 KanotOU "napaywyou;', n.x. llta<; TETEAWllf:V11<; A.EtTOupyia<; ota<poponoi11011<;, rropu opa ouv OUll~OA.O uuttov TWV A.Et roupyuov ota<poponoi11011<; zrou OEV f:XOUV aKPlla OUVTEA.EOTEi. To EpwT1111a uvno rpeos'rm ytrrri uvri va \jIaxvoullE llta OUll~OA.tKi] f:K<ppao11 npaYllanKou ola<p0plKoU OUVTEA.WTi] [yta <p(X)] avaS11TElTat tva<; npaYllanKo<; ota<poptKo<; OUVTEAWTi]<; yta va TO EK<ppaOEt OUll~OA.tKa.»*

Axoun Kt av 11 lla81111anKi] ouoin TWV uvcorspto OEV stvor xuruvonTi] OTOV anAo nvcyvrhorn, OEV urtopai va TOU Ota<pUYEt 11 KaTanA.11KnKi] (aA.Aa Ka8E aA.AO napa TUxaia) 0llotOT11Ta llETa~U TOU E1ttXEtpi]llaw<; TOt) Map~ yta TOV allot~aio llETa0X1111anollo TWV OUO aVnA.i]\jIEWv T11<; ota<poptKi]<; avaA.lJ011<;, Kat TWV tOEWV TOU BtYKOTOKt yta T11V aVTaA.A.ayi] A.Et TOUpytWV llETa~U A.0YOU Kat opao11<;. L1EV f:XEt ol111aoia TO on Ot lla81111anKE<; EpyaoiE<; TOU Map~ npcrrosuqxrvtorrpcuv TunwllEVE<; TO 1933, 011A.aoi] a<pou dXE EK<ppaOEt ru; nEptcrooTEpE<; a1tO\jlEt<; TOU 0 BtYKOTOKt. L1Ev npoxsrrrn yta <<totOnoi11011>> TWV EPYWV TOU Map~ uno TOV BtYKOTOKt Kat E<paplloyi] TOU<; OTOV OtKO TOU tOlaiTEpo rousn. Kutopfloio s Kan aouYKpna llEyaA.UTEpo: EllnoTi0811KE uno n<; OKE\jIEt<; Kat ru; tOEE<; TOU Map~.

* !\£~ KUTOAIV, Eiuao u: roip'Ipni. £1(8. "ZVCiVI£», Mocyn, 1979, m:lc. 109, 110 (am poxnxn),

23

L1£v civrn KaOOAOlJ aOX£TO TO ri EKaV£ 0 BtYKOTOKt npOTOU yiv£t 'l'UXOAOyO<; .. AAAWOT£ o rnv £noxi] TOlJ lJni]pxav npxcrot nszretpnusvot Kat £lJ<plJ£i<; llap~tO"TE<;, aAAa i]TaV 0 BtYKOTOKt nuroc rrou O"Tpa<P11K£ O"T11V 'l'lJxoAoyia, T11V apxaia £1ttO"Ti]Il11 T11<; avOpW1ttV11<; 'l'uxi]<;. OnOT£, alJTO Kav£t r«; avanoAi]o£t<; TWV V£aVtKWV TOlJ XPOVWV Kat T1']<; mo wptll11<; n£ptOoolJ TOlJ, nou dXa T11v T\JX11 va KaTaypa'l'w, uxoun mo noAunll£<;.

Lav KaTa.A11~11, Oa i]O£Aa va ava<pEpw ll£ptKa AOyta nou Eypa'l'£ 0 io1O<; 0 BtYKOTOKt. Avnrpspovrm O£ 0XEOta TOlJ swypa<polJ A. MmXO<pOKt, aAAa vOlliSw on £K<ppaSOlJV ru atoOi]llaTa rroo vtwO£t Kav£i<; ota~asovTa<; TOV £KOOOEVTa Kat aVEKOOTO BtYKOTOKt, TOV ll£yaAuT£po Kat 1tt0 npouciousvo OO~t£nKo 'l'lJXOAOyo.

« ETm 11 <puo11 evotouurroverm 0' Eva OXt01O, OTO PlJOllO Kat TO natxviot TWV ypallllwv, ~CYlJllVWVOVTa<; TOv £alJTO T11<; uno T11 ~apta ouoin T11<; Kat TO £1ttKaAlJnnKO orptoun TWV npaYllaTwv, llEXpt rrou ~a<pvtKa £1l<Pavis£Tat urn avaAallni] TOU npaYllanKqu n£ptypallllaTo<; TOlJ uvrucetusvou, TOlJ lllJOnKOU oxonou TOlJ, T11<; KPlJllllEv11<; o1111aoia<; TOlJ.»

"EllOXEL KAI MEPEL» (AVIlJlv1\IJf.l<; rou ~f.JllOV Nroumcrv)

o avOpwllo~ sivrn tva KaAalll. ..

AAAa civm tva KaAa1l1 1l0U aK£q>n:rUl, MllAES f1aaKUA

rVWpt~a TOV i\£~ BtYKOTOKt uno natoi Kat KpaTW Tpu<p£pa r«; ovcuvnce«; uou an' uurov. L1£v i]llaOTav nOTE <piAOt 11£ T11v Ka811Il£ptvi] svvotu. Ot 0XEO£t<; Ila<; ~aoisovTav OTO KOtvO Ila<; £vOta<pEpov yta s11Ti]llaTa rtou mo teuaus on i]TaV xpio tuu yta T11v KaTavo11011 T11<; swi]<; .. Ioox; alJTo<; eivm 0 AOyO<; non oi avanoAi]o£t<; uou Ssv Sivouv Eva nAi]p£<; noprpsro TOlJ BtYKOTOKt aAAa KaTaypa<polJv uovo optousva xapaKT11ptOnKa. alJTOU TOl) nOAullop<P0lJ ovrpc.

NOllisw on Oa i]Tav OWO"TO va nw ll£ptKa AOyta yta T11v nOA11 OT11v ortoiu 0 BtYKOTOKt nEpaoc ru natOtKa Kat £<P11~tKa. TOlJ xpovta, yta T11V OtKOYEv£ta TOlJ Kat yta TO n£pt~aAAOv TOlJ. To rKOll£A i]TaV Ilta 0X£nKa. IltKpi] nOA11 ana. Ilta an' ru; mo SWVTaVE<; IlEOa ow ITaA£ (T11v n£p1Oxi] ortou sm Tp£nOTaV O"1'OlJ<; E~paiou<; va SOlJV llEoa OT11v nuroxpuropucf Ptoo iu).

H oucovtvsin BtYKOVTOKt * i]TaV uno tu; 1tt0 KaAA.t£pY11IlEV£<; OT11v

* 0 BIYKoraKI aVTlKarta,TI]aE TO «VT» aTO ovolla TOU Ill: to «T» o ru; apxi:~ Hl~

24

nOA~. 0 naTEpa~ TOU ~TaV npOtOTa~EVO~ T~~~aTO~ OT~V Evw~tv~ Tpand~a TOU rKO~EA Kat ovrmpocronoc ~ta~ aO(paAtOnK~~ srmpk«; . . Hruv Eva~ avOpwno~ ~E sups«; Opi1~ovTE~, t~unvo~ Kat ~E TaO~ npot; T~V siprovstc, OXt TO XtoiJ~Op aAAa T~V mKp~ stpmvcin. H npuyunrtKOT~m yupw, TOU E8tvE TPO<p~ yta utn Ttna oupnspupopn. LIJ~~ETI;iXE OE xorvrovuccc 8paOT~ptOT~TE~ av Kat xrrn re no ~mv MOKOAO EKEiv~ T~V Enox~. Ilup ' OAa aUTO. KaTa<pEPE nOAAa.

ME 8tK~ TOU nporrojious.iu 8topyavwO~KE uiu KamnA~KnK~ 8~~ocrta ~t~AtoO~K~. 0 i\E~ Kt Eyw T~ xp~crt~onOtoUOa~E OUxvowm. o naTtpa~ TOU EiXE KanW~ OKA~PO xapaKT~pa EVW, aVTiOEm, ~ ~~TEpa TOU ~mv nOAu KaA~. rVWptsE KaAa yEp~avtKa Kat T~~ apWE nOAU 0 Xrnvs. 0 BtYKOTOKt KA~pOVO~~OE T~V ayan~ TOlJ yt' aUTO~ TOV onououio nOt~T~ ana TTl ~~Ttpa TOU.

o BtYKOTOKt ~wv TO 8EUTEPO ana OKTW nat8ta. EiXE uiu ~qaAuTEp~ a8EA<p~, TtOOEPt~ ~tKpOTEPE~ Kat Suo ~tKPO-iEPOU~ a8EA<pou~ .. Hruv t8talTEpa OUV8E~tvO~ ~E T~V a8EA<p~ TOU T~ Ziva zrou ~mv 8EKaoKTw ~~VE~ ~lKpOTEP~ TOU. H oixoycvsiu SOiJOE a' tva 81a~tptO~a E~t 8w~aTiwv, TtooEpa ~£yaAa Kat Mo uucporspu. To tva 8w~ano TO Eixav Ot TPEt~ ~EyaAUTEpE~ a8EA<pt~, tva aAAO ot 8uo ~tKpOTEPE~ Kat tva TpiTO ru rpio nvopiu. Yn~pXE Enio~~ ~ KpE~aTOKa~apa TWV yovuov TOU, ~ TpanEsapia Kat TO ypa<pEio TOU nurspu TOU. ETOt, 0 i\E~ 8EV dXE 8tKO TOU 8w~ano. To va ~PEt ouo»; xrrnoto xwpo yta ~£AtT~ ~ ~ta <PtAtK~ Kou~tvm 8EV ~mv nOTE npo~A~~a. To ypa<pdo TOU nrrrepo TOU ~mv ouxva OT~ 81aOEO~ TWV nat8twv. EKEt Kavovtsav 8ta<pOPE~ ouvcvrnoc«; Kat n~yatvav yta va uaivouv yta Aiyo uovoi ~ yta va ouvavT~crouv uiu ~tKP~ napta <piAWV. H TpanEsapia Enio~~ ~Tav Eva~ xwpo~ smxotvcoviur; uiu Kat OlJXVa yivovrnv SW~PE~ Kat svounpepoucc; OUS~T~OEt~ KaTa TO tmOxpEwnKO urroysupurtvo rorn yupw uno TO ~EyaAO TpanEst. Ot OUS~T~O£t~ yupw ana TO oa~o~apt ~mv ~ta nxo r«; 01KOYEVEtaKE~ napa800Et~ nou Enat~av orrououto POAO OT~ 8ta~op<pwo~ T~~ voorponinc OAWV TWV nat8twv, t8iw~ TWV ~EyaAUTEpwV.

AUT~ AOtnOV ~Tav ~ uruootputpu TOU o m nou OTO onoio ~qaAwoE o BtYKOTOKt.

L1Ev n~yE KaTwOEiav OTO yuuvuoro. Yn~pxav Mo yuuvnotn uppsvrov OTO rKO~EA, Eva 8~~ocrto, Kat Eva t8tWTlKO E~patKO yu~vaoto 1tOU 8tEUOUVE 0 Pdrvcp .. Hrnv napa nOAu 8UOKOAO va ~nEt xovstc OTO 8~~ocrto yu~vaoto .. Enpsns va nEpaGEt nOAiJ auoT~pE~ E~ETaOEt~ nnlpvovroc no AU ~EyaAou~ ~aO~ou~ Kat ~ norornrc ot8aoKaAia~ EKEi 8EV ~Tav o noudcin." Erot Ot yovsb; nporiunouv va

is!:Ka!:TiUl; COl! '20 YWTi rrtrrreus 11(0<; T' OVO!lCt TO\) npocpyorov nrto TO XOlfllo BIYKOTOrlo, (111' ortou KUTUy<'>TUV TJ oIKoyi:v£ICt TOI,.

25

!lEA£T1']O£l npdrrn OTO o ntn 0 yto<; TOlJ<; us oaoKaAo, !l£Ta va OOO£l £~£TaO£l<; yta rnv 1tPWTT] !li:XPl TT]V rcruprn Ta~T] Kat !leta va 1taEl OTT]V 1ti:!l1tTT] Kat i:KTT] Ta~ T] TOll OT]!lOOtolJ YlJ!lvaoiolJ, rtpt v ooi T1']OEt OTT]V lOlwnK1'] 0xoA1'] TOlJ Pdrvsp 01tOlJ T£A£tWO£ r«; OlJO TcAE1JTai£<; Ta~£l<;.

o BlYKOTOKl £tx£ i:vav Kam1tAT]KnKo ~aoKaAo, TOV 10Ao!loV . Aoms, rrou KaTa ru oorrqrucc TOlJ xpovla dX£ £~OplOT£t OTT] ll~T]pia £1t£101'] OlJ!l!l£TEiX£ OTO E1taVaOmnKO xivnpo, 0 . Ao mi, 1']mv tva<; £K1tAT]KnKa TPlJ<p£pO<; (iv8pw1t0<; .. E~yas£ TO \jIw!li TOlJ 1tapaoivovm<; lOtaiTEpa !la81']!lam aAAa ~£V 1']mv oaoKaAo<;!lE TT]V KOlV1'] i:VVOLa TT]<; Ai:~T]<;. ~laAq£ !lOVO ru mo ucnvc 1tatOla Yla va ru ava1tnJ~£l1t£PlOOOT£pO. 0 . Ao mt, 1']mv !la8T]!lanKo<; aAAa ~ioaOKE Kat oAa mana 8E!lam. ElJY£VlKO<; Kat KaAOOlJVaTO<; avOpW1to<;, 1tOT~: TOlJ OEV OlEK01tT£ TOlJ<; !laOT]TE<; TOlJ ornv uurot urruvroucuv O£ Ka1tOto spdrrnuu. llJv1']8w<; Ka80Tav !lE KAElo.Ta ru urrnu Sivovruc TT]V £VTlJ1tW0T] on xoiuornv. Av Ka1tOT£ nvorys ru !lana TOlJ 1']mv yta va ~llcr£l tva !lOAll~l 01tW<; OlJv1']8ls£ va KaVEl. ·O!lW<;, !lOAl<; 0 !la8T]T1']<; TOlJ T£A£iwv£ TT]V a1tavTT]OT] KamAa~atv£ a!lEOw<; on uno TO oaoKaAo TOlJ O£v EtX£ Ola<pUY£l OUT£ uin Ai:~T], Ka8w<; ST]TOUO£ nno TO !la8T]T1'] TOlJ va £1tavaAa~£l rn oT]!l£ta om onolo £iX£ yiv£l Ka1tOIO Aa80<;. Ausco»; yivoruv avnAT]1tTO, uxouu xm xwpi<; TT] ~01']8£la TOlJ, 1tOU dX£ yivst TO Aa80<;. To yqovo<; on E~as£ TOlJ<; !la8T]Tt<; TOlJ va OKE<pTOUV aVE~apTT]ru TOlJ<; W<PEAT]OE 1tOAu. lTT]v ouo in, «t~as£» o£v civet T] OWOT1'] Ai:~T]. TOlJ<; £v8applJv£ va OK£<pTOUV. Bt~ata Eva<; Ttno<; av8pw1t0<; £iX£ 1toAAa va OOO£l OTOlJ<; !la8T]TE<; TOlJ, loiw<; av TUXatV£ va civet TOOO 1tPOlKlO!lEVOl 600 0 BlYKOTOKl.

Fvcopiorrpcn KaAa!l£ TOV BlYKOTOKl KaTw nno r«; aKoAolJ8£<; OlJV81']K£<;: T] aO£A<p1'] TOlJ T] Ziva Kat T] !lqaAlJT£pT] aO£A<p1'] uou <I>avla 1']mv OlJ!l!la81']Tpl£<; Kat <piA£<; uno ru; 1tPWT£<; TOlJ<; !lEP£<; OTO 0XOAEto. "Oruv tporrououv OTT]V T£TapTT] 1'] OTT]V 1tt!l1tTT] Ta~T] nrrotpdo touv va otopyavwoolJv uiu o!laoa yta va !l£A£T1']OOlJV £~patKti to ropiu. To 1tpo~AT]!la TWV £8VlKOTTJTCilV 1']mv 1tOAU cofiupo Kat wai08T]TO 8E!la OTT]V roupucn Prooiu, Kat 1']mv £1tO!l£VO va Oi:AOlJV va ~tpOlJV 1t£PlOOOT£pa Yla TOlJ<; OlKOU<; TOlJ<; av8pw1tolJ<;. Movo xopiroin TT]<; Ta~T]<; TQlJ<; unopououv va !l1tOlJV OTT]V o!laoa TOlJ<; aAAli T] aO£A<p1'] uou OUOTT]O£ Kl £!lEva. ~taAi:~a!l£ TOV BlYKOTOKl 1tOlJ 1']Tav TOT£ O£Ka1tEVT£ Xpovwv Yla va 1tpO£~p£U£l o ru; OlJST]T1']O£l<;.

Flup ' OAT] TT] vsupn TOlJ T]AlKia, 0 A£~ xururpsps va 1tP008tO£l OTT] !l£AEtT] !la<; £~atP£nKa OTOlx£ia 1tOlJ a~is£l va 8lJ!lT]8d xovcic us 1t£PlOOOT£PT] A£1tTO!lEp£la. ApXlKa, 1tpt1t£l va 1tW on svoturpspotuv £AaXlom yta TT]V 1tpaY!lanK1'] !l£Ai:tT] TT]<; to topinc, 1tpaY!la TO onoio OlJVE~alV£ Kal !l£ aAAa !lEAT] TOlJ KUKAOlJ !la<;. 0EAa!l£ va ~pou!l£ a1taVTliO£l<; O£ £pwT1']!lam 01tw<;: « Tt sivm T] to ropin;», « Tt ~£XWpiS£l TOV Eva Aao uno TOV aAAo;» «Tlotoc 0 pOAo<; TOlJ aTO!lOlJ OTrIV

26

icropta.- M£ aAAa AOY1U ~£A.E"COUcrUl-t!: HI (jnAocro<pia HI<; ioroptcc. 0 BtYKO"CcrK1 EK£lVT] "CT]V E1tOXi] i]mv 1tOAU EVeOllcrtacr~EVO<; ~E "CT] XEYKEAlUVi] a1tO\jlT] "CT]<; ioropicc. Tov a1tacrxoAoucrE "CO"CE T] XEYKEA1avi] <pop~ollAa, «8EcrT], av"Ci8EcrT], crUv8EcrT]», Kat "CT]V E<pap~osE crnv aVaAlJcrT] trrropucrov YEYOVO"C(ov.

H 0~a8a covcvnornv ruxrucd Y1a 8lJO Xpovta ~EXPt 1tOlJ 0 i\E~ 1tl'jYE crnv Mocrxa Y1a va cr1tOlJ8acrE1 oro nuvcmorruno. Mrropth ouo»; aVE"Ca va 1t(J) on 0Xl uovo rn ~EAT] "CT]<; aAAa Kat 0 B1YKomKl E1t(J)<pEAl'j8T]Kav 1tOAU Ka"Ca "CT]V 1IEpio80 uurn. Fin va 81£lJ8UVEt rn osuivnptn E1tpE1tE va 8ta~acrEl Kat va crKE<p"CEi 1tOAU.

IloA.Aoi av8p(J)1tot YV(J)pii,:olJV TOV BlYKO"CcrK1 ouv YEV1KO \jIlJX0A.oyo Kat EPElJVT]"Cl'j ern ~EAhT] "C(J)V uvurrr[ptov Kat ouv ~EA.E"CT]"Cl'j "CT]<; "CEXVT]<;. ~"CT]V nprryuatucorrim, l'jmv 1tav(J) U1t' OAa crTOxacr"Cl'j<; ~E "CT]V mo 1tAl'jPT] cnuuctn "CT]<; H~T]<; ." Hruv icropucoc crTOxacr"Cl'j<;. H icropucn TOlJ 1tpOcrEYYlcrT] os 01t0108l'j1t0"CE 1tpO~AT]~a, xapaK"CT]plcrnKo OA.T]<; TOlJ "CT]<; cmornuovncru; Epyacria<;, 8ta~op<pro8T]KE o ' sxsivc ru npdrm XPOVta ornv 1tpOET01~asomy Y1a rn crE~lvapla ~a<; .

... . H~OlJV rpin xpOV1a ~lKpO"CEPO<; coto TOV B1YKO"CcrKl Kat crlJvl'jO(J)<; lJ1tapXE1 Eva ~EYaA.o xacr~a ovcueon orov E<PT] ~o "C(J)V 8EKa1tEv"CE XPOV(J)V Kat svav 8(J)8EKaxpovo. AAA.a T] crlJ~~ETOXl'j ~a<; o rnv 0~a8a ~EAhT]<; ~a<; E<pEPE TOV svuv xovro crTOV aA.AOV Kat ~tA.Oucra~E Yla to ropin Kat <plAOA.oyia. Ka8ro<; nspvouonv ru XPovta, 01 crlJST]"Cl'jcr£l<; ~a<; YEVlKa £lxav va KaVOlJV ~E 8E~a"Ca 1tOlJ Ev81E<pEpav Ka1 TOlJ<; 8lJO ~a<; Kat Y1a ru onoto exstvoc yvroptSE 1tOAU neprcoorcpu uno usvc. Exsivu ru xpovla £lxa~E Kl aAA.a K01va Ev81a<pEpovm. To EVa l'jmv T] crlJAAOYl'j ypa~~a"Cocrl'j~(J)v, 1tOlJ l'jmv "CO"CE 1tl0 8T]~0<P1H<; XO~1tl un ' oco rropn. To £v81a<pEpov ~a<; yta TO <P1AO"CEAtcr~0 apX1crE ~E TOV aKoA.olJ80 "CP01to: o B1YKomK1 £lXE svuv E~a8EA.<p0, TOV N"Ca~iV"C BtYKOV"CcrKt, 1tOlJ l'j"Cav ~£ptKa XPOVta ~EyaA.U"CEpo<; TOll. 0 Nm~iV"C, 1tOlJ upyorepn EY1VE Eva<; £~aipE"Co<; yA(J)crcrOA.0Y0<; Kat <P1AOAOY0<;, l'jmv mEVO<; <piAO<; TOlJ Pounv I'uncouxcov Kat TOll BiKTOP ~KA.O<pcrKl Kat T] crlJyypa<pi:a<; Mupts rn ~aYlvlav TOV 8lJ~aml ~E "CPlJ<pEpO"CT]m o rn alJTO~1Oypa<plKa "CT]<; enueuounrn. EiXE XPlJcrl'j Kap8ta, onvrcotn K1 E~lJ1tva8a, Kat l'jmv Eva<; av8p(J)1t0<; coooc .. OXl ~OVO l'j~EPE Kat aya1tOucr£ "CT]v noincn aAM l'jmv xnt 0 i81O<; Eva<; 1tP(J)"CO"ClJ1tO<; Kat Ev81a<pEp(J)V 1t01T]"Ci]<;. No~iS(J) on EiXE ~EyaAT] smppon orov Bryxoroxi ornv 0 "CEAElJ"Caio<; l'jmv VEO<;. 0 Nrufiivr BtYK<'lVmKt, AOl1tOV, l'jmv, ~Em~u aAA(J)v, Ev80lJcrtacr~Evo<; ~E "CT] yA.rocrcra Ecr1tEpavTO. . Hruv «V"CEAEyKiTO», 8T]A.a8l'j 0 romxoc uvn npootonoc "CT]<; KivT]crT]<; "CT]<; Ecr1tEpaVTO o ro rKO~EA. AKOAOlJOrovruc TO 1tapa8£ly~a TOll Nruptvr apxicra~E Kt E~£l<; va "CT]v ~cA.E"Ca~E. Ot soxspnvnorcc XPT]crt~o1to1Oucrav "CT] YArocrcra TOlJ<; Yla va crlJVEVvoouvtm os OAU rn 8E~am, crlJ~1tEp1Aa~~aVO~£VT]<; Kat "CT]<; crlJAAOYl'j<; ypa~~aTOcrl'j~(J)v .. Em1, T] Ecr1tEpaVTO Kat T] crlJAA.0Yl'j ypa~~aTOcrl'j~(J)V

27

UV01~t LOU<; opi1~OV"CE<; Ila<; Kl ECjlepe KOV"CU llaKPlVE<; xropC<;. 0 BlYKOmKl otaAE~E ouv «CjliAO Si ' aAAllAoypaCjlia<;» EVa vsnpo alto rnv IoAavoia.

Motpasollao-cav EltiOll<; "CO reuGo<; yta "Co OKUKt. 0 Bryxoroxt i]-cav KaAo<; reaiK"Cll<;. H GEwpia "COU oxoxio» i]"Cav uyvwo"Cll O"CO rKollEA "CO"CE, aAAa "COU npeonv ru 1111 crepsoruno uvoivuuru. To EVOlaCjlEpOv LOU yw "CO OKUKt LO Kpa"ClloE Yla 01..11 "COU "Cll swi] aAAa 0Xl OE UltEpJ3oAtKO ~aGllo. Auro nou ltpaYllan ayaltOUOE coro tu vsuvixn LOU Xpovw IlEXpt Kat r«; "CCAw-caiE<; "COU IlEPE<; i]-cav "CO GEa"Cpo Kat 11 nomen. Are' 000 GUllullat, nrrvrn areayyEl\J .. E "COu<; ayaltllllEvou<; LOU o"Cixou<;. ~av llaGll"Ci]<; ayareouoE ltOAU "COV OOUOKlV aAACt, av"Ci9E-ca IlE OAOU<; "COu<; ureoAOlreou<; uno Ila<;, OEV nportuoooerouc AuptKou<; "COU o"Cixou<; aAAu xouprrnn orew<; LK17vr, am) rov cPaovar, Ktinote (ova£: ivai; lfJrwxo~ tnnotnc. Or uncpic; rpaywc5i£:~, Kat CjlUOlKa lOWt-cEpa "Cll Ftoptt] Kara r17 c5rapK[;ra uuu; uoatryoi; L1taAEYE o"Cixou<; nou GEWpOUOE onunvrucouq Kat ayvOOlJOE LOU<; ureoAOlreou<;. Fto reapuoEtYlla, rnv apxi] uno "CO reoilllla Motaapr tau LUAri:pr: «i\EVE / OEV ureapxEt Sucmoouvn o rn Fn. AAAa OEV ureapXEt OU"CE / nnpnrtspu. Fin IlEVa au"Ci] 11 aAi]GEta sivui ~aOlKi] 000 Kat Ilta KAillaKa». Auto OEV etvor "CO "CEAO<; "COU uovoxoyou "COU ~aAtEpt, 0 onoioc sivat reoAu onuuvnxoc, aAAa 0 i\E~ OEV vowso-cav va areayy£iAEt rou; O"Cixou<; rrou cxoxouOououv. I't ' uurov, Ol repro"CE<; A.E~Et<; i]-cav apKE"CE<; yw va urrst ornv ouoin .. AAAo<; ayarellllEvo<; "COU reolll"Ci]<; i]"Cav 0 Mrtkox, Tou apwE reoAU va altaYYEAAEt uno "CO Itasuc« notnuata rtou EiXav uin KaltOW YEU- 011 "Cpaywoia<;.

Ot svtumbos«; exsivrov rrov Xpovwv Ereat~av o nuovnxo pol..o crov npoodtoprouo nov IlEAAovnKrov LOU EVOWCjlEPOV"CWV Kat ornostov .

. Onox; EXW i]Ol1ltEl, 0 BtYKO"COKl nspuos OUO Xpovw (rnv E~~Olll1 Kat OYOOll "Ca~l1) ouv llaGll-ri]<; ern 0XOAi] "COu Prrrvsp .. Hrov IlEyaAll aAAayi] yta xsivov "CO va ~yEt alto rnv O1KOYEVEWKi] a"CIlOoCjlatpa onoo i]-cav reEptKuKAWIlEVO<; 0XEOOV uovo areo yuvaiKE<; Kat va j3PEGEi ouvrpotpur IlE rratOla "COU oxoAEiou rtou stvm apKE"Ca OUOKOAO va ru uvrtIlE"CwreioEl<;. To Stuvorrnxo EreireEoo rrov oUllllaGll"Crov "COU i]"Cuv apKE"Ca U\jlllAO ana 0 BtYKOTOKl ~EXroP1SE nxouu Kt avallwa "COU<;. To j3aGo<; rtov EVOWCjlEPOV"CWV rou, 11 uccvornro ron v ' avaAuEl' OUVOE-ca sporniurrr«, IlE Aiya Aoyta 11 ucuvorrrr« "COU va OKECjl"CC-cat, 01..' ouro "Cpaj311~av xovrn "COU "COU<; OUllllaGll"CE<; Kat "COU<; oaoKaAouc "C0lJ.

To KaAoKaipl "COU 1913 oi otKOYEVEIE<; Ila<; voixinonv E~OXlI'-U O"CllV Mnss.tto« rrou i]-cav "CO"CE rrpouo rto "COU rKOIlEA. 0 i\Ej3 "CEAEiwvE "Co YUllvaOlo Kat i]011 EOlVE n<; AqoIlEVE<; «nvrtnpooto-tucct;» E~E"CaOEt<;, ~l1Aaoi] E~E"CaOl;l<; cru; onoisc i]-cav nnprov Kureow<; nvnnpooomoc "Cll<; EKreatOEI'-' ':i]<; apxi]<; 0 onoioc treatSE altoCjlaOtOnKo r:;oAo o rn j3aGlloAoyia. Tu; reEplooo"CEpE<; CjlOPE<; 0 ureaAAllAo<; rtou DtaAqav i]-cav

28

baaKaAO<; alto TO b11~OO"to ylJ~VaalO, 01 m:ptaao'n:pot T(OV onoirov xorroconv nspuppovnrucc TOlJ<; baaKaAOlJ<; Kat TOlJ<; ~a011TE<; TOlJ tbtWTtKOU ylJ~vaaiolJ Kat alJxva i]mv nvnonuirsc. Ilup ' oAa uuru, 0 AE~ lti]yE ltOAU KrtAa a' alJTE<; ru; E~ETaaEt<; Kat i]mv otvoupo on Oa snutpve ltTlJXio ~E smnvo. AAAa aXEbov oro ueco TWV E~ETaaEwv EwpaviaT11KE uin EYKUKAlO<; nno TOV onoupyo IlatbEia<; Kuco. lT11v maptKi] Poxnc lJlti]PXE Eva alJyKEKpt~EVO nocooro Etaaywyi]<; Ellpnuov c ro rvortrouru avroTEP11<; EKltaibwa11<;. AlJTO TO nocooro i]mv rpiu T01<; EKaTo am ltaVEmaTi]~ta T11<; Moaxa<; Kat T11<; IlETpoUltoA11<;. lT11v ltpa~l1 alJTO ai]~atVE on uuroi ltOlJ Eixav xplJao ~ETaAA1O dxav aiyolJp11 T11v Etaaywyi] TOlJ<;, uuroi nou dXav npyupo ~ETaAAlO EiXav mOaVOTTJTE<; nsvqvrn TOt<; EKaTo, EVro sxstvoi ltOlJ TEAdwvav TO yuuvdcto xwpi<; va ltapolJv smnvo bEV dXav Ka~ta EAltiba. Evo rnpouos TO nooocro, 11 EyKUKA1O<; TOlJ Kuoo Etai]yayE svov xmvoupy10 xavova 01tOlJ Ot E~paiot 1tOlJ EiXav KavEt aiT11a11 Oa sunmvuv os 1taVEmaTi]~1O ~E KAi]po. H tbEa i]Tav ltOAU altAi]: 1tPE1tEt va nuipvouv 1tavE1ttaT11~taKi] ~op<pwa11 oXt Ot mo npouciousvoi aAAa ot ~ETp1Ot VEOt ltOlJ i]mv a1tWavo va <pTaaOlJV ce lJljl11Aa EmTEuy~am aTO ~nAov.

... elJ~a~at on KaOO~OlJv ~E TOV BtYKOTaKt aT11 ~EpavTa TOll E~OXtKOU TOlJ. MOAt<; dXE ltAuvEt ru 1tObta T11<; ~tKpOTEpi]<; TOlJ abEA<pi]<; Kat. T11<; dXE bta~aaEt ~EptKa 1tatbtKa zrorquurnxm ru onoio aya1tOUaE Kt exstvoc 1tOAU (Exsivo TO KaAoKaipt TOV yvdipiou Kat ouv KaAo abEA<po Kat ouv y10 01..0 opovrtou). MOlJ EbEt~E TOTE T11V Eq>l1~Epiba 1tOlJ Eypa<pE yta T11v xmvoupytu EYKUKAto ltOlJ ai]~atvE ~EyaA11 aTlJxia yta xsivov npootomxc Kat yta 01.11 TOlJ T11V oucoycvsiu uin Kat nvsrpsns rn aXEbta TOlJ yta T11v KaptEpa TOlJ Kat ru; EAltibE<; TOlJ yta uiu 1tavE1ttO"T11~taKi] ~op<pwa11.

«Opiore», Ei1tE 0 AE~, «trope bEV EXW Ka~ta EA1tiba".

H Eib11aTJ ~OlJ <pavTJ KE roco unorponrn TJ 1tOlJ TOlJ a1taVT11aa EVTEAro<; EtAtKptva:

«Av bEV bqTouv soevo aTO nnvcntorruno Oa stvut ~EyaA11 abtKia.

Etum oiyoupot; on Oa aE bEXTOUV. Ila~E aTOiX11~a;»

o BtYKOTaKt, 0 onotoc aT01X11~ansE 1tOAU, xa~oynam; Kat a1tAwaE TO XEpt TOlJ. BaAa~E O"ToiX11~a Eva KaAo ~t~Aio.

L1Ev EKavE OUTE Eva AaOo<; an<; TEAtKE<; E~ETaaEt<; TOlJ Kat 1ti]PE xplJao ~ETaAA1O. ME T11v E7tt~OVi] TWV yovuov TOlJ, EKavE aiT11a11 yta T11v taTptKi] axoAi] 1tOlJ OEWpEiTO 111tt0 TatptaaTi] YWTi E~aa<paAtsE Eva ~ETP1O aAAa cryoupo ~tAAov.

Eivat aAi]OEta Ott 0 BtYKoTaKt EVbta<pEpomv mo 1tOAU yta r«; avOpW1ttanKE<; a1tOlJbE<;, aAAa rt blJvaTOT11TE<; EiXE; Ta T~i]~am icroptc«; Kat <ptAoAoyia<; TOlJ i]Tav altA11aiaam Siort EK1taibWav KlJpiw<; baaKaAOlJ<; bWTEpo~ae~ta<; EKltaibElJa11<; Kat ot E~paiot a1tayopwoTav va eivm Snuootoi lJ1taAA11AOt aT11V TaaptKi] Pmotn. Kat

29

"Co "Cl-tiU1U "CT]~ Nouucrp; YEVtKU f:~YUSE ~tKucrnKOI)~ a~tffil-lU"COUXOU~ UV Kat f:~tVE "CT] ~UVU"CO"CT]"CU VU yiVEt KUVEi~ 8tKT]yOPO~.

Km "CO"CE crUVf:~T] "CO UltpOcr~OKT]"CO. L"CU "Cf:AT] Auyouorou Ot Bryxovro«t f:AU~UV "CT]AEypU<pT]l-lU nno <piAOU~ cr"CT] Mocrxu rrou "COU~ f:AEyE on 0 AE~ EiXE yivst OEK"CO~ oro nuvsmo rrgno KU"C01tlV KA1iPfficrT]~. TT]V iotu l-lf:pU uou npooqispe f:VUV "COl-lO us nomuuru "COU Mnouviv l-lE U<ptf:PfficrT]: «L"COV Lf:vta, os uvul-lvT]crT] EVO~ XUl-lf:VOU cr-cotx1il-lu"CO~». L1Ev VOl-liSffi on 'urr1ip~E UAAO~ nou XUpT]KE roco rroAu xuvovm~ svn cr"COiXT]l-lu.

EKdvT] "CT]v £ltOx1i "CU Ev~tu<pf:povm "COU AE~ urrdxuv rroAu alto "CT]v Iurptxn Kat nptv rrEpucrEt f:va~ l-liJva~ f:KaVE l-lE"Cuypa<p1i o ro 'Wlil-la "CT]~ Nouucnc, . E"CUX£ ouo»; rn "CEAEUmia "COU xpovta va acrxoAT]8Ei l-lE 1tpO~A1il-lam rtou Eixav crXf:crT] l-lE "CT]v tU"CptK1i Kat, ovrm; 1i~T] lCa8T]yT]"C1i~ \jIuxoAoyia~, ypU<p"CT]KE <pot"CT]"C1ic; cr"CT]V Irrtpucn.

Av Kat ~EV Ev~ta<pEpomv t~tai-cEpa OU"CE yta "CT] Sixovouiu, E~UKOAOu8T]crE vn ota~us£t VOl-ltKU. Ourox; 1i Unffi~, l-lE rr"CUxio Nouucrp; 8a unopouos va yivEt OtKT]yOPO~ Kat ouro yta svav E~paio cr1il-latvC on 8a unopooos va sEt f:~ffi alto "CO OUAL

I'in va «rrapT]yopT]8Ei» 0 BtYKO"CcrKt ypU<p"CT]KE oro AatKO OaVE1tlcr"C1il-110 Lavtu<pcrKt cr"CT] Mocrxa onou rrapaKOAOu8T]crE icropto Kat <ptAocro<pia. L1EV urr1ipxav rcrtn "Cl-l1il-la"Ca o ro AU"COKpa"CoptKO Ilovcmo rruno. To Fluvsmo rruno llivtU<pcrKt 1imv uiu crXOA1i rroAu U\jIT]AOU E1tllti;~ou av Kat "CO rr"CUxio "COU OEV avayvffiptsOmv uno ru; "CcraptKi;~ apxi;~ Kat ~EV f:~tvE ~tKal(.i>l-lam cr"COU~ rr"CuxlOUXOUC; "COU. To 1911 T] Ku~i;pvT]crT] EiXE x"CUrr1icrEt crKAT]pU oro AU"COKpa"COptKO Iluvemorruno "CT]C; MocrXac;. Ot nepicoorspot <p0l"CT]"Ci;~ "COU dxav alto~AT]8Ei l-lE"CU uno uiu <pOl"CT]nK1i unspyin. Lav otal-lap"Cupia svuvnn ern xurumso rucn usrpc "COU unoupyoo OatoEia~ Kuco, nepioccrspoi coto EKU"COYVfficr"COi smo nurove; i;<puyav un ' "CO nuvcmorruno. Avduson "COUC; i)"Cav- ot Ttl-HptUSE<p, Ai;l-lrrEv"CE<p, ZEAivcrKt, ZOUKO<pcrKt, TcrarrAiYKtv Kat o BEPVUV"CcrKl. OOAAoi alto uurou; nco i;<puyav ~p1iKav Kam<puylO o ro Ilovsmorruno LavtU<pcrKl. 0 BtYKO"CcrKt ffi<pEA1i8T]KE ncptcoorspo uno "CT]v uruoooutpu oro zuvemorruuo uuro Kat uno "CT] ouvcvcorpoqin roo l-lE "COuC; EKEi <p0l"CT]"Ci;~ Kat oacrKuAouC; un ' oco uno r«; crrrou~f:C; "CO\) oro "Cl-l1il-la 'tT]~ Nouucn; .. Erot, rrOAAU xpovta'apYO"CEpa, ornv i)mv rrOAU cro~apu UPPfficr"CO~, si)"CT]crE uno "COv rrpwT]v Ka8T]yT]"Ci) "COu oro Ilcvsmo nuno LavtU<pcrKt, "COV nOUAt . AtXEV~aAv"C, va qipovriost yta "CT]V i;K~OcrT] rrov i;pyffiv "COU.

Ot crrrouof:C; "COU crTT] Nouucn ErrT]pi;acrav "COV BtYKO"CcrKl. 0ul-lUl-lat on "Co 1915 i) "CO 1916 EVW ~PtcrKO'tUV oro rKOl-lEA yta ~taKorri;~, ecrnoe i;va «AOYO"CExvtKO OtKacr"Ci)pto» us "CO <piAO "COU BAav"Cil-ltp OUstv. L1tUAE~av "CT]V toropiu ron I'xopotv «Nurus.tn NtKOAuYE~va» ortou i;va~ uv"Cpa~ crKO"CWVEt uno L:1iAtu. 0 OUstV al-li;crffiC; E~EA.i;YT]

30

otKaoni<; svdi OTOV BtYKOTOKt rrpoO"!pf:p811K£ va £mH~£t TO pOAO TOU 011110010U KaniYopou i] TOU ouvrryopou unspnomonc. Asv TOV f:vOta1;£ rtotov 8a sxove Kat i]mv srouu»; va avaAa~£t Kat TOU<; Mo. lT11v apxi] unopnon. Bf:~ata o£v i]mv rrpaYllaTtKi] aAAa eucovucn oiK11, aHa rrOl<; i]mv Suvuro va unspcomorst aVTi8£T£<; arro\jl£t<;; TOT£ KaTaAa~a ott urtopouos va O£t ru £mX£tpi]llam Kat TWV OUO rrA£upOlv. EiX£ nnoxrnest aUTi] T11 voorpo mn va avaAU£t ru; llrr08f:on<; orov i]mv <POtT11Ti]<; T'1<; Noutxnc. AAAa 0 OAO<; rponoi; OKf:\jI11<; TOU i]mv rsru»; ztou zrsptqipovouos T11 uovouspeiu, T11v rrpoKaTaA11\j111 Kat T11V aotKa1OAoY11T11 rrioT11 OT11v op80T11m llta<; oUYK£Kptllf:V11<; aVTiA11\j111<;. H OA'1 TOU sm- 0"T111l0VtKi] Kaptf:pa 0l111ao£uT11K£ nno T11v Tpoll£Pi] ucnvornrc TOU va KaTaVO£l oXt 1l0VO rrpaYllaTa 11£ ru orroia nuroc 0 io1O<; unopouos va tuutto tst aAAa Kat T11V arro\jl11 TOU aAAou .

. Icox; Ot orrouot<; TOU 0"T11 Noutxn va ~0i]811oav TOV BtYKOTOKt va avarrTU~£t ru; P11TOptKt<; TOU tKaVoT11T£<;, av Kat rrptrr£t va mo Ott dX£ uiu tKaVoT11m va £K<ppa1;ct Ka8apa Kat rr£tOnKa n<; tot£<; TOU nno mnoi. Mnopouos va xovei £vOtacpf:pov TO onoioorptors 8tlla ou1;'1TOUO£, Kat orov 8aulla1;av T11v uccvornrc TOU v ' a<P11Y£l rut ioroptsc, tA£y£: «~£V txw mAtvTo £yol. To 8tlla 1l0U sivnt ouvapnoo-nxo..

NOlli1;w ott a' aUTO TO 01111£l0 rrpf:rr£t va oa<; mo Kan ym TOV Bknvrunp Ou1;tv, svcv av8pwrro nou avallcpi~oAa £rr'1pf:aoc TOV BtYKOTOKl. 0 Bxrrvrijnp Ou1;tv i]mv rroAu ll£yaAuTcp0<; un ' OAOU<; lla<;. ~£v £lX£ TU7rtKi] 1l0Pcpwo11 aAAa Xap11 0"T'1 o mivtu £~urrvaoa TOU tyw£ uno uovo; TOU tva<; uno TOU<; mo 1l0PCPWlltvOU<; avOpOlrrou<; T11<; £rroxi]<; lla<; .. Hrnv rrOAUYAWOOO<; Kat i]mv totaiTcpa KaAO<; am AanvtKa Kat ru tcnovncc. Mere T11v Enevco rucn TOU 1917 f:ypa\jl£ rroAAa tpya AOYOT£XVtKi]<; xpi TtKi]<; Kat Soxiuin 11£ 8tlla TO 8taTpo Kat Il£Ttcppa1;c uno rn to nnvucd. H pWOtKi] tKooo11 TWV 8WTptKOlv tpywv TOU Aons VT£ Bf:yKa £lX£ OtKO TOU rrpoAoyo. AAAa sxsivo rn uuxptvn xpovta OTO rKOll£A, 0 Ou1;tv t~ya1;£ TO \jIWI.!l TOll rrapaoioovTa<; totaiT£pa lla8i]llam AanvlKOlv xrn aAAwv lla81111aTwv.

o B1YKOTOKl ~p1O"KOmV orrin TOU yta olaKorrt<; Kat unoqxiotoc va ~ava8uIl118£l ru AanvtKa TOU apxi1;ovTa<; lla8i]llaTa 11£ TOV OU1;lV. ~£V rrtpaoc rroAu<; KatPO<; Kat 01 ouvuvrncs«; TOU<; £~dix811Kav oe <plAia rrou olapK£O"£ lltXPl TO Tf:AO<;.

Knrn T11 01apK£ta TWV <pOl T'1TtKOlv TOU XPOVWV 0 Bt YK0TOKl apxto£ va EVOta<ptp£ml aKoll'1 mo rroAu Yla T11 AOYOT£Xvia. Tsxeiozotncc T'1V KamrrA11KnKi] TOU uccvornrc va ~piOK£t oTixou<; rtou ayyt1;av T11v KapOta TOU usco uno TO tpyo OAWV oX£oov TWV ouyypa<pf:wv. I'i« rrapaOEtYlla, TO ayarr1111£vo TOU rroi11lla uno TOV npmroruno orrnpuco rrot11Ti] laoa Tospvt Tta tvav appcoato, i]mv Ka8£ aAAo rrapa orrnpixo. Idiuircpn TOU ap£oav Ot npdrrot oTixot rcou i]mv Karrw<; £TOt: « Yrrapx£t o 1;£O"TO<; i]A1O<;, urrapxouv rn a<pdi] rratota Kat 11 8aullaOta xapa TWV

31

Il£AW()lroV Kat TWV ~l~Aiwv. Kt av aUTU ()£V U1ti)pxav, stvm cxouo 0 Mm:TO~£V Kat 0 Flouoxiv, 0 XUlVE Kat 0 rKp1YK».

Exeivc ru Xpovta ayu1tTJo£ cxouo mo 1tOAU ru noutunrc TOU TlOUTOf.<p. Kat 11£ TOV TlOUTO£<p £1tioTJ~ KaTu<pf.p£ va ~PE~ n~ «()lKf;~ TOU o-rpoetc», 1tOU OEV i)mv TEA£iw~ A\)Pl1Ci:~ aAAu 1t0\) EiXaV tva <ptAOOO<ptKO Ili)vulla. LUXVU a1tuYYf.AAf. aUTt~ r«; OTpO<pt~:

«fl10Tf.UOUIlf. nxouo OTa 8aullaTa.

flap' oAa rc lla8i)llam Kat ru; aAi)8f.lf.~ Ilou Ila~ ()i()a~£ TJ i;;wi).

2tpoull£ on U1tUPX£l 0IlOP<PlU 1tOU ()£ 8a O~i)OEl Kat ()UvallTJ 1tOU ()£V unopsi va f.~avTATJ8d.

· On AOUAOU()ta Ilta~ OIlOP<PtU~ E~Wyi)tVTJ~ LTO yi)tVO uopoouo ()£ 8a u1toKlnjlouv,

Kat ()pOOoOmAtt~ 1tOU t1t£oav 1tuvU) TOU~ TO rtptoi, ,1.£ 8a O'tEYVrooouv urt ' TO llf.oTJIlEptavO i)AlO. Eivat uio 1tiOTTJ 1tOU ()£ 8a O£ ~f.yf.AUO£t

Av i;;f.t~ uovo 11' curnv un ' TTJV apxi) w~ TO T£AO~. ,1.EV civet a1tapaiTTJTO, o.ri uvOtOf. va llapa8d,

,1.f.V sivm unopuirnro o.rt U1ti)P~E va Ota~£i.»

o BtY1COT01C\ nuvro aya1touo£ TOV M1tAOK TO\) onoioo 'to noinuo To rpUlvrrirpv)Ao teat () atoupoc TOV yoi)n:uE lOlai TEpa. «Y 1tUPXf.l Ill1;;i:pw. Kat xallo~ TptyUpW coo. Tt Of. neptusver; Li)KWO£ TO xoupsxicousvo OOU novi Ka1 ~UA£ tva oroupo OTO 8ropaKa TTJ~ 1tavo1tAia~ OOU». LUXVU £ixa TTJV £VTU1tWOTJ 1tW~ orcv a1tuYY£AA£ curou; TOU~ oTixou~ OK£<pTOrev TO ()lKO TOU Il£A.AOV, TTJ ()\Ki) TOU uoipo.

Kat <pU01KU, ono 1tat()i at08avomv 1tOAIJ KOVTU TOU TTJV 1toiTJoTJ TOU XU\v£.

· OAa aUTU ru 1tO\i)llam Ila~ Af;Vf. xurt yta TTJV aVTiATJ\jITJ 1tOU £iXf. 0 B\YKOTOK1 yta TOV KOOIlO TTJV E1tOxi) £KdVTJ, Kat 11' aUTi) TTJV cvveio, to AOYOT£XV\KU TOU £V()ta<ptpovm eivrn 1t1O a1tOKaAU1tnKU urt ' o.rt ru rtpdrr« f.1tlOTTJllov1Ka TOU tpya.

H 1tf.i;;oypa<pia £1tioTJ~ TOV f.1tTJptaoE 1tOAIJ. EiXE 1tOAU KaAi) yvrollTJ yta TOV M1tOUV1V Kat yta ru OlTJyi]llaTU TOU TTJ~ £1tOxi)~ 1912-1916, l()wiT£pa yta TTJV EAarpplri avriaa .. Eypa\jl£ uio aVuAuOTJ Y1' aUTO TO ()li]YTJlla 1tOU opyorspo OUIl1t£P1Ai)<P0TJK£ OTO ~l~Aio TOU 'I'vxoAoyia rnc; ri:xv'le;. E}£wpouo£ 'tTJ vou~Ua TOU Avrpst M1t£At Iletpoimosn. TTJV 1t1O 0TJllavnKi) vou~i:Aa TTJ~ £1tOxi)~. Ano ru KAaO"lKU PW01KU AOYOTf.XV1KU tpya TOV OUYK1VOUO£ 1t£P1000Tf.PO nn ' oAa, TTJV £1tOxi) £K£ivTJ, TO tpyo TOU NTOOTOyt<pOKl. K1 aUTO, ioroc, ytaTi ()UO nno ru IlU810TOpi)llaTU TOU, 01 aOcArpoi Kapapa(orp Ka1 01 oalpovlapi:vol (1tOU TlTAO<pOpi)0TJK£ NIKOAril EravpoYKIV) 1taiXTTJKav nno TO E>taTpo TtXVTJ~ TTJ~ Mooxa~.

· APX10£ va £V()ta<ptp£Ta1 yta TO 8taTpo f.vro i)Tav oxouu llaeTJTi)~. L£

32

K(17tot£~ KaAOKatptvi:~ tOU (haK01ti:~ avi:~ao£ to i:pyo tOU rKOYKOA 0 yriJlOC;. Kat i]tav K(ht ouv OKTJv08i:tTJ~, Ka8ro~ ~£A£tOUO£ OAOU~ roix; pOAOU~, aVDptKou~ Kat yuvuucsiouc, ~asi ~£ nurou; 1tOU ou~~£tI;ixav. napaKOAou80uo£ us siJAo tOU~ 8taoou~ 1tOU nepvououv uno xet, Kat D£V i:Xao£ Ka~ta 1tapaotaoTJ oro KaAoKatptvO 9i:atpo tOU rKO~£A cv Kat DUOtUXro~ Ot 1t£ptOOOt£PE~ nn ' auti:~ i]tav cpxsro - ~i:tPt£~. To 1ta80~ rou yw to 8i:atpo EKDTJAro8TJK£ mo 1tOAU ornv i]wv tpoi tTJti]~. To E>i:atpO Ti:xvTJ~ i]wv to aya1tTJ~i:vo rou OtTJ MooXa. Fro to 1t£pt~aAAOV oro onoio sOuo£ 0 BtYKOtOKt, to E>i:atpo Ti:xvTJ~ roue ~a8atv£ Kan yta toy i:~w KOO~O Kat Ot 1tapaywyi:~ rou ~ll1tVOUOav OKi:\jI£t~ ytu tTJ swi] rnv iDW. To EVDta<ptpov rou yw to 8i:atpo oDi]YTJO£ OtTJ vvmptuiu rou us roix; tors DtaoTJ~ou~ xprrucouc rou 8EatpOll NtKOAat Kat A~paa~ E<ppO~.

