PANTOBAN PIXTA

o nOAITIl:MOl:

I:'TO l:TAYP04POMI

oi OUV&nEIEe: rnc tmoTnJ.l0VIKOTEXVII(ne: snovccrocnc OTC J.I&AAov Touav8poonou

npOBAHMATA TOY KAIPOY MAL

EKllOLElr PAnnA

IIPOBAHMATA TOY KAIPOY MAL

P ANTOBAN PIXT A

o rrOAITILMOL LTO LTAYPO~POMI

'H brWTYjflOVlXOTEXVlX~ iJraVaOTaOYj

xai ol OVVEJutic; TYjC; Yla TO flEAAOV io» aV()QwJrOV

META<I>PAl:H

NIKOL KAPAL

lloi.LTIXOC; ,llIJX<1VIXOC;

EK~OLEIL P AITITA

Mn(ttp(l(wYj, l\LXO:; KU(l(l:;

Mnxr r« E~<ncpM'.A{)j1, I 'tavvYj:; KaAai:1:~f]:; 'Lmw'I'.flU, "AI'.xYj:; LnxllgOl!

<P{llTOOTOIZfIOOfO(U, <PUHOXllTTUgO EIIE, Buo. 'Ahl;(lVb(lOl' 2, 'AOljvn, TYjA.74H314

'Exn'.'JWlOY), Offset 'A(luvuo6;rol'/'.oc; - [larrnb(xpYjc; - Zuzug{mOl'AOC;, 'A }(U()lj~l(U:; :, 7, !\ i:'Y0l!CHOC; 197 H.

'ArrO}(A[lOnX~ bl{XOfUYj - HloAloJ[{JlAElo «KEAPOL», l Icrvam orruurn: 44, '!\(J~vn, T.T. 143, TYjA. 324H346

TiTAO:; TOl! rrg(I)TC!TUJ[{W:

Radovan Richta, a kolektiv, «Civilizace Na Rozcesti », Spolecenske a lidske souvislosti vcdeckotcchnicke revoluce», Praha , 1967

q Copyright hy Radovan Richta, Praha, 1967

(f) Copyright YlCi r~v E)).Y}l'{.Y..~ /A-Eracp(!C101). /lcl,l1rry};: PCl.rrJ[C1C;. 1976.

ISBN 978·!J60·0~· }R57·4

If) Tl T ,'.0:; tol' ;T(?{IlHiTI':TO u;

Radovan Richta. a ko1cktiv. «Civilizace Na Rozccsti», Spoleccnske a lidskc souvislosti vcdcckotechnickc rcvolucc», Praha, 1967

If) Copyright hy Radovan Richta, Pralta, 1967

If) Copyright ;'1( TlIV f'UIIVlrO/ 11I'T«(C(I}UUI), 'Fxooonc: Ktbl}oc:. A.E, 1976 11'11'11'. kedros.gr

e-mail: booksta.kcdros.gr

~HMEIQ~H TOY EJVjOTH

« '0 xauuouo; oro otaooooooia » elvai eva e:rrtarrJl1-0VlXO l(!yo :rrov avacpe(!eral arci :rroAAa:rrAa xai :rroAvav v(Jna Jr(!OOA~l1-ara (olxovouoai, XOlVWVwAoYlxa, OlXoAoYlxa, :rratOaywYlxa, OWAoYlxa, XA:rr.) :rrov lXt:l :rr(!oxaUaet TO :rre(!aal1-a rij~ xoivtavicu; uai; a:rro ro araow rij~ OWl1-rJXaVlXij~ enavdotaoni; aro arJW(!lVO araow JrOV, avv~(Jw~, O(!{~erall1-e rov O(!O « emorrJl1-0VlxorexvlX~ e:rravaaraarJ ».

H acpavraara aA/1arworJ~ ava:rrrvgrJ rij~ e:rrlor~l1-rJ~ xat rij~ rexvlxij~, lotaiu(!a !1-f:ra rov OeVU(!O Jrayxoal1-w :rroAeI1-0, lXet Jr(!aYl1-an avaarauboe: OAOXArJ(!rJ r~ ~w~ roil av(J(!w:rrov, roao ori~ :rr(!orJy~ve~ oao xai, xaui :rr(!oexraarJ, ott; v:rroavaJrrvxre~ xw(!e~.

'H e:rrlorrJI1-0Vlxorexvlx~ e:rravaaraarJ dvoivec Yla rov :rroAlrtal1-0 uc; vioi»; O(!o!1-Dv~, :rrov evw o0rJyoilv ar~v OAox)..~(!WarJ roil av(J(!w:rrov, uno(!oilv, :rra(!aAArJAa, va oOrJy~aovv xai or~v e1;ovrwarJ roil av(J(!wmvov yevov~. Fui :rr(!w7:r] cpo(!a 0 av(J(!w:rro~ o(!iaXeral Il-lr(!oora a' eva retoto WI1-0 oiArJl1-l1-a, Il-lr(!oara a' eva tetoto o(!al1-anxo orav(!OO(!Ol1-l. Fui Jr(!wrrJ cpo(!d 0 av(J(!w:rro~ O(!iaxeralll-lr(!Oara ae [aro(!lXE~ ev(Jvve~ :rrov acpo(!oilv ro LOW ro ~MOV rov w~ 'Av(J(!w:rrov. Fui exeivov~ :rrov aywv{~ovral va orJl1-wv(!y~aovv uui vea xotvcovia, uuiv avSQw:nwT] xocvcovia, ol nooo:rrTlxe~ elvo: eoouovec, tpttive: va av)..Moovv ra I1-rJvvl1-ara rij~ e:rroxij~ uat; Oi avyy(!acpei~ roil lQyov eivai acupeit; aUI ouuxeoaouaui rov~: uovo uui Jr(!aYl1-anx~ aOataAtartX~ xotvawia, Jrov (Ja lXet yui a:rroaroA~ rrJ~ r~v e1;aacpaAtarJ av(J(!wm vwv O(!WV ~wij~ orov av(J(!w:rro, ea l1-:rro(!eaet va oOrJy~aet r~v f:rrtarrJ'lOvlxOTexVlX~ eJrav6.araarJ ar~v OAOXA~(!WarJ roii av(J(!w:rrov xal DXl OT~V xaraar(!ocp~.

Ol xw(!e~ Jrov a~l1-e(!a lxovv uxei oto O(!OI1-0 roil aomaAtal1-oii (J6. I1-Jro-

8

o IlOAITU;MO:E :ETO :ETAYPOL1POMI

(!EOOVV, a(!aye, va ro Jrervxovv avro, ;eJre(!vwvra~ eyxat(!a ri~ O1JW(!tVE~ eOWU(!tXE~ aviupaoei; xai abvval1ie~ rov~, ~ (}a acp~oovv rov XantraAt- 0110 rwv JrOAve(}VtXwv va 6b'lyljoet r~v av(}(!wJror'lra or~v xa.raor(!ocplj I1EOW rij~ emor'll1ovtXOUXVtxij~ eJravaoraaT]~ ,.

To E(!YO avro Jr(!wrob'll1omevT'lxe orljv n(!aya ro 1967. 'H eJrwr'll1oVtxlj rov Mia r6 exave aI1EOW~ yvworo e;w ano ra ovvo(!a rij~ ToeyooAooaxia~. nOMt~ exb6oet~ rov EXOVV yivet ott; bvnxE~ xw(!e~ xai otu; oooialurtodi; ~r~v ToexooAooaxia XVXAocpO(!'loe JrAana eJri Ntoiiusttoex, rljv eJroxlj rij~ « "Avot;'l~ rij~ n(!aya~ », aAAa xai ueta ro 1968 EXft eJravexbo(}ei JrOMt~ CPO(!t~ w~ oljw(!a.

'H fM'lVIXIj wracp(!ao'l eYlve aJr6 r~ yaMtxlj l1eracp(!ao'l roil 1968, I1t oO'l(}'lnxlj rlj (!OVJ1UVIX'l l1eracp(!aaT] roil 1970 noi) oaoi~erat orljv EXbOaT] rij~ n(!aya~ roil 1969.

'EJretblj r6 l(!yo exet JrOAAt~ vJroo'lWtwoet~ (xa(}e xecpaAato lXet aJro 150-200), Jrov xavovv xov(!aortxlj r~v avayvwolj rov, Jr(!oTtI1~oaw va r{~ OaAOV/1f (Ue~ l1a~{, xara xecpaAato, or6 rEAO~ roil yevtxoil XetI1EVOV. ':4Uwore, JroAli~ aJro avrE~ Mv exovv Jra(!a 116vo xa(!axrlj(!a avacpO(!a~ xed uXI1'l(!iwaT]~. "AAAe~ {jl1w~ Jr(!aYl1anxa OVI1JrA'l(!WVOVV r6 xeiuevo, xai yt' aVr6 ouataivouue orov avayvwor'l va I1ljv Jre(!to(!torei orljv avayvw0'l 110VO roil xeiuivou. ~rljv lxboalj tuu; Mv OVI1Jre(!tAaOal1e rov~ JraQaJroAAov~ nivaxe; Jrov lXft ro notatotuxo oro rtAo~ roil OtoAtov, oav Jra(!a(!T'll1a. Ol nivaxe; avro{ aJrAw~ emoeoatwvovv Ta orotxeia Jrov Mvovrat or6 xeiuevo, evw ol Jr£(!woou(!oi rov~ dvcupeoovtat elbtxa ot O1'olxeia Tij~ raexooAooaxtXij~ olxovouioi; LJ'lAablj, evw Mv Jr(!OO(}EroVV tinota yui r6v fAA'lVa avayvw01''l 01'0 xv(!iw~ l(!yo, (}a lxavav TO OIOUO banav'l(!ou(!o xw(!i~ AOyO. "AAAw01'e, O1'Ij BtOAtoy(!acp{a b{vovral {jAe~ ol Jr'lyt~, {jJrw~ elva: or6 Jr(!wrorvJro.

Avyovoro~ 1978

A.P.

To EQYO alno UUVT('q8T]XE !If nl bLE1,OvvGT] TOi) Radovan Riehta bLbaxTOQa nov <PlAouoqJLXWv 'Eitw'[T]W1IV, aV,[Emu,[EAAoVW~ !lfAOU~ '[T]; 'Axa()T]!llas; 'Emrrrnucov, UrrEUOlJVOlJ TT]S o!labu~ fQEVV(iIV YLf1 TlS Em.jT'[(iluEl~ '[T]; EmoTT]!lOVlY.O,[£XVlXT]~ ErravaoTamlS tTrOV iXvOQ<Dito xnl mT]v xorvorvin, TOll 'Ivrrnroutou <Pl),ouocpla; TT]~ TO£xouAooaxlxT]S; 'Ay.a()T]ftiac 'EmmT]!l(iIV,

AUERHANJAN

t.lbc'lxwQa '[T]S nOAlUXT]C; OLXOVO!llUS, 'IvuuT01'TO OLXOVO!llUS '[T]~ 'AxubTl!liae; 'Emu1:Tl!lwv '[li~ TOfXOUAOOny,(u;.

BARES GUSTAV

LHbay.wQu Tij~ <PlAoAoyiac;, xa8TlYT]'[ij tTrT] LXOAT] rxrrnibEUuT]C; €VT]A1XWV XU( bTl!lOUloYQacplus; TOl' IInvsrnornutou KaQuAov

BART A DRAHOMIR

LHbaxTOQa '['ije; <PL),OAOYlU<;, ouotuiou XUOTlYT]Tij 0'[0 'IvtTrLTOllTO 'ItTroQluC; '[01) LOUlUA WfWll.

BRENNER VLADIMIR

MT]xavOAOYOU, O!lou!l0tl XuOT]YJrrij 0Ti] LXOAT] TEXVLXij; xaL IIuQTlvLxT]e; <PVUlXij; TOll nUV£itLuTTl!A10U Kn(6),ou.

CVEKL JIRI

LHbaxwQn '[T]S <PlAOAOY(1<;· OflOTLfLOV xnOTlYJ]'[ij tTrO 'IVtTrlT011TO <PlAOUOcpLne; '['ijs; 'Ay.n()TlfA(n~ 'EmmTlfA<1IV TT]~ TUEXouAoouxla;

DRAB ZDENEK

LH()axTOQu '[ij; nOALUxije; Oixovoutr«, OfAOTlfAOU xa8TlYT]1:TJ cto Kevroo A11TO!lawrrOLTlGT]S; y.a( TEXVLXijS rrirv imoAoYW!lWV.

DUBSKAIRENA

i\L.)ax'[oQu '[ijs <Pl),oAoy(a;, 'IVmmnJTO <PtAouocpla~ rije; 'Axn()TlfAln~ 'Em(J"[Tl!l(ilV u)C; TUEXouAoouxla;.

DUDA EMIL

!ub6xTOQn nov 'EmunW<1Jv, LXOAT] 'IIAEX'[QOTEXVlX"ij; WI) LAOOaXly.Ol) noAUTfXV£lOlJ.

FILIPCOV A BLANKA

i\lOay.'[oQn '["ijs <PlAOAOY(Uc, O!l6Tl!l0l' xn8rIYT]'["ij oro 'Ivorrroirro KOlVWvlOAoyiw:; T"ij; 'Ax«()Tlll(Uc 'EmOTT]!lWv T"ijc; TOl"XOUAooax(a;.

10

() nOAITJEMOl: 2-TO l:TA YPOAPOMI

FILlPEC JINDRICII

Lul\conoga Tii£ <PlAOAOY(U~, Of1l\T~OU xaElT]YT]Tii rrro 'Ivo nrouro <Pl),OUO(PlUC; nl£ 'Axa.)T]!lla; 'Em(HT][HtlV nl~ TUfXOUAO()UX(W;.

FISCHER JIRf

i\U)[iXTO!_lU TOU AlXU(Oll, K{VTOo L"U(lT!l!lOVlX(I)V. n:xvlX(j)V xn( OlXOVO[IlXci)l'}TA1](JOtpO(JtWv.

GOTTLIEB MIROSI.AV

i\Lb<i.XTOQU TTJ£ <PL/,OAOYlU;, KfVT!_lO 01:<OQl(1C; Tiic; 'A!_lXLTEXTOVlXll; xal <'>0- y<iV(l)(Jl]S TOU 6LOTlXoi' ;tfOl'){XnOVw; onjv 'Axn.)Yj!ll.U T;tWTYj!Uj)V nj~ TOfxooAol)axla£.

HAJEK MOJMIR

Al1Tt,wlWT01'XOll Tii; rIO),LTlXij; OiXOVO[ll.a;, 'IVOTLTOI.TO OlXOVO!l(u~ TijS , Axu.)YjlllUC; 'ErrLOTYjW')V Tii~ Tu[xoo),o6co((u;.

HAVELKAJAROSLAV

Alb<'txTOgn Tii; <Illi,OAoyiu;, 'Ynoupveio 'EOVlXii; fI(1lb[(u~. llERMACH JIRf

A lbt'ix'[()Qa Tlj; <l>l),OAOYlU; (lW1Tl!10l) xuOYjYYJTii OT<) <11L/,O()OCPtXO 'Ivoti-:

TOI'TO Tij; , A XCtC1Yj [.I (u; 'I'.;tlUTYj!lWV Tii~ TUfXOOAOUUXlUC;.

HORAK ROBERT

'IVUTtTOi.TO 'EQfl)V(DV un) TO!U'U Tii; 6LOllYjXuv(UC; XUl nov Oixooouorv. 1I0RVATlIOVA - HAI.VfNOVA MILUSE

At,)(lxTO!_lC! nl; <l>ti,O/,oyla;, 'IVOTlTOllTO <l>lf,O(JOCPl.U; nl; -AXUI\Yj[.llU; 'L;ttOT!)[HllV T11S TOq:OUAO()UX(U;.

HROUDA MII.AN

i\Li)(\:xTOQa trirv €;rwTl]Wi)v, LX0Ar] TIle; TrxvLx1lS XCii fIUQ1]VlX1lS <Pl)OLXii~ TOI' Ilcvrmornutoo KaO<\f,ot'.

JANOUSEK JAROMIR

Af()(lY.T<l[l« TIle; <Pl/,O~.oyi(l;. -)V<JTlTOI'TO lj1vxot,oy!.U( Ti); ·Ax(ti')lII.li(1~ '£',1- OTYj!UI)" TIle; TOfxoo),o()UXlu;.

JA VCREK 7.DE"lP.K

i\f()[(XTO[l(! nle <l>lA(lAOy(,C(~, ']VOTtWf'TO <l>lAooOCPl((S Tij; 'Axul\ljp[n; 'EmOTYj[l<DV njc TOl:X()U/,O[)((XlU;.

KLAUC:O JAROMIR

ALbclXTOQC( rrov i:;,[lOTl1[I(;)V, ouo nuov X«(OIJ','I]nj on'jv F!''lQn ljAfXTQOTfXVI.xii; TO'll ~Aot){(XIY.o\: ]]O;,UH.XVLlOU.

KLEIN OTA

A L.)«(XT()Qn Tij; <1>1.),OAO'(IU;, Ctv(m)'!)QulTii tou blf1'8\l"OVTO~ n'jV t1[Hxbn fOfUV(I)V T01' '{vOTttOlhou <PI.AOUOCPl.U; til; 'Axm)Yj[.tla£ 'EmOTYjwi)V TijC; TOfxouj,o(;(!xla£.

01 LYNEPI'ATEL THL EKL10LHL

KOSTA JIR{

LH6elxTo(la TiJ; [IOAluxiJ; OlXOVO~ILU~, 'Ivon.rouro OlXOVO[!lUS TiJ; 'Axn- 6T]lllU; 'EmGTT]~lCi)v TiJ; TOfXOOI.ootl1'.l.n;.

KOTAsEK JIRi

'OlI6n[!011 xai1l']YlFiJ on') '[vUTlTOilTC) Mf).cnilV {)I' e\AAT]AoY(Jac~(CLS 016 Flovrm UTl]~1l0 K e (Q{\).ell'.

KRAL MIROSLAV

i\l(){(X"TO(lU leil\' P;-yWTT][!WV, (Jf!lHl[101' XUOT]YT]TiJ enl]\' 'AvUmHT] Lxo),)l noAmxel)v'Emotl'][Hov.

KUTTA FRANTISEK

i\l()el)(TOQa riJ; no),lT(.xii; Oizovoutuc, '!WJTLHHJTO 0Ixovo[IL(1; Tfl; 'A)(C1- OT][!l(t; 'EmOTl'][lcl)V 11); Tm:xoo),oouxLuc;.

LAKOMY ZDENf,K

'AQxm'xTOvn, KEVTQO i1H.<)QLa; Tiis eXgXlTEXTllVlXiJ; xU[ O(lYc1V«)UT]c TOU o LOTlXO II :tEQl(}(cAAOVTOS, Til; 'Axu6T][lLn::; 'Emor qurirv TiJ~ TOEX001,ooux(a;.

LEVCIK BEDRICH

i\ l6c1XTOQ(( Tii; [IOAITlxii~ OI.XOVO[!LU;, en.lvlljffl,OUVOU OTl]V o[!c16a EQEUWIlY rou Oi.lWVO[HX01! '[VOTlTOUTOli TiJ:; 'Axu6l'][!ia<:; 'E;rWTl']WVV TiJ; TOEXOOAOOUX1((;.

MAGDOLEN ERNEST

i\l:tAUl[!UTOI)XOl' TiJ; lIoAlTlxiJs O[XOVO[liuS, 'IvOTl.ToilTO ";QfllWJ)V ro» owH)(ot' ~·:tlm'<)O\'.

MEDONOSSAVA

MT]X((\,o).c)ye)\l, KgClTlXl] 'EmT(JoJTl] Yl.c"t Tl]V TfXVlXi].

NEKOLA JIRi

i\ l.6{lXTO()(( TcJ)V f:tlO1l'][!lOV, Kh'TQo i'QflJVU; TilS huml][!T]; Tii; 'Axn6T] [!(u; 'Emorruuov n); TOFXooj,oomdw;.

NOVYOTAKAR

'AgXLTfXTOVa, nOAlTlX01' [!l']XUVLKOl\ Krvrpo ElECllQf.a; Tiis '!\QXlTExTOvlxil::; X(1l. OQy<ivUl<Jl']; TOi! GlOTlY-oil :tFQl()6U,llVTO; TiJe; 'AXn{)YWLUC; 'EmOTT][!WV nls TOExooAo6mdu;.

PARizEK VLASTIMIL

i\l6Cly'TO!_lCl TiJ; <Pl),OAOYlU<:;, lJ)[()TL)lO\! Y.UOY)Yl']TiJ UTa Ilavf7[LOTl]) .. no « 17 Nosufioiou».

PROCHA MILA:-I

t.16el){To(Ja TiJ; <Pll,o),oYla;, 'Iv()uTOllTO <!)lAouocp(n<; 1:iJ~ 'A){u6T]~I(n; 'ErnOTl'][Hi)v TiJ; TOEXOOAooux(n;.

PRIKRYL VLADIMIR

!l.l{)ClY.TO(JU til; <PlAOAOY1U;, 'AVCllTClTl'] OI.Y.OVO[!lXl] Lxo/,l].

II

12

o nOAlTJ:EMO:E :ETO TTAYPOL1POMI

SLAMA JIRf

!l.LliuxwQu "[Ti; fIoAmxTis; O[XOVOfliuS;, oflonflou xuOl']Yl1"[Ti 0,0 'Ivorrtoirro EQEUV<Dv "[Tis; Oixovouinc "[Tic; BWfll']xavLw; xai rrov Oixooourov.

SVOBODA MILOS

AtliuxToQa T11S tPtAOAoyiw;, 'Ivrmrouro tPtAooo<piac; TTi; 'Axalil']flias 'Em<m]flWV "[Tis TOEXOOAOO(txLaS·

SIND LEAR JAN

!l.tliuxwQa "[Tis; tPtAOAOYLU;, ' Avornrrq LxoAij TIoAmxwv 'Emrrrquorv.

TEICH MIKULAs

!l.tOuxwQa ,Tis; <l>tAoAoyiac;, 'Ivcrrrouro 'IoToQLa; "[Tis; , Al«XIil']flLaS; 'Em- 01:l']flUlV TTiC; TOfxooAooaxiaC;.

TOMS MIROSLAV

!l.tJtAWflUTOlJXOlJ IloAmxTis; Oixovouioc, 'IVOTLTOiho Oixovojuo ; "[Tis; , Axalil'][,lLa; 'Emo"[l']fl{llV TTiS; TOExooAooaxLaC;.

TONDL LADISLA V

AtliaxwQa tPLAoooq)tX(UV 'Emcmurov, xuOl']Yl1,Ti 0"[0 KEv"[Qo flEAHWV TOV XOLVWVtXOV QOAOU "[Tis; E1tWTi]fll']S "[Tis; 'Axabl']fliaC; 'Emomucov "[Tis; TOEXOOAo6axius;.

VAI.ENTA FRANTISEK

ALbaxwQa TIoAlTtxTiS OLXOVOfliw;, <lflOnflOu xa8l']yl']TTi o"[ijv 'Avtirtrrtn Otxovouoen LxoAij.

VRBA JIi'U

!l.LliuxToQa "[i]c; 'ImQLxTi;, oflonflou XU8l']Yl']Tij OTO "Ivctrrotrro 'YytELvijs; Tijc; LXOAijS; YEVtxijS; 'ImQLxTi; TOV Ilnvemctnptou KaQoAou.

ZELENY JINDRICH

!l.tOUxTOQa "[Tic; tPtAOAoyiuC;, xaOl']yl']"[ij OT'ljV 'AVWTaTl'] Oixovouooi LXOA'Ij.

IIEPIEXOMENA

lIeo).o)'OI;

Elua)'w'Y17 (]Tit; ~Evet; 8x6oUELt;

EU:AHJrH: To v6T]JUl 'trov fA£taOX"ll1a'tLOJ.Ui>v

Keoxiscuo A'

o XAPAKTHPM: 'I1U: Enn:THMONIKOlEXNIKHl:

EnANM:TM:ID: 31

I. 'AUa)'Et; (]T1] 60f.l1] xai (]T1] 6vvaf.ltx1] rwv 3faea)'w)'txWV 6vVll-

f.lEWV rijt; ~wijt; roii av(]eW3fOV 32

1. 'A<pE't1')eCa: it oWI1TJxavuu'l rnavam:aOTJ 32

2. 'H ouo(a 'tTj; rnL<TtTJI1OVLKO'tE/CVLKTj; rnavam:aOTJ; 34

3. 'H Evo'tTJ'ta 'trov 6Mayrov an]v 'tEXvoAoy(a, m:a "ALKa KaC

m:(; tVEeYELaKE; n:TJYE; 37

4. To «"n:OKELI1EVLKO m:OLXELO» 'tTj; n:aeaywyfJ; Kat it 6EOTJ 'tOil

ltv6ewn:ou orov n:oAmol16 42

5. Ta YEa l1ov'tEAa OLKOVOI1LKTj; ltvUn:'tU~TJ; 46

6. OJ, VEE; ~Laa'taOEL; 'tTj; ltvUn:'tU~TJ; 'tOil n:oAmol1oil 50

17 19 21

14

o nO/l1T12'M02: 270 2:TA YPO,,1POMI

II. TfXVU<EC; xai xoivosvocec; W:W60AiC;. 'H e:rrwrYj/lOvLXOTfXVLxfj

enavaaraor; xal oi C1A.Aayec; otu; axiaHC; lraQuywyfjc; 53

1. 0 [ xoi VWVLXES JtAE1JQES riis TEXVLXiis JtQoobo'U 54

2. 'H EJtLOTljl-l0VLXOTEXVLXtl EJtavaOWolj xaL i] av<i,'tTlJslj TOU

OOOLaALOI-l0u 60

3. 'H EJtLTaXTLXij avayxlj Tiis avcmT'USlJS XUL Ta JtUYX60I-lLU OlJ-

O1tll-laTa 68

4. 'H E;rWTljl-l0vLXOTEXvLXij EJtHV<lonWlj XU( 6 «TQLTO; xo-

01-l0S » 75

5. Ta XLVljTQU Tiis EltLOTlWOVlIWTEXVLXijS EltUVaOTaOl]S 79

6. 'H aljl-lUOlU XUL ol JtUQal-lETQOL Tii; ESOLXOV0l-lljolj; XQ6vo'U 89

Ill. 'H Tat:xoa}.ooaxia f1:TrQoara atnv EmOTYj/lOVLXOTfXJ/LXfj hw-

vturraon 95

1. 'H 6QLUXij YQUI-ll-ltl Tii; avaJtTlJsljS 95

2. Ta ltQOOAtll-lUTa I-lE TOV « uv8Q(llJtLVO JtUgaYOVTU» 100

3. T6 UlTOCPUOLOTLX6 Jt(lOOAljI-lU : T6 VEO OlJ01ljI-lU ()LEV01JVOljS 107

KECpaA(1W B'

01 BA8EIEL METABOAEL LTHN EPrALIA

LTHN EIMKEYLH KAI LTH MOP<I>QHI 113

I. 'H brwrYj/lOvLXOTfXVLxfj EJtuvaawaYj xa] I] oLciofJQwaYj rfjc; av-

fJQOJlfLVYjC; EQyuaiuC; 114

1. Ol I-lEWOOAfS tfis EQYUOlUS 114

2. ot ()LuQ8QwTLXES I-lETaTO;rLOELS 125

3. '0 vEOS XUWI-lEQLOI-lOS Tiis EQYUOlUS XUl i] uvayxlj Tii; xu.8o-

ALXOTljTaS 13 1

4. 'H ESo..lSI1 TOU !1ovnU.ou EJtUYYff.!1Unxiis ;mnxQTlOl]S 135

II. 'II bUOTYj/lOVLXOU-XVLXfj bravciamaYj xai I] EXlf(1ioH1aYj 141

1. To EJtl.JtE60 Tiis ExJtuC6E'UOljS XUl TO m:QI.YQul-ll-la Tiis JtoAm-

ouxiis EJtuvaOWalj; 14 J

2. 'H ltQoouQI-l0Ytl TOU EXJtUL()E'UUXOU OlJ01tlWHO; 011.; VEl'S

0'Uv8iixE; 146

3. 'H TEXVLXtl xaL i] EX;rUl()E1Jolj 154

4. 'Arto TtlV ExJtu(bE'Ualj TOV aAAo'U mtlv U1JTOEXJtU()EUOlj 158

nEPIEXOMENA

Ketpasou: r:

o LyrXPONOL nOAITILMOL

KAI H ANAfITY2H TOY AN0PQTIOY 163

I. 'H brwTI]IWvlxOTEXV1Jo0l hravaomol] cU.A,a~1'l T6v TQ6:no ~{J)ij~ 164

I. 'H UVU;tTUSll WU uvSQuJJto'U oriv aUTOV0I-l0'U JtaguyovTa 164

2. Ol u'AAaYEr; 010 JtEglEX0I-lEVO Tijr; ~wijr; 170

3. 'H ()ll!HouQYla nov uvayxwv 173

4. 'H TEXVLXl'j xal ol uvSgulJtlVEr; rnacpEr; 179

5. '0 bLaSEoLI-l0r; XQovo:; 181

II. '0 i'iv()I){J)Jto~ ueoa ato TfxvI]T6 JtE(}ioaMOV 188

I. T6 JtgooAlJl-la tou JtOAlTL0I-l0U 188

2. 'H XO'UATovgu Tijr; Egyao(ar; 191

3. 'H blll-llo'Ugyia TOU JtEglou'AAovwr; Tijr; ~wijr; 194

4. 'H XQlJOLI-l0JtolllOlJ Tijr; cpvaljr; xa( i] uvu~l'jTlJOlJ Em(aS 199

5. 'H EJtlWXTlxl'j uvuyxlJ Tijr; CJI-l0gcplUr; 202

6. 'H XaTUXTlJOlJ WU X(OgOlJ xa( tou Xgovo'U 206

7. 'H TEXVLXl'j, ml i] CPUOlxl'j xai ljJ'UXLXl'j lJYEia tou uvSgw:nou 210

8. 'H OUI-lI-lETOXl'j OTOV JtOAlTl0l-l0 xat i] aUTOJtgaYI-lUTwOl) TOU

uvSg(OJtOlJ 215

KEcp6.AalO Ll '

TA NEA XAPAKTHPILTIKA

THL KOIN~mIKHL E2EAI2HL LTHN TIEPIO~O THL EnILTHMONIKOTEXNIKHL EIIANA1:TALHL

I. 'H fJtwT11fll] xai ij O(lYciv{J)ol] Tij~ xoivoiviai;

1. 'H YEa SEolJ Tijr; E., .. tLOTl'jl-llJr;

2. Ol OgOl Yla Tl'jV XaTagYlJolJ ogLOI-lEVWV cpgaYl-lwv

3. 'H OT9aTllYlxlj Tij::; EJtlOTrJl-lllr;

4. To XAti-la Tijr; fJtlOTlll-l0VlXOTExvLxijr; JtQoObo'U

5. 'H TEXVlXl'j xat i] 6lf1Xdglalj : TO X1JOEQvllTLx6 I-lOvrEAO

6. 'H ogSoMYLOlJ Tijr; (loijr; trov JtAlJgocp0(ll(llV

II. Tti XOlv{J)Vlxa xai loeosovo«: Jt(!Oo}.f],uara I. 'H OTQwl-l(XTWOll Tijr; xorvcovi«;

2. Ot XOlV(llVlXEr; l-l0gcpE::; xat i] ()lEVSUVOlJ Tijr; xOLvwvLar;

15

225

226 227 235 238 244 249 257

260 262 270

16

o nOAIT1IMOI ITO ITAYPOAPOMI

3. 'H ~uva!!L)ul tTj; rnoxTj; Kat it OXf'ljlTJ 274

4. T6 a.tO!!O !!Eaa oi: !!LU via n:QOOn:tLKTj 279

5. 'H ~TJ!!LOuQy£a nov n:QOOn:tLKWV 285

6. 'H rnUJtTJ!!OVLKOtEXVLKTj rnaVUataOTJ Kat it oUyxeovTJ [moQ(a 291

Keq)(MaW E' nAPAPTHMA

ElaaywyTj; KEqxlA.a£ov A'

» B'

» I"

» 11'

BIBAIorPAfIlIA

297

313 316 344 365 381

403

npoAoro~

'H y(}~yO(}YJ aVWrTV~YJ Tijr; bUaTYJfiOvtXijr; yvwaYJr; JrOV xa(}aXTYJ(}tl;,et tic; TeAwwier; oexaette; xaOWr; xai f} avo~Or; Tijr; VAtXijr; Oaa1'/r; Tijr; l;wijr; TOV avO(}wJrOV, aJrOUAOVV EJravaawwdr; noiortxir; aAAayer;, lxavo; va uecauoocxbooov OTO fieAAOv TOV xa(}aXT~(}a TOV JrOAtTWfiOV xai v' avot~ovv eva aJre(}aVTO JreMo a' lxdvovr; Jrov fiOX'rDVV va olxo~ofi~aovv uui vea xotvowta. Ft' w)ro OcpdAOVfie va EfioaOvvovw fie EJrtOTYJfiOVtxo r(}oJro OT~V OVoia .ijr; EmaTYJfiOVtXOTeXVlxijr; fJraVaOTaaYJr; Tijr; bwxijr; fiar;, OTOVr; O(}OVr; xat otic XOlvwvlxer; xai avO(}wmver; fmJrTwaetr; TYJr;.

Ira 1965, TO. '1VaTtTOVW tuu; 'Eoeovdw avtAaoav fita auaTYJfiartX~ JroAvJrAeV(}1'/ WAeT1'/ TWV Jr(}OOAYJfiarWV aVTwv. To e(}yo aVTo avartOYJxe ae uui 6fia~a e(}wvar; Jrov njv aJrouAovaav el~txot ~tacpO(}WV fJrWT1'/fiOvtXWV XAa~WV. T~ ~tevevvaYJ aVTijr; Tijr; 6fia~ar;, Jrov avYX(}OT~01'/xe MJrAa aro '1VaTtTOVTO <PlAoaocpiar; Tijr; 'Axa~YJfitar; 'EJrWTrJfiWV Tijr; TaexoaAooaxiar;, T~V aveAaoe 6 L1(}. P. Pixw Jrov aJro JrOAAa X(}OVta aaxokimt fie aVTa TO. Jr(}OOA~fiam. IT~V U(}X~, VJrij(}Xe f} yvwfirJ Jrwr; aVTer; ol f(}yaaier; 00. xariArJyav ae fila avvoJrTtxrj e;EwarJ TWV l~eoAoytXWV xat OeW(}rJTtXWV Jr(}OOArJfiaTWV JrOV awaa avVMOVWl fie Trjv 6(}fiYJTtX~ avo~o Tijr; EJrtaT~fiYJr; xai Tijr; TeXVtxijr;. 'AAAa uui oaOvu(}YJ avaAvarJ 6~~YrJae ae uuiv aVTtArJ1fJrJ Jrto CPtAO~O~YJ xai Jrto ToAfiYJ(}~. at avyy(}acpeir; OeAYJaav AOlJrOV va naoooouiooov uuiv oao vivetat Jrto avvOeTtx~ elxova rijr; fJrWTrJfiOVtXOUxvlxijr; fJraVaOTaarJr; aTrjv Jre(}io~o Jrov aVYX(}OVOvTat TO. ~VO Jrayxoafita xocvowtxa avarrJfiaw xa] va avvayayovv EJrtarJr; ~taCPO(}OVr; r(}oJrovr; AvaYJr; TWV XOtVWVlXWV xai avO(}wJrtvwv Jr(}OOAYJJ1.aTWV JrOV Jr(}OXVJrl'Ovv.

18

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOLJPOMI

To EQYO ~wv {)vaxoAo : JrQaYfiau, JrOAU~ JrAEVQt~ aVTwv iWV JrQOOA'1J1arWV clxav JraQafieA'10Ei J1tXQl TOTE. 'Qmoao, ij 0fia{)a fQEvva~ aVWJrOXQl0'1XE anlv aJrOaTOA1} T'1~. TO. aJrOTEUafiaW TWV EQyaOlwv i'1~ Jrov JraQovOlaf;ovWl a1}W;Qa oto XOlVO fit i1} fiOQCP1} uuu; avVOAlXij~ WUT'1~, aJrOTEAOVV aXl uovo AEJriOWQElaX1} EXOW'1 aVTwv TWV JrEQlJrAoxwv JrQOOA'1fiaiWV, aUa JrQoacptQOvv WVToXQova Eva vto, alOlo{)o~O oQafia TWV nooosaooiw t~tAl~'1~ iij~ xounoviac; XWQl~ afiCPlOOAia iO EQYO aCP1}VEl tXXQEfiij oQLOfiiva JrQOOA1}fiaw. 'E~aAAOV, ij fieAiT'1 aVi1} elvoi EQYO uuu; ofiaoa~, xal aVio aJrOTEAEl JrQoaOEt''1 aJrOOet~'1 Yla i1}V lOLalTEQ'1 XQYJOlfiOi'1W iij~ tQyaala~ ai 6fia{)E~ mov TOfiia iWV XOlVWVlXWV EJrLOi'1fiwv. llLOTEVOVfiE xd»; iOVTO iO JraQa{)etYfia 00. JrQiJrEI va aXOAOV0'10El aT1} fieAEr'1 xal aUwv JrEQlJrAoxwv JrQoOA'1fiaiWV.

To EQYO aVTo WAEnj0'1XE aJro ia tmai'1fiOVlXa 'Ivotctoina Tij~ 'AxaoYJfila~ 'Enurtntubv iij~ TaExoaAoowda~ xal dno rov~ ijYEUXOV~ JrOAlilXOV~ oQyavLOfiov~ iij~ XWQa~. 'Anospaotctrpa:

TEAlXa va a~LOJrOl'10El Yla TOV JrQoaOLOQLOfio iWV OEWQ'1t'lXWV xai JrQaxuxwv xa0'1xOViWV iij~ XOlVWVla~, Yla TOV xaOOQLOfiO iWV JrQOOJrilXWV t~t).I~'1~ iij~ TaExoaAooaxla~ JrOV fiJrijXE mov {)vaXOAO, xal aJrO JrOAU~ aJr01/JEl~ aVE~EQEVVYJTO aXOfia, OQOfiO iij~ olxooounoni; rov oooiasiouois xai iOV XOfifiOVVLOfiOV, xai JrOV aVfifiEiiXEl OQaaT1}QLa ai1}V aVal;1}i'1a'1 uuu; viae; avOQwmvYJC;, fiOQCPijC; iOV E~dlYfitvov UXVlXOV noi.cuouoii.

'H aVaVWJTlX1} aVilAYJ1/JYJ JrOV naoououicetai a' aino T6 01- OAlO xal ol JrQWiOTVJrEC; lohc; Jrov avaxroooei, avolYovv TOV OQofio Yla Tic; fQEVVEC; no» dvaJ1cpta01}TYJTa eo. ouveyiatoiiv fit fJrliVXla ora inoueva XQOVLa a' aVTov iOV touea.

F. SORM. ne6EOeO~

r~~ 'AxaOTJl'-iw; 'E:rcIOTTJWiJV T~r; TOExooAooaxiar;

EIl:AfgfH (HL; ~fVf:; E1otc5QOEL;

'0 ~EVO~ uvayvwo'tfj; nov EiVaL H.uXtat:a E~OLXELWflfVO; flE 'to XA.Lfla ono'll YEWijSfjXE au'tij 'tl flEA.E'tl'j, Su EXnA.aYEi umpaA.W; flE 'to LbLat'tEQO iJ<po; rof OLOA.LO'll fla; «'0 nOA.L'tWflO; oro o'ta'llQobQoflL». TIQUYflU'tL, 'tl mJVt:a~fj au'tOii 'tOii EQYO'll EYLVE flEoa Of flLUV u'tfloa<patQa oaSELa~ xQmxij; OXE'ljJfj~ xat Ev'tOVfj; O'll!;Tj'tfjOfJ; YLU 'to'u; bQOflO'll; uvunt'lJ~fj; flLa; XOLVWvta; nov EXEL <p'tUOEL a'tij otoflfjxavLxTj 'tfj~ d>QLflO'tfjt:a iJo'tEQa uno flLa nEQlobo QL!;LXWV 00- OLaALa'tLxWv flEt:aOXTJflanoflwv. 'YnoOUA.aflE 'tTj O'UVOALXTj sixovn 'tOii oVYXQOVO'll nOAL'twflOii, a'tij O'llYXEXQlflEVTJ 'tfj~ flOQ<Pij, OE fllU SEWQfj'tlXij bLEQEUVTJOfj YLU va nQoobLOQtoO'llf!E tOV 'tvno 'tij~ flEAAovnxij; rou E~EAL~TJ~. Tn o'Uf!nEQuoflUt:a a'tu onoln Xa-raA.t1YEL f] EQE'UVU fla; Show Eva noM O'llYXEXQLflfVO nQooATJfla. Fr' au 'to nQoanaSTjoaflE vu 'ta XaVO'llflE nQoOL'tu 0' Eva flEYUA.O XVXAO uvayvwa'twv. To nQu!; 'twv WEXLXWV xat OA.OOUXLXWV loxMoEWV ~EnEQaoE 11bfj 'tu 50000 uv'tt't'llna. TIQoxQtVaflE Eva a'tVA n'llxvo xat AL'tO. KuSE AE~fj 3tOV SEWQijSTJXE nEQLTITj bLaYQa<p'tTJXE. 'E3tL'tQE'ljJaflE orov Ea'll'to fla~ au'tOv~ 'tOu~ uXQw'tfjQLaoflou~, YLat:L bEXUbE~ AE3t'tOflEQELaXE~ flEAhE~, nov uno'tEA.oiiv UALXU 'tf]~ EQEwa~ fla;, EX0'llV 11bTJ bfjfloOLE'll'tEi o'tu E3tLa'tTJfloVLXa fla~ nEQtobLxa.

fLa rov ~EVO OflW~ uvayvwo'tfj, O'llflnATJQwoaflE to XEtflEVO flE naQanoflnE~ xat E~TJyijoEL~. l:E b'llo oTJflEia, ono'll 'tl ouvroutc Sa flnoQoiiOE va OA.<l'ljJEL 'tijv xa-raVOTJOTJ 'toii XELflEVO'll 11 uxofla ono'll 'to nQoYQaflfla EQE'lJVWv tij~ 0fluba~ fla~ nQoxwQfjOE uno tore nou X'llXAO<pOQTJOE 'tl WEXLXTJ xaL f] OAOOaXLXTJ ExboOTJ, &va3t'tU~aflE 'to XELflEVO, O'UV'tOflEVOVt:a; OE uV'tLO'taSflLOfla 'tTjv Ex8EOTJ 'tWv OTJ!1ELWV nov ouvoeovm, Uflwa I!E 'tL; ESVLXE; !1a~ O'UVSijXE;.

20

o nOAITfEMO}; };TO };TAYPOLJPOMI

MJWQEL !!EQLXE~ <POQE~ f] YAWOOa XaL f] (WUVij8WTfj OQOAOYLa JTOV XQfjOL!!OJTOLOV!!E va ~EV(OOUV TOV avaYVWaTfj. }:' aUTij TijV JTEQLJTTWOfj, bEy !!a~ !!EVEL JTaQa va XaVOU!!E EXXAfjOfj OTijV UJTO!!ovij TOU : a~ a<piloEL xma !!EQO~ aUTO JTOV !!JTOQEL va JTaQaAEL<p8EL xa£ (J.~ OTQE'ljJEL Tl] OXE'ljJfj TOU JTQO~ TO OUOLaaTLXO. AUTO aAAWOTE !!a<; EvDta<pEQEt. ftaTL Tilv xmavofjOfj auwv JTOV EIVaL. f] av8QwJTtVfj DLUaTaOfj 8EAl]oa!!E va DU)(JoU!!E OE WVTE<; T£<; OEA(DE~.

EIZ:AfQfH

TO NOHMA TQN MET ~XHMATI~MQN

nQO(J(pl\)OUf,lf m;ou~ avayvwoTf~ {\va OtOA(O aouvl18tOTO, rrov Sa TaLQtasf va TO xaQaltT'YjQlOOUf,lf f,lta EmOT'Yjf,lOVtltij urroSfO'Yj, I-lta arrOrrftQa SfWQ'YjTlltT]~ avaAUO'Yj~ TWV ItOtVUlVLIt<1)V Ital avSQwmvorv ouvensuov Tij~ ErrtOT'YJf,lovtltOTfXVlltT]~ ErravaoTao'Yj~. To EItnovnos f,lla of,laoa EQfUV'YjTWV OtacpoQUlv ErrLoT'Yjf,lOVLIt(J)V ItAaOWV (<l>tAooocpla~, Oixovoutog, KotVWVLOAOYlW;, 'l'uxoAoYla~, IlrnouyUlYtltT]~, nOALTlltWV EmoT'Yjf,lWV, 'IoTOQlw;, 'IaTQLltT]~, ef(1)QLa~ TT]~ aQXtTfltTOVtltij~ Ital TOU rrfQtOaAAovTO~, TfXVLltWV ItAaOWV, BLoAoYla~, ItArr.) rrov EQyaSOVTat OE otacpoQa 'IvOTlTOUTa TT]C; , Altao'Yjf,lla~ 'EmoT'Yjf,lWV Tij~ TOfxooAooalt(a~, OE fOQvf,laTa ' AvrhTfQ'Yj~ 'Eltrralofuo'Yj~ Ital OE aAAa EltrratOfUTllta fOQvf,laTa TT]C; TOfXOOAOOaltlac;.

Of OaOtltE~ OUOltOAlf~ OT(~ orroLf~ rrQoOEltQOUOf ~ of,laoa f,la~, rrQoEQXOVTaV arro Ti]v fUQllT'YjTa ItaL TijV rrOAUrrAOltOT'YjTa TWV O'Yjf!£QtVWv frravam;aTLltwv aAAayWv, rrov ErrtTfAoUVTat m;l~ oaofl~ TOU rroAlTtaf,lOU, Ital oTi] SEO'Yj rrov ItaTEXft 0 avSQwrro~ f,lEOa OTOV xoouo TWV OlltWv TOU ItaTarrA'YjltTLltWv O'Yjf,lLOuQy'Yjf,laTwv. rta TijV wQa, OEV urraQXfl f,lta fltavorrot'YjTLltij Ital YfVtlta arrOOfltTij SfWQ'YjTtltij f,lfAET'YJ TWv f,lfTaOOAWv rrov OUVTfAOUVTat OTl~ rraQaYUlYLItE~ OUVaf,lft~ ItaL alt6f,la AtYOTfQO TWV ItotVWVLltWv Ital avSQwmVUlV OUVfrrftWv TOU~.

Elvat aAijSfta, rrw~ f] rrA'YjSwQa TWv OlOAlWV yta TijV TfXVtltij Ital TOv « o:vSQwmvo rraQayovTa » ItTA., rrov Ef,lcpavloT'YjltaV OTa rrA.alma TWv o:vSQUlrrtaTtltWv ErrtOT'YJf,lWv m;(~ HnA Ital oTi] ~UTtltil EUQwrr'Yj, rrQoocpEQOUV O:QltfTO "ALltO, XWQl~ Of,lW~ va !-l:TrOQOUV va OUAA.aOOUV Tilv ouola TWV oaSvTfQwv OtfQYamWv TOi::' a'tlYXQo-

22

o nOAITll:MOl: :ETO :ETAYPO,tjPOMI

YOU 3tOAL'tL<JIlOU. 'OQL<JIlEVOt 3taAL ElJQoo3taLm <JUYYQacpEL£, CPQOvoirv 3t(l>£ iJ SEooQ'YJ'tLXtl <JXE'\jJ'YJ 6EV 3tQE3tfl. va SE3tEQa<JEL La OQta IlLU£ « OLOIl'YJXavLxij£ xmVWVla£ » Emoo xal 'tQ03t03tOL'YJIlEV'YJ£l. aAAm, 3tOV U3t'YJXouv OQL<JIlEvE£ L6EE£ 'tOU MaQs, 't03tOSE'tOUV 'tYj <J'YJIlEQLviI ~SEAtS'YJ 'tWV :7wQaywytxwv 6uvallEooV <J'ta 3tAal<Jta 'tij£ 6EV'tEQ'YJ£ 'Ii xal 3tLSavov 'tlJ£ 'tQl't'YJ£ « OLOIl'YJXavLxlJ£ E3tava<J'ta<J'YJ£ » 2. Airrtl iJ Ex60xij, av xai 3tL0 E3tL'tUX'YJIlEv'YJ, 6Ev £3tL'tQE3tEL W<JLO<JO va yiVEt, U3tO avaAU'ttxij a:Tto'\jJ'YJ, IlLa aQXE'ta <Jacptl£ 6LaXQL<J'YJ avaIlEOO <J'ta xaQaX't'YJQLmLxa 'tWv 6uo E3tOXWV IlE 'tl£ EL6tXE£ 601lE£ 'tOU£ xal 'to'6£ 6tacpOQE'tLXoU£ VOIlOU£ 'tOU£ : 'tij£ E3t0XlJ£ LlJ£ OLOIl'YJXaVLXlJ£ E3taVamaO'YJ£ 3tOV £YXatvLa<J't'YJXE IlE 'tijv av060 'tOU xcen'taAt<JIlOU orov 180 xal orov 190 aLwva, xal tlJ£ oVYXQov'YJ£ E3tOXlJ£ 'tij£ E3tLm'YJllOvLXO'tEXVLXij£ f3taVaOta0'YJ£, 3tOV, xa'ta Ltl YVWIl'YJ 1lU£, OUV6EE'tat IlE 'tYjv fllCPav LO'YJ 'tOU xouuouvtouou, xal A6yoo 'tij£ EOoo'tEQtXlJ£ 't'YJ£ AOYLXlJ£ xal u3t6 'ttlV a3tO'\jJ'YJ 'tWV LO'tOQLXWV 't'YJ£ 3tQOO3t'ttXWv. 'OQLOIlEvOt a3t' alJ'tov£ 'toU£ oUYYQacpEL£, IlE oao'YJ 'ttl 6LaQSQoo0'YJ 'tij£ fQyaola£ xa'ta xAa60u£, cp'tavouv va 6WXQlVOUV IlLa o'tQocpij, 3tQaYlla 3tOV OQlOXEt 'tYjv aV'taVaXAaaYj rou OE oQou£ 03too£ 3tOAL'ttoIl6£ « llE'taOLOIl'YJxaVtXo£ », « 'tQL'tOYEVtl£ » XA.3t.3• LUVtlSoo£ 01100£, iJ aA'YJSLVtl 6Lao'tao'YJ 'tow fsE'tal;6IlEVooV JtQOOA'YJIla'twv fxcpQal;E'tat OE uvaJtav't'YJ'ta fQoo'tYjlla'ta yta 'ttl SEO'YJ xal L6 IlEAAOV 'toi:i avSQw3tOU OE IltaV £3tOxij Jtov 6tXatOAoY'YJIlEva OecoQEL'tat rnOXtl 'tij£ E3ttmtlll'YJ£ xal rij£ 'tEXVtXij£. ' Avtttletn, OL allEQtxovot oUYYQacpEL£, 3tOV EXouv OXE'ttxa 3tt6 JtQO'YJYIlEv'YJ 'tEXVLXtl 3tElQU, O'tEQOUV'tat OUxva 'tWv oaoEoov yta Ilta SEooQ'YJ'ttXtl ovvSEa'YJ, Jtov so. 'tOv£ E3tE'tQEJtE va OUAAaOOUV 'tYjv OVOla 'tWV IlE'taoX'YJllaLtOIlWv o'tYj 60lltl 'tWV 3taQaywytXWV 6uVallEooV xal 'tl£ xmvoovLxE£ ;tal avSQooJtoAOYLXE£ 'tOU£ 6Lao'tuOEt£. "Erot OlIlEAELE£ 'tOU£ ~Xouv rov xaQax'tYjQa astOAoyooV avaAvoEoov LWV llaxQ0JtQ6SEallooV 6w6txaatwv av't0Ila't03tOl'YJo'YJ£4, AE3t'tOIlEQWV aJtaQLSlltl0EooV reXVLXWV xcrvorouuov", oaSELwv avaAvoEoov Lij£ OLXOVOlltXlJ£ ava- 3t'tUS'YJ£6, 'tWV XOtVooVLXWV OXEOEooV7 'Ii xal moxaollwV yta 'to IlEAAOV 'tOU XUOEQV'YJTtXOU JtOAL'ttaIlOU8. 'AAAa alJ'tE£ ol £QyaolE£ 6dXVOUV OAO xal xaSaQ6'tEQa 'tYj auva6'YJ'tOJtOl'YJ0'YJ LWV EJtavao'ta'ttXWV llE'taooAwv JtOV EixE 'li6'YJ avaYYEiAEt 6 N. Wiener", XL alJ'ttl cpalVE'tat 3toM oacpw£ mtlv JtOAV yvooo'tYj SEO'YJ JtOV 6w'tUJtwVE'tat oro llavLCPEO'tO « 'H LQLJtAij rnavumao'YJ »10, 03tOU 'toVll;E'tat on OL oUVTEAOVIlEVE£ otlllEQa aAAaYE£ mYjv UALXtl oao'YJ Lij£ avSQw3ttv'YJ£

EIIAHJrH

l;wlJ£ [« XUOEQV'YJ'tLXij E3taVaO'taOlJ ») Cl3tOX'tOUV !!La YEa 3tOLO't'YJ'ta 3tOV 'tL£ xaVEL va SE3tEQVUVE 'ta OQW 'tou OlJ!!EQLvoii OLO!!'YJxavLxou JtOAL'tLO!!OU xaL 'tL£ 6uVa't0't'YJ'tE£ 'tOu OLO!!'YJxavLxou ouo'tij!!a'to£ 'toii xam'taALo!!OU. ~'ti)v 3tOAE!!LXi) O!!W£ 3tOU 6LEStlXe'YJXE o'ta 1966 ava!!Eaa oro !!avLcpEmo « 'H 'tQL3tAi) £3tavama0'YJ » xaL mtlv E3tLO'YJ!!'YJ EXeEOlJ t'fJ£ 'EevLxij£ 'EJtL'tQOJtij£ YLa 'tijv 'tEXVLXij, 'tijv au 'to!!a't03tOL'YJOlJ xaL 'tijv OLXOVO!!LXij 3tQoo6011, 'ta £Qw't'YJ!!a'tLxa 3tOV 3tQoExu'tjJav 0XE'tLxa !!E 'tl) 6La3tLmWOn O'tL « 0 XOO!!O£ 6LaVVEL atl!J.EQa !!La Emm'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXvLXi) E3taVao'tao'YJ» E6ELsav 3tW£ xaeE eEWQLa JtOV aYVOEl 'tl)V EVVOLa « 3taQaYWYLxE£ 6uva!!EL£ », xutuAijYEL xa'tavayx'YJ OE EVVOLOAOYLXE£ 6UOXOALE£ o'tav EsE'tal;EL 'tL£ !J.E'taooAE£ o'tij 6o!!i) 'tOU£ xat mi) 6UVa!!Lxi) 'tOU£.

BAEJtOU!!E va JtoAAa3tAaOLal;ov'taL O'tL£ xam'taALo'tLXE£ XWQE£ OL 3tuQE'tw6EL£ 3tQo03taeELE£ YLa va xa'tavO'YJeEl, oro eEWQ'YJ'tLXO 3tE6(o, tl cpuo'YJ t'fJ£ rnLa't'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXvLXij£ E3tavaa'taOlJ£ xaL 'tWV XOLVWVLXWV xaL aveQwmvwv auVE3tELWv 't'YJ£. TIoAuaQLe!!E£ 6LaOXE'¢EL£ EXOUV oQyavweEl, OL OUAAOYE£ !J.EAE'tWv 3tOV EXOUV 6'YJ!!oOLEU'tEl 3tavw 0' au'ta 'ta 3tQoOAtl!!a'ta SE3tEQVOUV OE aQLe!!O EXElVE£ 'tWv mo YOVL!!WV £mm'YJ!!OVLXWV xAa6wv' 'to. 3tQooAij!!a'ta au'ta avaYQacpov'taL mijv tl!!EQtlOLa 6La'tas'YJ 'tWv aul;'YJ'tijOEWV o'ta XOLVOOOUAW, ma lJ3touQYLxU OU!!OoUALa, mL£ EL6LXE£ Em'tQ03tE£. , A3taOXOAOUv Emm'YJ!!OVLXE£ haLQLE£, 3taVE3tw'tij!!La, XLALa6E£ d- 6LXoU£.

, A QXE'tE£ XWQE£ EXOUV xa'taQ'tLoEL !!axQo3tQoeEa!!a 3tQOYQa!!!!a'ta EQEUVWV (&.no 5 !!EXQL 10 XQOvLa), 3tOU 'ta XQ'YJ!!a'to6o'toiiV !!E acpeova OlXOVO!!LXa !!EOa xaL XQ'YJOL!!03tOLOUV 'tL£ Emo't'YJ!!OVLXE£ 6uVa'tO't'YJ'tE£ xaL 'ta !!EOa OA6XA'YJQwv 3taVEm0't'YJ!!LWV xat o!!a6wv EQEUVWV12• 'Ivorrroirrn 0XE6wo!!oii t] 3tQoyvwo'YJ£, £3tESEQyal;ov'taL aSLoAoYE£ OUVeE'tLXE£ aV'tLAij'¢EL£ YLa 'tL£ OUVE3tELE£ 'tij£ ava3t'tus'YJ£ 'tlJ£ Emo'tij!!'YJ£ xaL 'tij£ 'tEXVLXij£ a'ta 3tQOOEXij 20 xaL 30 XQovLa13• I'(vovtrn 3tQooJtaeELE£ va eE!!EALWeoiiv 3taVW OE 3tAa'tELa rnw't'YJ!!OVLXij OaOlJ 3tQOOA'YJ!1U'tLO!!OL YLa 'to !!EAAOV, oro JtAaLOW 'tij£ EJtLO't'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXVLXij£ rnavamaO'YJ£14. TIaQ' OAa au'ta 0 3taQa't'YJQ'YJ'tij£ aU'tlJ£ 'tij£ eEWQ'YJ'tLXij£ XLV'YJOlJ£ !!EvEL oro 'tEAO£ !!E 'tijv hwJtwOlJ 3tW£ tl oUOLa 'tWV !!E'taOX'YJ!!a'tLO!!WV 3tOV l;OU!!E O'tOV OUy· XQOVO 3tOAL'tLO!J.6, 3taQoUOLal;E'taL !!OVaXa !!EQLXa xaL OUYXEXU!!Eva, !!EOa a3tO 'to. mo 3taQa6oSa UV'tLCPEYYLO!!a'ta 3tOU 3tQOOaAAOUV JtaVW aTO\' jlVEU!!a'tLXO oQLl;ov'ta t'fJ£ E3tOXij£ !!a£.

23

24

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPO,tjPOMl

Ot XOLVOOVLXE£ f1ttOTij!-'E£ O'tL£ OO<JlaALO'tLXE£ XOOQE£ Elxav xcfhlO'tEQ'I10EL yta Eva XQoVLx6 6LaO'tl]JUl xaL O'tL£ 3tQaX'tLXE£ EQ£UVE£ %aL O'tL£ 8EOOQ'I1'tLXE£ YEVLXWOEL£. A1J't6 epU<JlXa XaV~L 3tL6 MOXOAO Evav 3tQoo6w'tLx6 3tQooava'toALo[.t6 !!EOa O'tL£ 6LEQyaoLE£ 'toil mJYXQOVOU 3toAmo!!Oil. ' AAAa cm6 nlv 6'11 6ExaE'tLa, 3tOV o'l1!!a- 6E1JE'taL cm6 'tiJv 3tQoo3ta8ELa :TWAAOOv !1UQSLa'tOOv 6taV0'l1'tOOV15 va auv8wouv 'tYJv 3tOAAa3tA6't'l1'ta 't00v MAayoov 'toil 3tOAL'tLO!!OU OnlV EvvoLa « E.rt:LO't'l1!!OVLXO'tEXVLXtll!3taVaO'ta0'l1 », 0 !!aQsLo!!6£ E3tE!!oalvEL a3tOepa<JlO'tLXa 0' aU'tE£ 'tL£ EQ£UVE£.

'H o!!a6a !!a£ Jtov d3tO'tEAEL'taL cm6 aV'tL3tQOOOOJtOU£ JtOAAOOV E.rt:ta't'l1!!OVLXOOV XA.a6oov, ElxE't6 3tA£OVEX't'l1!!a O'tL !!3t6QWE va ernQLX'tEL O'ta 3tQoo'ta O'toLXELa !!LU£ JUlQSLO'tLXii£ OEOOQla£ YLa 'tYJv EJtLO't'l1!!OVLXO'tEXVLXtl £3taVaO'taO'l1 3tOV 3tEQLAaOaLVE ro 3tQ6YQa!!!!a 'tOil KK~E. ' ASLOJtOl'l10E OQW!!EVE£ aSL6AOYE£ !!EAE'tE£ OOOLE'tLXOOV I!JtlO't'l1!IDVOOV16, nl 6laOXE'i''I1 'toil 1961 Jtov OQYaVOOOE fJ ' Axu6'11- !!la 'EJtLO't'l1!!ooV 'ti)£ E~~d YLa 'to. XOLVOOVLXOOLXOVO!!LXa 3tQOOAYJ!!a'ta 'tii£ 'tEXVLXii£ 3tQo66oU17, 'tl) 6LaOXE'i''I1 'toil 1964 YLa 'to. 3tQooAYJ!!U'ta 'ti)£ oVYXQOV'I1£ E.rt:LO't'l1!!OVLXO'tEXVLXfj£ E3taVaO'taO'l1£18 xaL 'tl£ EQyaoLE£ 3tOAAOOV &'AAOOV OOOLE'tLXOOV oUYYQaepEoov19. 'H o!!a6a !!U£ o0'l18tl8'11XE E.rt:(0'l1£ a3t6 'tl£ EQyao(E£ YEQ!!aVOOV Et6LXOOV20 xa( <'ut6 'tl)v av'tlA'I1'i''I1 YLa 'tYJv EJtLO't'l1!!OVLXO'tEXVLXYJ E3taVaO'tao'l1 3tOV oXLaYQaep'l18'11XE 0't6 epLAOOOepLX6 ouvE6QLO 'tOu BEQoJ..(vou, O'ta 196521, cm6 'tl£ EQYao(E£ 3tOAOOVOOv 8EOOQ'I1'tLXOOV YLa 'ttlV OLXOVO!!LXf] aVa3t'tUS'I122 xa8oo£ XL a3t6 EQyaoLE£ YLOUYXOOAaOOOV23, OUYYQOOV) QOU!!aVOOV XA:rt., epLAo06epoov xal XOLvooVLOA6yoov24.

TO. oLoAla 3tOAAOOv !!aQSLo'tOOv aJt' oAo rov xoouo JtQOOepEQOUV !!La O'tEQE'I1 00.0'11 YLa 'tl) !!EAE't'l1 'ti)£ EJtLO't'l1!!OVLXO'tEXVLXii£ £3taVaO'tao'l1£. ~E 3tQoo't'l1 YQa!!!!YJ, 3tQE3tEL va avaepEQoU!!£ rov J. D. Bernal, 3tOV dOYJyaYE rov oQo « E.rt:LO't'l1!!OVLXO'tEXVLXYJ E3taVaO'taO'l1 »25 xal 3tOV ElVaL Eva£ aJt6 'tOV£ t6QU'tE£ 'tfj£ « EJtLO'tYJ!!'I1£ 'tij£ I!JtLo'tYJ!!'11£» (EJtLO't'l1!!OVO!!La). BQYJxa!!E OE OUVEXEta aSL6A.oYE£ t6EE£ O'tov£ lLaAOV£, yaAAou£ xal &'YYAOU£ Olxovo!!oA6you£26. dEY ElvaL 'tuxaio O'tL iJ JtQooJta8ELa va OUV6EOOU!!E 'tYJv E.rt:LO'tl]!!OVLXO'tEXVLXYJ E.rt:avaO'taO'l1 !!E 'to. JtQOOAtl!!aLa 'tOU av8Qoo3tou, 't03to8E't'l10E oav aepE't'l1QLa 'ti)£ !!EAE't'l1£ !!a£ OA6XA'I1Q'I1 nl !!aQSLO'tLXf] epLAoooepLa YLa rov &.v8QOOJt027 xa8oo£ xaL 'tl£ EQyaolE£ £XELVOOV JtOV !!E rov Eva il tov &'AAO 'tQ03tO avaepEQOV'taL 0' au'tl)v il JtQoo3ta8oilv va 'ttl" Eepa Q!IDoouv o'tYJv XQL'tLXYJ 'toil aUYXQovou 3tOAL'tLO!!OU28.

EIIArQrH

~' au'ttl 'ttl oao'YJ, 1"IJWQEoa)tE va E1tLXELQtl00U!!E 'ttlV EJtE~EQyaoLa !!La~ JtQu)'to'tuJt'YJ~ av'to. .. 'YJ'¢'YJ~ YLa 'ttlv ouola 'tf)~ Em0't'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXVLXf)~ EJtavao'tao'YJ~ xaL 'tWV XOLVWVLXWV xaL av8QwJtLVWV O'UVEJtELWV 't'YJ~9. 'H av'tLA'YJ'¢'YJ Jtou EX'tL8E'taL 0' au'to 'to OLOAlO ornQL~E'taL O't'll !!aQ~LXtl xQL'tLXtl TOU xam'taAlO!!OU xaC 'tOU oW!!'YJxaVlXOU JtOAL'tLO!!OU. '0 MaQ~ JtO'tE Mv JtEQLOQLOE 'tou~. oxonou; 'tf)~ EJtavao'tao'YJ~ !!OVO o'ttlv MAaytl 'tow JtaQaywYlxwV 6'Uva!!Ewv. 'AV'tl8E'ta 8EWQOUOE Jtw~ 'to tctooixo o'ta6w 'tOU OLO!!'YJxavlxou JtOAL'tLO!!OU, Jtou YEVV'YJOE 0 xam'taAlO!!O~, 8a ~EJtEQvlo'tav OQlo'tLxa !!ovaxa !!E 'ttl OUVEVWO'YJ 'tWV 6laQ8Qw'tLxwv aAAaywv o't(~ axEOEl~ JtaQaywyf)~ (xa'taQY'YJo'YJ 'tOU 'ta~Lxou av'taywvlO!!OU xa( Eyxa8(6QuO'YJ 0XEOEWV auvEQyao(a~, JtOlJ ouvEJtayov'tal 'ttlV a!!OLoaLa avaJt'tu~'YJ 't0lV av8QwJtwv) !!E 't(~ 6laQ8Qw'tLXE~ aAAaYE~ Ol;L~ JtaQaywYLxE~ 6'Uva!!El~ (vEa 8EO'YJ 'tOU av8QwJtou orov XOO!!O 'twv JtaQaywYlxwV 6UVa!!Ewv). "EWL ol MAaYE~ Jtou ovo!!a~OU!!E aYj!!EQa « EJtLO't'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXVlXtl rnavao'tao'YJ » EvOW!!a'twvov'tav aJtQLoQL O'tou~ XO!!!!OUVlO'tlXOU~ !!E'taax'YJ!!a'tlo!!ou~.

'H JtECQa 'tOU oOmaAlO!!OU E6EL~E Jtw~ 'to EJtLJtE60 avaJt'tu~'YJ~ 'tWV JtaQaywYLxwV 6UVa!!EWV 'tf)~ xOLvwvla~ dXE oa8u'tEQE~ XOLVWVLXE~ xal av8QwmvE~ EJtLJt'tWOEL~ aJt' O'tl ~'tav 6uva'tov va JtQOOAECP8Ei ornv aQXLxtlcpa0'YJ 'tf)~ EJtavao'taO'YJ~ xaL O'tL~ ouv8f)XE~ 'tf)~ OOOL(XAlO'tlXf)~ EXOLO!!'YJxavLo'YJ~. M' au'ttl 'ttlv EvvOLa, cpa(VE'taL Jtw~ lj 0't0lXEtw6'YJ~ aJtooTOAtl OA6XA'YJQOU 'tOU oOmaALO'tlXOU O'ta6LO'U dVaL va aJto6Ea!!EUOEt xaC va avaJt'tu~EL TOU~ OLXOVO!!lxou~, XOlVWVlXOU~, '¢UXOAOyLXOU~, av8Qwmvou~ oQo'U~ JtOlJ 8a EJtl'tQE'¢OUV va avaJt'tVx8ouv ol mo JtQ006EU'tLXE~ JtaQaywYlxE~ 6uva!!Et~ xaC ol rnavaO'ta'tlXOL !!E'taax'YJ!!a'tLO!!OL 'tf)~ UALXf)~ oaO'YJ~ 'tOU av8Qwmvou JtOAL'tLO!!OU.

I1Ev JtQEJtEL O!!W~ va xa'taAaoaLVOU!!E 'ttlV ExcpQao'YJ « JtaQaYWYlXE~ 6'Uva!!EL~ » !!E 'ttl O'tEVij, aVLo'toQLXtl, axa!!Jt't'YJ EVVOLa Jtou !J.:TtOQEaE va 'tf)~ 6woEt lj JtEQCo6o~ 'tf)~ EXOLO!!'YJxavLo'YJ~ (xaL Jtou av'taJtoxQLvo'tav A(YO-JtOAU O'tL~ OUV8f)XE~ 't'YJ~), 6'YJAa6tl !!ovaxa Dav Eva OUVOAO !!EOWV xa( 6'Uva!!EWV EQyaoLa~, aAAa !!E t'Ilv JtAa'tELa EVVOla Jtou 'tf)~ E6lVE 0 MaQ~, 6'YJAa6tl oav EUQ'l-TmO uernOA'YJ'tO OUVOAO JtaQaYWYLxwV 6UVa!!EWV 'tf)~ av8Qwmv'YJ~ ~wf)~, Jtou JtEQLAaoa(VEt 'ttlV XOlVWVLXtl ouvaQ8Qwo'YJ xa( 'ttlV EJtLO'ttl!!'YJ, 'tL~ 6'YJ!!W'UQylXE~ txaVO't'YJ'tES; TOU av8QwJto'U xal 'tl~ cpumxE~ 6uva!!EL~ Jtou 6 av8QwJto~ xa'toQ8wOE va E~OUmaOEL. Ka8E OQ80AO-

25

26

o llOAITI:EMOJ: :ETO J:TAYPOAPOMI

YLXYj OAOXAYjQOOO1'], xaeE EcpaQ!!OYYj 't"ii~ Ema'tYj!!'YJ~ a'tYjv XOLVOOVLXYj l;ooYj, xaeE of)!!a 3tQo~ 'ta E!!JtQO~ mYjv avamu~'YJ 'toil aveQumou, laO()UVa!!Ei, orov aUXQovo 3tOAL'tLa!!O, !!f 'ttlV daayooyYj !!Lii~ vfa~ 3taQayooYLxf)~ MJva!!'YJ~ mYj l;ooYj 'toil aveQumou. '0 aoaLaALa!!O~ Mv ea !!3tOQfaEL va vLxYjaEL av 'ta 3tAEOvEX'tYj!!a'ta 'tf)~ XOLVOOVLXf)~ rou ()O!!f)~, 3tOV EiVaL aJtaAAaY!!fV'YJ a3to 'tOV 'taSLXO aV'taYOOVLa!!O, Mv EX()'YJAOOeOVV !!f !!LaV l()LaL'tEQ'YJ ()EX'tLXO't'YJ'ta xaL EUaLae'YJaLa JtQO~ 'tL~ VfE~ aU'tf~ ()Laa'taaEL~ 'toil JtoAma!!oil, ()'YJAa()Yj orov 'tQOJtO JtQoafYYL01']~, a'ta XLV'YJ'tQa xaL mL~ XLV'YJ'tYjQLE~ ()UVa!!EL~ 'tf)~ EJtLa't'YJ!!OVLXOTEXVLxf)~ EJtavaaTaa'YJ~.

M3tOQEi va sacpvLal;EL 'to YEYOVO~ (lTL TJ l()La TJ AOYLXYj 'tf)£ UAOJtOL'YJ!!Ev'YJ~ aveQwmv'YJ~ EQyaaLa~ Mv dVaL uovoonucvm XL a!!E'taOA'YJT'YJ afaXfa'YJ !!f 'tOV aveQOOJtO. 'Av'tLeE'ta, a'ttlv 3toQELa !!E'taaX'YJ!!aTLa!!oil 'toil xoouou xal aUW()LaJtAaa'YJ~ 'toil aveQwJtou, Jtou MOTEAEi 'tTjv ouaLa tii~ ta'toQ(a~, onusuovovrct a' au'tov rov roue« EXJtA'YJX'tLXf~ &.AAayf~. 'H !!EAf't'YJ ,[(l:JV XOLVOOVLXWV xaL aveQwmvoov auVEJtELWv rcov aAAayWv 3tOV ouvtexouvtrn a'tl~ JtaQayOOYLXE~ ()UVa!!EL~ M'YJYEi, aJt' ()AE~ 'tL~ !!EQLE~, oro aU!!JtfQaa!!a Jtw~ uJtaQXEL oro uJtE()acpo~ 'toil aVYXQovou JtoAma!!oil Eva OQLO avamus'YJ£' JtEQa aJto 'to orroio OL ()LaQeQOO'tLXE~ aXEaEL~ xaL of oaOLxE~ avaAoYlE~ 'tf)~ ESEALS'YJ~ 'toil JtoAL'tLa!!oil ava'tQEJtov'tat, I,()Lal'tEQa a' O'tL acpoQii 'tTj eEa'YJ wil aveQwJtou. Aero, Jtou !!Eaa a' au 'to 'to ()QLO qxnvorcvs a()uva'tO, JtEQa aJt' au'to yLVE'taL smruX'tLxa avayxaio, xal aVTlaTQocpa. To va axoAOUeEi~ 'tTjv JtEJta't'YJ!!Ev'YJ auvE3taYE'taL auxva aQY03toQLa xal xaeua'tEQ'YJa'YJ. KL au'to ()EV !!3toQEi JtaQa va ~XEL aooaQE~ XOLVOOVLXE~ Em3t'twaEL~.

'H av'tLA'YJ'\jJ'YJ Jtov EX'tleETaL a' aUTO T6 OLOAlO JtaQaXOAoueEi au'tE~ Tl~ aAAaYE~ !!E oxono va 't(~ acpO!!OLWaEL a'tYjv xaeaQa BsOOQ'YJ'tLXYj rou; !!OQCPYj, xavov'ta~ acpalQEO'YJ aJto 3tOAAE~ 3taQO()LXE£ JtEQLa'taaEL~' auvo'\jJLl;EL TL~ aAAaYE~, aV'[LJtaQaeE'tov'ta~ !!E avaAU'tLXO 'tQoJtO 'tyj OLO!!'YJxavLXYj EJtavaa'taa'YJ xaL 'tYjv EJtLa't'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXVLXYj E3taVaa'taa'YJ - ()uo oaOLXE~ ()La()LXaalE~ 'toil 3tOAL'tLa!!oil JtOlJ auV()EOV'taL !!E ()LacpOQE'tLXOU~ OQou~ XOLVOOVLXf)~ xal aVeQUlmv'YJ~ l;oof)~. ~'to JtQaX'tLXo 3tE()lO, O!!OO~, 'to JtEQaa!!a aJto 'tTj OLO!!'YJxavLXYj mYjv EJtLm'YJ!!OVLXO'tEXVLXYj EJtavaa'taa'YJ JtaQoumal;E1:aL aav !!La aQYYj xal aUVEXYj~ X(V'YJ01'] , JtOV !!EOal;E'taL a3to !!EQLXO'tEQE~ aAAayE~. ~'tYjv E!!3tELQLXYj 3tQay!!a'tLxo't'YJ'ta, a'tYjv EJtLcpaVELa 'tf)~ l;ooii~, OAE3tOU!!E aYj!!EQa va aUYXEov'taL of 3tQOOOAE~ Mo 'tU-

EIl:ArQrH

3tWV !!E'taOXl]!!a'tLO!!OU 'tOU XOO!!OU xaL alJ'to()ui3tAaol]~ LOU av- 8Qw3tou : f] OLO!!l]XaVtxtl E3taVaO'taol] xa80QtOE xaL xa8oQLl;Et axo!!a OE Ol]!!av'tLXO oa8!!0, Ltl cpUOLOyvW!!(a 'ti]~ l;wi]~ O'tL~ 3tQOl]Y!!EVE~ OLXOVO!!txa XWQE~· aJto 'ttl oaOl] a1JLtl o!!W~ f] EmOLl]!!OVtXO'tEXVtXtl EJtavao'taoll aQXLl;Et va ()tEtoMEt O'tL~ mo ()tacpOQE'tLXE~ JtEQLOXE~ 'ti]~ l;wi]~, SrnEQvwv'ta~ fLat 'ttl OLO!!l]XaVtxtl EJtavao'taoll xaL aAAal;ov'ta~ mv .

• Av xal alhE~ ol ()UO [O'tOQtXE~ ()ta()tXao(E~ 'tou JtoAmO!!OU ouvoeovtm xat ()ta3tAEXOVLat, dxrrooo ()tacpEQouv xa'ta Li]v ouoLa 'tOU~ xal auxva !!aAto'ta dvat av'tt!!ELwJtE~ L()LaL'tEQa 0' o'tt acpoQii 'tL~ XOLVWVtXE~ xaL av8QwmvE~ auVE3tEtE~ roue, "Etci ti Oll!!EQLVf] ESEAtSl] LOU 3tOAt'tLO!!OU aJtaQ'ttl;E'tat a3to btEQyaolE~ 3tOV ()tao'tauQWVOV'taL, EJtaAAl]All;ov'tat ii av'tto'ta8!!Ll;ov'tat a!!OLoaia. 'EmJtAEov, ucplma'tat LL~ auVE3tEtE~ LWV ()UOavaAoytWV ava!!Eaa O'tO EJtL3tE()O avaJt'tusl]~ 'ti]~ EJtLOLf]!!ll~ xaL 'ti]~ 'tEXVtXi]~ aJto 'tf] !!ta, xat orov xaQax'ttlQa trirv XOlVWVtXWV OUoLl]!!a'twv aJto 'ttlV aAAl]. 'AJt' ('mou xat f] oxorewotnto XL 6 aLVty!!a'ttxo~ 'tll~ xaQuXLtlQa~. ~' aULE~ 'tL~ auv8i]xE~, VO!!tl;OU!!E Jtw~ !!OvO~ ()QO!!o:; yta !!tav aXQtotl EVVOLOAOytXtl xa'tavol]ol] 'twv aAAaywv Jtov OUV'tEAOUV'taL o'ttl oaol] 'tOU JtOAt'tLO!!OU dvat f] EJtEsEQyaoLa 8EWQl]'ttxwv !!OV'tEAWV Jtov va aVLtJtQooWJtEVOUV « xa8aQov~ » 't'IJJtou<; 'ti]~ ()O!!i]~ xat 'ti]~ ()uva!!txi]~ 'twv JtaQaywytXWV bUVa!!EWV xal iJ XWQLOLtl !!EAE'tll 'twv XOLVWVtXWV xat av8QwJttvwV JtAEUQWV LOU~. 'H uJtaQsll !!tii~ 6QLO!!EVl]~ 'taAavLEUall~ 'twv XOLVWVLXWV EmoLll!!WV MEvav'tt orov o'llYXQovo JtOALLLO!!6 xal o't(~ JtQOOJt'ttXE~ rou m8avo va OCPElAE'tat aXQLow~ mtlv aVLXav0'tll'ta va 'tastVO!!tlOOU!!E xal va xa'tav0tl00U!!E oro 8EWQl]'tLXO mblo 'tl:; buo oaOlxE~ ()tacpOQE'tLXf:; ()LEQyaO(E~ Jtov a3tOTfAOiiv T<) .iTAatmO Ti]~ O'llYXQovl]~ E!!3tEtQ(a~ !!a~.

To SEJtEQaO!!a LOU 6QLOU 'tou oVYXQovou JtoAmO!!OU Jtov a3tOLEAEt Li]v xa811!!EQLVtl !!a~ JtQay!!a'ttxo'tl]'ta, aJtatLEt EsatQE'ttXE~ JtQo03ta8EtE~ YLa Lf]V EcpaQ!!oYtl VEWV !!E80bwv xal yui 'ttlV EJtESEQyao(a JtQw'to'tvJtwv LbEWV, XWQ(~ 't(~ 6JtoIE~ Mv Elvat ()Uvuto va xa'tavOf]OOU!!E 'tt~ btaOLaoEL~, 'tov~ VO!!OU~ xal 'tt~ !!OQCPE~ 3tO'll 3ta(QvEL f] [OLOQtXf] x(vl]ol] mtlv EJtOXtl 'ti]~ Emo'tl]!!OVLXOLEXVtXi]~ EJtavao'taol]~· 6 oootaAtO!!O~ JtQOOCPEQEt 0' aULov rov toueo MQooAmTE~ buva'to'tl]'tE~, aAAa 'tau't0XQova JtEQvaEt 'ttlV JttO !!EyaAll rou [O'tOQtXtl boxt!!ao(a.

27

28

o llOAITfEMOI ITO ITAYPO,tjPOMI

"OAa l>EtXVOUV nw£ Tj Xatnvo'YJO'YJ all1;WV 'tWV nAEUQWV nEQLEXEL 'tTjv cmav't'YJo'YJ OE nOAAa ~nELyov'ta XaL o06aQa nQOOAtl!!a'ta TfJ£ OOOlaALO'ttxf)~ ~SEALl;'YJ~, nou !!EQLXE~ CPOQE~ !!ii~ aicpVLl>LaOaV. Aero l>ElXVEL 'ttl l;omxtl avayx'YJ Oa8ELWV !!E'taQQu8!!LOEOlV nou va UAonOLOUV'taL OE VEE~ !!E80l>0£ OiXOVO!!LXf)~ l>LEu8uvO'YJ~. 'EmoaAAHat Eva~ VEo~ nQOlTo'tuno~ nQooavawAtO!!O~ O'tf]V aVUnTUS'YJ TWV naQaYOlytXWV l>uVa!!EOlV. 'Anol>E£xvE'taL nw~ ol XO!!!!OUVtO'ttXOL !!E1:aoX'YJ!!a'ttO!!Ol xa80QLl;ov'tal ano auVEXEi~, Oa8ElE~ xal l1axQonQ08Ea!!E~ l>laQ8QOl'ttxE~ &.AAayE~ 'tWV naQaYOlYlxwV l>uva!!EOlV. Mson OE 'tOU'tO 'to CPOV'tO SEXWQll;EL Tj YEa 8EO'YJ 'tf)~ ~mo'ttl- 11'YJ£ o'ttlV XOtVOlVlXtl l;Oltl xat Tj uetnromon, nou aQXlOE XtOAa~, nQo~ aAAa JtEl>la 'tOU ~navao'ta'tlxou na80u~. 'H XQ'YJOl!!OnoL'YJO'YJ 't<ilV txavo'ttl'tOlv 'tOU av8Qwnou anox'tii YEa onuuotn. 'Euqxrvtl;oV'tat VEEc:: nQ(I)'to'tunE~ nQoi.in08EOEl~ Yla 'ttl !!oQcponot'YJo'YJ 'tOU oOOlaAlmtXOU 'tQonou l;Olf)~, xat fJ ausavollEv'YJ avayx'YJ va AUBoiiv 'ta aUv8E'ta nQOOAtll1ata 'tf)£ OU!!I1E'tOXf)£ orov nOAmOllo, 'tf)£ avaJt'tUS'YJ£ rcov l>'YJ!!OXQatlXWV !!OQCPWV 'tf)~ XOLVWVlXf)£ l;orii~, XAn., ~moaAAE'taL OAO xat mo ~m'taxTlxa.