MtAroVW~ yw to POAO 1tOU i:1tat~£ to Oscrpo OtTJ swi] rou Bryxoroxi, 1tpi:1t£t vo cvcocpco tTJ ~a8ta £VtU1twoTJ 1tOU a<pTJo£ 1tavw rou orov i]wv 1tatDi 0 ·AJlAcr .. Oruv i]wv ~a8TJti]~ apxto£ vc ypa<p£t uio i:K8EO"TJ 1tavw orov 'AJlACr, rnv onoic, un ' 000 8u~a~at, D£V i:Dn~E O£ xovsvuv .. Hrov to mo KaAa <puAay~i:vo rou uuoruco. H i:K8£oTJ DTJ~0O"t£i)8TJ KE t£AtKa ouv - OU~1tA i]pw~a OtTJ D£UtEPTJ i:KDOOTJ rou ~t~Aiou roo 11 IjIvxoAoyia inc; rlxvlK Auto to DOKi~tO ico»; vu £iX£ ava8£wPTJ8£i cpvorspc, aAAU to ~£KivTJo£ ouv i:<PTJ~o~. No~isw on 1tpt1tEt vu £1taVaAa~w on 0 Brvxoroxt i]taV YEVVTJ~tVO~ OtoxaOti]~ Kat KaW1ttaOtTJK£ ~£ r«; tpaywDi£~ rou Lai~1tTJP ouv otOxaoti]~. Kcro ru oorrnruco tOU Xpovw, 0 rKOpVtOV Kpi:tYK avi:~ao£ xwpi~ oKTJVtKa toy 'AJlA[;T oro E>i:atpo TtxvTJ~ .. Hrnv utu tOA~TJpi] Kat a1tpOO~EVTJ KivTJOTJ 1tOU i:Dtv£ ~£yaAUt£PTJ oTJ~aoia OtTJv epunvsin. o Brycoroxt £vDw<pi:p8TJKE tDWlt£pa yt ' auti] rnv 1tapaywyi].

Ano roue ~£yaAou~ OtOxaOti:~ rou 1tap£A80vto~ 1tOU snnpscocv 1tEptOOOt£pO rov Bryxoroxt, 0 M1tapoux L1tlVOsa tx£t 1tPWtaPXtKi] 8tOTJ. 0 Brycoroxr EiX£ ~£yaAo Kat ~aKpoxpOVtO £VDW<pi:pov yta roix; otOxao~oi)~ Kat ru tpya uurou rou <PtAOOO<pOU. . Orcv i]wv vi:o~ ~£KivTJOE uio ~£yaATJ spvcotc ~£ 9i:~a toy L1ttVOsa aHa nore DEV rnv t£A.£iwo£. To 1970, to 1t£ptODtK6 Banpoot cPlAoaoqJlI (Znrnuurc <DtAooo<pia~) DTJ~ooi£uo£ to nproro rou ap9po ~E 8t~a toy Nrsxcpr toy onoio 0 Bryccroxt 8£WPOUOE 1tpODpO~O rou L1ttVOsa .. Ico»; ru apxEia rou BtYKOtOKt vc 1t£pti:xouv Kt aAAa xouuurto uurou rou spyou, To 1915 TJ aD£A.<pi] rou TJ Ztvuivrc £yypa<pTJK£ ow EA£u9£pa Ilcvsmotrunoxc Ma8i]~aw yw Fovcixec OtTJ MooXa. Motpasowv to iDtO Dw~ano ~£ toy A£~ Kt £KEiVO~ ouv£Xro~ tTJV 1tATJPO<pOpouo£ yw ru £VDta<pi:povta rou. dtaAE~E ouv 8i:~a tTJ~ £pyaoia~ tTJ~ tTJ <ptAooo<pia rou L1ttVOsa, svo 8i:~a 1tOU Ot Ka8TJYTJti:~ tTJ~ cpyorspc tTJ~ nporsrvcv vu Mon ouv DWtPt~i] u<pTJy£oia~. H Ztvaivrc i:ytV£ £~i:xouoa yA.woooA.6yo~ Kat oU~~£t£ix£ OtTJ ouyypa<pi] 1toHrov ~£VOyAWOOWV

33

AE~lKroV ztou EK808TJKav O"TTJ xropa IlUi;. H O"uv£xi]<; Ena<pi] Ila~i TTJ<; npsnst va EnTJpEam: TU smornuovucc £VDlu<pi:pOVTU TOU BtYKOTO"Kl.

.. , nOTE apX10"£ va £vDta<pi:pETat 0 BtYKOTO"Kl yw TTJV ElttO"Ti]IlTJ TTJ<; \jIuxoAoyia<; Kat nro<; t<pTUo"E 0"' aUTO TO £vDW<ptpov; EVIlEPE1, TJ o"TpO<pi] TOU 0"' aUTi] TTJV ElttO"Ti]IlTJ i]TUv IlW <pUO"lKi] ouvcneto TOU £VDW<ptpOVTO<; TOU yw TTJ AOYOTExvia, £lDIKOT£pa ru; \jIUXOAOYIKi:<; vou~tA£<;. Tov iDlO KatPO, TJ yvuiptuiu TOU 11£ OPIO"IlEVa E1tlO"TTJIlOvtKa i:pya TOVWO"£ TO £VDW<ptpov TOU rtnvro 0"' aUTO TO 8i:lla.

To nproro an' aUTa ru i:pya i]TUV TO LKEIf/1'f «at yllwaaa TOU AA£~aVTp Flutsunviu, TO onoio £iXE Dw~ao"Et svro i]TUV uxouu lla8TJTi]<; O"TO O"XOAEiO. nap' OAO nou 0 Flursurtvtu i]TUV nproro an' OAa YAWO"O"OAOY0<;, aUTO TO ~l~Aio, rtou EK800TJKE TO 1850, ayyi~El \jIUXoAoYIKa ~TJTnllaTa. LKt\jl£1<; navw O"TU O"uv8na npo~Ai]llaTU, nou TTJV Enoxi] TOU Flureunvtn (Kat cxouo KaTa tu vsnvuco Xpovw TOU BtYKOTO"Kl) i]O"av uxouu terra incognita yw TTJV E1tlO"Ti]IlTJ TTJ<; \jIuxoAoyia<;, ioux; va i]TUV TJ a<pETTJpia ytu TTJV npWToTUnTJ uovoypmpin TOU LKCIf/1'f tau yllwaaa. Axouo Kat 01 TiTAOt uurrov TWV ~t~Aiwv Ilota~ouv. Auo aAAa ~l~Aia rtou Dtapao"E 0 B1YKomKl KaTa TU nuvsmorrunuxu TOU Xpovw TOV EnTJ pcuonv EniO"TJ<;. To tva i]TUV 01 lWIKI).iU; inc ()p'laKf:UTlKI;<; eunapku; TO\! Qui/dull T~tlll<; rrou !:I(!:ivu tu xpovta 8EWpEi TO Il!:Y(lAo<; \jI\JXOAOyO<;. Al!TC) TO IlvT]llwilb!:e; tpyo O"\JYKi:VTPWo"E cvuoopc; uuo n xio n K(tlV currcrpuov (m() uvOp(tmoLJe; TOO"O DW<pOpETtKOUe; IlETa~U TO\Je; onox; 0 <DpuYKio"KOe; TTle; AO"i~T]; KUl II nV£lJIlUTiO"Tpw Movtou MnAu~C:nO'Kl. 0 Tsi:tlle; UVUt,iJu (tIni:; ne; uupropu«; AEnTOIlEp!:wKU UV(l~ T]T<ilVWC; r nv cvopuo n 0" wntc; t«; uO"\Jvi]OtcrH:e; !:Iln!:lpi!:e;. Acv npoxcrrur, T[(1\'T<ll':;, yw I:\'(I Kpl rt K() i:pyo.

o BtYKOTO"Kt EVTUnWO"laO"TTJK£ nOAi) un ' aUTO TO 0t0Aio orro»; Kt qro (uou TO tDOO"E va TO Dta0aO"w), Kt tmt TO O"\J~TJTi]O"aIlE yw reoAi).· HO!:Aa nOAu va EXW EUOEiE<; anavTi]o"Ete; yw TO rrou«; EllnEtpir.e; are' aUTte; rtou n£plypa<pEl 0 O"uyypa<ptae; i]O"av npaYllaTtKf.:e; Kat rrou«; i]O"av cvonotc; Kat mapAaTUvtO'lloi nou DEV a~t~av tblai Tr.pTJe; repoO"oxi]e;. AAAa 0 BtYKOTO"Kl O"uvi]8w<; unuvtouo e IlE svo «Ico»; civet aAi]8Eta, iO"wC; bEV eivut». MEptKi:C; <popt<; 1l0U <pUlVOTaV Ott unAa br.V niO"T£UE Ott a~t~r. TOV xorto va O"U~TJTi]o"Et uUTa tu O"iJVO£TU rep00Ai]llaw Ila~i 1l0\J YWTi i]pO\JV nOAI) vsoc. Kt 0IlWC;, 1tt0"TEI)W Ott Ot anavTi]o"Et<; TOU anOKaAunTOUV tva XapaKTTJptO"TtKO TOU rportou O"Ki:\jITJe; TOll, DTJAabi] TTJV lKaVOTTJTU va DEt tva npO~~ATJlla uno bta<popETtKt<;, Kallla qiopn Kat aVTi8ETE<; unO\jlEIC;, TTJV E1tl8Ullia TOU va IlTJ xam:l tva O"TJllaVTtKO <PatVOIlEVO uovo EnEtDi] <paiV£Tat va stvrn aniO"Tr.UTO.

To aAAo ~l~AiO liTav TO 0t~Aio TOll <DpatvT l[JvxorraOoAo),ia Tl7( Ka()17WP1Vll(; (Wlls. Ot tDtE<; TOU <DPOtVT i]O"av xcrvoupvu«; Kat uouvn- 8tO"T£C; 0"£ Ilac; Kat Ila<; npOKaAEO"aV o"KE\jI£tC; ytu TtC; ~a8uTEp£<; at TiE<; nOAArov \jIUXIKroV <pat vousveov.

34

Bt~ata, TJ 'l'UxoAoyia t1tatS£ Ka1tOlO POAO OTO 1tpoypalllla lla8TJllaTOW TOU TIll'jllaTO~ IOTOpia~ Kat <DtAooo<pia~ TOU Flcvemo muioo LaVla<pOKl. . 01tW~ leal va 'vat 1tt0T£UW on ru ~t~Aia aurti rovroouv TO £VDta<ptpov TOU B1YKOTOKl yta TTJV 'l'uxoAoyia.

<D8avoull£ nope OTTJV 1t£piODO 1tOU Kat 01 Duo Kavall£ tva xutvoupyto Kat 0TJllaVTtKO ~£KivTJlla.

TEA£HoVOVTa~ TO 1ta VE1tt0Tl'j 1110, 0 B1YKOTOKl E1ttOTPE'I'£ OTO rKOIlEA Kat OTa TEATJ TOU 1918 uuroq Kat 0 ~aDEA<po~ TOU Nrojlivr apxtoav va DtMoKOUV <ptAOAoyia OTO 0xoAdO. EK£ivTJ TTJV £1tOxl'j cyw DiDaoKa to roptc OTTJ 0XOAl'j TOU NaUTtKOU LTOAioKOU TOU ~v£i1t£pou. A1tO TOTE, 1tOTt D£v £iXa TOOO npOO£KTtKO, svounpcpoucvo Kat OTOxaOTtKO cxpoornpto 000 exsivot ot vaUT£~ 1tOU aKouyav axopruyu 0, rt tA£ya 1tpOOna8WVTa~ va mcooov TO vOTJlla TWV 10TOptKWV Y£YOVOTWV 1tOU ouvsfiorvuv TOT£. QOTOOO, 1tapOAO 1tOU TJ DOUAla uou OTO oxoA£io dX£ EVDta<ptpov, at08aVOllOUV OTt D£V l'jTaV cpxcro 1tpOKATJTtKij.

Lav TEA£tOIjlOt TO~ lla8TJTl'j~ £iXa Dta~aO£t utu Il£Ta<ppaOTJ TTJ~ VOU~EAa~ P1XG.pOOC; cPi;PAOVYK OTO 1t£PlODIKO POVO'KaYIa M[(JA (PWO"tKl'j LKt'l'TJ). Eivut yta tva V xapaKTTJ 1tOU £KDiD£t ouopoc ~t~Aia, £lKOVOypa<pWVTa~ ru, DlOp8WVOVTa~ Kat W1tWVOVTa~ ru 1l0VO~ TOU. H swl'j TOU sivai YEllaTTJ coro ru; xapi;~ Kat r«; All1t£~ TOU runoyprupou, aAAa eivm uiu ouvcpnccrnxn swl'j. . OAa uurri 1l0U ap£O"av 1tapa 1tOAU Kat urroqiuotou OTaV ll£yaAwow va aoxoATJ8w 11£ ru; £KDOO£t~. Fliorsuo on dX£ <pTaO£t TJ KaTaAATJATJ OTtYIll'j Yl' aUTO, £KlllJOTTJp£UTTJKa ru OXtDla uou OTOV BtYKOTOKt, Kat £v80UO"taOTTJK£ Kt exeivoc 11£ TTJV tD;;(1. «Flpsnst va ~aAoull£ Kat TOV Ntnbivr 0' aUTO», 1tpo08£0£.

METa cno 1toAH~ OUSTJTl'jO£t~ unotpcotouue va £KD6oouIlE ll£ptKa uno ru KaAuT£pa i:pya TTJ~ naYKoollta~ AOyOTExvia~, Ku8w~ Kat ouyxpova tpya. nw~ 8a ovollaSall£ TOV £KDOTtKO Ila~ OiKO; Ilcpcocue wp£~ OUSTJTWVTa~ TO ovouo Kat KaTaAl'j~all£ OTO «E1toxi:~ Kat uspc;». Emvonccue Kat EIl1tOPIKO ol'jlla, utu o<piyya Kat uiu 1t£TaAoUDu. ~EV dxall£ 1tpO~ATJlla OTO va ~POUIl£ i:pya TWV «£1tOXwv». etAallE va £KDOOOUIl£ DtaA£KTa tpya TOU nOUOKIV, Il£Ta svnv TOIlO prounirov EA£y£taKWV 1tOtTJTWV Kat ll£ptKa £~ioou yvwoTa KAaolKa AOYOT£XVtKa i:pya. H £1ttAOYl'j oiJYXpovwv i:pywv Kat TJ E1ta<pl'j 11£ TOU~ ouyypu<p£i~ l'jTaV mo DUOKOATJ. AAAa sxsi, 01 E1ta<pt~ TOU BtYKOTOKl OTO KiE~O, TO onoio dX£ £1tt0K£<p8£i yta Aiyo 'l'axvovTa~ yta DOUAla, <pavTJKav XPl'jO"tIlE~ .. Evuc uno TOU~ av8pw1tou~ OTOU~ onoiou; i:ypa'l'£,l'jTUV 0 'Ep£VIl1tOUPYK, 0 onoioc alli:ow~ Ila~ i:OT£tA£ ru T£AWTaia TOU nouiuuru 1tOU dXav i]DTJ £KD08d 11£ TlTAO Ilotnuata yta T'7 Pcoaia. AAAa rropu tDoo£ xmvoupyto TlTAO OTTJ OUAAOYl'j: cPWTlG. .. ETO"t, aUTO l'jTaV TO 1tPWTO ~l~AiO 1tOU EKD6oallE.

35

BiXaW: E1tioT]~ OK01tO va EKDOOOUIlE Eva oOKilllO TOU B1YKOTOK1 1t<lVW OTOU~ llu80u~ TOU Kpixo-p, TO «E1ta1VWVTa~ Eva yaIDapo», 1tOU OUIl1tEp1Aall~aVOTaV IlE ilIa Ka1tW~ anaYIlEVTJ 1l0p<Pli OTTJV PvxoAoyia inc; rtXV'Ie;;. Kat uiu OUAAoyli Dionxwv TOU Nrcjlivr BIYKOVTOKl. Y1tlipxav apKETa runovpoosto OTO fKoIlEA. BpliKallE Eva TOU onoiou

o D1W8uVTli~ E\)xapiOTw~ OEXTTJKE TTJV 1tapaYYEAia Ila~. .

Y 1tlipxE Eva spvocrcoto xapT01totTa~ EKd xovro K1 srct DEV U1tlipxE EnE1\jlT] xapnou OTO fKOIlEA TO 1919, OTaV OTO IlEyaAuTEpo

Iltpo~ TTJ~ xwpa~ D1\jlOUOaV yta XapTL .

. ETm, KaTOp8woallE va EK8000UIlE TO 1tProTO Ila~ ~l~AiO, Ilta OUAAoyli 1tOITJllaTWv TOU . EpEVIl1tOUPYK. E>tAallE vu aKoAouOlioE1 KaTl 1t1O SUY10llEVO Kat apllOV1KO K1 srot DtaAi:~aIlE svcv yaAAo 1t01TJTli 1tOU YEvvliOTJKE OTTJV EnaDa, TOV ZUV Mopsuc, AUTO TO ~1~Aio TU1tw8TJKE 0' EVU aAAo, 1t1O KaAa E~01tAIOIlEVO, Iluyasi Kat dXE KaAUTEPTJ EIl<paV10TJ.

Trope, E1tpEm: vii 1tOUAliOOUIlE ru npoiovro Ila~, aAAa aUTO u1toDdXTTJKE EUKOAO. To TOmKO 1tapapTTJllu Kat 0 D1W8uVTli~ TTJ~ uvn npootcnetnc LaYlOUS1tETO"aT allEow~ Ila~ eins on 8' ayopaSav OAE~ ru; EKDOOE1~ 1tOU £T01llasallE aOXETa IlE TO noon aVTiTU1ta lioav. dUOTUXW~ ru 1tpaYllaTa mipcv aOXTJIlTJ rpomi. Mio EID1Kli smrpomi E<pTaOE 01:0 fKOIlEA yta va E1ttOTpaTEuoE1 OAOU~ TOU~ VT01tlOU~ 1tOpOU~ K1 aUTO OUIl1tEpIAall~aVE xrn TO XapTi. AUTO OlillatVE TO 1tpOWPO TEAO~ TTJ~ EKDonKli~ Ila~ DOUAta~. Kat 01 D1KE~ Ila~ 1tEpIOTaOE1~ aAAa~av. 0 Nrofitvr B1YKOVTOK1 cnooocnos vc E1tlOTPE\jIEl OTTJV IlETpoll1tOAT] 01tOU f:AmSE va ~PEl utu EVDla<pEpouoa DQUA1a. Eusvc uou npootpspuv TTJV euxrnpin vu 1taw Y1a 01tOUDE~ OTT] Mooxa. 0 BIYKOTO"K1 tllElVE OTTJ YEvETElpa TOU yta IlEp1Ka Xpovta cxouo K1 ETm DEV EXW YVWOEl~ uno nproro XEp1 yta KdvTJ TTJV nsptooo TT]~ swli~ TOU, TT]V nspiooo 01tOU DlOpyavwoE EpyaoTliPlO \jIuxoAoyia~ OTO KoHyLO daoK<lAWv, EDoOE OP10IlEVE~ 1tOAiJ EVDta<PEpOUOE~ D1aAt~E1~ Kat EToillaSE EVU ~l~AiO, TT]V EK1talOeVTlKIj f/lvxoAoyia.

BiXallE KaTOp8woE1, AOl1tOV, vu EKMoOUIlE ()Uo ~l~Aia. Ana aUTO DEV litav TO ~amKoTEpo. To ~amKoTEpo liTaV on Elld~ Ol TPE1~ dXallE KavE1 tva 1tpaYllaTlKO Ta~iD1 OTl~ E1tOXt~ Kat IlEPE~, OUSTJTroVTa~ to 1tpaYllata 1tOU Ila~ a1taOXOAOuoav 1tEP1000TEpO. . Ioox; aUTO vu E1tTJptam:: 1tOna 1tpaYllaTa OTT] swli Ila~. . Ornv 1:0 ~l~Aio TOU BIYKOTO"K1 IlE 8tlla TOV TaAaVTOUXO ouyypa<pEa A. M1tlX0<pOK1 KUKAO<pOpTJOE E<pTa xpOV1a upvorepu OTT] Mooxa (Ta (}XtJw rov M1tIXOq)(JKl). 1l0U xap10E Eva uvriypmpo OTO onoio Eypa<pE: «LTOV aya1tTJTO LEVta, aATJOllovTJTO OUVTPO<pO oru; 1tEpl1tAavlioEl~ or«; "E1tOXE~ Kat Iltpt~", uno TOV ouyypa<pta, yta auoTTJpli xprnxr], 14 Nosujlpiou 1926».

dEY unapxouv 1tOna aAAa yta vu 8UIlTJ8w. To 1920 t<puya uno TO fKOIlEA Y1a TTJ Mooxa .. OTaV xwpioallE, TJ uyda TOU B1YKOTO"K1 DEV

36

litav 1tOAU KaAli .. Hruv aota8£tOr;, litav ()uO'KOAO va ~p£8£i apK£tli rpoqm Kat U1tlipX£ <pUllatiwO'TJ O'tTJv oucovsvstn rou, Msru «no Eva Illiva uou Eypa\jl£ on litav O'o~apa appwO'tOr; Kat on tOVEO't£AVav 0" Eva ouvcropio yta 8£pam:ia. Fhcrrsuovrcq on Sev 8a Soum: 1tOAtJ oxouc, uou slitTJO'£ va 8w tOV AOYOt£XVtKO xprnxo rlOUAt . AtX£v~aAvt, tOV onoio yvwptS£ KaAa nno ton: 1tOU litav oro Ilovemo-nuuo Lavta<pO'Kt, Kat va rov neioro va 8£Xt£i tu xnpoypa<pa 1tOU 8a a<pTJv£ Il£ta to 8avato tOU Kat va 1tpoO'1ta8liO'£t va ru £K80m:t. Bt~ata, 1tliya Kat £i8a tOV . AtX£V~aAvt . .1EXtTJK'E amli rnv 1tapaKATJO'TJ 11£ IlEyaATJ 1tpoO'oxli Kat lJ1t00'XE8TJK£ va KavEt o.rt Il1tOPOlJO'E .. Eypa\jla O'tOV A£~ yt' aUtli tTJ O'uslitTJO'TJ, 1tpoO'1ta8TJO'a va tOV 8ta~E~atwO'w on TJ upproo nn tOU Ssv litav Bovc rrppopc Kat tOU £i1ta 1tWr; eiuui oiyoupoq on 8a yiv£t KaAa. Kt nuro aKpt~Wr; EytV£. 0 A£~ dX£ 8iKtO, 0IlWr;, ornv U1toO'tliPts£ on ru ll£yaAa tOU Epya 8£v 8a EK8i80vtav 1tapa Il£ta to 8avato rou,

Mspucou; Illiv£r; cpvorspc £lXa tTJV £uKatpia va £1ttO'K£<p8w to rKoll£A yta va 8w roi»; <piAOUr; Kat O'uYyEvdr; 1l0U. EKd cuvcvrnou tOV BtYKOtOKt. EiXE 1t£paO'£t 1l0VO Evar; xpovor; uno tors 1tOll xwpiO'all£ aAAa ~PtO'KOtaV ovcuscc 0'£ uiu t£A£lWr; 8ta<pop£nKli ouvrpoqna 1t£pttptyuptO'IlEVOr; uno VEOUr; av8pw1tour; ayvwO'tOUr; 0'£ IlEva .. Hruv, VOlliSw, <pOttTJtEr; uno to KoHytO tWV .1aO'KaAwv. Kat tors TJ uyda tOU Ssv litaV KaAli aAAa 1tpoO'1ta80uO'E v ' aVtE~£t. Aiy£r; «a8EA<pEr; \jIUxtr;» dXav uetvei oro rKoll£A. Ot a8£A<pEr; tOU Kat 0 Nrcfiivr BtYKOVtOKt dXav <puy£t. AHa 0 A£~ Ssv li8EAf. v ' a<pliO'n roix; yovdr; rou,

To 1924 nuvrpsurrpce tTJ Posa LIl£xo~a, uiu sWTJPli, t~U1tvTJ, OIlOP<PTJ K01tna. Eix£ to xaptO'lla va nnpuusvet K£<patTJ 0'£ OAEr; r«; ()uO'KOA£r; nspto ruoeu; o ru; onoisc ~pt8TJKav.

To 19240 BtYKOtO'Kt 8ta~aO'£ utn £~atpEnKli £pyaO'ia oro Luvt8pto 'PuXovwpoAoyiar; O'tTJv n£tpOU1tOATJ Kat aIlEO'Wr; KEp8tO'E utu npoO'KATJO'TJ va Ep8£t va 80uH\jI£t O'tTJ MoO'Xa. Bpli K£ cni rt oro xripto tOU Ivotrrourou nnpallanKlir; 'PuxoAoyiar; 01tOU, ornv lilloUV <pottTJtlir; <ptAoO'o<piar;, A£t roupyouonv to tlllillata Ioropim; Kat <DtAoAoyiar;. Ton E800'av Eva 8wIlano oro U1t0YEto 1tOU a1to Ka1tOta 1t£pi£pYTJ O'UIl1ttwO'TJ 1t£ptdX£ ru apxda tOU <ptAOO'O<ptKOU KAaDOU tOU tlllillatOr;. o BtYKOtO'Kt £v8ta<pEp8TJK£ yta tu apxda Kat a1tEO'1taO'E nn ' auta UAtKO uno to osjnvdptc £8vtKlir; \jIuxoAoyiar;, O'UIl1t£ptAall~avOIl£VTJr; Kat tTJr; 8tKlir; uou £pyaO'iar;.· Hrnv uqneprousvo 0" Eva 8tlla 1tOU dXall£ O'uSTJtliO'£t O'tOV KUKAO Ilar; 1tOU 8t£u8uv£ 0 BtYKOtO'Kt oro YUllvamo, O'uYKEKptllEVa rc io ropuco 1t£1tpwlltva tWV £8vwv. TTJv £1t0Il£VTJ rpopri 1tOU tOV £1ttO'KE<p8TJKa uou £i1t£ 1t00'0 tOU ap£O'E TJ epvnotu. Bt~ata, xapTJKa 1tOU to aKouO'a, aHa TJ K£VtptKli t8ta tTJr; £pyaO'iar; litav 8tKli tOU Kat oxt 8tKli uou, H icropucn cvnuerromon 1tOU xapaKtlipts£ rnv

37

C1ttOTTJIlOVtKi) 1li:8000 TOU BtYKOTOKt TOV ~oi)8TJoc va AUOCt nOAAa ouv8cTa 1tpO~Ai)llaTa OTTJV \jIuxoAoyia Kat aAAOU~ roue«; .

. ETO"t, IlCTa uno svo DtaACtlllla nspinou rcooupoiv Xpovwv, ~avapxionps va ~Ac1tollaoTc Ka1tW~. AHa TJ Mooxa eivm 1tOAU IlcyaAUTcpTJ nOATJ uno TO rKOIlCA. Ms ru; IlcyaAc~ a1tOaTaOCt~ Kat ru; msos«; TTJ~ Ka8TJIlCptVi)~ swi)~ DCv unopouocus va ~AcnollaoTc TOOO ouxva 000 nptv, EKTo~ nurou, sxsivoq dxc ~U8tOTd OTTJV \jIuxoAoyia, cvw cyw dXa DtaH~ct svo Dta<popntKo C1tayycAlla, ru; CKDOOCt~. 'OIlW~, OTaV ~ACnOllaOTaV, 1tavTa dXallc 1tOAAa va OUSTJTi]oouIlC Kat 1tavTa AunollOUV OTaV tq>wya.

o BtYKOTOKt aya1touoc 000 Kat npiv TTJV noincn. Exsivo ru xpovta dxc 1tpo08i:on OTOV KaTaAOYO TWV aya1tTJIli:vwv TOU 1tOt TJTWV TOV Mnopiq Fluorepvax. MtAOUOC IlC cv80UO"taoll0 yta TTJV aAATJAoypaq>ia TOU LmvOSa TJ onoic dxc CKD08d OTa prooucn. MtAOUOC C1tiOTJ~ yta xutvoupyto UAtKO yta TO ~t~Aio TOU H IjIvxoAoyia r'le;; tiyvnc.

o BtYKOTOKt OTPCq>OTaV OAO Kat 1tCptOOOTCpO uno ru ycVtKa 1tpO~AiJllaTa TTJ~ \jIuxoAoyia~ npoc TTJV aVa1tTU~taKiJ \jIuxoAoyia. Epsuvnoe TTJV aVa1tTU~TJ TWV q>UOtoAOytKWV Kat TWV avanTJpwv 1tatDtWV Kat U1tiJp~c 1tPWT01tOpO~ OC Dtaq>opou~ rousic nDtKiJ~ \jIuxoAoyia~ OTTJ LOptCTlKiJ . Evoio n. Ami) TJ cpyaoiu ouvcxw~ TOV napi:oupc, Kat nl~ aq>ti:pwoc OATJ TOU TTJ DtavOta, OAO TOU TO 1ta80~ Kat TTJ ()UvaIlTJ· OUTC TJ npproortu OUTC Kallta aAATJ OUOKOAia DCv unopoucnv va TOV unorpc~iJ~ouv uno KdvTJ TTJ 0TJllaVTtKiJ Kat ouvcpnuorucn spycoto.

E>ullallat 1tOU c1ttoKi:q>8TJKa TOV BtYKOTOKt OTaV iJTaV 1tOAU appwOTO~ ru TcAWTaia Xpovta TTJ~ swi)~ TOll. «Ms KaAcoav va 1taw OTO LOUxouut va IlcACTi)ow TOU~ 1ttei)KoU~ OTO xsvrpo-uvtlpomoetorov m8i)KWV», 1l0U stns. «Eivm 1tOAU CVDtaq>tpovoa DovAta Kat 8a stvnt 1tto i)ouxa rc npaYllaTa sxei. AAAa q>o~allat va naw 1l0VO~ uou .. Epxwat llaSi uou» Tou umrvrncc xwpi~ DtOTaYIlO: «Bi:~ata 8a U8w» .. Ouox; DCV UAo1totiJ8TJIWV 1tOTi: uurd ru oxi:Dta. H uyda TOU BtYKOTOKt XCtpoTi:pC\jIL

Ili:8avc OTO ouvuropio LCpCIl1tptaVt M1tOp. 0 BtYKOTOKt uyunouoe r«; Dtq>OPOUIlCVC~ H~Ct~ Kt CKq>paOCt~ Kat TOU~ ypiq>ou~ 1tOU unopouonv va mrpoov Dtaq>opc~ epunvetsc. . OTaV KaTaAa~c on 1ti:8atvc, ru TCAwTaia TOU Aoyta i)Tav: «Eium srotuoc ... » Kat aUTO, Il1tOpOUOC va CPIlTJVWTd ue Dtaq>opCTtKOU~ Tp01tOU~.

38

«0 MOT1:APT THI: 'I'YXOAOrIA1:"

(Mru qlOVW(JtlKtl OVWAAOYtl I()!:WV ',U:W~U roiv Aproup Ih:rpoql(JKI, Pounv rlaKOJ.l1t(JOV, l:ripEv TOUAJ.lIV, ;\EP BIYKor(JKI, BAOVriJ.llp ZiVr(JEVKO, rKEOPYKI l:r.vrpopi t(JKI, MI)(otlA I'wpo(Ji:qI(JKI, MaiKA KOOUA, BO(JiAI Nropivroql, T~i:IJ.l<; Bsprc, AAEl;livtp AoiJplG Kal AAEl;h Af.OVtlEIjI)*

O[I{JwcrnKu uovo tvu rrpuy~u ~u; I:V- 6wtpi:PI;1 otT) ~w~: T) IjIIJXIK~ ~u; KUTUcrt<1aT)", EKUto~~()PW (JEAiiSu; tXOliV yputpci yw TT)V Urrf.lKOvlaT) tOIJ r.a(J)n:pIKO(' KOcr~OIJ TOll uvOp(orrolJ UI),(1 TU wlOn:H{J~UTU Ullt~~ TT)<; iSOll)~1(1~ - 01 VO~OI tT); rr\,f.i;~(1TIK~<; S(J}~<; rot. llVOpl;)non - /il:\, i:xoliV UKO~T) [lp£8£i,

I~av na~Aotp, Eitcoat xprj\'/(l (I\TlhD/U:\'lh'I;"; J1l:iJrt/; tn; (I\'I;m jill; l"I:lJjllh'/j, rll}(ll1rt/Plrirt/w: (l1u/lm.pllpopli.:;) fO)I' ~l;)l')\',

'" ItO IiIKO ~O\) vou aun; T) aAi)8EIG EiVOl tooo crrOlXEUilliT)<; oco ~lU KAi~aKa,

AAE~avrp Iloooxw, Moroupr KUI IaAIi:pt

OETPO<DLKI: To £V(ha<PEPOV yw TTJV \jIuxoAoyia EX£l yiV£l tcopc naYKoO'l-110 Kl aUTO DCV eivut KaTl nou £KnAliO'O'£l. H EVTOVTJ avanTU~TJ TTJ~ \jIUXOAOY1Kli~ £1tlO'Tlij.lTJ~ sivm aj.l£O'o cnorsxeouc TTJ~ £1tlO'TTJj.lOVtKli~ Kat T£XVOAOY1Kli~ £navaO'TaO'TJ~ ue TO £VDta<ptpov TTJ~ yta TOV "Avapomo, TOV KUPIO npWTaYWV10'Tli TTJ~ K01VWV1Kli~ Kal plOj.lTJxaVll(li~ npoooou. H 0'0P1£TtKli \jIUXOAOytKli £1tlO'Tlij.lTJ TJ orroic EX£t j.lta napaDoO'TJ navw uno uioo uuovu, EY1V£ YVWO'Tli j.lOAt~ npoO'<pam O'TTJ AUO'TJ. AHa ~£KtvWvm~ ano TO 1966, DTJAaDli j.l£Ta TO 180 At£8vE~ 'l'lJXOAOytKO LUVEDplO O'TTJ Mooyc, EX£t npoKaAi:O'£l Eva au~avo~£vo £vDta<pEpOV.

IDtaiT£po cVDta<ptpov i;xouv 01 0'0P1CTlKi;~ j.l£AtT£~ nou syivcv uno O'xoAli nou O'UVD£omv j.l£ TOV Acp B1YKOTO'Kl, svov j.l£yaAo smornuovc

• Av IiEV vivcrm EIIiIKi) uvmpopu, at rrapE~~acrf.l(; oooiv nuipvouv ~tpo<; o ' aUTO TO tpavmcrnKo crtpOYYUAO rparrt!;1 ctvm rrap~tvE<; uno n<; crT)~EIWcrEI<; roo cruyypacpta, uzro n<; crUVO~IAiE<; roo ~asi roue.

39

1tOU 1tEOaW: vsoc; ow J.ll:oa 1"1lr; DEKaE1"iar; 'tOU ' 30. OptOIlEVOl uuspucovoi \IJUXOAOYot 1tlO1"EUOUV on 11 '!'uXoAoyia onr; HOA ennvoAall~avEt rropu tu; ~aO"tKEr; OEOEtr; 1"1lr; OO~tEnKi]r; '!'uxoAoyiar;, W OEIlEAta 1"1lr; orrotce; 1"EOllKav OE W:YUAO ~aOllo nno 'tOV BtYK01"OKt Kat roue llaOll1"tr; 'tOU. To au~avollEvo EVDtmpEpov yta tnv ,!,uxoAoyia o rnv El:l:d, EtD1K01"Epa yta tnv 1"aoll 1tOU OuvDtE1"at IlE 'to ovouo Kat W Epya 'tOU BtYK01"OKt, sivor KaWVOll1"O Kat D1KalOAOYlllltVO.

rIAKOMOl:ON: l:ull~aivE1 vu stpm, ioroc, 0 nproroc avOpW1tOr; 01"11 dUOll 1tOU EVDtu<ptpOllKE yta tu Epya 'tOU BtYK01"O"K1. . Exw «avaKaAU'!'Et» nurov 'tOV IlEyaAo smc nuiovc 'tOV onoto DEV i]~EPE Kat DEV Ka1"aAa~atVf: Kavf:ir; OTTI ,1.UOll .. E'tUXE vc 1tEOn ow XEp1a uou Eva ~t~A.io 1"OU AAf:~aV1"p Aouptu yta rnv mpaoia, OTO onoio uveospe rov oaoKaAo 'tOU, 'tOV BtYK01"O"K1. H 1tpootyytoi] Ilar; IlE 'tOV Aoupur 0<pdAE1 1tOAAa o-ne 1DEEr; TOU AE~ B1YK01"O"K1 01 onotc; eivai aya1tll1"Er; Kat OTOUr; Duo uuc. Ta D1DaYllaw TOU B1YK01"O"Kt ~oi]Olloav toix; '!'UXoAoyour;, xupio»; aUTOUr; 01"llV Lo~lEnKi] • Evroon vu IlEW~OUV avwouva a1tO 'tOV Il1tlXE~lOP1CJl.t0 Ka1 'tOV YKE01"aAT101l0 (1l0P<POAOY1Ki] ,!,uxoAoyia - 0.1".11.) o r«; '!'UXOAOY1KEr; a1t0,!,E1r; 1tOU 10XUOUV Kat oi]IlEpa.

TOYAMIN: Mtn ... DtaK01ti] E1tlK01VWviar; 1tpo<pavwr; Kpa1"lloE rooc 1tEP10001"EpOUr; cuepucovou; '!'UXoAoyour; OE ayv01a ocov a<popa 1"11 0llllavnKi] ava1t1"u~ll 1"1lr; pWO"lKi]r; '!'uxoAoyiar; uno 'to 1"EAOr; 'tOU A' Flovxooutoo OOAEIlOU. MEyaAo IlEpOr; 'tOU onunvrucou EPYOU 1tOU 1tpaYlla1"01tOli]OllKE 01"11 l:o~tEnKi] . Evroon tu; DEKaE1"iEr; TOU ' 20 Kat TOU ' 30, OTOV rouse 1"1lr; ,!,uxoAoyiar;, OEWPllnKi]r; Kat 1tE1pallanKi]r;, 1tapa1lEVE1 wr; sni TO 1tAdoTOV ayvwoTO cru; HOA, Ka1 1l0Atr; .tropc apxiI';n vu 1tapououISE1"at Of: aYYA1Ki] IlE1"a<ppaOll. AU1"o O<pdAE'tat xupio»; 01"11 Dpa01"llpt01"llW Kat rnv 1tPW1"o~ouAia 'tOU Ma1KA KOOUA OTO Ilcvcmcrnuro POK<pEAEP 1"1lr; NEar; YOpK1K

o KaOllYll1"i]r; Kooux EKDiDE1 Eva ueruopcousvo rptunvtuio nsptoD1KO, 1"11 Lo/lu;TlKr, 'I'vxoAoyia, Ka1 sivrn U1tEUOUVOr; Y1a SUo cno tu rpiu ~t~Aia Hlr; avOoAoyiar; Lo/lU;TlKIj avarrwc,laKIj IjIvxoAoyia, 11 onoio 1tEPtEXE1 DtaAEYIlEvEr; EpyaoiEr; a1to 'to 1tEPlODtKO 1"OU. ·OIlWr;, uv 0 MatKA Koous, E1taVEKDiDE1 uxouu 01"' ayyAtKa EpyaoiEr; 1tOU nporroypa<p1"llKav uno 1"OV A.~. B1Y"01"O"K1 Kat TOUr; ouvEpya1"Er; 'tOU 1tp1V uno 1tEVi]VTa Xpovta 1tEpi1tOU, DEV 1"0 Kavn yta Aoyour; «apXElOOE1"1l01lr;», aAAa yta1"i «IlEyaAo IlEpOr; 1"1lr; OO~lEnKi]r; '!'uxoAoyiar; 1"OU ' 20 Kal1"OU '30 EXn IlEyaA 11 0XEOll IlE 1"11 ollllEptvi] allEp1Kav1Kll spsovn».

Trope 1tOU Eva 0llllavnKo Iltpor; uurou 'tOU EPYou ~piOKE1"at O1"a xEpta Ilar;, llaSi IlE IlEp1Ka VTOKoulltvw-KAnD1a 1tOU DEV dxav usrmppuotst 1tPW, ~p10KOlla01"E aVTlIlE1"W1t01 IlE DUO ouotuo nxn EPW1"i]lla1"a: (I) T1 1l1t0POUIlE vu llaOOUIlE un ' aU1"O 'to UAtKO; E1D1K01"Epa, tt 1l1t0POUIlE vu OUIl1tEpaVOllIlE cero ru; a~tWOEtr; non 0 KooUA Kat Ol

40

ouvEpya.TI;r; rou 1tpO~UAAOUV yt' aUT();' OAa aUTU ru 1tEVliVTa n:AWTaia XPovta svrurucrp; allEptKavtKlir; i:pwvar; Of: DEKUOEr; Dta<popntKOUr; roustc aKaDTJllai:Klir; \IJUXOAoyiar;, KAtVtKlir; vwpoAoyiar;, yAroOOOAoyiar; Kat EK1tatDWnKlir; 9Eropiar;, stvm Suvnro Ot Il1ttXE~tOptOTi:r; E1ttOTt'wOVEr; 1tpuYllan vu 1tapa~A.i;'I'avE to lWp1to<popa EproTlillaw Kat KaTw9uvOEtr; i:pwvar; 1tOU ot PWOOt OUVUDEA<poi roue aKOAou90uoav roou xpovta; Kat (2) ytaTi ayvoli9TJKE yta roon xpovta aUTli TJ ~t~AtOypa<pia; 'Hruv OT' aAli9Eta DuvaTli uio TOOO oo~apli DtaK01tli smxotvrovice; ow usou 'tOU 200u mrovn; nwr; eivui ouvaTollta OAOKATJPTJ 0xoAli uno IlEyuAour; 'l'UXOAoyour; Kat veupoxoyoix; vu EPYUSEWt Kat vu DTJIlOO"tEUEt OTTJ Pcooin yta oupovru Xpovta Kat vn 1tapalli:vEt aKolla 0XEDOV UYVroOTTJ OTTJ ,1.uoTJ;

Ot nncvrnos«; 0' aUTu tu EproTlillaTa OUVDEOVWt IlEW~() rou; .

. Onox; rropu 1l1t0POUIlE vo OOUIlE, Ot Dta<popEr; OTTJ 9Eropia, OTTJV IlteODO Kat OTTJ <ptAooo<pia IlETa~U rtov ()UO xropwv DTJlltOupYTJoav Dta<popEr; OTTJ DtOpyuvroOTJ TTJr; 'l'UXOAOytKlir; Kat vwpOAOytKlir; Epwvar; Kat Ill:

TTJ OEtpU roix; i:xouv Evtoxu9Ei on ' au-ri:r; .• ETO"t, nvsouurucot Kat Oecuucoi 1tapuyOVTEr; i:xouv unoumcpuvst roue 1tEptOOoTEpOUr; DunKOUr; Il1ttXE~toptOTEr; E1ttOTliIlOVEr; nn ' aUTO 'to TOOO orjuovruco OO~tntKo spyo.

DIv a1tOTEAEolla, ouivsru, on 1l0Atr; rropn eiuuors srouioi v a<p0IlOtWOOuIlE rc OUIl1tEpUollaTu TOU Kat vu tu evotoucrtooooue OTOUr; DtKOUr; Ilar; Tp01tOUr; E1ttOTTJIlOvtKlir; oKi:'I'TJr; .

... Tu TEAWTaia nsvnvru li E~livw Xpovta TJ proO"tKli 'l'uxoAoyia tpmvorcv 1tapU~EvTJ 000 Kat avn1ta9lir; OTa Iluna rrov nspuroorsprov DunKWV. 0 1l0VOr; pwoor; 'l'UXoAoyor; 'tOU 200u uuovc 1tOU 'to ovouc 'rOU sivor 1tAanU YVroOTO OTTJ AuoTJ, sivm ~i:~ata 0 nU~AO<p. Kat TJ <puoTJ TTJr; DOUAtUr; yta TTJV oxoiu EytVE yvrooTor; 0 nU~AO<p - Ot IlEAhEr; 'rOU 1tUvro OTTJV EKKptOTJ O"ti:AOU trov OKUAroV Kat UAAa nupouoic cvrnvoKAaonKu - sretvs vu E1tt~E~atWOEt 1tPOTJYOUIlEVEr; DunKEr; npoxoTaAli'l'Etr; yta Ku9E xouuouvioruco ouornuc 'l'uxoAoyiar;, on DTJAaDli ~H1touv tu av9pw1ttva ovtn IlE couo uAtOnKO Kat usuoruco (yta vc IlTJv mo a1tuv9pro1t0) T pono. . Ouox; aUTli TJ U1tO'l'TJ yta TTJ OO~tEnKli 'l'uxoAoyia ~aoiSETat uno TTJV apxli OE 1tapEPIlTJvEiEr;, uxouu Kat KaKEr; IlETa<ppUOEtr; .

... 0 nU~AO<p 0 iDtor; IlE xuvsvu TP01tO DEV E~AE1tE TTJV av9pw1ttvTJ OUIl1tEpt<POPU ouv OUO"taonKU «E~apTTJIlEVTJ», DTJAaDli ouv 1ta9TJnKli aVTiDpaOTJ or E~roTEPtKU EpE9iollaTa. AVTi9EW, to ~aOtKU 'rOU EproTlillaw EiXav vn KUVOUV IlE ru; Dta<popi:r; flEW~U roiv aVTaVaKAao rucrov 1tOU EKDTJAWVOVTat JlIJ e!;,aprWJleva Kat uurrov 1tOU EIl<PavisovTat Imo oP/O'Jlf.VOVr; opoi»; (E~apTwIlEva).

nw~ AOt1tOV, TJ proO"tKli opoxoyiu trov nporrorumov ouyypalllluTrov TOU nU~AO<p, IlE ava<popi:~ ow «E~apTWIlEva aVTavaKAaonKu» (ou-

41

(JAO~VU;) os aVTi9E(JTJ IlE ru «IlTJ E~apLCilllEva aVTaVaKAa(JLlKa» (IlnEi;;ou(JAO~VtE) IlETaTpanTJKaV (JTTJV aYYAtKTt opoAoyia (JE conditioning (E~apLOnoiTJ(JTJ) Kat conditioned (E~apTTJlltva); H anaVTTJ(JTJ sivm aUTTt: <paiVELat on aUTO tYLVE KaT a TTJ IlETa<popa nov lOEroV LOU Ilu~AO<p (JTTJ LlU(JTJ, TJ o noiu r«; t~yaAE ano LO apXlKo LOU<; Eltt(JTTJIlOVtKO nAaicrto (JTTJ Prooto Kat r«; tpt~E.llt(Ja (JLO nAai(Jto TTJ<; allEptKaVtKTJ<; 1l1ttXE~topt(JnKTt<; \jIuxoAoyia<;*. Evth 0 na~Ao<p (JTTJV ouotn TtLaV \jIuXOAOY0<; «OAOKATJPOU LOU EVEpyOU opvovtouou», ot cuepuccvoi avaYVro(JTE<; LOU LOV IlETtTpE\jIaV (JE IlTJxaVtKO VTETEPlllVt(JTTt Kat SovuuriKO UAt(JT';**.

BlrKaT~KI: Ta OtoaYllaLa LOU na~Ao<p navro (JTa E~apTrollEva aVTavaKAa(JnKa nptnEt va 9EropTJ90uv ro<; 0 ~a(JtKo<; npoodtoptorucoc napayovTa<; yta TTJV avamu~TJ TTJ<; <pUcrtKTt<; \jIuxoAoyia<; (J' aUTTt TTJ xropa. Eivm aATt9Eta on aUT a La OtoaYllaTa YEvvTt9TJKav Kat KaTop9roouv va Kavouv rc rtpdrrn LOU<; ~TtllaTa Kat va KEpoi(JOUV naYKo(Jllta . avayvropt(JTJ npiv ano TTJV Enava(JLa(JTJ. AAAa O(JO napa~EVO Kt av euiverrn, OEV Tt(Jav TO(JO yvro(JTa (JTTJ Prooto Kat OEV a<pTJ(Jav (JTJllaOta navro (JTTJV avanw~TJ TTJ<; procrtKTt<; \jIuxoAoyia<; KaLa TTJV nposnuvu(JTanKTt nsptooo. EKdvTJ TTJV nsptooo antOtoav «ro LOU E>wu Tep E>Ero Kat La LOU Kuioupoc Tep Kuioupt». at \jIUXOAOYOt IlEAELOU(Jav TTJV \jIUXTt Kat ot <pUcrtOAOYOt TTJ VWptKTt opa(JTTJptoTTJTa, Kat UnTtPXE Ilta a~u(J(Jo<; IlETa~u LOU<;.

Movo KaLa TTJV Enava(JTanKTt EnOXTt tytVE TJ 9Eropia rtov E~apTroIlEvtov aVTavaKAa(JnKrov OUcrta(JLtK}i yta TTJV avanw~TJ TTJ<; \jIuxoAoyia<;. 'Evuq napaYOVTa<; rtou (JUVETtAE(JE (J' aUTO TtTav TJ nporo9TJ(JTJ TTJ<; 9Eropia<; aUTTt<; Kat TJ KanOta OAOKATtpro(JTt TTJ<; rtou tytVE (JLO ~t~Aio LOU na~AO<p EiKO(J/ xpiJVIa aVTlKI:lI1[;V1KIjc;; 11[;)...i;TIJC;; TIJC;; aVWT[;PIJC;; V[;VP1KIjC;; opaatnpiotnuu; (oounepupopoc) TWV (wwv (1923). AAA<l TJ ~acrtKTt urtin i]Tav TJ ~a9ta (JuyytvEta IlETa~u rrov tOEroV TTJ<; Enava(JTa(JTJ<; Kat TTJ<; vta<; 9Eropia<;. H Enuvcorucn allt(Jro<; nTtpE (JTTJV npoo tuo iu TTJ<; TTJV xmvoupvic \jIuxoAoyia.

Kat <pucrtKa Cl.llt(Jro<; Eioav OAOt on ru xutvoopvtu OtOaYllaTa i](Jav LO iOto (JTJIlCl.VnKU 0(J0 La OtoaYllaTa LOU Llap~ivou. a Llap~ivo<; aVCl.KaAU\jIE TTJV npotAw(JTJ TTJ<; KATJPOVOIlOUIlEVTJ<; EllnEtpia<; (JLO KATJPOVolltKo (Ju(JTTJlla rtov i;;rorov. a na~Ao<p avaKaAU\jIE TTJV npotAw(JTJ TTJ<;. Cl.LOlltKTt<;, npO(JrolttKTt<; EllnEtpia<;, TTJ<; EllnEtpia<; nou lla9aivE-

* Kat ornv EAAuoa EXEl smxpurnost OTT]V PlpAlOypacpia 0 opoc «Ec,apTT]ilEva (conditioned) aVTavaKA-aOTlKU» il£ oAa ro 0X£TlKU £naKoAouOa (o.r.u.).

** Autf Kat CtnE<; anOIjlEl<; TOU ~TiPEV TOUAillV, KaOT]YT]Tli -rT]<; KOlVWVlKli<; ~KEIjIT]<; Kat <1>lAooocpia<; OTO Ilcvsmo-rruuo TOU ~lKUYO civet napilEv£<; uno TO upOpo TOU «0 Morcopr TT]<; 'l'uXoAoyia<;» nou OT]ilOOlEilTT]KE OTO The New York Review of Books crru; 28 ~En-rEilPpiou 1978.

42

Tat, Kat TOV TpOnO 1.11: TOV onolo amTt um:pTUkTat ,OTTJV KA.TJPOVOlllKl'J i:1l<PUTTJ eurtetptu. Av 0 Llap~ivo<; i:XE1 000E1 TO KAE10i Yla TTJ ~LOAoyia TOU doou<;, 0 nU~AO<p bivE1 TO KAE10i Y1a TTJ ~LOAoyia nov urourov.

LldXVE1 nro<; TO onOLOOTtnOTE OT01Xdo TTJ<; KATJPOVOIlTJIli:VTJ<; eunsipia<; - aVTavaKAaonKO - unopei, KUTro uno TTJV EniopaoTJ TOU nEpl~UAAOVTO<;, va ouvOE9d IlE OnOLObTtnOTE OTOlXEiO TOU E~roTEP1KOU KOOIlOU - Epi:9101la Tt KivTJTPO - xm nox; aUTO OivE11l1a noM OUV9ETTJ aAAu nOAu AOYlKT] sucovo TTJ<; aTOIl1KTt<; oUllnEp1<popU<; KunoLOu ouyxexpiuevoo I;;wotl.

Ta KAa01Ku nE1pUIlaTa TOU' nU~AO<p sivm EVTUnromaKu anAu, 1l1a anAOTTJTa nou stvct TO yvwp10lla TTJ<; npaYllanKTt<; 10LO<puta<;. ~KE<p9dTE: ~aoil;;ovta11l0VO OTO yEYOVO<; TTJ<; «\jIUX1KTt<; mEAoppOla<;», YVroOTT]<; OE oAa ru nat01U rtou «Tpi:XOUV ru OUALa TOU<;» ornv bouv <paYTJTo. H 1li:9000<; TOU xapaKTTJpil;;ETa1 ano 1l1a loi:a ouoxi:noTJ<; YVroOTTt<; ano TTJV EnOXTt TOU AploTOTi:ATJ. AUTO OOT]YTJOE nOAAou<; OTO va napa~Ai:\jIouv TTJV nprororuniu ttov b10aYIluTrov TOU, Ka9w<; TtTaV Kpulllli:VTJ moto an' TTJV anAOTTJTU TOU<;: «"[1 Eioou<; E1tlOTTtIlTJ eivm TOUTTJ; 0 Ku9E KUVTJYO<; no» EKnatOEuE1 OKUAOU<; TO ~i:PEl aUTO.»

. Enpsne KavEi<; V' anOKTTtOE1 TTJV Ka1VOUPY1a aVTiATJ\jITJ rtou i:<pEPE TJ EnaVUOTaOTJ Y1a va unopsoet va ~EXropioE1 Ili:oa OTTJV Ka1VOUPY1a 9Eropia Kun rtou TtTaV UYVroOTO 0X1 1l0VO OTOV KUVTJYO no» EKnaioWE OKUA1U aAAU Kat OTOU<; 1tl0 OO<pOU<;. 0 EnavaOTanKO<; nupTtva<; amT]<; TTJ<; vi:a<; 9Eropia<; anoTEAEiTat ano rpin npuYllaTa: TOV ~a9u omllo rtou TTJ OUVOi:E1 IlE n<; I;;ro1Ki:<; pil;;E<; TTJ<; av9pw1tlvTJ<; \jIuxoAoyia<; Kat ru; OT01XE1WOE1<; 1l0p<pi:<; I;;roT]<;, TTJV nAanu npOO1tT1KTt, OOOV a<popu ru; Ka9apu aV9pW1tlVE<;, 10TOPlKi:<; 1l0p<pi:<; VWP1KT]<; OpaOTTJp10TTJTa<;, Kat TTJ OUVOEOTJ rtou KUVE1 IlETa~U rrov p1l;;wv Kat TTJ<; npOO1tT1KTt<;, 0TJIlLOUPyWVta<; i:va YE<PUP1 ano TTJ ~LOAoyia OTTJV 10TOpia: TTJV lOEa Ka1 TTJ 1li:9000 TOU E~apTwIlEvOU ovrcvcxxccrucoc.

Ano uiu uno\jlTJ, 11 OOUAIU TOU nU~AO<p eivm uiu UIlEOTJ anuvT110TJ OTO OTOXO rtou i:9mE 0 ~i:tOEVO<p, OTJAaOTt V' anobd~E1 TTJ YT]LVTJ KaTayroYT] OAroV rrov nvdrtspmv \jIUX1KWV AE1TOUPY1WV, v' anood~El on o uv9prono<; sivai utu oVTOtTJTa Ili:oa OTO OUVOAO rrov <Pa1volli:vrov rtou uvnxpooroneuovrm OTOV 11AaVT]T11 Ila<;, Kat on GAl] IOU I] (wlj. aKGj.11] teat I] 11VWj.1aTlKIj IOU (wlj. 000 eivui OUVaTO v' a1tOTEAEOEl nvnxeiuevo E1tlOT111l0V1KTt<; IlEAET11<;, sivm EniYELO <PatvOIlEVO. Ta olouYllaTa TOU nU~AO<p odxvouv TTJV EniYEla, I;;ro1KT] npoi:AWOTJ rrov uvdrrsprov uop<pwv oUllnEpl<popu<;, uno r«; ITLO XaIlTJAi:<;, anoKaMITTOvta<; TO ll11xavl- 0110 aUTTt<; T11<; npOEAWOTJ<; Kat TTJV nopeto auni<; TTJ<; IlETaTponTt<; ano TO E~apTwllEvo ro<; TO IlTJ E~apTwIlEvO .. OAE<; 01 aVWTEpE<; 1l0p<pi:<; OUIlnEp1<popU<; civet svc EITOlKOOollTJlla nuvro OTO IlTJ E~apTwIlEvO. OnoinOTtnOTE npu~TJ (JlJllnEp1<popU<;, UOXETO nooo OUV9ETTJ eivrn, civet TEAtKU ~amolli:vTJ oro aVTavaKAaonKu.

43

LloSllKE, erot, EVCI. iEAlKO XL1J1tllIlCl. (JLOV bUl(JIlO IlE(JCI. (JTllV E1tl(JTijllll LOU Cl.vSpomou, 1tOU KA.llPovollijSllKE Cl.1t0 Tll Spll(JKEiCl., KCl.l 1tOU K<lVEl bl<lKPl(Jll IlELCI.~U 'IIUXij<; KCl.l (Jci:JIlCl.LO<;. Kutro Cl.1t0 LO q>ro<; rrov KCl.lVOUPYlroV Cl.ULci:JV blbCl.YIl<lTrov, KAEiVEl 0 bPOIlO<; 1tpO~ rnv Cl.vTiAll\j111 ylCi. uiu Cl.VE~<lPTllTll, ourovoun \jIUX';. MET<l rnv UAl(JLlKij KCl.TCl.VOll(Jll Tll<; OPYCl.VlKij<; KCl.l Cl.vOPYCl.Vll<; q>u(Jll<;, IlET<l rnv UAl(JLlKij KCl.LCl.VOll(Jll Tll<; KOlVroVlKij<; trrropinq Tll<; Cl.VSpro1tOTllTCI.<;, ijpSE 11 (JElP<l ylCi. IllCi. UAl(JLlKij KCl.TCl.VOll(Jll TOU mo bU(JKOAOU, mo (JUVSETOU KCl.l mo (JKOTElVOU (JTOlXEiOU: TOU iblOt> TOU Cl.VSpci:J1tOU.

AUTij (JUIl1tEPlACl.Il~<lVEl LOV <lVSpro1tO (JLO YEVlKO 1tACl.imo OAroV rrov «E1tiYElroV» KCl.l E1tf.KTEiVEl TOU<; YEVlKOU<; VOIlOU<; 1tOU KU~EPVoi)V TOV 1tPCl.YIlCl.LlKO KO(JIlO xm 1tOU IlEAETci:JVTCI.l Cl.1t0 rnv E1tl(JTijllll , (JLOV <lVSpro1tO KCl.l rnv 1tVWIlCl.LlKij LOU I;;roij. AULij 11 1tACl.Ll<l SEci:JPll(JllIlE(JCI. (JLCI. ~<lSl1 Tll<; I;;rolKij<; I;;ro';<;, 0Xl 1l0VO bEV IlCl.<; Kpm<l IlE(JCI. (JTCI. opic rrov 1tproTOYOVroV, KCl.Tci:JTEProV uopqxov oupnepupopnc, Cl.AA<l Cl.VTi8ETCI. Stvet Tll bUVCl.TOTllTCI. ylCi. 1tPci:JTll q>oP<l (JTllV E1tl(JTijllll VCI. Cl.VU\jIroSEi xrn VCI. blEl(JM(JEl (JTCI. Cl.Vci:JTEPCI. E1ti1tEbCl. VWPlKij<; bPCI.(JTllPlOTllTCI.<; us LO 01tAO Tll<; Cl.KPl~OU<; yvci:J(Jll<;· AUTo E~l1yEi rnv CI.(JuvijSl(JTll CI.l(JlObO~iCl. rrov epeovnrrov IlCl.<;. MEAETci:JvLCI.<; LOV <lvSpro1tO KCl.l LOV KO(JIlO, eivot YEIl<lLOl 1tE1toi811(Jll OLl Cl.KOAOUSci:JVTCI.<; Cl.VLlKElIlEVlKE<; EPWVE<; SCI. q>S<l(JOUV (JTCl.blCl.K<l oc uto (JUvSETll Cl.V<lAU(Jll OAOKAll Pll<; Tll<; KAtIlCl.KCI.<; rrov unsrpmv 1tPO(JCl.PIlOYci:Jv (JLOV KO(JIlO 1tOU Cl.1tOTEAEi Tlll;;roij 1t<lvro (JTll Yll. «H KiVll(Jll rrov q>UTci:JV rtpoq LO q>ro<; KCI.l 11 EpWVCI. ylCi. rnv Cl.AijGElCi. IlE(Jro Tll<; IlCl.SllIlCl.LlKij<; Cl.V<lAU(Jll<;», A£El 0 n<l~AOq> «bEV sivrn o rnv oooto q>CI.lVOIlEVCI. Tll<; iblCl.<; Td~'7C;; LlEV eivm Ol TEAWLCl.iol xpixot (JE IllCi. (JXEbOV Cl.TEPIlOVll Cl.Au(JibCl. 1tPO(JCl.PIlOYci:Jv 1tOU (JUVTEAOUVTCI.l (J' OAOKAllpO LOV I;;rovLCl.VO KO(JIlO;»

To Cl.KOAOUSO E1tEl(JoblO bdXVEl 1tro<; Cl.KOIlCi. KCI.l LCI. nrouucc 1tElpitIlCl.TCI. LOU n<l~AOq> <lVOl~Cl.V IlEY<lAOU<; bpOIlOU<;. LlivEl TpOq>ij (J' EVCI. (JKUAO KCI.l rnv iblCl. (JLlYllij IllCi. llAEKTPlKij T<l(Jll blOXETEUETCl.l (JLO (Jci:JIlCI. LOll. «H llAEKTPlKij T<l(Jll, <l(JXELO 1t0(J0 bUVCl.Tij elver, yiVELCl.l EVCI. (JUVSllIlCl., EVCI. U1tOKCl.T<l(JLCl.LO TPOq>ij<;, EVCI. E~Cl.pTllmCl.Ko EPESl(JIlCI. ylCI. LO KEVTpO TpOq>ij<;. To llAEKTPlKo EPESl(JIlCI. 1tPOKCl.Ad Tci:JpCI. 0Xl IllCi. E1tlSELlKij Cl.VTibPCI.(Jll Cl.AA<l uiu TP0q>tKij Cl.VTibPCI.(Jll: LO 1;;ci:J0 (JTpEq>f.TCl.l npoc LOV 1tElPCl.IlCl.Ll(JTij, yAEiq>ETCl.l KCI.l Cl.pxil;;El VCI. EXEl £KKPl(Jll mEAou 01tro<; OTCl.V 1tpOKElLCl.t V· Cl.PXi(JEl· VCI. rproet. To iblO Cl.1tOTEAE(JIlCI. £1tlWYX<lVETCI.l OLCI.V 0 llAEKTPl(JIlO<; Cl.VLlKCl.Si(JLCl.TCI.l Cl.1t0 K<l\jllIlO ij 1tAllyij (JLO bEPIlCl.».

BAE1tOUIlE VCI. vivctrn EVCI. ~ijllCi. Il1tPO(JT<l ern IlEAELll Tll<; uvdrrsprj; VEUPlKij<; bPCI.(JTllPlOTllTCI.<; - EVCI. E~Cl.PTci:JIlEvo Cl.VTCl.VCl.KACI.(JLlKO (J' EVCI. , E1tlKivbUVO ij obUVllpO EPESl(JIlCl.. AAA<l rt bUVCl.TO neipeuu: 0 (JKllAO<; Cl.VLlbp<l XCl.POUIlEVCI. (JLOV 1tOVO, LOU 1tPOKCl.Ad<; EVCI. K<lljllllO ij 1tAllyij KCl.l o (JKUAO<; (JE 1tAllm<lI;;El. ..

44

Ta btOclYIlU1;a rou ncl~AO<p btEKbtKOUV 1tpffilOKa9Ebpia OtTJ ouyXpOVTJ PfficrtKit \jIuxoAoyia btOtt, 01tffi~ El1tw9TJK£, ouvosoov ru; pil;;E~ IlE r«; npoorrtucsq, tTJV apxit Kat tTJ Ilt90bO tTJ~ E~aptTJOtaKit~ bUvatOtTJta~ OtTJ AEtlOUpyia rrov aVtaVaKAaOttKwv. dEV 9a ittav U1tEP~OAit va 1tOUIlE ort 1tail;;Et rov ibtO POAO OtTJv E1tl0t11IlTJ tOU urouou 1tOU 1tail;;Et TJ apXT] Kat TJ Ilt90bO~ tTJ~ E~tAt~TJ~ OtTJ ~lOAoyia. H Ilt90bO~ ouvio ruttn OlO va 1tclPEt~ Kcltt bEbolltvo, OtOlXEtWbE~, <pUcrtKO Kat a1tAO Kat va 1tapaKOAou9T]OEt~ tTJV aAAayit 1tOU ~aoil;;Etat o ru; OUVOitKE~ Kcltffi un ' r«; 01tOiE~ OUVtcAEitat autT] TJ bpaOtTJptOtTJta. ~tTJV 1tl0 eupeio <ptAOOO<ptKT] svvotu tTJ~ H~TJ~, OAO~ 0 KOOIlO~ tTJ~ io ropiuc, tTJ~ KouAlOUpa~ Kat tTJ~ YAwooa~ aivm tva ~aoiA£tO E~clptTJOTJ~ a1to opoix. M' autit rnv cvvoro, TJ Ilt90bO~ rrov E~aptWIlEvffiV uvruvoKAaOtlKWV a1tOKtcl r«; 1tAatUt£pE~ nposxrucs«; ouv <pUOtKit io ropucn Ilt90bO~ 1tOU E<papllol;;Etat OlOV clv9pffi1t0, vivsnn 0 bE(JIlO~ IlEta~U tTJ~ roropice; Kat tTJ~ E~tAt~TJ~.

H 9Effipia tmv E~apt(i)IlEVffiV avtavaKAaOttKWV tXEt vvropiost ll£yclATJ aVcl1ttU~TJ a1tO rov KatpO tTJ~ E1taVclOtaOTJ~: OtTJ OXOAT] tOU ncl~AO<p Kat OlO IVOtllOUlO EYKE<PclAOU OtTJ Mooxa, 1tOU tbpu9TJKE a1to rnv KOIlIlOUVtOttKT] AKabTJllia, tx£t rtpootpspat uic OEtpcl 9aullclouov avaKaAU\jIEffiv. Mrropci Kavd~ va 1tEt Ott ot VOllot-KAEtbtcl tTJ~ aVWtEPTJ~ VWPtKit~ bpaOtTJPtotTJta~ sivat rdipu oa<pd~. H E1tlOtT]IlTJ civet srotut] yta Ilta mo ~a9tcl, 1tl0 otJV9EtTJ aVclAuOTJ tTJ~ oounepupopcl~.

H OXOAT] M1ttXtEPE<p IlEAEtcl rc E~aptwllEva avtavaKAaOtlKcl lOU av9pw1tou. Ftverm urn 1tpoo1tcl9£ta va bTJIltOUPYTJ9d tva OUyKpOtTJlltvo oXtbtO rtov aVtaVaKAaOtlKWV 1tOU va KaAU1ttEt oAa ru bEbolltva tTJ~ IjIUXtKit~ I;;ffiit~ 1tOU E1tlKUpw9TJKav nors a1to rnv IjIUXOAOyia Kat srm va ueruqipncrouv OE Ilta aVtlKHIlEVtKT] YAwooa Kat va OUVbE9d TJ KalVoDpyta 9Effipia IlE o'norprore tX£l avaKaAtJIjIEl TJ \jIuxoAoyia Katcl rnv toropucn aVcl1ttU~it tTJ~ Kat 1tOU tXEt E1tlOtTJIlOVtKT] a~ia. Flvsrm Ilta 1tpoo1tcl9Eta a1to tOV M1ttXtEPE<p OtO ~t~Aio lOU HV1Ki:r; Booe«; T'1r; avravaKAamoAoyiar; rou avOpw7wV yta tTJ bTJlltOUpyia EVO~ VEOU OUotitllato~ \jIuxoAoyia~ ~acrtolltvou OtTJ Oeropiu ttov E~aptWIlEvffiV avtavaKAaOtlKwv. H ibta 0XOAT] aVa1ttUOOEt ru npo~Aitllata tTJ~ YEVEttKT]~ avtavaKAacrtoAoyia~ TJ onoio EPWVcl rnv aVcl1ttU~TJ rtov E~aptWIl£vffiV aVtaVaKAaOtlKWV ano rnv 1tPWtTJ Iltpa I;;ffiit~ tOU ~pt<pou~. Auto 9EtEt ro 9EIltAta yta rnv uvnxeuievucn IlEAf:tTJ tTJ~ 1tatbtKit~ ljIuxoAoyia~*.

* Eo<il KUi UAAOU 01 llup£~pao£i<; ron Bryxorox. 0' uuro TO qxrvrucrnxo orpoyyus.o rpU1ti:t;l eivnt ltUp~i:v£<; ono TO up9po rou «'I'UXOAOYiKTJ f.morTJWI crnv En:Ll»> O'1~OCJl£U~i:vo oro PiPA\O Kotvcovtxiu; I:1tmrljwr; atnv EI.L1. 1917-1927. Mooxa> 1928, O£A. 25-46.

45

ZINTrENKO: Tu T£AEULaia xpOVla 0PlOIlEVOl Il£YelAOl ~EVOl £KbOTlKOl OlKOl txouv bllll0<Jl£UO£l ~l~Ala nov blaK£KplllEvrov OO~l£rucdiv 'l'UXOAOYroV, oUlln£plAall~avoll£vrov Kat rtov BtYKOTOKl, Aoupin, Aeovttsq» Ttn napelb£lYlla, TO ~l~Aio TOl) A.N. Aeovruxp Apaatnptotnta, (Jvw;h51J(J1J. npooomncotnto; EX£l KUKAO<pOpi]O£l O£ LlKO<Jl xrop£~. o vov~ OTIJV «otvoivia TOU BlYKOTOKl, bllIlO<Jl£lJ't"llK£ o ru; HnA TO 1978 Kal aKoAouElllo£ 11 tKbooll Tll~ aUTO~lOypa<pia~ TOU Aoupto H JIJf.J.IOVPyia Iov vov TO 1979. r' svav npoAoyo Kl £niAoyo ucrou TOU ~l~AiOl), 0 KaElllYllTi]~ KOOUA oUYKamAEY£l TOV Aouptu aVelll£Oa OTOU~ mo SioK£KPlIlEvou~ 'l'UXOAOYOU~ TOU 190U Kat 200u nuovo, TOn08£TroVLa~ TO~ KaTel KelnolOV rpono, Il£La~l) rrov nf:VT£ npdrrrov OAOU TOU KOOIlOU. Mtn llap~lonKi] 0XOAi] 'l'uxoAoyia~ blllllOVPyi]ElllK£ OTllV OAr ano TOV XOATI;;Kallrr rtou 8£roPLl TOV £aUTO TOU llaOllTi] TOV A£OVTl£<p, av xct tov fiXE oovnvrnoet 1l0VO uiu <popel. Y nelpX£l TPOIl£PO £vbla<pEpov arro TOU~ 'l'UXOAOYOU~ OAOU TOl) KOOIlOU Yla Tll oO~l£nKi] 'l'uxoAoyia Tll~ b£Ka£Tia~ TOU ' 20 Kat TOU ' 30. To n£plOblKO };O{JU;TlKIj IJIvxoAoyia rtou £Kbib£Tat cr«; HnA bllIlO<Jl£U£l oO~l£nKE~ £pyaoi£~ nelvro OTllV \jIuxoAoyia aUTrov rrov xpovrov ll£m<ppaoIlEv£~ ano La pro<JlKel Kat rn ooxpuvucc. 0a unopooon va napa8Eoro Kl elAAa napab£iYllaLa rtou b£ixvouv £vbla<ptpov, Kat OVXVel ElaullaollO, Yla Tll OO~l£TlKi] 'l'VXOAOyia. Axouu Eva~ AOyO~ Yla vu nxouoooue TOV ibw TOV «Moronpr Tll~ 'l'vxoAoyia~» (onro~ ovounoc 0 TOUAlllV TOV BlYKOTOKl) nelvro _0';0 rrro£ avamUx8T)K£ 11 oO~l£nKi] 'l'vxoAoyia cxctvn La xpovla.

BIrKOTlKI: IOTOPlKel, 11 'l'uxoAoyia' b£v avamuxElllK£ rrore aKoAou8rovLa~ Illa £uEl£ia ypalllli]. To 18740 Mnp£VTelVO I;;i]TllO£ vc blllllOUPY1l8£i uiu 1l0VO 'l'uxoAoyia ern 8toll rrov nOAArov 'l'UXOAOYlroV nov uni]pxav TOT£ KelTro ano rnv KOlVi] ovouuoiu .. H~£p£ on aUTO i]mv uio arraitlloll Tll~ £rroxiJ~ 11£ rnv oaoio £ixav OUIlIlOP<pro8£i, O£ bla<pop£nKi:~ XpOVlKt~ rr£plobou~, £7nOTi]Il£~- onro~ La lla8TlIlanKel, 11 <pU<JlKi], 11 XllllLla xrn 11 <pUolOAoyia: 11 anuitlloll va evonomflouv nayKoolliro~ uvuyvroptoutvet; cmcrnuovucec aAi]El£l£~. 0 Mnp£VTelVO ouvi]Elll;;£ vc AE£l no»; ornv £7nOTi]IlTJ, onro~ Kat OTTJV rroAlnKi], TJ evonotncn i]mv abUVaTTJ Xropi~ ayrova. . ET<Jl, 0 bPOIlO~ Yla TTJ bTJl.llOupyia I-lla~ £vwia~ £rrtOTi]llll~ rTJ~ 'l'vxoAoyia~ iJmv i;va~ bPOIlO~ ayrova.

To 1917,0 OlJiAlall In:pv Erravi:Aa~£ TTJ blelYVroOTJ roo Mnpevruvo, cnucuovovrce; on, nup ' OATJ rnv £KrrATJKnKi] sm wxia TTJ~ smcrnuoviKi]~ 'l'VXOAOYlKi]<; f;pwva~, vrri]pxav nxouo nOAAt~ 'l'vxoAoyi£~, Kat 0Xl Ilia 'l'uxoAoyia. AAAel KaTel TllllqelATJ XPOVlKi] nepiooo nou X(upll;;£ aUTE~ ru; Suo OTJAroOEl~, TJ KpioT] crnv 'l'uxoAoyia avarrTUxOT]KE O£ rs no ~aOllo roOT£ vn anOKaAu'I'£l nOAl) mo KaElapel TOV rrpuvuuruco 10WPlKO elOAO nov xpElal;;oTav yw va £vw80uv 01 nOAAt~ 'l'uxoAoyiE~ O£ Illa 1l0VO £1ttOTi]IlT].

46

H procrtKi] IjIUxoAo1'ia, Tll<; o noiuq 11 avanw~l1 ~PlOKOtaV KaTro uno rnv lOxupi] smppon Tll<; bUTlKi]<; Eupronll<;, bCV anoTcAouoE E~aipEoll 0' aUTO TOV lOTOPlKO xovovn. Kat Ol Soo TaOEl<;, npoq svonoinon Kat bwipEOll, EXOUV uvrmpootoneoflet O£ OAll rnv io ropin Tll<;.

Tn OqlEALa Tll<; procrtKi]<; <pUcrtKi]<; ljIuxoAo1'ia<; TtElllKav ano tu; nproToTUnE<; £p1'aoiE<; rrov OUOiVOKt, LETO£VO<pKat Brryxvep. H ~E1'aAuTEpll £nibpaoll an' OAE<; i]Tav aUTi] TOU LETO£VO<p 0 onoio<; 8£ropouoc TO IjIUXlKO Kat TO <PUOLOAo1'lKO OTOV avElpmrro ouv omvouevo Tll<; ibla<; Ta~l1<;, ouv ouyyCvi] ourvouevo «rrp; ibla<; £ni1'£la<; Kata1'ro- 1'i]<;, arro TOV svuv Kat TOV uuro nAavi]Tll».

niOT£UC on TO ~EAAov Tll<; ljIuxoAo1'ia<; ouv cmOTi]~l1<; civm om xtpw 0Xl rrov ~£ta<pUcrtKroV aAAa rorv <pUcrtKroV e mornuovrov. rvroplS£ £1tiOll<; rnv aKataAAllAoTllTa Tll<; owxaonKi]<; ~COObOU 1'la 1:11V £moTi]~l1 Kat Tll ~£Ta<pUOlKi] <Pl)Ol1 Tll<; unoxetuevucrp; ljIuxoAo1'ia<;, Kat i]tav 0 itprow<; noo £n£~£p1'aoElllKE rnv aVTiAlllj111 rrov IjIUXlKroV aVTavaKAaonKrov.

H roEllloll 1'la rnv CVTaTlKi] ava1tLu~l1 Kat trov bUO IjIUXOA01'lroV 80- 811K£ ~£ Tll bll~LOup1'ia nctpouunxrov cp1'aoTllpirov Kat wcrrrounov ano rov NEToa1'£<p rrrnv Fls tpounos, 11 (0 onotoc taAavTwotav ~Eta~l) conpuoouevnc Kat EKnatbWTlKi]<; ljIuxoAo1'ia<;) Kat urto rov TOcAnavotp o rn Mooxa (0 onoioq ET£lVE rrpot; r«; ElCOOPllnKt<; ~cAtTE<;). Ana 11 Dla~aXll ~Eta~U ttov bUo IjIUXOA01'lroV bEV tnaljlE OUT£ Yla tva A£1tLO, srcn rn npoenovco rrrnxd Xpovw t1'lvav ~apwpE<; ~la<; ava1'tvvlloll<; Tll<; wm<puolKi]<; ljIuxoAo1'ia<;. 0<; TOTC 11 procrtKi] ljIuxoAo1'ia, uxoxouOctlvm<; rnv wpWrratKi], dXE KamAupEl rrm<; i]wv tva ~i1'~a Duo urutpmo nov OTOlxcirov Kat rrpoonuEllloc va avarrn)~El rnv lDta bUo EnwTll~rov. 0 NlKoAul AavTs ava<ptpn: «' bat E~<pavioTIlKav Duo bla<popELlK~:<; IjIlJxoAo1'il:<;, W uAAa Ao1'ta, IlljluxoAo1'ia arroKuAuljIC DlJO rrAwpt<;, ouo rrpoororra, orr(J)<; ° lavas" .

. leo»; ami] 11 lbta vo CK<pPUsCTC1l mo Dpa~anKcl ow i-:p1'o rou LtllcV <1>pavK, H IfIvXIj rov avOpci)J[ov. zrou DllllOatEtJTllKE TOV IOl)A 11 TOU 1917 Kat napouoiasE TOV svuv ami TO\)<; Duo Dp6~olJ<; rrou aKOAotJOIlOE 11 pwatKiJ ljIuxoAo1'ia o tu; napa~ovt<; Tl1<; Erravclmaoll<; .. Hruv uio rrpoorraOcla vu Enava<p?:pEl TIlV ljIuXo),o1'ia «OI11V rraAlcl KUPlOACKTlKi] Kat aKpl~i] svvorn Tll<; At~Il<;». To paatKo TOU ~i]vu~a nmv 11 aVTiOwll npor; Ilw «ljIuxoAo1'ia Xltlpi<; rnv ljIuxi]», zrpoc Til ~f:Ta<popcl T(OV w:OoDOOV Kat TOOV apxcilV rcov <pUatKrov smo-rnudiv o rnv ljIuxoAo1'ia. 0 ouyypa<pta<; IWwAapaivEl rroAt) ouio ru ru; ouvEncu:<; TIl<; DlalluXIl<; ~Cta~u rrov buo IjIUXOA01'lCtlV, xrn t nv pUrr!:l onv "pia anAl? f;Kliiw¢ll TW; uuu; WI(JTIjP'1C; ano utav aAA'l tcsriioc ()[W(JO{Jl:T/KI?", «Oi rrpa1'~anKt<; rrpooooi rrou 011~1£l(tlElllKav ornv ljIuxoAo1'ia», 1'pa<pcl 0 ouyypa<pEa<;, «o<pEiAovmv O£ uio o~u~tvll Elpll(JK£unKi] Kat 110lKi] OuvdDll01l'"

. Ever; lOWPlK6<; 111<; procrtKi]<; <PlAooo<pia<; tXCl KaOc 1..01'0 vu rret (in

47

uoto TO ~l~A.io «cnueuovei ~tla ~aSla OTpoqlli OW; a1toljlw; 1tavro crnv ljIuX0A.oyia». «. EXOUIlE E1tlOTptIjlEl ern Il£Tu<pumKT] ljIuX0A.oyia», ypa<pEl Kat n:A.ElWVEl rnv aVaoKo1tll0T] TOU 11£ TOV aKOA.OUSO TP01tO: (; ETm 11 promKT] IjIUXOA.OYlKT] <plA.oA.oyia tX£l KaV£l tva V OA.OKA.llprolltvo KUKA.O, 01tro<; xut 11 bunKT]. 3EKivllo£ 11£ ElKaoi£<; 1tavro o rnv ljIuXT] 1tOU obT]Ylloav ornv apvlloll Tll<; ibla<; Tll<; u1tap~ll<; Tll<; IjIUXT]<;, Kat TOTE ljIuX0A.oyia Xropi<; ljIuXT] Kat <plJmOA.oYlKT] ljIuxoA.oyia tYlvav nsipallanKt<; xut my a my a aPXloav va evorcucrdivouv ru ElKOWA.0YlKa OTolx£ia».

H promKT] ljIuX0A.oyia, ollro<;, tX£l a1tOKaAUIjIEl 0Xl 1l0VO rnv Taoll npoc Illa btaip£<Jll Il£Ta~U DUo avnllaxoll£vrov £1tlOTllIlWV aA.A.a Kat Illa aAA.ll l(JTOPlKT] Taoll, aUTT]v Tll<; cvonoinonc rtov IjIUX0A.0YlKWV E1tlOTllIlWV Kat ruosrov OE Illa 1l0VO E1tlOTT]Il11. 0 rK£OpYKl TOEA.1tavo<p TOVlO£ ornv olllAia TOU KaTa ro rrvorvuu TOU Ivcrrrooroo 'PuxoAoyia<; Tll<; Mooxa<; on TO lOWPlKO KaST]Kov Tll<; promKT]<; ljIuX0A.oyia<; T]Tav «vo KpaTllSd 11 £OroT£PlKT] evornro Tll<; IjIlJxoAoyia<;». Ei1tE on TO KaST]Kov rou tvo n TOUTOU T]Tav «vu Aa~£l usrpu Yla rn btaTT]PllOll Tll<; cvornrr«; Tll<; \jIuxoAoyia<;». «H \jIuX0A.oyia KO~£Tal O£ xouurrn« 1tOU sivrn TEAdro<; aouvb£Ta IlETa~U TOU<;», cirrc. «LaV a1tOTtA.EOlla, 11 \jIuX0A.oyia crepeirm TOU blKatwllaw<; Tll<; EVOTllTa.<; Tll<;. A1tElAF.lTalll£ bla01taOll'~. Movo 11 1tpOO1taSEta rmv OXOA.WV va em TEAtOOUV TO tpyo Tll<; svonoinorp; Tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; Sa £1tEtPE1tE «o rnv ljIuxoAoyia £bW OTll Procto v ' aKoAOuST]O£l TOV OroOTO Spouo. TOT£, 11 avamu~ll Tll<; ljIuX0A.oyia<; OTll Pmoiu Sa t<pTav£ OE uiu 1tAllPOTllta Kat uiu TEAElOTllTa 1tOU Sa Ila<; E1ttTp£1t£ va IllA.all£ 11£ 1t£Pll<pavta Yla "promKT] ljIuX0A.oyia" IlE TOV ibto TP01tO 1tOU IllAall£ oT]ll£pa Yla Y£PllavlKT], ayyA.lKT] Kat all£ptKavlKT] \jIuxoAoyia» .

. Onox; Kat OTll LluOll, 11 TEAwtaia Taoll bEV £1ttTPEIjI£ crnv 1tPWTll va avamuxSEi, E1tlOKiaOE rnv lOTOplKT] ElKOVa Kat obT]YllOE O£ 1tapE~llyT]O£l<;. H lbta Tll<; tvrooll<; E1tlOKiaOE rnv lbta Tll<; btaip£Oll<; EVW ornv 1tpaYllanKoTllTa 11 evonotnon T]tav buvaTo va yiV£l 1l0VO IlETa Tll btaip£Oll. AUTo TOvil;;£Tat a1to tva £1t£lOObto. To aVOlYlla TOU Ivo nTOUWU 'PuxoA.oyia<; Tll<; Mooxa<; XatpETioSllKE onv oTaSllo<; a1to TOV I~av na~A.o<p, IlETa~u aA.A.rov, 0 orrotoc cru; emcrnuovrcsc- rou Epyaoi£<; ~EKiVYJo£ a1to r«; a1to\jlEl<; roo Lf:tO£VO<p Kat OTa 1tElpallaTa TOU 1tavro OWV EyKt<paAO a1ttKA.ElOE rnv 01tOtabi!1tOTE cvuoopd O£ U1tOKElll£VlKt<; KataOTaOEl<;. L' tva ypalllla TOU A.t£l on TO tpyo Tll<; £1tlOTllIlOVlKT]<; 1l£Af:Tll<; Tll<; bpaOTllPloTllTa<; TOU VOU «eivat TOOO IlcyaA.o Kat ouvSno 1tOU XPElul;;ETal OAOU<; TOU<; 1tOpOU<; Tll<; OKt\jlll<;, a1tOAUTll EAwSEpia, TtA£la blal;;w~ll un ' oAa rn OTEpEOTU1ta OWV aVWTEpo Suvcro ~aSIlO, uio 1tOlKlAia a1tO\jlErov Kat 1tPOOcyyiOErov, 1l0VO TOTE Sa T]Tav buvatT] 11 E1tlTUxia. ·OAOl exstvoi 1tOU t::pyal;;ovTat ern o<paipa Tll<; OKt\jlll<;, un ' 01tOtabT]1tOTE J[Awpa Kl av 1tA.llmal;;ouv

48

LO aVLlKdllEVO LOU<;, Sa OOUV OLl TJ OtKi] LOU<; (JUIl~OAi] Kat TJ (JUIl~OAi] oArov apya i] ypi]yopa Sa OOTJyi](JOUV crTTJV rcpaYlla:rro(JTI LOU IlqaAuTEpOU spyou TTJ<; avSpromvTJ<; (JKt'l'TJ<;»·

Arto TTJV aAATJ IlEpui LO avotYlla LOU IV(JnLOuwu 'PuxoAoyia<; ytWTJ(J£ EAreioE<; OLl ru tpya LOU Sa ~EKaSaptl;;av «TTJV oucrta(JLlKi] ota<popa IlETa~u TTJ<; q>u(JTJ<; LOU avSpomou Kat TTJ<; q>U(JTJ<; oArov trov aAArov srovmvrov reAa(JllaTrov, utu otaq>opa rtou ureOOEtKVUETat areo TTJV rei(JTTJ Ila<; Kat r«; KaSTJIlEptVt<; Ila<; EllreEtpi£<;». 0 T(JEAreavoq> SEroPTJ(JE 1:0 yqOVO<; ouv I-lta encvsvonotnon rrov pdiorov 'l'UXOAOYroV rtou uvnnpooroneucv aVTi9ETE<; TU(JEt<;. Eins on «aUTO unopsi va SEropTJSd TJ apxi] yta TTJV svonoinon rrov proorov 'l'UxoAoyrov (JE utu KOtVi] repo(JreaSEta». «To EproTTJlla "noioc Sa avareTU~Et TTJV 'l'uxoAoyia", rtou repo(Jq>a-ra OtaipE(JE q>tAO(JOq>OU<;, 'l'UXOAOYOU<; Kat q>u(JtoAoyOU<;, avi]KEt, EAreil;;oullE, (JW reapEASov». Ttnoro OEV Sa unopoucs va sivui TCtO llaKpta uno TTJV t(JWptKi] aAi]SEta '0(J0 aUTi] TJ Oi]Aro(JTJ. To a(Jull~i~a(JLO areOodxSTJKE Kat reaAt a(Jull~i~a(Jw Kat npiv reEpa(JEt Katpo<;, TJ llaKpOXPOVTJ OtallaXTJ IlELa~U rtov Suo 'l'UXOAOytroV tytVE q>avEpi] (JE OAOU<; .

. Evcc t(JLOptKO<; OEV Sa oU(JKoAwTEi va (JKtaypaq>i](JEt TTJV E~apTTJ(JTJ rrov 'l'UxoAoytKrov tOEroV areo TTJ YEVtKi] nopeto TTJ<; KOtVroVtKi]<; sroi]<;. Yreapxouv EreapKd<; llapTupiE<; yta va LO areood~ouv. 0 Spiall~o<; i] TJ i]na rrov Soo 'l'UxoAoytrov rep0(JOtoptl;;oTav AoytKa areo TTJV aKIli] Kat TTJV reapaKIli] rrov xowevuconoxvnxrov aAAayrov Kat ~acrtl;;oTav (JTTJV repooowLlKi] Kat avLtOpa(JLtKi] OtaSEcrTJ TTJ<; KaSE Ereoxi]<; .

... To 1914 LO uvotYlla roo IV(JLlLOuwu 'PuxoAoyia<; xatpEn'J9TJKE areo TTJ uio IlEpta areo LOV na~Aoq> Kat nrto TTJV dAATJ areo svov snioxoso nou uIlVTJ(JE TTl IlEAtTTJ TTI<; «KaT' EtKOVa SWU q>U(JTI<; TTJ<; 'l'Uxi] <;». AUTO OdXVEt KaSapa orov t(JLOptKO Ll<; ouvsneuz; uurou LOU reapa~Evou ouvoououou ttov OUO a(JUIl~i~a(JTrov 'l'UXOAOytroV nou EvroSTJKav snupuveiuxu EKEivTJ TTJV nuspu.

nt(JTEuro, AOtTCOV, OLl IlETa are' 01.' aUTU, OEV XPEtal;;ETat va E~TJYTJSd TJ ~acrtKi] repOTa(JTJ KaTro areo TTJV onoia reptreEt xuvek; va ~AtreEt TTJV 'l'uxoAoyia (JTTJV E~~Ll. To t(JLOptKO tpyo TTJ<; 'l'uxoAoyia<; (JE uio Ereava(JTanKi] xropa stvrn va KaVEt 'tTlv 'l'uxoAoyia Ilta q>UcrtKi] ETCt(JTi]IlTJ, (JullreATJProvovTa<; rnv t(JWptKi]· OtaipEcrTJ Kat svonoinon OAroV rrov SELlKroV YVro(JEroV nou KaTtKTTJ(JE TJ 'l'uxoAoyia KaS' OATJ 'tTJ llaKptVi] icropic 'tTJ<; (J' tva 1l0VO ETCt(JTTJlloVtKO (Ju(JTTJlla.

TOYAMIN: To KEVTptKO npoorono au'ti]<; 'tTJ<; ioropinq i]mv 0 AE~ UlltovO~t't<; BtYKO't(JKt, noo retSavE uno q>ulla'tiro(JTJ LOV Iouvn LOU 1934 (JE TJAtKia rpurvru Eq>TU xpovrov.

Ta 'tEA.Emaia xpovta TTI<; I;;roi]<; LOU BtYKOT(JKt i]Tav tva<; reupE'troOTJ<; ayrova<; 0POIlOU svevno (JTTJV upprocrnn LOU. CHmv i(Jro<; uno Ll<; reAw'taiE<; OtavotE<;, nou too(Jav (JTTJ At~TJ «reUpE'troOTJ<;» TTJV tOtOIlOPq>TJ

49

ouv9ETll two HI Tll<;). dEV a<PlloE nioro LOU tVCI. KCl.AOYUCl.AtcrlltVO KCl.t KCl.AOPYCl.VrolltVO tpyo Cl.AAa IltCi. CI.<POmrolltvll OllabCl. ouvepjutrov ... Ot ouvEpyaTE<; KCl.t ot IlCl.911Tt<; LOU BtYKOTOKt ouvtxtOCl.VVCI. Epyal;;ovTat cru; KCl.TW9UVOEt<; 1tOU EKElVO<; ElXE Cl.VOi~Et Kat Cl.PyOTEpCI. 1l1t0PEOCl.V VCI. ouvstoospouv OTllV Cl.1toKCl.TacrLCl.Oll LOU 9tIlCl.LO<;: evuspet, Iltoro Tll<; bOUAta<; LOU<; 1tavro o mv «CI.<pCl.moAoyiCl.» (i] KAtVtKi] veupoxoviu) Cl.09EVWV IlE t:yKE<pCl.AtKt<; KCl.KWOEt<;, Kat evuepsi Iltoro Tll<; ~EA Tirooll<; ttov

EK1tCl.tbwnKwv TEX\ltKWV. .

Evw opiousvoi Cl.1t0 roix; allEoou<; ouvEpyaTE<; LOU BtYKOTOKt Epyal;;ovLCl.t Cl.KOIlCi. OTll Ptooiu, 11 11 AtKiCi. truv 1tEptOOOTEProV, eivrn yupro OLCI. E~bolli]vTCI.. 0 mo btCl.KEKPtlltvO<; ouv£PyaTll<; LOU T]LCl.V 0 AA£~aVTP Poucvojnrq AOl)P1Cl., roo orrotou 11 E~CI.lp£L1KT] YKallCi. rrov EVblCl.<pEpOVTroV xrn rrov lKCl.VOTT]TroV ... TOV tKCl.VE 1ttOCl.VOTCl.TCI. TOV KCl.AUTEPO \jIUxoAoyo roo atWVCI. ... 0 AOUplCi. T]TCl.V 0 M1tELO~EV,EVW MOL<JCl.PT i]LCl.V 0 B1YKOL<JK1· 1tpaYIlCl.Ll, 0 B1YK()-r;OKl urtopai VCI. 9EroP1l9d 0 MOL<JCl.PT Tll<; ljIuxoAoyiCl.<; 01tro<; KCl.l 0 ~Cl.VLi Knpvo Tll<;

<pumKi]<; To eupu <PaollCi. rrov 1tVWIlCl.LlKWV OTOXroV 1tOU £1tlbiro~E 0

AOUP1Cl. Cl.1t0 Tll AoyoTExviCi. IltXPl Tll vsupotpocnoxoviu, Iltoro Tll<;

yArooooAoyiCl.<; KCl.l ttov EK1tatbWLlKWV KCl.1VOWlllWV, ctXCl.V OACI. Cl.PX1- KW<; 1tPOLCI.9Ei OE OUl;;llTi]OEl<; IlE rov B1YKOL<JKt Kat WU<; ouvEpyaTE<; WU yupro OTCI. 1930.

dtCl.~al;;oullE OTllV Cl.uw~LOypCl.<piCi. LOU Aoupin: «0 Bi YKOTOKI i]TCl.V 1l1Ci. IlEYCl.Ao<Pu1Cl.. METa Cl.1t0 1tEP1000T£PO Cl.1t0 IltOO Cl.1WVCI. ornv E1ttOTi]- 1111 bEV Il1tOpW VCI. xarovoudoto aAAov av9pro1t0 0 onoioq scrro VCI. 1tAllolai;;El rnv Cl.1tiOTWLCI. Cl.vCl.AunKi] LOU lKCl.VOTllTCI. xm npovormxotnLCI.. ·01..0 uoo LO tpyo bEV civet Ti1tOTE aAAo 1tCl.pa 1l1Ci. 1tpoo1ta9EtCI. VCI. E1tE~EpyCl.OTW rnv IjIUXOAOYl1CT] 9EropiCi. 1tOU EKctVO<; tOTlloE.»

NCI.l, Cl.AAa rt E1tE~EpyCl.oiCl. ...

o ibLO<; 0 BtYKOTOKt bEV ctXE ~EK1Vi]OEl OCl.V \jIUxoAoyo<;. TdctrooE <plAOAOyiCl. ow nCl.VE1ttOTT]IlLO Tll<; MooXCI.<; Aiyo rtptv Cl.1t0 rnv E1tCl.vaoTCl.0ll TOU 1917 KCl.t 11 Cl.PXtKi] tou tPEUVCI. i]tCl.V 1tavro OTllv KptnKi] 9EropiCl., OUyKEKPllltVCI. o rov ·A,llAt:T WI) ~Cl.i~1tllP (LO ~l~AiO LOU

. 1tOU i]LCl.V Cl.1tOTEAccrIlCi. Cl.UTiJ<; Tll<; IlEAf:tll<;, H If/VXo),oyia T'7e; rtxv'7e;, lCuKAo<popct OT' Cl.yyAtKa Cl.1t0 TO 1971) .. ExovLCI.<; ~EK1Vi]OEl srot, 0 B1YKOTOKI ypT]yoPCl. Cl.vCl.lldX9T}KE O£ oUI;;T}tT]OE1<; 1tOU vivovruv usco KCl.l yupro Cl.1t0 W Ivo nrouro 'PuxoAoyiCl.<; Tll<; MooXCI.<; ytCl. rnv K01VroV1Ki] Kat 1tVWIlCl.LlKi] oUYKPOTllOll '11<; «OUVctbllOll<;» (AUTt<; 01 OUl;;llTi]OEt<; XPovoAoYOUVtat Cl.1t0 TO 1924 01tOTE tYWE btw9uvti]<; LOU lVOLlLOULOU 0 K. I. Kopvts.oip). H EVEPYllLlKOtllLCI. KCl.t 11 nporrorumn rou B1YKOtOKt LOV tKCl.VCl.V OUVWIlCI. llyttll 0' Cl.UTt<; r«; oUsllTT]oEt<; - apxtm: Cl.KOIlCi. Kat EtbiKwOll crnv lCl.TP1Ki] ytCl. VCI. lla9Et KCl.Aa LCI. veopoxovucu KCl.t \jIUXICl.TplKa <PCl.LVOIlEVCI. 1tOU 0XE,il;;oVLat IlE rnv

so

KaravOlloll, Tll 8tallOPq>rooll aVnAT)\j1Erov Kat Tll ouvEi811011 - Kat nupsuetve KUptapxouoa 1l0pq>it OW; ousllTito£tl; IltXPl TOV nporopo OCtvaTO TOU.

Kt ouox, aKOlla Kat OTll ~O~tETtKTt . Evoio n, !lOVO ora TtAll Tll~ bEKaETia~ TOU 1950 Ctpxtoav ot t8tE~ TOU BtYKOTOKt vu aOKOUV rnv 1tAY} Pll E1ti8paoTt TOU~ 1tCtvro OTllV emornuovucn \j1uxoAoyia. MtXPt TO 1962 TO ovouc TOU itTav YVroOTO OTll iluOll os OXtoll IlE TO t~U1tVO TEOT yta Tll IlEAtTll Tll~ OUAAll\j111~ CVVOlWV a1to ru 1tat8tCt IlE Tll XPllcrtl101toillOll a1tAWV KU~roV 1tatxvt8toU, Kat yta Ilta 8ttVE~1l crnv onoio sm wXw~ Il1tOPEOC vu 8tallq>tO~llTTtm;t Tt~ a1tO\j1Et~ TOU Zov ntast 1tCtvro OTO POAO Tll~ EOroTEPtKTt~ (it «CyroKEVTPtKTt~») OlltAia~ OTll sroit TOU 1tat8LOU. H 811llooiwoll ora aYYAtKCt TO 1934 Tll~ uovovpmpior; TOU LKi:lpl] Kat )1Aw(J(Ja«< MIT Flpec», 1962) t800E uiu 1tPWTll YEl)Oll rrp; aVaAUnKTt~ TOU 1tpoo£yytOll~ OTOU~ Auepucovouc. AAACt rropo, emrsAOU~, txoullE Ilta uvnnpooroneurucf E1ttAOyTt rrov 8EroPllTtKWV TO\) Soxiuicov OE Ilta veo O\)AAOyTt 1tOU eroiunos 0 MCttKA KOOUA Kat Ol OUVEpyCtTE~ TOU IlC TOV TiTAO 0 VOV~ (JTI]V KOlvwvia. To ~t~Aio tXEt 8U0 IlEyCtAE~ apETt~: Flpoctourdorrpcs IlE rnv EVEPYO oUllllETOXit TOU A.P. Aoupiu, 01tOtE unopsi vu tXEt rnv a~irooll Ott eivci tYKUpO. Eniorp; 8ivf.t rnv EtKOVa 1tOU OAOl XpEtaSollaoTE yta TO OAO 8EropllTtKO EyxEiPlllla roo Bi.YKOTOKt, a1to TO ortoio ot IlEAtTE~ TOU 1tCtvro ern OKt\j111 Kat Tll YAwooa a1tOTEAOUV TO tva, aAACt 1l0VO TO tva Iltpo~.

~ENTPaBIT~KI: H npocoopo TOU BtYKOT<JKt OTllV \j1uxoAoyia, OTll IlE8080Aoyia Tll~ Kat Tll q>tAoooq>ia rnc, unopci vo yivct KaTavollTTt 1l0VO Iltoa a1tO TO tOTOptKO 1tAaioto OTO ortoio CtpXtm; va EpyCtsETat, 811Aa8Tt ru; YEVtKt~ ypallllt~ Kat TCtOEt~ OTllV E1ttOTitllll rtou uvanruooovrov OllYXPOVro~. H tOTO pia Tll~ \j1uXoAoyia~ eivai urrio reuro ouv8ETll Kat OUVTapaKTtKit, 01tro~ Kat 11 \j1uxoAoyia 11 i8ta.· Ioox; tva 1tpCtYlla 1tOU 1tpt1tEt vo roviotlei 1tCtvro un ' OAa stvot Ott 11 \j1uxoAoyia U1titP~E yi.a 1tOAU xmpo - oxouu Kat usou OTOV EtKOOTO «ucvo - a1tAW~ tva KOIlIlCtTt Tll~ q>tAoooq>ia~. YrrTtPxav q>tAOOOq>Ot 1tOU aoxoAouvrav IlE IjIUXOAOytKCt 1tpO~AitllaTa. a tvac; nn ' uurou; itTav 0 Eq>WptTll~ Tll~ 1tEtpallaTtKTt~ ljIuxoAoyia~, 0 BiAXEAIl BOUVT .. AAAot rertot q>tAOOOq>Ot OUIl1tEptACtIl~avav avTt1tpOOW1tOU~ Tll~ OXOAit~ TOU BipT<JIl1tOUPYK, orrro~ TOV KOUA1tE, TOV AX, TOV M1toUAcp, TOV Msosp, TOV MCtPIl1tE, TOV Msyrcp Kat TOV BaT. at q>tAOOOq>qt TOU YKf.OtaA tt- 0IlOU, BEpTXCttIlEP, Kooxc Kat upvorspc 0 KOUPT Atoutv, eivat 1tEptOOOTEpO \j1UXOAOYOt 1tapCt q>tAOOOq>Ol OTll 11£8080 f.pyaoia~ TOU~.

at q>tAOOOq>Ot 1tOU aoxoAouvrav IlE \j1UXOAOytKCt 1tpO~Aitllam £TEtVaV OAO Kat mo 1tO).U vo Et8tKEUOVTat. Tnv i8ta OTtYIlTt ouvsflmve Kat TO aVTi8ETO: 11 \j1uxoAoyia avtmu~E svuv Et8tKO TP01tO vo aVTtAall~CtvEtat rn omvopevc, Kat Ilta Ct1t0\j111 8tKTt Tll~ yta TOV xoouo.

51

. ETm 11 KaTuaraall yivorcv OAO Kat mo auv8ETll. Kt aUTO sivct rtou KUVEt rov BiAXEAjl Bouvr, svcv jlEYUAO Kat EKAErrTUajlEVO qnAoaoq>o Kat lIIUXOAOYO, rooo Evihaq>Epovra. AVErrTU~E aUTO rrou AEycrat Volkspsychologie (AaOljfUxoAoyia) Eva EUlOe; IjfUXoAoytKi]e; KotvWVlOAoyiae;. ~ll~toUpYllaE snionc, ro nproro, o rnv ouo io , EtOtKWjlEVO ivo rrrouro rrEtpa~anKi]e; IjfUXOAOYiae;, ern AEtljfia.