'H nlO't'YJ nou I-tii£ EVEnvEE 0' OA'YJ 't'i] l>laQxEla 'tf)£ l>OUAElii~ l1a~ xal nou 8a 8EAa!!E va 'ttl !!E'tal>woOU!!E O'tOu£ avayvWO'tE£ !!ac:;, 8a !!nOQOUOE va OUVO'ljnO'tEt oro ESf)£ : !!OVO ~xEivo~ nou !!nOQEl va xa'taAaOEl 'to vO'YJ!!a 'tWV IlEyaAElOll>Wv xal ~SaLQE'tlXWV aAAayWV, 8a xa'taAaoEl 'ttlV ~nOXtl !!a~.

'H o!!al>a !!a~ 8EWQ'YJOE xa8iixov T'YJ~ va xmaJtWOTEi aJtocpaOlOTlXa xal XOlQl~ JtEQlO'tQOCPE£ !!E 'ta YEa nQooAtllla'ta xat va &.noxaAU'ljIEL 'ttlV avayx'YJ vc oQE8ouv vEE£ AUOEl~ nou v' aV'taJtoXQlVOV'tat o'ttlV EmoT'YJ!!OVlXO'tEXVlXtl rnavao'tao'YJ. ~'to !!lXQO O!!W~ XQOVlXO l>lao't'YJ!!a nou l>lE8E'tf, l>EV I1noQEaE va aVaJt'tUl;El OE Meo; xat cmo OAE~ 't'YJ£ 'tL£ nAEuQE£ 'ttlV aV'tLA'YJ'l''YJ nou ~X't£eE'tal OE roirro 't6 OlOAlO. MnoQEaE 110vaxa va EYXaLVlaOEl Eva EQYO nou Oa anat'ttlOEl !!axQonvoE£ !!EAE'tE£ ano nOAAou~ Emo't'YJ!!OVlxou~ xAal>ou£ xal Yla 'tl£ OnotE£ 'to EQYO l1a£ Mv I1noQEi va XQ'YJOl!!f'ljlEL naQa oav EloayOlytl. ~' au'to 'to ~nlnEl>o 'tii~ YVWO'YJ£, dVat cpUOlxa aMvaw va XaWAtlsEl xavEl£ OE AEJt'tO!!EQEtaXa xaL OQlo'tlxa OU!!1tEQaO!!aW OOOV acpoQii 'ta JtQax'tlxa nQooAtllla'ta xat il>lal'tEQa 'ta Ell>lxa. 'El>w aVOlyE'taL Eva EUQU nE{)(o O'tf]V EQEuva xat O'tl~ nQax'ttxE£ anOcpaOEl£. ~'ttl I1EAE't'YJ Ila£ AOLJtOV JtQooCPEQOU!!E !!ovaxa IlEQlxa auv8E'tlXa mOlXEia nou 1-lJ't0QOUV va

EIIArorH

XQ'YJOLllt'\j!O'UV oav UALXO YLa O'toXao'YJ 0' EXEtVO'U£ 3tOV dvm EVLaYIlEVOL O'ttlv 3tQaX'tLxtl 6Qao'YJ.

To {hOAlO EX3tOVtl8'YJXE ot EcpaQlloYtl futocpao'YJ£ tfJ£ KE rof KK tlJ£ TOExooAooax(a£ xat toil nQoE6QEtO'U tfJ£ 'Axa6'YJllta£ 'Emot'YJllwv tfJ£ TOEXooAooax(a£ xat IlE 3tQwtooo'UAta wu F. Storm, 3tQoE6Qo'U t'fJ£ 'Axa6'YJllta£. 'H ollu6a Ila£ 0'UIloo'UAElJ8'YJxE 3tOA'UuQL8Ilo'U£ Et6lXOV£, t6Lat tEQa O'UVEQyutE£ tlJ£ 'Axa6'YJllta£ 'Emornurov tlJ£ TOExooAoOaXta£ xat tlJ£ 'Axa6'YJllta£ 'E3tlOt'YJIlWV tlJ£ ~AoOaXta£, toil Fluvemotnutou KaQoAo'U, tOU TOEXLXO'U noA'U'tEXVElO'U, tfJ£ 'Avwtu't'YJ£ ~XOAlJ£ OtxovOIlLXWV 'Emotnurov, tlJ£ 'Avwtut'YJ£ ~XOAlJ£ nOALnXWV 'EmO't'YJllwv, tOU tlltlllatO£ Flrn- 6Ela£ xat 'Emottlll'YJ£, tOU 'I6EOAoYLxou WtlllatO£ xat tOU OixoVOIlLXOU tlltlllatO£ t'fJ£ KE tOU KK TOExooAaOaXta£, tlJ£ KQa'tLxlJ£ EmtQ03tlJ£ YLU ttlv tEXVLXtl, tlJ£ KQa'tLxlJ£ EmtQ03tlJ£ OXE6Luouou, tfJ£ KQa'tLxlJ£ EmtQ03tlJ£ 6LEV8'Uvo'YJ£ xat oQYuvwo'YJ£, toil 'Y3to'UQyEio'U nm6Eta£ xat nOALtLOIlOU, tOU 'Y3tO'UQYEtO'U ~'YJIlOota£ 'YYEta£, tOU rQacpEto'U ~La'tLO'tLXlJ£, tOU rQacpE(o'U EUQEOLtEXVLWV xat ECPE'UQEOEWV, tOU 'Ivotrtourou 'IotoQta£ tOU K K TOExooAooaxla£, tlJ£ 'Emot'YJllovLXOtEXVLXlJ£ 'ELaLQta£, toil KEVLQLXOU rQacpEto'U 'Emomuovecrov xat TEXVLXWV nA'YJQOCPOQL(i)V, tou 'Ivorcrourou 'EQE'UVWV E3tt t'fJ£ EQyaOta£, tOU 'Ivorirourou MEAE't'YJ£ tOU OW'tLXOU Em3tt6o'U, tOU 'IvO'tL'tOv'tO'U 'EQE'UVWV E3tt tOU ~XE6Laollou tlJ£ E8vLXlJ£ oixovoutuc, xa8w£ xat 3tOA'UuQL8IlwV aAAWV 'Ivonroutrov 'EQE'Uvwv, EmXELQtl0EWV XA3t.

~t Et6LxotEQa 3tQOoAtlllata, l'J ollu6a EQyaOta£ Ila\; EAaoE UALXU futo rov M. Dyrna, 6L6ux'tOQa <l>LAoAoyta£, tOV MXTOQa J. Kubalek, tOV xa8'YJy'YJttl V. Tlusty, rov ll'YJxavoA6yo M. Zahradka, XA3t. rLa 'tijv xataQ'tL0ll tWV oruturnxov. 6EXttlXallE ttlv OOtl8ELa tlJ£ J. Coufalikova xat tOU A. Werner, 6L3tAWllatOVXwv tii\; nOAL'tLxii£ Oixovoutcc, XA3t. 'H OLoALOYQacpta o'UvtuX811XE a3tO rov J. Orlicky 6L6uxtoQa <l>LAoAoyta£. Elucore 0' OAO'U£ EUYVWIlOVE£, YLU tt£ U3t06EisEt£, tL£ O'UIlOO'UAE£ xaL ttl o0tl8EtU TO'U£.

at avyyeacpcir;

29

K E q> 6. A U LoA'

o XAP AKTHP ~ TIn: Err:U:THMONIKOTEXNIKH~ ErrANA~T~H~

'H EitLUOlj, La oa80£ X.Ut () Qu8!!0£ LooV LEXVLX.ooV x.aLVOLO!!LooV x,at tWv I!JtLm'YJ!!OVLX.ooV aVUx.uAV'\j!EOlV anl aq>UtQu Li]£ JtUQUYOlYii£,artOLEAOUV !!tav ~()EL~'YJ LOU YEYOVOLO£, OLt otov aVYXQOVO xoouo auvn,AOUVLaL ()tEQyuatE£ JtOV aAAal;ouv aJto La oa8Qu LYjV JtuQu()omux.Yj ()O!!f] LWv JtaQaYOlYlx.Wv ()UVa!!EOlV Li]£ x.OlVOlVta£, Lf]V UAlX.Yj oaall rii£ av8QwJtLv'YJ£ l;Oli]£, x.at SEJtEQVOUV x.aLa JtOAV L6 JtAatmO rcov E.rt:lLEVSEOlV LOU a'YJ!!EQlVOU JtOAlLla!!OU YEVlx.a. Ol x.aLax.Lf]aH£ Li]£ Emanl!!'YJ£ JtOA.A.aJtAaalal;oVLaL ata8'YJLa. 'H auxv6L'YJLa LooV £q>EUQfaEWV !!£LQlfLaL ma !!f La ()EULEQOAEJtLO. ~L(£ Ct.QXf£ LOU atwva !!a£, ot LEXVlX.f£ X.aLVOLO!!LE£ ax.oAou8l0VLav aJt6 !!la JtEQloQla!!fvll aUs'YJa'YJ rii£ JtaQaYWYLx.oL'YJLa£, Jtov Ex.q>Qal;oLav !!f xa!!'YJAa noooorc. ~f]!!£Qa OAO x.a( mo auxva ErvaL LfLOla£ x.aL'YJyoQLa£, Jtov JtQOx.aAouv Qll;lX.f£ !!ELaooA.f£ a' oA.6x.A'YJQ'YJ LYj ()W()lx.aata rii£ JtaQaYOlyi]£. '0 av8QOlJto£ ELa()lJOVLa£ aLa a()ULa Li]£ UA'YJ£ Eyx.aLVlal;El LYj ()WOL'YJ!!lX.ij LOU EJtOXYj. BAb'tOU!!E va !!ELa!!OQq>WVELaL 0 xaQax.nlQa£ Li]£ ()QaOL'YJQlOL'YJLa£ LOU av8QwJtou x.a8w£ x.at lj JtEQLOXf] rii£ l;w'f]£ LOU, va aUVLO!!EVOVLaL ot aJtoaLaaEt£, va aU!!JtLfl;ELaL 6 XQovo£, La q>umx.o JtEQtoaA.A.OV va JtaQUXOlQEL JtavLOU LYj 8fOlj LOU a' Eva LEXV'YJLO JtEQloaAAov JtOV La ()W!!OQq>WvEL 0 av8QOlJto£. 'H E.rt:WLYj!!'YJ daMEl aL6 avvoAo Li]£ X.OlVOlVlX.'ii£ l;Oli]£ avo(yoVLa£ oAoEva x.at VfE£ blamaaEL£ aLij ouv«!!lX.ij L'YJ£. '0 av8QOlJto£ YLVELaL JtQoO()EUnx.a X.VQlO£ rii£ uJtaQSYJ£ LOU. "Av !!fXQl LWQa lj x.a8E YEvla x.A'YJQoVO!!OUaE La JtAatma Li]£ ()QaaL'YJQlOL'YJLa£ x.a( rii£ l;w'f]£ L'YJ£, aav £Va LfAElO ()E()O!!EVO JtOV JtQOx.a80Qll;E x.aLaQXYjv OA'YJ nlV uJtaQSYJ L'YJ£, 8a JtQfJtEl oro ~si]£ va JtEQl!!fvOU!!E on x.a8E YEVla 8a YVOlQ£l;H lj t()W JtOAuaQl8!!E£

32

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITA YPO,dPOMI

OLaOOXLXE~ dVa'tQOJtE~ 't00v JtAaLO(WV 'toil JtOAL'tLOf..l0U xa( OAlJ~ 'tij~ OL<'x.Q8QwOlJ~ tii~ dv8QOm:LVlJ~ ~wij~.

0[ f..lE'taOOAE~ Jt01J OAEJtOUf..lE va oWYQacpov'tm dVO(YOUV YLa 't£~ EJtOf..lEVE~ OExaE'tLE~ f..lLa ouvaQJtaO'tLXT) JtQOOJt'tLXT) O'tT)V IcroQLXT) JtOQELa ~.E'tf..l6QCPWOl'J~ 'tOU XOOf..lOU xa( aiJ'tOOLaJtAaOl'J~ 'tOU av8Qo>Jtou : OQLoxOf..laO'tE dVaf..lCPLOoij'tlJ'ta O'tO xa'twcpAL 'tii~ £JtL~ O'tlJ f..l0VLXO'tEXVLXij ~ £Jtavao'taolJ~·

I. AAAArE~ ~TH ~OMH KAI ~TH ~YNAMIKH TQN nAPArQ~ rIKQN ~ YNAMEQN TH~ ZQ~ TOY AN8PQnOY

Iloic elvor tl ouotu ail'tOOv 't00v £JtavaO'ta'tLXOOv dAAayOOv xat OE 'tL OWCPEQOUV <'tJto 'tt~ OlJf..lEQLVE~ JtQoMou~ 'toil JtOAL'tLOf..lOU ;

BQLOXOf..lUO'tE mlf..lEQa O'tO 'tEAO~ EVO~ JtOAL'tLOf..loli Jt01J YEVVijOr]XE 0'tT) OLaQXEW 'tWV ovo 'tEAEU'taLWV atwvwv. A il'to~ 6 JtOAL'tLOI-lO~ oao£~E'taL 0tt1 wyaA.YJ l1a~l~al oWI1YJxavlxfj Jra(!aywyfj f..lEOa OE EQYoo'taow, JtaQaywyt1 Jt01J xUQLaQXEL O'tO OUVOAO 'tij~ OLXOVOf..lia~, oa~ov'ta~ tt1 ocpQay(oa 'tlJ~ 0'tT) ~wT) 'tOU av8QwJtou. To oaOLXO O'tOLXELO 'tij~ JtaQaywyij~ OE f..lLa dVEJt'tUYf-lEVlJ oLOf..llJxavLxi) xorvcovtu dvm OL f..llJxavE~, 'ta ouyxQOtt1f..la'ta f..llJxavOOv, OL XUALOf..lEVOL Lf..lav'tE~, xa(, JtML 0' ail'ta, OL O'tQa'tLE~ ttov £Qya'tOOv Jtou 'ta XELQ£~ov'tm xai JtoV 6 xa8Eva~ 'tOU~ £X'tEAEL Eva f..lLXQO f..leQo~ dJto 'to mJVOA.o tii~ ouVOuaOf..lEVlJ~ JtaQaywyLxij~ oQao'tlJQLO'tT)'ta~. ~E oaQo~ JtOAAOOv YEVLWV JtQOAE'taQtWV, 6 xaJtL'taALOf..l6~ £JtEoaAE 'tT)v aVCm'tu;lJ f..lLa~ 6QLof..lEvlJ~ JtaQaywYLxij~ oaolJ~ Jtou - oE OLaxQLOlJ aJto 'ttl f..lLXQT) JtaQaywyt1 - OEV O'tlJQt~E'tm o'tou~ O1JV'tEAEO'tE~ 'tij~ a'tof..lLxii~ JtaQaywyij~ ('ta £QyaAELa xa( 'tT)V £JtLOE;Lo'tT)'ta 'tou XEL~ QO'tExVlJ) dAM O't(~ XOlVWVlXt~ JtaQaywYLxE~ OuVaf..lEL~, 0lJAaoij 0'tT) XQlJOl'J 'tWV f..llJxavwv xa( orov ouvouuouo 't00v £Qya'twv Jtou CtV'tLO'tOLXEL 0' ail'tT)v.

'H OLOf..llJxavLXT) £JtavaO'taOl'J Jri}QE O'tijv Jt0QE(a oLacpoQE~ OUyxEXQLf..l€VE~ f..lOQCPE~ XWQ(~ dxrrooo v' dAM;EL tl ouotu 'tlJ~ : 6 MaQ; xa( 6 YEVyXEA~ tt1v dxav ~olJ JtQOOOLOQ{.OEL O'tO « KouuouVLO'tLXO Mrrvupsrrto »1 ocv Eva OUVEXtl f/£woXYJl1anol16 rwv E(!ya-

o XAPAKTHPAI THI EnIITHMONIKOTEXNIKHI EnANAITAIHI 33

).eiwv Jraeaywyij~ (oaOLx6 O'WLXEio 'tWv 3taQaywyLxOOv Ouva!A£WV). 'H f.i1'Jxavrj 3tOU OLaQXW~ 'tEAEL03tOLEi'taL, a3tO'tEAoUOE rov oaOLXo EVOLa!A£OO OUV'tEAEO'tT), 't6 XLVTJtTJQLO O'tOLXEiO 't00v 3taQaywyLXOOv OUVaJlEWV 0'tT) OLOJll'}xaVLa. ' A3tWSl'}OE OE OEU'tEQl'} JlOLQa 'to aV'tLXElJlEVO tii~ £Qyao(a~ (3tOU 3taQEJlEVE aUOLaO'tLxa 't6 LOLO), MaL'tffiv'ta~ xa!. £3tLOaAAOV'ta~ oav avayxaio OUO'tOLX6 'tlJ~, 'tT)v MAT) £QYa'tLXtl MvaJll'} (xa'taQXtlv 3tav'ta tl row) JlEyaAwv Jla~OOv EQya'twv.

'H £QYaAELOJll'}xavi) 3tOU MOOUVSEOE xa( aVEAaoE 't(~ XLVT)OEL~ 'toil avSQO>3tLVOU XEQLOU, tl Jll'}xaVT)-XLVl'}tTJQa~ 3tOU 3taQaJlEQLOE 'tOV avSQw3to ocv 3tlJyi] £vEQYE(a~; 6 f..ll'}xavLOJl6~ f..lE'taooOlJ~ 'ti)~ XLVlJ- 0lJ~ - au'ta oaOLxa ElvaL 'ta O'toLXELa xa( ot OaSf..l(oE~ 3tOU Exavav va yEVVl'jSEi tl aQXl] rij~ b'f.i1'Jxavta1'J~ : tl xa'ta'tJll'}ol'} 'ti)~ OUVSE'tlJ~ £QyaoLa~ - w~ tore XELQO'tEXVLXi)~ - O'ta acpl'}Ql'}f..lEVa, <l3tAa ouo'ta'tLxa 'tl'}~ O'toLXELa, OE aVE;aQ'tl'}'tE~ £VEQYELE~, xa( tl £X'tEAEOlJ 'tWV 3tW MocpaOLO'tLXWv t'f..ll'}Jla'twv 'tl'}~ a3tO Eva f..ll'}xavL0f..l0 3tOU 6 avSQW3tO~ <l3tAW~ VJr1'JQ£TOiJa£.

nQOEXU'tjJE E'tOL ~va f.i1'Jxavtx6 aVaT1'Jf.ia, 3tOU xa'taAaJlOaVEL 6MxAlJQO 'to £QyaO'tT)QLo i\ xaL 6A.6XAl'}QO 'to £Qyoo'taoLo xa( 3tOU XQl'}OLJlO3tOLEi f..lLa f..la~a £Qya'tLxi)~ Mvaf..l% : EL'tE f..lE 'ttl JlOQCPT) f..lL<1~ OELQd~ f..llJxavOOv YEVLXoU i\ xa!. £;ELOLXEUf..lEvOU xaQax'tT)Qa xaL OL- 3tAa 0' au'tT)v JlLa.~ aV't(O'toLXl'}~ OELQa.~ £Qya'twv-XELQLO'tOOv (tl 3taQaooOLaXT) EUQW3taLXT) oLOf..ll'}xavLa), EL'tE f..lE 'ttl f..loQCPT) EvO~ xuALOf..lEVOU LJlaV'ta, ava!A£oa OE OWOOXLXE~ xa( xaSoQLOJlEVE~, 0XEMv OUVEXEL~, IJ.lJxavLxE~ AEL'tOUQY(E~, 3tOU xaSoQ(~ouv xa( rov QUSJlo OLOXEtEUOlJ~ ttov UALXOOv xa( nlV row 'ttl oQaotT)QLot'l'}'ta 'tOU avSQw3tOU (af..lEQLxavLxo~ 'ttl3tO~). ~'ta Mo aXQa au'ti)~ 'ti)~ OWOLxaoLa~ xa( O'ta owO'tT)f..la'ta 3tOU acptlvov'taL £AEuSEQa a3to 't6 oUYXQo'tl'}Jla 'tWV f..llJxavOOv, tl f..la~a 'tWV £Qya'tWv EXEL Eva Q6AO (l3tAOU 3tQooaQnlJla'to~ : XELQL~OV'taL i\ QuSJl(~ouv 'ttl AEL'touQy(a 'twv f..ll'}xavWv.

T6 OlJJlELO acpE'tlJQ(a~ tii~ OLOlJ.lJxavLXTJ~ £3tavao'taOlJ~ ~'tav tl £QYaAELOf..ll'}xavT)2 (3tQWtl'} OLOJll'}XavLXtl £3tavaO'taol'}). 'H Jla~Lxtl 3taV'tw~ XQl'}OLf..103tOLl'}ot1 't% EYLVE ouva'tT) JlOVO JlE 'tT)v avaxaAU'tjJl'} tii~ f..ll'}xavi)~-xLVl'}'ttlQa : tii~ a'tlJ.of..ll'}xavfJ~ (OEU'tEQl'} oL0f..ll'}xaVLXT) tJtavao'taol'})3. 'H £;EAL;l'} 't00v f..lEOWV !A£'taoool'}~ 'ti)~ XLVl'}OlJ~, 'tWV XUALO!A£VWV tf..lav'twv, 'tWV JlE'tacpoQLxwV JlEOWV xa( XUQLW~ 'ti)~ f..lE'tao(oaOlJ~ f)AEX'tQLXi)~ £VEQYEW~ (3tOU Sa f..l3toQouoaf..lE va 'ttl

3

34

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITA YPO,dPOMI

xugaX't'Y)QLOOUIlE ocv 'tQL't'Y) OLOf..l'Y)XUVLXtl btuvao'tuO'Y) OAOXA'Y)QWVEL xU'taQXtlV 'tT)V £;EAL;'Y) 'tii~ oLOf..ll'JxavLxii~ oaOTl~ 'tOU JtOAL'tLOf..lOU f..la~.

'H OL0f..ll'JxaVLXtl £Jtavao'tao'Y) uJtOM0f..lEUOE tftv JtaQaywYLXtl OLaOLxama futo 'tOU~ OQOU~ xaL 'tOU~ Qu8f..lOU~ 'tii~ u'tOf..lLxii~ £QyaoLa~. 'H uQXLXtl llJtOXELf..lEVLXT) f..lovaoa JtaQaYwyii~ JtOU oaot~o'tav O'tOV JtaQaywyo (XELQO'tExv(a) ~ O'tOV OUVOuaof..lO 'tf..ll'Jf..lU'tLXWv AEL'tOUQYLWV (f..laVLcpux'touQa), futOO'UV'tEfu]XE YLa va £JtaVEf..lcpaVLO'tEL f..lE 'ttl f..lOQCPT) 'tii~ uv'tLxELf..lEVLxii~ f..lovaoa~ roii ouO'tT)f..la'to~ 'twv 1ll'Jxavwv cniv onotu llJto'taOoE'taL 0 «OUVOALXO~ £Qya'tl'J~ »,

'H lxotOI1YJXavu7y/, JtOU UJtO'tEAEOE ti) oaol'J 'ti]~ xaJtL'taALO'tLxii~ JtaQaywYii~, YEVLXEUOE auti) 'ttl oOf..li) 'tWv JtaQaywYLxwV OUVUf..lEWV O'tO EQYoO'taoto. 'H OOf..lT) au 'ttl f..lJtoQEi va OtacpEQEL o'ttlv UALXi) 'tl'J~ o'\jJ'Y), Jtagaf..l£vEL Of..lw~ UVaAAOLW'tl'J OE O,'tL ucpoQu 'tOV EOW'tEQLX6 XWQLOf..lO uvaf..lEoa O'tL~ f..llJxavE~ xaL only £QYU'tLXtl Mvaf..ll'J.

I't(~ 'tEAEu'tai:E~ oExaE't(E~, i} 8UEAAWb'Y)~ uvaJt'tu;l'J 'tii~ £JtLO'ttlf..llJ~ xa( 'tii~ 'tEXvLxii~ aQXLoE va oJta~EL 'ta JtAaLOLa 'tii~ OLOf..ll'JxavLxii~ £JtavaO'tao'Y)~, Ol'Jf..lLOvQywv'ta~ f..lUI YEa OOf..li) xa( f..lLa YEa ovvaf..lLxi) 'tWV 1wQaywYLxwV OVvaf..lEwv.

a. TO. ueoa lr!yaa{a~, f..lE nlV uvaJt'tv;Yt 'tov~, ;EJtEQVOUV O'tO E;ii~ 'ta oQLa 'tWV £QyaAEL0f..l'Y)xavWv xa( £X'tEAOUV AEL'tOVQY(E~ Jtou 't(~ f..lE'ta'tQEJtOlJV o'OmaO'tlxa OE a'O'tovof-lU ovonlf..la'ta JtaQaywYii~. Ol aAAaYE~ o'ti) VEO'tEQlJ 'tEXVLXtl ;EJtEQVOUV !hot 'tou~ f..lE'taOXl'Jf..la'tLOf..lOv~ Jtov Elxav OVV'tEAEO'tEL aAAo'tE O'ta £QyaAEia JtaQaywyi]~.

o. 'H JtQ6ooo~ £XO'Y)AWVE'tal £Jt(O'Y)~ f..lE Ef..lcpaO'Y) o'ta avnxe{ueva egyaa{w; : O'ttlv al1craoAYJTYJ btL XlALaOE~ XQovta 1toLXLALa 'tWV UAlXWV O'ta onoiu tl OLOf..llJxavLxt') £Jtavao'taO'Y) bEy aMa;E 1taQu uovo, 'to JtOAU-JtOAU 't(~ uvaAoY(E~ rou; (OLOEQO, ;UAO, aYQO'tLxE~ 1tQW'tE~ UAE~, XA.1t.).

y. 'H« vnOXEl/lEVlXtl nAwga » 'ti]~ JtaQaywYii~, Jtou £Jt( atwVE~ ~tav af..lE'taoA'Y)'t'Y), aAAa~EL· £;acpavL~ov'tal JtQoOOE'U'tLxa, o'tt') OLaOLxaoLa 'tij~ af..lEOl'J~ JtaQaYWYii~, OAE~ ol AEL'tOVQYLE~ Jt()U £xJtAlJQWVOV'tal f..lE 'ttlV aJtAT) £Qya'tLXtl Mvaf..llJ· o'ta JtAaLota 'tii~ &.f..lEO'Y)~ 1taQaywYii~, tl 'tEXVLXtl £X'tOJtL~EL rov av8(>w1t0 futo 't(~

o XAPAKTHPAI THI EnIITHMONIKOTEXNIKHI EnANAITAIHI 35

UJlEOE~ AEL 'to'UQYtE~ 'tii~ b''tEAEO'Y)~, 'tii~ OUVt11Q'Y)CJ'Y)~ Xat 'to'U XELQLouou, xat, 'tEAL XU, 'tii~ Qu8JlLCJ'Y)~.

6. ELcmUAAO'UV uJlEOa CJ'ttl 6w6u<.ao(a 'tfi~ J'taQaywYii~ VEE~ XO'LVWVLXe~ J'taQaYWYLxE~ OUVUJlEL~, LOwt'tEQa tl f:Jrlar~I1YJ xat ol 'tEXVLXE~ 't'Y)~ t<paQJlO'YES - xaL, Jla~t I-lE aUn1v, tl OCto'Y) 't'Y)~ : tl XOLvWVLXij ouoowJlu'two'Y) xat, 'tEAO'~, tl avCtJ't'tu;'Y) 'tON av8QwJ'tLvwv OUVUJlEWV J'tO'U aJ'tO''tEAEi J'tQO'UJ't08EO'Y) YlCt XCt8E 0'Y)l-llOUQYlXi) oQaCJ't'Y)QlO't'Y)'ta.

'H iOlOIlO'Q<p(a 'tfi~ J'tO'Qg(a~ J'tO'U EXEL ;EXLvtl0EL, aULo J'tO'U 'tfi~ b( VEL !!tCt YEa OLCtO'tUCJ'Y) xa( n1 JlE'ta'tQEJ'tEL Of £J'tavuo'taCJ'Y) £J'tLCJ't'Y)JlOVLXO''tEXVlXT), dvat, EJ'tO'JlEVW~, xa'tCt J'tQ&'tO A.6yO', 'to YEYO'VO~ on M'Y)YEL OE xa()oAlx~ WTaOOA~ OAWV raw na(!aywYlxwV ovvaueon, on OU~EL OE Xtv'Y)o'Y) 6A.6xA'Y)Q'Y) 'tij O'tOLXELWO'Y) oO'l-ltl roue, o'Y)Aaoij, O'tl 'tQO'J'tO'J'tO'LEL QL~LXU 'ttl 8ECJ'Y) rof av8QwJ'tO'u. "OAa OEtXVO'UV on to& otv J'tQOXEL'tat J'ttU YLU n1 OUVEXij avuJ't'tu;'Y) ho~ aJ'to 'tOu~ aV'tLxELIlEVLXO'U~ auV'tEAECJ'tE~ 't&V J'taQaYWYLxON OUVUJlEWV ('tON JlEOWV tQyaota~) - oJ'tw~ EytVE JlE 'tijv £XOlOl-l'Y)XUVto'Y) -, O'U'tE YLCt 'tijv tJl<PCtVLCJ'Y) I-lLCi~ 6QLCJJlEV'Y)~ vEa~ J'taQUYWYii~, J'tO'U J'tQO'XaAEi ata8'Y)CJ'Y), aVEoCt~EL 'to £J'ttJ'tEOO' 'tOU J'tO'At n0I-lO'U xat uOTEQa ~(J'tO'xa8totrrtrn tl tlQEI-lLa, aAM YLU I-lLU EmTaxvv6wvYJ xai avVt:X~ (!O~ (!t~lXWV a.Uaywv at oAe~ tit; 7la(!aywYlxt~ ovvapet~, OE 8AO'U~ 'to'U~ avnXEtIlEVtXO'U~ xat ilJ'tO'XELIlEVtXO'U~ OUV'tEAECJ'tE~ 'tii~ J'taQaywYii~ 'tfi~ av8QWJttv'Y)~ ~wi]~.

'H ELOOO'Atl 'tii~ 'tEXVtXii~ tX'tO'J'tt~Et a3to 'ttlv UJlEO'Y) J'taQaywyij 'tt~ J'tEQLOQLCJJlEVE~ <pumxf~ xat 3tVEUl-laLtXE~ OUVCtJlEt~ 'tOU av8QwJ'tO'U xat OtVEL TO'U AO'tJ'tO'U CJ'tijv J'taQaywyi) JltU EOW'tEQtXi) Tl'XVlX~ [v6rYJTa, 3tO'U aJ'tO''tEAEL 'tij ouo'Y) ytU 'ti)v aUTO!!aT'Y) avCtJ'tw;'Y) 'tii~ J'taQaywyi]~. 'H £J'tLCJ't'Y)I-lO'VlXO''tEXVtXT) EJ'tavuo'taCJ'Y) aQXL~Et aXQlo&~ EXEL oJ'tO'U 'tEAEtWVEl tl a3tO'aUv8ECJ'Y) Tii~ £Qyaota~ OTU [mACt ouo'tanxu 't'Y)~ o'tOlXEia (!!E avril ti)v EVVO'ta OAO'XA'Y)Qc.I>VEl 'ttl ouv- 8E't'Y) tXI-l'Y)XUVLO'Y). 'H J'tQw'tO''tu3t(a 't'Y)~ eyxEl'taL OTtl avv()wYJ 'tii~ <pUCJLxii~ owoLxaOta~, J'tO'U 6 uv8QwJ'tO'S Ti)V 'tEXVtXO'J'tO'('Y)OE, TijV xUQtUQX'Y)0E, ti)v a<pO'JlO'tWOE - xa( YL' au'to !-l3t0QECJE vu 'ttl QU8I-ll~Et ..!.. o'Y)Aaoij oti) VlX'Y) 'tfi~ a(!xij~ rij~ oiitouatoxoinonc; JlE 'ttlv J'tA.a'tHU EvvOLa 'tii~ A.E;'Y)~ (6J'tOLabi)J'tO''tE XL UV g[VaL i] OUYXEXQlJlEV'Y) 'tEXVO'AO'ytXij OUO'Y). AEV J'taQEJlOCtAAE'taL J'tlCt 1l0VO' 'to EQyaAEiO', TO IlEOO'V £Qyao(a aVCtllEoa orov uv8QwJ'tO' xa( O'tT) <PUCJ'Y), aA.A.a !!lCt 6A.6XA'Y)Q'Y) au'tovO'!!'Y) 'tEXVlXtl 3taQay(j)Yii~ 03tO'U. !!E TOV

36

o nOA/TIEMOE ETO ETAYPO,1POM/

Eva ij rov UAAO 'tQ<lJ'tO, ~XEl YLVEL tl OUV8EO'Y) 'tii~ aAA'YJAEJ'tLbQaO'Y)~ 'tOU I-lEOOU xaL 'tOU aVtlXEl!!EvOU, JlE 'ttl !!OQCPT) JlUl~ JlOV'tEAOJ'tOl'YJJlEV'YJ~ bo!!il~ xaL EOW'tEQlXii~ bUVa!!lXii~.

'H o'cpE't'Y)QLa 'tij~ au'tOl-la'tOJ'tOl'YJ!!EV'YJ~ J'taQaywYii~ bEv dVUl J'tla !!la. JlEI-l0VWI-lEV'Y) !!'Y)XavTJ, O,AAa. JlLa. aOlaXO:JCYJ otaolxaaia II-YJXaVO]WlYJII-EVYJr; :JCa(Jaywyijr;4. 'H aQXT] 'tij~ au'tol-la'tOJ'tOLl'}O'YJ~ QL~WVEl DAO xaL J'tL6 YQT)yoQa orou; XAa.bou~ J'taQaywYii~ J'tOlJ O,J'tUl'tOUV O'UVEXEla, bl'}AabT] 'tij~ EVEQYElaxii~ OLXOV0I-lLa~, 'tii~ Xl'}I-lELa~, 'tii:; JlE'taAAOUQy(a~, 'tii~ 'tOlJlEV'taOLOJl'Y)xav(a~, 0'tT) !!a~lXT) J'taQaYWYT) JlE XUAL6JlEVO'U~ LrUtV'tE~, otT] I-lE'taJ'tOll'}'tLXT) oLOI-ll'}xavia xat o'til; 'tUJ'tOJ'tOl'YJJlEVE~ JlE80bE~ bLaxEiQLO'Y)~.

'0 uv8QwJ'to~ OQiOXE'tUl ELOL oto :JCE(J{OW(!LO 'til~ UJlEOlJ~ J'taQaymYLxii:; bLabLxaOLa:; (blabLxaOLa xa'taoxEtrf]~), £Vw J'tQOl'}YoUl-lEVa ~'tav ro UI-lWO « XUQLO oa8Qo » 'tlJ~5. 'H CmAT] EQya'tLXT] Mval-l'YJ rob av8QwJ'tou Mv I-lJtOQEL Va. ouvaYWVLO'tEL !!E 'tT)V 0,J't0- bOOlJ 'tWV 'tEXVLXWV OUV'tEAW'tWv 'tii~ J'taQaywyii~ : tl JlEO'Y) CPUOLXT) LOXU~ 1:ii:; aVeQ<i>JtLV'YJ~ EQya'tLXii~ Mval-l'YJ~ CP1:a.VEL !!6AL~ 1:a 20 oan, 6 XQovo~ aL08'Y)'t'YJQLaxii~ avtibQaoT]~ 1:0U dVUl 1:ii~ 'ta.;'YJ~ 'tOU bExaLOu 'tOU bEU1:EQOAEnWU, tl JlvTJ!!'Y) LOU dVUl J'tEQLOQLO!!EVl'} xat EAa.XL01:a aocpaAT]~6. M6vo xaQ'Y) 01:0 bl'}JlLOUQYLX6 rou buvaurxo xat O1:T)v Lxavo't'Y)1:a rou acpO!l0LwOl'}~ 'tii~ XouAtouQa~, 6 av- 8QwJ'to~ UJ'tEQEXEl xa'ta. J'tOAU xaL aJ't6 1:a. J'tLO toxuQa. bfj!!LOUQYT)!la1:a. LOU. I'r' au'to xaL tl J'taQ<l600LaxT] XQl'}OL!lOJ'tOLl'}Ol'} 'tOU av- 8Q<i>Jtou onv cmAii~, aVELbLxEU'tl'}~ EQyanxii~ Mva!!'Y)~, aJ'tO'tEAEl DAO xaL J'tEQLOOO'tEQO 1:QoxoJ'tEblJ o'tT)V ava.J'tw;lJ 1:WV J'taQaywYLxwv 6UVa.I-lEWV, 0' OAOU~ 'tou~ 'toJlEi~ xaL, 'tam6XQova, oJ'ta'taAl'} twv av8QwJ'tLVWV lxavotT)'twv.

L't6v oa8Jlo J'tou 6 uv8QwJ'to~ £VEQYOJ'tOLEL 'ta. J'tQo'L6V'ta 'tii~ J'tQO'YJyOUJlEV'YJ~ bQa01:'Y)QL6'tl'}'ta~ 'tOU, ocv CPUOLXE~ bUVa.!!EL~, xaL, OUVEJ'tW~, tl EQyanXT) Mva!!'Y) EX'tOJ'tL~EtUl aJ'to 'tT)V U!!EO'Y) J'taQaYWYlXlj blabLxaOLa7, JlLa. VEa Mva!l'Y) J'tOAU mo LOXUQT) - fJ emar~II-YJ aav all-faYJ :JCaQaywylx~ OVvall-YJ - J'tOU aOxEL'tUl 0'tT) oa.O'Y) Jlla~ OUVOAlXii~ OUV'tOVLOJlEV'YJ~ J'tQOOJ'ta.8EW~ tii~ xOlVWVLa~, EVOW!lU'tWVE'tUl O1:Tjv a!lEO'YJ J'taQaywyT]. 'H U!lEO'Y) J'taQaYWYLXT) bwblxaOLa JlE aihT] tT]V EWOW J'taUEL va dvUl EQyamaXT) bwbLxoLa. '0 asova~ 1:'YJ~ dVUl oro E;ii~ tl J'tQooLbLa~ouoa OtOV av8QwJ'to « xamv6l'}0'YJ tii~ qn"0l'}~ », J'tou dVUl 'tau't0XQova « lbLOJ'tOL'Y)O'Y) tii~ blXii~ rou Y£VLXiJ~ J'taQaywYLxt)~ bVvaJll'J~ », b'Y)AabT) xai J'ta.At tl

o XAPAKTHPAE THE EnJETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EflANAETAEHE 37

btLO't1lIl'YJ, ot ({ OUOOWQEUIlEvE~ YVWOEL~ » 'tfJ~ XOLVWVLa~8. l:'to JtAaLOLO 'twv Ol'}IJ.EQLVWV IlE'taOX'YJIlU'tLOIlWv 'tfJ~ JtaQaywyfJ~ ~ EJtLO'ttllll'} ELOMEL O'tO aUvoAO 'tfJ~ JtaQaYWYLxfJ~ OWOLXaOLa~ xaL YLVE'taL OaSIlWLa tl XEV'tQLXtl JtaQaYWYLXtl MvaJll'} 'til~ xOLVWVLa~ xaL ouoLaO'tLxa 6 ({ cmocpaOLO'tLxo~ JtaQayov'ta~ » 'tfJ~ avaJt'tU;l'}~ 'tWV JtaQaywYLxWv OUvaJlEwv9•

"000 JtEQLOOO'tEQO Eyxa'taAELJtEL 6 avSQwJto~ 'tL~ EQyaoLE~ Jtou flJtOQEL va avaSEoEL O'ta Ol'}JlLouQYtlllU'ta rou, rooo JtLO JtAana aVOLYOV'taL IlJtQoO'ta rou 'ta JtEo(a, Jtou OLXW~ 'ttl oaol'} 'tou tOLOU 'tau ~QYOU 'tOU Sa 'tau ~oav aJtQOOL'ta.

3. 'H Ev6rYjTa nov dAAaywv ar~v ifXvoAoyta, arci VAlXci xai otic fVfQYftaXt~ llYjyt~.

'H btLO'tl'}JlOVLX01:EXVLXtl EJtavao'taol'} xaQax'tl'}Q(~E'taL cmo Eva cpaolla JlESOOWV JtOAU EUQU'tEQO aJto EXELVO Jtou XQl'}OLJlOJtOLEL tl OLOJll'}XaVLXtl EJtavao'tao'YJ. "Otov IlLAUIJ.E Yla 'ttlV aQXll ifj~ aviO!KliOJrOlYjaYj~10, JlE 'ttlV JtAa'tEla ~VVOLa ti1~ A.E~~ (JlE'ta'tQOJtT) 'til~ JtaQ<lYWYil~ OE IlLa CPUOLXtl OwOLxaOLa 'tEXVLXOJtOLl'}JlEVl'} xa( XUOEQVWIlEVl'} cmo 'tOV avSQW1to), ~XOU!-lE lmo'\jJl'} IlLa 6A.6xA'YJQ'Yl OELQa ano 'ta ouorcrnx« 'tl'}~ O'tOLXELa :

a) 'H XVOEQVYjilXOJrOlYjOYJ dVaL Illa xAaOlxtl JlESOOO~. l:'ta mo E;EALYJlEVa Jll'}xaVlXa ouO'ttlJla'ta, ol aU1:0Ila'taL Jll'}XavLOJlo( EXOUV uvaJt'tuxSEL oe JlEOa EOW'tEQLXil~ aU'taQuSIlLOl'}~.

'EJloQuwOl'}~ JloQ<Jll1 'tOU~ dVaL ol ({ '\jJl'}Aacpl'}'tE~ » «{ 'tExv'YJ'ta atOSl'}nlQLa oQyava ») Jtou EX'taJt(~ouv 'ta 'tEAEU'taia UJt0IlELv6.QLa LOU XELQLOJlOU aJtO 'tOV avSQwJto xa( rof aCPtlVOUV JlOVO AEtiOVQYlE~ QV()!l-UJTtXE~ 'tWV aV'tLO'tOlXWV OUYXQo'tl'}lla'twv.

"Otov au'ta 'ta JlEoa JtEQLAaoa(vouv lmo 'tOV ~AEYXO 'tOU~ 6MxAl'}QO 1:0 -oUO't'YJ1lU 'tWV Jll'}xavwv, ill xEviQa eUyXov xal ainoQV()!l-tOYJ~ IlE'ta'tQE1tOv'taL OE Eva 'tEXVLXO aVaXAaO'tLXO ovo'tl'}Jla [« VEUQLXO aUO't'YJJla ») Jtou E;aocpaA(~EL 'tT)V aV'tLo'tQocpl'} EVEQYEW xat Jtou Otv aJtaL'tEL JtaQa !-lOVO JlLa E;W'tEQLXT) QUSIlLOll JlE 'ttl ooi)SELa EfOLxWv OUOXEUWv ('taJlJtM OLEUSUVOl'}~) ij cmAw~ 'tT)v xa'taQ'tLol'} JtQoYQaIlJla'to~. '0 QOAO~ LOU avSQwJtou JlE'ta'toJt(~E'taL 0't0 JtEQlSWQLO ti1~ aJlEOl'}~ JtaQaYwyil~·

"Orov 6 VJrOAOyUJTrj~ [« tlAEX'tQOVlXO~ EyxEcpaAo~ »), o6.v VEO

38

o nOAlTIEMOE ETO ETAYPOLJPOMI

EOWtEQLXO xaSoQLOtLx6 OtoLXELO, CtJtOXtu TOV ~AEyXO tii~ O'UVEXOU~ JtaQaywYii~ 0' oA'Y) t'Y)~ tftv EXTaO'Y), TOtE ~ autollaTOJtOt'Y)0'YJ cptaVEL oro 1:Qtto TlJ~ O1:abwll. XQ'YJOLlloJtOLWVTa~ 1:t~ O'UVOEOEL~ - JtA'Y)QOCPOQtE~ Xat ttlV tEXVLXOJtOLtlIlEV'YJ OLaOLXaOla EVOJtOl'Y)O'Y)~, 01:a. EQyaottlQLa, 01:a. £QY001:a.OW Xal of. 6AoxAlJQa O'UYXQOnlJlaTa £QyoOtao(wv, b'1:OJtt~EL TOTE 6A6tEAa TtlV CtVSQWJtLV'Y) OQaot'YJQLOrnru &Jt0 1:tlV aJlEO'Y) JtaQayWYl1 Xat nlV JtEQwQi~EL 01:a. JtQoJtaQaYWYLXa. OTa.OW, ottlV tEXVOAOYLXtl JtQOEtoLllaOla, 01:tlV ~QE'UVa, O1:ftv EJtLoti)Il'YJ, Oti~ OLa.CPOQE~ CPQOVT(OE~ YLa. 1:0V avSQwJto.

MOQCPf.~ ALy6tEQO £;EALYJlf.VE~ a1JTOllatwv £yxata01:aOEWV dVal 0tlJlEQa tQf.xo'Uoa~ XQtlO'Y)~ otftv EXJl'Y)XaVLOI-lEv'YJ OWJl'YJXaVLXtl JtaQaywYtl. Ol CtVWTEQE~ X'UOEQV'YJtLXf.~ EyxmaOta.OEL~, JtOU OLElJSUVO'UV aUtOllma 6A6xA'YJQa O'UYXQ01:tlJlata JtaQaywyii~, ErVaL ax6Jla OJtaVLE~ Xat Ila.AAOV of. Eva XatOJtLVO OTa.OW ea. EJtLXQaTtloO'UV. '0 aQLSJlo~ OJlw~ nov « JlaSlJJlatlXwv Jl'YJXavwv » (TWv XOJlJtLOUTEQ~)12 Jtou oi)JlEQa XQ'Y)OLJlOJtOLOUVTaL 0' 01..0 1:0V xoouo, CPTCtVEL f]0'YJ OTOV aQLel-l6 tWV 50000 (aJto 1:l~ 6JtOLE~ 1000 JtEQlnou dVaL i)JtoAoyLOtf.~ OLEUS'UVO'Y)~). 8EwQELtm of.omo on Oti~ CtQXE~ ti]~ 8'Y)~ OEXaE1:la~ 6 CtQLeJl6~ aU1:o~ Sa. ;EJtEQa.OEL tl~ 100000 xa( Ott tl 1:EXVLXtl TWV l)JtOWYLOTWV ea doMoEL OTtlV JtaQaywyft. rUQw OTO EtO~ 2000 i)JtOAoyi~Etm on Sa. dvm avaJt60Jtaoto OtOLXEtO DXL ucvo tii~ oWJl'YJXavlxi]; JtaQaywyii~, aAAa. xai nov JlETacpoQwv, 1:OU EIlJtOQlO'U xat 1:WV llJtlJQEOlWV.

0) 'H XrJ!UXOlCOlYJOYJ, dvm Eva aAAo xaQaxT'YJQLOTLXO YVWQLouc ti]~ EJtLot'YJI-lOVlX01:EXVLXii~ £Jtava.oTao'YJ~. 'H OWlllJXavlxtl mavaoTao'Y) EVVO'Y)OE iOwlTEQa tOU~ xAa.OOlJ~ EXEiVOlJ~ Tii; JtaQaywyf]; Jtou OaOl~OV1:aV orov EvEQy'YJTLXO Q6Ao tWv ll'YJxavlxwv Ilf.oorv EQyaola~. 'H EJtlOTlJlloVlxotEXVlXi) EJtava.01:ao'YJ avolyn 1:0V OQOIlO 0' OWlJ; toU~ 1:OIlEL; oJto'U ~ aQxft tii~ aUTOlla1:OJtol'YJ0'Y)~ I-lJtOQEL va £cpaQJlOotEL XaQ'YJ Oti)v ava.JtTlJ;'YJ xal OTi) OQaO't'YJQlO- 1:'Y)Ta 1:OU aVTlXElflEVOV EQyao{a~ (JtQWT'Y) VA'Y), Jtou E;mtta; 1:WV OXOJtLIlU mlAEYJlf.VWV xal EAEY;lJlWV 1,OWn'j1:UlV TOlJ, OlJJloaAAEL xai alno crnv JtQaYIla.Two'Y) 1:OU OXoJtOU 1:i); JtaQaywyi];, Jlf. aAAa A6Yla, oQaXlJxlJxAWVEt Illa.v £;WTEQlXi) Jl'Y)xaVLXtl oQa.O'Y) aoxou!lEV'Y) of. JtoAAa mlJtEOa - xaL YL' aVTo OlJXva. OlaxoJtTOJlEV'YJ - novco 01:6 aOQavf.~ aVTLXElJlEVO.

I'r' aU1:o tl JtaQaywytl Jlf. oa.o'Y) nl X'Y)IlLXOJtOl'Y)0'Y) slvci, aJt' ti) Illa IlEQla., 0XETtXa. mo 011wvolllXft of. O,TL acpoQu Ti)v CtJtAtl EQya-

o XAPAKTHPAI THE EnIETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EnANAITAIHE 39

'tLXi} Mvalll'} , aJtaL'tEl Eva aVWtEQo £JtLJtEOO xa'tuQ'tLO'l'J~ tii~ avSQWJtLVl'}~ £Qyao(a~, JtQOOCPEQEL (lJtEQav'tE~ &uva'to'tl'}'LE~ O'tL~ £JtLO'tl'}IlOVLXE~ £cpaQlJ.OyE~ xaC ElVaL £;aLQE'tLXU OEX'tLXi) YLU au'tolla'tOJtOLl'}Ol'}. ' Ano 'ti)v aAAl'} JlEQLU, tl XlJIlLXOJtOll'}O'l'J O'tftv oixovout« &JtO'tEAEl au'tft xaSauti) Eva O'tOLXEiO au'toJla'toJtoLl'}Ol'}~ t;aLQE'tLxii~ CmO'tl':AEOJlU'tLXo'tl'}'ta~, 6 OE oaSJl6~ avuJt'tu;Yt~ 'tl'}~ Jl3tOQEL vu flEWQELtaL ouv Eva~ JtLO'tO~ OELX'tl'}~ 'tiie; JtQOOOou tii~ £JtLo'tl'JIlOVLXO'tEXVLXii~ £Jtavuo'taO'l'J~.

LtlJlEQa, tl Xl'}JlLXft JtaQaywyi) au;uvE'taL YEVLXU ouo CPOQE~ YQl'}Y0Q<l'tEQa aJt' O,'tL tl lJJtoAOLJtl'} OLO!-ll'}xavLa. 'H JtayxaoJlw JtaQaywyi) 't00v OUVSE'tLXOOv xat JtAaO'tLXWV UAOOv OLJtAaoLu~E'taL JtEQLJtOU OE XUSE JtEV'tE 11 E;L XQovLa. M' au'tov rov QuSJl6, eu JtQEJtEL ~ JtaQaywyi) OUVSE'tLXOOv UAWV VU CP'tUOEL mu 'tEAl'} 'tou aL<i>va ttl O'l'JIlEQLvY) JtaQaywyi) 'tOU a'toaALOu. ' AAAa 'to oJtouoaio ErVaL Jtw~ f} Xl'}JlLXOJtOLl'}Ol'} aJtEAEuSEQ<i>vEL rov avSQwJto &Jt6 rov JtEQWQLOJ.tEVO aQLSJlo 'tWV CPUOLXOOv JtQw'twv UAOOv xat 't00v avaAAO(W'tWV lOLOttl'tWV 'tOU~ xaL rov £CPOOLU~EL f.lE Eva 6A6xAl'}QO cpuouc OUVeE'tLXWV UAOOv JtOlJ 'tL~ i.oL6'tl'}'tE~ 'tOU~ 't(~ XaeOQL~EL 6 tOLO~. 'EJ"tL'tQEJtEL £Jt(JtAEOV ttl Jla~Lxft £cpaQ!-loytl ottlv JtaQaywYft OQLOJlEvWV aQXwv x(vl'}o'YJ~ avw'tEQwv aJto 'tL~ ll11xavLxEc aQxE~.

, AvaAoYE~ (av xat 'tEXVlXU aJtQooAEJt'tE~ axoJla) JtQOOJt'tLXE~ aU1:OIla'toJtoL'YJO'YJ~ avoLyoV'taL xaL o'ti) OLOAOytx~ JtaQaywyft. nQuYJla'tl, tl oWAoy(a EJtl'tQEJtEl 'tftv axoJla IlEYaAU'tEQl'} EXJlE'tUAAEUO'l'J 'tii~ avw'tEQ'YJ~ OO!-lii~ xaL 'tWV JtAOUOLWV EOW'tEQlXWV ouvnrpeuov 'tWV av'tlXElIlEVWV. Au'tft tl ouva'to't'YJ'ta aJtox'tCt avuJtoA6YlO'tl'} onIlaola !-lE 'ttlv JtQOOOEU'tlXtl OlELOOUO'YJ 'tii~ EJtlO'ttlll'YJ~ ottlv ouoLa 'tWV CPaLVOIlEVWV 'tii~ ~wii~ xa8w~ xa( JlE 'tftv avuJttu;'YJ xa( 'ttlv EcpaQllOyi) 'tii~ OLOVlXii~. 'H XQl'}OlJlOJtOll'}Ol'} 'tWV av'tlow'tlXWV EJtaAtl8EUoE YlU JtQ(frt'YJ cpoQu 'tft ouva'to't'YJ'ta IllCt~ « OWAOYlXOJtOLlJO'YJ~ » 'twv OlaOlxaOlwv 'tii~ JtaQayWYii~.

y) 'H EcpaQ!-loytl 'tWV aQXwv 'tii~ au'tOJla'tOJtol'YJ!-lEVl'}~ JtaQaywyii~ au;uvEl O'l'Jllav'tlxu 'tL~ avuyxE~ OE EVEQYELaXOu~ JtoQou~ : tl JtaQaywyi) llAEx'tQlxii~ EvEQYEla~ o'tftv ELLA 'tQlJtAaOla~E1:aL XUSE OExa XQovla xaL OlJtAaOlu~E'taL oro tow OLuo't'YJJla O't(~ HnA. 'H 'tuo'YJ avuJt'tu;l'}~ dVaL EXSE'tlXtl ouvuQ'tl'}O'l'J, EVW OAocpuvEQa 01. xAaOlxE~ Jt'YJYE~ EVEQYEla~ dVaL avEJtaQxEi~. L't(~ Ol'}JlEQlVE~ aJtaL'tftOEl~ 'tii~ YEVlXii~ avUJt'tu;l'}~ 'twv 'tEXVlXWV JtaQaywylxwv ouvu!-lEWV, cpa(vE'taL v' av'tlo'tOlXEL tl EXJlE'tUAAEUOl'} 'til~ :Jlv(JYJVtX~!; iv-

40

o nOAITlEMOl: ETO ETAYPO,1POMI

i(lYnw;, ltOV ltQOOCPEQEL CmEQLOQLOTE~ It'YJYf~ EvEQYELa~, cmo6EO!-tEUJlEVE~ XUQ'YJ 01:i}v EcpaQ!J.oyi} 1:ii~ aQxii~ 1:ii~ al,.toJla1:Olto('YJ0'YJ~, il oltota ltaQouOlul;E1:aL E6w ocv n:XVLxi} avaYXaLo't'YJ1:a. To ltQoYQu!J.Jla'ta ltQoolt'tLxii~ ltOV 6'YJJlOaLEVOV'taL alto 1:t~ aValt'tUYJlEVES; 'tEXVLXU XWQE~ 6dxvouv ltW; i]6'YJ alto 'tU 1:EA'YJ rof alwva Jla~, Eva onuovnxo JlEQO~ (50 %) tii; ltaQaywYii~ tlAEXtQlXii~ EvEQYELa~, xa( 0XEMv OA'YJ il ltaQaltEQa aU1;'YJoi} t'YJ~, flu xaAl';[1:Ovtm aJto alJ'tEc t(~ It'YJyE~.

i'tts; EltOJlEVE~ 6EXaEtlES; 'to nooooro tiis; avflQu)mv'YJ~ EvEQyELa~ ltOV flu 6altavataL YLU 'ti}v JtaQay<uyi} 'tii~ avflQwmv'YJ~ l;wii~ flu dVaL !J.LXQO'tEQO alto to Eva Exa'tOo'to EXElV'YJ~ ltOV flu JtaQEXEnn alto tl~ tEXVLXE~ Jt'YJYE~ EVEQYELa~, xa( 01:(~ aQXE~ 'tOu aAAOU aiu>va il ltUQ'YJVLXi} EVEQYELa flu XaTEXEL, m8avo'tata, ti}v ltQW't'YJ flEo'YJ oro OVVOAO 't(DV EVI::QYELaxwv Jt'YJYWv.

'0 ouvouuouo; OAWV avtwv 1:WV 'tUOEWV 06'YJYEt OE onoiccnXE~ xal 6LaQXEt; JlE1:aOOAE; 1:iis; 6LUQflQwo'YJ~ tii~ Otof.l,rlxaVtxij~ ltaQaywyijs; : TO Ei6LXO oaQo~ 'tWV VEWV XAu6wv - tlAEXtQOV LXi} , X'YJJlEla, EVEQY'YJtLXT], XAlt. - aU;UVEL YQT]yoQa, EVW JlELWVETaL EXEtVO 1:WV ltaQa6oOlax<1>V xAa6wv (E;OQU;'YJ XUQOOUVOU, ucpavTOUQYla, XAJt.) xa( JlE'taOUAAE'taL il YEVLXT] eixovo Tii~ OLO!J.y]xaVLxiis; ltaQaywYii~·

'AvuAoya JlE TO EltlltE60 Tii~ 'tEXVLXii~ avtoav6.rt'tu;'YJ~, il aQxi} Tiis; avtOJlatoJtOly]O'YJ; bmvvEL 6LacpOQE~ Oafl!J.l6E~ : EXEt OltOU il 6La6txaota 'tii~ ltaQaywYii~ ltaQaJlEVEL xaTaXEQJlanOJlEV'YJ OE aVE;aQTY]TOU; XVXAOU~, XWQWJlEVOUS; !J.E1:a;V 'tOU~, EXOU!J.E JltU f.1c(}lX~ avtoJlaWltOlY]O'YJ 't(DV OUOt'YJJlaTWV, 1:WV EQyaOt'YJQlWV, 'tWV Jl'YJxaVLXWV UAuo(6wv. 'EXEt OltOU acpE't'YJQla dVaL !J.LU OUVEXi}~ <'ha6Lxaota !J.al;Lxii~ ltaQaywYiis;, EXEl EXOU!J.E JlLU lC;'_~(}YJ av'tOJla'tOltOtY]0y], xat OAEltOUJlE va YEVVLELaL 'to av'tOJla'tOltOL'YJJlEVO EQYOOtUoio. 'AAAa OE OQW!J.EVES; ltEQtlt'tWOEL~, xaflw~ X((l OE oA.6XA'YJQOU~ xA.6.6ouS; ltaQaywyij;, il EcpaQJloyi} 1:ii~ aQxiis; 1:ii~ aUTO!J.a'tOJtOll'j0'YJS; aJtaLTEt TO ltQO'YJYOVJlEVO ltEQaOJla OE JlLU VEa TEXVLXi} OUVEXOU~ ltaQaywyii; (AOYOUXUQ'YJ, Oti) X'YJ!J.LXi} OLOJl'YJxavla). TEAO~, tl It((QaywYT] OE !J.LXQT] XAlJlaXa xal, Ev6Ex0!J.Eva, tl ltaQaywYT) uovu- 6LX<1>V JlOVTEAWV, JlE1:aOaAAOV1:aL XL autE~ JlE 1:T)V doaywYtl oVYXQOVWV EAaotLxwv !J.oQcpwv autoJlatOltOll'jO'YJ~ (ouornurrrc ltOV oaotl;oV1:aL OE 'tUltOltOL'YJJlEVa OtoLXEta, ouotT)Jlata 6LEUfluvo!J.Eva alto ltQoYQuJlJlaTa, XAlt.).

o XAPAKTHPAE THE EnJETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EnANAETAEHE 41

To 1tEQaOJla ti1~ 1taQaywYii~ o'ttlv aQXtl 1:f)~ al'J'tolla't01to('YJo'YJ~ OQLOXE'taL 1tQo~ 'to 1taQov OTT]V aQX~ TOV. L1:(~ mo 1tQO'YJYI-lEVE~ XWQE~, uovo Eva 1t0A:U IllXQO 1tOOOOTO 'tf)~ 1taQaywyLxf)~ 'tOu~ lxuV01:'YJ"ta~ o't'YJQ(~E'tm 0' alJ'tT]v (Yl<l 1:(~ HnA, A.X., IlLAaVE YUl 6 &~ 8 %). nQOXWQEt WOTOOO YQT]yoQa. L'ttlV ELLd XCtSE XQovo !-l1taLvouv OE AEtTOuQy(a EXaTOV1:CtOE~ EQyaoTT]QLa xa( 1taQaywYLxE~ CtAUO(OE~ OE OLacPOQE1:LXO oaSllo aU'tOIla't01tOL'YJJlEVE~. '0 aQlSJlo~ TOU~ 1tQOXELTaL vct qnCtoa, &~ 1:0 1975, T(~ 35 000. X1:L~ov'tm TCt 1tQiilTa 1tAtlQ(J)~ nurouutu EQyo01:CtOla, 01tOU 1:0 OUVOAO Tf)~ 1taQaYWYLXfJ~ OLaOLxao(a~ (ano 'tT]v aqlL;'YJ 1:WV 1tQw'twv UAWV &~ TT]V a.itOOTOAT] 1:WV ETOLJlWV 1tQoi:oVTWV) OLE;CtyE'tm XWQ(~ 1:tlV E1tEJloao'YJ TOU avSQwmvou XEQLOU. fIaQCt TOV 1tEQLOQLOIlEVO 'tOU~ aQLSJlo, xa( 1l0VO 1) 1J1taQ1;it 1:0U~ oy]JlaOElJEt 'to VEO Xa'tWI:pAl 01tOU EXEL CPTCtOEL 6 Ji:oALTlO!-lO~. fEVlXCt U1tOAoYL~E'tm on &~ 1:0 1:I'oAO~ auTOu TOU atwva tl aQXtl 'tf)~ aU1:O!-la't01t0('YJ0'YJ~ Sct E1tLxQa'tT]OEL OTO IlEYLOTO !-lEQO~ 1:f)~ lla~LxfJ~ OLOJl'YJxaVLxii~ 1taQaywyf)~, JlETaoCtnOV"ta~ hOl OAOXA'YJQ'l) TT] OO!-lT]1:ii~ O'YJ!-lEQLVii~ 1taQay(uyf)~ 13.

'H EXOWJl'YJXCtVLO'YJ aAAa;E 1:T]V O'\jJ'YJ 1:WV oaOlXWV XACtOWV Tii~ OW!-l'YJxaVla~, XCt1tO'tE JlCtAlota xat 'tWV !lETacpoQii)V xat 'tf)~ OtXOOOJlLXf)~ OlOJl'YJxavla~. 'E1t'YJQEaOE xnromv TTJV aYQOTLXT] OtXOVOJlta, OLElJQUVE 'tOV AEY0!-lEVO « tQLTOYEVtl tousc » (E!-l1tOQlO, U1t'YJQEOtE~, OWLX'YJO'YJ, XA1t.) XWQt~, !-lEXQL tEAEu'taLa, vct TOV aAACt;EL O'YJucvnx« a1tO 1tOW1:lXT] 1tAEUQCt. 'H E1tLOT'YJIlOVLXOTEXVlXT] E1tavCtOTaO'YJ, a1tO TT]V EvaQ;T]1:y]C;, E1t'YJQECt~EL oal:pw~ 0XL !-lOVO TT] OW!-l'YJxavta, aAACt OAE~ Tt~ ocpaiQE~ rof 1tOALTlO!lOU 14, 1:fJ~ OQaO't'YJQLOT'YJ"ta~ xat 'tf)~ ~(J)'ii~ TOU avSQw1tOU, 1tQoxaAWVTaC; oUXVct 0' alJtEC; axo!la 1tLO OlaLEc: avao'ta'tWOEL~ a1tO o.n 01:T] OLO!-l'YJXaVLXtl 1taQaYWYtl 15.

'EXTO~ &.-":0 !-lEQLXOU~ - 0XL 1tOAAOU~ - XACtOoU~ tii~ aYQonxii~ olxovoutuc, Tii~ OaOoXoJlla~, tf)~ CtAlE(a~ xaSw~ xa( TWV U1tY]QEouov, ~ nQoonTt;e~ lJ.La~ 1tEQaLTEQW ouvoALXf)~ aUTOIla'to1tOt'YJO'YJ~ TWV oaOLxwv OLaOu(UOLwv 1taQaywYii~ xat Tii~ YEVLXf)C; OtXOVOlllxi]~ ~wf)~ EXEL 1')O'YJ a1tOOEtXTEL SE<.oQ'YJ1:LxCt a1to 1:(~ OUYXQOVE~ avaxaA:U'\jJac; Tf)~ 1tayxoOJlLa~ EmO'tT]Il'YJ~, axolla xa( yLCt 1:Ov~ XACtOou~ 01tOU 1tQ(v ElXOOl !-lOAl~ XQovLa qxnvorcv aOvva't'YJ (AOYOUXCtQ'YJ tl E;OQUXTLXT] oLoJl'YJxaVla 1') tl OW(X'YJO'YJ) . LU~'YJTLOUvtm 1t0A:U oXEOLa aUTOllaT01to('YJOl'J~ twv JlE'tal:poQwv, TaU EIl1tOQlOU xat TWV U1tY]QEOlWV. YExouv 1tQO"taSEL OXEOLa XUOEQV11TLXWV Jl'l1xavwv Ixo-

42

o nOAITIIMOE ETO ETAYPOLJPOMI

VWV VU 1tQOOUQ!!O~OV'tat O't(e; <>LacpOQE'tLXfe; XU'tUO'tUOELe; XUL vu aVU1tuQuY0V'tat U1JTO!!u'ta· OA.E1tOlJ!!E VU 1tQoouAAEL orov OQL~OV'ta tl 1tQOO1t'tLXl] U1JTO!!aTl]e; 1tuQuywyiie; uU'tO!!u'twv. MLU 'tE'tOLU 1tQUY!!U't01tOLl]Ol] 8u dvat 'to a1toxoQuCPW!!U 'tf)e; E1tLO'tl]!!OVlXOTExVLXf)e; E1tUVUmuol]e;.

nAuL 0' UUTU ol J7:(200J7:itxi~ ifj~ EJ7:lai17fiYJ~ 1tQO<>LUYQUCPOlJV OEOatU yvwmEe; <>lJVU'tOTl]'tEe;, 1tOU tl Ol]!!uo(u rou; dvat ()UOXOAO axo!!u vu EX'tL!!l]8EI, XUL 1tOU 8u uztopoiioov vu avuo'tU'twOOlJV, O'tLe; E1tO!!EVEe; <>EXUE'tLEe;, 'tl]v 'tEXVlXl] 'tf)e; 1tuQuywyf)e; XU( rov TQ01tO 'tf)e; ~wf)e; 'tOU av8Qw1tolJ : tl XQl]Ol] 'tOU !!uYVl]'t01tAUO!!O()lJVU!!LXOU cpatVO!!EVOlJ, 'tWV XOUV'tLXWV YEVVl]'tQLWV ~AEx'tQO!!uyvl]'tLXf)e; ax'tLvOOOALUe; (rorv AU~EQ XU( !!U~EQ), 'tf)e; <>LElJ8lJVO!!EVl]C; !!E'taHul;WYEVEOl]e;, 'twv E1tE!!OUOEWV OTl] <>O!!l] 'tOU oQYUVW!!OU, XA1t. W Av XUL tl1tQUX'tLXl] 'tOlJe; ECPUQ!!OYl] a1tat'tEi axo!!u !!lU 0XE'tLXU !!UXQLU J7:EQio<>o, tl fmuQM rou; J7:QooLwvi~EL OU8ELEe; EOW'tEQLXfe; 'tUOELe; E1tL'tUXlJVOl]e; 'tf)e; E1tLO'tl]!!OVLXO'tEXVLXf)e; E1tUVUO'tuOl]e;.

4. To « VnOxEl/.iEVlXO otoiyeio » Tij~ naQay{J)yij~ xa! f] (Hon toii aV()Qwnov arov nOAlTW/.io.

~'tl]V OUOLU 'tOlJe;, tl uu'tO!!u't01to(l]Ol] XUL YEVLXO'tEQU tl 0l]!!EQLVl] 'tEXVLXl] 1tQoo<>oe; bEv dvat oirrs !!LU fuTAl] 1tQOfX'tU0l] OlJTE !!LU fuTAl] OlJ!!1tAl]Qw0l] Tf)e; EX!!l]XUVLOl]e;, aAM !!LU avw'tEQl] aQXl] Tf)e; 1tQo6bOlJ 'tf]e; 1tUQuywyf)e; 16. ~f O,'tL acpoQa 'tOV « aV(}(2WJ7:lVO naotivovra », tl E1tL<>QUOl] Tf]e; OW!!l]XUVLxf)e; E1tUVUO'tUOl]e; XUL tl E1tL<>QUOl] 'tf)e; E1tLO'tl]!!OVLXO'tEXVLXf)e; E1tUVUO'tUOl]e; elvm Ev'tEAwe; jVri(}EiE~.

'H EX!!l]XUVWl] XU'tUXEQ!!U'tL~EL 'tl] XElQO'tEXVLXl] EQYUO(U, 01tQWXVEL We; 't(e; aXQEe; OlJVf1tELEe; rou 'tOV XU'ta!!EQW!!O 'tf)e; EQYUOLUe;, !!E'ta'tQE1tEL 'ti] XQl]Ol] 'tf)e; (mAf)e;, !!OVO'tOVl]e;, XELQOVUX'tlXf)e; EQYUO(Ue; (XU8EVUe; EQYU~E'tat 0' EVUV 1tEQWQLO!!EvO roue«) Of OUOl] 'tf)e; oUYXQovl]e; OW!!l]Xuv(ue; 17. I'c' uU'to, 000 1tQoxwQEi ij EXOLO!!l]XUVWl] XUL aVU1t'tuoOE'tat tl EQyoo'tumuxl] TEXVLXl], rooo ij EQYUO(U 'tOU av8Qw1tolJ yLVE'tat acpl]Ql]!!fVl], rooo 1tAl]8u(volJV ol O'tQU'tLEe; 'tWV EQYaTWV 1tOU XUVOlJV !!LU (mAl] EQYUO(U, rooo 1tL0 E1tLXLV()lJVU EX<>l]AwvoV'tat ol avwo'tl]'tEe; uU'tOu 'tOU 1tOAL'tW!!ou.

o XAPAKTHPAE THE ElllETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EllANAETAEHE 43

'H alJ'tO!!a'tOJlo(l]Ol] XOL'WY!!EVl] cmo 'tl] OXOJlLa 'twv OlJVEJlELWV Tl]e;, {)l]Aa<>iJ, ocv UJlO<>EL y!!a (acpiJvov'tae; JlQOe; O'tLy!!iJ xa'ta !!EQOe; 'to YEYOVOe; JlWe; !!La !!EQLXiJ !!OVOV au'tO!!a'tOJlO(l]Ol] !!JlOQEl va auMoEL nooonxc 'tiJv aJlAiJ OOl]8l]'tLXiJ EQya'tLXiJ Mva!!l]), o'ta!!a'ta xa( aV'tLOTQECPEL au'tiJ 'tiJv 'taol] 18. 'E;aAElcpEL TiJ !!a~a 'tiie; aJlAiie; EQyao(ae; 'tWV OOl]8l]'tLXWV EQya'tWV, xa( aQYo'tEQa xa( 'tWV XELQLmwv !!l]xavwv, xa8we; xa( 'tWV JlaQa<>omaxwv UJlaAAiJAWV, XAJl., 19 oi !!La avaAoy(a JlOU Ou!!cpwva !!E <>LacpOQEe; EX'tL!!iJOELe; cp'taVEL 'ta 80-90%. ~'tiJv aQxiJ TOUe; aVTLXa8LOTa !!E VEOlJe; 'tUJlOlJe; EQYa'tWV JlOU EQya~oV'taL oro ouvooo 'tiie; G!!EOl]e; JlaQaywYiie; (olJVaQ!!OAOYl]'tEe;, !!l]xavLXOUe;, XAJl.) xa( EXOlJV !!La JlLO oUv8E'tl] d<>(XElJOl], xaL ~ EQyaoLa TOlJe; JlEQLEXEL JlEQLOooTEQa EJlLO'tl]!!OVLXa OTOlXEla : TO JlOOOOTO rou; UJlEQoaLVEL Ta 50% OTOUe; avaJl'tlJOOO!!EVOlJe; xAa<>OlJe; xa( o't(e; EJlLXELQiJOELe; JlOU auTO!!a'tOJlOLOuv'taL. ' AQyo'tEQa, ~ au'tO!!a'toJlo(l]ol] !!ETa!!oQcpwvEL ,;iJv av8QWJlLVl] {)QaoTl]QLo'tl]'ta 0' Eva 'tUJlO OUV8E'tl]e; EQyao(ae; ma JlEQL8wQla 'tiie; G!!EOl]e; JlaQaywYiie;, OJlWe; 'tOU u:xvlxoii (!!EOl]e; !!oQcpWOl]e;) ~ 'tOU !!l]xavoAOYOlJ' aJlo oiJ!!EQa xLoAae;, OE <'>QLO!!EVEe; OUYXQOVEe; EJlLXELQiJOELe; ~ avaAoyCa rou; 0't0 OUVOAO 'tOU JlQOOWJlLXOU cpTaVEL 'ta 20-50 %. I'evixc, !!JlOQOU!!E va UJl08EOOlJ!!E JlWe; OT(e; EJlO!!EVEe; <>ExaETLEe; <'> aQL8!!0e; 'twv olJVaQ!!OAoYl]ttov, 'tWV !!l]xavLxWv, 'tWV EQyao'tl]Qlaxwv oOl]8wv, XAJl., 8a EXEL TiJV JlQw'tlj 8EOl] OTiJV G!!EOl] JlaQaywYiJ (OlJVEJlELa Tiie; !!EQLXiie; au'to!!a'tOJlo(l]ol]e; JlOU JlQOXUJl'tEl aJlo rov OXE'tlxa xa!!l]AO oa8!!0 'tEAELOJlOLl]Ol]e; xa( « a;LOJlLo't(ae; » (fiabilite) 'tWV EOWTEQLXWV <>EO!!WV TWV aUTO!!a'twV ouomurrnov) . Kuromv, !!E TiJV JlQoo<>o 'tiie; au'tO!!a'tOJloil]ol]e; xa( !!E 't(e; <>LaQ8QwTLXEe; aAAayEe; JlOU 'tiJ OlJVO<>EUOlJV, <'> aQL8!!0e; roue 8a !!ELW8Ei: JlQoe; 6cpEAOe; 'tOU aQL8!!ou TWV TEXVlXWV, TWV !!l]xavoAOYwv, XM. 'EX<>l]AWVE'taL <'>AoEva xa( mo xa8aQa !!La OTa8EQiJ 'taol] JlEQaO!!a'tOe; 'tiie; oamxiie; !!a~ae; 'tiie; uv8QwJlLvl]e; EQyao(ae; o'tiJv JlQoJlaQaoXElJao'tLxiJ cpaol] Tf}e; JlaQaYWYiie;, oTiJv 'tEXVlXiJ oQyavwol], ma OXE<>La, miJv EQElJVa xa( OTiJV avaJlTlJ;l], XAJl.20• 'YJlOAOy(~E'taL OTL YUQw OTO TEAOe; TOU atwva !!ae;, OTLe; mo avaJl'tlJY!!EVEe; XU)QEe; ~ JlaQaywYiJ !!JloQEl va Jla'ljJEL va sivrn !!La AEliOvQy{a iQyaa{a~ !!E ,;iJ Ol]!!EQLViJ EvvOla TOU oQOlJ (!!E TiJV EvvOLa !!Lae; aJlAiie;, xo!!!!a'tlamiie; EQyao(ae;) xa( OTL Eva Ol]!!aVTLXO xa( <>LaQXWe; aU;aVO!!EVO 't!!f]!!a 'tf]e; <>QaoTl]QlOTl]Tae; TOU av8QwJlolJ, JlOU JlQOOQ(~E'taL va 'tOU El;aocpaA(~EL 'ta !!EOa ~w-

44

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOLlPOMl

~:;, 8a !AJtOQEl va !lOla~Et !lE EVoe; OT)!lEQlVOU 'tEXVlXOU r) !ll]xavoA6yOlJ (~ !laAA.OV !lE !lla <>QaO'tl]QlOTl]'ta alJTOU TOU ElTllTE<>OlJ).

"ETOl ~ ElTLOTl]!l0VlXOTEXVLXtl ElTaVaOTaOl] OlJV<>EETaL OTEva !lE Ttl !lE'taOOAtl Tf)e; oaOlxf)e; mpULQae; 'tf)e; av8QU)JTLVl]e; <>QaOTl]QlO'tl]'tae;, !lE Ttl 8EOl] TOU av8QwlTolJ O'tOV X00!l0 TWV lTaQaYWYlXWV ouvaJ.!EWV - xa( OlJVElTWe; J.!E 'ttl VEa 8EOl] YEVlxa TOU av8QwlTolJ 21 • A1JTtl ~ TEQaOTLa XOlVWVLXtl xa( av8QwlTLvl] aAA.aYtl, alTOTEAEI J.!la alTO 'tle; 8EJ.!EALaXEe; <>LaOTaOEle; Tf)e; ElTLOTl]!lOVlXOTExVLxf)e; ElTaVaOTaOl]e;. !'l.h !AJtOQOU!lE va aV'tLAl]cp80uJ.!E TtlV OUOla 'tf)e; ElTLO'tl]!lOVlXO'tEXVlXi)e; ElTaVaOTaOl]C;, va xaTaAaOOlJJ.!E 'ttl 0l]!lao(a 'tl]e;, o.v Ttl 8EWQtl00lJJ.!E !lOVO orrv !lla EOWTEQLXtl !lETaOOAtl Tf)e; TExVlXf)e;. "OAEe; ol EQElJVEe; lTOU <>tv aVTLxQu~OlJV T(e; OUYXQOVEe; 'taOEle; OE OlJvaQ'tl]Ol] !lE Ttl 8EOl] 'tOu av8QwlTolJ orov xoouo TWV lTaQaywYlxwv <>lJVaJ.!Ewv, lTaQa !l0VO OE OlJvaQ'tl]ol] J.!E Ta TEXVlxa J.!Eoa, TtlV EVEQYELaxtl XA.lT., OQlOXOV'tal !llTQoOTa 0' Eva aVElTlAlJ'tO lTQOOAl]J.!a22 : lTOlO elvm TO XQl'ttlQLO Yla va alTocpav80UJ.!E o.v ol OUYXQOVEe; 'tEXVlXEe; ElTlTEU1;Ele; EXOlJV lTQaY!lG'tlxa ~ 0XL ElTaVaO'ta'tlXO xaQaXTtlQa ; rLaTi OTtlV lTQaY!laTLXO'tl]Ta, xa8E TEXVLXtl XaLVOTOJ.!la dVaL J.!E TOV 'tQOlTO 'tl]e; ElTaVaOTG'tlXtl. AUTtl ~ acpETl]Q(a 01hE lTaQEXEt 'to XQLTtlQLO 'tOU ElTUVaOTaTLXOU xaQaXTtlQa 'tWV Ol]J.!EQlVWV J.!E'taOOAWV, oirte ElTL'tQElTEl TOV xaQaX'tl]QLOJ.!O Tf)e; O1JYXQOVl]e; flTOxf)e;. "Ouroc, o.v lTaQOlJ!lE UlTo'IjJl] 'to oa8UTEQO XQl'ttlQLO ttirv J.!ETaOOAWV O'ttl <>O!ltl xa( OTtl <'hJVa!llXtl 'tWV lTaQaYWYlXWV <>lJvaJ.!EWV, xal XlJQlWe; OTtl 8EOl] TOU av8QwlTolJ !lEOa oro OUVOAO TWV lTaQuywYlXWV <>lJVaJ.!EWV, TOTE cpaVEQWVETaL xa8aQa xa( arr:O<>E<>ElY!lEVa 6 ElTaVaOTaTLXOe; xaQax'tl)Qae; TWV J.!E'taOOAWV lToil XlJorpoooirvtrn 23.

'H ElTlOTl]J.!OVLXO'tEXVLXtl ElTaVaO'taol], OE aV'tl8wl] !lE 'ttlV lTEQ(O<>O Tf)e; EXOLO!ll]xaVLOl]e;, alTOlJ tl av1;l]ol] Tf)e; lTaQaywyf)e; OlJVO<>WOTav alTO 'ttlV av1;l]ol] TOU lTOOoo'tOU 'tf)e; alTaOxoAl]Ol]e; o'tOue; oLOJ.!l]xavlXOUe; xAa<>OlJe;, EX<>l]A.UlVf.l alTO TtlV aQXtl Tl1e; J.!la aV't(- 8ETl] TaOl] : tllTaQaywYtl aVUlTTUOOE'taL xWQ(e; va aU1;aVETaL tllTOOOTl]Ta EQyao(ae; lTOU XQl]Ol!lOlTOLEI'taL OTtlV o.!lEOl] lTaQaywYtl· aVTl8ETa ueubvetai ij lTEQLOQt~Eml f] a/1W1] , f] lTaQac~)Oatax~ lTaQaywYlx~ £Qyaata (aQya /1iXQl a~WQa, aUa am()EQa) atnv aQX~ OXETtXa (lTQo~ OqJEJ..O~ TOV « /1~ lTaQaywytXOV » TO/1ia) xai aQyoTEQa alToJ..vm " atii; H Il A, f] /1ia1] J1:0aoT1]Ta T~~ EQyaata~ lT01) XQ1]0l/10lTOlctml aT~V awa1J lTaQaywy~ xal J1:01) i!WVE EJ1:t 6E-

o XAPAKTHPAE THE EmETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EllANAETAEHE 45

xaetiec aXEOOV (Jia(JEQ~ (xeolno» 75 OtaEXaiOfifivQla (hQE~ rov XQovo) , xaoououit.et oAoiva xai xeoiaooteoo uui ra.aYJ nrwaYJ~. rr~ oexaetia 1953-1963, 0 aQt(Jfio~ rwv arofiwv nov XQYJOLfiorcOt01JVraV ar~v E$,OQVXitX~ otOfiYJxavla fiEtW(JYJXE xara. 25,6%, ar~v aYQoitx~ olxovoula xara. 24, 7%, atu; ouvxoivowiei; ar~v naQaywy~ fJAExrQtxYj~ EviQYEla~ xai aEQlwv xal otic ueuupooe; xara. 7,2 %, ar~ fiEranOtYJitx~ otOfiYJxavla xata 1,4% 24. Ko.8E DXT<.O IlEQEe;, ~ 'tEXVLXYJ xa'taQyEI 30 000 we; 40 000 altaOxoAYJOEle;. 'Alto 'tOve; 1l0VLIlOlJe; aVEQYOlJe;, 59% dVaL aVEl<> LXElJ'tm, 19% d<>LXElJIlEVm xaL 19 % lJltaAAl]Am. <l>lJOLXo., ol OtxO<>OIlEe;, ol lJltl]QEOLEe;, ol VEOL xA.a<>m, XAlt., anoQQocpoiiv axolla 'to IlEyaM'tEQo IlEQoe; 'twv EQyanxwv XEQLWV ltOV xa'taQyEI ~ 'tEXVLXYJ. naQ' oAa au'ta, OAOEva xaL mo xa8aQo. EX<>l]AWVE'taL ~ 'to.01] YLo. 'tYJV Xa'to.QYl]Ol] 'tlje; ltaQa{)OOLaxlje; OLOIll]xavLxlje; EQyaoLae; 25.