TOYAMIN: r.Tllv Etaaywyi] roue oro 0 vov~ atnv xotvcovia. 0 MUtKA KOOUA Kat 11 r.uA~ta r.KpirrVEp Eq>taWUV, rroAu oruo tu, rnv rrpoaoxi] jlae; o rov BiAXEAjl BOUVT, ouv WV KOtVO nveuuo.nxo rrpoopo~o Tlle; ljfuxoAoyiae; TWV usotov TOU sucocrou ouovo, rooo orn Peete ooo Kat o rnv AjlEptKi] .. Ouo»; npsnst ajlEaWe; va cnusuocooue on 11 epsovo o ru; Duo xWpEe; auvExia811KE jlE aq>ETllpia EVTEAWe; Otaq>0pEnKu TllJ;jlUra Tlle; Epyuaiae; TOU ... 0 BOUVT rrpOTEtVE HIV KaTllyoPll~anKi] urroljfll on ot auv8nEe; vonrucst; AEtWupyiEe;, i] orrwe; i]rav TOTE yvwaTEe;, Ot «aVWTEpEe; IjfUXOAOytKEe; Actwupyice;» (sxouctc aVU~VllaTJ Kat ErraywytKOe; aUAAOYWjlOe;, yta rrapUOEty~a), OEV unopouonv «at ' apxftv va jlEAET1l80uv uno rrEtpajlanKOUe; IjfuxoAoyoUe;. Yrroan;ptsE on unopououv va Epwv1l80uv uovo arro toropiKEe; jlEAETEe; TWV rroAtnajltKwv npotovrrov, orrwe; Aai:KEe; icropisc, E8tjla Kat yAwaaa .

. Orov ~Eq>UyOUjlE ano WV xoouo TWV Tmjlrrll~uTwv xopqiirouc, TWV q>WTEtvWV o nueiorv Kat UAAWV rooo «arrAWV aw811jlUTWV», unctvoous a' Eva auv8Ew Kat rroAt najltKU pU8jltSOjlEVO ~aaiAEto. Ta mo AErrTu Siovorrnxn ouivouevc rrou cuvcvrouus EKEi OEV rruipvouv ru; jlOpq>Ee; non naipvoov arrAWe; aav «arrOTEAEajlUTa» OtKOUjlEVtKWV «ct.riorv- nou AEtTOUpyouv jlllxavtKU, aAAu OWq>EPOUV arro xous.roupc aE xous.roupc. Kuru TTJ YVWjlTJ TOU BOUVT, OEV etvat on aUTEe; ot «aUV8ETEe; OtavOllnKEe; ActwupyiEe;» OEV unopouv va jlEAET1l80uv Ka80Aou smornuovuco. Ilpsnst arrAWe;, va EPWV1l80uv E~ETusovrae; Kat rnv EtOtKi] roix 8Eall, ollAaoi], ouv npoiovrn Tlle; icropucrj; E~i:A.t~lle; Tlle; av8pw1ttVlle; KOUA roupuc Kat xoivoivioc. Ttu va XPllm~orroti]aou~E TOV opo roo iotou TOU Bouvr, arrOTEAOuv TO 8E~a OXt Tlle; rrEtpajlanKi]e; ljfuxoAoyiae; aAAU jlwe; mo EpjlllVwnKi]e; Kat tawptKi]e; Volkspsychologie. To uovo jlEpOe; Tlle; ljfuxoAoyiae; TOU Bouvr rrou EiXE emppon or«; HVWjlEVCe; nOAtTEiEe; uno TOTE, i]rav ro neipcuo ruco WU npoypcupu. Ono»; Etai]x811auv a' aUTi] TTJ xwpa uno rov jlu811Ti] WU TOV E.B. Tirosvep, Ot rrEtpajlanKEe; TEXvtKEe; WU BOUVT arroxwpia811Kav KUTU rnv uq>t~i] roue uno TO rrpwrapXtKO 8EwPllnKo rouq rrAaimo Kat KaT01ttV YEVtKEu811KUV Kat XPllmjlOrrOti]811Kav aav ~OVTi:A.O yta rnv urroAotrrll «IjfUXOAOytKi] smo num». r.w jlEra~u, ot nspicoorepor uuspuccvoi ljfuxoMyot EXOUV rrUpa~AEIjfEt tu rrapUAAllAU auyypu~jlara rou BOUVT yta rnv Volkspsychologie Kt ETm EXOUV rryvortost rn E1ttXEtpi]~UTU WU yw TOV toropnconoxmcruco xupaKTi]pu OAWV TWV

52

«uvcorspeov Otavoll'tlKci>v AEl'tOupytci>V» Kat yta 'to o n aivut ~.ui'talO va avasll'tu KavEi~ OtKOU~EVtKi:~ OXi:OEt~ al'tia~-arro'tEAi:o~a'to~ 0'tO «nvdrrepo Survonruco f3aoiAElO».

r.'tll r.Of3tE'tlKi] Proo iu, av'ti9E'ta, 'to ioropucous.to-nxo urrof3a9po no» npooosps II <jHAooo<pia 'tOU Map~ Kat 'tOU . EVYKEA~, ~aSi ~E 'ta rrpci>'ta emornuovucd i:pya rou r.i:'tO"EVO<p, i:Kavav ou~rra9iJ arro rnv apxiJ rnv rroAtno'tlKolo'tOptKiJ rrpooi:yytOll 'tOU Bouvr O'tl~ «avci>'tEpE~ 'l'UxoAoytKi;~ AEl'toupyiE~» .... Erot, II oouAia rrov [iOtwv rrov proorov 'l'u'XoAoywv] avarr'tux911KE <pUatoAoytKa rravw OE ypa~~i:~ rrapan llAE~ u ' aU'ti:~ non dXav oKtaypa<P1l9Ei ornv Volkspsychologie ron Bouvr, Kat nors OEV i:rrEO"av orrw~ Ot Surucot ouvaoEA<poi roue ornv rrayioa va E~lOci>OOUV rnv «emornuovucn ~i:90oo» ~E 'to 9E'tlKtO~0 .. OXt on rriJpav ouv EUayyi:AtO r«; npostoonomos«; 'tOU Bouvr va unv rrpoorra9i]oouv va EpEUVnOOUV r«; avci>'tEpE~ OtavOll'tlKi:~ AEt'tOupyiE~ netpcuunKa, aAAa ro rrEtpa~a'ta non i:Kavav c ' au 'to 'to «uvdrtspo- f3aoiAEtO iJ'tav rrav'ta hat OXEOtaO~i:va roors va rraipvouv urro'l'll roue oXEnKou~ rroAt'tlo'tlKOU~ Kat lO'tOptKOU~ rrapayov'tE~. H ouva~ll rtov E~rrEtptKci>v ~EAE'tci>v rou BtYKO'tOKt, yta 1t(ipaOEty~a, i:XEt Ka'ta rroAU oXi:oll ~E 'to YEYOVO~ on apviorcv va ~EKtviJOEt unouovdivovruc 'to «rrEtpa~a'tlKO aV'tlKEi~EVO» 'toJ.> arr' oAa ro o'tOlXEia rou rrEptf3aAAov'to~ rou - orrw~ Kavouv ouxvu rroAAoi rrEtpa~a'ttKoi IjfUxoAoYOt O'tl~ HnA - aAAa, ovr ' uurou, E~hasE 'tll o ounspupopd rtov uvtucstuevrov rou 1tav'ta OE oXi:oll ~E rnv tOtai'tEPll «nos.rnorucotoropucrp roue KC'.'tao-raoll.

rIAPOr.Ect>r.KI: 0 BtYKO'tOKt i:f3AErrE 'tll ~ap~tOnKiJ 'l'uxoAoyia oXt ouv jnu 0xoAi] (orrw~ II OUVEtP~tKiJ, II rrEtpa~anKiJ Kat aAAE~ oxoAi:~), ana ouv 'tll uovn smcrnuovucn ljfuxoAoyia. Av'ti9E'ta ~E EKEivou~ roue ouyypa<pEi~ no» Eixav xaOEt rnv ai0911011 'tll~ to ropuco'tll'ta~ Kat nou unurrououv va «orraOEt ro oEo~a ~E 'to rrapEA90v» II 'l'uxoAoyia Kat va «KavEt ~ta KatVOupyta apxiJ», 0 BtYKO'tOKt morcue on 0 ~E'taoXll~ano~o~ 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ rravw OE ~ap~tO'tlKiJ f3aoll OEV oiJ~atvE ~E xuvsvu rpono rnv EYKa'taAEtljfll OAll~ 'tll~ rrpollyou~Evll~ Epyaoia~. Ka9E rrpoorra9Eta ~ta~ EAEueEPll~ oKi:ljfll~ yta va arroK't~oEt svopucn ~i:oa o rnv ljfuxiJ Kat Ka9E rrpoorra9Eta yta ~ta urnoxpcrucr] spsuvc, rrpoE'tOi~aSav 'tll ~EAAOV'tlKiJ ljfuxoAoyia onere avaYKaonKa 9a evorouuncvovrov o ' au'tiJv llE utu rpononomusvn ~op<PiJ .. Omoc II avarr'tu~ll EVO~ KotVWVtKOOtKoVO~tKOU 0Xll~ano~ou o'tll ~ap~tO'tlKiJ Bsropin, hat Kat II avurr'tu~ll 'tll~ ljfuxiJ~ npsnat va 9EWP1l9Ei ouv uiu <pUatKi] to'tOptKiJ nopein, H ~E'taYEvi:o'tEPll Epyaoia 'tOU BtYKO'tOKt arri:OEt~E 'tll XPllat~o'tll'ta aU'tiJ~ 'tll~ ~E90ooAoyia~.

o BtYKO'tOKt morsue on II <ptAooo<pia 'tOU ~ap~to~ou iJ'tav ErrapKiJ~ yta va KaAu'l'Et 'tl~ avaYKE~ aU'ti]~ Ka9EUu'ti]~ 'tll~ Errto'tiJ~ll~ 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ II onotc yUpWE rpono va ~E<PUYEt arro rnv xpion. ~EV 'tll 9EWPOUOE ouv Ka'tl nou Etoi]X911 arri:~w arro av9pci>rrou~ nou apxtsav

53

~.lla aV<ljlop<proO"ll ornv lllUxoAoyia «)1tro<; mcrsue 0 Tm:Amivo<p). H E~i]YllO"ll· roo B1YKO'tO"K1 yta rnv xpion ornv IjIUxoAoyia i]'tav E1tllpwO"IlEVll a1to rnv aVaAUO"ll rou AEVlV yta rnv Ka'taO"'taO"ll xpiorp; 1tOU EIl<paviO"'tllKE O"n<; apXE<; 'tOU uuovc o nc <pUO"lKE<; EmO"'ti]IlE<;, II aVa1t'tU~ll rrov o notmv xpE1aSo'tav Ilta xmvoupytc IlE8000Aoyia OUO"laO"nKa 1tavro O"E OtaAEKnKOUA10"nKE<; ypaIlIlE<;. 0 B1YKO'tO"K1 EioE 'tOY llap~10"1l0 ouv 1l0V't£A.0 01tOU II <p1AOO"O<p1Ki] Bsmpto E<paplloSE'tat O"E Ilta O"UYKEKP1llEVll emornun. Auto 'to 8EIla OEV Il1tOpOUo"E V' cvnusrrom0"8Ei IlE Ilta a1tEU8Eia<; E10"ayroyi] rrov YEV1KroV Ka'tllyopuiw Kat vourov 'tOU OtaAEKnKOU UAtO"Il0U IlEO"a O"n<; O"UYKEKP1IlEVE<; EmO"'ti]IlE<;. E~iO"ou aYOVll i]'tUV Kat II 1tpOo"EYY10"1l Ka'ta rnv onoio ueuoveusve; Ota'tumOO"E1<; uno llap~lO"nKE<; EpyaO"iE<; Bsropouvrcv on npocospcv 1l1a E't011lll ljIuxoAoyia, OllAaOi], 1l1a AUO"ll 0"'t0 Epro'tlllla Y1a r«; 101al'tEpO'tll'tE<; Kat 'tOU<; vOIlOU<; 'tll<; av8promVll<; IjIUxi]<;. Ftn va E<pap1l00"8Ei 0 llap~lO"llo<; os Ka1tOla EmO"'ti]llll E1tPE1tE va !3pE8Ei utn IlE8000Aoyia, OllAaoi] Eva O"uO"'tlllla avnA i]IjIEroV 1tOU 8a Il1tOpOUo"E va E<pap1l00"8Ei 0"' au'ti] 'tll O"UYKEKP1llEVll EmO"'ti]llll .. Onox; EypaljlE 0 B1YKO'tO"K1, «Eivnt aouva'to O"i]IlEpa va 1tpoO"EyyiO"E1<; O"UyKEKp1IlEVE<; IjIUXOAOY1KE<; EPEUVE<; ~EK1vrov'ta<; Ka'tEU8Eiav uno YEV1KE<; apXE<; E~iO"ou E<papIlOO"lIlE<; orn <pUO"lKi] Kat ornv ljIuxoAoyia, Xropi<; npdrrc va !3pE8Ei uic O"UYKEKP1llEVll IlE8000Aoyia. ~EV unopst KavEi<; va IlE'tpi]o"E1 'to av8promvo Uljlo<; O"E X1A1oIlE'tpa. Auro unopsi va yiVE1 uovo IlE sxcrooru».

o B1YKO'tO"K1 'tOV10"E on oro Kf.rpaAalO 01 YEV1KE<; UPXE<; 'tll<; OtaAEKnKi]<; AE1'tOUpyouv IlE EIlIlEO"O 'tP01tO usoco rtov Ku'tllyoP1roV 'tll<; u~iu<;, 'tll<; 'ta~ll<;, rou EIl1t0PEUllu'tO<;, rou KEPOOU<; KA1t. Kat 0 B1YKO'tO"K1 1tiO"'tEUE on onoto.Srprore O"UYKEKP1llEVll EmO"'ti]llll npooova'toAtO"IlEVll npoc 'to IlUP~10"1l0 E1tPE1tE VU f3UO"iSE'tU1 0"' uuro 'to 1l0V't£A.0. H ljIuxoAoyiu XPElUSO'tUV 'to OlKO 'tll<; Kf.rpaAalO. «Auro 1tOU unopsi KUVEi<; VU itEP1llEVE1 va f3PE1 O"WU<; 10pU'tt<; rou IlUP~10"1l0U», ypa<pE1 0 B1YKO'tO"K1, «OEV sivm uin AUO"ll o ro 1tPof3AllIlU, OU'tE UKOIlU Kat Ilta AEl'tOUPY1Ki] u1t08EO"ll, Y1u'ti II 'tEAEU'tuiu 0lllllOUPYEi'tat 1tavro O"'tll f3aO"ll Ilta<; OEOoIlEvll<; EmO"'ti]llll<;, uHa Ilta IlE8000 Y1U rnv KU'tUO"KWi] rrp;».

KOOYA: 0 BtYKO'tO"Kt ~cKiVllO"c IlE 'to Kopasaso. 'Oruv euqxrviorrpcs 'to 192511 dlaA{XflKit inc rpiJ(I'Ie; rou . EVYKCA<;, 0 BtYKO'tO"Kt ullto"W<; HIV evotoucrroos ern O"UAAoytO"nKi] rou .. Onoio xt uv T]-rav rc IlEtOVEK'ti]ucrc rou O"KE1tnKOU rou BtYKO'tO"Kt, 0 EUKUtpW.KO<; 1tU1tUYUAtO"Il0<; rou IlUp~lO"Il0U OEV i]-rav cvo U1t' uu'ta. 'Onox; 1tUpu'ti]PllO"E: «Acv 8EAro v ' UVUKUAUljfro 'tll <piJO"ll rou YOU KaVOV'tU<; O"uppu<pi] U1tO Ola<pOpU EOa<ptU. 0i:Aro v ' UVUKUAUljfro 1tro<; 1tPE1tE1 vn xnorci 1l1U EmO"'ti]Il11, vc 1tAllO"laoro 'tll 1lcA.i:'tll 'tOU YOU txov-ra<; lla8C1 OAll 'tll j.d;Oo60 rou Mup~»*.

* Ano TOV EltiAOYO aTO PlPAiO TOil Aoupin H r5r;Il/Oup)'ia TOU vou. EKO. «Harvard

54

BIrKOTr.KI: Evdi II 8EWpiu 'tWV E~UP'tYJI.1EVWV UVmVUKAUCH1KWV, onw<; 1tOAU awcmi Ei1tE 0 na~AO<p, UnO'tEAEi «ro 8EIlEAlO 'tll<; IjfUXOAOY1KTJ<; yvwall<;», unops! Kuvd<; vn net on II q>UcrtKTJ ljfuxoAoyiu EXEl 01KOOOllll8d mrvco os a'tu8cpa 8EIlEA1U. AAAa uuro EKUVE 'tll IlE8000AOY1KTJ cvcuopetoon 'tll<; E1tla'tTJllll<;, rnv uvu8EwPlla11 'tWV 8EIlEA1WOWV q>IAoaoq>IKWV 10EWV 1tOO ~piaKOV'tat Ka'tw U1t' uo'tTJ 't11 Ol1tAi] smo num, UKOIlU 1t1O E1tciyouau. H icropucn ljfuxoAoyiu 'tOY xmpo 't11<; E1tuvaa'tuall<; 1tEP1EiXE roou 1tpaYllu'tu 1tOU i]'tuv ~EVU, E'tEPOYEVi] KUl uaull~i~uCHu IlE 'tl<; ruosu; 1tOU II Ennvcorcon EiXE ElauyayEI os OATJ rnv 1tOAlna'tlKTJ swrj, 1tOU IlIU uvu8EwP11a11 KUl KPl'tlKi] 'tll<; 1tUPUOOcrtUKi]<; ljfuxoAoyiu<; i]'tUV U1tUpui't11't11.

Aurf II uvu8EwPlla11 EylVE Ka'tW U1tO rnv laxupi] emppon 'tll<; UIlEP1KUVI Ki]<; um XE ~1O PW'tlKi]<; (oounepupoptc'n Ki]<;) ljfuxoAoyiu<;. 'Hrov EVU EV'tEAW<; KU1VOUPYlO q>atVOIlEVO ornv tnropin 'tll<; prootKi]<; ljfuxoAoyiu<;, 1tOO nptv i]mv Ka'tw U1t' rnv smppon 'tWV YEPIlUV1- KWV KUl UYYA1KWV, Kat w<; EVU cnueto KUl 'tWV YUAA1KWV 10EWV. Ilcp ' OAU curu, TJ smppori roo UIlEP1KUV1KOU ll1tlXE~lOPWIlOU UV'tUVUKAUa8llKf: mote os rourn 'tll xwpu Ku8w<; dXf: uvuou8d ouv IlIU uVE~ap't11- 'tll smornpovucn 'taall E1t11PWaIlEvll U1tO 'tll PWcrtKi] UV'tlKEIIlEV1Ki] axoAi]. H OIOUXi] rrov E~uP'tllIlEVWV uvmvuKAuanKwv ~PWKO'tUV ern ~aall rou UIlf:P1KUV1KOU oucrnunroc, Kat 0 Foixrrcov, 0 1tU'ti:pu<; 'tOU Il1tlXE!3lOplallou, OiKU1U XUPUK'tllPiSEI 'tOY na~Aoq> KUl 'tOY M1tEK'tEPEq> w<; 10pU'tE<; 'tll<; 8EWpiu<;. Ttc 1tPW'tll oopn, 11 PWcrtKi] \j!uxoAoyiu OEV eiXE U1tAW<; UVU1t'tuX8d UVf:~ap't11'tu UAAa dXf: TJ i01U snnpsccei EV'tOVU rnv ljfuxoAoyiu ce aAAU IlEPll 'tOU xoouou, E101KO'tf:PU cr«; HVWIlEVE<; nOA1'teiE<; .. Erot, II UIlEP1KUV1Ki] emppon i]'tUV IlIU E1tUVf:WUywyi] 't11<; 1tUA10'tEPll<; PWcrtKi]<; smpponc.

'One»; KUl vc ' XE1, 01 Prooot, UKOAou8wv'tu<; 'tOU<; AIlEP1KUVOU<;, OlaKi]pu~UV ori II ljfuxoAoyiu aivm uin E1tW'ti]llll 'tll<; aUIl1tEplq>opa<; 'tWV SWV'tUVWV 1tAUalla'twv. To 1921, o na~EA M1tAOVaKI oro Aotciuto navw atnv etuatnuovttcn IjIvxoAoyia, 1tpoa1ta8TJaE v ' cvcuopqxocsi rnv ljfuxoAoyiu, vn 0lllllOupyi]aEI uic ljfuxoAoyiu 0Xl uovo xwpi<; ljfuXi] una Kat xwpi<; auvEiollall (i] IjfUXoAoY1Ka q>atVOIlEVU), ouv uic q>UOlKi] Ema'tllllovlKi] 8EWpiu 'tll<; aUIl1tEplq>opa<;.

H KatVOUpY1U 10EU iJ'tuv rmpiuo rr] ornv Enovccrccn KUl TJ Il1tlXE~lOpla'tlKiJ ljfuxoAoyiu apXlaE v ' U1tAWVE'tat 1tOAU ypiJyopu oro PWOlKO EOUq>O<;, uv'tlKu81a'twv'tu<; rnv 1tUPUOOOlUKiJ EIl1tE1P1KiJ IjfuxoAoyiu. r.'tllv ouoiu, o rnv AIlEP1KiJ Ku8w<; KUl ern Prootn, 11 cuurrspupoPlOAOY1KiJ ljfuxoAoyiu i]'tuv IlIU E1tEK'tuall 't11<; 1taAll<; IlE'tU~U 'tWV DUO IjfUXOAOY1WV nou uvuq>EP811KE 1t1O novro.

H PWOlKi] EKooXiJ rou UIlEP1KUV1KOU Il1tlXE!3lOplallou KUP1UPXEi'tUI

University Press», Cambridge (Mass.), 1979, ad .. 204.

55

am) rpsu; toi:Ee;: rnv E7tt8u~ia va umipXEt svo crspeo IjfUXOAOytKO ouonwa YEvEnKa Kat ~a81wanKa Ptsro~i:vo mlvro ern f3aoll ron emornuovucoo UAtO~OU, rnv E1tl8Ullia va <pi:pouv rnv IjfUXOAOytKT] 8Eropia mo xovrn ern 8Eropia 'tlle; KOt vrovinc 7tOU smxpurouos o ro xropo rou nvsuuutoc Ka'ta rnv Encvnorcon Kat 7tOU T]'tav Kan vso yta rnv aKaollllatKT] E7ttO'tT]llll, Kat 'ti:Aoe; uic E7tiyvroall rrov IlEYaArov 7tPOKAT]OEroV 7tOU nspipsvcv rnv ljfuxoAoyia orov vso au 'to Spouo. .: ExoullE aKolla v ' avaKaAU\jI'OUIlE 'tOY av8pro7t0», i:ypa'llE 0 M7tAOVOKt, «Kat 7t()00 7tapa~EVa aoaEie; 1tl8avora'ta 8a ouvouue unpoord 0' aU'tT] 'tll IlEAAOVnKT] avaKaAUljfll... e' avaKaAuljfOU~E 'tOY "KOlVroVtKO av8pro7t0" Kat r«; OXi:OEte; 'tOU ~E 'to 7tEptf3aAAov 'tOU, 8a 'tOY nsprypd- 1jf0uIlE oxt ~E YEvtKOUe; opou; aAAa IlE ~a8llllanKi:e; <pOp~OUAEe;».

To 1922 OllIlOcrtEU'tllKE ro f3tf3Aio roo Kovoruvriv Kopvlxoe MaBr,flam rravw (TTl!; aVBpW7tlVE::I; avtiopoaeu; 'to onoio E~EraSE rnv ibta tbi:a uno aAAll arrOljfll. Ot rrEtpallanKi:e; IlEAE'tEe; rrov avnopaoErov ~EKivlloav uno 'til rrapaOOcrtaKa OtbaYlla'ta yta roue; 'turroue; rrov uvnopdosmv orrroe; f3pi:8llKav o'tll OXOAT] roo Bouvr. 0 Kopvtxoe EtOT]yaYE i:va xmvoupyio o'tOlXdo 0' aU'tT] 'tll ~EAErll, rnv spsuve, OllAaOT], 'tlle; ouva~tKT]e; rrAwpae; aurT]e; 'tlle; av'tiopaolle;, II XpovtKT] rrAwpa 'tlle; orroiae; EiXE IlEAE't1l8Ei uno 'tOY Bouvr Kat roue; lla8ll'ti:e; rou, H E<paplloyT] 'tlle; vi:ae; 7tpooi:yytOlle; i:<pEPE f3a8ta ErravaoranKa ou~rrEpaollara. H IlEAE'tll i:OEt~E on II Spuornpiornrc 'tlle; oKi:ljflle; Kat II E~ro'tEPtKT] EKbT]AroOll rrov KtVT]0EroV stvut uvrtorpoqxo; avaAoYEe; II uio npoc rnv aAAll. ·000 mo ouv8E'tll Kat svrovn sivat II AEt'toupyia 'tlle; oKi:ljflle; 'tOOO AtyO'tEPO svrovn sivm II E~ro'tEPtKT] EKbT]Arooll 'tlle; KiVr]olle;. Auro OOT]YlloE rov ouyypa<pi:a ern ota'tU7trooll 'tlle; apXT]e; 'tlle; 1l0VOrrOAtKT]e; barravlle; Evi:pYEWe; onou II voncn OEV eivm rrapa uiu oUYKpa'tTJIli:vll AEt'toupyia 'tlle; f3ouAll<?"lle; II onotc bEY IlE'ta<ppasE'tat OE xivncn. Tnv iow ropa 0 ouyypa<pi:ae; nporaivst uiu vi:a svvotc 'tlle; av'tibpaolle;, T] ~aAAov ertsxretvst au'tT] rnv IjfUXOAOytKT] svvotu roO'tE va cnuuivst 'tll f3acrtKT] Kat 7tproWPX1KT] EKbT]AroOll 'tlle; sroT]e;. Kern 'tll OtKT] rou a7tOljfll, II IlEAi:'tll 'tlle; ljfuxoAoyiae; bEY 7tpi:rrEt v ' apxisEt uno rnv ai08lloll T] rnv av'tiAllljfll ana uno rnv nvridpnor]: ot rrpro'tEe; stvor «copiorc; svvouz;» EVro II 'tEAw'taia rrapi:XE'tat nn ' rnv EllrrEtpia. 0 ouyypa<pi:ae; OUIl7tEpaivEt on «n ljfuxoAoyia rrpi:rrEt va yivet II IlEAi:'tll rtov cvriopdoecov EVOe; srov'tavou opyuviouou non vc KaAurr'tEt OAEe; ne; EKbllArooEte; roo OE oXi:oll IlE 'to rrEptf3aAAov roo»,

Kat ornv apXtKT] ota'turrrooll roo M7tAOVOKt, Kat ornv 'tEAw'taia rou, II f3aOtKT] 'taoll slvm va arrollovro8Ei II uAWnKT] ljfuxoAoyia (toropucc rroAU Ka8uo'tEPll~i:Vll) Kat va oUllrrEptAll<P8Ei ro cvnxsiusvo 'tlle; cru 7tAaicrta rtov <pUcrtKrov emornurov. «Tooo lllli:80ooe; 'tlle; 000 Kat ro uvrucaiusvo 'tlle; IlEAErlle; 'tlle; 8i:rouv rnv ljfuxoAoyia IlE'tIl~U rrov <pUoucrov Emo'tllllrov», AEEt 0 Kopvixoe.

56

. Ouroq, aU'ti:~ Ot apxtKi:~ 1tpOCma9EtE~ va 009Ei ornv ljfuxoAoyia ~ta vso E~Hpavtall i:xouv svo KOtVO ustovexrnuc: xuior Duo auyypa<pEi~ 1tapa!3A.i:1touv 'tll Dta<popa IlE'ta~u uurdiv rrov uvnopuoemv Kat Ktvi)osrov 1tOU axmta'tisouv 'to UAtKO 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ Kat uurrov 1tOU OEV EVOla<pi:pouv Ka90AOU 'tOY IjfUXOAOyO. Av II av'tiopaall sivcr II xupin EKoi)Aroall 'tll~ Sroi)~, rore Kat II q>AEYllovi) aivm ava~q>taf3i)'tll'ta uic uvrtopccn, 01tro~ sivat i:va~ 1tUpE'tO~ 1tOU aVEf3aivEt. AAAa elver ouvanj ~ta ljfuxoAoyia q>AEYIlOVWV Kat 1tUPE'tWV; Av llljfUxoAoyia, au~q>rova ~E 'tOY M1tAOVaKt, aivct uio E1tta'ti)llll 'tll~ aU~1tEptq>opa~, bllAaoi) 'to ouvoxo nov xrvnoerov, tore 1tOta a'totXEia Kat note Kpt'ti)pta 9a Ila~ snsrpsncv va DtaKpivoU~E n~ xtvnos«; 1tOU EVOtaq>i:pouv rnv IjfUXOAOyia uno EKEivE~ 1tOU stvat aaXE'tE~ npoc aU'ti)v, 01tro~ yta 1tapaDEtYlla II 1tEpia'taAall ;

Qa'toao, II a't£A.Eta uurtov rtov npdmov npoo ncfleuov yta Ilta xmvoopyio ljfuXoAoyia stvci II a't£A.Eta TWV 1tPWTWV P'lfliJ.TWV. H Ka'tEu9uvall 1tOU 809llKE i)'tav II aroa'ti) Kat cuvrouo oOi)YllaE os ~ta vso Ota'tu1troall 'tll~ toi:a~ 'tll~ ava~opq>roall~ 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~. To 1923, o Kopvixoo, crnv i:K9Eai) roo II onoto otaf3aa'tllKE oro E9vtKO ~uvi:Dpto 'l'uXovwpoAoyia~ ~E 'ti'tAO «~uyxpoVll ljfuxoAoyia Kat ~ap~ta~o~», rovios rnv avaYKll va Eq>ap~oa'tEi II ~E90ooAoyia 'tOU DtaAEK'ttKOU UAla~ou ornv ljfuxoAoyia. H iOta toi:a a'tllPix9llKE uno roue ~'tpou~ivaKt, M1tAOVaKt Kat aAAou~... Auro all~droaE Ilta a1tOq>amanKi) Kat ta'tOptKi) Ka~1ti) crnv aVa1tW~ll 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~. H ljfuxoAoyia uvuyvroptos 'tOY suuro 'tll~ ouv ~ap~tanKi) E1tta'ti)llll . . EKavE 'tOY enuro 'tll~ (JVVeU)'lTiJ. ~i:po~ 'tll~ «mDllpa~ a1toypaq>i)~ 'tll~ uAtanKi)~ tOWAoyia~» Kat ronotlsmos 'tOY scuro 'tll~ auvEtoll'ta ornv umjpeoiu 'tll~ E1tavaa'taall~. Tnv ibta any~i), ~EKivllaE 1tavro o rov flOVO t5poflo 1tOU 9a E~aaq>aA.tSE rnv 1tpay~a'troall 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ ro~ E1tta'ti)~ll~·

H 1tpOObO~ 1tavro a' cvo EV'tEAW~ xctvoopyto 1tEoio a1toodX'tllKE rpouspd ouaKoAll. ~uvoowo'tav uno Aa9ll Kat KaKOu~ U1toAoytallou~, Kat ern 9Eropia 'tOU btaAEK'ttKoU uA.ta~ou Kat ornv ljfuxoAoyia rnv ibta. ~EV 1tpi:1tEt va ~Exva~E on II ~ap~ta'ttKi) ljfuxoAoyia eivct 0 to ropucoq a'tOXo~ 'tll~ E1tOXi)~ Ila~, i:va~ a'toXO~ 1tOU unopsi va UA01tot1l9d ~OVO IlE r«; auvouaa~i:vE~ 1tpOa1ta9E1E~ upxsrrov YEVEWV IjfUXOAOYroV, oton ot Ai:~Et~ «~ap~tanKrj ljfuxoAoyia» OEV all~aivouv Ka1totov tOtai'tEpo KMbo 'tll~ ljfuxoAoyia~ i) uiu totai'tEPll 'taall usee a' au'trjv. Au'ti:~ Ot A.i:~Et~ onuuivoov E1tta'tllllovtKrj ljfuxoAoyia ro~ ouvo),o, II ~ap~ta'ttKrj ljfuxoAoyia eivut ouvcovuuo 'tll~ E1tta'tll~ovtKi)~ ljfuxoAoyia~, Kat 11' au'ti) rnv svvotu II ~ap~tanKrj ljfuxoAoyia 9a eivat 'to xopuouio Ka'top9ro~a ~ta~ ~aKpoxpovll~ ta'toptKi)~ nopeicc; ~i:aro 'tll~ onoicc II

ljfuxoAoyia 9a yivEt q>uatKi) E1tta'ti)~ll. .

H 1tpOa1ta9Eta va OtKobO~1l9Ei II ljfuxoAoyia novro ern f3aall 'tOU

57

ihaAEKnKOlJ UAIOIlOlJ OEV i]'WV EV'tEAro<; xmvoupytc. «H 10Ea va ooSd ~Ha llap~lonKi] 1tEplypa<pi] xm c~i]Yll(1) 'tll<; aVSpro1tlVll<; OUIl1tEpHpOpa<; ern SEOll 't1)<; 1taAla<; IIIlJXOAoyia<;, wplllai,:El 'tau't()XPOva OE 1tOAAOU<; 't01tOU<;», HEl 0 M1tAOVOKl. Kat uuro OdXVCl on 'to EPYO nuro i]'tav ioropucn OlKatOAOY1)IlEVO, on a1ti:ppEE AOYIKa a1to 'tll OllIlCPlVi] Ka'tao'taoll 't1)<; E1tlO'ti] 111)<;, on II Kivlloll U1tOO'tllPli,:omv coro 1l1a 10XUpi] 10'tOPlKi] rcon.

Tt tXEl unotpspst IlEXPl 'tropa 1) xutvoupyto; lllUxoAoyia; AKollll, 0Xl 1tOAAa, . EXOUIlE oPWIlEVE<; IlESOOOAOYIKE<; ~aoEl<;. . Exouv yiVCl 'tU 1tprom ~i]lla'ta oru; SCWPllnKt<; Kat 1tElpallanKE<; i:PWVE<;, aAAa 'to mo onuevnxo sivm on 1) llap~lonKi] IjIlJxoAoyia EXCl StA1)Oll Yla 'to IlEAAOV 1) ortoin sivm cvrucetuevucc Kat ioropuca blKalOAOYllIlEV1).

Mnopet O't1)V apxi) va ouvei on Eva ycyovo<; Sunpsl 'tT]v 10'tOPlKi] 'taoll 1tpo<; rn (1)lllOupyia bUo IjIUXOAOYlroV, 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; IlE 'tll OlJvllthollEvll svvotu ron opou Kat 't1)<; llap~lO'tlKi]<; ljIuxoAoyia<; - 1) 0XEoll 'tT]<; ljIuxoAoyia<; ue rnv ioropto Kat 'tT]V xotvruvtoxoyiu Kat ru; U1tOblUlPEOE1<; roue, . Erot 01 npdrroi u1ti:pllaxol 'tOU OOYlla'tO<; rrov Duo IjIUXOAOYlroV Sto ipeccv rou; avrtororyouc roue«; roue: 't1) <plJatOAOY1- Ki) \vuxoAoyia 1tOU E'tEIVE npoq 'n<; <pUatKE<; E1tlO'ti]IlE<; Kat 1tOU IlEAE'tOlJOE 'tOY avSpW1tO ouv 1tAftolla usee 0'tT] <pUOT], Kat 't1)V 'tEAf.OAOYIKi) ljIuxoAoyia 1tOU E'tEIVE npor; n<; avSpW1tlOnKE<; E1tlO'ti]IlE<; IlW Kat IlEAE'tOlJOE 'toy ftvSPW1tO ouv W'tOPlKO 1tAaolla.

o <po~o<; on ot uAlonKE<; avnAi)IjIE1<; 'tT]<; <puatKi]<; ljIuxoAoyia<; Sa OlEioouav oru; KOlVWVIKE<; E1ttO'ti)IlE<; i]'tav uuro 1tOU OOi)yT]OE 'tOY N'tiASEl Kat aAAOU<; EPWVT]'tE<; va OlatpEoouV rnv ljIuxoAoyia OE bUo «ola<popEnKE<; E1tlO'ti] IlE<; ». Y1too'tllPii,:El on II «OUIl1tEpiAllljIT] or«; <pUatKE<; E1ttO'ti]IlE<;» OiVEl ornv ljIuxoAoyia Ilw 01jlT] EKAE1t'tuOIlEVOU UAIOIlOU. Ttn 'tOY VOIlIKO i] 'tOY 10'tOPlKO 'tT]<; Aoyo'tExvia<; IlW 'tEna ljIuxoAoyia, 0Xl 1l0VO OEV OiVEl uio o'taScpi] ~aoT], ana sivcr smxivouvn. . OAE<; Ol uersnerrc E~EAi~El<; EXOUV <paVEprooEt 'tll <pSOP01toto smppon 'tOU U1tOUAOU UAIOIlOU 'tT]<; EPIl1)vwnKi]<; IjIUXOAOyia<; 1tOU 1tPO'tftST]KE urro 'toy r.1tEVOEP Yla 'tT]V 1tOAtnKi] oucovouin, 'to 1tOtVIKO biKalO, Kat n<; nspl Kpa'tOU<; SEwpiE<;.

Eoro aKpt~ro<; sivct 'to cnusio oro ortoio T] PWatKi] ljIuxoAoyia unoKAiVEt a1tO<paatonKft a1to 'tT]V nopsic 1tOU oKwypa<pi)ST]KE uno 'tOU<; 1tPW'tEpyft'tE<; 'tT]<; tOEa<;. H UAtcrnKi] ljIuxoAoyia SEAEt Ka'ta npdrro AOYO va eivct KOtVWVIKij ljIuxoAoyia ... AAAa OEV O<pE'tEpii,:E'tUl 1) IjIUXoAoyia 11' uurov 'tOY 'tP01tO ru Epya aAAWV emornutov, Kat OEV OlaO'tpE~AroVEt ru ioropucu SEIlEAta 1tftVW om onoio O'tT]pii,:Eml; KaSoAou. 11 pro 'to, ~£xwpii,:ovm<; a1to 'toy N'tiASEi: Kat rn 0XOAi) rou, ~EKIva uno 'tT] SEW pia ron ,lO'tOptKoU UAtOIlOU T] onoto SEWpEi rnv trrropin ouv <pUatKi) to'tOptKi] nopeiu. ~EU'tEPO, UlOSE'tEi rnv tOEa rrov bUo IjIUXOAOytroV Kt hat rnv <p'tavEt oro AOYIKO 'tT]<; OUIl1tEpaolla, U1too'tT]pii,:ov'ta<; on

58

'tEAlKa ~OVO II uAlOnKi] IjfUxoAoyia stvct ouva'ti] aav entoinun EVW II anll ljfuxoAoyia OEV aivct E1tlo'ti]~ll aAAa ~E'ta<pUOlKi].

:EENTPOBITIKI: H E1tl8u~ia 'tll<; ljfuxoAoyia<; va yivst «smcrn~OVtKi]», v ' aVa1t'tl)~El n<; OlKi:<; 'tll<; ~E8ooou<; i:pwvu<; Kat nstpnuurtKi]<; E1tl~E~aic{)oll<; rrov U1t08i:oEWV 'tll<;, IlE Aiya Myta va yivst ono»; Ol «xcvovtxec» E1tlO'ti]~E<;, dvatllaKpoxpoVll Kat 'tEAw'taia i:XEl yiVEl1tlO svrovn. AAAa Yla va rnv Kam1tOAE~i]OEl, ovcnrucoercr ~la aAAll E~ioou 0llllavnKi] Kat aU'taPXlKi] 'taoll, II AEyO~EVll yvroOlaKi] (Verstehen) ljfuxoAoyia. H loi:a xm II opoAoyia ~EKtVOUV uno 'tOY N'tiA8EL 0 onoioc 1tiO'tWE on 1l1t0POUIlE va E~l1yi]OOlJIlE 'tll <PU011, aAAa 1l1t0POUIlE 1l0VO va epunvsucooue rnv 1tVWllanKi] Sroi]. r.u~<prova IlE 'tOY N'tiA8El, 11 uovcoucornrc 'tOU cvnxeursvou 'tll<; tpwva<; xpElaSE'tat utu 1l0VaOtKi] 1li:8000 avaAuoll<;. Oi OEKaE'tiE<; 1tOU nspuccv OEV txoUV 8aljfEl r«; lOi:E<; 1tOU npmrosxepuorrpccv 0'tO 'ti:AO<; 'tOU nepcousvoo uuovc. Avrttlsrn, uic xmvoupytn smc num, 11 epunveunxn, i:XEl E~<paVlo'td oro opin IlE'ta~u ljfuxoAoyia<; Kat <plAooo<pia<;. H EPIl11vwnKi] civet II IlEAi:'tll 't11<; EPIl11vda<;. Au'to<; 0 1tapaAA11AO<; KAaoo<; 't11<; ljfuxoAoyia<; f3piOKE'tat E1tiOll<; Ili:oa ern opta 'tll<; Kl i:XEl 1tapaYEl toxupa 1tapaKAaOta. Ot llaXE<; ~Em~u rrov EVOOOK01tlO'tWV Kat uurrov 1tOU suusvouv o ru; avnKElllEvtKt<; ~E8ooou<; OUVExiSEml Kat rropu, EVW ot OtallaXE<; exsivrov rrov nspcousvcov l1~EPWV OEV tXOUV aKollll ~E1tEpao'td.

Ta ~t~Aia ypa<pouv ouvi]8ro<; on ll1tEtpa~anKi] ljfuxoAoyia 'tll<; OKi:Ijfll<; EIl<paviO'tllKE 0'tO yupto~a 'tOU uuovc mu'toxpova ern Fspucvin (ll OXOAi] rou Biprcrj.l1tOUPYK yta rnv orroin i:xm i]011 IllAi]OEt) Kat O'tll rania (Zovs, Mmvs, Pumo). Kat oi DUo ouo»; au'tt<; oxoAt<; sivor EVOOOK01tlKi:<; o'tll ~i:800o rouq Yla'ti OEV unopoucnv va eovrcoroov svcv 'tP01tO i] uto 1li:8000 IlEAi:'t11<; 't11<; oKi:ljfll<; EK'tO<; a1to rnv EPIl11vda Kat 'tllV EVOOOK01tlloll. H nporucn on 11 smornuovucn ljfuxoAoyia OEV unopsi va tJ1tap~El i:~ro uno 't11V spunvst«, unopst va OUSll't1l8d apKE'ta,

. aAAa yta va 8d~olJllE rnv Ka'taomoll o rnv onoiu 0 B1YKoroKl ~EKtVOUOE rnv Epyaoia 'tOU, npsnst va rovicooue 'to avall<ptcr~i]r11'tO ycyovo<; on T) \jIuxoAoyia OEV ElXE sxeivo 'toy xmpo svo E1tl0'tT)1l0VtKO cvnxetusvo.

L1uo KUptC<; OXOAi:<; txouv KaVEt oT)llaVnKa ~i]~a'ta. Ano 'tTl Ilta uepin U1tapxOUv ot ~1tlXE~LOptO'ti:<; 1tOU suusvoov OE uiu auo'tllpa avnKEt)lEVtKi] avaAuoll ~CKtVwv'ta<; uno 'to <patVO~EVO. Ano rnv aAAT), ot IjfUxoAOYOt 'tll<; rKEo'taA't 1tOU ~EKt vouv uno 't11 ouvdollOll Kat 'to rt au'ti] 1tpoOOLOpisEt oro 1tEoio nov ocwousvrov. Movo IlE'ta un ' uuro apxisouv va E1tE~EpyaSovral rn oE8olli:va roue ~E aAAou<; rponouc, ljfaXvov'ta<; yta Ilta <pUOlKi] avaAoyia, yta 1tapa8Ety~a. AAAa EKd ~piOKEt Kavd<; on II svvote 'tll<; Ijfuxi]<; ro<; cvnxeiusvoo 'tll<; IjfUXOAOyia<;, nou' i]'tav xapaKrllPlonKi] om ~toa rou 190u cuovc, a~i:oro<;

59

KamcnpE<pETal. Kat 1tpaYllan, 0 Il1tlXE~LOptO"llOe; OEV aoxoAdrat IlE rnv \jIuXT] ana IlE ne; EVEpYE,tEe; Kat ru; Kt VT]OEle;, OTJAaOT] E~W'tEplKEe; 1l0p<pEe; 'tTJe; OUIl1tEpl<popae;, EVW Ot \jIUXOAOYOt 'tTJe; rKEO'taA't OEV avaAUOUV 'tTJV \jIUXT] aAAa 'tTJ OUVEiOTJOTJ Kat 'to n avnAall~avollaO'tE IlEOW 'tTJe; OUvEiOTJOTJe;·

Auro T]mv 'to OKTJV1KO IlEOa oro onoto apXtOE rnv Epyaoia 'tOU 0 BtYKO'tOKl.

r.' au 'to 'to cnusto VOlliSw on a~iSEl va rovtoto Eva YEyovOe;: 0 B1YKO'tOKt OEV T]'tav EK1tatOEUIlEVOe; \jIUXoAoyoe;. To EVOW<pEPOV rou T]mv yupw uno 'tTJ YAwooa, Kat Evae; nrro roue nvsuuurucou; 'tOU IlEV'tOpEe; T]'tav 0 AAE~av'tp Ilcrsunvtc, 0 E~OXOe; pwooe; <PtAoOO<pOe;, YAwoooMyoe; Kat o'tOxaO"'tT]e; 0 onotoc EYPIl\jlE 'to LK/;1jI17 teat yAci)(]"(J"a. 0 B1YKO'tOKl EVOlll<pEpo'tav yw OOKlIlEe; xm OUYKplnKEe; ioropucsc YAWOOOAOY1KEe; IlEAE'tEe;. 'H9EAE va EVWqEt amEe; ne; Duo 'taOEte;. Bprpce 1tOAU EVOta<pEpouon rnv alo9TJnKT] Kat KIlAAt'tEXV1KT] av'tiATJ\jITJ 'tOU KElllEVOU,

NOlliSw on 0 BtYKO'tO"Kt apXtKll EiXE 1tP09EOTJ va aoxoATJ9Ei IlE rnv aw9TJnKT] Kat 'tTJ <ptAoAoyia. Ba9lltaill, 0llwe;, 01 IlEAE'tEe; 'tOU rov oOT]YTJoav O'tTJv Ka'tTJyopia 'tTJe; ouvEiOTJoTJe;. Ihflovov va 1tiO'tEUE on au'tT] TJ Ka'tTJyopia 9a E01VE 'tTJV EWOW Kat 'tTJV apXT] - KAEtoi Yla ne; <P1AOAOY1KEe; Kat KIlAA.t'tExVtKEe; 'tOU IlEAE'tEe;. <l>aiVE'tal 1tWe; avaYKaO'tTJKE va crpcest one; \jIUXOAOY1KEe; EWOtEe; ylll va E~TJYT]OEt emvoueva 'tTJe; KIlAAt'tExV1KT]e; xnt aW9TJnKT]e; aV'tiATJ\jITJe; 1tOU 9EWPOUOE 1tapa~Eva. 'OIlWe; uuro 1tOU T]'tUV apX1Ka uic 1tapEKKAtOTJ Kl Eva opyavo, rov OOT]YTJOE va ola'tU1tWOEt rnv E~T]e; EPW'tTJOTJ: ri stvci TJ OUVEibTJOTJ; AU'tT] TJ iota TJ ouw;ioTJoTJ npoq rnv onoio o'tpa<pTJKE, 1tpo<pavwe; ouv Eva oa<pte; <Patv0IlEVO, IlE 'tTJ ~0T]9EW rou onoiou EA1ttSE va xnrcvonost xrn va E~TJYT]OEt mo ouv9E'ta 1tpaYlla'ta: rnv av'tiATJ\jITJ T] 'tTJ 0TJIlLOupyia 'tTJe; Aoyo'tExviae;. Ki srcn 0 B1YKO'tOKl ~u9io'tTJKE 0' svuv xoouo 1tOU yta xstvov T]'tav VEOe;, aAAa 1tOAU Ev8Ia<pEpwv, svuv xoouo Ilf: ru 8tKa ron ouv9E'ta xm llaYEUnKa 1tpO~Arjlla'ta. '01tWe; yivsrnt ouXva, EA.mSE on cuvroun 9a ~EKa9apioEt ru 1tpaYlla'ta Yla va Il1tOPEOEt va ~avayupim:t oro KUPlO 9EIla rouOno»; T]p9av rn 1tpaYlla'ta, 1tO'tE OEV YUptOE mom Kat 'to 1tpO~ATJlla 'tTJe; ouvEioTJOTJe; rov a1taOXOATJOE IlEXpt rov 9ava'to TOU.

To EPYO 'to onoio aVEI:JEoE orov EUU'tO rou 8EV 1l1t0POUOE va Au9d uno svnv EtOtKO. 'E1tPE1tE va 8ta'tU1tWOEt 'to ovrucstpsvo 'tTJe; speuvcc, Kt uuro sivci Eva 9EIla Yla rooc <ptAOOO<pOUe; Kat yw roix; IlE9000Aoyoue; 'tTJe; EmorT]IlTJe;. 'OA' uurd bEixvouv, Ka'ta 'tTJv a1to\jlT] 1l0U, on 0 BtYKO'tO"Kt T]'tav EVIle; <P1AOOO<p0e; KalIlE9080A.6yoe; 1tOU aoxoAT]9TJKE IlE \jIUXOAOY1- Ka 1tpO~AT]lla'ta, Kat OUYKEKplllEva IlE 'to 1tpO~ATJlla 'tTJe; ouvEiOTJoTJe;. EVOW<pEp9TJKE Yla 'to EpW'tTJlla rou rt T]'tUv TJ OUYXpovTJ \jIuxoAoyia Kat 1tOW TJ Ka'taomOT] 'tTJe; O'tTJv E1t0XT] 'tOU. ntO'tEUW, Kl uuro unopst va sivrn IlW a1tAOlKrj a1tO\jlTJ, on nptorc apX10E va ow~aSEl 'to Eva ~l~Aio

60

~E'ta 'to aAAO EA7tisOV'tU<; va ~PEl E'tOl~E<; unuvrnosu; ore Ep()'tli~a'ta 'tOU, aAAa E7tElOi] i]'tav 'tUAav'tOUXo<; OOUAEU'ti]<; Ka'taq>EpE va olaf3aO"El 7tOna ~l~A.ia. Tn aAU'ta 7tpO~Ai]~a't!l 'tl"l<; ljIuxoAoyia<; ~E'tuA.ixSllKav unpoorn 'tOU ~E OAll 'tOU<; rnv 7tOAU7tAoKo'tll'ta Kat n<; avnSEO"El<;. To 1926 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl EypaljlE Eva ~l~Aio 7taVW cr«; lO"'tOplKE<; O"UVE7tElE<; 'tll<; KpiO"ll<; ornv ljIuxoAoyia, 7tOU onuuivet on EiXE 7tapEl 'tll SEO"ll 'tOU ~ESOOOAOyOU O"E O"XEO"ll IlE rnv ljIuxoAoyia. . APXlO"E va Spn, Ka'ta Ka7tOlO 'tP07tO, IlEO"a oro O"UVOAO 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; Kat apXlO"E va O"usll'ta 'to 7tE7tPWIlEVO 'tll<;, ollAaoi] va SE'tEt ElolKa ~ESOOoAoYlKa Epw'ti]~a'ta .

. HSEAE va cvcyvroptcst 'tll SEO"ll 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; O"E O"XEO"ll IlE oAa r ' uAAa 7tOAlnO"nKa ocwouevc Kat va ~aSEt rt Sa i]'tav oro ~f:A.AOV Kat npo.; nom Ka'tEuSuvO"ll Sa ovcnruccorcv. Mm 'tEna 7tpoo"EYYlO"ll, ~E~ata, OEV 'tOY EIl7tOOlO"E uno 'to va ElO"XWpEi OAO xrn 7t1O f3aSla IlEO"a ornv ljIuxoAoyia, va yivat Eva<; SEwPllnKo<; IjIUXOAOY0<; KUl va O"usll'ta rn 7tpO~Ai]lla'tu 'tll<; O"uvEiOllO"ll<;, 'tll<; npocomucornrcc Kat rtov O"ll~Eiwv.