To oLOIll]xavLxo oUo'tl]lla avml;E ij<>l] 'to <>Qollo o'tYJv EltLO'tYJIll] orrv allEOl] ltaQaywYLxYJ <>vvalll]' aAAo. oro IlEyaM'tEQo IlEQoe; rou bEv EXEl altaAAayEI axolla alto 't(e; EllltElQLXEe; IlE8O<>Ee;, alto 'tLe; ltaQaMoEle; xa( 't(e; OlJVYJ8ELEe; nou 'to oo.QaLVaV o'tYJ <>LaQXEla ltOAAWV yEVLWV. 'Ano <>W xaL ltEQa ~ EcpaQlloyYJ 'tlje; EltLo'tYJIll]e; YLVE'taL OE 01..0 xat IlEyaM'tEQl] xAtllaxa, El;aAElcpovwe; nnvtof 'to. o'tmxEIa Qol)'ttvae; ltOV ~ av8QwltLvl] YVWOl] bEv EXEl ltEQaoa alto 'to CPLA'tQO 'tl]e;' 'tOlt08E'tEl OE AOYLxYJ Oo.Ol], IlE 'tYJ oOYJ8aa E;WWOWlY xat aAyoQ(8IlWV, 'to ovvoAo 'tlje; ltaQaywYLxlje; <>La<>LxaOtae;, ano 'tYJv aQXYJ we; 'to 'tEAoe;, xat ETOL ,;YJv ltQoE'tmlla~a YLa ,;YJv doaywyYJ 'tlje; aQxlje; 'tlje; aU'tOlla'tOltOtl]Ol]e;. 'H EltLO'tYJ Ill] , oov allEOl] ltaQuywYLXYJ bUvalll] , aQX(~EL oYJIlEQa va <>Qa OE xa(JoAtX~ XAluaxa xat oA6xAl]Ql] ~ oWIll]xavta yh'E'taL IlLo. « 'tExvoAoYLxYJ EcpaQlloyYJ 'tlje; Eltw'tYJIll]e; ». BQLOXOlluOTE !!ltQomo. o'tYJ IlE'ta'tQOltYJ 'tlje; ltuQaywYLXlje; <>m<>LxaOtUe;, alto <>m<>LxaOta <mAlje; EQyaotae; OE <>La<>LxaOta « EltW'ttlIlOvLxlje; EQyao(ae; »26.

LYJIlEQa, ~ <mAYJ, xOIlIla'tLaoTYJ EQyaOta, ltOV altoTEAoiioE we; TWQa TYJ oaol] Tlje; ltaQaywylje;, avnxa8Cma'taL alto ,;YJV Entar~fiYJ xat 't(e; ECPuQlloYEe; Tl]e; mYJv TEXVLXYJ, ornv oQyavwol], mYJv El;a<>LXElJOl] , XAlt. AUTYJ ~ ocpatQa <>QaoTl]QLo'tl]'tae;, ltOV aAAo'tE ~wv XWQLoIlEVl] alto TYJV ltaQaywyYJ xat 1l0VO altE;W, OltOQa<>lXo. XUt ltEQwQLollEva, EltEVEOaLVE 0' aUTYJv, <>Lalto't(~El 'twQa OAoxAl]Ql] TYJV ltaQaywyYJ xut TYJV xmvwvLxYJ ~wYJ. Au'tYJ ~ ocpatQa bQao'tl]QLo'tl]we; ltOV ltQoocpaTa axolla aQLfllloiioE 1l0VO IlEQLXEe; EXa'tOV'to.-

46

o IlOAIT/EMOE ETO ETAYPOL1POMI

()Ee; i] XlAla()Ee; EQya~o~EVOlJe;, Y(VE1;m 'twQa ~La 'tEQaO'tla VAlX1 ovvafi1J, nou 'tl]v OlJyxQo'tOuv, ltEQa alto 'tl]V EUQU'ta'tl] 'tEXVlXl] 'tl]e; 6aOl] , ~la mQana ltaVW alto 11 Exa'tO~~lJQiwv av8Qwltwv 0' 01..0 tov xoouo, alto 'tOue; OltOiOlle; 3,5 Exa'tO~~uQla elvm d()lXO( Eltlml]~OVEe;. Lu~cpwva ~E 'toue; iJltOAoYlo~oue; OQlO~EVWV dOlXWV 27, OE ~La to'tOQlXa XOV'tlVl] ltEQioOo (orov EltO~EVO alwva) 'to. 20% 'tOU ollvoALxou aQL8~ou 'tWV EQya~o~EvwV 8a altaOxoAouv'tm o'tie; EltlO'tii~Ee; xai o'ti]v EQElJVa. YE'tOl, ~E 'tl]V Ex'taOl] xa( 'tl] onucotc 'tl]e;, ~ ocpa(Qa 'tf)e; EltW'tl]~l]e; xa( 'tiie; EQElJVae; 80. cp'taoEl oa8~taiu 'tl] otO~l]xavia, Yla va yivEl 'tEAlxa ~ anospaauruxn ocpaiQa 'tiie; av8Qwltlvl]e; OQao'tl]Qto'tl]'tae;. Au'ta 'ta ltQoyvwo'tLxa o'tl]Qi~oV'tm orov El;mQE'tlXO fOWTEQlXO Ollva~lo~o 'tiie; EltlOTl]~OVlXiie; ~wiie;. nQay~a'tl, 000 mo ltOAA.a ~l]'taEl xavEie; alto 'tl]V fltW'tl]~l] rooo ltlO ltOAAa ~ltoQEi aUTl] va 'tOU OWOEl. Knrrr ouvsnetn, 01..0 xa( VEEe; ltAElJQEe; 'tiie; Eltlml]~l]e; ~a(VOllV 0' EVEQYEla oav G~WOt OlJV'tEAW'tEe; 'tiie; ltaQaywYiie; (aXl ~OVO ol ~l]xaVlXEe; Eltlo'tii~Ee;, aAAa OAEe; of EltlO'tii~Ee; 'tiie; cpUOl]e;, xa( mya-Olya OAEe; 0XEMv ol EltlO'tii~Ee; 'tOU av8QWltOll). 'Alto 'tl]v GAAl] ~EQta, VEOl 'to~Eie; 'tiie; ltaQaywYiie; ~E'ta'tQEltOv'tm oAoEva OE « ltElQa~a'tlXEe; Eltto'tii~Ee; ».

AU'tl] ~ aAAaYl] o'tl]V El;w'tEQlXl] AEl'tOllQyia 'tiie; ElttO'ti]~l]e; OlJVOOEUE'taL XU( xa80Qi~E'tm alto ~lav aAAaYl] otov tow rov xaQux'tl]Qa 'tf)e; EltlO'tl]~l]C;.

To ouvos.o 'twv aAAaywv au'twv oro « iJltOXEl~EVtXO o'tOtXELo » tiie; ltaQaywYiie; OlJVElttCPEQfI ~l<1 ltow'ttxl] af.J...ayi] OTl] bO~l] 'twv ltuQaywYlxwV OllVa~EWV xai 'tie; XaV€l OE ~EyaAo 6ae~o ltQOOlTEe; OE 01..0 xai VEOlle; ltaQaYOV'tEe;, LxavoTEQOlle; oro va OlEWOUOllV oTie; OlJVa~EtC; aU'tEe;, ltOU EXOllV 'tie; Qi~Ee; 'tOlle; o'tl]v rOta 'tl]v El;EAl;l] 'tiie; xorvrovto ; xai, OE 'tEAElJ'taia aVaAllOl], oto av8Qwltlvo av. L' mho 'to O'taOlO; ~ OllVa~lXOlto(l]Ol] 'tWV ltaQaYUlYlxulV OllVa~EWV, Tiie; 6aol]e; 'tOU ltOAl'tlO~OU 'tiie; av8Qwlttvl]e; ~Uliie;, cp'taVEl we; 'tl]v lttO 6a8Ela iicpl] rou, Ol]AaOl], 'ti] OtaQx~ o£XUXOT1JTl1 TaV.

KaeE 'tQOltOe; ltaQaywYiie; EXEl 'ttc; OlXEe; tou aQXEC; xai ltaQa~E'tQOlJe; aValt'tll;l]C;. L'tl] ~lXQl] XElQO'tEXVlXl] ltaQuywy~, 0 aQl- 8~0e; xat ~ ltOlO'tl]'ta 'tWV EQya~o~EvwV ~'tav anocpaow'tlXoe;. L'tO 6LO~l]xaVtxo ouo'tl]~U f] fia~a TWV fiEawv fQyaa{a~ (xEcpaAaw)

o XAPAKTHPAI TH1: Elll1:THMONIKOTEXNIKH1: EllANA1:TAIH1: 47

xat 'WU EQyauxov OVVal'-lXOV, dVaL 0 Xa80QL01;LXOe; xat ltEQLOQL<nLXOe; OQOe; 'tiie; OLO~l]xaVLXiie; ltaQaywYiie;· ME 'tte; Ol]~EQLVEe; o~we; aAAaYEe; ntlV ltaQaywYLxwV bUVa~EWV ~ aValt'tusl] 'tiie; ltaQaywYiie; aQXt~EL va E;aQ'tLE'taL ltaQLoooTEQO &no 'til YEVlXrJ xatxiataon rr;c; hrwrrJI'-1JC; xat TWV EcpaQ~oywv Tf]e; - etre ltQOXEL'taL YLa ltQoobo 'tf)e; TEXvoAoytae;, etrs YLa ltQoobo <nov 'W~Ea 'tf)e; bLE1J8uvol]e;, 'tiie; oQyaVwOl]e; ii 'tiie; dbtXEUOl']~ - ltaQa &no Ti]V ltOOoTl]'ta 'tf)e; altAiie; EQyaOtae; ltOU XQl]OL~OltOLEi'taL <ni]v a~EOl] ltaQaywyi], axo~a xa( &no Ti]V nooorntc 'twv ~EOWV ltaQaywYiie; xat alto 'tOV oyxo Tiie; iJAOltOLl]~EVl]e; EQyaOtae;, bl]Aabi], OUVOALXa alto 'ti]v ltooo'tl]'ta 'tou xEcpaAatOlJ. "OAEe; aU'tEe; ol &"A.AayEe; 'twv ltaQaywYLxwV bUVa~EWV ltOU 0' aU'tEe; <nl]Qt~E'taL ~ Ol]~EQLVi] OtXOVO~LXi] aValt'tUSl], altOXTOUV ESaLQETLXi] Ol]~aota YLa OAEe; Tte; ocpaiQEe; 'tiie; XOLVWVLXiie; ~wiie; xa( 'tiie; av8QwltLvl]e; bQaoTf]QLo'tl]'tae;.

nQay~a'tt, ot btacpOQEe; ltaQaywYLXEe; blJVa~ELe;, oav OUV'tEAE<nEe; aVUnw;l]e;, EXOlJV ltoM btaCPOQETLXa OlXOV0l'-lXo. xaQaxr1JQlatixa. 'H <na8EQi] avaAoyta aVa~EOa o'ti]v nooomro 'tiie; a~EOa XQl]OL~OltOLOU~EVl]e; EQyaOtae; xat o'ti]v nooomtc 'tWV ltaQayo~Evorv <nov ~EOO XOLVWVLXa avayxaio XQovo aya8wv, ~'tav 'to xaQaxTf]QLOTLXO 'tiie; XELQOTEXVLXiie; oixovouiuc. flO. 'tte; buo oaOLXEe; ltaQaYWYLxEe; bUVa~ELe; &no 'tte; OltOIEe; E;aQ'tLo'tav ~ EXOLO~l]XaVLon, 'L0XUE 11bl] ~La 0XEOl] mo OUV8ETl]: ~ aiJsl]ol] 'tiie; ltooo'tl]'tae; TOU WCPEAL~OU JT<:_loi:oVTOe; ~'taV, OE YEVlXEe; YQa~~Ee;, ltaVTO'tE avaAOyl] ~E 'ti]v aU';l]Ol] 'tiie; OUVOALXiie; ltOOoTl]'tae; 'tiie; ~wV'taviie; xat UAOltOLl]~Evl]e; O'ti] bLablXaOta Tiie; ltaQaywYiie; EQyaOtae;. fLO. va ltaQax8Ei ~EyaM'tEQl] ltooOTf]'ta alto as(Ee; XQi]ol]e;, XQELa~OV'taV DAO xat ltEQLooo'tEQa EQYOO'taOLa, ~l]xavEe; xat EQya'tLXa XEQLa, ltEQLOOOTEQO XEcpaAaLO ii « XEcpaAaLO xat EQyaOta »28. "Av ovoucOOU~E « OAlXrJ naoavosvixointo: » 'til OXEOl] ava~Eoa o'tl]v ltaQaywyi] xat <nte; Jr1JyiC; rr;c; ~wvravr;c; xai VAOJrOl1JI'-iv1JC; EQyaaiac; 29, TOTE - 000 xat av au'to cpatVETaL ltaQa;EVO - ~ EXOLO~l]XaVLOl], oov oaOLXOe; TUltOe; OtXOVO~Lxiie; aValt'tuSl]e;, dVaL ~la ltEQtoboc; oTa8EQoTl]Tae;, ltayw~a'We; 'tiie; « OALXiie; ltaQaywYLxoTl]'tae; » 30. , Alto au'to ltQOXUltTEl O'tl <ni]v EltOXi] Tiie; EXOLO~l]XaVLOl]e; (chav ~ XELQovaxTLxi] EQyaOta av'tLxa8to'ta'taL alto 'tl]V 'tEXVLxi]), ~ 0XE0l] <na8EQOU XEcpaAaLOU xat ltaQaywYiie; (ltOU OVO~a~E'taL « OUV'tEAE<ni]e; 'WU XEcpaAa(OlJ ») ~EyaAwvEL OUVEXWe; 31. 'H E;aOcpaALOl] <na8EQiie; aValtTUsl]e; Tiie; ltaQaywYii; altaLTEi Tau't0XQova xat ~La

48

o nOAITlEMOE ETO ETAYPO.1POMI

aiJSl]oy) Toli xococtou au~nA.l]QwIWTlxiov Em:v<>uoEwv - ETOL nou 1] auoatioeoon TOV X£CpaAalOV XlJOEQVa E<>w TiJV OLXOVO~LXiJ avaJtTlJsl] 32. 'EnEL<>iJ 1] nOOOTtxiJ hrixmoYJ Tf}; OLO~l]):aVLxf}; naQaywyf}; ~f oaol] ~La YEVLXa OTa8EQiJ 60~iJ trirv naQaywYLxiov 6lJVafA,EWV - 6l]Aa6iJ aVEYEQOl] VEWV EQyooTao(wv, TEA.ELOnO(l]Ol] TWV ~fOWV EQyaO(a~ xa( nQoOAl]ljJl'1 Xat Vf:WV EQyunxwv XEQLWV - naQa~EVEL 6 8E~EAlaxoe; runoc aVaJtTlJsl]e; TOW naQaYWYLXU)V blJVafA,EWV OTiJV EnoxiJ Tf}e; EXoLO~l]xavLOlle;, f1JtOQOUfA,E va nOU~E OTt 1] EXOLO~YJxaVLOl'J anOTEAEl TO £XWTlxeJ OTOLXEtO Tlie; oixovojuxfp; avanTlJl;l1c.

~LacpOQETLxiJ stxovn naQOlJOLa~Et ,.ua xorvrovto onOlJ 1] <>0- Ili! xai fJ <>lJVa~lxiJ TWV na(laywylXWV <>lJVafA,EWV SEJtEQVOUV TO OLO~l'JxaVLXO OQLO. 'H t6laitEQl] ol]fA,aoia Tf}e; EnlatiJfA,l]e; xa( rrov EcpaQ~oywv tl'Je;, ouv OlJVTEAEOTij (l.vaJtTlJI;YJ;, XU80Q(~ETat uno TOV OlXOVO~LXO Tl]C; xaQaXtllQa, ltOU elvm <>laCPOQETlXO; imo TiJv aCPl'JQl'J~fVYJ EQyao(a. '0 Mags dXE 11<>l] EltLoYJ~aVEl OTL « TO ltQoi:ov tf}c; ltVElJfA,anxli; EQyuo(ac;, i] EltLOt~fA,YJ, dvat ltaVTa xatwTEQO altO TiJv asia Tl]e;. nQC1y~aTLXa, () avayxatOe; XQovoe; YLa TiJV avaltaQaywyiJ Tl]e; bEv elvoi EuOEw:; avaAoyoc; fA,E TOV XQovo EQyao(ae; nou arratTELTaL Yla TiJV (lQXIXiJ ;raQaywyiJ Tl]~ »JJ. 'H EcpaQ~oyiJ TiJe; EltLOTiJ~l]e; dVaL Evne; lO~Eac; Tf}C; av8Qo)JtLVYJ; <>QaOTYJQloTl]ta:; onou 0 avflQwltoe; ~aOa(vEl va XQYJOL~OltOLEi a~wa t(e; ltYJYEe; xa( Tli; <>lJVa~EL:; ni; cpuoYJ:; ltOU oQouv aOXOlta.

"On01) il EltL<JTijIlYJ daMEl 0' bMxAYJQ'l tiJv naQaymYll - ~tf TijV TEXVI.XiJ, tiJv oQyavwol'J il TijV ElblXElJ0l'J - XU( Y(VETat () oaaLxo; ltaQayovTa:; Tf}e; avaJttlJsl'J;, EXEt i] Xa~ltUAl'J avaJtTlJsl]e; Tlie; ltaQaywyf}e; altoxAlvEl xaTavayxYJ alto TiJV XallltVAYJ lOU aOQo(OllatOe; Tf}e; XQYJOL~OltOLOlJ~fVYJ; av8QwJtlvYJC; EQyaoiae;, TOOO Tf}e; SWVTavf}c; 000 xa( Tf}e; -UAOltOLYJ~EvYJe;. "EXOlJ~E TOTE tnv avultTlJsl'J Tlie; « oALxf}; ltaQaYWYLxOTYJTae; ». Of « alJvTEAEOTf; TOU XEcpaAa(ov » 34 bEy ausavovv ma Vlt0XQEwTLxa' E~acpav(~ETaL routeXQova 0 llolQatOC; xaQaxTiJQa; TOU ltOOOOTOU avOOWgElJOl];. 'Alto aUTO to O'l)fA,ElO, i] OlaC~xao(a Tf}e; aUTOaSLOltOLl]0YJ:; xa( Tf}e; ouootoQElJ011; TOU xEcpaAaiolJ ltauEl vc. altOTl:AEl, OTO xaOuQa OlXOVOIlLXO ltE<>LO, TiJV ltQolJlToOwYJ Tlie; yEvLXf}e; ltQoo<>OlJ Tf}:; ltuQaywYli;·

ME aUa Myw, i] EltLOTiJ~l'J Y(VETat altO <>W xat ltEQa IlLa oaOLxiJ IlETaOAl]Tij OTO OlXOVO~LXO oVOTYJlla xai IlLa ('1llOrpaawTlxf!

o XAPAKTHPAE THE EllIETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EllANAETAEHE 49

:JraQ6p,EiQO~ 'tf}e; ltQOObOll WU ltOA.lTlOflOiJ, oro OUVOAO TOll. BAEnouue va fflcpaVt~OVTm Ta ltQoaYYEA. Ttxa Ol]flabLU flUXe; VEae; bllvaflLxf}e;, EVoe; vtov 'f1J;;WV aV(briv;1J~ (<< flEtaOWfll]XUVLXoi) »), ltOU OaOt~E'tm OE bLaQXEic; bLaQ8Qo)'tlXEe; anaYEC; T<DV ltaQUYOlYLXWV bllVaf1EWV, aA.AayEe; altOll TO altocpamOTtXO OTOLXEiO bEv ElVaL ltUX ~ nocottxn aiJsl]ol] 'tWV f1EOWV ltuQaywYlie; xa( Tf}e; fQyaTtXf}e; Mvafll]e;, aA.Aa ~ ltOLOTl]Ta xa( 0 oa8f10e; aswlto(l]Ol]C; TWV VEWV ltaQaYWYLXWV bllVaf1EWV. A1JTij dvm ~ oaOl] TWV £vmwuiJv ltaQayoV'tOlV tf}e; aValtTllSl]C;, Tf}e; fltLTaXllV0l]e; ltOV OllvbEETaL OQyavlxa f1f. TijV EVCl.Qsl\ ti\c; EltlOTl\V-0VlXOUXVl')'.'i)C; EltUVaOTaOl\';.

'H Ol]f1EQLVij OlXOVOf1LXiJ aValt'tllsr, dvm avaflcpLooiJTl]Ta ~ OllVLOTaf1£Vl] alJTWV TWV buo TaOEWV. "Av alto TOUe; ltaQaYOVTfC; Tl]e; V:JrEQfXfl l) aiJl;l]ol] TOU alt08Ef1aWe; EQyao(ae; xal TWV alt08Ef1aTO)V TWV f1EOWV ltaQaywyf}e; (XEcpaA.aw), av ~ oixovojuxf avaltWsl] EsaocpaA.t~ETm altocpaOLOTtXa altO tiJv aU~l]Ol] tOU xeqxrAalOll [« TOU XEcpaAa(Oll xal 'tf}c; EQyaolae; ») - xaQaXTl]QlOl:LXEe; Ollvflf}XEe; Tf}; EltOxf}e; Ttle; EXOWf1l]xaVLOl]C; - flltOQOUf1E va f1LA.Gf1E Yla £xmitXO TUltO aValt'tllsl]e;. 'A VTt8ETa, EXEi OltOll EXOllV TO ltQooablOf1a l) noiorntn xaL 6 oaflf1oe; aSWltOll]Ol\e; TOU altOflf,llaTOe; « xEcpaA.a(oll xa( EQyao(ae; », bl]A.abiJ ol ltaQayoVTEe; ltOl) altoQQEollV ano TiJV ElttOTl]1l0VLXO'tEXVLXiJ ltQoobo, f1f TiJV ltA.a'tEla EVVOLa Tf}e; Afsl]e;, <'mo Tte; blaQ8Qo)TLXEe; IlETaOOUe; T(1)V ltaQaywYLXWV bllvaf1EO)v, EXOllf1E f1lav £vmilx~ OlXOVOf1lXiJ aValtTllSl], f1f VEOUe; xaL ltQWTOTlJjWVe; EOWTEQlXOU; V0f10lle; xat ltQOODlOQL- 0f10UC; 35. "Of1O)C; elvm cpaVEQo ltWe; f1La flEf1EA.laxiJ anayiJ TWV TUltOlV avaltTlJSl]; bEv flltoQEi va y(VEL ltaQa Of Eva OQLoflfVO, 0XETtxa lJ'ljJl]AOTEQo. EltLltEOO tf}e; ESEA.lsl]e; Tf}e; XOlvO)vlae; xa(, xaTaQxiJv, f1ETa TiJV EXQwf111xavlOl] Tf}e; XWQae;.

Of EQEllVEe; mXvo) OTOUe; O1)VTEA.EOTEe; Tf}e; OlXOVOf1lXf}; avaltTllSl1e; EltlTQfltOVV va OllllltEQavOllf1E ltWC; OTte; aQXfC; TOU alwva f1ue; TO 70 % Tf}e; aValtTllSl1e; Tf}e; OlXOVOf1(ae; EsaQ'tLOTav altO EXTaTlXOU; ltaQayoV'tEe; (OTolxEia TWV HnA). ~iJIlEQa TO tOLO mrro ltOOOOTO (TOOO OTLe; HnA 000 xat OTte; XWQEe; Tije; ~VTtxf}e; EUQwltl1; f1f YOQyiJ OlXOVOf1lXiJ aValtTllSl]) ocpElA.ETm OE EVTaTtXOVC; ltaQayoVTEe;, ltOU EXOllV OXfOl] f1f TiJv EcpaQf10yiJ 'tf}e; EltlOTiJlll1C;, f1E TiJ vEa TEXVLXiJ, f1E TiJV oQ80A.OYLXiJ oQyavO)0l] xaL OLaXElQLOl], Ilf TiJV avobo Tf}C; dbtxEVOl]C;, XAlt. 'EltaA.118EuETm tOTOQLxa m;(c; TEA.Ell'tGiEC; OEXaETtEC; n:we; ~ EV'tGTtxiJ aVWt'tllSl1 llltEQEXEl aXQLowc;

4

50

o nOAITlEMOE ETO ETAYPOL1POMI

O'tO oa81lo ltOU ltEQm;OOVE'taL it EXoLOIll]xavtol] x.a( ElttOaAAE'taL it ElttO'tl]1l0VlXO'tEXVlXl] EltaVaO'taol].

6. O[ VEEC:; OtaOTaOftC:; T~C:; avanrv£1]C:; toii nOALTWf..IOV

'H ltQoobo£ 'tYJ£ ElttO'tl]1l0VlXO'tEXVlXYJ£ EltavaO'taol]£ xaL OL aAAaYE£ ltOV ElttCPEQ£l O'ta 1l0v'tEAa OLxovoll~xYJ£ avalt'tlJsl]£, xavow mO'tE, OE OQlOIlEVl] oa81l(ba, DAOl OL vouot xa( OL avaAoY(E£ 'tYJ£ XOlVWVLXYJ£ avalt'tlJsl]£ va Ellcpav(~ov'taL IlE Ilui YEa 1l0QCPl]· Au'to acpoQu XlJQLW£ 'tL£ OXEOfL£ avallEOa anjv brwi~!1Y!, m~v teXVlX~ xai anjv away! ltaQaywy1j. Mlt0QOUIlE va ltOUIlE ltOO£ ltEQa alto Eva OQLO avalt'tlJsl]£, OL OXEOEL; aU'tE£ altoxwuv Illa ol]llaOLa rooo xa8oQlo'tLXl]. 000 xa( ornv mg(obo TfJ:: EXOlOIl'llXaVI0l]C fiXE 6 A.6yo£ 'tWv 'tOIlEWV I xa( II * til£ xa8alJ't0 ltaQaywyYJs. ~'tL£ OlJV- 8ijXE; tile:; EltW'tl]1l0VlXO'tEXVLXije:; EltaVao'taOl]e:;, 'to ltQooabwlla tijs btLO'tl]Ill]£ OE OXEOl] IlE nlV 'tEXVLXl] xaL 'tij£ 'tEXVLXij£ OE OXEOl] IlE 't~v all£Ol] ltaQaywyrl Y(VE'taL vouoc rij£ avalt'tlJsl]£ 'tWV ltaQaYWylxWv OlJVaIlEWV. "Omo; ciltE xaL 6 M. B. KEAV'tl£, ltQoEbQoc:; til£ ' Axabl]IlLa£ ElttO'tl]IlWv rij£ E~~~ 36: « ~'t(£ VEE£ LO'tOQlXEe:; OlJVfujXE£ ... ltQElt£l it 'tEXVlXl] Ila£ v« ltQOXWQEL xa( v' avalt'tUOOE'tal IlE lttO YQl]YOQO QlJ81l0 alto nl oaQ£la OLOIll]xav(a, xa( OL ElttO'tij!!££ ltOV ciVaL 'to XVQto oa8Qo 'tij£ 'tEXVlXij£ ltQo6bOlJ xa( it XUQLa ltl]yrl 'tWV lttO ouvaQltaO'tLXWV 'tEXVLXWV LOEWV, va S£ltEQvoirv 'tOV QlJ8J.«S avalt'tlJSl]£ rij£ L£XVlXij£ ».

Botoxouoore !!ltQoo'ta OE Illa VEU OXEOll, UYV{J)OTl1 0't11 lilOIlYJxaVlXl] fltaVamaol] xa( ltOV dVaL 6 altaQaL'tl]w£ oQo£ xaflE EVta'tlXYJ£ avalt'tlJSl]£ : va OLa8EWlJIlE Lxavo'tl]w EQElJVa£ xa( alto- 8EIla ElttOTl]1l0VlXWV YVOOOEWV ltOV va Eltt'tQEltOlJV 't11 auvEX11 EcpaQlloYl] (xaL IlE ausavollEvo ltQOOaOWlla) VEWV xal lttO alto'tEAEOllatLXWV AUOEWV O'ta jTQOOAl]llaW tij£ 'tEXVlXij£, tije:; oQyavw- 01]£, XA.lt., E'tOl nou va alto'tQEltOlJllE 't11v aUSl]ol] 'tWV OlJV'tEAEO'tWV WU xEcpaAu(OlJ XU( 'tl]v avobo rof OlJVU:AEO'tij OlJOOOOQElJOl]£. Movo 11' uiltov tOV 'tQOltO dVaL blJvm;o va fA,EtQlaOOlJIlE 't££ al]llav'tLXE£ bUltaVE£ ltOV altaL'tOuv OL OlJv'tEAovIlEVE£ o't11v 'tEXVlXl] OaOl] 'tij£ oVYXQovl]£ ltaQaywyij£ altOWIlES IlEWOOAE£, xa( axolla xa( va t[; aSLOltOll]00lJllEJ7 .

'H aVGn'tlJSl] 'tWV EltW'tl]IlWV xaL 'tij£ EQElJVa£ IlltOQEl £'tal (ltEQa alto EVU OQLOIlEVO EltLmOO xaL oE XU80QlOI-lEVl] avaAoYLa)

o XAPAKTHPAI THl: EnIITHMONIKOTEXNIKHl: ElTANAl:TAl:Hl: 51

va EiVaL 11:oM 1tL0 Oljl-laVTLxi] YLa Tij 6Y)l-lwlJQy(a xa( Ti]V aVa11:aQaywyi] T(tlV 11:aQaywYLxwV 6lJVal-lEWV Tf)C; xOLvwv(ac; 0.11:' O,TL t1 E11:EXTaoy) Tf)c; aI-lEOy)C; 11:aQaywyf)c; : ot aAAaYEC; TooV TEXVLXooV 60- I-loov, 0 ExOlJYXQOVL0I-l0C;, t1 oQ80MYLOlj Tf)C; 6LElJ8lJvoy)C;, t1 av060c; Tf)C; 1-l0Q<pwoy)C;, ol <pQovT(6EC; YUl TOV av8Qw11:0, XA11:., l-l11:oQEl va EXOlJV I-lLa 11:0M I-lEyaMTEQy) a11:0TEAEOl-laTLXOTT]Ta 0.11:' 0, TL t1 aVEYEQOY) VEWV EQyooTao(wv TOU lJ11:aQXOVTOC; TlmOlJ xa( t1 aiJsY)Olj TOU 11:aQa60oLaxou EQyaTLxou 6lJVaI-lLXOU.

A1JTEC; ot VEEC; 0XEOELC; EI-l<pav(~oVTaL TalJToXQova I-lE Ti]V E1tLOTY)1-l0VLXOTExvLxi] E11:aVaOTaoy). MEXQL Eva OQL0I-lEvO E11:(11:E60 rrov ltaQaywYLxooV 6lJVaI-lEWV, t1 OlJYXEVTQWOy) OAWV ttov I-lEOWV (OlJVmooC; xa( t1 OlJOOWQElJOy) TOU xE<paAa(OlJ) OTi]v al-lEOY) 11:aQaywyi], EUVOOUOE Tijv 11:Qo060. ' A11:o Eva oQw xa( 11:EQa EI-l<paVL~ETaL TO aVTl8ETO <paLV0I-lEVO. To SmEQaOl-la auTOu TOU OQLOlJ oy)l-la6ElJEL OAY) Ti]V E11:0Xi] I-lac; xaL aVaTQE11:EL OAEC; T(C; 0XEOELC; 11:01) 8EWQOVVTaV I-lEXQL TWQa aI-lETaOAY)TEC;. ~lJvY)8LOaI-lE YEVLXa, OTi] oWI-ly)xaVLXi] E11:0xi], va 8EWQOUI-lE OTL t1 OLXOV0I-lLxi] av060c; dVaL aVaAOYy) I-lE TOV oyxo TooV 11:00ooV 11:0il E11:EVOVOVWl YLa Ti]V E11:EXTaOy) TOU 6LXTUOlJ TooV E1tLXELQi]OEWV. ' A11:06dXVETaL TWQa OTL 11:EQa 0.11:0 Eva aVWTaTO oQw xaL OE xa80QL0I-lEvEC; aVaAOY(EC;, aUTO 11:0U YLVETaL a11:0<paOLOTLXO eivm l-laA.AOV t111:000Ty)Ta TooV I-lEOWV ltoil a.710nl0- oonal38 0.11:0 Ti]V al-lEOY) 11:aQaywyi], YLa va EVTaX80uv OTO ltQO- 11:aQaywYLxo OTa6w xa( OTi] o<paLQa TooV <PQOVTL6wv YLa TOV aveQW11:o. MEXQL TWQa, f) 11:Qo060C; TOU ltOALTl0I-l0U EsaQTlOTaV 0.11:0 Ti]V aiJ;Y)oY) TOU xE<paAa(OlJ xa( altO Tijv OAOEva xaL 1tL0 l-la~Lxi] XQiJoY) Tf)c; XELQovaXTLxf]c; EQyaoLac; OTt'] oWI-ly)xavLa, EVoo aVTl8ETa oi]I-lEQa TOV oa81-l0 aVa11:TlJsY)c; TooV 11:aQaywYLxooV 6lJVal-lEOJV TOV xaQaxTy)QL~EL t1 aVTLXaTaOTaoy) OTi] oWI-ly)xavLxiJ ltaQaywyi] Tf]C; XELQovaxTLxf]c; EQyao(ac; &11:0 Ti]V TEXVLXiJ xaewc; xa( t1 « 0.11:06£- 0I-lElJOlj TOU xE<paAaLOlJ ». 'H 6LaTi]QY)Oy) Tf]c; XaTaVaAWOy)C; rrov Aai:xoov I-la~oov OTO E11:L11:E60 TooV avayxoov YLa Tijv aVa11:aQaywyiJ Tf)c; EQyaTLxf]c; Mval-l'llC;, ltOU aAAOTE ~Tav 0 oQOC; YLa TiJ YEVLXi] OtXOV0I-lLXi] aVa1tTlJ;y), EI-l<pavL~ETaL oi]I-lEQa ocv Eva E!-llt06w. ~iJI-lEQa, I-lLa OQLOI-lEvy) 6LEUQlJVOy) Tf]C; XaTaVaAOJOy)C; (OlJl-l11:EQLAal-l0aVOI-lEvy)C; xa( Tf)C; XaTaVaAOJOy)C; TooV Aa'Lxoov I-la~oov) YLVETaL a11:aQaLTY)TOC; oQOC; Tf]C; aVa11:TlJsY)C;. I'r' aUTO 0 E1tLOTY)I-l0VLXOC; 6lJVa1-lLXOC; 11:QooavaTOAL0I-l0C; dVaL E1tLTaXTLxiJ avayxY) YLa TiJV aVa1tTlJSy) TooV 11:agaywYLxooV 6lJVaI-lEWV. ~' alJTO O<pELAETaL xaL t1 YQiJyoQY)

52

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOAPOMI

EJtL,,['UXla O'tl]V btoXl] ~ae; nov « BEWQLWV "[i'\e; uvaJt"['U~l']e; »,

Of VEEe; JtaQaywytXfe; b'Uva~Ete; Jtou doow.A.o'Uv O'tl] oUYXQo'V" JtaQaywyl] "[i'\e; ~wfie; 'tOU uv8Q<llJto'U, EX0'UV bLaqJoQE'tlXfe; av8(}wntvei; JtaQa~f"[QO'Ue; : tl EJtLO"[l]~l'] xal ol JtOlXlA.Ee; EqJaQlloYfC; 't11e; O'UVOEOV'tUL ~f "[l]v av8LOl'] LOU uvOQ<llJto'U mo otsvn xal mo a~£Oa uJt' O,'tL tl UCPl']Ql'][lfVl'] Ctv8Qwmvl'] EQyaola 39,

L,,[O ololll']xavLXo 1l0V"[EA.O Ctvam;'USl']e; nov JtaQaYUlYlX<l>V (1)vaIlEWV, 6 av8QUlJtOe; EXEl xa"[aQXl]v uovo us(a XQl](Jl1e; : UV'tLJtQoO())JtElJEL uovo ilIa CorA.~ EQyanx~ bvvallr), L't~V E]tt(J'tr)110V1XO'tEXVLXl] FJtavaoW0l'] O'UlloatVEL [laA.A.ov "[0 UV,,[lO"[QOqJO : "[0 JtEQlEXO~EVO "[i'\e; fJtLO'tl]Ill']e; oav JtaQa')'w')'lX'i)e; 6uvalll']C; Jtou fV(!(!)II('(nhVF"[at (J"[l]V CtvOQwmvl1 bQao"[l1QLo"[l']"[a dvat "[0 uJtoqJamo'tLxo40, 'Espooov tl JtQooooe; "[tic; EJtL(J"[l]WIe; xa( "[tic; "[ExvLxi'\e; ESaQ'tLOv'tat xa"[a IlEyaA.O IlfQOC; CtJto rov oa8flo avaJlT vl;1J~ nov (j1JflLOV(}YIXWV (jvvaflEwv toi) av()(}w:rrov, xal OUVEJtWe; fmo 'tOue; Unoue; 'tOve; CtV- 8QwJtoue;, OQLoxollaO'tE IlJtQoo"[a OE Illa ven (JXEOl'] (J"[l]V OLXOVOIlLXYt uvaJt"[USl'] xal O'tl] Ol'JIlEQlVYt l(JLOQlXYt ESEA.LSl'] YEVLxa, (JXEOl'] JrOV anO'tEAet "[0 XAElbi 'tile; EmO"[T}1l0VlXOLEXVlxi'\e; EJtavao"[a(Jl']e; 'tfie; EJtOxi'\e; Ilae; :

, AJtD ~la 6Ql(J~EVl'] oaOlllOa UVM"[USl1e; LOU OUYXQOVOU JtOA.L,,[LOIlOU xal JtEQa, tl CtvaJt"['USl'] LOU t6LOU LOU uvBQ(llJto'U, 'to UVEoaouo "[U>V JtQOOOVLWV "[OU, "[WV bl']lll0UQYLXWV LOU [xavo"[l}'tWV - xal OE "[EAEu"[ata UVaA.UOT}, LOU uv8QwJtou ouv alhooxoJtou - YLVELat "[0 mo UJto'tEA.EOlla'tlXO IlE(JO 'Ita 'tOV JtoHaJtA.aOLa(JIlO 'tWV nupuYWYlXWV 6uvallEUlV 'tile; XOLVWVlac; xat Li'\e; ~Uli]C; LOU (xVBQWJtOl)41,

, Av"[l8E'ta UJtO "[l]V EJtOXYt "[i'\e; EXoLOIll']xavLOl']e;, oJtOU tl YEVlXYt OLXOVOlllXl] (xvuJt,,[UST} fSaQw'n;av, XU'tU JtQ{ino A.Oyo, UJtO 'tYtV nooornrc LOU XEqJaAaLOU (« XEqJaA.alOlJ xaL EQya(J(ae; ») EVW tl Ctv6.Jt'tUSl'] LOU uv8Q(uJtou bEV EIlJtaLVE (J"[l] (JqJaiQa 'tite; oixovoutcc xal Mv "[YtV EvOLEqJEQE an6 'tYtV aJtO'ljJl'] al)"[l] , oYtIlEQa, X6.Ql1 O"[l]V JtQOooo "[ite; fmO"[YtIll']; xal "[i'\e; "[ExVlxi'\e; xal xaQl1 (J"[(; UA.A.ayEe; Jtou alhYt EmcpEQ£L O'tl]V EJtayy£f...lla'tLxl] xa"[aQ"[l(Jl1 xai (J'tl]V OQYUVWon, tl (XVUJt"[USl'] LOU UV8QUlJtOU yiVE'tat OA.OEVa xaL mo 0l']llav'tLXO; :rraQayovwe; m~v :rrQoobo wu :rrOAm(J~OV, ' AXQlow; ESctl"[(ac; au"[i]c; "[i'\e; JtQax'tlxi'\c; OUV6fOl']C;, ffJqJaVI~OVTa( ui]W{_)Q OTIC; mo ESEA.ly~t.VEe; "[EXVlXU XWQEe;, OEWQl']'tlXOl XA.U60l JtOU EXOUV YLU moxo 'tOV JtQOOOLOQl(J~6 tije; Ol'J!-.lctOlae; Jtou EXEL YLa 'tYtV OLXOVO!lLa ii UVOO'tLUS'Y\ 'tOU uv8Qw:rrou (<< Oixovojuu ,,[Wv UV8QW:rrLVWV JtO-

o XAPAKTHPAJ; THt EnIITHMONIKOTEXNIKHJ; EnANA2.'TAJ;HJ; 53

QWV ») xai OVVEJtW~ xai fj ~EQL~Va yui TOV uvSQWJto. BI\oEJtOV~E v« E~cpavi~oVTm VEE~ o,!,EL~ 'ri\~ JtQooOou LOU rrOA.l LLO~OU, Jtov ~XCPQa~OVLm ~E oQou~ orrw~ «~JtEv6UoEL~ otov uvSQwrro» xai « uvSQWJtLVO XEcpaA.Ulo»42, rrov YEVVlOUVLal ~E n'JV EvaQSl'] 'ri\~ ~JtLml']~OVLXO,[EXVLxij~ ~rravamaOl']~43.

E[vUl cpaVEQO rrw~ blaVUOU~E ~la JtEQlobo xa!1rri]~ onou ol XOLVWVLXE~ rraQaywYLxE~ 6vva~£L~ Ol']~LDUQYOUVTUl OE (.iUl:'~ ocpalQE~ xat OE aUl:'~ uVaA.oyiE~ urr' O,LL onlY ErroxYt Ti]C; EXOLO~l']XaVlOl']~. ' Arc' ainYt '[Ytv urro'!'l'] , f] rraA.La OlatQEol'] OE OC(lalQE~ « rraQaywYlxE~ » xai « ~tl rraQaywYlxE~ », OE EQyao(a « rraQaywyLXYt » xat « ~Yt rraQaywYLxYt », xA.rr.44 rraQOUOla~ETUL orrv EJtLcpavELaxij xai uVEJtaQx~c;. To rOLD loxuEL xai yta Tic:; rrQoTEQaL6Tl']TE~ rrov 6(VOVTUl, Of OUVaQTl']Ol1 ~E LOUTl'] TYt 6LaxQLOl'], liv OEV rratQvouv urro'!'l'] Tt~ uVaA.oytE~ OTt~ orrolE~ 6l)~LOUQyOUVLaL oro ESiJ; ot XOLVWVLXE~ rraQaywYlxE~ 6vva~EL; xai UV oi rraQaooOlaxE; lEQaQXYtoEL~ Mv urro'[aOOOV'[Ul o'[Yt yea, UWU,[EQl'] OUVa~LXtl ,[WV rraQaywYLxwV OVVa~EWV.

"OA.E~ U1hf~ ol QL~LXf; UA.A.ayE~ OTl]V tOWQlXYt rroQEta uercoXl']~a'tLo~ou wu xoouou xai auw<'harrA.aol']~ rou avSQwrrov rrou auV,[EA.OUV,[Ul ~E TYtV E~cpaVLOl'] '[i]~ EJtLO'[l']~OVLXOTEXVLXi]C; ErraVaomol']C:;, OElXVOUV TOV oaSu tOWQLXO OEO~O ava~EOa OE auwv; WV~ ~E'taoXl']~a'tLo~ou~ WU rrOA.L,[LO~OU xa( o'[l]v XOLVWVLXYt ErraVaOTaOl']. 'H ErrLO'tl']~OVlXO,[EXVLXYt ErraVaO'[aOl'] ElVUl o'[Ytv ouotc xai rrOA.lLLO'tLXYt ErraVaO'[aol'] ~E ~La YEa mo oa8ELa xa( mo rrA.a,[ELa Evvola '[i]~ A. ESl']; , YLa'[i Mv rrEQLoQ(~E'tUl OE ~Lav orrOlaoYtJtOTE aA.A.ayij orov XWQo '[i]c; XouA.wuQac;, ana ana~El Ql~LXa TYtV LOLa n'J SEOl'] Ti]~ XouA.wuQac; ~Eoa OTYtV XOLVWVLXl] ~wYt, hm nou va yiVELat a~EOl'] fj EsaQ'[l1ol'] '[i]~ 6l']~LOuQyia~ trirv UALXWV oQwv wu rroA.mo~ou urro ,[~v OA.OrrA.EuQl'] aVamUSl'] WU av8Qwrrov.

II. TEXNIKE~ KAI KOINQNIKE~ MET ABOAE~.

H Em~THMONIKOTEXNIKH EnANA2:TA~H KAI 01 AAAAfEl: ~TI~ ~XE~EI~ nAPArQrH~

MrrOQEl of aA.A.ayfr; o'[Yt OO~l] xa( o'[Yt ouva~lXYt '[wv rraQaywYLXWV 6VVa~EWV v« cpa(vovmL - lOLai,[EQa OT~V aQXYt xai OTl]V ErrOXl] rrov ol XOLVWVLXEt; OLaOtXaOtEC:; bEv EXOUV UXOlla aVarrTVSEl

54

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOAPOMI

aAEe; 'de; OUVa.TOTl']Tre; "[QUe; Xa.( T(e; XAa.OlXre; ~OQ((JEe; "[QUe; - oav ~l]'tl']~a. xa.8a.Qa TEXVlXO, UOXE'tO curo TO XOlVWVlXO OUOTl']~a. xa.( T(e; oxEOELe; UVa~Eaa. a'toue; uv8Qwrroue;. ' An;' mhl] Tl]V orr'tlxl] ywvt«, jlJtOQEl oEoma. tl 'tEXVLXl] v« E~((Ja.v(~E'tm arro XOlVWVlXl] xa.( uv8QwJtlVl'] urrO'ljJl'] oav TEAElWe; « OUOETEQl'] ». ' MAO. ~La oa.81J'tEQl'] UVaAUOl'] urroOE(XVEl rraV"[(l rrwe; a.lnoe; 0 0La.xwQLO~6e; UVa~Eaa. a'tte; TEXVlXEe; xa.( OT(e; XOLVWVlXEe; UAAa.yEe; 1.0XVEl uovo Yla ~la OOO~EVl'] iO"[QQlXl] ((Jaol'], we, EVa. OQlO~EVO Ol']~ElO xa.( OE ~laV OQlO~EVl'] rrEQ(oOo. OUOLa.O'tlXa, 6 Ola.xWQLO~Oe; UVa~Eaa. OTOV liv- 8Qwrro xa.( OTa ~EOa. rra.Qa.ywyije;, UVa~EOa. OTl]V XOlVWV(a. xa.( OTl]V TEXVlXl], urroTEAEl ~laV dOlXl] ~oQ((Jl] Tije; EOWTEQlxije; "[Que; f.VOTl']Ta.e;, EVa. a'taOlO rrov Xa.Qa.XTl']Q(~El UXQlOWe; TOV OlO~l']Xa.VlXO nOAl'tlO~o. v Av ~E TOV aQo « TEXVlXl] » rrQOOOlOQ(~OU~E TO aVVOAO TWV ~l']Xa.VWv (xa.( rtnor« UAAO), liv ~E TOV aQo « liv8Qwrroe; » EVVOOU~E ~OVO Tl]V {mAl] EQya.'tlXl] buva.~l'] xa.( ~E TOV aQo « XOlvcovtc » TO aVVOAO a.tJ'tWv TWV bUVa~EWV, ~E liAAa. AOyta., liv ;EXlVWV"[(le; urro Tl]V dOlXl] rrQa.y~a.'tlXOTl']Ta. "[QU OlO~l']Xa.VlXOU OUOTl]~a."[Qe;, Tl]V uVayOU~E oro urrOAU"[Q Yla TO rra.QEA80v Xa.l Yla TO ~EAAOV 45, TOTE tl TEXVlXl] OaOl'] 80. ~ae; ((Ja.VEl rrQay~a.'tl UVE;aQTl']tn, UOX£'tl'] urro TO XOlVWVlXO OUOTl']~a., xa.( UVTlO'tQO((Ja..

'H T£XVlXOEJtLOTl']~OVlXl] Erra.VaOTa.Ol'], a~we;, arro TO ;EX(Vl']~a 'tl']e; UXO~a. arroxa.AVmEl TO. aQla. a.UTije; Tije; dOlxije; U((Jl']Ql']~EVl']e; UV'tlO'tOlx(a.e; UVa~EOa. a'tl]V TEXVlXl] xa.( OTle; XOlVWVlXEe; auv8ijx£e; otov OLO~l']Xa.VlXO rroA.t'tl0~046, xa.( rrQo~l']VaEL TtC; 0a.8ElEe; XOLVWvLxi~ xa.( av8QwJttvE~ ouvErrElfe; TWV aAAa.yow a'tl] 00.01'] 'tOU rroAlrrouou.

1. OE XOlVWVlXE~ JCA.EVQE~ Tij~ TEXVlXij~ xooooo».

L'['l]V rrQa.y~a.'tlXOTl']"[(l, xa8£ OO~l] TU)V rra.Qa.ywYlXWV ouva~EWV - xa.( auVEJtWe; Xa8E dOlXl] ~oQ((Jl] Tije; rra.Qa.ywyije; xa.t '['ije; TExVLXije; - rrQourro8ETEl Eva.v XOlVWVlXO rrQooOloQLO~O xa.(, ~E Tl] OElQa 'tl']e;, ErrlOaAAEl a'tl]v XOlVWVlXl] ~Wl] ~laV 1.0la.lTEQl'] Oo~l]. Ol oxEOEle; na.Qa.ywyije; dvm cmAWe; ~la ~oQ((Jl] '['ije; X(Vl']01']e; tii)v rra.Qa.ywYlXWV OUVa~EWV nou, arro Tl] ~EQla roue, Eivm rtrrvtu ol OUVa~Ele; rra.Qa.ywyije; ~la; OQLO~£Vl']C; av8QwJtlvl']e; ~wije;, rrl']yl] Ol']~lOUQy(a.e; OQlO~EVWV 0XEOEWV aVa~Eaa. o'tOue; av8Qwrrouc; 47. Ka8f fJfTa.OOAl] rroll Y(VfT(,(( OTl] 0((Ja.19a. nov rra.9a.YOlYlXWV Ouva-

o XAPAKTHPA:E TH:E Efll:ETHMONIKOTEXNIKH:E EflANA:ETA:EH:E 55

f,lEWV dVUL CPOQ'tL<Jf,lEVl'] f,lE XOlVWVlXO vonu« : OEV llJ1:aQXEl <JXE<Jl'] rraQaywyf)c; rrov va f,ll]V U<JXEl ErrLOQa<Jl'] <JTLC; OUVTEAOVf,lEVEC; <JTl] <JcpaLQa TWV naQaYWYlXWV 01JVaf,lEWV uAAayEc;.

To ((laof,la TWV rraQaywYLxwV 01JVaf,lEWV rrov XQl']<Jlf,lorroLOUVTUL Uno TYJV xorvcrvtc Mv dvat xaTl <JTa8EQo. xan bO<J).lEVO ).lla YLa rravTa. 'AvTL8ETa, f,lETUOaAAETUL xaL <JTl]V EXTa<Jl'] xat <JTO rrEQLExOf,lEV048• Of Ola((loQEC; xorvrovu«; <JTl']QLXTl']XaV <J' Eva 6la((l0- QETlXO, £lOlxo, Urro8Ef,la rraQaYWYLXwV bUVaf,lEWV, rrov TUlQla~E <JTl] OlacpoQETlXl] xOlVmVlXl] T01JC; oU<JLa. 'Evro, AX·, tl rrQ<;)Tl'] f,lEyaAl'] rraQaY<I)YIXl] Mvaf,ll1 Tf)C; CP1JOLXf)C; xorvcovtc«; urrf)Q;E tll6w 11 XOLVOTl']Ta (xuTaf,lEQl<Jf,lOC; EQya<Jlac; xaL <JTOlXElw6l']C; ouvEQya<JLa) - xal <J' aUTl] Tl] oU<Jl'] iJ uQxaLa xorvorviu f,lETETQE'ljJE TLC; f,la~EC; TWV oXAuomv <JE arrAO f,lE<JO rraQaywyf)c; - UQyoTEQa aUTov TOV QOAO TOV ErrUL;E TO XOf,lf,lcm yf)c; <JTO onoio 6E8l']XE oQyavLxa 0 001JAOnaQolxoc;. LTl] f,lavlcpaxTOvQa xat <JTl] OLOf,ll']xaVta, tl EQyaTlxYJ Mvaf,ll'] TOU EAEU8EQ01J uv8Qu)rro1J XUTEXEl XEVTQLXl] 8E<Jl'] f,lEOa <JTtc; rraQaymYlxEC; b1JVaf,lElC;, Yla v« ).lElw8Et Of,lWC; OE At yo tl onuc<JLa Tl']C; urro Tl] Mvaf,ll'] TU)V f,ll']xavwv, ETaL rrov, f,lETU TtC; Oa8ELEC; uAAaYEC; Tf)C; <JvYXQovl']C; rraQaYUlyf)c;, tl arrAl] EQyaTLXl] Mvaf,ll'] TOU uv8Qwrro1J v« xaTavTYJ<JEL xat rruAL Eva « urr06EE<JTEQO » f,lUAAOV <JTolXEio TWV rraQaymYLxulV 01JVUf,lEWV 49 - XL aUTO <JTO f,lETQO rrov Ev<JWf,laTWVOVTUL <JTl]V rraQaywyl] of 61JVaf,lElC; Tf); EJtL<JTl]f,ll']; <JUV of rrLO UnoTEAEO).laTLxEc; rraQaywYLxEC; b1JVaf,lELC; rrov EXEL yvwQt<JEL rroTE tl uv8Q<lmlvl'] xorvorvt«,

Of XamTaAww!ir; <JXE<JELC; eivrn aUTEC; rrov aVOL;av TOV 6Qof,l0 <JTl] (JLOfl1JxavlX~ ErravuoTa<Jl']. Of aLTtE(; auTOu TOU ((latVo).lEV01J E[Vat Oa8ELE(; : oAoEva f,lEyaAuTEQl'] aUToV0f,lta TOU IlE<J01J rraQaYUlyf)c; UrrEVaVTL <JTOV EQYUTl'], XUlQL<Jf,lOC; TU)V OLaVol']TLxWV rraQaywYlxwV 61JVaf,lEWV urro Tl]V rraQaYUlYl] xat Tl]V EQya<Jla xal <J1JYXEVTQW<Jl] T01JC; 0' Eva OVVOA.O f,ll']xavwv DAO xal L<JX1JQOTEQO UrrEVaVTl orov EQYUTl'], 6lUorra<Jl'] uvuf,lE<Ja OTl(; A.ELT01JQyLEC; Oll,V- 81Jv<Jl']C; xaL EXTEAE<Jl']C;, UVUrrT1JSl1 TWV UA.Lxii)v f,lE<JUlV EQya<Jla; OE oUQOC; TWV 01JVaTOTl]Twv uvum1Jsl']; Tf)(; uv8QwJtLvl'](; EQyaTLxf)C; Mvaf,ll1;. LTl] 6luQXELa 0A.01J auTOu TOU <JTaNo1J EXOLOf,ll']XUVL<Jl']C;, 6 rrOA.lTtaf,lOC; rrEQvou<JE uno f,lLa rrEQLoOo, onou f] rrQooboc; Tf)C; rraQaywyf)c; bEv rrQoEQXoTUV urro TOV EQYUTl'] UA.A.U urro TU f,lE<Ja EQya<JLa; rrov urrf)Qxav f,lE Tl] f,loQ((lYJ xEcpaAaL01J, Drr01J tl rrQo060c; TWV rraQay<nYlxiilV b1JVaWHlV f;a<J((laAIl;oTUv Ilf TYJV oAofva xat

56

o nOAITIl:MOI ITO 2'TAYPOLJPOMI

EUQi)'tEQl'] XQl']OL!lOltOll']Ol'] 'tlie; UltAlie; EQyawdje; Mva!ll']e; rou isv- 8Qwrrou rrto oUo'tl']!la 'tWV !ll']Xavwv. No YlU'tL, 0' alnEe; 'tie; ouv8liXEe;, ~'tav buvU'tov aV'ttcpa'ttXEe; OXEOELe; rraQaywYlie; v« rrQow80uv 'tie; rraQaywYLXEe; bUVa!lELe; : ylU'tl 0 rroAAaJtAaOLctOIlOe; roue bEy arrett'tEl - Esett'tiae; 'tOu xaQax'tTtQa "[Que; - aAAa oirte xat Errt'tQEJtEL !lla YEVLXTt avaltw;l'] 'twv bUva!lEwv 'tOu av8Qwrrou. 'Arrobw xal 0 avawpwoTt'tl']"[Qe; EXrrOAL'ttO'tLXOe; QOAOe; 'tOU xEcpaAalou (Jav 0XE0l'] rraQaywYlie;, Jtov !lE rov avwpa'tLxo XOlVWVLXO rou xaQax'tTtQa JtEQlXAEtVEL 1"tl oaotxij AOYLXTt 1"WV btabtxaotWv 'tile; fXOW!ll']XUVtOl']e;.

L't'I1V EX!ll']xaVtO!lEVl'] rraQaywYtl xU'tu OELQEe;, orrou 1"0 tbto 1"0 oUo1"l']!la 1"WV !ll']xavwv aJtO'tEAEl 1"TtV rraQaywYLxTt uovnon, f] orrola we; UJtOXEl!lEVO lJJtO'tUOOEL 'tTtV o!laba 'twv EQya'twv xal ()tE1J8uVEl 'tTtV xct'ta 'to rrAElO'to UJtATt EQyaola 'tl']e;, aU1"Tt f] OXEOl'] JtaQaywYlie; rrQaY!la'twvE'tett, xal EXCPQa~E'tett av'tlowLxa xal 01"0 1"EXVOAOYlXO JtEbio : f] btabLxaola a;LOJtoll']Or)e; WU xEcpaAa(ou aJto 1"ijv EQyaotu, f] xUQLctQXLa ttov O1Jv8l']xwv EQyaolae; Jtavw O'tTtV tbLct 'tTtV EQyaola, OQlOXOUV £bw 'tTtV xa'taAAl']Al'] UALXTt 'tEXVOAOYLXTt LOUe; EXcpQaol'].

'Arto 1"Tt oxomo 'tile; bO!lile; 'twv rraQaywYLxwV 6UVa!lEWV xat 'twv XOLVWVLXWV "[Que; rrAEuQwv, tl 'tEXVLXl'j 'twv !ll']xavwv oro OLO!ll']xavLXo O'tablo btacpEQEL ouotao'ttxa arro 1"Tt XElQO'tEXVlXTt 1"EXVlXij. To E(!yaAEto ~wv aAA01"E eva Elboe; rrQoEx'taor)e; LOU XEQtoU LOU rraQaywyoil, eva !lEOO urr01"aY!lEVo o'tTtV JtQ68EOTt LOU xal O'tTtV frrt6ESto't11'ta 'tOU. 'H ouotu O!lWe; 'tile; fl1Jxavij~ - f] XOtvwVtX~ xal f] av8QUlrroAoYLXTt 'tl']e; CPVOl'] , f] bO!llj 'tl']e; oav UrrOXEl!lEvOaV'tLXEl!lEVO, xArr. - ElVctl 'tEAElWC; btacpoQELtXTt, xal !laAlO'ta aV'tl- 8ELl) : 'to oUo'tl']!la 'tWV !ll']xavwv bEy £IVett 'to oQyavo rou aLO!ltxoil EQya'tl1 50. ' Alto'tEAEl aV'tWELa 'tTtV XOtvWVtX~ rraQaywYLXTt Mva!ll'] rrov urrO'tuooEL 'to aW!lo xal XQl']oL!lorrOlEl O'ttlv urrl)Qw(a 1"11e; oA.6xA11QEe; Ol-la[)f: fOYU'tWV.

"Eroi, O'tle; rbtEe; 'tie; 1"EXVlXEe; JtaQallE'tQOVe; 'tlie; EXIll)xavLOIlEVl']e; rraQaywYile; OQlOXOVWt EYYEYQa!l!lEVEe; o] XOtVWVtXEe; onucOlEe; rrov aV'ttowt)(oilv O'tl]V a.VTWTQOf{J~ 'tOil UrroXEl!lEVOU xal rof aV"[txEt!lEVOU, xaQax'tl)Qto"[txo 'tOU xEcpaAalou oav OXEOl']e; JtaQaYWYlie; 51 - xal alno O1J!l0alVEL 1"000 01"TtV tbta 1"Tt bLabLxao(a 'tlie; JtaQaywYlie; (bEv dvett 0 a'tO!lLXOe; EQya'tl']e; ltOV XQl']OL!lorroLEl 1"a !lEO a JtaQaywyije; ana !lanov 'ta IlEOa rraQaywyf)e; rrov XQl)OlIlO-

o XAPAKTHPAI THI EflU:THMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAIHI 57

notouv 'tT) Ilcl~a 'twv EQymWV) ooo xaC orov 'tQono 'tft~ oWllllXavLxft ~ aVOOt'ttJ;ll~ (0' alnov rov rouse, it Ila~a 'tOu XECpaAatou noil uAOnOLEl'tUl O'tl~ IlllxaVE~ dVUl Eva~ aOLa'ljJEuo'tO~ odx'tll~ rou oa81l0u avan'tuSll~ 'tOu (J1JVOALXOU UALXOU nAov'tOu nov av'tLnaQa'ti8£'taL orov EQYcl'tll, xaSw<; xat 'tOu oaSllou llovoJtwAll<Jl'j~ 'tfJ~ XOLVWVLXfJ~ nQoooou).

I'r' alnov 'to A6yo EnlOll~, ooov XULQO it nQooOo~ 'tft~ naQaywyft~ EYXEL'taL mtlV EXllllXavLOll xat mT)v Ex'ta'tLxT) EXoLollllxavLon, 'to x£(pclAaw ano'tEA£L 'tllV JtQax'tLx1j, 'tijv xar6J,,},,1JA1J 1l0Qq:>ij 'tl'j~ XtVllOll~. 'An« lO'tOQLX1j uno'ljJll, IlnoQ£t va OQOUIl£ EOW IlLa OQLOIlEVl'j OLXaLWOl'j 'tfJ~ unaQSll~ 'tOU x£q:>aAaLou, orrv ESWUQLXft~, llE'taoa'tLxft~, XOLVWVLXft~ 1l0Qq:>fJ~ aVcln't1J;ll~ 'tOU noAL'tLOIlOU. onw~, q:>uOLxa, xat Ta nQctYllct'tlXa EOWTtQLxa 'lOU oQLa.

'AQXLxa it EXoLollllxavLoll cixE ouv oxorco T1jV nQaYllclTwoll 'tft~ 6LEUQUIlEVll~ aVctnctQaywyft~ 'tOU x£q:>aAatou nov, ano T1jV rOLa T1jV XOLVWVLX1j rou ouot«, (J1JVrnayE'tUl aXQLow~ TOV XWQLOllo xal TT)V aVTlq:>aoll avallEOa OTa oLollllxaVLxa IlEoa nagaywYii~ xat m1jv EQya'tLxYJ Mvallll 'tOU avSQwnou. LE IlLa naQaywYLxT) OclOl'j nov Mv Sa n£QLAaoUlvE Tt~ ouo xaQaxTllQLo'tLXE~ OUVLOTWO£~ TWV olollllxavLxwv naQaywYLxwV Ouvall£wv, TO XEq:>aAUlO OEV IlnoQ£t v« oQa xa'ta wono OLUQXT) xal aUTovollo' Mv !l1tOQEl va unclQsEL XWQl£ 'to'u~ EQya't£~. MEXQL nQOOq:>aTa, TO XEq:>aAUlO aV'tLO'tclSIlL~£ xat IlE TO naganavw 'tYJV unoxa'taOTaOll Tft~ avSQwnlVll~ EQyaota~ ano 'tYJV 'tEXVLXYJ, IlE 'tYJ XQllOLllonOllloll 'tft~ EQya'tLxft~ MvaIlll~ 0' aAAou~ 'taIlEi~, hOL nov, (J1JVOALXcl, it xAaOlxT) oLollllxaVLXtl ()Ofl~ rwv JtaQaywYlxwV ()VVaflEWV, uv Xctt oLaonaOIlEVll, (llllXaVE~ xa( EQya'tLxYJ Mvallll) naQEIl£v£ OX£'tLxa ma()E(}~, axolla xal m1jv EnoxYJ 'tft~ SVEAAWOou~ aVOOtTuSll~ 'tft~ EXllllxaVLOll~. 'Ano [xEi SEXLVOUOE xal EXEi nav'ta EnEoW£q:>£ it nOQ£ta 'tOu nOAL'tLouou o'tYJ oLollllxavLxYJ EnavcloTaoll·

Ol xam 'taALO'tLXE~ naQaywYLxE~ OXEOEL~ !l1toQouv ullEOa va xawQYllSoUV xal it oLOllllxavlx1j naQaywyYJ va uS£t o'ttlV unllQEola 'tft~ ooauisuruxiic. xorvorvtc«; - aUTo~ dVUl 6 aAllSLvo~ 0%0- n6~ 'tii~ oooLaALO'tLxft~ Enavao'taoll~ 52. 'AAAa tl Eva(JfloVW1J nov nQaYllct'twvETUL avallEOct orov XOlVWVlXO xaQax'tT)Qa TWV naQaYWYLXWV OuvallEWV ('to oUo'tlllla Illlxavwv oav oQyavo naQaywyft~ OUOlaO'tLXa xorvrovee« ouv'to ouvos,o TWV Egya'twv) xat OTOV XOLVWVLXO xaQaxTT)Qa 'twv v£wv 0XEO£WV naQaywyft£ IlE'ta8ETEL

58

o TlOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOAPOMI

cm:AWe; TlJV avTicpaal} OE Eva ano bd:rr:Ebo : OL VEEe; oxEOEle; xaSoALXlie; XOLvwvLxije; O1JVEQycto(ae; EQXOVTctl OE oVYXQ01JOTI ~E TlJ bLXO'tO~l']~EVl'] bO~lJ TWV :rr:aQaywYLxwV b1JVa~EWV, o:rr:we; aUTlJ bLa~oQqJWSl']XE OTlJV EX~l']xaVLO~EVl'] OLO~l']xaVta xat ~E TtC; :rr:EQLOQlO~EVEe; bUVct'tO'tl']TEC; uva:rr:T1JslJe; Tl']e;. AUTo, :rr:QtV u:rr:' OAa, EsctlT(ae; toii UqJl']Ql']~EV01J xaQaXTlJQa Tlie; U:rr:ctl'tOV~EVl']e; YLa TlJ OLO~l']xaVLXlJ :rr:aQaywylJ oaoLxlie; :rr:OOOTl']'tcte; EQyao(ae; :rr:OV XAl']QOVO~ElTctL Ct:rr:O "[() XEqJaActlO - EQyaolae; <'mAi'\e;, EX'tEAEO"[lXi'\e;, f] onot«, A.6yw Tlie; bUIQxElac; Tl']e;, u:rr:oQQoqJii Eva :rr:OAV ~EYaA.O ~EQOe; TWV ~W"[lxwv buva~Ewv Ti'\e; :rr:AElO'ljJl']qJtae; TWV CtvSQw:rr:wv :rr:ov b01JAEV01JV a~EOa O1:lJv :rr:aQaywylJ. Kat, bE1),,[EQO, EsctlTtac; TWV :rr:EQLOQLO~Evcov :rr:oQwv :rr:ov nQooqJEQEL f] :rr:aQabOOLctxlJ OLO~l']xaVLxlJ :rr:aQaywyi] OE ~ta xotvwvia ono1J tJJtaQXEl f] una(Tl']Ol'] yta ~ta bLEVQ1Jvol'] TWV ~W"[lXWV bQa01:l']QLOTlJTWV OA.WV, uAAa o:rr:01J f] :rr:Qcty~a"[LXlJ XOLVWVLXlJ UVclnT1JSl1 EsaxoAouSEl vu EJtLOaAAEL TlJV xaSlJAWOl'] Ti'\e; :rr:AElO'ljJl']qJtae; TWV EQya~o~EvwV 01:0 E:rr:t:rr:Ebo Tlie; cmAlie; uva:rr:aQaYUlyfje; Ti'\e; EQyaTLxlie; rou; Mva~l']e;, yLctTt Eva onuovnxo ~EQOe; TWV VEObl']~L01JQyl']~EVWV :rr:oQwv u:rr:OQ(lOqJiiTctl OTlJV :rr:OQEtO Tlie; EXOLO~l']xaVLOl']e; u:rr:o TlJ O1JOOWQE1JOl'] TWV ~EOWV :rr:aQaywYlie;, u:rr:o TlJV E:rr:ExTaOl'] Ti'\e; OLO~l']xaVLXlie; :rr:aQaywYi'\e; OE VEOUe; To~Ei:e; : ~E aAAa AOYLa, u:rr:o TTtV :rr:aQaywyTt YLa TTtV :rr:aQaywyTt (naQaywyTt YLa TlJ bLEVQ1JVOl'] Tlie; :rr:aQaywylie;) 53.' AAAa aUTTt f] :rr:Qooboe; bEy ~OQEl ~axQo:rr:QoSEO~a va E:rr:aQxEoEL OTTt YEa xOLVWVta. TEALxa. uv uva:rr:aQayoTav xat 6LctLWVL~0'tctV TEXVl']Ta, Sa 6bl']yofJOE OE oaOLXEe; b1JOXOAlEe; yLctTt 0' aUTTt TTtV :rr:EQt:rr:TWOl'] f] bLElJQ1JVOl'] Tlie; naQaywYliC; OTO oVVOAO Tl']C; bEy Sa ~Tav bUvaTlJ naQa ~OVO !lE !lta otcotuotrrru Ti'\C; xaTaVaAWOl']e; TWV EQya~o~EvwV xat UVTtOTQoqJa.

'Exei o:rr:01J 6 XamTctALO~Oe; bEy EXnATtQwoE ~EXQL TEA01Je; TlJV L01:OQLXlJ 1:01J U:rr:OOTOATt xat o:rr:01J f] OOOLaAL01:LXlJ xOLVWVta ZQELaOTl']XE va OAOXAl']QWOEL TTt OLO~l']xaVLXlJ E:rr:avaOTctOl'] ij xaL va bl']!lL01JQyTtOEL Tte; oaOEle; Ti'\e; OLO~l']xaVtae;, EXEl f] TVXl'] Tlie; EXOLO~l']xaVLOl']C; O1JVbEETctL O1:EVa ~E TlJV TVXl'] 1:OfJ OOOLctALO~OfJ. LUVEOl']XE ~aALOTa O1JXva, OTTtV UVTLAl']'\)ll'] TWV uvSQw:rr:WV, ol VO~OL, OL O1JVlJSEtEe; xat Ta ~ETQa Ti'\e; :rr:E(lLOb01J Tlie; OLO~l']xaVOnOll']Ol']e;, va qxrvoirv oov f] ~OVl'] xat bLaQXlJe; ~oQqJTt Tlie; oOOLaAL01:LXlie; E1;EALsl']e; 54. 'H :rr:EtQa bdXVEL :rr:WC; 0 oooLaALO~Oe; I-W'"tO QEl , ~E TOV E:rr:avaOTa"[lXO 1:01J EVS01JOLaO~O, va EJt:LTctXVVEl TlJV EXOLO~l']XaVLOl'], xaL Ole; Eva oaS~o va ~ETQLaOEl, xaL va UVaXctLT(OEl ux6~a, ~EQLXEe;

o XAPAKTHPAI THI EfllITHMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAIHI 59

CPOQEC;, TO. rraQaOO(}"taxa rnlcpmVO!J,Eva T'iiC; OlO!J,l']XavlX'iic; ErraVaorcorp; : TtlV ESa8AtWOl'] TWV !J,a~wv, TtlV ESW01'] TWV uV8Qwrrwv urro Ttl yfJ T01JC;, Ttl Ol']!J,101JQyta OTQanac; UVEQYWV oav EqJEOQlX'iiC; EQyanx'iic; Mva!J,l']C; Yla Ttl OLO!J,l']xaVta, xArr. 'AA.Aa olm Xl 6 00- otaALO!J,OC; !J,JtOQEOE va E;aqJaVlOEl !J,la oA6xAl']Ql'] OElQa urro oa- 8ElEC; xal oooaQEC; 01JVErrElEC; T'iiC; OLO!J,l']XavLx'iic; rrQooOotJ xat v« UVTLOTQE'ljJEL TtC; EOWTEQlXEC; TaOELC; T'iiC; EXOlO!J,l']XaVLOl']C;, orrwc; TOV XaTaxEQ!J,aTlo!J,o T'iiC; EQyaOtac;, TOV OlaxwQLo!J,O UVa!J,EOa OTtC; OQaoTl']QlOTl']TEC; T'iiC; OlE'v81Jvol']C; xat T'iiC; EXTEAEOl']C;, Ttl OtaTtlQl']Ol'] O1']!J,aVTlXWV XOlVWVlXWV OLacpOQWV, TOV rrEQLOQlO!J,O T'iiC; aiisl']01']C; T'iiC; XaTaVaAW01']C; TWV !J,a~Wv OTa oQta T'iiC; a.rrA'iic; uvarraQaywy'iiC; T'iiC; EQyanx'iiC; Mva!J,l']C;, !J,la OQLO!J,EVl'] xaTaOTQoC(ltl TOU C(l1JOlXOU rrEQLOaAAOVTOC;, xArr.

At'lTEC; ol TaOELC; Elvm olJ!J,cptJTEC; !J,E TtlV tOta TtlV ouota TOU oLO!J,l']xaVlxou rroAlTlO{loU xat aUTO TO yqoVOC; UXQLOWC; XaVEL lOOTE Yla Eva flaxQu OlaOTl']{la ~ YEa ~Wtl xal ol VEEC; OXEoELC; uvaueou OTOUC; uv8Qwrro1JC; v« {ltl !J,JtoQOUV v« 8E{lEAlW80uv JtaVW 0' aUTtl TtlV XA.l']QOVO{ll']{lEVl'] urro TtlV rraALa XOlVWVta 00.01']. "ETOL ~ EXOlO{ll']XaVlOl'] eivm rrlO rroAu Evae; JtQOIWTaQXTlX6r; OQor; xat {lla UffJETYJQ{a n:aQa Evac; urro TOUC; xaQaXTl']QLOTlXOUC; OTOX01JC; T'iiC; 00- otaAlOTlx'iiC; ESEAlSl']C;. I'r' aUTOV EJtlO1']£ TOV A6yo, OAEC; ol rrQOon:a- 8ElEC; Yla v« 8E{lEALW8El ~ YEa xoworvt« {lOVaXa OT'IV Eloaywytl TOU olO{ll']xavLXOu 01JOTtl{laTOC; UrrET1JxaV OTO rraQEA80v xat 80. anOTUX01JV uvarroqJE1JXTa xat OTO {lEAAov 55.

LTtl oootaALOTLXtl XOlVWVta TO. OQta TOU OLO{ll']XaVlXOU 01JOTtl{laTOC; EXOl']AwVOVTm {lE EJtl{lOVl'] UXa{l'ljJla xal UVTaVaXAwvTat OE UVTlcpaOELC; rrov ElVat TOOO JtlO 6;ElEC; 000 ~ OOmaAlOTlXtl XOlvorvto dvm mo rroAU XQOVO urrOQOcpl']!J,EVl'] OE OTOlXElWOElC; OlaOlXaOtEC; EXOLO!J,l']XaVlOl']C;. 80. ~Tav xa8aQtl oUTOJtla va vO!J,t~01J!J,E rrwe; aUTO TO rrQooAl']!J,a !J,JtOQEl va JtaQaxa!J,cp8El il v« rraQa!J,EQlOTEL !J,E vEEC; !J,ETaCPOQEC; 1,oloxTl']o(ac;, {lE arrAEC; rraQE!J,OaOELC; "t'iic; rroAl"tlx'iic; EsotJolac; f\ !J,E !J,la arrAtl OlaqJwTlOTlXtl oQaOl'] xal rrwc; !J,JtOQEl YEVlXa v« A1J8El arro Ttl !J,la !J,EQa OTllV aAAl'] f\ ano TOV Eva XQovo OTOV aAAo. 'H LOTOQ(a EtEl Owon JtoAAa rraQaOElY!J,aTa rrov Un:ObEtXV01JV rrwc; ~ JtaQaOoOlaXtl OlO!J,l']XaVlXtl OO!J,tl TWV JtaQaYWYlXWV 01JVa!J,EWV xat ~ OlO!J,l']XaVlXtl oaOl'] TOU rroAlTLO!J,OU bEv CPTaV01JV !J,OVEC; T01JC; Yla v« XaV01JV b1JVaTtl {lla XOlVWVlXtl ~Wtl oaoLO!J,Evl'] OTtlV 6AOrrAE1JQl'] xat EAEU8EQl'] aVUnT1JSl'] TOU uv8Qw-

60

o nOAITIEMOE ETO ETAYPOLJPOMI

n01J XaL "[wv OXEOEUlV 't01J. L1JVEnWS;, f] OO(naA.tO'tLxYi XOlVOIVLa Yla v« 01']~101JQYYiOEl ,,[LS; n1']YES; "[i]s; XO~~01JVLO'tLXi]S; ~Wi]s;, EXEl XQEOS; va 01']~L01JQyf]OEt TO blXO TYf~ xEC{}(lAaw nOAmO{lOV nov va ~EJtEQyaEl "[a oUvoQa 'tOU olo~1']xaVlxou O1Jo'tf]~a'tOS;.

2. 'H hrWT'l/-lOVlXOUXVlX~ hravaorao'l xai ~ tivalfW;'l TaV OOOWAW/-lOV

'H XQlTLXYi nov ExavE 6 MaQ; orov xanl'tUAlo~O ct1tEoAEnE a~EOa O"[l]V uAAayYi "[wv 0XEOEWV naQaywYiis;, OTYiv xU'taQY1']o1'] "[iis; XaJtL"[aALo,,[Lxlis; iOLOx"[1']Otas; xat "[its; EX~E'taAAEtJ01']S; uv8QomotJ uno av8Qwno. ' AAAa Xa8E aAAo naQa nEQLOQl~o"[av 0' alna : ~"[av XQlTLXf] 6A6xA1']Qo1J 'tOu YEVV1']~EV01J uno rov Xa1tL"[aALO~o oto~lJxavl)wu nOAl'tlo~ou, dOXWQOUOE WS; TO. TQLooaSa "[wV OWOLxamwv TOU nOALTlO~OU xat nEQLAaoUlVE oAo "[OV wono tOLonot1']01']S; Tlis; qJV01']S; xat "[WV XOlVWVtXWV 0XEOEWV (au'tOnQay~a,,[W01'] 'tOU uv8Qomo1J) nov navw 't01J 8E~EAtWVE,,[Ul f] xanl "[aAtOTtxf] tOLox"[1']oLa. '0 MaQS UVTlAa~oavo"[av "[0 ;mEQao~a au"[i]s; "[lis; Enoxi]s; orrv Enavao"[aTlxo ~E"[aoX1']~aTlo~o rrov OXEOEWV naQaywyi]s; xa( "[wv naQaYWYLxwV 01JVa~EWv56 xa( [OAmE "[f] ()TJ~101JQy(a ~las; YEas; nOAlTtoTlxiiS; Oa01']S; "[lis; uv8Qw1ttv1']t; ~wlis; - xa8ws; £ntol']£ xa( TtS; ()L£QyaOtES; nov oit~EQa ovo~a~01J~E EJtlOTl']~OVLXO,,[EXVLXl) rnavao"[ao1'] - oav O1JOTaTlXO ~EQO; trov ~EAAoVTlXWV XO~~01JVLOTLXWV ~ETaOX1']~aTlo~wv.

Ol OOOWAlOTLXE£ OXEOELS; naQaywyi]; nov nQoxvn't01Jv cmo oa8Ed; UnaYE; OTOV 'tO~Ea "[li; E;01Jo(a; xa( Ti]; tOlOXTl']o(a;, Mv AVV01JV ~ovo~La; Ta nQooAr]~U'ta TOU oto~l']xavtxou nOAlTLouou 01)"[£ ~noQouv va E;aAd'ljJotJv ,,[L; CtVTlqJaOEl~ nov YEVVaEt. A 1no nov ~noQEi: va 8EWQ1']8Et nQaY!-laTlxa unoqJaOtoTlXO, dVUl ilTt ~Eoa o"[a nAatOLa TWV OOOtaALOtlx<i:lv 0XfO£WV ~noQouv va oQOUV ~la Avol'] TO. ~EyaAa nQOOAl]~aTU "[li; oaol]; TOU oto!-l1']xaVtxou noAtTtO~oU, uAAa qJlJOtXa Ola!-lEOO1J (xaL uno TOV OQO) ~la; 6AOXAYf(}WTlXij~ aAAayij~ Tij~ OVVOAlXij~ bO{lij~ TWV na(}aYWYlXWV OVVa{lEWV, Tli; 01JVOAlXi]; noA.lTloTlxli; 00.01']; 'tli; uv8Qw1ttVl']; ~fi)i];.