Kat 0"' au 'to ~oi]Sllo"E 'to 7tapEASOV 'tOU O"'tll q>lAoAoyia Kat II E~OlKEiWO"i] 'tOU ~E ro 7tpO~Ai]lla'tU rtov O"llllEiwv KUt 'tll<; O"ll~EtwnKi]<;. 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl YVWPtSE KaAu n<; O"Usll'ti]o"El<; ~E't!l~iJ nov orpouxroopus.iortov Kat rrov o7taOWv 'tll<; lO"'tOPlKi]<; YAWO"O"OAoyia<;, xrn EiXE E~7tOno'rai ~E rnv lOEa 'tOU O"u~f3ohO"~ou. AlO"SavO'tav 7tOAU aVE'ta O"E umv uno r«; 7t1O 7tpO~All~anKE<; 7tEPlOXE<; O"KEljIll<; 'tll<; E7tOXi]<; 'tOU, 'to 7tPO~AllIlU 'tOU O"U~f30AOU Kat 'tOU onustou. Exsivo 'tOY xmpo, 0 O"U~~OAtO"~O<; aVi]KE O"'tll q>tAOAOyiu Kal ern YAWO"O"OAOyiu Kat 0Xl ornv ljIuxoAoyia. To yqovo<; on 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl i]'tav YVWO"'tll<; uuttov rrov 7tpo~All~a'twv U7tO rn «7tPOIjIUXoAoYlKa» 'tOU Xpovta Kat 'to yqovo<; on i]'tav EVi]IlEP0<; yta n<; O"usll'ti]o"El<; O"'tll q>lAOAOyiu, YAWO"O"OAoyia Kat atO"SllnKi], EiXE WpU'tEPE<; O"UVE7tElE<;. EtO"i]yaYE ornv ljIuxoAoyiu Eva O"w~a LOEWY 7tOU W<; rots 'tll<; i]'tav ~EVE<;. ~EV 'ti<; o"KEq>'tllKE U7tO uovoc 'tOU au'tE<; n<; lOEE<; aAAa r«; ~E't!lq>U'tEIjIE O"E VEU EUq>O Pll Yll.

o BlYKO'tO"Kt opunoe o mv ljIuxoAoyiu Kat U~Eo"W<; KU'ta7tlUO"'tllKE ~E ro O"USll'ti]O"l~U O"ll~Eiu 'tll<;. Ken rs no ~7t0pOUo"E va O"u~~Ei ~OVO O"'tll ~ESuO"nKi] OEKUE'tia 'tOU 1920 oruv OAOl Ol 7tpOllyOU~EVOl 'tP07tOl O"KEIjIll<; Eixav xuruppsixret ~E'ta 'tryv Ennvuoruon.

To q>aO"~a rrov lOEWV 7tOU E10"i]yaYE 0 BlYKO'tO"Kl, ~EVO npo; rnv 7tapaOOO"lUKi] ljIuxoAoyiu, XPEluSo'tav EtOlKOU<; rporrouq O"usi]'tllO"ll<; IWl avaAuO"ll<;. KUl 7ti]PE 7tOAAOU<; U7t' uurouc 'tOU<; rponou; uno 'tll q>lAoAoyia Kat 'tll yAWO"O"oAoyia.

H SEO"ll 'tOU W<; ~ESOOOAOyOU O"E O"XEO"ll IlE rnv OAO'tll'ta 'tll<; ljIuxoAoyia<; Kat II lO"WptKi] a7tOljlll 7tOU EiXE Yl' uu'ti]v' II IlEyuAll 7tpoO"oxi] 7tOU EOOO"E O"W 7tpof3All~ll rou onustoo Kat II W7tOSE'tTIO"ll 'tOU O"ll~Eiou 0"'t0 7tP0O"Ki]vlO' II ioropucf 7tpoo"EYYlO"ll 7tOU i]'tav E7tiO"ll<;

61

Souucn, Ka8w~ Ka1 T] 1tpocrreu8£la vn n~ crUV8Ecr£1 - au'tu ijcrav, Ka'tu rnv ureo\Vij 1l0U, crT]IlEia-KA£lb1U crnv £pyacria Ka1 r«; 18E£~ 'tOU A£~ B1YKOtcrKl. AreobEix8T]K£ Oll<t)~ on Ka'tu rnv nopeiu autij 0 B1YKOtcrK1 sonnoe to nnpnoootuxo cvnxetuevo rrj; \VuxoAoyia~. 01 £pyacrh:~ ron b£v ijcrav \VUXOAOY1KE~ j.t£ tT]V K01 vij EVVOla rrp; A.i;;T]~. EK'tO~ uurou, crx£8<'>v Ka'tEcr'tp£\Vav 'to reapabocrtaKo nvruceiuevo 'tT]~ \VUXOAOYl1"ij~

avuAucrT]~. .

Auto XP£lUS£'tU1 KUreOta £re£;£pyacria.

o B1YKO'tcrK1 Beropei, ue t£AEiw~ 'tlJmKOU~ opooc, 'to ouuncpupopuco crxijlla «av'tibpacrT]-£pi:81crlla» Ka1 nuipvei EVa reoAu areAo 1l0V'tEAO yta vn cruST]'tijcrn 'to £pw'tT]lla oro o noio 01 \VUXOAOY01 tT]~ rK£cr'tUA't Eixav cnovrncst npo reOAAOU: uv eivat 01 av8pwTClv£~ £VEpy£l£~ Kat K1 Vticr£l~ cvnopcceu; ce opiouevo £p£8icrlla'ta. <l>UcrtKU T] areuv'tT]crT] non Sivet civet npvrrnxn. l'tOu~ 'l'UXOAOyOU~ 'tT]~ rKEcr'tUA't up£cr£ vn AEV£ on uv OA£~ 01 av8pwTClv£~ £VEpyE1£~ ijcrav cvnopdceu; o ' EVa Epi:81crj.ta, OAOl j.ta~ 8a Kuvall£ rnv KiVT]crrj vu pi;OUIl£ Eva YPullj.ta Ku8E tpopu non nepvouonue bireAa uno Eva ypalllla'tOK1~wno. 0 B1YKO'tcrK1 xpT]crtj.tore01Ei EVa UAAO reapub£lYlla non npoooeps 0 crxoAacrnKo~ tp1AocrOtpO~ rou Meouuovo Mnouptvruv. 0 re£pitpT]llo~ YU1bapo~ rou ~picrKE'ta1 unpoo ro ce Suo otopoix; uno ouvo, Kat 1lT] areotpacrisov'tU~ noiov va tpU£l, re£8aiv£1 uno rnv neivo. AE£l 0 B1YKO'tcrK1: a~ ure08Ecroull£ on T] cuunepupop« rou SWOU eivm repuY)lan bOj.tT]IlEVT] 11' uuro 'tOY rpono. 'Ouex; Bo 1tapEj.t£v£ 'to y£yov6~ on T] ouunepupopa rou av8pw1tou eivat opyavW)lEvT] btatp0pEnKu. Tlou EYKEl'tat T] btatpOPU; H D1atpopu elver on 0 uv8pwreo~ £lcrUY£l Eva (Ji(j.Ja o rnv xo rdorucrT] nou re£p1yputp£'tU1 uno 'tT] tp0pj.touAa «£pi:Oicrlla-aviibpacrT]». IluipVEl Eva vouiou« Kat A.En: cv J)yn xopovc , 1tT]yaivw nptorapa Kat uv J)y£l YPulllla'ta 1tT]yaivw b£;lU. Kat u ' ouro 'tOY rpono ;£b1aAuv£1 'to biAT]lllla nou Sev unopel vo Aucr£l 0 YU1bapo~. 0 uv8pwreo~ £lcrUY£l Eva cvnxstpevo, rou £re£v8U£l Eva vonun, Kat Il£'tu evepyei ouuqxovo 11£ 'to vonun, KOAAUIl£ E't1KE't£~ ce o.n civet yupw Ila~: Eva~ «KaAO~» uv8pwreo~ 1tpEreE1 vn eivct ayareT]'to~, Eva~ «KaKO~» uv8pwreo~ npsner vn etvor j.t1crT]'t0~. To uovo 1tOU XP£lUsE'tat etvui vu J)UAOU)lE ru; crWcrtE~ erucercc.

o B1YKO'tcrKl Ka'tayputp£l rnv KOlVij aAij8£la on 0 xocuo; rou av8pw1tou eivci Y£llu'tO~ crT]IlEia, on ornv 1tpaYllanKo'tT]'ta SOUIlE o ' svnv xoouo YEllu'to cnueto, Ka1 on oi EVEPYE1E~ j.ta~ Sev repocrblOpisovrut uno ro ovruceiusvo au'tu Ka8wu'tu aAAu uno rn cnusto nou roix; EXOUV b08d. Apvo tepn 0 Koupr A10U1V aVErew;£ au'tij rnv 1bEa A.i;yov'ta~ 0't1 oAa ro ovnxetuevo yupw )la~ ouiverct vn £TCl8UIlOUV Kun:

Eva yAuK1crj.ta 8EA£1 vu tpayw8d, Eva 'tcrtyupo 8EA£1 vn 'to xunvioouv. Auto tpEPVE1 'toy AlOUtV moto oro repoJ)AT]lla 'tT]~ epunvsinc.

o B1YKO'tcrK1 U1t0<J'tijP1SE on ro crT]IlEia, ovroz; KU't' apxTi Eva

62

opvuvo (rn 8l8aaKaAia rou IH:PlKt~ q>opt~ rnv areOKaAOUaaV «cvopvnVT]»), 8£v arew8uvEtat npo; £;Wr£plKa ovnxetuevc aAAa npo; rov av8pwreo. To cnueto eivut tva~ rpono.; ava80llT]aT]~ rT]~ auvd8T]aT]~ rou av8pwreou Kat smpporu; arT] auv£i8T]aT] aAAwv av8pwrewv. Auril T] l8ta nou 8tarurew8T]K£ uno rov Bryxoroxr npiv uico ouovu, eivut reoAu £n:iKatPT] oriuepu.

NTABINTO<l>: 0 BlYKOt<JKl ilrav tva~ re£piq>T]J.lo~ 1l£8080AOyo~ rT]~ \VuxoAoyia~ Kat rcov avOpwTCl vmv £TClarT]IlWV y£vlKa .. OIlW~, ern aO~l£nKil \VuxoAoyia, ouro ro reoAu vvrooro y£yovo~ tX£l 8T]AW8£i TClO reoAH~ q>opt~ are' ooo tXEl awara aUST]rT]8£i, AOYW rtov reAataiwv avaq>opa~ nou ulOOtrT]aav Ol epeuvnrsq, or orroiot y£vlKa D£V I;£retpaaav rnv rpi:xouaa KaraaraaT] rT]~ \VUXOAOYlKil~ 8f.wpia~ rT]~ 8paarT]plorT]ra~, moreuovruq, xm txovra~ ~acrtllou~ AOyou~, on avril T] KaraaraaT] repotpXEtal Karw8£iav uno ro tpyo rou, Kat ollw~, Illa rs nu Betopto 8£v aUllre£plAall~av£l cvvote ; apKEtt~ Yla uiu otoorn 8£wpT]aT] rT]~ 1l£8080Aoyia~ rou Bryxoroxt. Bt~ata uv rov ~Hre£l Kav£i~ uovo oov npoSpopo Illa~ aUyK£KpllltvT]~ \VUXOAOYlKil~ 8£wpia~, tore 0 Bryxorox. 8a reptre£l vo 8£wpT]8£i uovo \jIUXOAOyO~. AAAa 11' uuro rov rpono, 0 pOAO~ rou Btvxoroxt w~ J.l£0080AOyOU 8' ayvoT]8£i, il ro reoAl) reoAu, areAw~ Oa ~£~atw8£i T] ureap;il rou, 'OIlWS ro TClO a;lOaT]J.l£iwro civet on 0 £yy£vil~ auv8£allo~ IlEtal;u rT]~ 1l£8080Aoyia~ Kat rou nerpcucrtcuou areor£A£i rov nupnvo rT]~ £pyaaia~ rou,

Auto Ila~ 08T]y£i a' tva evounpepov repo~AT]J.la.· EX£l £TClaT]llav8£i y£vlKa, ax£80v, on ureapxouv opiouevc; ovrupcce«; oro i:pyo rou Btvxo trnct. 0 lKulretpt v moreuet on T] ovrupccn tYK£ltat oro £v8taq>tpov rou Bryxoroxi Yla ru auvata8illlara Kat crnv op80AoytanKil 8taT] rnv on:oia reilp£ apyqr£pa orov rouse rT]~ \VuXoAoyia~. 0 EAKOVlV ~Hre£l rnv ovrupcon auril oro xaalla IlEta;u rT]~ icropucrj; IlE8080u rou BtYKoraKl Kat rT]~ avn8laaroAil~ nou KaVEl ocov neopo r«; «nos.rnorucsq» Kat r«; «ououcsq» \VUXlKt~ A£ltoupyi£~. 0 A£OVtlEq> £iX£ aUAAa~£l oe ~a80~ rT] q>uaT] auril~ rT]~ avriq>aaT]~. Iltorsus on un:ilpx£ KareOta aaullq>wvia IlEtal;u rtov nporucetov rou Bryxoroxt xrn rT]~ uAoreoiT]ail~ roix, Sivovrdc Ila~ trcrt rnv r£AlKil evopocn Iltaa o rq ~a8ur£pT] AoytKil rrov avtlAil\V£wv rou Bwxoroxi ooov aq>opa rnv \VUXOAOYlKil Beropin rT]~ 8paarT]plOrT]ra~. Av repoxwpilaoull£ retpa are' auril rT] 8taT] , ot «ovrupuoeu;» rou Btvxorox; are£lKovisouv rn m)v8EtT] aAAT]A£rei8paaT] nov Suo o\V£wv rT]~ 8paarT]plOrT]ra~ rou w~ 1l£8080AOyOU Kat w~ netpcurmorn.

To tpyo rou Bryxorox: oev civet uovoxouunro: 0 Bryxoroxt w~ \VUXOAOyO~ Sev XPT]crtlloreoiT]a£ OA£~ r«; wKalpi£~ nou rou t80a£ 0 Bryxoroxt w~ 1l£8Q80AOyO~ Kat 8£v ~acrta£ OAE~ roo r«; \VUXOAOYlKt~ t8tE~ mrvco ern 8lKil rou 1l£8080Aoyia. Kat Ol Suo aurt~ o\V£t~ rT]~ 8paarT]plOrT]ra~ rou £;EAix8T]Kav, Kat 0Xl mivro Ilast. Ilpsnet va tXEl

63

£1ticrrle; Ka'tU YOU Kavde; ru 1l0VaOtKU xapaKHIPt<HtKU 'tOU £pyou 'tOU 1tOU O<p£iAOV'tat cr«; tDwi't£p£e; 1t£ptcr'tucr£te; 1tOU £sllcr£ Kat ern crllllavnKij tOtdt't£pcHllrU rou We; nrouou .. 01tWe; £1tt~£~atwvouv Ot lla811r£e; 'tOU, 0 BtYKCHcrKt £iX£ rnv «all£A£w Iltae; IlEyaAo<pulae;», ollAaoij, Sev 'tOY a1tacrxoAoucrt 1tOAU 11 aKpi~£ta nov 8ta~u1twcr£wv 'tOU Kat ll£ptK£e; <pop£e; O£v acrxoAdro 11£ rnv 'tijPllcrll 'tlle; 1t£t8apxiae; o rnv opoAoyia. Exroc nurou, sxnve svuv aywva svcvno oro XpOVO. ·Eypm\l£ oAa 'tOU ro ll£yuAa £pya oro Otucr'tlllla llE'ta~u ouo xptcsoiv <pulla'tiwcrlle;, 0llAaoij llE'ta~u 1926 Kat 1934. B£~ata, o£v npsnet xovet.; va 1tapa~A.£nst 'to yqovoe; on cruxvu o£v unopouce va ~p£t roue; KaruAAllAoue; opoix; ij rpo nouq £K<ppacrlle; rtov to£wv rou, a1tAoucr'ta'ta Oton o£v ijcrav ota8£mllOt rnv £1tOxij exeivn. 0 BtYKO'tcrKt ijrav 1tOAU mo 1tPOXWPllll£voc uno rnv £1tOxij rou Kat ll£ptK£e; uno ne; ~amK£e; 'tOU to££e; J.lOVO rropo Il1tOPOuv va ota'tU1tw80uv Ka8apu 11£ t n ~oij8£ta 'tlle; opoAoyiae; 1tOU ava1t'tux811K£ cr«; o£KaE'ti£e; 'tOU ' 60 Kat 'tOU ' 70. AAAU ion»; 1l0VO Il£AAOvttK£e; £~£A.i~£te; ern <ptAocro<pia Kat 'tll 1l£8000Aoyia Bo smrps\jIouv va oW'tU1tw80uv £1tapKWe; OA£e; rou Ot to££e;.

Ilup ' oAa avtu, 1tOAAU 1tpuYlla'ta J.l1tOpOUV va A£X80uv ue oryouptn crijll£pa. ita 1tapUO£tYlla, stuuo re a1tOAUm civoopor yta ne; to££e; 'tOU Bivxoroxt 1tUVW oro 1tpo~Alllla 'tlle; cruvdollcrlle;·

l'tll o£KaE'tia 'tOU ' 20 Ot cofhcrucot \jIUxoAoYOt ypijyopa YKP£lltonv rnv 1tapaOomaKij unoxeurevncoeunetpocf \jIuxoAoyia 1tOU smxpurouos cr'tll crO~tE'ttKij £mcr'tijJ.lll npiv uno rnv Ennvdo-rnorj. Tnv iOta £1tOxij sxovnv cvunouovc; 1tpocr1tu8£t£e; va rnv cvnxarcorncoov 11£ uio vsu llap~tcrnKij, UAtcrttKij Kat nvnxetuevtxn \jIuxoAoyia. Em- 1tHov, ot \jIUXOAOYot ijcrav £1tllPwcrll£vot 1tOAU uno 'tll <pumoAoyia 'tlle; avw'tEPlle; vsupucrp; opacr'tllPto'tll'tae; rou IlU~AO<p, rnv ortotu 8EWPOUouv onv 1tPOtu1tO emcrnpovrxru; cvnxetuevucornrce; Kat uAtcrJ.lOU. Ot £m'tUxi£e; 'tlle; ijcrav apKE't£<; yta va svrumomuorei 0 onoiooon no re smcrnuovce; o r«; apx£<; 'tll<; 8£KaE'tia<; 'tOU ' 20. Exstvo rn xpovta, Ot cro~tE'ttKoi \jIUXOAOYot ijcrav £1ticrlle; 1tOAU ennpecousvot uno rnv tOEa '11<; E~ijYllcrlle; 'l'UxoAoytKwv A£t'tOUpytwv J.l£ ullEcroue; xotvrovros.oytKOU<; opoix. Av AU~OUJ.l£ U1to\jlll on Ot cro~tE'ttK£e; av8pwmcrnK£e; E1ttcr'tijll£e; Sev dXav aKollll epunveucei Kat mpouotrooei ce ~u80e; t n J.lap~tcrnKij <ptAocro<pia, aur£e; ot to££e; cruxvu Becopouvrnv we; au8£vnKU «llap~tcrnK£e;». T£AOe;, un ' OA£e; ne; \jIUXOAOytK£e; crxoHe;, 'tll )lEyaM't£PTJ emppon 1tUVW ern crO~t£ttKij \jIuxoAoyia dX£ TJ crXOAij 'tOU ll1ttx£~toPtcrIlOU, TJ onoio ijmv EAKucrnKij oton rnv £~A£1taV onv cvrucetuevucn, uAtcrnKij 'tucrTJ.

H E1tiopacrll uunov Kat Iltae; crEtpUe; UAAWV nepioruosrov £1tAacrE uiu 1tOAU cruv8E'tTJ £tKOVa 'tTJe; \jIuxoAoyiae;. Mepucoi optonv rnv \jIuxoAoyia we; «£1ttcr'tijllll 'tTJe; crUIl1tEpt<pOpue;» (M1tOPO<pcrKt, M1tAovcrKt), UAAOt onv «smorrum rtov avmvaKAacrttKwv» (Kopvis.oo), Kt oxouo UAAOt

64

TT1V reEpttypa\Vav Gay ETCtOtl'Jl.lT1 «TOW OUOTr11-HITCOV TWV KOtvWVtK<iW aVTaVaKAaOTtK<Uv» (Puiovep). nap' OAE<; H<; Dta<popt<; 0' aUTt<; H<; 8taTUreWOEt<; T] YEV1Ki] TOlJe; TaoT] nrov avalllj>i~oAa crpnuusvn svcvno OTT]V t8ta TT]e; \VuxoAoyiae; we; «EretGTi]IlT]e; TT]e; \Vuxi]e;». 0 oxono; oAwv TWV TCtoEWV i]taV va Kavouv TT]V \VuxoAoyia cvn csiuevucn. ita va reETlJXOUV cutov TO oxono TOUe; 01 \VUXOAOYOI noov tnHIlOt v ' nrmpvnbouv TT] IlEAtTT] onouovorprors lJTCOKEtllEVtKWV oTOtXEiwv TT]e; avOpWTCtVT]e; \Vuxi]e;· H \Vuxi] ureo~aOllioTT]KE EiTE OE OUOTT]lla ouunepupopucdiv cvnopncerov i] OE ouvouaouo El;apTWIlEVWV aVTavaKAaOHKWV, i] 0' tva OUVOAO, «KotvWVtKWV StOEWV» i] «xotvmvixrov POAWV» orewe; Sa tAEyE tvae; mOT]yT] Ti] e;.

Tt oi]llatvE aUTO OE oxtOT] IlE ro repo~Ai]llaTa TT]e; ouvEi8T] OT] e;; nOAAOi ETCtlj>avEie; cofnsrucot \vUXOAOYOt (0 MreAOVOKt Kat 0 Mnopoooxi) 0XE80v nvvonccv uuro TO repo~AT]lla. Fliorsunv on i]mv i:l;w uno tn opio TT]e; ETCtOTT]IlOVtKi]e; \VuxoAoyiae; ytaTi 8EV IlreopOIJOE va IlEAETT]OEi IlE avnKEtIlEvtKi:e; IlE0080ue;. AVTiOETa, Ilta aAAT] 0lla8a \VlJXOAoywv IlE apXllYo TOV Kopvts.oip, OEWPOUOE TT] ouvd8T]0T] we; TO ~aG\Ko aVHKdllEVO TT]e; \VuxoAoyiae;. Yrei]pxav uxoun IlEPtKOi \VlJXOAoYOt, u ' ETCtKElj>aAi]e; TOV TOEAreaVOIj>, non snsusvov OTT]V reapa80maKi] \VlJXOAoyia TT]e; olJvd8T]0T]e;.

ea tllota~E Ott Ot TPW; nupumrvro nporcoeu; El;avTAouv KaOE 8uvaTi] GTaoT] unsvovn OTO repo~AT]lla TT]e; ouvEi8T]0T]e;, 0 BtYKOTOKt 0IlWe; ne; aVTtKpOlJGf: OAEe;.· Eonnoe TO Ij>paYlla TWV repoureoOtoEwV one; onotcc dxav nepioptosi TOlJe; EaUTOUe; TOlJe; Ot cojnerucoi \VUXOAOYOI TWV xpovwv EKEiVroV x,wpie; va to KataAa~ouv. 0 Ij>paYlloe; aUTOe; npospXOTav nno TT] OtoT] nou EiXE yiVEt GtwreT]pa Kat nouvuloflqru 8EKTi] are' OAoue;: '1 (Jvvd(j'l(J'I unopei va j1{;A{;T'IOei j10VO onox; T'IV j1dnov(J{; '1 vnOKelj1eVIK~ ej1n{;lpIK~ If/1JxoAoyia. 0 BtYKOTOKt xunnpcpe va I;E<pIJYEt are' aUTi] TT]V reayi8a ytaTi ayytl;E TO repO~AT]I.W TT]e; ouvstonon; uno IlE0080AOY1Ki] 1tAWpa. Kat OXt uno \VUXoAOytKi] .. EA£yE Ott yta va J)PEt KavEie; uio repaYllaHKi] euxctpto va IlEAETi]OEt TT]V ouoio - yi:VEOT], 80Ili], 1tP008tOptOTtKOIJe; reapaYOVTEe; - TT]e; ouvEi8T]0T]e;, repi:reEt va UtOOETi]OEt ptn IlE0080AOytKi] Si:OT] ortou T] OUVEi8T]0T] yiVEtat TO aVTtKdllEVO IlEA.ETT]e; aUTi] KaOwuTi]. AUTO IlE TT] oEtpa TOU npoxcAEi TT]V uvuyxmornru va ~pESd uin TCtO YEVtKi] apxi] EI;i]yT]oT]e;. Ilpsnet xovetc va \Val;El yta svo crprouo repaYllaTtKoTT]Tae; TT]e; onoun; T] i8ta T] ouvetoncn st vat T] seitooovta. A v T] ouvEi8T]0T] IlreopOIJOE va XPT]GtIlEUoEt ouv apxi] TT]C; EI;i]yT]oT]C; - Kat aUTO aKpt~WC; ouvsfknvc OTT]V 1tapa80GtaKi] \VuxoAoyia T] oreoia reEpttypalj>E TT] ouvEi8T]0T] Gay «TOV xoivo mpsvrr] TWV \VUXtKWV AEtToupytWV», «TT] OKT]Vi] mrvco OTT]V oreoia I;ETUAiYETat T] \Vuxi]» - orrotuorptore IlEA.ETT] TT]C; ouotu; TT]e; Oa i]mv oorouuro a8iJvaTT], Kat 1l0VO T] reEptypalj>i] TWV t8taiTEpwv omvousvoiv nou oXETii~ovmt 11' aUTi] Bo i]mv 8uvaTi].

65

ita va 808Ei (HT] ouvetonon uio 8taq>opEitKij l.u:8080AoytKij 8Ean (XPT]crtlloreOtW Erei"rT]8Ee; "tOUC; OPOUC; 1"WV Sexoeruov 1960 Kat 1970 YW1"i aU1"Oe; 0 £KauyxpOvtaIlOe; ~0T]8u ornv EKq>paaT] 1"T]e; t8Eae; "tOU BtYK01"aKt yta rnv oreoia 8EV ureijpx£ Ka1"UAAT]AT] opoxovto o rnv Ereoxij rou), snpene xovetc va nvcvvoptcet 1"0 a1"peowi 1"T]~. repaYllanK01"T]1"ae; nou 1"T]v repoa8toptsE. Kat 0 BtYK01"aKt 1"0 Ka1"op8waE nuro nupouotdsonae; 1"T] auvEi8T]aT] ouv Eva a1"otxEio a1"T] 80llij 1"T]e; [;pya(J[aK~C; c5paatnptotnuu; "tOU av8pwreou.

H t8Ea on T] ouvetonon Ka80pisEtat uno 1"T]v EpyacrtaKij 8paa1"T]ptornrn 08ijyT]aE "tOV BtYK01"aKt crnv t8Ea 1"WV «\jIuxoAoytKWV EpyaAEiwv», t£xvT]1"U 8T]Il1OUpyijllaw tT]e; av8pwreo1"T]We; nou uvttnpocomeuouv Eva a"tOtxEio 1"OU noxrncuo». ApXtKU ij1"av orpouusvo npot; ro «E;(t»), n:poe; 1"OV araipo, aAAu Em:tta a1"puq>T]Kav repoe; «ru IlEaa, o rov i810 "tOV enuro- yta va yivouv "to usco 8u:u8uvaT]e; 1"T]e; 8tKije; Ilae; \jIUXtKije; AEt"tOupyiae;. 0 BtYKOtaKt Beeopouoe ro cnueio onv re nn «\jIuxoAoytKU EpyaAEia» .. E~AEreE ro aUIl~oAa u ' Eva 8tKO rou rpono, oXt onv aVtaVaKAaa1OAoyoe; (nou Beropouce Eva cnueto ouv aUIl~anKO Epf:8talla ueco oro oucrnuu 1"WV El;ap1"WIlEVWV uvtuvuxkncrnxtov), OU1"E onv exnpoorono; roo q>poi:8tallou ortou Eva onueto 8EWpEi1"at ouv onruco aUIl~oAo 1"WV aauvEi8T]1"wv oputov, ita 1"OV BtYK01"aKt, Eva cnueto eivui tva aUIl~oAo "to onoio EXn opiopsvq cnuccto rrou 8T]lltoUPyij8T]KE Ka1"U tT]V ioropio 1"OU reOAt riouou.

AU1"ij T] Il£taxEiptaT] 1"OU aUIl~oAoU XPOVoAoYEi1"at uno ru npdrro Epya roo BtYK01"aKt n:uvw o rnv \jIuxoAoyia rrj; 1"EXVT]e; Kat 1"T]V av8pwmanKij q>tAOAoytKij rou npoioropin aUVOAtKu. Mn:OPEi KavEie; va ;Exwpiest apKE1"te; 1"UaEte; non ennpscccv rov BtYK01"OKt: toropucn YAwaaoAoyia, T] aKE\jIT] rou XOUllreOA1", 1"OU l1"UtvxaA, ron Ilnreunviu, jlEAEtT]1"Ee; ue aUYYEvtKO reVEujla orewe; 0 Mreaxciv, 0 aUIl~OAtaIlOe; a1"T] AOY01"Exvia Kat 1"T]V 1"EXVT] o rov EtKOa1"O nuovo Kat m8avov or £pyaaiEe; "tOU <l>EpnVUvt V1"E loaip reuvw ern aT]IlEtWttKij. H t8Ea "tOU o nueiou we; «\jIuxoAoytKou EpyaAEiOlJ» eivm uio uno r«; mo En:tWXT]IlEVEe; Eq>aplloyEe; 1"T]e; aT]IlEtWnKije; <J1"T]V \jIuxoAoyia.

BEPTl: ... Mnopei KaVEie; va 8Et tT]V Erei8paaT] 8uo "tOIlEWV Il£AE1"T]e; nou a1"ijpt;av 1"T] IlEyaAoq>u"fa "tOU BtYK01"aKt: eivm 0 jlap;tajloe; Kat T] aT]jlEtWnKij. . Erot, 0 BtYKOtaKt evounpeporcv yta "to pOAO 1"WV oucrruurrcrv tWV cnusuov we; IlEaoAa~T]nKwv EpyaAEiwv, aAAu "to Bempouce uuro onv Ilta EreEK1"aaT] 1"T]e; t8Eae; rou Map; yta "to rewe; Eva EpyaAElO ij opyuvo IlEaoAa~Ei o rnv EpyacrtaKij 8paa1"T] piorrjr«.

ita rov Map; Kat rov . EVYKEAe;, T] epjuo io sivm T] ~acrtKij lloPq>ij 1"T]S av8pwmvT]e; 8paa1"T]pt01"T]1"ae;. Bptoxerm oro 8EIlf:A.ta 1"T]e; onoiuc- 8ijre01"E E;ijyT]aT]e; 1"T]e; xorvrovnconos.rnoruop; ioropice; Kat 1"WV \jIUxoAoytKWV xapaK1"T]ptanKwv rou nrouou. H avuAuaij rou; 1"OVtSE on xnru rnv EK1"EAEaT] 1"T]e; EpyacrtaKije; 8paa1"T]pt01"T]We; Ot uv8pwreOt

66

8EV llE'ta~aAAOUV a1tA6<; 'tT] q>UOT] aAAa Kat uuroi Ot i8tot llE'ta~aAAOvrm Ka'ta rnv nopsto al1'ti]. Fro 'tOY Map;, T] epvooto eivm apXtKa ... «uto 8ta8tKaaia 1tOU auv~EAEimt IlE'ta;u av8p(imou Kat q>uaT]<;, Ilta 8ta8tKaaia Ka'ta rnv ortoin o av8pro1t0<;, IlEaro 'tT]<; 8tKi]<; rou 8paa'tT]pto'tT]'ta<;, ;EKtva, pU8IlU~Et, x,u EHYXEt n<; UAtKE<; avn8paaEt<; ueru;u rou i8tou Kat 'tT]<; q>uaT]<;. AVnJ.lE'tro1tisEt 'tT] q>uaT] ouv Ilta uno r«; 8tKE<; 'tT]<; guvaIlEt<;, 8E'tOv'ta<; ce KivT]aT] XEpta, 1t08ta Kat KEq>aAt, ru; q>UcrtKE<; 8uvallEt<; rou 8tKOU 'tOU orounroq, yta va t8to1tot T]8d rnv 1tapayroyi] 'tT]<; q>uaT]<; oe Ilta 1l0pq>i] 1tOU va elver npoocpuoousvn cr«; 8tKi:<; rou avaYKE<;. ~pwv'ta<; srot 1tavro o rov E;ro'tEPtKO xoouo K(lt aAAasov'ta<; 'tOY, aAAasEt mu'toxpova 'tT] 8tKi] rou q>uaT]. Avanruooet r«; 8uvallEt<; 1tOU xoiuouvrm usou rou Kat n<; unorcooet orov 8tKO rou i:AEYXO» .. Erot, Ot av8pro1tOt 8EV rtupuusvouv .allE'ta~AT]'tOt i] aVE1tT]pscoroi uno 'tT] aUJ.lJlE'tOxi] rou; o rnv EpyacrtaKi] 8paa'tT]pto'tT]'ta 1tOU uerouopqxcvet 'tT] q>uaT]. lUVEXW<; mT] PEasov'tat nn ' aU'ti] tT] Spuornpiornr« Kat uno n<; nnurrnoeu; 1tOU 8T]lltoupyoUVtat yt' ourou; onv a1tO'tEAEaJ.la 'tT]<; E1ti8paaT]<; 1tOU au'ti] EiXE 1tavro ern q>uaT].

Ta EpyaAEia ru o noin stvoi 8ta8i:crtlla ce Ka1tOto t8tai'tEpo a'ta8to 'tT]<; toropinq ovruvcxxouv 'to E1ti1tE80 'tT]<; EpyacrtaKi]<; Spuornptornrue, XpEtasovmt vsoi runot opydvoiv yta va ouvrexecroov Ot auVEXW<; E;EAtaaOIlEvE<; Vi:E<; 1l0pq>i:<; EpyacrtaKi]<; 8paa'tT] ptornrnc. H aAAT] 1tAWpa rou 8taAEK'ttKOU voutounroz; eivat Ott 'to Ka8E VEO E1ti1tE80 EpyaAEirov i] opvuvtov 1tpOKaAEi EVa vso yupo rpomov nvriAT]\VT]<; Kat 8paaT]<; 1tavro c rov xoouo.

Au'ti] T] nrspuovn 8taA£K'ttKi] nopcto eivm t8tah£pa aT]J.lavnKi] o rnv 1tEpi1t'troaT] rtov aT]IlEirov. ME'ta~aAAovmt auvEXW<; yta va uvnuertomoouv KatvOupytE<; Kama'taaEt<; aAAa 8EV stvci 1ta8T]nKoi U1tT]pi:'tE<; 'tT]<; 8paa'tT]pto'tT]'ta<; .. Exouv J.lEYaAT] E1ti8paaT] o rnv nupouon Kat IlEAAOV'ttKi] 1l0pq>i] nou unopet va 1tapEt au'ti] T] 8paa'tT]pto'tT]m. Auto civet svo onueio 1tOU 'tOvisE'tat yta uioo nuovn rtcpo uno rou; aO~tE'tlKOU<; cnueuorucou; .. Ornv 1tpoa1ta80UJ.lE va Ka'taAa~ouIlE 'tOY pOAO rou opyuvoo i] rou EpyaAEiou J.lEaa oro Beropnruco 1tAaicrto rou Bryxorcxr, 8EV npsnsi va ;ExvallE on nporou apxiaEt va evounpeperm yta ru \VUXoAoytKa 8i:llam, i]mv aT]IlEtrona'ti]<;. . Evuq uno 'tOU<; J)acrtKOu<; nxpovtoviuiouc Ai80U<; 'tT]<; \VuxoAoyia<; rou i]'tav T] ouoiornru llE'ta;u 'tT]<; t8i:a<; rou Map; yta 'to 1tw<; 'to EpyaAEio i] 'to opvnvo IlEaOAa~Ei o rnv EIlq>avi] av8pwm vn EpyacrtaKi] 8paa'tT] pto rnro Kat 'tT]<; aT]IlEtronKi]<; t8i:a<; yta 'to 1tW<; ru cuornuuro aT]IlEirov IlEaoAa~ouv nvdueoo cr«; av8pwmvE<; xotvmvtxst; AEt'tOupyiE<; Kat 'tT] aKi:\VT]. Kat an<; 8uo nepurnooeu; 'to SElla eivci on ru opyava 8EV XPT]crtJ.101tOtoUvrm uovo uno rou; av8pw1tou<; yta v ' aAAa;ouv rov xoouo. ME'taIlOPq>wvouv Kat PcyouAapouv roix; av8pw1tou<; Ka'ta 'tT] 8tapKEta aU'ti]<; 'tT]<; 8ta8tKaaia<;. Trope npooipnro 0 Aouotvr (a'tO ~t~A.i.o rou, I:ofJU:TlK~

67

(J1Jf.1elWTlKf,.. uta avOoAoyia. 1977) EX£t SE<J£t W~ £~1i~ uuro 'to SElla <J£ <JXE<JT] 11£ t n <JO~tE'ttK1i <JT]Il£twnK1i:

«H 't£AtK1i SE<JT] 'tT]~ <JO~tE'ttK1i~ <JT]Il£tWnK1i<; eivm on rn nvBpdrmvn ovro OXt 1l0VO emxoivrovoov 11£ ru <JT]Il£ia aAAu <J£ IlEYUAO ~aSllo EAEYXOV'tat are' aU'tu. Ta <Ju<J't1illa'ta <JT]lldwv PUSllisouv rnv avSproTCtvT] ouunepupopd, apxisov'ta~ uno r«; 08T]yi£~ nou Sivovrct ora reat8tu Kat <Juvq,isov'ta<; 11£ oAa ru repoypulllla'ta nou £TCt~UAAov'tat <J'tO U'tOIlO uno rnv xotvovtu .. Eva cuornuo <JT]J.lElWV Ka'tEXEt rnv ixcvornm va KaAourero<J£t 1i va "reAu<JEt" KUptoA£KnKu 'tOY xoouo <JUlllPwva J.lE 'to 8tKO rou ouotrouo, 8tallOplProvovm~ 'to YOU rtov Il£AroV tT]~ xotvcovinq srcn ro<J't£ va mtptus£t <J'tT] 8tK1i rou 8oll1i.»*

NTABINTO<l>: ME 'tOY BtYKO't<JKt, 'to <JT]J.lEio £<JKEIlIlEva XPT]atIlOnotstrm onv \VUXOAOytKO EpyaAElO, orew~ sivai Kat <J'tT] <JT]Il£tWnK1i, Kt au 'to eivm areO'tEA£<JJ.la Ilta~ <JuVEt8T]'t1i~ S£wpT]nK1i~ nporucnq, AvalllPi~oAa T] 8taIlOPlPw<J1i rou 1i'tav £reT]pw<JIlEVT] uno n~ cnuetomKE~ 1i <JX£8ov <JT]J.l£tWnKE~ t8E£~ r«; orroieq UPXt<J£ va YVWpisEt uno 'to 1910. I'evucc, 0 BtYKO't<JKt ctpouoicooe r«; TCtO £V8taIPEpOU<J£~ Kat ru; reOAAU ureo<JXoJ.l£V£~ E1tt<J'tT]1l0VtKE~ 'tU<J£t~ Hl~ Ereoxti~ roo,

IlETPO<l>lKI: H npoo mrfletu va EVtU~Ouv rnv \VuxoAoyia o rnv E~EAtKnK1i SEwpia EYWE uno roue yvw<J'tOu~ ~tOAOyOU<; AAE~UV'tP U~f:P't<JOIP Kat Bxuvruup BUYKVEp. To KEV'tPtKO repo~AT]J.la non ~£repo~aA£ ij'tav 0 npoodioptouc«; ron POAOU rrj; \Vux1i~ 1i rtov «\VUXtKrov ucnvornnov- (BUYKVEp) OXt 1l0VO cru; a'tOlltKE<; SWE~ rtov srowv aAAu £rei<JT]~ Kat o rnv nopeio 'tT]~ £~EAt~1i~ roue. l'tO ~t~Aio rou E!;i;)u!;1J KUl 1J "'VX" (1922) 0 It:~£p't<JOIP £~E'tUs£t Ilta 1l0PIP1i 'tT]~ npocupuovrp; rou opvnviouou <J't0 reEpt~UAAOV, rnv onoio re£ptYPulP£t w~ npooupuovn IlE<Jw 'tT]~ rpononoincrp; 'tT]~ ouunspupopdq nov srowv xwpi~ aAAay1i <J'tT] <JwllanK1i rou; 8tUreAa<JT]. Auto Ka'taA1iYEt <J£ 8tulPopoU~ runouq \VUXtK1i~ 8pa<J'tT]i)to'tT]'ta~ ore sroa.

o lE~EP't<JOIP E8Et~£ on au'tij T] £~EAt~T] aKoAouSd Suo K£V'tPtKOU~

Spouocc, lP'tuvovm~ ornv u<J'ta'tT] avure'tu~1i 'tT]~ croix 8uo KAa80u~ rou sWtKOU ~aatAdou. lm apSpore08a, or llT]xavt<JJ.l0i <Jullre£ptlPopu~, ono»; ro svo-nxru, avare'tuxST]Kav <J'ta8taKU Kat EVt<JxuST]Kav IlE<Jw 'tT]~ KAT]pOVOJ.ltKOtT]m~. AAAU T] 'tEA£ta, <JuvSE'tT] <JU<JKWij 'tT]~ EV<Jnnro80u~ 8pa<J'tT]pto'tT]m~ eivat <Juyxpovw~ reo AU ouvtnprrnxq: To sroo 8£v unopei va npooupuooret <J£ ~alPvtKE~ aAAaYE~ roo re£pt~UAAOV'tO~ rou, l'ta xop8w'tu, T] £~EAt~T] aKoAouST]<J£ 8taIPOPE'ttKO 8p01l0. Av Kat T] EV<Jnnro8T]~ Spco-rqpiorqru oev ElPm<J£ <J£ \vT]AU £reire£8a, T] npo<Japlloy1i IlE<Jw 'tT]~ urouucrp; rpoxonoinorp; 'tT]~ <Jullre£ptlPopu~ ava-

~ Alto tov ltPOAOYO crnv UYYAlKJi fIE!(UppuaT) cvo~ K£q>UAUioll urro to ~l~Aio toll Bryxo roxi H ava:rrrv';t/ rwv avibtcpcov nveouatuabv AElroVpYIWV, nou CYlV£ yta utu OIl'tA£~T) ltCtVOl oro i:pyo toll Brvxorcxr (~lKCtyO. OKrw~pT) 23-26, 1980),

68

TC'tuX8T]KE crm8taKU Kat avu\VwcrE onuuvrucd rnv npocupuoo-rucornrc 'tOU opycviouou. 2ETCpo~aAE tva oAoKAT]po ETCotK080JlT]Jla rrrouucrov JlT]xavtcrJlrov crUJlTCEPt<pOpU~ JlaSi JlE 'tT]V KAT]POVOJl1KTJ npooupuoo nxornrc. 1:'tov UV8pWTCO, nuro 'to ETCOtK080JlT]Jla avaTC'tux8T]KE orov TClO \VT]AO ~a8Jlo 'tT]~, Ka1 XUpT] o ' au'tTJv tY1VE tva TCAucrJla n:ou JlTCOPOUcrE vn npooupuoorst ce 81U<pOpE~ Ka'tacr'tucrEl~ Kat ucovo vu 8T]JlLOupyi]ost tva 't£xvT]'to TCEP1~UAAOV KouA toupee; Kat noxrnouou, M£ 'tT] ~LOAoytKi] svvotn, xnvsvo TCAucrJla 8EV 8ta8t'tEt JlEyaAu'tEpT] npooupuoorucorntn, Ka1 ouvsnroc, xnvsvn 8EV tXE1 Jl£yaAu'tEpE~ 8\JVa'to'tT]'tE~ £TCl~iwcrT]~ uno 'tOY UV8pWTCO.

Au'ti] rnv UTCO\VT] t n crUJlJlEp1so'tav Kat 0 BUYKVEP 'tOU on:oiou ro spya, OTCW~ ro tpya 'tOU U~EP'tcrO<p, aTCoKaAuTC'tOuv ru UTCtp Ka1 ru KU'tU 'tT]~ «~LOAOY1KTJ~ UTCO\vT]~» ern JlEA.£'tT] 'tT]~ av8proTClvT]~ \VuxoAoyia~: npo~aA£ oprousvec npoodeuruce; 18tE~, morsuovruc on T] smo-rnuoV1Ki] Jl£At'tT] 'tT]~ \vuxoAoyia~ unopei vn TCpOXWpi]crE1 J.lOVO cruJ.l<pwva JlE 'tT]V Ei;EAtKnKTJ Beropin: uno ro aTCAu ora cruv8E'ta, urro ro sroa orov UV8pWTCO Kat Oxt ovrtcrpooc. 1:uJ.l<pwva Jl£ 'tOY BUYKVEP, JlE'tU rnv ovcTC'tul;T] 'tT]~ 8Ewpia~ 'tT]~ £i;£Ati;T]~ uno uTC08EcrT] os £TClcr'tT]J.l0VtKU aTCO- 8EtYJ.ltVO cr'tOtX£io, KaJ.ltU Ei;aipEcrT] 8EV smrpsnorcv, OU'tE Ka1 yta rov UV8pWTCO. Auto 8EV on univst on 0 BUYKVEP UTCOcr'ti]ptSE on T] av8proTClvT] \VuxoAoyia TCptTC£l vo Ka'tapyT]8£i ~at 'to tpyo 'tT]~ v ' nvure- 8£i ern ~LO\VuxoAoyia i] 'tT] crUYKpt nKi] \VuxoAoyia. Y noorn P1SE, oJlW~, on T] \VuXoAoyia 8a unopscet vo KUVEt ETClcr'tT]JlOV1KTJ avuAucrT] 'tT]~ uvBprom vT]~ \Vuxi]~ )lOVO ornv yvropioet 't£AEta roo; VOJ.lOU~ 'tT]~ Ei;tAli;T]~ 'tWV \VUXtKroV uccvornnov.

KOOYA: 0 BtYKOWK1 [Ka1 0 Aouptn] £ixav cruxvt~ ouvovrqceu; JlE 'tOY 1:EPYKtt Ai:SEVcr'tUtV [rov JlEyUAo oofneruco crKT]v08t'tT]] yta vn ouST]'ti]crouv 'tpOTCOU~ JlE roue onoiou; Ot a<pT]pT]JltvE~ t8tE~ TCOU unorsAoucrav 'tOY nuprjvo 'tOU ioropixou uhcrJlou unopouoov vo evotounrtoBouv ce oTCnKt<; EtK6vE~ TCpo~aAAoJlEvE~ TCUVW os KtVT]Jla'toypa<ptKi] 080vT]. ATCO crUJlTC'tWcrT], 0 ZaTCoposE't~, 0 onotoc i]mv T]80TCOtO~ o rnv Ooxpuvin TCptV TCUEt o rn Mocrxa Kat n:ou 'tOY dXav ouornoei c rov 1:EPYKtt AtSEVcr'tUtV, Ka'ttAT]i;E 't£AtKU \VUxoAoyo~. 1:'ta 't£AT] 'tT]~ 8EKaE'tia~ 'tOU 1920 tTCatSE 'to pol..o rou «uurtou» 'tT]~ \VuxoAoyia~ o rov KOcrJlO 'tOU KtVT] uuroypuqiou, TCapaKoAou8rov'ta~ nc; crusT]'ti]cr£l~ 'tOU AtSEVcr'tUtV r«; orrotec ovsoepe o rov B1YKO'tcrKt Kat 'tOY Aoupin. 0 Ai:SEVcr'tUtV si]rnce 'tT] ~0i]8Eta rrov <piAwv rou \VUxoAoywv yta 'tT] AucrT] Oxt uovo roo 8ucrKoAou TCpo~Ai]J.la'tO~ 'tT]~ JlE'tu<ppacrT]~ JlE'tai;u AEKnKrov Kat orrructov EVVOtroV aAAu Kat roo sunetpucou TCpo~Ai]Jla'tO~ 'tT]~ £KtiJlT]crT]~ 'tT]~ ETCl'tuxia~. ME 'tT] ~0i]8EtU roix; t<pnai;E Epw'tT]Jla'tOAoyta yta rou; Ben'tt~ TCOU unorexouvrnv uno <pot'tT]'tt~, EpyU'tE~ Kat XWPtKOU~, yta vu 8Et uv Eixav KamAU~£t n~ EtKOVE~ 'tOU OTCW~ exeivoq i]8EA£' Eivm tva Jltrpo roo TCAurou~ rrov svounpepovnov rou on yta rov AAEi;uv'tp POJlU-

69

VO~tT~, T] crx£crT] 1-1I:'W;U HOV rpomov nvtutpootoneuorp; 'tWV t8EWV Kat rtov rpomov crK£\vT]~ li'WV El;icrou crT]l1avnKli o rov KtvT]l1a'tOypuq>o ooo Kat oro EpyacrniplO.

TOYAMIN: Ta tEAw'Wia nsvnvru Xpovta £xouv yiVEt 1tOAH~ tpEUVE~ o ru; HnA ce 8tuq>opou~ KAu80u~ tT]~ \VuxoAoyia~, veupoxoyia~, yAwcrcroAoyia~ Kat EK1tai8wcrT]~, aAAu 8EV tXEt 8T]l1lOUpYT]9Ei ptn KOtVli 9EwpT]nKli EtKOVa nou va unopei va evorounncoet oAa rou; r ' a1to'tEA£crl1a'ta .. Eror, Ot 8tuq>opot KAu80t licrav Kat ;Exwptcr'toi KAU- 80t. ~E8011£vWV rtov Beructo nxtov nvrt), li\VEWV yta rnv «emornuovncn I1t90(0» nou KUptapxouv crnv al1EptKavtKli \VuXoAoyia, Ot I1mXE~lOptcrnK£~ Emcr'tliI1E~ £xouv rroAAa1tAamacr't£i crE 8EKU8E~ rroAu Et8tKWI1tvc~ Kat w~ srri to 1tAcicr'tOv 11T] ErrT]pEUsoucrE~ T] uiu rnv UAAT] urto- 8tatp£crEt~. . Erot, Ot I1mXE~tOptcr't£~ cmcr'tliI10vE~ £xouv Stopvovoost rnv £pwvu roix; nnvm o rnv apxli on ooo mo nsptoptouevu Kat mo svrovo civet Ka90ptcrl1£vT] uio EPW'tT]crT], rooo mo «emornpovucn- £ivat ... BA£1tOUV 'to eurreipuco rou; £pyo ouv rnv Errt8iw;T] I1ta~ crrrncrnKli~ crucrxtncrT]~ l1£1"a;U rtov apt911T]nKWV a;twv nov «nooorucd U1tOAoyiml1wV» I1E'W~AT]'twv. l'tT]v Etcraywyli roix; oro ~t~Aio 0 vov~ GT1Jv KOlvwvia 0 MutKA Kooo), Kat T] LUAJ)Ul lKpi1tW;p crlJl11tEptACtI1J)uvouv svov rrapU;Evo arroAoytcrl10 rrovnetpupurtxrov I1E908wv rou BiYKO'tcrKt:

«Ot uvuqiopsc rou Btvxoroxi ... oe rrEtpUl1ata 1tOU £ywav oro Epyacrtlipto rou I1CPtKt~ q>oPf:~ aq>i]vouv roix; avayvwcr'tE~ I1E uio aicr9T]crT] al1T]xavia~. ~EV rrapoumusCt crXE80v Ka90Aou nporrovevn 8E8ol1£va Kat ot 1tEptAli\Vct~ eivat 1tOAU yCVtKt~. Ilou eivnt Ot o trrno nxet; Jl£1"pi]crEt~ non va moronoiouv av ot nnpurnpnoe«; uvruvuxxouv "1tpaYl1anKU" ycyovo'ta i] OXt;» Exelvot nou aivrn eunortouevot I1E 'tT] I1E9080Aoyia 'tT]~ rrctpal1anKli~ \VuxoAoyia~, 01tW~ cq>apl1os£1"at oro al1EptKavtKU Epyacr'tlipta, ioo»; rsivouv v ' aq>atptcoov 'tOY opo «nstpouu- uno ru; JlEAf:'tE~ rou Bryxoroxi Kat va r«; 9EWpi]crouv Kun Aiyo ncpcmrvco uno Ev8taq>f:poucrE~ E1tt8Ei;Et~ it npoKa'tapK'ttK£~ I1EA£'tE~ ... »

o Koons, Kat T] lKpirrvEp Sa npsnei I1UAA.ov v ' corersuovrm. nOAAU KAamKu rrEtpUl1a'ta oru; q>umKt~ C1ttcr'tliI1E~, uno 'to ncipcuo 'tT]~ «crq>aipa~ nou KUAUCt» rou raAtAaiou Kat I1£1"U, sivm o.n aKpl~w~ xrn rou Bivcoroxi, 8T]Aa8li, «evounpepooce; cm8ci;cl~ li rrpoKa'WpKnK£~ I1EA£'tc~» rrou £xouv tT] 8iJval1T] v' avoi;ouv vsoix; opisov'tc~ evopuorp; Kat EI;EPEUVT]crT]~ ...

Fro rrapu8clYl1a, Ot \VUxoYAwcrcroAoyol ornv AI1EptKi] f:XOUV rnv 'tucrT] va I1EA£1"OUV 0Xl 'to rrw~ cruAAal1~uvolJV ru 1tat8lU OAoKAT]pa AEt'tOupytKU «YAwcrmKu rratxvi8ta» aAAu nepiccorepo 'to rrw~ 8al1uSOUV r«; l8taitEPE~ ypal1l1anK£~ O\VEt~ tT]~ YAwcrcra~, rr·x· 'tT] xpi]crT] rou I1tAAOV'tO~ Xpovou. l'tO I1c'ta;u rroAAoi Sunxot VWPOAOYOl £Xouv

70

aoxoATJO£i J.lE TlI; KAtVtKE~ StaTapaXE~ HOV £yKEq>aAtKWV AEtTOUpytWV OTOU~ EV1iAtKOU~ xwpi~ v ' aVapWTTJOOUV J.lE OO~apOTTJTa yta Tt~ lTpollyoullEvE~ avalTTUi;laKE~ SH:pyaoiE~ IlEOW TWV orroimv ThtE~ AEtTOUpyiE~ UpXtOav V' ovnnpocomeuovrot £yKEq>aAtKU KaTU rnv lTatStK1i llAtKia.

Knvsvoc; OTTJ ~UOTJ S£V lTEtpallaTi~£Tat Kat SEV ypUq>Et, IT.X. IlE TTJ oo~apoTllTa lTOU TO sxnve 0 Aoupin, yta TOOO Staq>0PETtKU OEllaTa OlTW~ TO OUvSpOIlO TTJ~ aq>aoia~, Ot lTOAtTtOTtKt~ Staq>opE~ OTa 1l0VTEAa oUAAOytGIlWV, TJ StaVOTJTtK1i avulTTUi;TJ OTOU~ 1l0VO~UYWTt~OU~ StSuJ.lOU~ Kat TO omvouevo TTJ~ tStoq>ufa~ OTOU~ aptOJ.lllTtKOU~ UlTOAOytOIlOU~. lTllV lTpaYllaTtKOTllTa lTOAU AiYOt cuepucovoi \jIUXOAOYOt Oa OKEq>TOVTaV EOTW va KUVOllV KUTt TETtO.

Kat lTUAt, ~A.tlTOVTU~ TO uno TTJ Mooxa, ot oucpucuvot \jIUXOAoyot ouivovrm va sivci lTOAwlltvOt - uno EAAEt\jlTJ EVO~ eupurcpou lTAatoiou lTOU va ETCtKEVTPWVETat OTOU~ tOTOPtKOlTOAtTtOTtKOU~ opoix; TTJ~ oup nepupopdc - OE SUO EVTOva cvnxpououevec q>tAOOOq>tKf:~ OEKTE~, 1i tS£OAoytKE~ q>aTpi£~, Kat OAOt TOU~ q>aivovTat va civet SEOIlWIlEVOt 11£ t n Ilta 1i TTJV UAATJ lTapuTai;TJ, eire TOU «tSWAtOIlOU» £iTE TOU «J.l11xavtOTtKOU UAl0J.l0U». AUTO~ eivm 0 AOyO~ lTOU ESooav TOOO AiYTJ ollJ.laoia OTO OTJIl£io lTOU 0 BtYKOTOKt Kat Ot OUVEPyUT£~ TOU ~p1iKav TOOO cnouduio, STJAaS1i TTJV nopetn Sio Tll~ o noinc 0 KOOIlO~ TWV «tSEWV» Kat 0 KOOIlO~ TWV «UAtKWV oporv- ~piOKOUV TO OUOtaOTtKU tGTOptKO OTJIlElO Evwo1i~ TOU~, IlE TTJV KOtV1i £VOWIlUTWOTJ OTTJ ~w1i TOU KUO£ lTatStoU, Gay alTOTn£Olla TTJ~ KOtVWVlKOlToiTJoTJ~ Kat TOU £KlTOAtTtOJ.lOU TOU .

... Knuio olluSa SEV Siver OTOV EKlTOAtTtOIlO Kat TTJV KOtVWVtKOlToiTJOTJ TTJV iSta OEWPTJTtK1i cnuncto lTOU TOU~ Sivouv Ot Prooot.

Ot «tSWAtOTE~»ETCtlltvouv Ott dllaoTE uno TTJV apx1i lTOAtTtOTtKU ovro, Ot «IlTJxavtoTtKoi UAtOTE~» ~A.tlTOUV TOV EKlTOAtTtOIlO alTAW~ Gay Ilta nxouo aVTiSpaoll TTJ~ oixnccruce ~toAOytK1i~ Ila~ q>UOll~ OTl~ lTapaAAayt~ TWV UAtKWV KaTaOTUm;wv. Kat O:l~ Suo lTEPtlTTWOEt~, 11 OEWpTJTlK1i cnuccto TOU EKlTOAtTt0IlOU W~ tGTOptKOU onueiou EVWOTJ~ TWV «tSEWV» Kat TWV «UAtKWV optov- XUVETat lTOAU EUKoAa.

AOYPIA:· Eva lTatSi lTOU aVTlAall~uvETat Eva UYVWOTO avTtK£iIlEVO xwpi~ va TO KaTavoIlU~Et, TO avTtAall~uv£Tat IlEOW UAAWV \jIUXtKWV AEt TOUpytcOV un ' 0, tt Eva~ Eq>TJ~O~ 0 onotoc EXEt SallUoEt TTJ YAwooa Kat avaAUEt Tt~ EtOEPXOJ.lEVE~ lTATJpoq>opiE~ J.lE TTJ ~o1iOEla AEKTtKWV EVVOtWV. To lTatSi lTOU nnoxr« TTJ ouv1iOna va ~yU~Et ouunepeouum uno Tt~ lTpOOWTCtKE~ TOU eunetpisq XPTJGtIlOlTot£i Staq>0p£TtKO cuorrjuo \jIUXtKWV IlEOWV Kat ~aoi~ETat OE Staq>opETtKO OUOTTJlla \jIUXtKWV AEtTOUPYlWV nrro svnv Eq>TJ ~O lTOU lTpaYllaTEUETat TTJV KUOE lTpui;TJ T11~ OUlllTEPtq>OpU~ TOU IlE KaVOVE~ lTOU i:xouv 0XTJJ.laTloT£i ouv alTOT£A.EOlla Tll~ KOtvWVtK1i~ TOU ElllTEtpia~.

71

H E1ttKpO:tTjaTj U~EaffiV evrumooerov a'tTjv 1tEpi1t'tffiaTj roo 1tatbtou avnKa8ia'ta'tat orov t<pTjPO uno 'tTj AEt'tO\)pyia rou AOY0\), cotorepucou Kat E~ffi'tEPtKOU, 1tOU KUVEt a<patpi:aw; Kat YEVtKEUaW;, Kat E1tTjPEUSEt Ku8E 1tpU~Tj 'tTje; aU~1tEpt<pOpUe; rou,

o BtYKOmKt, 0 01tOiOe; i:boaE ~ta AE1t'tO~EPTJ aVUAUaTj reov ouoiuoruoov aAAaymv o r«; \jIUXtKi:e; AEt'tOUpyiEe; (aAAayi:e; 1tOU SsiXVO\)V ne; btabOXtKi:e; ~op<pi:e; aV'taVUKAaaTje; 'tTje; 1tpay~anKO'tTj'tae;), f.iXE Ku8E AOYO va 1tEt on svto 'to 1tat8i aKi:<p'tE'tat ~i:affi 'tTje; aVU~VTjaTje;, o t<pTjPoe; 8u~u'tat ~i:affi 'tTje; aKt\jlTje; .. Eroi, auv8E'tOt turtot Spuornpiorrrrcov Kat aV'taVUKAaaTje; 'tTje; 1tpay~anKO'tTj'tae; bta~op<pmvov'tat ~asi ~E ptstKi:e; aAAayi:e; or«; \jI\)XtKte; AEt'tO\)pyiEe; 1t0\) alJ~IlE'ti:XO\)V ornv 1tpaYlla't01toiTjaTj uorrov nov rumov aV'taVUKAaaTje; Kat bpaa'tTj pto'tTj'tae;.

A\)'ti:e; at 8i:aEte;, 1t0\) 0 Bryxorokt 1tEpti:ypa\jlE ffie; anuaataxii; tou aoatnuucic JOllie; inc aovclonanc nvoivouv vb:e; Kat xffipie; 1tPOTjYOUIlEVO npooxrucs.; ot qv \jI\)xoAoyia.

Trope ot \jI\)XOAOYOt ~1tOpOUV OXt 1l0VO va 1tEptypU\jIOUV r«; ~EtapaAA6IlEVEe; ~op<pi:e; 'tTje; aUVEtbll'tTJe; SffiTJe; rou av8pm1t0\), at 01tOiEe; bta<pi:po\)v 1lf.'ta~U 1tatbtmv Kat EVTjAlKffiV, aAAU Kat V' avaAuaouv r«; oootnorucec aAAayte; o rn bO~TJ nov \jIUXlKmv btabtKaatmV 1tOU ppiaKOvtrn KUtffi uno rnv \jI\)XtKTJ Spcornprornro oe blu<popa atubla 'tTJe; aVU1tru~Tje;, va IlEAEtTJaO\)V EKdvEe; ru; aAAayte; ane; «blaAEt'tOlJpYlKi:e; axi:aEle;» yta r«; 01tOiEe; Eixa~E uYVOta 1tPlV. A\)tO Ka8la'tu b\)vatO va ppE80uv rn ixvTJ tTje; roropucrp; bla~op<pffiaTJe; nov \jIUXlKmV cuorn~UtffiV.

Ot 1tpmtEe; aoplEnKi:e; \jI\)XOAOYLKi:e; ~EAi:'tEe; Eixav ffie; E1tiKEVtpO ru; aAAayi:e; a'tTjv \jI\)XlKTJ aVU1t'tu~Tj ron 1talbLOu. Ot Aa~1tpi:e; avaKaAU\jIEle; 1tOU i:Yl vav a' aoro 'tOY tousn E1ti:<pEpav ouctcorucst; aAAayi:e; cr«; paatKte; aVnATJ\jIEle; tTje; \jI\)xoAoyiae;, 1t0\) trope (IlE puaTJ r«; 8EffiPTJrtKi:e; tTje; apxi:e;) bla<pi:pEl OAO Kat 1tlO 1tOAU uno 'tTJV \jI\)xoAoyia nptv a1tO ~lao nuovu, Avmpspount ornv 1tEplypa<pTJ too BLYKOtaKL yta tTJV aVU1tru~Tj tTje; aTjllaaiae; reov Ai:~EffiV, ornv aVUAuaTj roo AEOVrtE<p Yla rnv aHayr'J tTJe; bOIlTJe; tTJe; bpaatTJplO'tTj'tae; Ka8me; uvnrrtuoocrrn to 1talbi, crnv 1tEplypa<pTJ roo Za1t0pOsEte; Yla 'toy aXTj~arta~o auv8E'tffiV rumov EKoUatae; bpaatTJplO'tTJ'tae;, Kat o t«; ~EAi:tEe; roo rKaA1ti:plv Kat rou EAKOVlV yta rov aXTjllarta~o cotorsptKmv «nvsopnrucrov 1tpU~£ffiV». . OAa auto. rn tpya i:XO\)V alJ~pUA£l aTj~aVnKU a'tTjv aVU1t'tU~Tj 'tTje; \jIlJxoAoyiae;*.

nETPO<l>~KI: H 8£ffipia tOU BlYKOtaKl yta ru; avm't£pf.e; nvsourmKte; A£lto\)pyif.e; paais£'taL os Suo \)1t08i:a£le;: on TJ \jIUXlKTJ Spuorrjpio-

* A.P. t\OUPIa, Iltivca atnv iatopuot avd.71wc,1J rwv yvwartKwv (jlcpyaaIwv, £KIi. «Neonxu», M6axa, 1974, aLA. 22-24.

72

rnru xapaK'tTJPis£tat uno tTJ ~£OOAaPTJOTJ, Kat ort 01 \jIUX1Ki:e; A£l toupyi£e; rrpoi:Pxovtal uno bpaOtTJplo'tTJta TJ orroia iJmv apXlKa C~ffit£P1KTJ Kal «bla\jlUX1KTJ». 3£Klvmvme; nxo rnv apXTJ roo . EVYK£Ae;, o B1YKotOKl urrootTJPiS£l on TJ \jIuxoAoyia tOU av8pmrrou i:X£l i:va btaKPltlKO yvmplo~a TrOD rrTJya~cl urro to POAO tTJe; cpyaoiae; Kat 'tTJ XPTJOTJ Kat KaraOKWTJ cpyaAElffiV otTJV rrapaYffiYlKTJ Spnornptornrc. Auto to blaKpltlKO otOlXdo i:YK£ltat orov «llcOoAaPTJIli:vO» xapaKtTJpa tTJe; \jIUX1KTJe; bpaotTJplotTJrae; orov av8pffirro .. Eroi, OtTJ 8£ffipia roo B1YKO'tOK1, rn £pyaAEla Kat tn OTJllcia stvut 0lloAoya ~ta Kat rn buo paoisovml O£ Il£OOAaPTJnKTJ A£ltoupyia. H XPTJatllorroiTJoTJ OTJ~ElffiV (Ai:~£ffiV, OXTJ~atffiv, KArr.), bTJAabTJ TJ ~£tapaOTJ O£ ~£OOAaPTJtlKTJ bpaOtTJplo'tTJta, aAAas£l tTJ bO~TJ tTJe; \jIUXlKTJe; Spuornptornroz; 11£ tOV iblO rpoxo non TJ XPTJOTJ £pyaAElffiV aAAa~£l ne; <PUOlOAOY1Ki:e; AEltOupyice; tOU opycviouou Kat svrctvsi to OUOtTJ~a \jIUX1KTJe; Spoo rqpiornn«; tOU av8pmrrou.

Mio aAATJ nporroncpc OKi:\jITJ 'tOU B1YKO'tOK1, TJ lbi:a tTJe; sororspiKEUOTJe;, uvnnpooconsust £rrioTJe; ~la £rr£~£pyaoia tTJe; llap~lottKTJe; 8£ffipiae;. 0 B1YKotOKl ~EKivTJOE avasTJtmvtae; svo blaA£KrtKo 0XTJlla 0'tO oXTJ~ano~o 'tTJe; av8pmmvTJe; \jIUXTJe; noo 8a i:bClXV£ rnv ouo in tTJe; avarrru~TJe; 0Xl 1l0VO nrouucrov A£ltOupYlmv aAAa tTJe; npooromxcrnrocccv OUVOAO. Auto bTJlllOUpyci to rrpopATJ~a tTJe; ouoXi:rtoTJe; ~£ra~u £~ffit£PlK(i)v xrn eororcpucrov \jIUX1KmV AE1TOupYlmv .. Eror, o B1YKotOKl Siutundrvet rov «yCVEttK() vouo tTJe; rrOAlrtOrtKTJe; uvrrrrru~TJe;»: «Ka8£ avm'tEpTJ \jIlJX1KTJ A£ltoUpyia rrpi:rrEl va nspccst uno to C~ffit£P1KO OtablO Kata rnv avarrru~TJ tTJe; ytati auto sivrn TJ apXlKa K01VffiVlKTJ A£ltoupyia». Auto Ka810ta Sovnrn (>Xl uovo rnv ovcopcooTJ tTJe; arrapXTJe; rtov \jIUXlKcilV A£lwupYlmv aAAU Kat HIV Karav6TJoTJ 'tTJe; Y£V1KTJe; nopsicc 'tTJe; avarrru~ TJe; roo nrouoo.

H 10tOplKTJ rrpooi:YY10TJ tTJe; av8pmmvTJe; \jIUXTJe; i:XEl avarrtlJXOr:i cocouo ncprooorepo ora i:pya tou AEOVtl!:<p Kat rrov ouvcpvortov rou, E>£ffiPOUV tTJV \jIllXlKTJ Spucrmprornrc ouv ~la ClblKTJ ~OP<PTJ 8paarTJplotTJrae;, i:va npotov tTJe; E~wn:plKTJe; lJAlKTJe; 8paOtTJplOrTJtae;, ucroPaAAoll£VTJe; OE EOWtEPlKTJ 8paOtTJP10tTJta ron nvsuuuroc Kata tTJV nopsto tTJe; K01VWV1KTJe; icropucrp; avarrtlJ~TJe;*·

AEONTIE<I>: H svvoiu tTJe; ccorrcptxcocnc ollv8?:Etal ouvTJ8we; ern OOPl£tlKTJ \jIuxoAoyia w: TO ovoua rou Bi YKOrOKl Kat tWV cuvcpvattov tOU Ol ortoiot i:Kavav OTJ~avttKi:e; ~EAi:t£e; rravw 0' autTJ tTJ ACI roopyio.

01 apXlKi:e; lbi:£e; nou ObTJYTJOaV tOV B1YKOrOKI crnv avtiATJ\jITJ ott TJ £oWt£P1KTJ \jIlJXOAOY1KTJ bpaotTJplotTJta rrpoi:pXEtat uno rnv E~ffit£P1KTJ Spoo rnprorrrm, bla<pi:pouv OuOWOttKa arro rte; 8£ffiPTJrtKi:e; aVtlATJ\jICle; nov smor quovcov tTJe; £rrOXTJe; rou, Auti:e; 01 lbi:Ee; ~£rrpo-

* M.L r'wpoai:<pO-I(I, Io topia TIJr; IjIlJxoAoyiw.;. £1(0. «Mio), .. , Moo-xu, 1976, O-f.A, 429-30.

73

paAav uno tTJV aVUA\)0TJ tTJe; Kat' c~oxi)v avOpo>m VTJe; SpaotTJPlOtTJrue, STJAaSi) tTJe; £pyamaKi)e; SpaotTJPlOtTJtae;, rrapaYffiYlKi)e; Spuor qpiornrc«; no» yiVCtal Ill> tTJ poi)Ekla £pyaA£iffiv, SpaOtTJPlotTJtae; TJ orroia uno rnv apxi) sivm xotveivncn, STJAaSi) nou &l£~Uy£tal 1l0VO IlEOffi tT)e; avepO>1tlVTje; o\)v£pyaoiae; Kt smxoivrovtcc. Enousvo»; 0 BlYKOtaKl ~£XO>PlO£ S\)O pamKEe; aAATJAool)VS£OIl£V£e; apxEe; no» rruvta Bptoxovrot o rn PUOTj tTJe; \jI\)xoAoyiae;. Eivut TJ «svopycvn» SOIli) tTJe; avElpO>1tlvTJe; SpaOtTJPlOtTJtae; xrn TJ O\)llrr£piATJ\jIi) tTJe; ow oucrnpo nov 0XEO£ffiV 11£ UAAO\)e; avElpo>rroue;, nou rrpooSlOpisO\)V ru; lSlatt£pOtTJt£e; rtov avElpO>1tlVffiV \jI\)XOAOYlKO>V Sl£pyamO>v. To spynAdo IlEaoAaP£i o rn Spoornptorrrrc rrou O\)VSE£t rov uvElpffirro OXt 1l0VO 11£ tOV xoouo rtov cvrucsuisvov aAAU Kat 11£ UAAOUe; avElpO>rro\)e;. XUpTJ 0' nero, TJ avElpO>1tlvTJ Spuornpiornro anoppooa T'lV eunetpia T'lC; aVOpW7r.OT'lWC;. Kat a\)tOe; eivm 0 Aoyoe; no» ot \jI\)XtKEe; A£twupyi£e; roo avepo>rro\) (ot «avO>t£p£~ \jIllXoAoytKEe; A£ltOllpyi£~» rou) uxoxrouv Ilta SOIli) nou rrpErr£t va O\)llrr£ptAaIlPUv£t rponouc Kat Il£EloSO\)e; nou EX0\)V £~£AtXEl£i IlEoa OtTJv toropio Kat rrou roo StaPtpUSOVtat uno roix; avElpo>rro\)e; I1Eoa OtTJv nopeto tTJe; o\)v£pyaoiae; Kat tTJe; smxoivr»vine. nap' oAa nuru, uxopci Kav£ie; va Staptpuo£t Eva I1EOO Kat svav rporro £KtEA£OTJe; I1tae; O\)YK£KptI1EVTje; A£ltoupyiae; l1oVO 11£ £~ffit£PtKi) 110P<Pi), STJAaSi) 11£ tTJ 1l0p<pi) rrpu~ TJe; i) 11£ tTJ Ilop<pi) £~ffit£ptKi)e; o)ltAiae;. M£ uAAa Aoyta, Ot aVO>t£p£e; \jI\)XOAoytKEe; A£lto\)pyi£~ roo avElpo>rro\) unopouv va £11<pavtowuv 110VO av 0 uvElpffirroe; aAATJA£1ttSpU 11£ rov uvElpffirro, STjAaSi), )lc J/aIf/VXIKr, StaStKaoia, npiv yivst S\)vati) TJ £KtEA£Oi) roue uno rn UWl1a av£~uptTJta. OptOI1EV£e; cno a\)tEe; xuvouv rnv apXtKi) £~ffit£ptKi) roue 110P<Pi) OtTJv nopsia I1Etatporri)~ roue os f.vJOIf/VXIKec;.

H eEOTJ on TJ £OffitEptKi) \jI\)XOAOYlKi) SpaotTJptotTjtU rrpoEpXEtat uno rnv rrpaKnKi) Spuornptot qrn nco Sta)lOp<po>ElTJK£ tOWPlKU ffie; arrotEA£O)la tTJe; £11<PuvloTJe; Illae; avepO>1tlVTJe; xotvrovtcc noo paois£tal o rnv £pyaoia, Kat on a\)tEe; Ol \jIl.?xtKEe; A£ltoupyi£e; oro UWl1a KUEl£ vEae; Y£VlUe; 0XTJl1atiSOVtal Katu tTJ SlUPK£ta tTJ~ ovroysverucru; avurr"(\)~Tje;, EX£l O\))lrrATJPffiEl£i uno I1ta UAATJ 0TJl1aVnKi) npornor]: ta\)toxpova, Tj iSta TJ 110P<Pi) tTje; \jIUXtKi)e; avtaVUKAaoTJe; tTJe; rrpaYl1arucornrr«; aAAUsEt, Ston E)l<pavisEtal TJ aovcionan, TJ U1tOK£tI1EVtKi) avtavUKAaoTJ tTJe; rrpaYl1anKOtTJtae;, TJ SpaotTJPlOtTJta Kat to £yO> roo \)rrOK£t)lEVO\). H o\)v£iSTJOTJ eivai ywha'l aAAu 110VO )l£ rnv svvotu rou on TJ atol1tKi) O\)vEiSTJOTJ Ssv Ilrropd va \)1tUp~£t xffipie; tTjv xotvcovucn o\)v£iSTJoTJ Kat tTJ YAo>ooa, nou Sivoov to rrpaYl1anKo unoorprouo. Kntu tTJ AEltO\)pyia tTJe; \)AtKi)e; 1tapaYffiyi)e;, ot uvElpffirrol 1tapuyo\)v £rrioTJe; tTJ YAo>ooa, nou S£v sivot 110VO Eva opyuvo emxoivrovicc aAAu sivm £rrioTJe; Kat I1ta arroEli)KTJ svvoidiv noo EXOUV rrapaxElEi uno rnv KOt vrovin.

74

H rraAaton:PTJ \jIuxoAoyia El£wpou<n: tTJ covcioncn ouv EVa ll£ra\jlUxoAoytKO rr£bio \jIUXtKWV A£ttOUpytwv. H ouv£ibTJOTJ 0llwe; Ssv aivrn ourc EIl<PUtTJ OUt£ y£vvtEtat arro tTJ <pUOTJ. H ouvdbTJOTJ rrpoKaAdtat arro rnv xotvcoviu, napaycuu. Enousvo»; TJ ouv£ibTJOTJ Scv aivut to onucio CKKivTJOTJe; i) opoc tTJe; \jIuxoAoyiae; aAM. to rrpopATJlla tTJe;, Eva uvrtxaipsvo oUYK£KptIlEVTJe; £TrtOtTJIlOVtKi)e; tpwvae;. .

. Erot, TJ bt£pyaoia tTJe; COWt£piKWOTJe; Ssv ouviornrm OtTJ uctatomall tTJe; £~Wt£ptKi)e; bpaotTJptotTJrae; oro rrpourrapxov ecorrspuco «rr£8io ouv£ibTJOTJe;». Eivm llaAAov utn A£ltoupyia Kata rnv onoio aXIlJ1ari(t:rUl auto to eotorcpuco rr£bio.

MEta uno tTJV apxtKi) ostpu 1l1::I.EtWV rravw oro POAO tWV E~WtEPtKWV IlEOWV Kat tTJV «EIl<PUtWOi)>> roue, 0 BtYKOtOKt otpa<pTJKE npoc tTJ ouv£ibTJOTJ Kat r«; "1l0Vab£e;» tTJe;, rte; A£KrtKEe; EVVOt£e;, to 0XTJllart0llo roix; Kat tTJ bOIli) roue, Av Kat 0' aUtEe; ru; EpWV£e; TJ svvotn El£wpi)ElTJK£ rrpWtapXtKi), Kata Karrotov rpono, ouv Kart TrOD Bpioxorcv OtTJ paOTJ tTJe; swi)e; Kat nou KUP£pvouo£ tTJ Spco rqprornru, TJ avtiElEtTJ ElEOTJ i)rav all£tapATJtTJ yta rov BtYKotOKt: b£v sivm ours TJ EVVOta OUt£ TJ ouv£ibTJOTJ TrOD ElEIlEAtWV£t tTJ swi). H aAi)e£ta sivat to nvt iflsro. H (w1j eivai arn Pdall rile; aoveionanc.

H IlEAi:tTJ tTJe; avarrru~TJe; tWV rrvWllartKwv bt£pyaatWv Kat nov svvcuov (aVtlAi)\jIEWV) ~ExwpisEt 1l0VO svnv rouse uno tTJ Spncrnptornru, av Kat cnuovruco: tTJv Kuptapxia tOU urouoo OtOUe; rporrou; OKE\jITJe; TrOD EX£t £rr£~£pyaotd TJ avElpwrrotTJra. Auto 0IlWe;, Ssv KaAUrrtEt OUt£ xav tTJ YVWOrtKi) bpaotTJptotTJra, eire to 0XTJllart0IlO tTJe; etrs tTJ A£ltoupyia tTJe;. 'PUXOAOY1Kd. TJ OKE\jITJ (Kat TJ urouucn ouvdbTJOTJ yEVtKa) eivui mo rrAarta arro tt"e; AoytKEe; A£ltOUpyiEe; Kat He; EWOl£e; rrou rr£ptKA£iEt. Ot EVVOt£e; arro 1l0VEe; roo; Ssv y£vVOUV tTJ OKE\jITJ aAAa Il£OOAapouv yt' uurn, orrwe; Eva £pyaA£io TrOD Ssv y£vva rnv rrpa~TJ aAAa XPTJGtIlEUEt we; IlEOO.

~ta IlEtay£vEot£pa Epya roo 0 Bryxoroxt £rrav£tATJIlIlEVa £~Eopccs auri) tTJ paGtKi) rrpourroeWTJ 11£ bta<pop£e; 1l0p<pEe;. To rr£bio tTJe; OKE\jITJe; oro AOYO, to t£Awtaio TrOD rrapallEv£t «xpuuuevo», unopsi. aUIl<Pwva 11£ rov Bryxorcxi, va PpEEld oro xivnrpn, oro rrAaioio ttov ouVatoElTJllatwv Kat tTJe; ElEATJ(J)K H vrereputviorucn arro\jlTJ yta rnv \jIUXtKi) swi), Eypa\jlE, arroKAd£t «vn arrob090uv OtTJ OKE\jIllllaytKEe; buvallEte; npoodioptcuou tTJe; avElpWTrtvTJe; OUllrrEpt<popae; 1l0VO 11£ to btKo tTJe; OuotTJlla. To Bsruco rrpoypalllla TrOD £Tr(lKOAOUElTJO£ unmtoUOE v' uvrtorpuqiei rraAt to rrpOpATJlla, otatTJpwvrae; tTJv EVEPYO AEttoupyia tTJe; Evvotae; Kat tTJe; OKE\jITJe;. Fin va yiv£t auto, Errp£rr£ va £TrtOtpE\jIoull£ rrioro OtTJv KatTJyopia tTJe; tEA£OrtKi)e; bpaotTJptotTJrae; Kat va rnv snsxreivoouc O£ EOWt£ptKEe; A£ltoupyi£e;, bTJAabi) r«; AEttoupyiEe; tOU vou»*.

TOYAMIN: Msou OtTJ ouvropr] orabtobpOllta rou, ot EVQOXOAi)-

75

osu; rou BtYKOtOKt £TrlK£vtpffiEhlKav o rn aoveionan: £tDtKOt£pa, oroix; rponou; 11£ roue orroiotx; «uvrmpooroneuerm- T) O\)V£iDT)OT) - nvsouurtKU Kat VWpOAOytKU - OtT) i;;wTJ roo urouou, Kuru tT) yvffillT) roo aura rn rrpopATJllata Ssv urropouv v' ovnuettomcrouv rr£tortKu eortui;;ovrnc rnv rrpOOOXTJ strc OtT) yev£rtKTJ Ilae; KAT)pOvQl.nu Kat rte; EIl<P\)t£e; tKavOtT)t£e; uovo, TJ 1l0VO ornv £rriDpaoT) £~Wt£PlKffiv, rr£ptpaAAOvtoAOYlKffiv nnpuyovtrov. 0 BtYKOtoKt D£V TJrav Dtat£e£lIlEVOe; va aKOiOUElTJO£l OUt£ rov «EIl<P\)tO» DpallO rrou rrpOrtllu oTJIl£pa 0 TOOIlOKl, ours to DPOIlO tT)e; «£~Wt£ptKTJe; PuEllltOT)e;" nou aKOAO\)El£i 0 ~Kiv£p. Ensusvs o n nuroi Ot D\)O Spouor D£V TJoav Ol 1l0V£e; £TrlAOYEe; nou £ixa- 11£. AvtiEl£ta, ~£KivT)o£ Eva VEO rpono avarrru~taKTJe; ovnperromorp; tWV rrpopA T)IlUtwv nurrov.

Kurd tT) DtUpK£la tT)e; avatpo<pTJe; roo rratDtOU, tT)e; £KrraiDWOT)e; Kat tT)e; KOtVWvtKTJe; suxetpiuc, to rratDi «evorouutrbver- IlEoa rou OptOIlEVO\)e; rponoix; aVtiAT)\jIT)e;, OKE\jIT)e; Kat O\)llrr£pt<popUe; ... M£ Uya Myta Kat xowrovuconotairm Kat £KrrOAttii;;£tat (~tT) OOPt£rtKTJ \jI\)XOAOytKTJ <ppao£oAoyia, T) «OUV£iDT)OT)>> rou rralDtoU «DOIl£itat» Etm orrc.oe; Soueirm, AOYW nov «noxrncrucororopucrov o\)vElT)Kffiv" IlEOa o ru; onoisq i;;£l). Auro nou ~£KivT)O£ v' aVaKaAU\jl£t 0 BlYKOtOKt TJtav to rrffie; O\)Vt£AOUVtat a\)tEe; Ol aAAaYEe; Kat rrOt£e; UAA£e; Y£VlKOt£p£e; A£lto\)pyi£e; arraoxoAouV. Knro tT) DtKTJ roo yvffillT), Scv paoii;;ovtat pEpata OUt£ rruvw crnv wpillavoT) 1l0VO aAAU OUt£ rruvw ern DT)lltoupyia £~aptffill£vwV avtavaKAaOrtKffiv 1l0VO. Ki uxouu nsptccorspo, oa<pffie; ouvsndyovrm Kat \jIUXOAOYlKEe; Kat vwpOAOytKEe; Sispyaoi£e;. ~£ \jI\)XOAOYlKOUe; opooc, oxonor; tOU Bryxoroxt TJtav v' avaKaAU\jl£l rrffie; uopqionotouvrm 0 £KrrOAtrtOIlOe;, T) xoiveivuconotnon Kat T) avurrru~ T) tWV A£trO\)~Ylffiv OKE\jIT)e; arro rnv £OWt£ptKTJ i;;wTJ tOU rratDtoU, £tDtKOt£pa uno tT) XPTJOT) nou KUV£t tT)e; «£OWt£ptKTJe; olltAiae;", Ilcpouoic, O£ vwpOAOytKOUe; opouc, TJEl£A£ va lluEl£t rrffie; Ol KOlVWvtKEe;, rrOAtrtOrtKEe;, YAWOOOAOytKEe; Kat TrVwllartKEe; tKaVOtT)t£e; rcou nxoxru Katu rn DtarrAaOrtKU rou xpovta, \)rrootT)pii;;ovtat uno, Kal «cvnnpocrozsuovrm usou», OtOUe; <pAotffiD£te; IlT)XaVtoIlOUe; roo veuprKOU o\)otTJllatoe; rtou wptllai;;£t .

. Exovtae; <ptao£t. ornv avarrru~taKTJ \jI\)xoAoyia uxo tT)V atoElT)rtKTJ Kat tT) AOYOt£XVtKTJ xprrucr], 0 BtYKOtOKl TJrav tDtait£pa waioElT)toe; c roix; rrOlKiAO\)e; Kat ll£tapaAAOIl£VO\)e; pOAO\)e; rrou rraii;;£t T) YAffiooa ornv rrvWllartKTJ i;;wTJ rou rratDtoU. M£AEtT)O£ 11£ tDtait£pT) opovt iou rov rpono 11£ rov orroio to rratSi KUV£t XPTJOT) tT)e; YAffiooae; Kat paoii;;£tat rruvw 0' autTJv yta va KUV£t KtTJlla ron VE£e; £TrtD£~tOtT)t£e;. T\)TrlKU, aurEe; Ot £TrlD£~tOtT)t£e; llaElaivovtat rrpffira KaAU Kat aOKOU-

* Aurr] Kat 1] Elt0IlEv1] ltapi;ll~aci1] TOil Acovnce stvm alto to ~t~A.io tou ApaurIJPu'Jtnta. uvvEidlJulJ. onoxeiuevo. EKD. "nOA.tn1;vTUT», MocrXa, 1977, crEA.. 96-101.

76

vrrn IlE(Ja (J£ xoivcovucd Kat £KTratbWrtKa TrAai<Jta, nvduson Kat llaC) 11£ aAAOI)(; avElpffimvoue; Trapayovr£e;, Aiyo i] TrOAl) Kara rov bl1ll0mO YAffi(J<JtKO xuvovu Kal (JXOALO.· Enerro, £IlTr£bffivovral Kara HI OlupK£la rou 1l0vaXtKOU TratXVtbtoU, KaElffie; ro Tratbi «jllAa 11£ rov cuoro rou», Kat Ilcra <Jtya .. mya yivovrm IlEpOe; rou a(JUAAOYl(JrOl) pETrE pro piou ucuvorrrrtov rou TratOtoU, aTrOrEAffivrae; ElEllara, aPXlKa, rTJe; (JrabtaKa mo (JUIlTrUKVffiIlEVTJe; £(Jffir£plKi]e; olllAiae; roo TratblOU xnt rCAlKu rTJe; <JtffiTrTJAi]e; (JKEIjITJe; roo,

H TraAator£PTJ uovoypuotc I:K[;IfI'l teat yAw(J(Ja. Ilae; Ebo(J£ utn KaAi] sucovu nov tb£ffiv rou BtYKor(JKt yt' auri] rTJ A£l roupyia rTJe; «£(Jffir£piKEU(JTJe; 11£ rTJ ~oi]El£ta rTJe; £(Jwr£plKi]e; OlllAiae;»: TJ bt£pya(Jia Kara rnv onoto £vEpy£t£e; Kat UTrOAoyt(JIlOi TrOU apXtKU yivovrav ocvspa, orov \)TJIlO(JLO Xffipo - 11£ £Trib£t~TJ Kat A£KttKi] PUeI-H(JTJ, Il£ra~u rou TratotOU Kat nov ba(JKaAffiv roo - yivovrat uspo; rou npoommxou p£Tr£propiou roo TratbtOU, yta va £TraVaATJ<pElouv KaAUIlIlE" va Kat Kara ~OUATJ(JTJ, ouv eoorrepucc; iJ lOtffittKEe; «TrVEUllattKi;e;" AEltOupyice;. (Exsivot TrOU yVffipil;ouv to TraAator£po uuro ~l~Aio Ela EllllloUvrat rnv £VtIJTrffi(JlaKi] r£AlKi] EKEl£(JTJ OTrOU 0 BtYKor(JKt (Jlll;TJra rTJ «(JuIlTrrU~TJ» rTJe; £(Jwr£plKi]e; olllAiae; - 11£ Trapab£iYllara uno rov NrO(JrOYE<p(JKl Kat rov TOA(Jrol - Kat no» Il£AEta roue; TrOAUIlOp<pOUe; rporroi»; IlE roue; onoioix «Eva ouvveoo (JKEIjI£ffiV» unopsi va ouunuKVffiElEi (J£ Ilta 1l0VO At~ TJ).

To Vf:O ~t~Aio 0 VOV~ atnv «oivcovia. ElEr£l auri:e; ru; lbECe; (JC TrAarUr£po El£ffiPTJrtKo TrAai(Jto Kat Ilae; sm rpsnet em rEAOUe; va ~Cbta .. AUVoullE 1l0VOt Ilae; ro Trffie; (JxEtil;£rat ro EPYO rou BlYKor(JKt IlE ro EPYO rtov aVepffiTrffiV rTJe; £TrOxi]e; rou Kat nov btab6Xffiv roo (JrTJ L1U(JTJ. Elbl" xcrspu, btEUKptvil;£t rov xevrpuco POAO TrOU Siver 0 BlYKor(JKl (JrTJ YAffi(J(Ja Kat rTJ (Jull~OAtKi] (JKEIjITJ yta ro (JXTJllatt(Jllo rTJe; bOIli]e; rTJe; TrVwllattKi]e; l;ffii]e; roo £vTJAiKOU. Aura sivm Yla xcivov - (JrTJv KUPlO" A£~ia - IjIUXoAoytKa £pyaA£ia 11£ rn onoio cm~aAAollll£ £lbtKEe; uop<pEe; o tov TrVcullattKo i] «eororspuco» Ilae; KO(JIlO, OTrffie; aKpt~ffie; XPTJ<Jt .. Il0TrOlOUIl£ rn <pu<JtKa £pyaAEia Yla va £m~aAoull£ ElblKEe; 1l0p<pEe; 0roV UA1KO i] «£~ffir£ptKO» KO(JIlO ...

Kuru ro TrPOA£KttKo (JrabtO, rn nproro (JrOlx£ia oro YAffi(J(JtKo 1tat .. xvibt Trp0(JXTJllaril;ovrat xwpie; Kallta all£(JTJ xpi](JTJ rTJe; yAffi(J(Jae;. M£ .. ru, Kara Eva xpiotuo blaTrAa(JttKo (Jraoto, TJ YAffi(J(Ja - strs bTJlloma sire E(JffirEptKi] i] Kat rn Suo - XPTJ(JtIlEUEt onv uio (JKaAffima oru TrAai .. oin rTJe; onoir«; ro arollO llaElaivEt, aTr0llvTJIlOV£U£t Kat £IlTrEbffiv£t ro UTrOAOtTrO rou (JuIlTrAtYllaroe;. TEAoe;, Kara ro ffiptllO EVi]AtKO (Jraoto, rn YAffi(J(JtKa (Jrotx£ia xavouv OATJ roue; rTJ IlVTJllovlKi] A£troupyia xrn yi .. vovrm KaElapa «(JUIl~OAtKa». 'Oruv TrAtov EXEt yiv£t auroIlTr0POUV sm .. rEAOUe; v' nvnuercomotlouv aVE~aprTJra i] «a<PTJPTJIlEVa». 'Exovrae; auriJ rTJ Suvurornro Kara vou, a~il;El va rEElouv optcusvc; Vi;Ee; <ptAO(JO<ptKi;e;

77

EPWti]<}"f:le;: «Eivut unupuirrrrn iDlO, Yla to uucpo rratDi, 1:OV UYli] EVi]AlKO Kat 1:OV a<pacrtKO rtou i:XEl £YKC<paAlKi] PAUPT), 1:0 vonuo KurrOlae; O\)YKEKpllli:VT)e; i:K<ppaOT)q> i], mo oUYKCKpllli:va, «Ano nou«; unoIjIEle; ... IlrrOPOUIlE va 8EwPOUIlE to "vonun" KUrrOlO\) OPO\) i] i:K<ppaoT)e; we; , .. "aKplPWe; ioto" i] "EVTEAWe; Dla<popCTlKO" Yla rn UWlla OE Dla<poPETlKU OTUDla TT)e; swi]e;;»

AEONTIE<I>: H EVOWIlUTW0T) W\) vorumro.; OTT)V svvotn slvut Illa rrOAl) lDlaiTCpT) Kat IjI\)XOAOYlKU oootnorucq AElTO\)Pyia T) onoto DCV aival Ka80AO\) uurouurr] i] o nvuiuiu. H ETrlOTT)1l0VlKi] IjI\)XoAoyia YVWpiSEl aUTi] TT) AEl toopvio 1l0VO one; lDlaiTCpCe; EKDT)AWOEle; TT)e;: o ro <PatVOIlEVO ono» 01 uvOpwrrOl «EKAOYlKEUOUV» tu rrpaYllanKu roue xiVT)Tpa, Kat OTT)V oSilVT) TT)e; IlEtUpaoT)e; uno tTl OKi:IjIT) OTT) Ai:~ T). (<<2i:-

xaoa TT) Ai:~T), aUTO rcou i]OEAa va nco, Kat II UoapKT) OKi:ljIll Oa ~avay\)piOEl OTT)V xuroucto TWV OKlWV», orrwe; ava<pi:pcl 0 BlYKOTOKl rn AOyta TO\) MUVTCAOTaIl).

EE aVTieEOT) IlE TT) swi] TT)e; xotvoivicc, T) swi] TO\) nrouoo DEV «IllAUEl 1l0vT) TT)e;», DT)AaDi] to U1:OIlO DCV i:XEl DlKi] TOl) YAwooa xnt D£V i:X!:l svvoisc DlKi:e; TO\). Mnopsi v ' avnA T)<p8Ei omvousva uovo Ili:ow EVVOlWV no» Daw:is£Tal «crotusc»: yvwoT), aVTlAi]IjI£le; xrn arroljl£le; nou AallPUVEl OE DlU<pOpCe; 1l0p<pi:e; atOlllKi]e; i] llastKi]e; emxotvoivtor; To UTOIlO, WOTOOO, DEV crcxsrot IlrrPOOTU O£ utn pnpiva CVVOtWV un ' ortou i:X£t va DtaAi:~£l. AUTi:e; 01 svvouz; - tDi:£e; Kat aVTlAi]IjICle; - D£v nspurevoov rra8T)TlKU va rn DlaAi:~O\)V aAAu ElOPUAAOlJV OTT)V smxotvroviu TOU nrouoo 11£ TO\)e; av8pwrroue; noo TO rr£ptTpty\)piS0\)V OTT)V rrpaYllan Ki] swi]. .

AOYPIA: Ta i:pya TO\) BlYKOTOKt, orrws O\)VOljlisOVTat OTO KAacrtKO PtpAio rou I:K[;IfI'l «at yMxJ(Ja (1934) i:Kavav iowe; TO nptoro arro<p<l(JlOtlKO Pi]lla npor; TT)V £TrlOTT)1l0VtKi] IjIUXOAOYlKi] aVaKUA\)IjIT) TT)s Stepyaoiae; Ilc TT)V orroin T) OKi:IjIT) yiV£Tat OAOKAT)pwlli:VT) i:vap8pT) i:K<ppa- 0T) (11£ uAAa AOyta roo 0XT)llanollou Iltae; i:vap8pT)e; i:K<ppaOT)e;) Kat rrwe; utu OAOKAT)pwlli:VT) i:vap8pT) i:K<ppaOT) ucruuopqnovcrm O£ oKi:IjIT) (11£ uAAa Aoyta, xutuvocitm).

Ttn roue IjIUXOAOYOlJe; TT)e; 0XOAi]e; TO\) Boupcunoupvx T) «OKi:IjIT»> i]mv svo EiDOe; ltv£lJllaTlKi]e; rrpu~T)e; Dtas£lJYIli:VT)e; oxo r«; eucovec i] TT)V ollLAia. Fliorsonv on i]tav T£A£iwe; rrAi]PTJs nptv uno onoruorprots svopp8TJ i:K<ppaOT) Kat OTt i]tav «evccouuttousvn» one; Ai:~£le; KatU TOV ioto Tp01tO no» <P0PlOUVtal rn pouxa arro TO aV8pW1tlVO orbun, E1:O tpyo TO\) BlYKOT<JKl Ssv PpiOKO\)IlC rinoru zrou va 1l0tUsEl OTO £AUXlOTO 0' ournv TT) AEttOlJPyia «EVOWIlUTwOT)e;» TT)e; OKi:IjIT)e; OTT) Ai:~T). A1tOKA£i£l

TT)V «ETOtllT) OKEIjIT»> uno TT)V apxi] Kat uvrunuvrn (J ami] tT)V \)rro8£0T) 11£ TT) Oi:OT) TO\) mrvro OTT)V rrcpirrAOKT), lOtOPlKU npocoioptolli:VT) <pUOT) TT)e; OKi:IjIT)e; Kat TT) OUV8£TT), DpallaTlKi] IlCTUpaOT) TT)e; OKi:IjIT)e; OE OAOKAT)pwlli:VT) outxin. «H OKEIjIT) DCV civet ENEOMATO-

78

MENH o rn Af:~TJ an&. OPArMATQNETAI OtTJ Ai;~TJ», sins 0 BiYKotOKl. Ki auto TJrav to onusio EKKiVTJoTJC; tTJC; OATJC; EmOtTJ~OvtKTJC; tOU OraDtObPo~iac;.

Fro rov BtYKOtOKt TJ OKE'VTJ TrOD rrpErrEt vn yiw:t AOYOC; bEV sivut KatU xuvsvu rporro IHa OtOlXCHilbTJC; Kat abtaipEtTJ «rrVEu~attKTJ» rrp&.~TJ.

OiOtWE ott TJ OKE'VTJ uno 1l0VTJ tTJC; TJrav utn OUV8EtTJ YEVtKW~EVTJ avrav&'KAUOTJ tTJC; rrpay~attKotTJrac; ObTJYTJ~EVTJ uno opicusvo xivntpa. DTJAabTJ TJ OKE'VTJEivat ~ta EtbtKTJ AEtrOupyia TrOD Dta~opq>ffivl:tat KatU rnv nopsto tTJC; KOlVffiVtKTJC; Kat totOptKTJC; avurrtu~TJC; ouv arrOtEAEo~a rou POAOU rov orcoio rraisEt TJ YAffiooa OtTJv KOlVffiVtKTJ ioropio tTJC; av8pffirrotTJrac;. Aun»; aivm 0 AOYOC; TrOD TJ OKE'VTJ, TJ orroia oro rrpffita otubta tTJC; toropiuc TJrav TJ ibta ~ta OUYKEKPt~EVTJ bpaotTJptotTJta, TrOD ~OVO npyorspu EytVE ~ta ou~rrUKVffi~EVTJ, !:(Jffi'tEptKTJ btEpyaoia, OEV unopei va 8EffipTJ8d ouv apxtKTJ «rrVEU~anKTJ» rrpu~TJ. H OKE'VTJ EXEt tTJ btKTJ tTJC; KOtVffiVtKTJ io ropin, YAWOatKEC; piSEC; Kt svuv EVEPYO xapaKtTJpa j.lEooAaPTJtTJ yta tTJ yvffioTJ.

3EKtvffivtac; un ' aUtEC; o'ttC; OKE'VEtC;, 0 BtYKOtOKt rrpoorr&.8TJoc v' uvnvvropicst Eva xivntpo nou va rrpoffi8Ei Ku8E OKE'VTJ Kat OUv8EtTJ KataoKWTJ rrou uno KOVtU unopei va outvsttn '(IlTJ EtKOVtKTJ» Kat «IlTJ AEKttKTJ», aAAU no» OtTJV rrpay~attKOtTJta eivui arrdpwc; TrW OUV8EtTJ aKptpffic; ErrEtbTJ TJ iDta TJ OKE'VTJ urropai va 8EffipTJ8d uovo ouv 'VUXOAOytKTJ cvornto IlE KOlVffiVtKTJ rrpOEAWOTJ.

Axouo Kat TJ rraparrUVffi avtiATJ'VTJ, Katu tTJV orroia TJ OKE'VTJ E~q>avisErat ~Eoa uno ~ta OtabtaKTJ ou~rrUKVWOTJ Kat AEKttKTJ Spno rnpiornro otpall~EVTJ soorrcpucd, unovost on TJ ~Era~opq>ffiOTJ tTJC; OKE'VTJC; OE ypa~lltKTJ olltAia bEV sivut U~EOTJ aAAu ~EOOAaPdtat Kat OUVErrUYEtat svov Evbt&.~EOO KpiKO, svov nrrupnttrrro IlTJxavtO~o yta va uAorrotTJ8Ei TJ 8EOTJ tOU BtYKOtOKt on «TJ OKE'VTJ rrpay~atffivEt roy suuro tTJC; otTJ Ai;~TJ». 1:u~q>ffiva Ill: rov BtYKOtOKt, TJ «EOffitEptKTJ o~tAia» sivor 0 m)vbEO~OC; IlEra~U tTJC; nporrovevoi«; «OKE'VTJC;» Kat tTJC; UoratTJC; E~WtEPtKTJC; Evap8PTJC; EKq>paOTJC;·

H EOffitEPtKTJ OlltAia, autoc; 0 arrapaitTJtoc; OUVDEO~OC; o rnv nopsta tTJC; E~EAt~TJC; tTJC; OKE'VTJC; OE EKq>paOTJ, bEV E~tOwvorav uno tOV BtYKOtOKt ~E rnv «OlltAia ~E roy scuro» TJ IlE rnv «O~tAia XffipiC; TJXo» rcou Surrnpet OAEC; ru; ypa~l1attKEC; ~Opq>EC; tTJC; ypa~lltKTJC; E~ffitEPtKTJC; o~tAiac;. H «olltAia IlE tOV suuro» bcv 8a IlrrOPOUOE va EXEt KalltU 'VUXOAOytKTJ AEltOupytKOtTJta. ArrAffic; 8a btTrAaoiasE to Xpovo tTJC; DtaIlOPq>ffiOTJC; tTJC; E~ffitEPtKTJC; ypa~lltKTJC; o~tAiac; Kat bEV 8a npootpspc xnvsvn q>ffiC; o rn ()tEpyaoia tTJC; YEVEOTJC; tTJC; o~tAiac;.

H EOffitEPtKTJ O~tAia, orrffiC; tTJV EVVOOUOE 0 Bryxorcrct, EXEt rrOAU btaq>OpErtKTJ bO~TJ Kat f.KtEAEl rrOAU oaq>dc; AEtroUpyiEC; TrOD btaq>EpOlJV

Kat uno tTJ OKE'VTJ Kat uno tTJV E~ffitf.PtKTJ o~tAia. .

79

· Eva uro~o 1WU EXEt ~tav avtiATj\jlTj rnv onoto eEAEt va eEaEt oe axi]~a YAffiaatKi]<; EK<ppaaTj<; YVffipi!;;Et rnv ouo in (i] to KUPto SElla) auri]<; tTj<; EK<ppaaTj<;. <l>UatKU, Aomov, ro ElE~a tTj<; EK<ppaaTj<; bEV XPEtu!;;Erat EtbtKO aXEbtaa~o .. Ouo»; auto rrou npsnet vn AEXElEi yta to ElE~a XPEtu!;;Erat rsrto aXEbt(l(J~O. Eivm auto to KA THrOPHMA TIKO OEPIEXOMENO rrou npsnet va qxrvst ornv EaffitEptKi] olltAia, to KUptO EPYO tOU orroiou civet va ~EtatpE\jIEt tTj aKE\jITj a' Eva bO~Tj~a ypalllltKi]<; o~tAia<;. I'i ' auto nporsive 0 BtYKoraKt on Tj EaffitEptKi] o~tAia rrpE1tEl va AEttOupyd ~E xurrryopouusvc.