'0 EXnOA.tTlOTI Xo; QOAO; TOi' XEC[laAatotJ, oav 0;(£01']; naQaYWYli;, ~'tUV v« CtslonOll)OEl xaL v' CtVanTVsEl TL; naQaywytXE; 61Jva~£l(; "[i]t; olalQE~EV1']C XOlVWVlXi]; EQyao(a;, vc E1tEXTElVEl TO

o XAPAKTHPAl: THE EfllITHMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAETAEHE 61

,,[EQaOTtO "[EXVlXO OVO"[l']lla "[WV lll']xaVWV £VaV'tl rijs; uv8QWJtlVl']S; EQyanXi]s; Mvalll']S;. Ol (ll01ll']xaVlXES; rraQaYWYlXES; OUVCtIlElS;, OlatQEIlEVES; XaL XLVOUIlEVES; arrEsW rrQos; UV"[teE,,[ES; xa'tEu8vvoElS;, IlE "[l]V UVaXVXAWOl'j 'tOU XEqJaAa(OU, OQlOXOUV O'tOVS; OOOLaALO'tlXOVS; llE'taoXl']lla,,[LOIlOVS; "[i]s; rraQaywyi]s; "[tlV XOlVl] OCtOl'] Yla "[l]V EvOJtO(l']Ol] "[OUS;. IlQoXEL"[at EOW yui Eva xaQaX'tl')QLO'tlXO yvwQLOlla 'tOU OOOLaAlOIlOU UIlEOWS; IlE "[l]V Eyxa8(oQuol] rou : Evowlla"[wVEl Illa via JtaQaywYli't~ OVvafl1J, ixavl] v« OUVEVWOEl "[0 OUVOAO "[i]s; xOlvwvLas; (lllUS; xOlvwv(as; rrov urrO'tEAEt IlLaV uV'tlqJa'tlxl] EVomto rrov 01JllqJEQ6v"[wv "[wv EQya~oIlEVWV) xal rrov rrQooqJEQEl "[l]V rrQaYlla'tOrroLl]oLIll'] ouva"[o"[l']'ta YLCt IllCt YEa xa( rroM EUQV,,[EQl'] OLdoouOl'j o"[l]v JtaQaywYLxl] OLaOLxao(a "[i]s; Err LO"[l] Ill'] s;, OCtV « YEVLXi]S; XOLVWVlXi]S; EQyao(as; », orrv OUAAOYLXi]S; oOqJ(as; "[i]s; xorvorvtr«; oav Xa'tESOXl]V XOLVWVLXi]S; rraQaywYlxi]S; Mvalll']\; 57. "Ouo»; uovo IlLCt rrQaYllanxl] EJttaT1J{tovlx~ YEa EllqJCtVLOl'] OAOXA.l']Ql']S; "[i]£ bLaoLxaolas; "[i]s; UIlEOl']S; JtaQaywyi]s; Errl"[QErrEL "[l]V EV'taTtxl] ,,[ExvLXorroLl']ol'] "[WV UIlEOWV rraQaywYLxwV A.EL'tOUQYLWV 'tOU uv8Qwrrou o"[tlV xALllaxa OA.OXA1JQ1Jr; Tijr; xoivowlac, 'Em'tQErrEl "[l] Oa8llLa(a ErrCtVOOo OAWV "[wv XQLXWV "[i]s; rraQaywyi]s; O'tl]v EOW,,[EQLXl] 'tOUS; EVO"[l']'tU rrCtvw OE IlLCt YEa l'EXVLXl] OCtOl'] , ol']A.aol] "[l] YEVIXEUOl'j "[i]s; uQxi]s; "[i]s; au'tOlla'tOrro(l']ol']£ 58. ' Ano "[l]V UA.A.l'] IlEQLCt, ~ 8EIlEA.LWIlEVl'] O'tl]v EvorroLl']ol'] "[i]s; O1JVOALXi]S; XOLvwv(as; EqJaQIloyl] "[i]s; EJttO"[l]Ill']S;, urrEAEu8EQWVEl "[l] Mvalll'] uvarr"[uSl']S; 'tOu av8Qwrro1J xai l'l]v 'tOJt08E1'Et OiJtA.a 01'OVS; JtaQCtyoVl'ES; "[ijs; JtQoooou.

Eivat au'tOvol']'tO on ~ rrQaxTtxl] uSLoJtoil']ol) "[wv EibLXWV au"[(iN rraQaYWYLXWV buvallEWV rroll YEVVl']OE ~ XOLVWVLXl] ErraVaoruon, !lJtOQEt va EXEL, OE OLaqJoQETtXES; OUV8i]XES;7 OLaqJOQE'tLXl] Ex"[aOl'j xa( oaQOS;, xa( XCt"[W urro Eva OQLOIlEVO EJt(rrEOo ltOA.L'tlouou dVaL ~l]"[l']lla UV !lJtOQEt Vct oQd "[0 xa'taA.A.l']A.O EbaqJos; "[l']S;.

'AAA.O. urro "[l]V urrO'ljJl'] 'tOu YEVLXOU 1l0v"[EA.otJ, ~ uA.A.ayl] rrOA.Lriouou, rrov 8EIlEAlWVE'tat O'tl]v UV'tlxa'tCto"[aol'] "[i]s; (lJtA.ijs; EQyaoia; OA.CtXEQl']S; IlCt~as; uv8Qwrrwv arraoX0A.l']Il£Vwv 01'l]v UIlEOl'j rraQaywYl] urro "[l]V TEXVLXl] EqJaQlloYl] "[i]s; ErrLO'tl]Ill']£ - oov JtaQayIllYLXi]:; Mvalll']S; "[i]s; orro(as; 0 XOLVWVLXOS; xaQax"[l]Qas; elvm oa- 8V,,[EQO; urro EXEiVOV "[i]s; MA.i]S; O1JVEQyao(as; "[WV XElQovax"[wv EQYa'tWV O"[l]V arrAl] EQyaola - oQ(OXEL uvallqJLOol]"[l']"[a ,,[l£ XOLVWVLXES; rrQourr08EoElS; xa( OXEOELS; "[l']£ Il£oa OE IlLCtV EUQELas; XA.llla-

62

o lIOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOL1POMI

xa~ EnaVaOTaTlxij XOLVWVLXij avaoLOQyavwOll 59. M' aUTij TijV EvVOla, ol OOOWAlOTlXOt llE'taoXl)llanOIlO( aVotyouv Eva E1JQUTEQO, XaTaQxijv C(JtEQlOQIOTO, nroio YLa ,"uav ESEALSl) noAU JtLO Qll;oonaOTlxij ano EXElVl)V Tii~ EXolOIll)xaVLOl)~ xat Tii~ EnEXTaOl)~ Tii~ lm;aQxouoa~ oOllii~ TWV naQaYWYLXWV OuvallEWV : 11' o.AAa A6yw, O'[ijv 6A6nAE1JQl) avanTUSl) OAWV TWV naQaYWYlXWV OuvaIlEWV, O'[t~ IlETaOOAE; 6A6xAl)Ql)~ Tii~ oOllii~ xat Tii£ ouvalllxii~ LOU~ - Ol)Aaoij mijv EJtLOTl)1l0VlXOLEXVlXij EnaVaOTaol). Kat aVLto'[Qocpa, uovo XOLVWVlXE~ OXEOEl~ :rtaQaywYii~ nou avotyouv nQaYllaTlXa Eva anEQloQLOLO JtEOtO mijv EJtlOTijlll) xat oTijv TEXVlXij EcpaQlloyij Ll)£, xat OWIlEOOU aUTii~ mijv aVUnTusl) TWV Ol)lll0UQYLXWV OuvaIlEWV TOU av8Qumou, dVal [xavE~ va nQowf)ijoouv nA1]Qwc; '[ijv EJtlOTl)1l0VlXOLEXVlXij EnaVaOTa0l). "ETOL, fJ avanL1JSl) Tii~ OOOLaAlOTlxii~ XOlvWVLa~ naQouOLal;Hal oav ij. Ol)ll101JQyta EvO~ 6"-6- LEAa VEOU nOAlLlollou, £vo~ VEOU TQonou naQaywYii~, nov « bEy 8EIlEALWVHal OE IllaV aVUn'[usl) '[WV naQaywYLxwV OuvallEWV [xavij 1l0VO va avanaQaYEL il '[0 noM va OlEUQVVEL TijV lmaQxouoa oaol), aAM anou fJ EAEU8EQl), aVEllnoOLo'[l), avoolxij xat 6A6nAEuQl) avanL1Jsl) '[WV naQaywYLxwV OuvallEWV 8' ano'[EAEL Lijv tOla '[ijv nQoun08wl) '[ii£ xorvrovtcc; », xat anou « ij nAijQl)~ uvan'[usl) '[WV naQaywYLxwV OuvallEWV » Y(VHal « aQo~ '[ii~ naQaywYii; » xat DXl « OQlOIlEVOl aQol naQaywYii; va EnLoaAAOVtm oav OQLO Yla '[ijv avanL1JSl) trirv JraQaywylxwv OuVallEWV »60. 'A VLt8Ha ano '[ijv ExolOIll)xavloy] nov aQXlXa Cm:OLEAEL 'tijv naQaYWYLxij xat ,[EXVlxij oaoY] LOU oOOLaAlOllou IlEoa OE OQW nov bEy EJtl'[QEnouv naQa IllaV aQxna JtEQlOQLOIlEVl) avan'[USl) '[WV avOQwnlVWv OUVaIlEWV, fJ EJtlO'[l)1l0VlXOLEXVlXij EnaVaOTaOl) aVTlnQoownEVEL IlLaV nOAlTLOTlXij OLaOlXaOta nOl) 0Xl 1l0VO EJtlTQEJtEl ana xat EJtlOanEl Illa OUVfXTJ xat OA6nAE1JQl) uvan'[uSl) trov YVUlOEWV xat '[wv [xavo'[ij'[wv LOU Xa8E av8Qumou, OE aVTlOTOlXta IlE Tt~ C(Jtal'[ijOEL~ '[ii~ xOIlIlOUVlOTlXii; l;wi];. LVIlCPwva IlE '[ijv tOla '[ij AOYlXij TWV nQaYlla'[(llV (ano '[ijv o.no1jJy] TWV oa8vL!:QWV OXEOE!llV LOU 8EWQl)TlXOU 1l0V,[EAOU), aXQlOW~ Illa xotvcovto nOl) IlETaOatVfl orov XOIlIlOUVLOIlO EXEL '[t; XaAVLEQE~ ouva,[o'[l)TE~ va OAOXAl)QWOEL Tijv EJtlO'[l)1l0VlXOLEXVlXij EnaVaOTaOl) 0' OAl) Tl)~ '[ijv Ex'[aOl). Kt aV'[toTQocpa : ,"ua XOlvwvLa nOll LElVEL nQo; rov xouuouviouo OJtQWXVETal « v' uvan'[vSEL '[t; naQaywYlxE~ OuvaTO'[l)LE£ xat LOU~ iJALXOV~ oQou~ nov aUTOt 1l0VO l.t.l"[OQoiiv v' uno~

o XAPAKTHPAI THI ETIlITHMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAIHI 63

TEAEOOUV Tij oaoYj f,lL('i~ VEa~ xaL aVWTEQYj~ XOLVWVLa~ »61. dva't im:OXQEWf,lEVYj bt:Of,lEVW~ va ~rnEQaOEL Ta OQLa TOU naQabomaxou OLOf,lYjxaVLXou OUOTtlf,laTO~ xaL TOU f,l0VTEAOU avanTU~Yj~ nov xa ... QaXTYjQL~H TijV ExOLOf,lYjxaVLOYj xaL v' aQXLOEL TijV EJtLOTYjf,lOVLXOTEXVLXij EnaVaOTaoYj.

'H EJtLOTYjf,lOVlXOTEXVlXij EnavaomoYj, f,lE Tij ocpaLQa oQaoYj~ TYj~ xa( TijV EOWTEQlXY) TYj~ AOYLXy) dvat f,lla XOlvwvoaj (jta(jlxaala, onw~ aXQLow:; ~mv xaL fJ OLOf,lYjxavLxij EnaVaoTaoYj62. To XE-, cpaAaLO OTY)V aQxij AHLOUQYOUOE OTij oaoYj Ti'j:; xAYjQoVOf,lilf,lEVYj~ f,llXQi'j~ OLXLaXi'j:; naQaywyi'j~, nov Mv nQomOLa~E 0' mho. ME Tij OlOf,lYjxavlxij EnavaomoYj, anoxTYjoE Tij OlXij LOU xaTaAAYjAYj UAlXij oaoYj. "Eva OVf,lf,lETQO CPaLVOf,lEVO OUVLEAELmL nQocpavw~ oTij vwoXYjf,laU~Of,lEvYj xocvcovto : orov OOmaAlOf,lO xaL OTOV xoupouVLOf,lO. 'H YEa xotvmvtn, av xaL XQYjOlf,lOnOLEL axof,la Tij oaoYj Ti'j:; OlOf,lYjxavLxi'j:; naQaywyi'j~ nov XAYjQOV0f,lYjOE, aQX(~H ytoYj, f,lE TO ~EX(VYjf,la Ti'j:; EJtlOTYjIlOVlXOLEXVLXi'j:; EnavaomoYj~, va OYjf,lLOUQyEi TO OLXO TYj:; xaTaAAYjAo oa8Qo naQaywyi'j~.

LTO OVVOAO LYj:; Of,lW~, i] EJtlOLYjf,lOVlXOTfXVlXij EnaVaOTaoYj, dvat f,lLa bLacpoQELlxij xa( mo oa8Ha XOLV<DVLXtl OLaOLxaoLa. LTY)V Enoxij Ti'j:; EXOLOf,lYjxaVlOYj~, i] XLVYjOYj LOU nOAmoflOu OTYjQL~omv ouourortx« OTijV nQooOo TWV f,lEOWV EQyao(a:; : mijv aUToa~LOno(YjOYj, OTij ouomllgfl10Yj TOll XfcpnAa(ou xa( ornv <J.vaywyij Ti'j~ f,la~a:; TWV af,lWWV naQaywywv Of acpYjQYjf,lfVE:; f,lOvabE~ EQyauxi'j~ Mvaf,lYj~. 'H MUVaf,lLa xa( fJ aVLxavoTYjm auLOu TOU nOAlUOf,lOU va EnavaoTauxonoly)oEL OAOXAYjQwuxa TijV « imoXElWVIX'J nAwQa » Ti'j~ naQaywyi'j:; - oYjAabij 1'(:; av8QwmvE:; ouvaf,lEt:; 63 - xaL xaTa ouvEnHa xaL TijV LEXVLXij, naQEf,lEtVaV TO XVQLO ovvoQO LOU. "Avrtflst«, fJ EnlOTYjf,lOVlXOTEXVLXij EnavaOTaoYj - av XQLVOUf,lE ano OQLOf,lEVE:; EvOd~H:; xaL ano TY) ovv8wij LOU:; 0' Eva 8EWQYjUXO 1l0VTEAO - OTYjQL~H Li)v nOQEia LOU nOAmOf,lOU mY)v XLVYjOYj xa( ora (jVQ Enl;t:EOa : anatLEL QL~LX£:; naQEf,loaoH~ OT(~ LEXVlXE:; OUVLOTWOE:;, aAAa xa( E~(OOU, av 0XL xaL nEQlOOOTEQO, gt~lXE:; aAAaYE:;, f,llaV E~(OOU, av 0XL xaL nEQLOoouQO, oQaoTY)Qla avanTu~Yj Ti'j:; xOLvwvLa~ xa£ LOU av8Qwnou~ XL aUTO 0' OAE:; T(~ btaOTaoH~ Lij:; ~wi'j:; :

a) LuvMnat aVaf,lcpLooY)TYjm f,lE TijV nQoonuxy) f,ll('i~ aAAayijc; Ti'j:; oamxi'j:; f,la~a:; Ti'j:; fQyaatac;, LOU oUOlaOUXOLEQou, oYjAa- 6ij, Tf,ltlllaLO:; Ti'j:; av8gwmvYj:; ~(ni'j:; OT()V OYjf,lfQLV6 nOALTLOf,lO.

64

o [JOAITI:EMO:E ITO ITAYPO-tJPOMJ

Auto ornW(VEl 'WU't0XQova !!ta OUotaOnxij uAAayij O'tij OtaQ- 8QwoYj LOU « OUVOAtXOU EQya'tYj » xa( Tij~ 8EOYj~ nou xan~xouv ol OtacpoQOt LO!!Ei~ 'ti]£ uv8Qu)JttvYj~ oQao'tYjQto'tYjm;.

0) To tOtO (OXUEt xa( YLa 'tOV Xamf1.EQwf1.6 Tije; IQyaaiae; : fJ 6AoEVa xa( EUQULEQYj EcpaQ!!oyij Tij~ EJrtO'tij!!Yj~ xat ° OAoEVa xa( ntO al08Yj'to~ JrEQLOQta!!O; 'ti]s; unAi]s; EQyaO(as;, odxvouv on unaQXouv VEE~ 'tEXVLXE; ouva'to'tYjLES; yta 'to l;EJtEQaOl1a LOU naQaOootaXOu xa'ta!!EQtOIlOU 'ti]s; EQyao(a~ xa(, lOta(LEQa, LOl' Otxao!!OU Uval1wa o'tijv ExLEAWnxij xa( o'tij OtEu8uvnx~ tQyao(a, uval1wa o'tij CPUotxij xa( mijv nVEU!!anxij EQyaa(a. A u'to 'to CPaLVO!!EVO 8a MYjyouaE, uno 'tij !!La !!EQLa, a'tijv El;acpavtoYj '[(bv OtaVOOU!!EVWV oov EiOtXOU, MOXAEtanXOU o'tQW!!aLO; xa(, uno 'tijv aAAYj, Of IlLa OUotaonxij uAAayij LOU xaQax'tijQa 'ti]~ EQyanxi]~ 'tal;Yj~ xa( OE !!ta oa8Eta IlEmooAij 'ti]~ 0XEaYjS;, YEVLxa, uvaueon orov av8Qwno xa( oro EnaYYEA!!a LOU.

y) 'H oLOIlYjxavLxij EnavamaOYj I1Ha'tQE'ljJE npoocpaw 'tl]V nAn01jJYjcp[a nov E1JQwnaLxu)V Aawv OE EQya'tES;, bEvov'ta~ LOU~ OAOUS; !!E OWlla UAAYjAEl;aQ'tYjoYj~ xa( EnEx'tdvovm~ orov xoouo 'tijv uv'taywVtonxij 'tal;txij, XOLVWVtXij 'tYj; OtaQ8QwoYj. 'H EJrtO'tYj- 1l0VtXOLEXVLXij EnavaamaYj, unanaY!!EVYj ma uno ,[(l J[QooxaLQa XOLVWVtXa Ow!!a LYj~, LE(VEt nQocpavw; - !!EOa oro nAa(Ota 'tWV nQoonnxwv 'tYjS; - nQo~ 'tTjv nQay!!a'twaYj !!ta~ VEa~ uml;Lxi]s; XOLVUlVLXi]S; oLaQ8QwaYj~, 'tEAdUl~ EUX(VYj'tYj~ xa( J[ou 'to JrEQLEXOIlEVO LYj~ 8a dVaL fJ U!!OLoa(a uvaJ['tul;Yj LOU uv8QwJ[ou uno 'tOV av- 8Qomo.

0) O[ LEXVLXE~ Oa8EtE~ uAAaYE~ nou YjOYj OUVLEAOUVmL !!a~ EJrt'tQEnouv va nQoOAE'ljJOU!!E !!LaV ouotaonxij IlHaooAij 'ti]s; 8EOYj~ 'ti]; EJrtO'tij!!YjS;, 'ti]; Exna(OEUoYj~ xa( 'ti]; XOUA LOUQa~, YEVLxa. 'Evto OLOUS; JrEQaa!!EVOUS; alwVE~ fJ xouhouQa OQLaxomv !J.aAAov oro JrEQL8wQLO 'ti]~ XOLVWVLXi]~ ~Uli]~ LOU uv8QwJ[ou, fl;Ul uno 'to XUQtO QEuIla 'ti]s; nOQE(a~ LOU nOAmollou, oij!!EQa UV't(8EW nalQ'VEt 't~ 8EaYj 'tYj~ orrv Mocpaotanxo~ naQayovm~ 'ti]~ El;EALl;Yj~ 'ti]~ uv8Qwno'tYj'ta~. 'H Ema'tYj!!OVtXOLEXVLXTj Enavao'taaYj uvnOLOtxEi: hot OE !!ta nOA.lTWUX~ i navturcaon nou fj oYj!!aa(a xa( fj hmoij LYj~ ElVaL O(Xw~ J[QOYjYOU!!EVO.

E) <PatVHaL J[W; fj EJrtO'tYj!!OVtXOLEXVtxTj EnavaomoYj bEv 8a IlJrOQEOEt va OAOXAYjQw8Ei. av 'ta OYjIlEQtVa ouvopu 'ti]~ uv8QW1ttVYjS ~Uli]~ bEy !J.E'taxtVouvmt OUVEXWS; : bEv 1tQoxEtmt uovo yta 'to

o XAPAKTHPA~ TH~ ETIl~THMONIKOTEXNIKH~ EI1AN~T~H~ 65

OLOTlXO E:7tt:7tEOO, aJ...J...a xai YLa TO e:7t{:rcdjo Tije; ~wije;. '0 XUxJ...o~ Ti'j~ El;EJ...Ll;it~ T% Mv I .. UtoQEi va xJ...ELOEL av Mv xaTaJ...y)l;EL OE Eva OQlO!lEVO E:7tt:7tEDo, OTY)V OJ...6:7tJ...EUQyt av8ytoyt TlDV Oyt!lLOUQYLXWV [,xavoTy)TwV TOU av8Qw:7tou - OTY)V TEXVLXy), OTY)V EmOTy)!lyt, OTy)V oixovoutn, OTY)V TEXVyt xat mY) !lEQL!lVa Yla TOV av8Qw:7t0.

M:7tQo~ 0' OJ...E~ ainE~ Tt~ TaOEL~, Mv !!:7tOQOU!lE va !lY) 8EOOU!lE Eva XQLOL!lO EQwTyt!la : :7t0l0 XOLVWVLXO ouoTyt!la 80. EiVaL OE 8EOyt va :7tQaY!laTWOEL aUTE~ Tts :7tOJ...LTlOTlXES OlaDLxaOtE~, xat OE :7tOlE~ OUV8i'jXE~ ;

EiVaL cpaVEQO :7tW~ <'> XamTaJ...lO!lO~ !!:7tOQEL va OOJ...EUTEi !lE Tt~ TETOlE~ aJ...J...ayE~, va T(~ acp0!lOlWOEL, aXO!la xa( va T(~ Ev8aQQuvEl, !lE Qu8!lO OXETlXa YQY)YOQO, &~ Evav OQLO!lEVO oa8!lO i] OE !lLa 6QL- 0!lEVyt ~WVyt - OTa EQyaOTY)Qla, OTt; EmXElQy)OEl;, tow~ xa( OE 6MxJ...ytQou~ xJ...aDou~ xa( TO!lEi~ - !lOVO ECPOOOV aUTy) i] DLaOLxao[a Mv EXEL l;E:7tEQaOEL TO xoiouu: onueio, uovo ECPOOOV xaJ...U:7tTETal i] xa( aVTlOTa8!l(~ETaL c'mo anE~ :7tEQLOTaOEl;· !lOVO Ecpoaov TO. YEa mOlXEia !l:7tOQOUV va EVTaX80UV OTY)V :7taJ...la OO!lY) i] vc ouyxQaTyt80uv !lEOa OTa :7taALa oQw xat OTa :7taJ...la XaVaJ...La· !lOVO EcpOqOV OEV aVa:7tTUOOOVTal :7taQa EV!lEQEl, !lE aJ...J...OlW!lEVyt !loQCPY), xJ...:7t. ' AJ...J...a TO ouotyt!la auto TWV aVTaywvLOTlXWV XOlVWVLXWV OXEOE<DV 80. dVaL aQaYE OE 8EOyt, :7tEQa a:n:o aUTO. TO. OQW, va aVTl!lETW:7ttOEl to. :7tQOOAY)!lata Tij; E:7tLOtyt!l0VLXOTEXVLXi'js E:7taVaaTaOyt~ ;

Ildv«i OE tOUtO to 8E!la, DXL !lOVOV EmXQlTE~6S. ana xat a:7t0J...oyyttES;66 tOU Xa:7tLtaALOTlXOU OUoty)!laTO~ EXOUV EXCPQaOEl a!lcpLOoJ...(E~. "000 :7tEQLOOOTEQO 0[, EmaTyt!lOVLXE~ xa( TEXVlXE; E:7taVaotaTlXE~ anaYE~ xat 0[, OUOTOlXE; roue XOLVWVlXE~ uetuOOAE~ ouyxJ...(VOUV 0' Eva EVLaio QEU!la aJ...J...aywv, 000 :rt:EQloaOTEQO :7talQVOUV tY) !lOQCPY) oWQ8QWTLXWV aJ...J...aywv ti'j~ :7taQaywyi'j~ XL 000 :7tEQlOOOtEQO E:7tytQEa~OUV TY) Ol1!lEQLVY) 8EOyt TOU av8Qw:7toU67, TOOO mo cpaVEQY) Y(VETaL i] aVTt8EOyt aVa!lEOa mY)v :7taQaOOOLaxy) XOlVWVLXy) !lOQCPY) ti'j~ OLO!lytxaVlXi'j; :7tQOOOO1J xa( OT(~ VEE~ OLaOTaOEl~ ava:7tTUl;yt~ TWv :7taQaYWYLXWV OUVa!lEWV, rooo mo EXDytAO Y(VETaL TO YEYOVO~ OTl 0[, anaYE~ OTY)V TEXvoJ...oy(a EXOUV l;E:rt:EQaOEL xma :7toM ExEivE~ nou 0 OUTLXO~ xoouo; dXE ouvyt8tOEL 68.

M:7tOQOU!lE va U:7t08£00U!lE nw~ i] oaayt TOU XamTaJ...la!l0U, :7tOU :7taVW tyt; :7tQaY!latO:7tOlElTaL i] E:n:LOTyt!lOVLXOtEXVLXy) E:7taVa-

66

o TIOAITlIMOI ITO ITAYPO,,1POMI

croon, Aiyo-noAU O(Xw~ £!!no~ha OTT]V agXlXT] Tytl:;.cpcwyt, 8a ano()Hxn:l naoanos» otevn O£ anocpamOTlxou~ LOILEi~, TT] OTlYILtl nou i] ()laDlxao(a 8a EXEl nagH !!EYaAyt ExLaOyt· &no TOUTyt TtlV ano- 1jJyt, dvm nOAu m8avo va nagoumaawuv, !!EOa OTytV fOLOglxT] ngoonTlxyt, !!la oELga XAOVla!!Ot xa( ouyxgOUOElI:; 69 nou va cpTaVOUV OTa ogla '['iiI:; xaTaoLQocpii£·

8£{J)gytTlxa, TO EoacpOI:; nou navw TaU i] EJrlaTytIlOVlXOLEXVlXT] EnaVaOTaoyt !!:;rogEi v' avanTux8Ei a' OAyt Tytl:; TT]V ExLaOyt xa( va anoDOoEl OAOUI:; LOUI:; xag:;roul:; Tytl:; 70, anocpEUYOVLaI:; OAa Ta agvytTlxa, dvm 0 oomaAlo!!ol:; xat 0 XO!!!!OUVlO!!O~.

'H aAyt8aa a1niil:; Tiil:; 8EOytl:; omol:; E.,"t(oyt~ xal i] wgl!!6TytLa Tiil:; vEal:; xOLVWVlal:; ngEJrEl va ooxLllaoLOuv OTytV ngasyt. LllXWI:; aAAO axo!!a xal navHl 0' aln6 TO EoacpOI:; TO Egyo 8a dvm ESmgETlxa DUOXOAO.

To EnlnEOo Ty]1:; oaoyt~ LOU nOALno!!OU xa80gl~El auoTytga Ta ouvopu :;rou !!EOa LOUI:; !!JtogEi va aSlonOlyt8Ei i] OWcpOgETLXT] ouola trirv 0XEOEOW nagaywyiil:;. 'H 8EWgytTLXT] {)j[EgOXT] trirv cootaAloTlx(iN xal XO!!!!OUVlOTLXWV 0XEOEWV !!nogEi va ExDytAw8El nAEgla !!OVO OLaV - xat OTOV oa8!!0 nou - OaOt~Hm 01'0 aVTtOTOlXO EnlnEDo xal OTytV aVTlOTaLXyt XlVytTLXoTytTa T(flV nagaYWYlXWV D1JVa!!EWV 71, onou EXEl sEJrEgaOLEl TO OgLO Tiil:; ExOLO!!ytxaVlayt£ xat onou OUVEJrUll:;, of VEEI:; 0XEOHI:; nagaywYiil:; EXOytAWVOVLal WI:; ol ngaxTLxEI:; XlVytTytglEI:; !!OgcpEI:; nou ngooolvoUV OTytV avanLUsyt TUN nagaYWYlXWV DUVa!!EWV VEEI:; OlaOTaOELI:;. 'Ana of ouVytTLXEI:; av8gwmVEI:; avaYXEI:; xat ol OUVEnElE~ nou ngoxunLOuv Yla TOV av8gwno ano Tll:; OUVTEAOU!!EVf~ llOyt OTyt Do!!yt xa( OTT] ()UVa!!lxyt TWV nagaywYLxwV DUVa!!EWV, Oa8ElEI:; aA"AaYEI:; aVTavaXAOUV !!E oacpytvEla 1'(1:; l:awuQlIds oov/upeiec Tf]1:; EnLO'tyt!!OVlXOTEXVLXf]£ £navaoLaoyt£. LTLt; YEVlXE£ Tyt£ yga!!IlE£, aUTT] i] £navaotoon bEy dvm !!ovaxa !!la XOlVWVlXyt DLaOlXaOta, aAAa xa( !!La XOlVWVlXyt EnaVaOLaoyt, DytAaOT] !!la ogyavlxT] avayxmoTytTa Tiil:; XO!!!!ouvloTLxiil:; EnaVaOLaoytl:;, i] avayxata Oa8!!loa xat !!ogcpT] me,

'H avanTuSyt ownl:; TWV OXEOEWV nagaywYiil:; bEy av'tloLOLXEl navLa 01'0 EntnEOo xat OTT]V XlVytOyt TWV nagaywYlxuN OUVa!!EWV xaLa TT] DOO!!EVyt OTLY!!yt. Mnopsl va OU!!OEl of nagaywYlXEI:; ouva!!ElI:; Tiil:; xOlvwvla~ OTT]V onOla i] oomaALOTlxyt EnaVaOLaoyt EXfL vlxijon - Ila~l xat ot ELOLXOl VEOl nagaYOV'tE1:; nou YEvvT]8ytxav

o XAPAKTHPAI THI EnIITHMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAIHI 67

cmo ti]v XOlVWVtXi] aVatgoni] - va dvm ngoowgLva mo a6iJvatEI::; uno t(1::; nagaywytXEI::; OUVa!lEt:; tWV ngoYjY!lf-vwv xcou taALOtLXWV xwgwv xa( !laALota 6 OOotaALO!lOI::; va EXEt axo!la va ExnAYjg(UOEt !lta !laxgLa oElga ana OtOtXwuoYj xa8Tjxovtn EXOtO!lYjxavtoYjI::;. AutTj fJ xataotaoYj ngoxaAEl avanocpEUXta, otOUI::; XOAnOUI::; tiil::; XOLvwv(al::;, !lta !lEyaAYj EVtaoYj xa( oYj!ltOUgYEl tOV XlVOUVO avaVttOtoLXtWV ava!lEOa oro EnlnEOa toU nOALtto!lOU xa( Ottl::; XOtVWVtXEI::; !lEtaooM:;. "Av fJ xataotnoYj ainTj Xgov(OEt, lmagXEL x(vouVOl::; va ooYjyi]OEL Of !lLaV OgL0!lfVYj unavaJrtun!;Yj II Of !lLaV OgLO!lf:vYj naga!logcpwoYj tWV aVtlOtOlXWV OXEOEWV nagaywYii:; - OEOO!lfVOU Ott lmagXEL fJ D'UvatotYjta cpEtLXOnOtYjoYjI::; - xat Otf]v aogavEta tWV !logcpwv nou XgYjoL!lonoLOVvtat ngoowgLva ana xa8agi] avayxYj.

, Arto tTjv UAAYj !lEg La, !!JtOQEl 0 XanttaAtO!l01::; YLa Otacpogo'Ul::; A6yO'U1::; va unoxgwl8fl va ~mfQaOEl ta ()Qta tiil::; OtO!lYjxavLxii:; EnaVaOtaoYjI::; xa( v6. nQooa0fwOTfl oti:; O'UVl::liiXEI::; tii:; aVWtEgYj:; xtvYjoYjI::; tWV nagaywYLxwV ouvcuscov, ngaY!la nou avanocpE'UXta 8a nQoxaAEOEt !lLaV OAOXAYjgYj ouga VEWV, ExtaXtWv cpatVO!lEVWV Oti]v OLXOV0!ltxi] xal XOlVWVLXi] ~(J)i] alniil::; tii:; xOtvCllVtal::;.

'OAOXAYjgYj fJ OtaDLxaola tiil::; anonEgatWoYjI::; tiil::; ExOLO!lYjXa- VLOYj:; xat tiil::; Evag!;Yj:; tii:; EJrLOtYj!lOVlXOtfXVtxiic: EnaVaotaoYj:; - auta ta Ouo qxnvouevc rlvnt Ol'V'U(j «ourv« ontl)c: to oAEno'U!lE ott:; !lEgEI::; !la:; - OOYjyEl Oti]v E!lcpavLoYj !luil::; oEtgal::; anoXAtOEWV ano ttl::; agXEI::; aAAa xa( !lLal::; oELgal::; auYXAtOEWV, 000 nagaSEvo xa( UV cpatVftm auto ano ngwtYj O'\jJYj. 'H OO!li] xat fJ EJrLxgatouoo O'Uva!lLXTj tWV XOLVWVLXWV nagaYWYLXWV O'Uva!lEWV EnLoaAAO'UV OE xa8E cpaoYj ogto!lEVEI::; avaAOYEI::; taoEL:; Oti]v nogEla roii nOALtLO!lOU, nou ngoxlmto'Uv cmo to En(nEDo t(lN nagaywYLxwv O'Uva!lEwV aAAa xa( ano tt:; nYjYfl::; xmavaAwoYjI::;, ana tOUI::; UALXOUI::; ogo'U:; tf]1::; Egyao(al::; xat tf]1::; ~(llii:;, xat nou aOX01JV hot lOX1Jgi] ntEOYj oro OUVOAO tii:; XOLVWVLXiil::; ~wii:;.

Ta'Utoxgova, O!lw:;, ol !lEtaOoAE:; Oti] oaoYj tOU nOAltto!lou, nou xaeog(~OVtat ano ti:; 0XEOEL:; nUQaywyft:;, hbYjAWVOVtaL !lE oLacpogE:; !l0gcpf:; : fJ OOotaALOtLxi] ExOto!lYjXavtoYj Mv yvwg(~EL nQ<ntagXLxi] E!;a8ALwoYj' aAM ana(tYjoE nOAAa xgovLa, nou !l0VO XagYj ornv autanagvYjoYj EXat0!l!l'UQ(wv av8gwnwv !lnogEOav va !;EJrEgaOtoUv. 'Avt(8Eta, orov XaJrLtaALO!lO, fJ EvagsYj tii:; EJrLO'tYj!lOVLXOtEXVtXnC Enavaotaolj:; xagaxtYjQ(~Etat lloYj, OE !lEyaAo oa-

68

o flOAITU:MOE 1:TO ETA YPOt1POMI

8!!0, U1tO !!laV aVE1tUQxi] OLXOVO!!lXi] al;101tO(yt0l] LOU OUVOAOU TWV DUVUTOTi]TWV 1tOU aVO(YOVTUl ornv E1tlOTi]!!yt 72 XU( OTi]V ava- 1tL'Ul;yt TWV OUVa!!EWV LOU av8Qu)1toU, Eont> XU( o.v m(s; 1tQOytY!!EVES; XU1tlTUAlOnXES; XWQES; Oyt!!HWVHUl aVU!!cplooi]TytTU !!la YOQyi] o.VoOOS; LOU E1tl1tEOOU Tijs; EQEUVUS; XU( Ti]S; 1tUlDduS;.

AUTES; ol avn8HlXES; XU( DtaOTUUQWVO!!EVES; TaOHS;, oro OUVOAO TaUS;, 1tUQUIlOQCPWVOUV uio8ytTa Ti]V EvuQl;yt Ti]S; E1tlOTyt!!OVlXOTEXVlXi]S; E1tUVaOTUOytS;, oov 1tuYXOO!!taS olu~hxuo(u;, T(_)01tO- 1tOLOUV XU( IlETUT01t(~OUV T(S; OlacpOQES; EXOytA(DOHS; Tyt;. AUTi] i] XUTaOTUOl] auOXOT(~H Ti]V EOWLEQlXi] AOYlXi] Ti]S; f:1tlOTyt!!OVlXOTEXVlXi]S; E1tUVaOTUOytS;, orrv XOlVWVlXi]S; DlUOlXUO(US;, OUYXUAU1tTEl T(S OU8ULEQES; 1tAEUQE; TWV Ou8ElU)V LEXVlXWV XU( XOlVWVlXU)V !!HUOOAUlV, XU( cpEVUX(~H Ti] DlEQEUVytOi] TOUS; 73.

Tu 1tQUY!!UTlXa UUTa, aAAa E1tlcpUVHuxa YEYOVOTU xaVOlJV, El;aAAOlJ, LOU; 8EwQytnxou; auxva va Ili] OA.E1tOUV T(S; VEES; Otamaous; XU( Ta VEU oTOlXEiU TWV auYXQOVWV El;EA(l;E<llV LOU 1tOAlno!!OU 74. 11 XU( va El;uXOAou80uv va Ta Eg!!ytVEUOUV !!EOU OTa OQlU '[Iiw 1tuQuDoaLux(l)V DluOlxuaL(lW EXOlO!!i]XUVlOytS; 75, orrv !!la cpaol] Ti]S; OLOllytxuvlxi]s; f:1tUVaoTUoytS;, ocv Cl1tAi] E1tUVaAyt'ljJT} Tl]S;, XA1t. MEVH hal XUAU!!IlEVyt xa'[l)) a1to EVuv 1tE1tAO avncpunXWV U1t08EOEWV i] ouoto Ti]S; f:1tlOTyt!!OVlXOTEXVlXi]S; E1tUVaoTUoytS;, axo!!u XU( OT(S; mo 1tQOytY!!EVES; TExvlxa XWQES; TaU XOO!!OU 76, XU( xaVETUl a1tO TO 01tnXD 1tEO(O i] 1tguy!!unxT} ElXOVU Yla TO OTUUQODQO!!l 1tOU EXH cpTaoEl 6 oUYXQovo; 1tOAmO!!O;.

3. 'H brtraxTlx~ avo.yxY} iije; avo.nw/;Y}e; xai TO. xayxoouui ouornuata

Elvrn O!!WS; cpuvEQ6 1tWS; i] tOLOQlXi] 1toQELU Ti]s; EmoTyt!!OVlXOTEXVlXi]s; E1tUVaoTUoytS; OEv dVUl !!la <'mAT} avnYQucpi] UXl]Il(hwv Ti]; i\OYlXi]s;, ana Ota8AaTUl IlEOU a1tO TO 1tg(O!!U EvDlallwwv 1tUgUYOVTWV 1tOU 1tQOaLOla~OUv OTOV OLO!-tl]XUVlXO 1tOAlnO!!O, 01tOU Utt(u XU( a1tOTEAw!-tU cpU(VOVTUl xa8E cpoQa avaoTQocpu.

MEXQl T<DQU, EVu !-tEyaAo !!EQOS; TUW f:1tlOTyt!!OVlXWV avuxuAU'ljJfWV XU( TWV LEXVlXWV ECPUQ!-t0Y(lIV dxuv avu!-tCPlOOi]TytTU xavEl TT}V 1tQUlLyt TOU; E!!cpavloyt m(s; XU1tlTUAlOnXE; XU)QES;. Of OOmUA.lmlxES; XU)QES; OlUVUUVE, m:i] !!EyaAyt LOUS; 1tAHO'i'ytcp(u, TT} cpaoyt Ti]s; Exolo!-tytxaVl0l]S;, EVW 0[, 1tQOytYIlEVES; XU1tlTUAlOnxES; XWQE; oQ(-

o XAPAKTHPAI THI EflU:THMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAIHI 69

axOVLaV f..UtgooTa oro OO"Yjflfla : va ngoxwgi]OO1JV mi]v EJrlaTl]flOVlXOLEXVlXi] EnavaOTaoYj ft va nEgLOgloLOUV OE flLa YEVlXYt orcotuorntu. To xHpaAmo, ana TT}V tOLa Ti] CPUOYj LOU, dvm flla 0XEOYj anaga(TYjTYj YLa Ti]V avanTu~Yj '[(by nagaywYlxwV OuvaflEwv. '0 flEyaAot; tOTOgLXOt; LOU gOAOt; ElvaL on 01JVE~EU~E flE TT]V nag aywyi] flLa fla~a XOLVWVlXWV nagaywYLxulV OuvaflEwv : flYjxaVEt; xa( EgyaTlxi] DUvaflYj. 'AAAa TO ,:tEcpUAaLO Mv anoTEAEI Ti]V anoA1JTYj flogCPT} nagaywyijt; nAouTOu, YWTl oga uovo OE Eva OgWflEVO EninE~)o xorvorvrxonotnorp; - oro EnlnEOo flLat; acpYjgYjflEVYjt; XOLV(DVlXOTYjLat;, YEflUTYjt; avncpuOHt;. « ElvaL aAT}8Ha milt; TO XECPUAaLO anoLEAEl Evav ago YlU TT}V avunTul;Yj TUW nagaymYlxwv ouVUflEWV, OOOV XaLgo alm~t; EXOUV avuyxYj ano El;wTEgLXO onngOUVL nou TauToxgova &nOOEiXVHaL on dVaL xal TO xaAwugl LOU~ )} 77. 'Arco Eva ogloflEVO EnlnEOo xa( nEga ~ avunLlll;Yj TWV nagaywYlxwV OuvaflEwv Y(VHaL, aVTi8ETa, YlU TO XEcpUA.aLO EVat; cpgaYflOt; nou og(~ETaL ano TOV tOLO TOV oxono LOU XEcpaA.a(ou, TT}V alJ'[oal;wno(Yjoi] T01J flE Ti]V Egyaoia TUlV EgyaTU)v. 8EWgYjLlxa, TO xEcpaAaLo, OTOV oa8flo nou avanTUOOETaL, YLVETaL TgOXOnEOYj YLU Tit:; nagaywylxEt:; 01JVUflELt; 78, orov oa8flo OEOaLa nou i] aVaJtTll~Yj GUVLEAElLaL flE ouoYj Ta xAamxu xLVYjTga, OLaV alnu Mv roorronotoirvtm ft OEv avnoTa8fl(~OVLaL &no El;wTEglXEt; uiTLEt; ft ana EOCl),[EgLXEt; EnEfloUOHl;, OlEU8ETi]OELt:; XTA.