Aurn Tj tbtOtTjta sivci arrAffi<; Tj AEltOUpytKi] nototnro tTj<; WffitEptKi]<; OlltAia<;. H uHTj tbtOtTjta, Tj 1l0P<POAOytKi], sivut to YEYOVO<; on sivut EAAA TTOMENH, rrEptOpta~EVTj Kat rPAMMATIKA AMOP<I>H.

Auri] Tj EaffitEptKi] o~tAia, u~op<PTj o rn bOIli] Kat AEltOupyffivra<; ~E KatTjyopoullEva, ~rropd, KatU rnv urro\jlTj tOU BtYKOtaKt, va boaEt svov Evbtu~Eao cuvoecuo ~Eta~u tTj<; ypa~llanKU atEAou<; aKE\jITj<; Kat Ilta<; ypall~artKu bOIlTj~EVTj<;, btEUpU~EVTj<; AEKrtKi]<; EK<ppaaTj<;.

Flpsnst ollffi<; v' nvmpspouue aKolla Eva xapaKtTjptartkO tTj<; EaffitEptKi]<; o~tAia<; rtou tTj<; Em tpErrEt va CKtEAEaEt rnv EVAOYffi AEt roupyin.

H aUAATj\jlTj (i] aKE\jITj) rrou aTj~EtffivEt rnv apxi] rou aXTj~anallou AEKnKi]<; EK<ppaaTj<;, ava~<pipoAa avravaKAu KurrOlo rrpay~artKO <patVO~EVO, vevucsuovrcc Eva rrEptEXO~EVO oro onoio rrpErrEt va boEld Eva ypa~~anKo axi]~a, Kat xutrrtuorrovrnq aE KatTjyopiE<; to ElE~a tTj<; AEKnKi]<; EK<ppaaTj<;. 0 BtYKOtaKt mElavov va EKavE mo rroAAU uno onotovorpro rs UAAO ornv Erroxi] tOU yta va btWKptviaEt tTj bOIli] nov vonucreov ~ta<; A.i:~Tj<; Xffipi<; rnv orroia Tj ouotnorucf bo~i] tTj<; aKE\jITj<; ea i]rav uxnruvorrn]. Oatoao, Tj aKE\jITj rrou npoxet rat va btatUrrffiElEi IlE rnv o~tAia sivrn rruvta urroKEt~EvtKi]. ME uAAa Aoyta, mrvru a1tOKaAUrrtEl to rrA.i:y~a rrov tbtoti]tffiV 1tOU EXOUV arro~ovffied arro tOV OlltATjti] au~<pffiva ~E rn xivnrpd tOU, roue oxonoix; Kat n<; aVUYKE<; rou. 0 BtYKOtaKt E<pUp~O(JI; rov opo «svvoin» orov uxoxsurevuco xapaKti]pa tTj<; aKE\jITj<; rrou npoxsrrm va EK<ppaaEld Kat aVrtbtEatEtAE rnv «svvotn» arro to «vonuu- to orroio avrtAa~puvEtat ouv Eva auatTjlla cvnxeuievucrov ouvdsoucov rriaffi uno tTj A.i:~Tj rrou Ka.epE<pti!;;El tn rrpay~anKu <patvO~Eva, uaXEra uno r«; avuYKE<; ron O~tATjti] noo umjperouvrm un ' noroix; rou; auvbEa~ou<;.

Msou a' auto to rrAaiato cvooopuq, Tj EaffitEptKi] OlltAia EiVUl tva<; ~Tjxavta~o<; yta tTj usrurpomi nov onoxsipsvucrov ENNOION a' Eva ouornuo btEUpU~EVffiV AEKnKffiv NOHMATON. Kat auto aKptpffi<; to \jIUXOAOytKO xapaKtTjptanKo tTj<; btEpyaaia<;, 01tffi<; btaturrffiElTjKE uno roy BtYKOtaKt, i]rav ro tEAtKO atotxEio crnv avtiATj\jli] rou yta rnv EVAOYffi btCpyaaia. Flpsnst va rrou~E on Tj ota<popu ~Eta~U reov bUo

80

OPU}V ern YAroOooAoyia D£V eivm KaElapTJ Kat OTt TJ Il£TETr£tra \jIUXOAOytKTJ Kat \jIUXOYAroOOOAOytKTJ PtpAtOypa<pia D£V KaTopElroo£ V' aVaTrTU~£t TTJV TrAElJPo. TTJe; DtDaOKaAiae; TOU BtYKOTOKt TrOU a<popo. TOV £VDto.ll£OO OUVD£OIlO ll£m~U OKE\jITJe; Kat OlltAiae;.

H El£ropia TOU BtYKOTaKt, Ilta nvnxeuievucc 0TJllaVTtKOmTTJ TrTJYTJ TTJe; OUYXPOVTJe; \jIUXOYAroOooAoyiae;, TJTaV TJ iDta KaElapo. \jIUXOAOytKTJ·

AUToe; sivrn 0 Aoyoe; TrOU ru DtKo. TOU OUYYPo.llllam Ssv aOXOAOUvrm A£TrT0Il£p£taKo. 11£ TTJ OTJllaotOAoytKTJ, A£KTtKTJ Kat 1l0P<POAOytKTJ DOIlTJ TTJe; £oroT£ptKTJe; OlltAiae; Kat TrOU Ssv Tr£ptEXOUV uio Tr£ptypa<pTJ nov aAAayrov TrOU UTrOK£t tnt TJ £OroT£ptKTJ olltAia KaElroe; Il£WTPETr£Wt O£ Ilta ypallllaTtKo. £KT£TaIlEVTJ A£KTtKTJ EK<ppaOTJ.

Xp£to.OTTJK£ va £pyaowuv TrOAAOi YAroOOOAOYot Kat \jIUXOAOYOt yta va Il£A£TTJ9d TO ElElla TTJe; TrpaYjlo.TroOTJe; TTJe; EvapElpTJe; EK<ppaOTJe;, Trpo.Ylla TrOU YEVVTJO£ svnv xmvoupyto TOIlEa OTrOuDrov, TTJV \jIUXOYAroOooxoytc. AUTO EytV£ rpiuvro 11£ oupcvro Xpovta Il£To. uno TO eo.vaw TOU Bt YKOTOKt *.

TOYAMIN: nOAAOi uno exeivoi»; TrOU EXOUV £IlPaEluv£t om Epya TOU Bt YKOTaKt Kat reov cuvspjutrov TOU EXOUV PP£t TTJV xmvoropo £vOTroiTJoTJ TTJe; <pUOTJe; Kat TTJe; KOUATOupae;, xapaKTTJptOTtKO TOU TP0TrOU OKE\jITJe; TOU, Kat TTJV EKavav va yiv£Tat IlEpOe; WU DtKOU TOUe; paatKOU El£roPTJTtKOU npoccvuroxrouou, sire £<paPIlOsETat OTTJV soroT£ptKTJ olltAia TJ OTTJ AUOTJ TrPOPATJllo.Trov "IlEoa OTO IlUaAO Ilae;», OTTJV a<paoia Kat TTJV £YK£<paAtKTJ A£tTOupyia, om ouvatoElTJllaTtKo. ouo ruTtKo. TTJe; DtavOTJTtKTJe; A£t roupyiac, TTJV aVo.TrTU~TJ TTJe; ata9TJTtKTJe; uvriATJ \jITJe; , TJ OTtDTJTrOT£ ...

. Oruv OTOV £TriAOYO TOU OTTJV aYYAtKTJ EKDOOTJ TOU PtPAiou 'PuxoAoyia inc; IeXV'le; TOU BtYKOTOKt, 0 B.B. Ipo.vo<p Eypa\jl£, «oi Il£AET£e; TOU BtYKOTaKt o.vot~av TO DPOIlO yta TTJV £vOTroiTJoTJ rtov ptOAOytKroV Kat xotveovucrov OTrOUDrov, Kat. .. TJ OUVEXtOTJ TOUe; ice»; va EX£t £~ioou 11£yo.ATJ OTJllaoia yta TTJV £TrtOTTJIlTJ 000 TJ aTrOKroDtKOTroiTJOTJ TOU Y£V£TtKOU KroDtKa», aUTO unopsi va Ilae; qxrvai ouv UTr£pPOATJ. AAAo. tvae; toxuPtollO~ rsru«; OTrOUDatOTTJWe; Ssv etvm Ka90Aou y£Aoioe;.

nAPO~E<I>~KI: H \jIuxoAoyia oTJjlf:pa aoxoA£iwt OAO Kat nsprcOOT£PO 11£ £IlTr£tptKEe; Il£Ah£e; nnpu 11£ 9£roPTJTtKo. eporniuuro Kat 0TJllaD£U£Wt llo.AAOV uno ruosu; Dta<popoTroiTJoTJe; Trapo. cvonotncnc. ~TO Il£W~U, sivci oovepo Trroe; TJ TrpOODOe; nov iouov rtov -€IlTr£tptKroV OTrOuDrov, TrOU EXOUV 0XEOTJ 11£ TTJV TrpaKTtKTJ TTJe; opyo.vrooTJe; TTJe; avElproTrtVTJe; OUIlTr£Pt<POpo.~, eivm o.ll£oa £~apTTJIlEvTJ uno TTJ Il£EloDoAoyia, OTrroe; Ilae; Ddxv£t TJ naipu,

Ano TTJV £Tr0XTJ TOU BtYKOTaKt, ot cofnsrucot \jIUXOAOYOt txouv

* A.P. Aoupiu, BaCHKo. 71popAi!llara T'I, veupovscooaosoyiac. tKS. flav£7tIcrr1]J1iou Mocrxac;, 1975, crEA. 5-10.

81

KaVf:l nOAAa yta va xuruoxcodoouv svu eEroprrnKo nAaicrlO \jIUXOAOY1- KiJ~ yvfficrll~ crUJHProVO JlE rll Jlap~lcrrtKiJ-AEvlvlcrrtKiJ q>tAocroq>ia.· OJlW~ 11 anairllcrll rtou npo~aAE 0 Bryxo roxt crXEHKa JlE rll YEVIKiJ \jIuxoAoyia, 0l1AaoiJ utu EIOIKtl JlEeOooAoyia crUYKEKP1Jli:vll~ \jIUxoAoYIKtl~ i:pwva~, OEV i:XEl oxouu uvnucrmmorst cnapKffi~.

Eoffi EIOIKa apJlOsEl 11 KplrtKiJ rou Bryxoroxt navro crrll eErtKlcrrtKtl Iota o n 11 xpior] ornv \jIuxoAoyia unopsi va ~EnEpacrrd JlE rll 06Jlllcrll Jlta~ uuo rnpd EJlnElpIKtl~, «Xropi~ nporuosic» EmcrriJJlT]~ 11 onoiu anoq>EuYEl roy JlEeOOOAOYIKO «olaAoYlcrJlO», xrn nou EYKaraAEinEl rt~ npocrnaeEtE~ va xorovoncei ro AOYo xrn rnv to ropucr] uoipu rll~. 0 Bryxo roxt uvcospcnn crnv nporucn o n rtnoro OEV unopsi va ~YEI uno rll crUyK parT] crT] .

MiAllcrE usruoopucc yta OUO runou~ ouornudtrov rtou Otaq>i:pouv «ern crracrT] roue anEvaVH orn JlEeOOOAOYIKiJ paxoKoKaAla nou rt~ crrT]piSEt». H JlEeOooAoyia stvut ono»; T] crnovouAtKiJ crrtlAll oro sffio. Ta anAa sffia, ono»; ru orpaiotu, EXOUV E~rocrKEAEro, Xropi~ 010 ro Ki:Auq>o~ roue, yivovnn utn aJlopq>l1 Jlasa. Fur ru uvdrrspu sffia, 0 EvoocrKcAEro~ npocospet EcrrorEpIKiJ unocrriJpt~T]. 0 O"1lJlaVrtKO~ cuspixovo.; \jIuxoA6yo~ M. KErA, KAEivovra~ ro 90 81Eevi:~ l:uvi:opto '¥UxoAoyrov oru; HnA, eins on T] \jIuxoAoyia sivut uic rspccrnu Jli:ooucra rtou ea rT]~ XPllcriJlwav «usptxc KOKaAa». l:uJlq>rova JlE roy Bryxoroxi, T] Jlap~tcrnKtl q>lAocroq>ia ea unopouos va npocospst roy uvdrtspo runo JlEeOOOAOYIKtl~ opyavrocrT]~, Jlla~ opyavrocrT]~ nou OEV crUVOi:E-ral E~rorEptKa JlE ro crffiJla rT]~ EmcrriJJlT]~ aAAa npooeepst svo o'rspso crrtl plYJla yta ru; npooooix; rT]~ JlE 06JlT]crll urto ru JlEcra .

. Exouv yiVEl nOAAi:~ aAAayi:~ orn q>ucrT] xut rll JlOpq>iJ rll~ \jIuxoAoyia~ ru rCAwraia nsvnvr« XpOVta. YnoKAlVOJlEVll oru; Em-raYE~ rT]~ 1[paKnKtl~, i:XEl f.lcr~aAEl JlE OPJliJ orou; napaoocrtaKOU~ Xffipou~ Kat EXEl EtcrXWpiJcrEl crE nOAAoiJ~ vsou; roueiq nou nopo civet oucrKoAo va EnonrWeouv. Ot crUVOEcrEl~ rll~ Kal Ot aAAT]AEmopacrEt~ rll~ JlC aAAc~ EmcrrtlJlE~ - q>UcrlKE~, xorvcivucsc Kat Eq>aPJlocrJli:vE~ - tXOlJV cuvetotpspst ornv Eni:Kracrll Kat npoooo rll~ aAAa i:xouv EnicrT]~ KaraAtl~El crnv napanEpa Otaq>oponoillcrtl rT]~ os rousiq nou xavouv rn JlEra~U roue crUVOEcrT]. H Em tUxia rrov olEmcrrllJloVtKffiv JlcAErffiv, 11 cnuuoiu rrov onoioiv eivui q>avEpiJ, cruXva 0l1JllOuPyEi uiu napaoo~l1 Karacrracrll crnv \jIuxoAoyia: JlEPIKi:~ q>OPE~ tva~ crUYKEKP1Jli:VO~ KAaoo~ rll~ \jIuxoAoyia~ eivut mo creve crlJVOEJli:VO~ JlE uio crXErtKtl (JlT] \jIUXOAOYIKtl) EmcrrtlJlT] napa JlE aAAou~ roustc rT]~ \jIUXOAOYIKiJ~ yvfficrT]~ auriJ~ KaeWurtl~. l:iJJlEpa, ru ouvopn rT]~ \jIuxoAoyia~ OEV stvm JlOVO mo nAana aAAa Kat eoAa.

H JlEeOooAoytKtl anpocrc~ia uvunoocuxru oOT]yd os «cruyxucrT] rrov opoiv», xm Jlla Kat T] YAfficrcra Kat 11 crKE\jIll stvoi axffiptcrrE~, o mv

. 82

au~avOIlEvll orsrpornre rlle; rEAWraiae;. 1:uxvli ouvuvrcus ouvoucouou; avououov xorcoxeixov onou, crullq>rova 1110 rnv KaucrnKti napartiPllcrll rou B1YKOrcrK1, «11 oupu rou EVOe; ouorriuuroc sivut cruvOEIlf:Vll 1110 ro KEq>UA1 rou UAAOU, K1 f:XOUV ro orouu xcnoroo rpiroc avullEcru roix;». 8avEit;ovrm crrOlxda Y1' uurou; roue; ouvdoaouoi»; uno UAAOUe; roustc: KU~EpvllnKti Kat xotvcovtoxoyiu, rll Bsropiu rlle; Ail'Vlle; anoq>ucrErov Kat rnv avepronollErpia. MEp1Kf:e; q>opf:e; crq>payit;£rat anAroe; uuro 1110 rll llay1Ki) Af:~TJ «ouornuu» Kat Eq>oOlut;Erat 11' svc q>avraxrEpo llaellllanKo ll11xav1crllo crXEOtacrllf:VO va Soosi uiu qxnvoIlEV1Kti covsnsrc, E1tlcrrllIlOV1Ki) ouvallll Kat aKpi~Eta os utu cruAAoyti srepoyevrov orot XEiroV.

H EKrErallf:vll XPi)crll rlle; rExvoAoyiae; roiv unoxoyrortov E~acrq>aAit;E1 rllv aurOllarll £nE~Epyacria trov nstpcuurucrov OEOOIlf:vrov Kat avaKouq>it;E1 ro lluaAO rou Emcrrtillova uno rte; AElLoupyiEe; pourivoc, Sivovnn; roo rnv WXf:pta y1a avat;tirllcrll vseov npo~Allllurrov Kat AiJosrov. AAAU uuro q>f:PVE1 xovrc roy Kivouvo 1l1ae; «EpamrExv1Ktie; npocrf:YY1crlle; crnv Emcrri)llll» crnv onoiu avnruxellKE ~ima 0 B1YKorcrK1 uvcospouevoc crrll crspeorunn XPi)crll trov rExv1Krov IlEeoorov Kat crXESicrv, uiu rucrll uovorovrp; avanapayroyi)e; uurtov nov Il£eoorov xropie; OtaPKi) KPlL1Ki) rrov EW01roV, a01uKonll IlEeOOOAOY1Ki) spyuoiu Kat £~ovuX1crnKti E~f:racrll yta va E~aKp1~rocrE1 av 01 neipuuurucoi lla8tluurucoi Il11Xav1crllOi XPllcr1llonowuvrat Y1a v ' anavrlleoUV sporrnosu; nou sivca uno rnv apxi) Aaveacrllf:VEe;.

H au~avollEvll Eniopacrll rrov lOEroV roo B1YKorcrK1 avu roy KOcrj.10 oq>EiAErm oro ycyovoe; on ElXE uic mo ~ae1U avriAll\j111 rrov npaYIlUrrov an' 0, rt UAA01 rlle; Enoxtie; rou, aq>ou ElXE ~EKlVi)crE1 uno rllllap~lcrnKti Bsropiu, crXELtKU uc rnv toropucn nopcin Kat rucrE1e; crnv \j1uxoAoyia. Auto q>aivErm Kaeapu oro aVf:KOOrO f:PYo rou H /(JTOP1KIj onuaaia tnt; IfIVXOAOY1KIje; xpiam;" ro onoto E~Erut;£l IlEYUAll YKUlla Booixtov npo~Allllurrov rlle; OOIli)e; Kat rlle; ouvaIl1Ki)e; 0X1IloVO rlle; \j1UXOAOY1Ktie; yvrocrlle; aAAU Kat rlle; Emcrrllllov1Ki)e; yvrocrlle; YEVtKU ce crucrXf:ncrllllE rll q>tAOcrOq>lKti yvrocrll. 1:' uuro ro XE1poypaq>0, nou ypuq>rllKE npiv uno uioo nuovu, 0 cruyypaq>f:ae; q>aivcrat va cruAAoyit;crat Eprori)llara ru onoiu rtopu ~picrKovrm oro smxevrpo roiv oxsursrov uutrov nou IlEAEroiJV rtopo \j1uxoAoyia, q>lAocroq>ia Kat rnv toropiu rlle; Emcrri)Il11e;· 01 IlcAcrllrf:e; nou sivut ullEcra ouvdsusvor 1110 r qv emornuovucn IlEAtrll rou avepronou Ka1 Lte; aAAayte; rou yvropit;ouv nsptooorspo uno KUeE UAAOV rnv avuYKll ytn Ilia KP1rtKti avuAucrll otaq>oprov crro1XElroV, UnOef:crErov, euncipucov YCViKEUcrEroV, Kat yw rnv E~UAE1\j111 rrov

* To XElpoypaq>o auto, ltOll ypaq>t'lKC to 1926, altapti1;ctal uno 250 OaKtlJAoypaq>'l~tVl:C; OCAiocc; Kat ltEplAa~paVEtal crov npdrro rouo tWV E1tlAEy~tVWV cpyoiv toll BlYKOtOKI (UltO tKOOO'l alto tiC; EKOOOCIC; "DCvtaYKoYKIKa»).

83

«uouosuov» o rr] yvwcrTj. M' aurti rnv svvotu IlEyaAWVEt crtillEpa Tj a~ia rrov i:pyrov rou Bryxo roxt. H npouvooepousvn spyuoiu Kaiaypaq>Et rnv avanw~Tj roo Bryxoroxi nporoo smvonosr svc orspso smornuoVtKO npoypuuuu ytn rnv speuvc rou ~acrtcrlli:vo navro o rnv noxrnonxotoroptxn ti svopvuvn avriAll\j1ti rou, ~ullq>rova 11' aurti rnv avriATj\jlTj, Tj oouAta ron \jIuxoAoyou stvm va IlEAErticrEt ru opyuvn (EpyaAda, cnusta) Ili:crro roiv onoirov «q>UcrtKi:e;» \jIUxtKi:e; otEpyacriEe; yivovrat noxrno-nxsc, Kat E~rorEptKi:e; AEt'tOupyiEe; eccorepucsuovrm yta va q>rta~ouv ro «tOtocrKEuacrlla» nou cruvtieroe; eEropEirat nroe; stvci ro nrouo Kat 0 avanaAAorpiroroe; unOKEtIlEVtKOe; rou xoouoc, H «\jIuxoAoytKti YEvwAoyia» roo Bryxoroxi i:XEt r«; pisEe; rTje; o ' auri:e; rte; tOi:Ee;. Kuru napaoocrTj, EIlq>aviSovrat crnv npwrTj crEAioa roo Xpovt KOU rlle; crxoA tie; rou, . Ouo»; upxei va crrpaq>oUIlE npoc ro uvsxooro i:pyo rou navro ornv xpicn o rnv \jIuxoAoyia yta va OOUIlE ru npaYllara Karro uno Otaq>0pEnKo q>roe; Kat v ' avaKaAuljloullE roy rspco no OYKO IlEeoooAoytKtie; oouAtae; nou npoTjytieTjKE rrov EtOtKWIli:vrov E1ttcrrTjIlOVtKWV E1ttrwYllarrov 1110 ru onoto cpyorspu cruvoi:eTjKE ro ovouo rou Brvxoroxi, 0 Bryxoroxi 0 q>tAocroq>oe;, 0 IlEeoooAoyoe; rTje; E1ttcrrtiIlTje; nponopEUellKE rou Bryxoroxt rou IlEAErTjrti rrov avwrEprov\jluxtKWV AEnoupytwV, rou oTjlltoUpyou rTje; noxrnonxotoropucrp; avriATjIjlTje; crnv \jIuxoAoyia, Kat Tjyi:rTj Iltae; uno ne; IlEyaAiJrEpEe; cro~tErtKi:e; crxoAi:e; \jIuxoAoyiae;.

Etouxouofhpcs 0 naAtOrEpOe; Bryxorcxr; Evro to XEtpoypaq>o rou i:IlEtVE avi:Kooro, OEV unapXEt allq>t~oAia on ot toi:Ee; rou XPTjcrtllonottieTjKav. Mnopsi Kavde; va avaq>i:pEt Kt aAAa npo qvouusvu crnv to'ropiu onou toi:Ee; nou npOTjytieTjKaV rTje; Enoxtie; roue; ypaq>rTjKav os xapri aAAa nupsuetvcv ayvrocrrEe; ornv E1ttcrrTjllovtKTt xorvornru ysvucc. Ot avi:KoorEe; crTjIlEtwcrEte; roo Asovcpvro vru Bivrot Kat ru crXOAlU roo Nrtvrspo onou uvurpsrret r«; ei:crEte; roo EA~i:nou Iltivco (JTOV dv()pW1[o, sivci EvOtaq>i:povra vroxoousvru IlEyaATje; npojvexrnKtie; a~iae; ai-Aa OEV Eixav Kallta emppon navro crnv nvwllanKti cruoccctpo rTje; Enoxtie; roue.' Ouo»; OEV IlnoPOUIlE va noous ro ioto yta ru XEtpoypaq>a rou Bryxoroxt. 0 cruyypaq>i:ae; nEpnptyuptSorav uno cruvaO£Aq>OUe; onuoou; rTje; vi:ae; \jIuxoAoyiae; Kat uno nOAAoue; llaeTjri:e;. 8EV unapXEt allq>t~oAia on roue; ota~i~acrE ru; nporcosu; uurou rou uvsxooroo UAtKoU. Toix; IlEri:OrocrE rnv avriATj\jlti rou Kat rqv avaAucrti roo yta rTj q>ucrTj rTje; smo rnuovucrp; yvwcrTje;, Kat uuro i:OOcrE rTj IlEeOooAoyia no» crrtipt~E rTj IlEri:nEna opacrrTjptorTjra rTje; crxoAtie; rou,

H suneipiu rou Brvxoroxi sivut svu napaOEtYlla yt ' uuro rtou rwpa ea ovollaSallE cruAAoytcrlloi navro ornv ioropio rTje; E1ttcrrtiIlTje;, nou nponvouvrui rTje; otKo06IlTjcrTje; EVOe; Bsrtxou crucrrtillarOe;. Eivui svo dooe; «KpntKtie; rou IjIUxoAoytKOU AOYou», aAAa utu xprnxr] nou

84

«uxnvovpmpci- ro UJrOptKO ron uovomrn Kat aVaAUCt npaYllanKa 8d)01li:va. Eivui uurovonro on E8w ru 8E8olli:va i:xouv aAAll crllllacria an' o.n ru 8E8olli:va ern cruv1l8tcrlli:vll EllnEtptKiJ smcrnun. 0 BtYKO,crKt rovics on ~CKtVOUcrE ano rnv avaAucrll 8c8olli:vrov «E~atPEnKa YEVtKOU xapaK,t'jpa, ono»; yta napa8EtYlla, i:vae; t8tai-rEpoe; ,unoe; \jIuxoAoytKOlJ oucrriuuroc, ot ,acrCte; Kat 11 uoipu 8taq>oprov 8EroptWV, 8taq>0pEe; 1li:8080t yvwcrlle;, Emcr'llIlOVtKt'je; m~tVOllllcrlle; Kat 8taypallIla,rov, KAn.» Kat on 8f.V ru E~t-raSE ano AOY1KiJ, aq>llPlllli:vll ano\jlll aAAa «cuv opiorucu 8E8olli:va o rnv roropio 'lle; Emcr,t'jlllle;, ouv ouvxexpurevu, srov,ava icroptxc YEyovom 1110 ne; ,acrne; roue, apPllxru ouvosuevu usou orn llaXll, onou pIJ81lisouv cruvEXwe; ro svu ro ano ... cr'll yvrocrtaKt'j-8EroPllnKt'j roue; ouotu, 811Aa8iJ ooov aq>opa rnv uvnororyiu roue; us 'llv npaYllanKo'llm nou sivat q>naYIlf.Va va C~llYt'jcroUV». Me '11 Ai:~ll 8E8olli:va EVVOOUcrE qxnvousvo nou acrxoAouvrut IlC rnv avamu~ll 'lle; Emcr,t'jlllle; roe; EVOe; crucr,t'jllaroe; Et8tKOU ,UnOIJ. Msou o ' ouro ro nAaicrto, ru 8E8olli:va YlVOV,at 8EroPllnKi:e; f.VVOtEe; nou ouvosovrm 1110 rnv aKlliJ Kat napaKIlt'j OAoKAllProv crIJcr'lllla,rov 10 mcrnuovt KWV aA 118EtWV, 1110 Ka-racr,acrEte; K picnc, KAn. Terroo d80ue; «usru-Scoouevc- urturrouv 8taq>opf.nKi:e; 8EropiEe; nno ru; crUYKEKptlli:vEe; cmornuovixc; 8EroplEe;. 0 Bryxoroxi ro YVWptSE nOAu KaAa uuro orov i:ypa\jlc yta rnv Emcr'llIlOVtKt'j IlCAt-rll 'lle; i8tae; 'lle; Emcr,t'j1111 e;. 8f.v 8a t'j,av unEp~oAt'j va noullE on 0 8taAoytcrlloe; navro o rnv Emcr,t'jllll YEVtKa, utu ioropucn npocrtYYtcrll crnv avaAucrll trov npo~Alllla,rov 'lle; AoytKt'je; Kat 'lle; Ilc8080Aoyiae; 'lle; yvwcrlle;, t'j,av unupuimrn npouno8ccrll yta ro IlE,i:nEt1p i:pyo rou BtYKO,crKt.

o BtYKO,crKt 8EV npoxwPllcrE uno anpiopt E~E,acrEte; yta ro n 8a unopoucs vn sivut YEVtKa 11 Emcr,t'jJlll 'lle; \jIuxoAoyiae; aAAa uno Ilta 8tEtcr8unKt'j IlEAt-rll rtov io ropucc au8EvnKwv uoporov 1110 ne; orrotsc 11 8uva'O'llm amt'j npaYlla,wvEmt. Ttu KElVOV, 11 ioroplo civet svo rspccmo f.pyacr,t'jpto, svo ytyavnaio nEtpallanKO otK0801l11lla onou 8oKtllaSoV,at un08i:crEte;, 8cropiEe; Kat crxoAi:e;. Ilptv xcrumucrrst 1110 rnv nEtpallanKt'j \jIuxoAoyia, ~u8icr'llKc oru; EpyacriEe; ourou rou spyuornpiou. Ilporou nrrpet ouv uvrucsiusvo 'lle; IlEAi;'l1e; rou '11 crKi:\jIll Kat rnv OlltAia rrov mn.Suov, E~i:mcrE rou; xopnou; 'lle; 8tavoTjnKt'je; Spuornptorrrn«; o rnv ucrm'll EK8t'jArocrt'j 'lle;, '11 80Ilt'j 'lle; emcrnuoVtKt'je; yvwcrlle;. Tov 0811Youcrc 11 noAU yvrocr,t'j llap~tcrnKt'j 8i:crll on ot nOAu avan,uYIli:Vf.e; Ilopq>i:e; 8ivouv tva KAEt8i ytu rn llucrnKa roiv cr,otXEtro8wv uopqxov, Fur napa8EtYlla, cine on 11 H~ll stvut ro «i:Jl~PUO 'lle; f.mcr-rt'jlllle;»· . Ouo»; 8EV 1lf.Ai;'TjcrE au,t'j rnv EIl~puaKt'j 1l0pq>t'j aAAa tll AEtroupyia rou emornuovucoo opou, tll Ai:~ll noo i:q>EPC ro IlEyaAu,cpo onucotnxo ~apoe;. ME tOY i8to rpono, avaq>i:p- 811KE oro 8i:lla ron «KUKAOU avnAt'j\jlErov Kat yEyovo,rov rtou EVtcrxuouv r«; avnAt'j\jlf.te;», os crXi:crll Jlf. rnv c~tAt~ll TTje; EmcrTt'jlllle;. Ana

85

upyo rspu 11 oxomn roo UAAa~E Kat ru CUpiIlW,U rou nuvro oro ucocposmnsoo oOt'jYllcrav crnv E~t'jYllcrll roo crXllllancrlloU EVVOtWV ano ru natOtu. Tn crucr'lllltKt'j avuAucrll 'll~ crunOYtKt'j~ Emcr'llIlOVtKt'j~ crKtljlll~ aKoAouOllcrE uio OEropia nuv(J) cr'll crucrtlllltKt'j OOIlt'j 'll~ a-rolltKt'j~ cruvdollcrll~. Tn crlJYKptcrll rrov emomuovucrov avnAt'jIjlF.rov IlE ru F.pyaAda F.pyacria~, rtou Kat ru OllO unopouv va yivouv anaPXatrolli:va, aKOAou{hlcrc II EvoPyavllljIUxoAoyia IlE Tll Otcrll Tll~ on ru EpyaAda aivat usoo Ka-ravollcrll~ TOU xoouoo Kat Ka,acrKWt'j~ Ilta~ Ecrro'EPtKt'j~ -roll sucovoc .

. OAE~ Ot BacrtKt~ cprott'jm:t~ 'll~ yvrocrtaKt'j~ opacrTll ptornrcc, II crxtcrT] Ilc,a~lJ OEroPllnKwv Kat eunsipucrov W:AE'WV, IlEra~U At~T]~ Kat svvoiuc, Ot rpcrtot xpt'jcrT]~ rrov svvouov ro~ EtOtKWV «cpyaAdrov» nou Ka,aAt'jyouv cs aAAayi:~ oro m:ptEXOIl£vo roo uvnxstusvou, 11 npU~T] Kat to OtavollnKo 'll~ cvrtororyo, OAa au,u £~nucrOllKav npdrm oro nAaicHO 'T]~ E~EAtcrcrOIlEvT]~ smornuovocrp; yvwcrT]~. Movo utpou E~E,ucrTT]KaV ava<poplKU Jlf. aUTt'j rnv ElOlKt'j KOUArOUpa, crTpU<pT]KE 0 BtYKO,crKt uno 'T]v lcr-roptKt'j ornv IjIUXOAOytKt'j sunstpiu. Hoc ro natoi crav svnv vsupo F.pcuvllTt'j nou aKoAollOci WU~ iOtOll~ Spououc 11£ i:vav CVt'jAlKO cpsuvnrn. 0 BlYK6TO"Kl KaTi:AT]~E CJT1l8taA£KnKt'j rrp; yvwcrll~ - rnv icropucq 111:0080 Kat TllV apxt'j tll~ (lV,aVuKAacrT]~ - 0Xl CV()OcrK01ttKU aAAu ucoro Illa~ CtOIKt'j~ «EllnElptKt'j~» IcrTOPIKt'j~ unoljlll~ rrou tytVC ro onuaio cKKivllcrll~ Yla ilia IlEOOOOAOYIKt'j EniOccrT] oro opoupio nou 8cv dxc Kamq>i:pcl va Kamnt'jcrcl T] npollyotJIlEVll vtsrcputvrcrtKt'j q>UcrtKt'j ljIuxoAoyia*.

NT ABINTOcI>: Mur Ev8ta<pi:pol!cra, av Kal CJu!,;llTricrlj.Hl cpunvsiu rou spyou 'OU BlYKOTCJKI rtou 86011KE urro TOV Finpoostpcnct 8EiXVCl on dF OCt TOV BtYKOTCJKI ouv tva f.~i:xovm IlC0080AOYO TT]~ EmCJTt'jllll~ xrn i:vav nporronopo Tll~ CJUYXpovll~ ioropicc Tll~. 0 oxono.; TO\) BtYKOTO"KI t'j-rav va olanmwm:l xuvovto-n xsq IlE0080AOYIKi:~ apxi:~ Yla tva Il£AAOVnKo ouornuo llap~l(JnKt'j~ ljIuxoAoyiac;, 811Aa8t'j uiu Y!:VIKt'j IjIUxoAoytKt'j O£ropia BacrtCJIli:vll orn llap~lcrnKt'j q>IAocroq>ia. I'i ' aUTO, onox; i:ypaljlc 0 i8LO~ 0 BtYKc)TcrKI, rimv unapo irnro va 8llIlLO\JPyt'jCJEt i:va IjIUXOAOytKO avuAoyo rou Kcoasaiou: Kt EVW to tpyo TOl) Map~ £iX£ unon,Ao Mia KPITlKr, navco atnv lloAlwa; otxovouia, Xpt;ta!,;oTav Twpa va 800d ilia Il£OOOOAOYIKt'j xpt TlKt'j rll~ EITlCJTl1Il0VIKt'jC; ljIuxoAoyiac;.

nOAAOi uvOpronol ciXav rsrto CJxi:8la tK£lVT] rnv tnoXt'j. LTll oEKaETia ron ' 20 t'jCJav nOAAoi EK£ivOI nou oxo ncuuv va q>TlU~o\Jv ilia llap~lcrnKt'j cmcr't'jllll. ~xt86v 0 Ku{k croBIEnKoc; Ot(J)PllnK6~ IjIUXOAOyo~ atcrOavotav rnv avuYKll vu 8lllllO\JPyt'jcrtl ilia ri:na £1tlCJ,t'jllll Kat

* II 0u>t~oi. Tj TO\) fIUP00i:<jl0KI 010 0rpoyyui.() Tp(J1ri:~1 r.ivrn IT<lP>ttVll (lITO Ol!l<jloPI:<; ITllyi:<; KUI iotui rr.p« UIT6 TO upOpo WI' «i\.L. IltYK()T0KI: l.pct.vnr n.; Til, pr.Ooooi.oyi(1~ His CITI0T~llrIS" 0W /.'fUif1(Wl t/>,;.o(J()((!ia,". '977, No K

86

nio-rsoc on ot OtKi::e; rou OEropil::e; Oa XPllcrillcuav crav uovrs),o. nOA.A.U E\7[(oOllKaV Kat ypuqHllKav rots yta rnv avuYKll yta svn opicrnxo IlEOOOOA.OytKO Kat qHA.ocrOq>tKO spvo. Anu crnv 7[PU~1l, rtupotxn-rorrpcav croj3api::e; oucrKoA.iEe;. 'Hruv rooo IlEyUA.Ee; 7[0U 0llllwupyt'j0llKav allq>tj3oA.iee; yta ro ev unopouos va Em rEAf.crOEi, xur ' apxt'jv, uuro ro i::pyo Kat av Oa t'jrav snoucodourrnxo. Ot uvt inus.ot rlle; llap~tcrnKt'je; \IIUXOA.oyiae;, omoe; 0 TcreA.7[uvoq>, sinuv on bf.V 1l7[0pEi va U7[UP~Et «llap~tcrnKt'j '!'uX0A.oyia», a7[0KaA.WVrae; LTjV arrA.u «A.EKrtKO 7[atxviot».

H ouoin rou Oi::llaroe; t'jrav aurt'j .. Hruv EIlq>avi:e; on qHtuxvovrae; uio llap~tcrnKt'j ,!,uxoA.oyia, ru a~tWllara rlle; llap~tcrnKt'je; q>tA.ocroq>iae; i::7[pem: va XPllcrtll07[0tllOOUV Kat va ouvdunorouv Ile rn beoolli::va Kat ru cvvotoxoyucc crxt'jllara 7[0U 7[Epti:xovrav os otuq>opee; '!'uX0A.oytKi::e; OewpiEe;. l:UVE7[We;, yEVtKi::e; nporcoc«; WU OtaA.EKnKOU Kat rcroptxoo \JA.tCJIlOU ((11 '!'\JXt'j sivct totorT]ra rlle; uvrorepc oPyavrolli::vlle; UA.ll':;», «T] UA.ll eivar 7[prorapxtKt'j Kat 11 cruvEiOl1CJll bwrepeuo\Jcra», KA.7[.) crUVO\JUorrpcav IlE crrouovoucve; totee; OaVetcrlli::Vf.e; a7[0 roy IlmXf.~tOptcrllo, rll OEropia rorv aVraVaKA.acrnKwv, to q>poi:(jtcrIlO, KA7[. Ot ouvoocouot uuttov rtov OUo 0IlUOrov crrotXdwv f.~ELucrrnKav IlE rumx« A.OytKU xpmipic yta va E~aKptj3roO£i on OEV t'jcrav uvtuputtxn, Kat IlEru ovourio trpccv «llap~tcrnKt'j '!'\JX0A.oyia». AA.A.U ouvtouo i:ytve EIlq>avi::e; on rertu 0lllltOupyt'jllara EiXav o\JcrtacrnKte; Kat OXt rumxo; A.oytKi::e; artAEtEe;: Ot nporuosu; rou OtaA.cKnKOU \JA.tcrIlOU Kat auri::e; rtov smuspouc '!'UXOA.oytKWV Bscopuov \Jrrt'jpxav av£~uprT]ra Ot IlEV a7[0 ru; OE. ~£v unopoooc va Em rwXOd KalltU cruvOecrll Ile ro vo r«; cvrocouv a7[A.Wc;. nap' oAa uuru at '!'\JX0A.oYOt bEV tj3A.£rrav Ilta mo ptt;tKt'j A.ilCJTj o ro 7[poj3A.lllla.

Floin t'jrav 11 cr\JIlj30A.t'j roo Bi vxoroxt orn A.Ucrll uurou rou 7[poj3A.t'jllaroe;; H j3aCHKt'j rou apxt'j roe; IlEOOOOA.6you t'jrav on os 07[0taOt'j7[0rE Bsmpiu, npsnst nproru Kavde; v ' unouovrooet uio ErrE~llYllllanKt'j apxt'j T] 07[0ia KaOopit;Et ru opiu Kat rll oOIlt'j rlle; O£ropiae;. Aurt'j 11 YEVtKt'j apxt'j sivui ~i:XroPll a7[0 to uvruceiusvo 7[0U IlEA.ErUrat Kat npocospei rn Ilovuoa rlle; '!'uX0A.oytKt'je; aVuA.ucrlle;. . Erot , ot epwvllri::e; 7[pt7[Et va Bpoov oXt uiu ore nxn, uovoourororr; Ocropt«, anu rll ouValltKt'j crXtcrll IlEra~U rlle; «Erre~llYllllanKt'je; apxt'je; Kat rou nvnxstuevou rrou IlEA.ErUrat». l:ullq>rova IlE roy Bryxorcxi, 11 j.!EOOOOA.OytKt'j avuAucrll o rnv '!'uX0A.oyia sivnt OpOIlOe; O\7[A.t'je; KarEuO\Jvcrlle;.

_ Flproru, 7[pi::7[Et KavEie; va 7[poxropt'jcret a7[0 roy \J7[upxovra EVVOtOA.OytKO ll11xavtcrllo, E10tKorEpa a7[0 r«; 1l0VUbEe; rlle; aVUA.ucrlle;, npo; rnv unouovoxm rlle; E7[E~ llYllllanKt'je; apxt'je; Kat Ileru nioto, E~erut;ovrae; 01.0 ro uovomrn a7[0 ro 07[0io 11 q>tA.OcrOq>tKt'j svvotu vivsnn E7[E~llyT]llanKt'j apxt'j ornv '!'uX0A.OytKt'j OEropia Kat uvunrixroovror; uurrtv m OEropia IlE j3ucrll rll Of.Oolli::VT] E7[E~llYllllartKt'j apxt'j. 0

87

BtYKOtO"Kl a1toKUAEO"E aun'! ullli:8080 «AOYtK010"-roptKti» O"E aVTi8EO"'l IlC t nv «tU1ttKOAOytKrl ».

H E7totK0801l'lttKti' 7tAWpa aUttie; t'le; Jlf:8080u O"UViO"TaTat O"TO Ott 0 BIYKOtO"Kt a7ti:8£t~E rnv avuYK'l va otK0801l118d svc \jIUXOAOytKO O"llO"T'llla O"E i5uirpopa (Jrdi5ra. ro Ku8c O"tabto 8E V' a7t0IlOVWVCtat Kat va nspi ypaq>Etat AE7tTOIlCpci)e; (O"UIl7tEptAall~avoIlEvrov O"ta8irov 7tOll ot 7tEptO"O"OtEPOt \jIlJXOAoyot tlle; C7tOxtie; ron a7tAWe; bEV 7tpoO"Exav tOTE). H tvvota roiv 7tOAAa7tAWV O"ta8irov tiTav O"TEva O"uv8CIltVll IlE rnv avuYKll va ~pc80uv !1wd(ovw; «pitcot 7tOU O"uv8tovtat IlCTa~U roix; uno (JI)v8EtEe; O"xto"Ete;, Kat t8taitEpa YEVEttKte;. AUTti 11 YEVtKti apxij 08tiYllO"E O"E uiu o"Etpa cnucvnxrov ouunspcoudrcov.

npWTO, 0 8po1l0e; rtpoq rnv oncooouncn uu«; llap~tO"ttKije; \jIUXOAOyiae; IlE ro ouvouuouo unouovcousvorv Oi:O"EroV 8taAEKttKOU UAtO"Il0U Kat ouyxsxpurevcov \jIllXOAOytKWV Bsropnov civet a8tt~080e;. 0 BtYKOtO"Kt t8Et~E Ott yta uiu Ttna O"uv8EO"ll tiTav a7tapaiT'l-rot «Ev8tUIlEO"ot O"UV8EO"Il0t». npoxropWVtae; uno rnv EYYEVti AoytKti Tlle; llap~tO"ttKtie; q>tAoO"oq>iae;, 7tpt7tEt xovstc va KataO"KElJaO"Et Ilta avtiO"totXll IlE8080- Aoyia Yia rnv \jIuxoAoyia Kat IlETa, aq>ou i:XEt C17tOIlOVWO"CI ilIa E7tE~llYllllaTlKij apxij, unopei v ' aVa7tTU~Et o"UYKEKptlli:VEe; 8EropiEe;.

8EUtEpO, aUTijll apxij Bpt811KE avnlltTro7tll IlE rnv I8ta on 11 \jIuxti tXEt uic O"UYKEKPIIli:vll llAtKti 8i:0"1l usco O"TO otouu, yta 7tapU8EIYlla, O"tOV EYKi:q>aAo. Ilupoxtvnoe rnv spsuvu yta Ilta EI8tKij Ev8tallEO"ll npuyuutucorrrru 11 onoia tmapXEt IlETa~U Tlle; t;rotie; Kat Tlle; avOpwmv'le; \jIuxtie;. Movo utu aVTiAll\jlll 7tOU 8a c~i:q>pat;E ilIa rsnu 7tpaYllattKOT'lLa 8a Il7tOpOUo"E va 8pUo"EI ouv utc E7tE~llYllllanKti apxij Ili:O"a ornv KaTllYoPIKti Il11Xavti Iltae; Il'l avayroytKtie; \jIUXOAOYIKije; 8Eropiae;.

TtAoe;, 'l yEVIKt; apxti tOU BtYKOTO"Kl Uq>'lO"E tva unorunrouo OtO t;ijTlllla rtov Ilovaorov avuAuO"lle;. 1:E O"Xi:o'l 11' aUTO, ouXVU yivsrui uvuoopc O"T'lV 7tapaTtiPllO"'l TOU BtYKOTO"Kt on ot XllIlIKi:e; t8tOTllTEe; TOU VEpOU 8EV unopouv va IlEAET1l80uv IlE TO va 8tatpE8d 7tapa7ttpa O"E a8taipETa O"UO"TanKU, nrouu u8poyovou Kat o~uyovou (avaAuO"ll O"tOtXdrov). 0 BtYKOTO"Kt smusvst on 7tpi:7tEt KavEic; va ~PEt rnv EAUXIO"tll llovu8a 11 onoiu 8taTllPd r«; t8tOtllTEe; TOU O"UVOAOU, ro uopio VEPOU (bllAa8ij, avuAlloll Tlle; llova8ae;). Autti 11 aya7tlllli:vll nopouotoi- 0"11 TOU Bryxoroxt O"uvti8roe; Bsropeirut ouv Ilta i:v8El~1l t'le; E1tt8Ulliae; ron va EYKaTaAEl\jlEt Tll O"TOt XEtaKij avuAuO"ll Kat v ' avat; llttiO"Et ru; OAtKte; llova8Ee;.

ilotoO"o, usou OTO 7tAaiO"to ron oucmuiuroc rrov IlE8080AoytKwV ron a7to\jlcrov, 11 t8i:a TOU BtYKOTO"Kt yta Tllv avuYKlllltae; «llova8taiae; avuAuO"lle;» EIlq>avit;ETat IlE btaq>OPETlKO q>roe; .. H rev amij 11 t8i:a 7tOU TOV 08ijYllo"E va EyKataAEl\jlCt rnv 7tEpiq>llllllll1ttXEBwptO"TlKt; q>0PIlOUAa «Ept8tO"lla-avTi8paO"ll') 11 onoio 7tpOU7t08i:tEt svcv UIlEO"O npoootoPtO"Il0 Kat va \jIa~Et yta tvav IlEout;ovTa O"UV8EO"Il0 yta va 800Et utu

88

l·u::8000AoYlKi} OUVOxi} 0111 8Eropia lOU. AUlO OOi}YllOE OlO lplllEpte; Oxi}lla lOU, 1110 svuv OUlllEcrO OUVOEOIlO non tXEl 111 1l0pq>ij lOU <<\jIUXOAOYlKOU EpyaAEiou», nou i}oll avaq>tp811KE EOW roe; llllEyaAU1Epi} lOU avaKaAu\vll: E10l, ouv tva AOYlKO anoltAEolla Oro01WV 111080001..0- YlKWV apxwv, Kali:All~E crnv lota llle; opaolllPlollllae; roe; EnE~llYlllla-

nKije; apxi}e; llle; \VUXoAoYlKi}e; 8Eropiae;. .

Llllv \VuxoAoyia KUptaPXOUOE 11 rumxn AOYlKij npiv Kat IlEla lOY BlYK010Kl. AUlO qxnvornv 010 oAa: one; avaAoyice; 1110 ru; q>UcrtKte; E1tlOli}Jlf:e; Kat lllv iOta rnv npootYYloll 010 ouvxexpiusv« \VUXoAoYlKa npo~Aijllala. H \VuxoAoyia llle; ayroyi}e; eivm tva sroVtaVO napaoElYlla. H lota on 11 yvwoll coroxrnrrn Iltoro llle; YEviKWolle; uno 10 OUYKEKPllltvo 010 aq>llPlllltvo stvor tva xapaKlllPlonKo napaoElYlla llle; lU1tlKije;-AOYlKije; Kal EllnElplKi}e; npootyytOlle; o rnv \VuxoAoyia. 0 BlYK010Kl avtlpf.\VE aUli} rnv npootYYloll oro 1930 1110 ro tpyo lOU navro OlO 0Xllllanollo rrov YEVlKEUOEC\>V .. EOEl~E on aUli} 11 npoocyYlOll OEV uvno roryoixss crnv npaYllanKi} \VuxoAoYlKi} olEPyaoia rrov YEVlKCUOCrov Kat np01ElVE on 11 OlaAEKnKi} AOYlKi} npocospe uin AUOll·

nap' oAa curn, 11 laoll aUli} avanlux811KE npaYllanKa crnv \VuxoAoyia IlEla 10 ' 60, npoxropWVtae; uno KCl rtou orcuurncs sxetvoc Kat Kalro ano rnv allEOll smppor] rtov lOEWV lOU. Tropu, Ollroe;, yivorcv 1110 Baoll svuv nEpinAOKO ll11xaVl<?"1l0 OtaAEKnKi}e; AOYlKi}e; OOOIlEVO cro tpya rtov M.M. POsEVlaA, B.M. Ksvrpoo Kat ClOlK01Epa lOU E.B. IA.li.:vKoq>.

nOAAoi rousu; llle; E1tlOlijlllle; Bptcxovrca nopc Et(Ei nou ~PlOKOtaV one; apxee; llle; OEKaEllae; lOU ' 60 11 \VuxoAoyia llle; ayroyi}e;, ElolKa 11 YEVlKij \VuxoAoyia Kat 11 IlE8000Aoyia llle; \VuxoAoyiae;. AU10e; sivct aKpl~We; xrn 0 Aoyoe; nou ioroe; 11 oEKaElia lOU '80 va sivut Ilaplupae; Illae; avaytvVllolle; lOU BlYK010Kl. H \VuxoAoyia ouv ouvoxo, Kat ElOtK01Epa 11 8Eropia llle; opaOlllPlOllllae; nou avtnlu~av 0 BlYK010Kt, o Aeovnse Kat 0 Aoupiu, EXEl q>laOEt 0' Eva cnusto onou EllKOAa unopsi v ' aq>0llolwOEl ne; nOAu avaYKaiEe; IlE8000AOYlKte; 8EropiEe; lOU BlYK010Ki. Kat V' avanlU~El ne; OUYKEKpi.IlEVEe; lotEe; lOU 0111 ~aolllltae; oUYXPovlle; IlE8000Aoyiae; xrn AOYlKije;.

H \VuxoAoyia EXEl uiu ~EXroPlOlij 8toll aVclllcoa one; E1tlOli}IlEe;: Ilc uic urtspuvrn xrn oloaKnKij trrropiu moro llle;, nspvn Illa OUOKOAll nepiooo 0llllaoEIlEvll urto utu OUVEXi} speovu yta 10 uvrtxstuevo Kat 111 IlE8006 llle;. AU10 yiVEtal 1110 q>OVlO ollllavnKte; cmolllllOvlKte; E1tllEU~Ele; oUVOOWOIlEVEe; uno onouoaia 8EroPllnKcl tpya. ·01..' aUla lEiVOUV va oEi~ouv on 11 \VuxoAoyia urruivet 010 xmvoupyro olaolO llle; aVclmu~i}e; llle; nou unopai vo OOllYi}OEl 010 0llllavnKEe; ouvtnElEe; Kat yta rnv av8pw1tlVll YVWOll Kat yta rnv KOlVroVlKi} npuxrtxn.

Aurr] 11 «enuvuorcrucn» xuruorucn crnv \VuxoAoyia tXElnpOKAll-

89

ed, w:,a~u <lAAffiV, uno '11 0lllllOUpytKi} cpya(Jia rrov ~CyUAffiV (Jo~u::nK<i>v smo-muovoiv: BtYKO,(JKt, Aouptu, Aeovnco, MC(J,(JcptUKOIj>, Kat <lAAffiV smornuovov au-ri}c; '1lC; (JXOAi}C;.

Eivm Katp6c; va pi~ov~c ~la ~an<l (JW i;pyo rou; rtou OciXVf.l npoq W ~i;nov au,i}c; '1lC; apxaiac; C1tta-ri}~llC;·

90

LOBIETIKOI 'f'YXOAOrOi

nov ANA<l>EPONTAI L' A YTO TO KE<l>AAAIO

MnAONl:KI, nU~EA (1884-1941). l:o~lEnKo~ \IIUXOAOyO~ xm 8ucrKaAo~. Arpou unoootrnoe uno 'W Ilovemormno 'WU KlE~OU (1907), 8i8a~E nat8aywYlKu Kat \llUxoAoyia cs YUIlVUcrlO 811Hwv o rn Mocrxa. To 1913 EYlVC u<P11Y11,ij~ oro Flcvsmorruuo '11~ Mocrxa~ onou 8i8a~E \VuxoAoyia Kat <plAocro<pia. 8i8a~E Enicr11~ oro Fluvcmcrrruuo l:avlU<pcrKl Kat ore EAEiJeEpa naVE1tlO"'r11lllaKU Ma8ijllaw Yla Fuvuixsc, ern Mocrxa.

ME,a~v 1915 Kat 1917 typa\Vc 8lu<popa upOpa nuvw crnv EKnai8wen, crullnEplAall~avollcvwV rrov «To CJxoAdo Kat T] cpyanKij ,U~T]» xrn «To crxoAdo Kat 'W KOlVWVlKO ouornuc». To 1919 E~E8ocrE tva ~l~AiO 1110 ,hAo LXOAf.io Epvaaku; tau Mdi.T'lC;.

l:n~ 8EKaEriE~ 'WU ' 20 Kat ' 30, 0 Mns.ovox, EYlVE yvwcrro~ crav IlEAEr11rij~ r11~ crullnEpl<popu~ Kat '11~ avun,u~11~ rrov nat8lli>v. To 1925 E~t8ocrE Eva ~l~Aio, ro JIa/~rKIj awinTv(,'l.

Masi 1110 'WV Kopvixoe avn,ux811Kav crnv l8cuAlcrnKij \V\JxoAoyia roo TcrEAnuvo<p. 8i8a~E cro Ilpdrro Kat 8EU,CPO Ilnvemo nuno '11e; Mocrxae; Kat ij-rav tva~ ano roix; l8pu'Ee; Kat 11YErEe; '11e; AKa811- Iliae; Kouuouviorucrp; Ayclyije; Kpounoxovtn. Enicr11e; Ka80811youcrE uiu ollu8a vsuptov \VUXOAOYWV oro Ivortroirro '¥uxoAoyia~ '11e; Mocrxae;.

l:-ra xuptorspc Epya 'WU Mnxovox. crullnEplAall~uvOv'at ru E~ije;: 'PvxoAoyia TOV Ilsorttvo» (1918), LVVTOf1'l nf.plyparplj T'lC; f.7Cl(JT'lf10V1KljC; 'l'vxoAoyiac; (1921), Ikuoeia (1924), 'PVXOAOYIKd ooxiuto. (1927), 01 {JdauC; T'lC; tuuocku; (1929), Mvnun KW (JKi:'I''l (1935), H avdnw(,17 inc (JKi;'I''lC; ata tuuot« TOV (JxoAf.iov (1935).

rKAAnEPIN, Ihorp (1902). MEyUAOe; cro~lEnKoe; \VUXoAoyoe; Kat 8ucrKaAoe;, 8EWP11nKOe; Kat nElpallanKOe; E1tlcr,ijllovae;, l8pu,ije; Illae; rucr11e; orn cro~lEnKij \VuxoAoyia nou EIlE1VE cr'T]V icrropiu we; «E>Ewpia '11e; cr-ra81aKije; 8lunAacr11e; roiv 81avo11nKWV AElroUPY1WV».

Aoo» mips n,uxio 'f'uXovwpoAoyiae; uno TO Iurptxo Ivotrrouro o ro XUpKO~O, 0 rKaAnEplV acrKij011KE crnv la,plKij crnv KA1VlKij roll 'f'uXOVWPOAOY1KOV I vern routou '11e; nOA 11~ au-rije;, apxisovrae; 'W 1930, Kat IlEru ,E8111<E E1tlKE<paAije; 'WU \VUXOVWPOAOY1KOV spvucrrqpiou 'WU

91

iOlOU 1V(H1LOlJtOll. Arto rotc, aaxoATJeTI'(£ 11£ otxrrnuurucn £p£UVTJtlKTJ £pyaaia. Evto £pyat;orav o rnv KA1V1KTJ apX1a£ va £v01a<pEp£ta1 Y1a £pWtTJllata aX£tlKU 11£ rnv ljIuxoAoyia, tu n:popATJllara tTl~ un:oPOATJ~ Kat troy IjI£UOataeTJa£rov .

. Ornv TJ IjIUXOVEUPOAOY1KTJ aKaOTJllia. oro Xnpxopo blOpyavroa£ tva tllTJlla ljIuxoAoyia~ to 1931,0 Fliorp fKaAn:tp1v £vtax8TJK£ a' auto to tllTJlla Ka1 a<p1£proeTJK£ ern Il£AttTJ troy KUP1WV IjIUXOAOY1KroV n:poPATJIlatrov. Mat;i 11£ LOU~ Acovnco, Aouptn Kat Zan:opot;£t~, n:ou Elxav n:U£l aLO Xcpxojio Y1a va £pyaaLOuv, aVEn:w~£ tTJ Oeropiu tTJ~ Spaornpiornrcc, £lOlKOt£pa LO pol..o rtou n:ait;ouv 01 1..£1 LOUPY1Kt~ £VEpY£l£<; o rn b1aVOTJtlKTJ avan:tu~TJ·

To 1936 0 fKaAn:Ep1v un:oatTJP1~£ Olatp1pTJ u<pTJY£aia<; 11£ eElla «H IjIUXOAOY1KTJ a.van:tu~TJ tTJ~ XPTJaTJ<; £pyaAElwv o rou; avepron:OlJ~ Kat troy pOTJeTJtlKrov uscrov ere t;roa Kat TJ aTJllaaia LOU~».

1:ra 1941-1943, Kata tTJ b1apK£la LOU B' Flcyxoouioo Floxsuou, 0 fKaAn:Ep1v £pyaatTJK£ os VOaOKOIlEla Y1a tpaullati£~ o rpuruore.; o ro uerom oaev. Epyco rrpce n:oAu opaatTJ pic aLO nvcppcrnxo vocoxoucto rruv Oupus.lcov onou Il£AttTJa£ tl~ IjIUXOAOY1Kt~ paa£t~ tTJ~ arollatlKTJ~ aaKTJaTJ<; Kat tTJ~ £pyaalOe£pan:£ia~ Ilat;i 11£ LOV Aeovnse, toy Zan:opot;£t~ Kat aAAou~. EKElVTJ rnv n:£piooo OTJIlOaiwa£ ru apepa LOU «'I'UX1KOi n:apayovt£~ tTJ~ e£pan:WtlKTJ~ arollatlKTJ~ aaKTJaTJ~» Kat «H an:Ot£A£allatlKOtTJra tTJ<; KivTJaTJ~ ce bta<pOprov tumov spvo». Auru ru apepa npooospcv n:OAAa crnv xurcvoncn tTJ~ oOlliJ~ rTJ~ opaatTJplotTJra~.

To 1943, 0 fKaAn:tptv usrcocource ern Moaxa Kat uno tote £pyat;£ta1 o ro Kprrnxo Ilovemorruno tTJ<; Moaxa~, npdrru ouv U<PTJYTJtTJ~ Ka1 Il£ta ouv KaeTJYTJtiJ<;, txovra~ rnv topa tTJ~ 'l'uxoAoyia<; aLO TlliJlla cI>lAoao<pia~. Ano to 1971 OtWeUV£t rnv topa 'l'uxoAoyia~ Ouoiovsvdiv 0llaorov aLO Tunuc 'l'uxoAoyia~, ortou I:X£l auvOuaa£t £Kt£VTJ e£roPTJttKTJ Kat n:£tpallattKTJ oouAta n:avro ere m o auyxpova n:popATJllara tTJ<; ljIuXoAoyia<;.

To 1943-1944 0 fKaAn:Eptv sxcve Ilta aTJllavttKTJ e£roPTJtlKTJ Il£A£tTJ n:avro atTJ axtaTJ Il£ra~u troy <pualOAoYIKrov IlTJxavlallrov tTJ<; uvdrreprp; VEUptKTJ~ Spuornptornrcc n:ou avan:tUXeTJK£ an:o tTJ axoATJ LOU napAo<p Kat tTJ~ ouunepupopec ce aUYK£KpIIlEVf;~ Karaataa£t~.

Ano ru tEATJ tTJ~ o£Ka£tia<; rou ' 40,0 fKaAn:tptv Kat 01 auv£pyat£~ rou aVEn:tu~aV ru; e£wpi£~ LOU BtYKOtaKI os Ilta ostpo £PWVTJttKroV £pyaOlrov, tu an:ot£Atallata troy on:oiwv toll £n:ttp£ljIav va Olatun:roa£l utu un:oe£aTJ n:avro o ru avan:tU~taKa ataota troy n:v£UllanKrov A£ttOUpytrov Kat troy svvouov, n:popaAAovta<; rnv Iota on TJ ljIuxiJ ~£KtVa ano tTJV t£A£anKTJ opaatTJptotTJra (tTJ opaatTJptotTJra n:ou £n:tt£A£i Eva oxomuo EPYO - o.r.u.) Kat Ott EX£t npoocvaroxto nxn Kat puelltatlKTJ A£ltoupyia Iltaa ern bpaanlPlOtnra. Ta n:prora an:otdtallara nuttov

92

'!WV £pWVWV nupocotuo rrpccv o ro 1:lJVEbpto lJ'lJXoAoyia~ W 1953.

o ftcuArrtplv aq)ltpwm: yupro am rpurvrn xpovla ern O£wPTJnKij Kat rrf.tpallanKij avurrw~TJ '!TJ<; O£wpia~ LOU mrvco o rov ambtaKO aXTJllanallo rrov bWVOTJnKWV A£tWlJpytWV, Kat auvqw<; '!TJV £rr£~cpya~omv, '!TJV £rr£~E'!£tV£ Kat '!TJ oOKillas£ 11£ puaTJ bta<popELlKO KUO£ tpopc UAlKO. nOAUuplOIl£~ £pyaai£~ uno WlJ~ ouvepvun«; WlJ ijmv pacrtalltv£~ rruvro ce UAlKO nou uoopouoc W aXTJllanallO CVVOlWV Kal nveoucrucrov A£ll:OUPYlWV os blU<pOpOU~ roueic '!TJ~ yvwaTJ~ (llaOTJllanKU, YAwaaoAoyia, y£roIlELpia, ptoAoyia, !CArr.) xct cs OlU<p0P£<; TJAlKi£~ (rrpoaxoAlKij, axoAlKij, !CArr.). Epeuvnccv ru; £lJKalpi£~ Yla aXTJllanouo rrV£lJllanKWV A£ll:OlJPYlWV Kal £VVOlWV 11£ npoxofloptopevec lOlO'!TJ'!£~, '!TJ y£viKEUaTJ, avayroyij Kat uoopouoon roue.' OA£<; alJ'!t~ Ol Il£At'!£~ ijmv pacrtaIlEv£<; a'!TJ O£ropTJnKij av'!iATJIjITJ on TJ bWVOTJnKij opaa'!TJPlO'!TJm sivm urto '!TJ <puaTJ '!TJ<; pacrtKU '!£A£anKij.

1:m nprorc '!TJ<; a'!UOla, TJ O£ropia WU O£ropijOTJK£ p.rro rrOAAOu~ arrAW<; ouv Illa O£ropia Yla '!TJ olallop<proaTJ roiv OWvoTJnKWv A£ll:OlJPylWV Kal truv £VVOlWV, npocupuocucvq am rrpopAijllam '!TJ~ btOaaKaAia<;. Qa'!oao, IlELU W 1958, Kat lOlah£pa rn '!cA£umia XPovla, KUplupXTJa£ a' Eva IlEyUAO <pualla Il£A£'!WV nou rrpoxropouaav rrtpa uno '!TJv £~i:maTJ ttov OwvoTJnKwv A£ll:OUPYlWV Kat nou KUAurr'!av Illa IlEyUATJ YKuIla IjIUXlKWV ol£pyacrtWv Kat uccvornrmv: ,!TJV av'!iATJIjITJ Kat ru; xoptorspeq lOtO'!TJ'!i:<; '!TJ<;, rrpoaoxij, KlVTJnKE~ auvijO£l£~, YAroacrtKij aUVElOTJaTJ KAn. H rrpw'!TJ Il£Ai:'!TJ '!TJ~ a£tpu~ amij<; ijmv TJ urroO£aTJ rruvro crnv IjIUXOAOytKij <puaTJ '!TJ<; rrpoaoxij<;, TJ onoio £mp£patWOTJK£ n£lpallanKu W 1969.

M£'!u aKoAoUOTJa£ utu ostpo cpyncuov uno rov ioto rov fKaArrtplv Kat WU~ llaOTJ'!E~ Kat auv£pyu'!£~ WU rruvro crov KaOobTJyoUIl£VO aXTJllanallo ola<poprov IjIUXlKWV A£ll:OUPYlWV (1977).

Amij TJ lOi:a rr£plElX£ Ilw vsu rrpoatYYlaTJ oro nvttxeiuevo '!TJ~ ljIuxoAoyia~ Kal cvanruccsrm A£rrwll£p£laKu oro PlPAiO rou Etaaycoyr, atnv IfIvxoAoyia (1976).

o fKaArri:plv i:X£l rruvro ano sxuro OTJllocrtEUIli:va spvu, rroAAu nov o noirov txouv ll£m<ppaa'!El Kl £KOOOEl ce ~i:v£<; xwp£~ (Tloxrovto, Fspuuviu, BouAyapia, HnA, Bpsruvin, Iumovia Kat UAA£<; XWp£~) . . EX£l AUP£l uspo; os auvi:opw, olaaKtljl£l<; xm ouurrootc a'!TJ 1:opl£nKij . Evcicn Kat os olu<popa Ol£OVij ouveoptc.

o fKaAni:plv a<pl£pwv£l npxero f.:i:po;:; uno T.O Xpovo rou a'!TJ oloaaKaAia xrn crnv rrpoxroPTJIli:VTJ £Knaio£uaTJ IjIUXOAOyroV. Ftn rrOAAa Xpovw oioaaK£ r«; pua£l<; '!TJ<; ljIuxoAoyia<; am '!lliJllam <plAoao<pia<; Kat ljIuxoAoyia~ oro Ilevcmcrnpro '!TJ~ Moaxa<;.

A<pl£PWV£l nOAu XPOVO xrn npoanuO£la crnv £KnaiocuaTJ vsoiv ljIuxoA6yrov.

93

ZAnOPOZEn:, AAC~UV'!I::P (1905-1981). ~tMKtrop lJ'uxoAoyia~, 1l£A0~ '!TJ~ natOayroytKT]~ AKaoTJllia~ '!TJ~ E1:1:~, ot£u8uv'!T]~ roo EpEUVTJnKoU Ivo rrrouroo npOOXOAtKT]~ AyroyT]~ '!TJ~ natOayroYlKT]~ AKaOTJllia~ '!TJ~ E1:1:~, ouvi:~aAE o npuvnx« crnv avumu~TJ nov KUptC)'!EProV ~TJ'!TJIlU'!rov '!TJ~ oo~tEnKT]<; ljIuxoAoyia<;, crnv Em~E~airooTJ '!TJ~ apXT]<; '!TJ<; opao,!TJpto,!TJw<; OOOV aq>opu '!TJ IlEAi:'!TJ '!TJ~ <puoTJ<; rtov IjIUXtKWV AElLOUpytWV, ow rrpo~AT]llaw '!TJ<; 1tvEUllanKT]~ ovunru~TJ<; ow 1tatOlU, Kat O'!TJV OlKOOOIlTJOTJ roo OO~tHtKOi> ouo'!T]llaw~ 1tpOOXOAtKT]<; ayroyT]<;.

A1to<pohTJOE uno to TIlT]lla EK1taioEUOTJ<; WU ~E'U'!EPOU KpanKOU Flcvsmo rnuioo '!TJ~ Mooxa~ (W OTJIlEptVO Kpunxo Ivcrtrouro natoda<; Asviv) to 1930. 0 Za1tOpo~E'!<; IlUT]8TJKE o rnv E1tto'!TJIlOVtKiJ epeovo EVW T]wv aKollTJ <pot'!TJ'!T]<;, OWV oUVOt8TJKE IlE I-ua IltKPT] EpEUvTJnKT] olluoa. MELa~u 1929 Kat 1931 EPYUO,!TJKE ro<; ~oTJ8o<; EpyaOLTJpiou Kat IlE'!U ro<; EpEUVTJ,!T]<; yta '!TJV topa lJ'uxoAoyia<; '!TJ<; AKaOTJllia<; Kopuouvio nxrp; AyroyT]<; Kpounoxnvtu. Knrn '!TJ OtUPxsio aU'!T]<; '!TJ<; 1tEptOOOU IlEA£'!110E ro 1tpO~ATJlla '!TJ<; 1tpoi:AEUOTJ<; nov onuekov Kat '!O POAO ,!OU<; on<; IjIUXtKi:~ AEl'!OUpyiE<;. To 1931, Ila~i IlE roue Asovnse Kat Aoupta IlELaKOlltOE ow XUPKO~O yta va EvwX8d ow npompuru oLOPyavrolltvo TIlT]lla lJ'uxoAoyia<; '!TJ<; lJ'uXOVEUpOAOytKT]<; AKaOTJJ.1ia<; '!TJ<; Ouxpcvim; ro~ EpEUVTJ'!T]~ Kat OUvwJ.1a ro<; ElttKE<paAT]<; LOU spvccrnptoo avamU~taKT]~ ljIuxoAoyia<;. EKEi OtE~T]yaYE OPlOIli:VE<; ~acrtKi:<; 1tEtpallanKi:<; IlEAi:'!E<; yta va E1tt0TJIlUVEl to POAO ouyxexptuevrov EVEPYEtWV O'!TJV 1tVEUllanKT] avumu~TJ rou mnOLOU. To 1936 nupouoinoe amT] '!TJv spsova ouv ota'!pt~T] u<pTJYEoia<; IlE '!hAO «0 pOAO~ '!TJ~ opao,!TJpto,!TJLa<; Kat rou AOyOU O'!TJV nveouonKT] aVU1tW~TJ WU rratOLOU».

1:uyxpovro~, 0 Za1tOpO~E'!<; UPXtOE va EpYU~ELat O'!TJV topa lJ'UXOAOyia<; rou Kpurucou Ivcrirouroo natoda<; ow XUpKO~O. To 19381tT]pc aU'!T] '!TJv topa. Krrno urro '!TJv E1ti~AEIjIT] WU W IltATJ aU'!T]<; '!TJ~ i:opa<; IlEAt'!TJOav '!TJV avumu~TJ '!TJ~ aVLlATJIjITJ<; Kat '!TJ<; OKtIjlTJ<; ere 1tUlOtU. To mo onuuvnxo xapaK,!TJptonKo amT]<; '!TJ~ spcuvoc T]wv on T]wv nporroxopo o rnv KaWvoTJoTJ '!TJ~ av'!iATJIjITJ~ ro<; ~ExwPtowu Eioou<; opaOtTJPlo'!TJ'!a~ 1tOU 1tpoOOLOpi~E'!at uno n<; cvnxstuevucsc tOtO,!TJ,!E<; LOU uno IlEAi:'!TJ 1tpuYllaLO<;.

Kuru '!TJ OtUPKEta roo B" Fluyxooutou Iloxsuoo EPYUO,!TJKE OE uvnppornxo VOOOKOIlEio 1tuvro on~ Emo'!TJllovlKt<; Kat 1tpaKnKi:<; a1tOIjlEt~ '!TJ<; a1tOKa'!UOWOTJ<; roiv KlVTJnKWV AEt'!OUPYlWV IlELU ano rpnoprrncuo. AU'!T] TJ OOUAtU Eltt~E~airooE ru; IlEAtLE<; '!OU rruvro O'!TJ OOIlT] '!TJ~ Spaornptornrcc, '!TJ oXi:oTJ IlEW~U reiv xtvntpeov Kat '!WV cxomev '!WV 1tpU~EWV, Kat IlEW~U rrpu~cwv xm AEt'!OUPYlWV. 0 ZarropO~EL<; E<pEUPE optousvu xutvoupvin IlTJxavT]llaw yta '!TJV epvooL08EparrEia. Ot 8paO'!TJPlO'!TJ'!t<; LOU aU'!iJ<; '!TJ~ ErrOXT]<; rrEpttxoVWl

94

oro ~l~Aio Anotcataaraan TWV KIVr,af.WV • 'to onoio £iX£ cov o£u't£po cruyypa<pta 'tOY A£ovn£<p.

1:La 'ttATJ 'tOU 1943, ni}y£ cr'tTJ Mocrxa Y1a va epyuorst oro lvo n rouro 'l'uxoAoyia<; 'tTJ<; natbayroY1Ki}<; AKaOTJJlia<; 'tTJ<; 1:op1£nKi}<; Ouoonovorp; 1:ocrtaAlcrnKi}<; ~TJJloKpa'tia<; - Pwcria<; (1:01:~P) Kat cruyxpovro<; oro Kpuruco nav£TC1O'ti}~LO 'tTJ<;Mocrxa<;. Ano to 1944 i}LaV £1tlK£<paAi}<; 'tOU Epyno mptoo 'l'uxoAoyia<; na1oui:Jv npocrXoAlKi}<; HA1Kia<; oro Ivo-rrrouro 'l'uxoAoyia<; 'tTJ<; 1:01:~P. To KlJP10't£PO TCpopATJJla nOB 'tOY anacrxoATJcr£ e£ropTJnKa Ka1 n£lpaJlanKu, i}LaV TJ £~ap'tTJcrTJ OlU<pOpWV IjIUXUCWV A£lWUpY1WV uno La xtvqrpn Kat roix; cr't0XOU<; 'tTJ<; opacr'tTJp1o'tTJLa<;. Ta O£OOJlEVa La onoto cruvEA£~!: ern olapK£ta uuttov rrov Jl£A£'twv rou npocospcv 'to UAlKO yta 'tTJ OloaK'top1Ki} Ota'tP1Pi} rou 'tTJV oTCoianapoucriacr£ to 1958 Ka1 oTJJlocriwcr£ ouv uovoypaqiia Jl£ 'tl'tAO H aVIiTCTVt;'l f.KOVmWV tavnoecov.

o ZaTCopot;n<; acrxoAi}0TJK£ opacr'ti} pic Jl£ 'tTJV £1C1taibwcrTJ vscprov £TC1cr'tTJJlOVrov .. Edoos Jlaei}JlaLa navw o rnv nat01Ki} ljIuxoAoyia oro TJli}Jla 'l'uxoAoyia<; rou Ilovemcmutoo 'tTJ<; Mocrxa<; Kat i}LaV crUJlPOlJAo<; Yla n<; ola'tp1pE<; nOAAwv unoIjlTJ<piwv. AKoAouewv'tU<; rnv 'tacrTJ TCOU npro'tO£tcri}yay£ 0 BlYKO'tcrK1 ern crop1£nKi} ljIuxoAoyia, OTJJlLOUPYTJcr£ svnv av£~up'tTJ'tO KAaoo ljIuxoAoyia<; yta na101a npocrxoA1Ki}<; TJA1Kia<;.

To 19580 ZaTCOpOt;£'t<; £~!:AEYTJ aV't£TClcr'tEnOV JlEAO<; 'tTJ<; natoayroYlKi}<; AKabTJJlia<; 'tTJ<; 1:01:~P Kat 'to 1960 EytW: b1£UeUV'ti}<; rou Ivorrrourou . Epsi . .>Va<; npocrXoA1Ki}<; Ayroyi}<;. 0<; b1WeUV'ti}<; roo Ivo n rourou, sxnve £TCl'tuX£i<; ouvdeos«; Jl£'tU~u 'tTJ<; Epwva<; o rnv ljIuxoAoyia rtov vrpuoiv Kat rrov TCat01WV npocrxoAlKi}<; TJA1Kia<; Kat nov e£WPTJnKWV Ka1 npnxtuctov Jl£A£'tWV ocov a<popa La oootno nxc t;TJ'ti}Jla'tU 'tTJ<; TCato£ia<; xrn 'tTJV £n£~£pyacria svor; ouornnnroc TCpOcrXOAlKi}<; ayroyi}<;.

o Zanopot;n<; OTJJlocriwcr£ navro uno exnro nerpuurm KE<; Kat e£ropTJnKE<; £pyacrt£<; crlJJln£p1AaJlPaVOJl£vrov uovoypcqiuov Kat smcr'tTJJlOV1KWV apeprov. M£'tU~U uutrov i}'tUv K1 tva PlPAio ljIuxoAoyia<; Yla tvo rrroutu non £KTCalo£uouV vTJmaywyou<;, TCOll bTJJlOcrl!:U'tTJK!: TO 1953 Kl tX£l £TCava'tuTCroed ouo <popt<; uno rots. M£ nuro to P1PAio, TCi}p!: 'to ppapdo Ouoivoxi. nOAAa uno La Epya roo Jl£La<ppa<J'tTJKav.

To 1968 0 Zanopot;£'t<; £~£AEYTJ Jlf:Ao<; 'tTJ<; natOayroY1Ki}<; AKabTJJlia<; 'tTJ<; E1:1:~ Kat JlEAO<; 'tOU npoedpeiou 'tTJ<;. Flnpe JlEPO<; os TCOAAa b1£evi} ouvsoptu, oounocnn Kat osjn vaptu mrvco o rnv TCat01Ki} IjIUXOAoyia xrn npocrxoA1Ki} ayroyi}.

ZINT1:ENKO', Bxovtturp (1931). ~lMK'trop 'l'uxoAoyia<;, KaOTJYTJTi}<;, aVT£1tlcrTtnov JlEAo<; TTJ<; na1oayroYlKi}<; AKaOTJJlia<; TTJ<; E1:1:~ (urto to 1974).

95

MEta rnv anoootrnon rou a1to to TIlTJlla <DtAooo<pia~ '!OU Flcvsmornuioo '!l')<; Mooxa~ ('!O 1953) orrou £tOtK£UOl')K£ crnv ljIuxoAoyia, oioa~£ AoytKTJ Kat ljIuxoAoyia yta 1tf:v'!£ xpovta os YUllvama. 1:uyXpovro~, sxnve 1t'!UXtaKi:<; onOUOf:<; ow Ivo rvrouto 'l'uxoAoyia<; Kat ro 1957 nnpoooicoc ota,!ptpTJ 11£ '!hAo ,,0 oXl')llanollo<; nov xivnnxev OUVl')O£lcOV». Ano to 1956 a1taOxoA£l'!at ow Ivorirouro 'l'uxoAoyia~ Kat uno to 1960 O'!O Kporuco Fluvsmornjno '!l')<; Mooxa<;. Epyat;omv Ouyxpovro~ Kat ern PlOlll')xavia.

To 1966,0 ZtV'!Of:VKO rropooo icos '!l') 8tOUl('!opUeTJ tou ota,!ptpTJ 11£ Of:lla «Av'!iAl')IjIl') Kat 1tpU~l')>>.

o ZtV'!Of:VKO stvct nvn nposopoc '!l')<; . Evtoorp; 'l'uXOAOYrov '!l')<; E1:1:L\ .

. EX£t ypuljI£t Of:Ka ptpAia Kat yupro om 250 apOpa. Ta xoptorspu f:pya rou etvoi: AVTi).'lIfl'l tau npa.c;'l (1967) to orroio KUKAO<P0P£l Kat om iumovtxn, 0 aX'1ILUTla/1oe; trp; oniucm; eucovos; (1969), ro oxoio KllKAO<pOp£i ore '!O£xooAopaKlKa, aYYAtKa Kat ouyyptKa, H IfIvxoAoyia trp; aVTiA'lIfl'le; (1973), 0, apxte; trp; cPYOVO/1IKr,e; (1979), Kat H AC1TOVPYIKr, t50/1it inc; 01tT/Kr,e; /1vr,f1'1e; (1980).

IAIENKO<D, . EpaAv'! (1924-1979). Fvexrroc OOPl£LtKO<; <plAOOO<pO~ Kat O£ropl')nKo~ IjIUXOAOYO<;, olMK'!rop <DlAooo<pla~. 0 IAtf:vKo<p £iX£ eupurnm llop<prooTJ, 1tOAU1tA£Upa £VOlu<pf:pOVm Kat paOta xurcvonon rtov pamKcOv 1tPOPAl')lla'!C!lV '!l')<; KOtVroVtKTJ~ £1tto'!TJIll')<;·. rIpoonaOl')o£ v ' avuljlcOo£t Kat va AUO£t aULa ru 1tpOpATJllam cs <plAOOO<ptKO £1ti1t£oo, £<papllot;ovm~ 11£ £mo£~lo,!l')'!a '!l') OlaA£KLtKTJ uAtonKTJ £1tlO'!l')1l0Aoyia 11£ paOul aV'!lAl')IjIl') '!l')<; lOWP1KTJ~ rl')~ OlaOmOl')~. Ta f:pya rou IAtf:vKO<p Kat rrov llaOl')rcOv ron oOTJyl')oav os OP10Ilf:V£<; avaKaAuljI£l<; o rov rousu '!l')<; KOtVroVtKTJ<; £mo'!TJIll')~. 0 IAtvKo<p TJmv £1tiol')~ f:va<; IlqaAO<; owAiom<;.

o IAlf:vKo<p yevvTJ0l')K£ ow 1:1l0AtVOK W 1924. Aoou '!£A£lroO£ to YUJ.LVamo o'!l') MooXa, '!O 1941 Il1tTJK£ ow TIlTJlla <DlAooo<pia<;. MEta U1tl') psrncs ow crpnro Kat a<pou '!£A£lroO£ '!l') OXOATJ 1tUpOPOAtKOU, 1tTJy£ O'!O 1lf:'!ro1to. Msrn rnv anoorpcreocn WU 0 IAlf:vKo<p sxcve npoxruXlaKf:<; Kat ll£m1tWxtaKf:~ 01tOUOf:~ 0'!O TIlTJJ.La <D1Aooo<pia~ roo Flovemornuiou '!l')<; Mooxa<; (1946-1953). Ano to 1953 Kat Ilf:xpt to Oava'!o WU 1')mv ovrorepoc £PWVl')TTJ<; ow Ivo n route <DtAooo<pia~ '!l')~ AKaOlll.lia~ Emcrnurov '!l')~ E1:1:L\.

Ano rnv apXTJ rrj; Kaplf:pa<; roo 0 IAtf:vKo<p Il£Af:'!l')O£ ru; apXf:~ '!l')<; OtaA£KLtKTJ<; ro~ AOytKTJ~ Kat £1tlo'!l')lloAoyia~, rnv tow pia '!l')<; Kat ru ouyxpova 1tpOpATJllam 1tOU ouvosovrm 11' aULTJv. EiX£ 1tOAU oroo'!a urroKrTJo£t '!TJ <PTJIlTJ svoc uno roue KaAu'!£poU~ yvwor£~ '!TJ~ <plAOOO<pia<; rou 1:mvot;a Kat '!OU Xi:YK£A. To 1965, '!O Ilpoeopcto '!l')<; AKa8l')llia~ Emcrnurov '!l')~ E1:1:L\ a1ti:v£tll£ O'!OV IAtf:vKo<p ro ppaPdo

96

Tcepviceecxr, '!TJ I.U::yaAtm:pTJ OUh:PlOTJ oru; av8promo'!l1(f:<; smo rn- 11£<;·

Aqnsprooe nOAAa xpovta O'!TJ 1l£Af:'!TJ '!TJ<; ro ropicc '!TJ<; AOYllCT]~ xm '!TJ<; IjlUxoAoyia~, nov oxto£rov Il£'!a;u uunov nov £1tlo'!TJIlWV, '!!pv Suvnromroiv £<paplloYT]<; rtov £1tl'!£uYIl(l'!WV WU~, Kat roiv rpomov a~LOrroiTJoTJ<; ttov emcrnuovucov 8£roPlWV hat W-o'!£ va OOOOUV IjIUXOAOYUCT] Kat £KnatOWnKT] ~UOTJ Yla '!TJV npuovucn avurrw~TJ LOU nrouou. 1:'!TJ o£Ka£'!ia ron ' 60 ouv£PYUO'!TJK£ 11£ WV M£O'!O£ptaKO<p 0 orroioq bTJIlLOuPYTJo£ tva npcrroruno ouo'!TJlla £Knaio£uoTJ<; Kro<puAaAroV Kal '!U<pAWV natOlwv. 0 IAlf:vKo<p OUVf:~aA£ oTJ~avnKU 0' aU'!T] '!TJ Il£AE'!TJ nou arroKuAuljI£ nOAAu lluonKu crnv avun'!u~TJ '!TJ<; nvflpromvrp; ljIuxoAoyia<;.

Opioucvc uno W ~l~Aia roo IAltvKo<p KUKAO<p0pouv O£ 1l£'!u<ppaoTJ.

Tn tpya roo H cJIaACKTIKr, TOV arp'1P'1f1i;vov tau TOV airytccxptuivo» aTO "KcrpaAaw» TOV Map;;' (1960), Iltivco am cic5wAa tau m toavuc« (1968), L1laACKTlKr, AOYIKr,. ooxiuui navw atnv urtopia tau T'1 8cwpia T'1c; (1974) Kat nOAAU up8pa, toooav '!TJ ~UOTJ Yla Ilta xmvoupviu '!uoTJ O'!TJV ljIuxoAoyia, nou epsovc 11£ oWlxda <PlAooo<pia<; Kat AOYlKT]<; '!TJ A£l'!oupyia '!TJ<; OUV£lbTJOTJ<; xat '!TJ~ npooromxorrrtuc, rousn nov. ttopu uvcorruooerm ano WU<; lla8TJ'!f:<; WU.

KOPNIAO<D, Kovcrnvriv (1879-1957). L\lMK'!rop natOayroYlKT]<;, IltAo<; '!TJ~ nalbayroYlKT]~ AKabTJllia~ '!TJ<; 1:o~l£nKT]~ Ouoo novorp; 1:oataAlonKT]<; L\TJlloKpa'!ia<; Pwoia<; (1:01:L\P) uno 1:0 1944.

A<pou ,!£Adroo£ svu KOAtyLO baOKaAroV ow OIl<JK (1898), biba~£ o'!TJ 1:l~TJ pia IltXPl W 1905. To 1910 nnoqioirncc uno W Flevemc nuno '!TJ<; Mooxa~ xt f:YlV£ £PWVTJ'!T]<; ow Ivo nrouro lJ'uxoAoyia<;. To 1916 tYlV£ u<pTJYTJ,!T]<; ow Flovemo'nuno '!TJ<; Mooxa<;.

To 1921,0 Kopvixoo iopuo£ 1:0 TIlT]lla natOayroYlKT]<; ow L\£u'!£po Flcvemorruno '!TJ<; MooXa<;. E~£AtYTJ xoounropce; xrn Ka8TJYTJ,!T]<; o rnv topa '!TJ<; lJ'uxoAoyia~. To 1923, T]wv £1tlK£<paAT]<; Illa<; OllaOa<; IjIUXOAOYroV rrou uv n '!ux8TJKaV o tov rors olw8uv'!T] rou Ivo n WU1:OU lJ'uxoAoyia<;, LOV TO£Anuvo<p, anal'!wvw<; utu avaOOIlTJOTJ '!TJ<; IjIUXOAOyia~ nuvro O£ llap~lOnKf:<; ~UO£l<;. 1:w 1923-1930 xut ~avu ow 1938- 1941 0 Kopvixoqi T]'!av olw8uV'!T]<; LOU Ivo n rourou . Epeuvaq '!TJ<; lJ'uxoAoyia<;. 1:w 1944-1950 cvn npocopoc '!TJ~ natOaywYlKT]~ AKaOTJIlia~ '!TJ~ 1:01:L\P.

Ta xuptorepn tpya roo ctvoi: };vYXPOV'1 IfIvxoAoyia tau f1ap;;'laf1D~ (1925), };VVTOf1'1 ncplyparpr, T'1c; IfIvxoAoyiac; TWV tuuoubv npoaxoAIKr,C; '1AIKiac; (1927), Avnpcomvec; avttopeaei«: aVTlcJpaawAoyia (1927), EYXC/picJw IfIvxoAoyiac; anD T'1V anolfl'1 TOV cJIaACKTIKOV VAlaf10V (1931), EYXClpicJw yta m KOAtYIa cJaaKaAwv (1946)-

nETPO<D1:KI, Aproup (1924). L\lOUK'!rop lJ'uxoAoyia<;, Ka8TJYTJ'!T]~,

97

IltAO~ 'tTJ<; rIatOayroYtKT]~ AKaOTJllia<; 'tTJ~ E1:1:~ (uno 'to 1971).

Anoqiotrnoc uno 'to rIatOayroytKO Ivcrrrouro Ilortouxiv 'tTJ~ Mooxa~ 'to 1947 Kat unoo'tT]pt~£ ota'tpt~T] ucpTJy£oia~, crnv ljIuxoAoyia 'to 1950.

Arro 'to 1952 IltXPt 'to 1968 urrT]p~E npdrrn UCPTJYTJ'tT]~ Kat IlW1 Ka8TJYTJ'tT]<; Kat ot£u8uv'tT]~ O'tTJV topa 'l'uxoAoyia~ o ro iOw rvorrrouro. Yrrt~aA£ 'tTJ OtbaK'tOptKT] roo bta'tpt~T] 'to 1965. Ano 'to 1971 civet £ntKEcpaAT]~ roo spvcornptoo oro Ivo n.rooro . Epsuvuc I'evucru; Kat EKrratOW'tlKT]<; 'l'uxoAoyia~ 'tTJ<; rIatOayroytKiJ~ AKaOTJllia~ 'tTJ<; E1:1:~:

H speuvc 'tOU Flerpotpc«t sivot yupro uno rnv to ropin 'tTJ~ ljIuxoAoyia<; Kat 'tTJV KOtVroVtKT] ljIuxoAoyia. Ta xopiorepu tpya 'tOU eivm: Iatopia T'1r; ao{JICTIK1jr; ljIuxoAoyiar;, 0 aX'1f1.aTlaf1.0r; TWV 8eW),iwv T'1r; ljIuxoAoyiar;, H KOIVWVIK1j ljIuxoAoyia TOU aUAAOYIKOV Kat H IjIUXOAOylK1j Oecopia TOU auAAoYIKOV. 0 rI£'tPOCPOKt tXEt ouyypuljI£t xut £KOOOEt npxcrn £YX£tpiOw rruvro crnv ljIuxoAoyia, oUllrr£ptAall~avoll£vrov Kat rtov: 'PuxoAoyia, Fevtto; ljIuxoAoyia Kal Ouotoyevek; Of1.d&C; teat CKrraU5WTlK1j ljIuxoAoyia, La onoin i:xouv Il£LacppaOTEi os nOAAi:~ yAWOO£~.

T1:EArIANO<D, rK£OpYKt (1862-1936). 'l'UXOAOYO<;, cptA6oocpo~ Kt £KrratO£UnKo~, Ka8TJYTJTT]~ <DtAooocpia~ ora Ilcvemo nuuc rou Kiejlou (1892-1906) Kat TTJ~ Mooxa<; (1907-1923). MtxPt 'to TtAO~ rou 1923, T]LaV Ot£U8UVTT]<; O'tO Ivo-n ronro \fuxoAoyia<; TTJ~ Mooxa~ 'to onoio XUpTJ o nc npoonu8£ti:~ TOU EiX£ vivei tva KaAu £~orrAtOlltvo KtVTPO n£tpallanKT]~ ljIuxoAoyia~.

1:'tOv rousu TTJ<; cptAooocpia<; T]LaV tOWAtOTT]<; Kt £rrtKptTT]<; 'tOU UAtouou (EYKCffJaAOC; KUI ljIux1j, 1900). To KUpW emcrnuovuco i:pyo TOU T]LaV acpt£pwlltvo OTTJV av'tiATJIjITJ 'tOU xwpou (To rrpo{JA'1f1.a T'1C; aVTiA'1- 1jI'1r; TO!! xwpov ae axta'1 tu: T'1 Occop!« TOU attptop: teat TOU iuooio», 1896-1904).

Avcueco OT' uAAa tpya rou Tosxncvoe oUYKaLaAf:yovTat: 'PuxoAoyia (1909), Elaaywy1j atnv 7T.Clpaf1.aTlK1j ljIuxoAoyia (1924), 'PUXOAOyia 1j ovuivax saoiosoyta; Af1.ffJla{J'1T1jmf1.a cpwT1jf1.ara atnv ljIuxoAoyia (1926).

1:ENTPOBITIKI, rK£OpYKt (Y£VVT]8TJK£ TO 1929). ~tnArolla'tOuxo<; 'tTJ~ <DtAooocpia~ 11£ f.tOtKO'tTJLa crnv smornuovixn IlE80ooAoyia, tOtaft£pa crnv ljIuxoAoyia.

1:rroubao£ CPUcrtKT] , lla8TJIlanKu Kat cptAooocpia OTO rIaV£1ttOTT]uto TTJ~ MooXa<; un ' onou cnoooirncc 'to 1953. Y noorn pt~E btaTPt~T] tJipTJY£oia~ TO 1964 11£ (ltlla «H OKtljlTJ OTTJV oJllAia Kat Ili:eobol IlEA£TTJ<;». 3EKivTJo£ 'tTJV emornuovucn TOU Kapti:pa Il£Anwvtuc TOU~ IlTJXavtOIlO\J<; 'tOU 0XTJllanollou svvouov o r«; CPUcrtKt<; emonill£~· Marc KammuoTTJKE 11£ 'to rrpO~ATJlla 'tTJ<; OlavoTJnKT]<; nvdnru-

98

~ll<; natotwv npocrXOAtKi}e; Kat crxoAtKi}e; llAtKiae;, npocrna8wV'ta<; va crllvouam::t Ilta avaAucrll tll<; to ropiuc tll<; KouAtoupa<;, rnv avarrtU~ll tll<; <ptAocro<pia<; Kat tWV emornuovucov 8£roptwv uno to svo Ili:po<; Kat coro to aAAo rnv avaAucrll roo rpozoo 11£ toy oxoio uoououovouv ru natota rnv av8pwntvll xous.roupo Kat ovcnrucoovrm owvollnKa.

Ta xupiorspu i:pya tOU civut: Ikivco (JT'1 J0f1.r, Tile; 7WIOTlKr,1; YVO)(J'1e; (1958-1960), H w) .. eT'1 T'1c; aKi;IfI'1C; ata tuuoui oe axi;a'1 ue T'1 AVa'1 apI8f1.'1TlKWV rrpopA'1f1.dTWV (1965), Me8oJoAoYIKa rrpopAr,f1.ara atnv aVdAVa'1 aixrtntuitcov (1964), Iltivco aTO aiatnua T'11; CKrral&VTlKr,e; ipeovos; (f1.e8oJoAoYIKr, aVdAVa'1J (1971), ApXIKee; aVTlAr,lfIele; tau KaT'1YoP'1f1.aTlKd uiaa aT'1 8cwpia T'1c; JpaaT'1PloT'1rae; (1975).

EAKONIN, ~avti}A (y£vvi}811K£ to 1904). ~tMKtrop 'l'uxoAoyia<;, Ka811Yllti}<;, avt£1ttcrti:Hov Ili:Ao<; tll<; natOaywytKi}e; AKaolllliae; tlle; En:~ .

. APXtcr£ va £pyat;£tat uno veupn llAtKia. Atpou £PyacrtllK£ yta 8uo Xpovw ouv oacrKaAo<; os xsvrpo vsuprov EYKAllllanwv, crtaA811K£ yta va crnouoacr£t oro natOayroytKO Ivcrn rouro Xi:pt;£v oro Asvivyxpuvr. Msrn rnv urtotpoi tllcri} roo £PyacrtllK£ we; AEKtopa<; Kat IlEta roe; u<pllYllti}<; ere Suo natOayroytKa tvo n touru rou Asvivyxpuvr (Xi:pt;£v Kat Kpounoxcvm) £vw cruyxpovro<; 8ioacrK£ ce OllllottKO crxoAEio .

. Ornv ~i:crnacr£ 0 M£yaAo<; Flnrpuorucoc nOA£l.1O<; to 1941, 0 EAKovtv rri}y£ £8£Aovti}<; oro Ili:twno Kat unllPi:tllcr£ £v£pya Ili:Xpt to ti:Ao<; rou noAi:llou.

Msr« toy rroA£llo, 0 EAKovtv Stopio rrpcs Ka811Yllti}<; 'l'uxoAoyiae; oro natOayroytKO Ivcrrrouro rou 1:0~t£ttKOU 1:tpatou. To 1953, ll£tati:811K£ oro Ivo'rrrouro 'l'uxoAoyiae; tlle; natOayroytKi}<; AKaollIlia<;, 01tOU £pyat;Etat uno tote roe; £1ttK£<paAi}e; rou £Pyacrtllpiou. 1:uyxpovroe; sivci Ka811Yllti}e; oro TIli}lla 'l'uXoAoyiae; rou Ilcvsmornuiou tlle; Mocrxae;.

at xuptorspsq npocoopsc tOU EAKovtv eivrn cru; \jIuxoAoytKi:<; Il£Ai:t£e; nUtotwv, ru; onoiec apXtd£ Katro uno rnv £ni~A£ljIll rou Bryxoroxi. To i:pyo rou i:nat~£ ~acrtKo pol..o ornv ava1ttu~ll troy ~acrtKwv to£wv toll Bryxorcxt, £tOtKOt£pa crXEttKa 11£ toy nperrsuovru pol..o rtou rrait;£t II urpouoirorm tlle; KOI VWVtKi}<; 1t£ipae; Kata rnv rrv£UllattKi} avarrtu~ll troy natotwv, tll Otall£croAa~llcrll o rn oOIli} troy IjIUXtKWV A£ttoUpytWV Kat to crXllllattcrllO rou; Kata rnv natOtKi} llAtxiu, KAn.

MEta, oovcpvcorrpcs creve 11£ tOY Asovrteqi Kat LOU<; cruv£pyat£<; LOU (Mnat;o~lt<;, rKUA1ti:ptV Kat Zarropot;£te;) crtllll£AEtll tOU npo~Ai}llatOe; tll<; 8pacrtllptotllta<; Kat tOU pOAou tlle; crtllv avantu~ll tOU urouou, crTOV ~a8lltaio crXllllattcrllO rcov IjIUXtKWV A£t LOUpytWV, o'rnv

£~i:At~i} LOUe;, KArr. .

99

Ot I.H::Ai:n:~ roo EAKOVtV rruvro oro rratxviot Kat tT1V OIHAia troy rratbtrov, Kaero~ Kat rnv ljIuxoAoyia tWV 7rpOaxoAtKiJ~ Kat axoAtKiJ~ TJAtKia~ rratOtrov Kat rruv E<PiJ~roV ctvor rrOAU yvwati:~ Kat cvrmpootorrEUOUv IHa aTJJlaVttKTJ npoooopc ern aOptEttKiJ ljIuxoAoyia.

To rratxviot rtov 7ratouov, TJ avu7rtu~TJ tOU AOYOU roue Kat ru atUOta tTJ~ IjIUXtKi]~ roue aVU7rtu~TJ~ civet tu ei:Jlata EtOtKroV JlaeTJJlUtrov 7rOU bivEt 0 EAKOVtV oro TJliJJla 'l'uxoAoyia~ rou Flcvemo muioo tTJ~ Moaxa~. AUti:~ Ot OtaAi:~Et~ eivm rrOAU bTJJlO<ptAd~ OXt JlOVO aVUJlEaa o roix; JlaeTJti:~ Kat rou; oaaKUAOU~ aAAU Kat a' svuv suputcpo KUKAO IjIUXOAOYrov Kat OaaKUAwv ern Moaxa.

o EAKOVtV eEropEi to 7rpOpATJJla tTJ~ rratOtKiJ~ oJltAia~ Kat tTJ~ aVurrtu~iJ~ tTJ~ OXt nnouovcousvu aAAu ouv JlOP<PiJ Kat ucco tTJ~ YEVtKiJ~ IjIUXOAOytKiJ~ avurrtU~TJ~ tTJ~ npoommxorrrrcc; tou rratOwu. Ta arrOtEAi:aJlata ttov eEroPTJttKrov Kat 7rEtpaJlattKrov JlEAEtroV rou a' auto toy roueo neprypcoovrm oro ~t~Aio llau51Kr, IfIvxoAoyia (1960) 7rOU i:XEt yiVEt 7rAattU yvrooro oxt JlOVO crnv E1:1:~ aAAU Kat oro C~rotEPtKO (tXEt JlEm<ppaatEi os 7rOAAi:~ yAroaaE~). 0 auyypa<pi:a~ EtotJlU~Et trope utn OEUtE PTJ, rrA iJ po»; avaeEro PTJ Jli:vTJ Kat OllJlrrA TJ proJltvTJ i:KOoaTJ·

o EAKOVtV OEV aaxoAEitat JlOVO JlE tu GEroPTJttKU aAAU Kat JlE ru aUYKCKPlJ.li:va ~TJtiJJlata tTJ~ atotXf.trobOll~ EKrraibEuaTJ~. To 1939 oTJJlOaiWaE to A ArpaP'1niplO, eva eYXGlpit510 pcoancn; Kat to Ot5'1YOC; yta rov t5aaKaAo yta ru aXOAEla roo ~oppU.· EXEt smvoncst JltU vco Jlteooo OtoaxiJ~ tTJ~ avuyvwaTJ~, 7rOAU yvroatiJ ern 1:0~tEttKiJ . Evoicn Kat os UAAE~ XroPE~. XPTJcrtJlO7rOiTJaE ami] tTJ Jli:eooo yta va OTJJlwupyiJm:t svnv ncrpcuoruco AArpaP'1raplO to onoio 7rprotoOTJJlOOlEUtTJKE to 1960 Kat avaOTJJlocrt&UtTJKE W 1969. To AArpaP'1raplO rou XPTJcrtJ.107rOtEltat o rnv ApJlCVtKiJ 1:OptEttKiJ ~TJJloKpatia, crnv Aurovoun 1:OPtf.ttKiJ ~TJuoxpuriu Ftuxoutim; Kat bOKtJlU~Etat crnv Floxmvtn, Bous.yupiu Kat r A~. Ta JltATJ tOU Ivan TOUtoU npoaxoAlKi]~ Aywyi]~ tTJ~ natbaywYlKiJ~ AKabTJJlia~ tTJ~ E1:1:~ XPTJcrtJlO7rOWUV auti:~ ru; IjIUXOAOYlKt~ Kat rratbaywytKi:~ apxt~ rroo Etai]yayE 0 EAKOVlV yta rnv aVurrtU~TJ Jlla~ vta~ J.lEeOOOU btbaxiJ~ tTJ~ avuyvroaTJ~ Kat tTJ~ ypa<piJ~ oro Erri7rEOO TOU vTJmayroydou.

o EAKOVtV i:XEt YPUIjIEt yupro oro EVEVi]Vta i:pya Kt i:XEt EKOOaEt Kat aUJlpUAEt os 7rOAAi:~ aUAAoyi:~ uovovpceuov.

rIAP01:E<D1:KI, MtxaiJA (1915). L\tMKtrop 'l'uxoAoyia~, KaeTJYTJtiJ~·

Msr« rnv arro<poitTJaiJ rou a7rO to natOaywytKO Ivett tonto rou Asvtvyxpuvr to 1937 EpyuatTJKE ouv ouaKaAo~ os YUJlVUcrto Kat npvorspc ouv Ai:Ktopa~ o ro naLouywYLKO Ivcrrrouro. TEA-dwaE 7rtUXtaKi:~ a7rouoi:~ oro naVE7rtatiJJlLO tTJ~ Moaxa~ Kat to 1945 u7roatiJpt~E otatptpiJ u<PTJyEaia~ J..LE ei:J.la «Ot eEwpiE~ tOU Ikrrsunviu

100