AllTOt; 0 OlnAOt; xagaXTi]gat; LOU XEcpaAaiou OE 0XEOYj flE T(t; nagaywylXEt:; OUVUflELt; lOXUEl aXOfla JrEglOOOTEgO YlU TO uovorabAW nou, &no Ti] CPUOYj TOU, Ola8hEl no AU flEyaAuLfgEt; ouvmoTYjLEt:; Yla XgYt0Yj (xa( xaTaxgYjoYj) TWV XOlVWVlXWV nogwv, Tijt; TEXVlXijt; xa( Tijt; og80Aoylxijt; ogyavwoYji;. Mnopei xaMLEga ano TO xAamxo xEcpaAaLo va al;tonOlEl TT}V El;ELOixEUOYj xa( TOV OUVLOVlouo, xa( va ogyav(l)vEL fllUV El1gllLEgYj oaoYj YLa Ti]V EgEuva, YLm( oga OE Eva av6:lLEgo EnlmOo xorvrovixorcotnorp; ana T6v xAamxo xaJrLTaAlOflo 79 . 'AUa LaUToXgova TO flOVOml)ALo EXEL - ft L01JAUXWLO fiXE OTYtV agXT} - nOAu nEglooc)'[EgoUt; A6yout; xal flEoa YlU va cpgEVUgEl Tlt; XOlVWVLXEt:; nagaywYLxEt:; OUVUflELt; nOll OlacpdlYOUV ano '[()V EAEYXO TOll, Omllt; Ollfloa(VEL ouxvu flE Ti] ouyXgovYj fnLoTi]flYj xa( TT}V EcpagfloyYt TYjt; OTit; oamXEt; TEXVlXEt; flELaOOAEt;, OTT}V nAEgw aULOflaTOnOlYjflEVYj LfXVlXT} xA.n. ' Arco Ow xai i] TUOYj Tijt; aJtoAi8woYjS: nou xagaxTYjgi~EL uXQLo(b; TO uovomilA. to.

"'0.

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITA YPOLlPOMJ

Auti) i] 6l;da aVtLcpaOYj auVOOEUEL, a:rta t(~ agXE~ toU aiwva fla~, t(~ XWgE~ t(:; oWflYjxaVLXa :rtl6 aVa:rtTUYflEVE:;. Iloio a:rta t(~ ou6 taOEL:; 8a E:rtlxgati)on tEA.lXa, aut6 El;agtlEtat a:rt6 mu:; El;WtEglXOU:; xa( EOWtEglXOU:; ogou:; ti]~ aUtOal;lo:rto(YjOYj:; mu XEcpaA.a(ou, OtOU~ ()Jto(ou:; 0 flOVO:rtWA.lOfl6~ ELVat i::l;atgEtLXa Eua(· o811tO:;.

dEY lmagXEl aflCPLOOA.(a :rtw~ a:rto ta tEAYj rou :rtEgaoflEvou aiwva xaL oro :rtgWtO uroo tOU 200u alwva, 6 flOVo:rtWA.Laxa:; xu:rtLtaA.Wfla~ YLvcnav cpgEvo Oti)v :rtogda ava:rttul;Yj:; twV :rtagaywYLXWv DuvaflEwv xaL acpYjvE aval;Lo:rtoLYjtE:; flLa oaga a:rt6 tEXVLXE~ btltEUl;n:; xa(, ax6fla :rtEgWOOtEgO, to av8gu)JtlVO OUVaflLXa ti]:; :rtagaywyi]~81. Tc xagaxtYjgwtLxa gEuflata ti]:; E:rtOXi]:; ~taV ibEE~ :rtaga:rtA.i)GLE~ fl' hELVE:; tou John Stuart Mill :rtEgL 0i]8EV :rtagatnVOflEVOU « aLWva OtaGLflatYjta:; », :rtEgL :rtgoOEYYL~ouoa:; « wgLflotYjta:; » tit~ oixovoflLa:; nou DEV 8a elvoi ma :rtg6ocpogYj OE YEa ava:rttul;Yj82, OL aVtLtEXVLXWtLXE~ taon:; xa( i] gOflaVtLxi) xureo(xYj ti]:; EmOti)flYj:; ouuqxov« flE ti)v aVtlA.Yj'\jJYj tou Henri Bergson.

'0 u'ljJYjA.6~ gu8fl6:; oLxavoflLxi]:; ava:rttul;Yj:; tit~ :rtEgL6bOU ti]:; EXoLoflYjxavLoYj:; EmogaMv8YjxE aL08Yjta Ota XgOVLa 1903 - 1913. 'H xa8UotEgYjOYj ti]:; ava:rttul;Yj~ ti]:; :rtagaywyi]:; xata xEcpaA.i), oti) 6LagxELa twV :rtgWtWV OEXaEtLWV tOU aiuwa fla~, U:rtOA.oy(~Etm 83 "(La t(~ HITA OE :rtOA.A.a DExata ti]:; flovaoa:;, EVW Oti)v dutLxi) Eugw:rtYj auta ta nooooro Ervm ax6fla mo onunvn.xo.

, Arro ti) OExaHLa Ofl<1l:; toil 1930 (flEYaA.Yj OlX()V0flLXi) xg(oYj), ti)v 5Yj 6ExaH(a (DEUtEQO:; :rtayxaO!lw:; :rtaA.Eflo:;) xa( mo ExDYjA.a Oti)v 6Yj DExaHLa (ti)v E:rtOXi) ti]:; &flLna:; trirv Ouo :rtayxoofluDV ouornudtcrv), OlamOtWVHm flLa oacpi):; anayi) Ott:; flYjtgO:rtOA.EL:; rof xfcpaA.a(ou. Ta floVo:rtw/,La 8EtoUV OE XUXA.ocpog(a ta ouoocigEuflEva a:rt08Eflatn fcpEUgEoHDV xa( OlJtA.w!l<1tWV EUQWltfxv(a:; xa( aul;avouv ti)v :rt(wi) roug Yla xatVOtofl(E~. Aul;avovtm ygi)yoga or Da:rtaVE:; Yla tYj oaotxi) xa( ti)v mlQal-wnxi) fmOl:YjfloVlXi) EQEuvn. 'A:rtoxa8(otatat ~ XOlVWVtXi) 8EOYj ti]c; tEXVtXf]:;. 'H OlX()vO!lLXij ava:rttul;Yj EmtnXUVEtat l;ava aio8Yjta. 'H l1ul;Yjo1'] tit:; Jragaywyi]:; xata xatotxo aVEoa(VEL xat :rtaA.l, iDlatTEQa OTa XgoVLn ti]:; 61']:; xa( ti]:; 7Yj:; OExaH(a:;· :rtalgVEt flEyaA.E; OtaotaoEL:; ott:; HITA xat cptavEL OE :rtgwtocpavi] EJr(mOa ornv EUQ<J)JtYj85 . , Avaflcplooijt1']tYj EmtaxUVo1'] OYjflELWVEtm EJrtOYj:; 0' O,tl. acpogCt t6 :rtgOLOV ti]~ (hgLaLa~ EgyaoLa:; toil av8gw:rtou 8~. or olag8gumxE:;

o XAPAKTHPAI TH1: EnI1:THMONIKOTEXNIKH1: EflANAITAIHI 71

w..A.ayE~ 'tii~ nagaywYii~ OtabExoVWt it f!tCt 't~V ai-AYj f!E yogyo gu- 8f!6. ~TO El;li~ 0 f!Yjxavtof!o~ 'tOU xoatixoi) /10V01CW;"W/10V Ev8aggUVEt f!E oJ...a "[(1 f!Eaa TijV ngoooo Tii~ nagaywyii~, aVaOtaVEf!OVw~ TO unEg1tgoi:ov xaL cpgOVTL~OVW~ va xaJ...U1tTEt TL~ YEVtXE~ oa- 1taVE~ 1tOU E1ttOaJ...J...OVWL oro XEcpaJ...atO a1tO Tij ygijyogYj ava1tTul;Yj Tii~ TEXVtXli~. BAEnoUf!E fLat ogtaf!EVa aYjf!aOta LOU l;ExLvijf!aTO~ Tli~ E1ttaTYjf!OVLXOTEXVtxli~ E1taVaaWaYj~.

notE~ dvat ol alTLE~ aUTii~ Tii~ aTgocpii~ 87 ; MEgLXOL 1tagaTYjgYjTE~ Tij 8EWgOVV onv IlLa oa8Eta EawTEglx~ avavEwaYj TOU Xa1tLTaAlallou. "AnoL agVtOUvTat va 1tagaDEXLOuv onOlaOij1tOTE GYjllavLtx~ al.Aay~. 'H 1tgaYllaLtx6TYjw ElVat waT6ao m.o auv8ETYj. 'H Wl;LXij XOtVWVtx~ ouaia LOU XantLaAlaf!0u Mv aA'J...al;E, aAJ...a~ouv Of!W~ ol auv8lixf~ aTL~ 01tOiE~ otEl;aYHat xai f!1tOgEL va otEl;aYHat it aUTOal;tonoLYjaYj TOU xEcpaJ...aLou, ngaYlla 1tOU ODYjYEL xawvayxYj xat aE Ilta aJ...J...ayij Tli~ aXEaYj~ ngo~ TL~ 1tagaywytxE~ OUVaf!£l~ xa( aE aYjllaVLtXE~ f!EWOOAE:; oro ouvoko Tii~ OLaOtxaa(a~ avanagaywyi]c: :

a ) "Ano Tijv £1tOxl) Tii~ IlEyaAYj~ xg(aYj~, it nagaooataxij OtOf!Yjxavlx~ avanTul;Yj ngoaExgouaE aacpw~ aE Eva IlEYLaLO ogtO 88 • xwg(~ f!ta El;wTEgtXij E1tElloaaYj LOU IlOV01tWALaXOu xgaLOu~ YLa TijV aul;YjaYj Tii~ ayogaaLtxii~ Mvaf!Yj~, TO XEcpaJ...atO OEV dvat ma aE 8EaYj va AEtLOugyijaEt xuvovixd. Eivrn aA~8Eta Jt(h~ it avooo:; Tli:; ayogaaLtxii~ MvallYj~ f.tJt6gEaE, XagYj aE DLacpOgE~ xgaLtXE~ 1tagEIlOaaEtl;, va npoouvutoktotei aTijv 1tagaatnx~ XaTaVaAWGYj s o ana 1l0VO os Iltxgo nooocro. ~uvLOlla, aUTE~ o] 1tagEf!OaaEL~ XgELaaTYjXE va GUf!nJ...Yjgw80uv f!E OYjIl0atE~ EnEvMaEt~ xa( IlE mgaLtWnXE~ 1tagaYYEALE~. AUTO aYjllaLVEL f!ta LEXVYjT~ gu8f!toYj Tli~ oixovof!txij~ avaJtwl;Yj~ yta va 1tgoAYjcp8El it aVEgy(a. 'AAJ...a TfJ...tXa to 1tg6oAYjf!a l;avar(8ELat auvEXw~, ocv 1tg6oAYjlla DtEUguvaYj~ Tii:; f!a~txii~ XamVaAWaYj:;. To xmavaJ...wTtxo Of!w~ auornuo OOYjYEl aE f!la aXEnx~ avaTLIlYjaYj Tij:; EQyanxi]~ Mvaf!Yj~ xaL ol Dtag8gwLtXE~ anaYE~ Ti]s: xamvaJ...waYj:; xavouv noM rtto aaTa8ij T~V ayoga YLa TOV nagaywyo 90. 'EvLaXUOVTat hat aurouutn xat ouataaTtXa ol TaaEL~ YLa daaywy~ Ti]~ viuu; LEXVLXi]~ mijv 1tagaywy~ xat hat it ngooOo~ Ti]~ TEXVtXi]~ YLVELat avayxaio~ ogo~ yui Tl) OtWatlloTYjTa LOU xEcpaJ...atOu.

° ) AUTE~ ol f!€800E~ ~mv auXVE:; atij DtagxEta tOU dEUTEgOU 1tayx6af!LOU nOAEf!OU OWV ol a1tattijaEL:; Tli:; 1toJ...Ef!txli:; xawva-

72

o nOAITl'£MO'£ '£TO ,£TAYPOLJPOMI

AUlOl']C; VLXl']OaV TL; :n:oAuaQt8!J.E; aVTtOTaOn; :n:OU :n:QOOaAaV Ta !J.OVO:n:WALa OLt; TEXVtXf; XatVOTO!J.LE:;, EJttOaAAOVTa; TE; hot oav !J.ta E;UlTEQtXiJ avayxatO-tl']Ta.

y) TfAO;, i] OtXOvo!J.La rrov xa:n:tTaALOTtXWV XWQwv UqJtOTaTat TtlV alJ;avo!J.Evl'] l(iE(J1] toii oOOlaAwuxov XOOflOV :n:ou ()Qu E!J.!J.EOa aAAa OLa8l'Qa onv !J.axQo:n:g08EO!J.O; :n:aQayovLa;.

, Arto TtlV a:n:01jJl'] a1lTtl, :n:gE:n:n va ~EXWQtOOU!J.E buo OUOLaOTtxou:; xgtXOU; : :n:Q WLa , i] EOWTl'QtXtl La;txtl ouyxgOUOl'] ava!J.EOa OE EgyaTE; xat EgyoMTE; :n:i]gE T£TOtE; DLaOTaOEl;, :n:ou i] btl'Uguvol'] Ti]e; !J.al;txi]c_:; XaTaVaAw0l']; - av xat avTtqJaoxEt !J.f TtC_:; :n:Qay!J.aTtXf; avayxE; Ti]; ava:n:aQaYUlYi]; LOU xEqJaAatOU - EytVE l;wtlxtl xaL abtlgtTl'] avayxatoTl']La. "OLaV EXOUV E;avTAl']8Et OAE:; ol bUvatoTl']TE; au;l']ol']; Ti]; a:n:oAUTl']; u:n:Ega;ta; xat otrrv !J.aALOm a:n:nAELTat xat TO Ol']!J.EgtVO E:n:t:n:Eb<l Tl'];, TOTE !J.ovabtxiJ btt;obo; YLVETat i] :n:aQaywYtl 0XETtXi]; iJ:n:Ega;ta:; :n:ou oTl']Qtl;ETat OTiJV TEXVtXtl :n:Q<lobo xat OTtlV oQyavUlol']. I'r' aUTOV TO AOYO, T<l xEqJaAatO, !J.E TtlV U:n:OOTtlQt"/;l'] TOil xgaTOlle;, XaTaqJl'uyn OAO xat mo :n:oM Of !!lay OlXOVO!J.tXtl ava:n:Tv;l'] xat Of !J.ta ygtlyoQl'] Tl'XVtxiJ :n:g<lobo, yta va a:n:oqJuYEl Tt; E:n:l'QX<l!J.EVE; xaotVWVtXf; ouyxQo~OEL; OLO EOWTEQtXO Ti]; X(llQa; 91. "O!J.W; xa8E xatvougytO oi]!J.a :n:goe; a1lTtl TtlV xaTEu8vvol'] O:n:gcllXVEt Ta EVEQya ffil!J.qJfQOVTa :n:goc:; !J.tav ax<l!J.a !J.EyaAllTEQl] ava:n:TV;l'] TWV :n:agaYUlytXWV bllVa!J.EWV, yt(x TtlV o:n:ota OgLOXOUV ETOt!J.£e; VEE; OUV8i]XE;.

'H E~W7:E(!lXf} E:n:tggOtl TcllV oomaAtOTtXWV buva!J.Ewv aOXELTat bta!J.Eoov axo!J.a mo :n:OM:n:AOXWV btEgyaot(llv. 'Y:n:Ev8u!J.tl;ou!J.E TtlV tbEa TOU Mag; Yla Ttl OXEOl'] Xl'qJaAa(ov xat :n:aQaywytXWv buva!J.EWV : « ... av 0 OXl]!J.aTLO!J.Oe; XEqJaAaLOV YlV<lTaV TO a:n:OXAElOTtXO !J.OVO:n:OlAlO EVO; !J.txgou agt8!J.ou !J.l'yaAwv XEqJaAatOUXWV yta TOU; O:n:OLOV; i] !J.al;a LOU xEg6oue; 8a ElXE !J.EyaAuTEgl'] onucOLa a:n:o TO :n:OOOOTO TOU, tore 8a EOOl]Vl' ogLOTtXa i] l;woyova qJADya Ti]; :n:agaywyi]; » 92. ' AOqJaAW:; i] V:n:08ETlXtl EYXALOl'] bEY dvat Ebw TUxaLa. ngaY!J.aTt, OTOV oa8!J.b :n:ou EJttTUyxavETat i] !J.OVO:n:WAl']Ol'] Ti]; :n:agaywyi];, hbl']AOlVovTat OTOll; XOA:n:OU; T'ti; xa:n:LTaALOTlxi]; xowmv(a; LaOEt; yta avaoxEOl'] Ti]e; :n:goobou Ti]; TEXVlXi]C; xaL TWV :n:agaywytxwv buva!J.Ewv. Kat TO aVTtOTgOqJO, o !J.Ul e;, ElVat E:n:LOl']C; OWOTO : OTav TO XEqJaAatO Mv xaTaqJEgVEt va !J.OVO:n:WAiJOEt Tt; :n:l']YEC; Ti]; :n:agaywyi];, DEV TOU !J.EVEl aAAO a:n:o TO va :n:gOWOEL TtlV ava:n:ru;l'] TUlY :n:agaywytxwv buva!J.EWV xat

o XAPAKTHPA2; THI Efll1:THMONIKOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAI[fI 73

1:'ii; TEXVLX:ii; fOTW xa( f.1E TOV x(vOuvo vu OUV8ALOEl aJto m'lTE;. 'H uJtag;l'] TOU OOmaALOTLXOU OUOTllf.1aTO; nou <ha8ETEl TO 1/3 Tf]; JtayxOOf.1La; OLOf.1l]xavLxf]; Jtagaywyf]; xa( f.1LU LOXUQ~ ouol'] EmOTl']f.10VLXf]; fgE1lVUI;, XAJt., avo(YEL (JT~V Jtgu;l] Eva (!~YfW oro /.10- VOJTWAtaXO ovor1JW1 xat iJJtoygaf.1f.1t~EL T~ oa8f.1wta aJt(l>AELa OE JtayxOOf.1La XAlf.1aXa WU f.10VOJtWALOll Tf]; EJtLOT~f.1l];, Tf]; TEXVLXf]c:;, Tf]; Jtagaywyf]: \1.1. T« f.10VOJt(;lAW Mv EXOUV mu T~ OuvmoTl']Ta (TOUAUXLOW OE f.1LU OELgU TOf.1Elc:; xa( XAUOOUC:;) vu Ef.1JtOOlOOUV TL; oa8ELE; aAAaYE; OT~V JtaQaywy~. Xovouv TOUAUXLOW T~V fAEU8Eg(a EALYf.1WV Jtov ~TaV TO JtgOVOf.1LO TOU; xal EVEgyOUV OTO E;f]; f.10VO odv anAU OALYOJtWALa. TaUToxgova OAEnOUf.1E vu O;VVETaL 0 aVTaywVLOf.10; aVUf.1EOa OTL; ngOl']yf.1EVEC:; OLOf.1l']xaVLXU xamTaALOTLXE; XWgE; xat VU OEATLWVOVTaL ol 8EOEL; TWV Jtg(;)l']V « aOUTOULVTEg; », ElTE JtgOXElTaL YlU XPUTlj dTF y!;'. f:ltLXELg~OElC:; 9~.

< H OUVl']8LOf.1EVl] aVWp(HLX~ xal naQubo;l] AOYLX~ TOU f.10VOJtWA(OU, nov dVaL VU aqnlVETaL OTi]V 1]OUxta TOU 0 Jtavw<%vaf.10:; ogyavL0f.10; xal vu iJJtOXgE<;)VOVTaL ol UAAOL vu ;EOEWVOVTaL, TgOnOJtOLElTaL : aUTO nou bEv xawg8(l>8l]XE vu JtgaYf.1atonoLl']OEl OTi] Ouol'] £Yo; XUJtOLOU f.10VOJTWAWXOU status quo YLU Ti] oWTl']gta Tf]:; f.10VOnwALaxf]; U'HoxTl']0la;, y(VETaL JtQooJtu8ELa VU Em TEUX8El OTi] OUOl] f.1Lac:; OgLOf.1EVl']; XlVl']Ol']C:; LOU f.10VOJtWA(OlJ, f.1La; OgLOf.1EVl']; Jtgoxwgl]oi]; TOV. 'H aUTOa;Lo;ro(l']Ol'] TOU xE<paAalov anOXTa EWL E;aLgETLXU OllVaf.1LXOV; Og011:; xat ~ OlXOV0f.1LXi] aVUJtTll;l'] OTU JtAatma Tf]; EmOTl']f.10VLXOTEXVLxf]; EJtaVUOTaol']C:; YEVVCl VEa xat Ol'Jf.1aVTLXU <paLVOf.1EVa OTi] f.10VOJtwALaxi] OlXOV0f.1(a xa( OTi]V XOLVWVLXi] ~wi] TWV XanLTaALOTLXWV xwg<i:lY \15. '0 xganxoc:; f.10- VOJtWALOf.10; JtgoOUgf.100E w; Eva oaOf.1o Ti]V XaJtLTaALOTLxi] OlXOvouto OTt; OVV8f]XE; [yo; aouvi]fhoTa injJl]AOU gll8f.1oU Tf]; H'XVLxii; Jtgoobou. 'AAAO. ~ Xtvl']Ol] TWv Jtagayu)"yl'x,WV OUVUf.1EWV JtOll JtgoxlmTfL, TElVa va OTEVE1jJEL f.1E Xu8E WoJtO TO JtEb(o bguol']; TOU XE<paAa(ov, avayxu~OVTa; TO tOtO TO XE<pUAaLO va TO JtEgLOg(~EL Oa8f.1Laia, JtEgLOgLOf.16; nov aJtOTEAEL OTO E;f]; ogo yLU Ti]V tOLa Ti]V vJtag;i] TOll 96.

'H EOWTEgLXi] 0XEOl] rcov oa8Elwv XOLVWVLXWV xa( TEXVLX<i:)V f.1ETaOOAwv OT~V Jtagaycoyi] bEY i:xOl']AWVETaL EJt0f.1EVW:; Uf.1EOa, aAAu f.1E JtOAllUgL8f.1E; f.11:;00Aa6~Oft~. LTO OVVOAO ttov Uf.1EOWV f.1ETaOOAWV, 1] ygi]yogl'] E;EAL;l'] TWV JtagaywYLx<i:lY ouvcuetov, ~ OUVEXWC:; 10m TaX'llVOf.1EVl] OllVaf.1Lxi] Tf]S fJtLOTi]f.1l']1; xa( 't(1)V E<pagf.1o-

74

o nOAITl'LMO'L 'LTO 2:TAYPOLJPOMI

ywv Tl']; oE !!UX !!og<Ptl aYVWOTl'] to; '[(oga, E!!<paVt~OVTal oov Eva; m'n6vo!!0; XOlVWVlXO; JtagaYOVTa;, oov !!la OTOlXElaxit 'Kat avTOVO!!l'] M!va!!l'], nou OgLOXHal navw ano avOgwJtOlJ;, xgaTl'] xaL CJ1JOTtl!!ma - MJva!!l'] Jtov xcvevu !!OVOnWAlO OTOV XOO!!O Mv Oa !!Jtogoum: TEAlxa, nag' ()AE; Tt; ngoonaOElE; LOU, va Tf]; avnoTaOEt xat va Tf]; yAUTWoEt. - xat !!OVO ExEtVO::; nov Tf]; vJtOTaOOHal OAOXAl']gwnxa !!nogEi va Ttl OEOEl lmo TOV EAEYXO LOU. 'H smcm!!OVlXOTEXVlXtl EnaVaOTaol'] xavEl ELot TtlV sloooo Tl']; onlY nayXOO!!la oXl']Vtl oov !!la AavOavouoa avaTagaXtl, oov aV(llvu!!l'] xal ayvwoTU)V OTOlXElWV « Enn:aYtl avanTu~l']; » 97, aAAa nov YLVETal YlCl OAOU; Eva a~tw!!a 98 TO ortoio O<pElA01JV va lmoAoyt~OUV. 'H 6LaOool'] TWV ovYXgOV<lJV « OEWglWV Tf]; avanTU~l']; » 99 dVal xagaxTl']gL01:tXO ouurrnouc alnf]; Tf]; YEa; ngay!!anXOTl']Ta;.

'H CJ1JVOHOtl']Ta aVTwv TWV OXEOWlY !!JtOgEL WOTOOO va xQv\jJEl TO YEyOVO::;, on Ta oaotxa XtVl']Tga ano Ta onoio i] nOAUotl!!avTlJ OlaAExnxtl Tf]; LOWglXf]; £~EAL~l']:; Ola!!og<pwoE avnl TtlV EJtlTaYtl Tf]; avanTv~l']:;, anavwuv onlY ngoXAl']ol'] !!la; YEa; XOlVWVlXf]; OO!!f]; nov Twga YEVVlETal, xat nOlJ 6i::v OETEl xavEva OglO OTtlV avaJtTv~l'] TWV nagaywYlxwV OUVa!!EWV : OTtlV TfXVlX~ lCQOXAYJ(J1J Tf]; XO!!!!OVVlonxf]; EnaVaOTaol];. 'H tOla i] E!!<paVLOl] Tf]; EJtlOTl']!!OYlXOTExvlxf]; EnavaoTa0l']; OVVOEHal !!E Ttl OlElOOUOl'] TWV OOotaAwnxwv TaOEWV OTOV ovYXgovo XOO!!o. 'H unag~l'] LOU oOOlaAlO!!OU OTOV XOO!!O OUVEoaAE, !!Ha~V aAA(IlV, xat OTO va ~EJtEgaoTEt Eva OgW!!EVO OglO OTt:; OlO!!l']xaVlXE; nagaywylxE; OVVa!!El; - JtEga ano TO onoto Ta nagaOOotaXa Xlvntoo WU XE<paAaLOV ELElvav va oTa!!anloovv - xat va !!tl ytVEl £Tot TO oglO aVTo Eva E!!nOOlO OTtlV aVanTU~l'] LOU nOAmO!!Ou.

'H OOOLaAWTlXtl XOlVWVta O!!W; OEY ngEnEl va xgVOEl ano T6v EauTo Tl]:; TO YEYOVO; on i] unEQOXtl nou nhUXE OE Ola<pouQOV; W!!El; Tf]:; EnWTtl!!l]:;, Tf]; TEXVlXf]; ~ Tf]; nalDEla:; 100 nOAU anEXEl aXo!!a ano TO va dVal YEVlXtl. "0; Twga aVTtl i] vnEgoXtl E!!<paVt~ETal !!OVOV E6(D i\ ExEL 0' ogW!!EYOV; xgtot!!OU; LO!!El; o'ttlV Ell:l<paVEla LOU oVYXQovou XOO!!OU, !!E Tit !!og<pit a!!EOWV W0tlOEWV ngo; !!la YEa EJtlTaXUVOl] TWV naQaywYlx<i:lY OUVa!!fWV xat TWV XOlVWVlXWV !!ETaOXl] uut W!!WV 101. To EJttm:Oo Tf]; JtagaYWYlXOTl]Ta; Tf]; XOlVWVlXf]; EQyaOta; OTt; mo ngOl']Y!!EVE; oootaAwnxE; XWQE; dVaL axo!!a 2 to; 3 <pogE; xa'[('\nEgo ano ExEtVO TWV HnA xat UV OL OYi!!EQlVE; avaAoyiE; aTou::; guO!!ov::; avanTU-

o XAPAKTHPA:E TH:E Efll:ETHMON/KOTEXNIKHI EflANAITAIH:E 75

Sl']; bEy I-AEtaOAl]80UV, fAUX mo OVV8E'tl'] ngoo{)O; fAJrogEL va analTYJOEL 20 fAE 30 Xgovla xaL tOWI_:; nEgLOooTEga 102.

LTt; Ol']fAEglVE; OUV8i]XE; Ti]; a!-ll},),.a~ TWV OVO OVOT1J/1aTWV, f] EJtlOTl']f.10VlXOTEXVlXYJ EnaVaOTaOl'] SWXEJta~El novtoii TL; aVEnag'XELE; xat {)EtXVETal afAEtAlXTl'] OE OnOlOV{)YJnOTE Mv dVal OE 8EOl'] va xaVOVlOEl TO oi]fAa rou f.1E TO {)lXO Tl'];. 'H cmO<paOLOTlXYJ f.1aXl'] yla TOV 00maALOf.10 (OE naYXOOfAla XAtf.1axa) blEsaYETal nla n,i)ga OTO nE{)tO nDV ogwv yla TYJV ngoo()o Ti]; nagaywyYJ;, TYJ; TEXVlX'i]; xat T'i]; EnLOTYJf.1l]; xat nov OUVEnaYOVTal nOAAE; ExTaXTE; CmalTYJOEl; xal xaTaOTaOEl;.

'0 XaJtlTaAlOfAO; dVal ouvoro va vlxl']8Et f.10VO OTO oa8f.10 nov 8a ESavayxaOTEt va aSLOnOlYJOEl OTO Enaxgo alno nov anoTEAWE TOV nugYJva TOU Ol0f.1l']xaVlxou nOAlTLOf.10U xat aUTO navw OTO onoio xugtW; OTl]gt~El aXOfAa TYJ 8EOl] WU 103 • ()l]AabYJ OTYJV ngoo()o T'i]; nagaywyYJ;, xat OTOV oa8fAo nov 80. CmO()ElXTEt avtxovoc va EJtlTEAEOEl aUTO TO ngoO()EUTlXO av8gwJtlvo EgyO l(~.

4. 'H hrwTYjflovlXOTEXVlX~ hravcwTaaYj xai « 6 TQ{TO~ x6- ouoi; »

"Av xat f] EnLOTl']fAOVlXOTEXVlXYJ EnaVaOTa0l'] Mv a<pogu afAwa nag a Tt; mo J[Q01JY/1iVf~ oLOw/Xavlxa XWQE~, WOTOOO, ano TYJV ouo(a 'tl']; xaL A6yw toii EJtlnE()OU TWV nagaywYLxwV ()uvafAEWV (nayxOOfAlO; xagaxTYJgal_:; Ti]; EJtlOTYJf.1l'];), ytVETal avano<pEUXTa ano TO. ngWTa 'tl']; XlOAa; oYJfAaTa Eva naY')(OO/1LO qxuvofAEVO xat OE TEAEUTala avaAUOlJ Mv fAJrOgEt va avanTUx8ft naga f.10VO oE nAaVl']TlXYJ XAtfAaxa. I'r' aUTO xat agXt~El va EX{)l]AWVETal TaUToxgova, fAE ()La<POgOU; TgOJtOU\;, 0' OAE; T(; l]ndgou<;. 'YnagXOUV A6yOl va JrLOTEUOUfAE, nw; TEAlxa 8a aoxYJoEL (lno<paoLOTLxij Ent()gaOl] OTYJV xmaoTaol'] xat owu; 6gof.1ou; avanTuSlJ; WU « toiio» ,)(00/101) ». Kat aVTtOTgo<pa, Ta ngooAYJf.1aTa TWV {mavanTUXTWV xwgwv fAJrogouv va xaTa<pEgouv Eva fAolgaLo XTvnl']f.1a OTYJV nogE~a TYJ; EnLOTl']fAOVlXOTEXVlX'i]; EnaVaOTaOl'];.

'0 ovyxgovo; OL0f.1l']xaVlXO; nOALTLOfAO; nou YEvvYJ8l]XE ano TOV XaJtlTaALOf.10, aVOlsE Eva <pOOEgO ()Lagxw; ()lEUgUV0f.1EVO xaouo avaf.1wa OTYJV OlXOVOfAlXYJ bUVafAlxYJ TWV fAl']TgonoAEwv xat mYJv « alwv60la » <pUTO~Wl']Ol'] T'i]; JtAELO'\jJl]<pta; TYJ; av8gwJtoTl']Ta;. LUf.1<pwva f.1f Ta OlXOVOfALXa oTolxEIa 105, f] f.1Eol'] ()la<POga

76

o nOAITI:£MO:£ :£TO :£TAYPOLJPOMI

ava!-lwa oro EJtL:n:d'>o :n:OAlTLO!-lOU TI.DV :n:gOl]Y!-lfVWV OLO!-ll]xaVlXWV xwgwv XaL TWV xwgwv WU « TgtWU XOO!-lOU » dvat Tiic; TaSEWC; WU 10 :n:goC; 1, xaL Of 6gW!-lfVE~ :n:Egl:n:TWOElC; (HnA- 'Ivoovnotu) TWV 50 :n:goC; 1, :n:gaY!-la :n:ou OUVE:n:aYETat TO aOU!-l0tOaOw TWV 6gl~OVTWV Tiic; ~w'i]e;. ' Axoun XaL oiJ!-lEga, :n:OU ~ E:n:WTl]!-lOVlXOTEXVlXiJ E:n:aVaOTa0l] OgLOXETat OTO SEXLVl]!-la HIe;, EsaxoAou80uv va 0SUVOVTal ol aVWOTl']TEe; OTiJV ava:n:TUSl] TOU JtOAlTW!-lOU. ' AAAa bfV vJtagXEl :n:la onusio OTiJ yf] o:n:OU va !-l:n:ogEl va ouvu:n:agSEl uovtuo !-If TiJ !-la~LxiJ Esa8ALWOl] roii T!-liJ!-laWC; Exdvou roii XOO!-lOU oro 6:n:OlO ~El ~ JtAELO'\jJl']cpLa Tiie; av8gw:n:OTl]Tae;. Ta lOxuga TEXVLxa xaL OUYXOlVWVLaXa !-lfOa Exavav TOV XOO!-lO :n:OAU EcplXTO, :n:OAU !-llXgO. L' mhfe; TLe; OUV8'i]XE~, f] XaTaOTgoqltxiJ xa8uon"gl]0l'] EVOe; !-lfgoUC_; TWV av8gw:n:wv 8ETEl Of xLv6uvo TiJv u:n:agSl] OAWV.

0[ JtgOO()OL Tiie; ovyxgovl']e; E:n:WTiJ!-ll']e; xaL TExVlX'i]e; !-lfXgL Twga !-lOALe; :n:ov E'\jJauav TOV « Tg(W XOO!-lO ». ' AAAa xaL !-lOVO !-l' aUTO, ()LaTagaSav ~()l'] oooaga TiJ CPUOlXiJ rou LooggoJtLa, JtOU dXE ()LaTl]gl']8El E:n:L XLALU()Ee; XgOVLa !-If wve; AL!-lOUe;, T(e; E:n:lbl]!-l(Ee;, Ttc_; cpUOlXEe; 8EO!-ll']VLEe;. 'H E:n:WTl']!-lOVLXOTEXVLXiJ E:n:avaOTaol'] dooUAAa a:n:fScn 0' aUTOV TOV ()LacpogETLXO XOO!-lO, xwgte; va oaOL~Erm xa80Aou OE !-llaV fOWTEgLXiJ ogyavLxiJ WU ESfALSl]. 'Osvva Ebw OTO EJtaxgo Tte; aVTL8EOELe; Tiie; av8gw:n:LVlje; ~wf]e;, OUOOWgEVEl d\cpA£XW VALXO YLU EXgiJsW;, ()l']!-lLOUgYEl :n:OAAOVe; xaL Jtaga()osOue; OUv()uaO!-lOVe; !-lETaSV TWV agxwv Tiie; cpUOlxiie; ~w'i]e; xat Tiie; bUVa!-lLXiie; rof ouYXgovou :n:OAlTLO!-lOU106 .

'0 UVTtXTU:n:Oe; aUTi]e; T'i]e; XaTamaOl']e; elver, Aoyouxagl'], f] « 6l]!-loygacplxiJ EXQllSl'] », JtOV aUsavEl XaT<1 Eva Thagw XU8E 10 XgOVLa TOV agl8!-l0 TWV xaTOtXWV alJTwv TWV xwgwv107 xaL « ooiJVEL » TiJv OLXOVO!-llXiJ roue ava:n:ruSl] : OE :n:OAAEe; v:n:o ava:n:TUSl'] X(DgEe;, TO xaTa XEcpaAijv E8vLXO doobl']!-la 0Xl uovo bEy aVEOatVEL, aAAa !-laAAOV ExEL TtlV Taol'] va :n:fCPTEL. Kat EvW 1] yEVLXij oTa8!-ll'] roii :n:OALTW!-lOU OTOV :n:AavijTl'] !-lac_; bEv YV(llgwE nore !-lLU tsroic XaTa:n:AljXTLXij av060 o:n:we; OTtC; !-lEgEe; !-lae;, EvTOVTOLe;, A6yw T'i]e; « 6l']!-l0ygacpLX'i]e; Exgl']Sl']e; »OTLe; v:n:o ava:n:TUSl'] X(DgEe;, TO :n:OOOOTO TWV avaAcpUOl']TWV OE :n:ayx60!-lLa XAL!-laXa aUSUVETat aVTL VU ustWVETat.

AUTa Ta EVTUJtWOlaxa :n:agU{)OSa rou « TgLTOU XOO!-lOU » {)dXVOUV xa8agu :n:WC; Ta aJtoTEAfO!-laTa TWV ovYXgovwv oa8ELwv aAAaywv roii no), rnouou, OTLe; au80g!-ll']TEC_; xaL !-lOVO:n:AEUgEC; !-logcpfC;

o XAPAKTHPAE THE EfllETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EflANAETAXHE 77

WV£, !AJtogouv va :n:V(~OVV Ta :n:gUlTagXlxa XtVl]Tga T'i]£ EJtlOTl]!-WVlXOTEXVlXYJ£ E:n:avaOTaOl]£ xat l-laALOTa - WVAaXlOWV mi}v agxi} - va avaxo'\jJovv xat va avaOTgf'\jJOVV aUTi} Ti}V E:n:avaOTaTlxi} :n:ogELa. "Av aUTa Ta XtVl]Tga Mv <pUlTlOWUV :n:Ai}gUl£ xat Mv H- 80vv xaTUl a:n:o og80AOYlXO EAEYXO. Oa unoooixrcv I-lETa Eva XgoVlXO ()l(XOTl]l-la, va ExI-ll]()EVLOOVV Ttc:; ()VVaTOTl]TE£ I-lla::; EVTaTlXf]£ ol,xov0l-llxf]£ ava:n:w~l]::; xal - xaLa OVVf:n:Ela - I-llac:; l-lal;Lxf]£ ava:n:w~l]::; TWV ()VVaI-lEUlV roii &'v8g(imov.

'0 « TgtTOe:; X00I-l0£ » 8a XgELaOTEi ava:n:o<pEvxTa va ()LaVUOEl I-lla I-laxgla :n:EgtO()O £XOLOI-ll]xaVLOl]£, :n:ou 8a a:n:atTi}OEl I-llaV OAOXAl]gUlTlxi) XlVl]W:n:Otl]Ol] TWv EOUl,,[EglXWV :n:ogUlV TWV XUlgWV :n:OU TOV a:n:OTEAoUv108. "OI-lUl£, OTt£ Ol]I-lEglVE£ OVV8'i]XE£, OilTE t1 £XOLOl-ll]xaVlOl] 8a !AJtOgEOEl va ()WOEl AUOl] OTa :n:gooAi}l-laTa roii « TgLTOU x00I-l0U », EOTUl xat uovo Yla T6v A6yo OTt 8a :n:gaYl-law:n:OLl]SEL OE I-lla :n:Egtobo o:n:OU it £Jtlml]f!OVlXO"[EXVLXYt £:n:avaOTaOl] 8a EXEl f]()l] 6A6:n:AEuga :n:gOXUlgi}OEl OTt£ ava:n:WYI-lEVE£ OLOI-ll]xaVlxa XWgEe:; xat Sa EXOUV ~EJtEgaOTEL Ta ogLa TOU OLOI-ll]xaVlxOu ouornf-lUw£. AUTi} it aVLOOTl]Ta bEv 8a I-l:n:OgEOEl va £SaAEL<p8EL, 8a !AJtOgoUOE OI-lUle:; va al-l0Auv8Ei xat va I-lElUl8Ei OT6 £A<iXLOTO, av ol :n:gol]YI-lEVE£ XWgEe:; XaLa<pEgvav va <pTaoouv ouvtouo 0' Eva atoSl]Ta avwTEgo OTabLO tij£ £:n:LOTl]I-l0VLXOTEXVlX'i]e:; £:n:avamaol]e:; xaL va XaTEUSUVOUV TOUe:; :n:ogov£, :n:ov EXouv ELot bl]I-lLOUgYl]8EL, :n:g6c:; ,,[iJv a:n:obEOf-lEUOl] T'i]£ ()UVal-llXf]£ TOU :n:OA.lTLOI-lOU OTt£ u:n:6 aVUrrwSl] XWgEe:;109.

OL OiXOVOI-lLXE£ I-lEAETE£ :n:ou aOX0A.OUVTat I-l' mh6 T6 SEI-la ()ELXVOUV wOT600 :n:w£ a:n:atWUVTal :n:OAU I-lEyaAUTEgol :n:6g0L a:n:o airwu£ :n:oU Elxav :n:goOAE<pTEi. To &:n:atTOUI-lEVO :n:006 Sa :n:gE:n:EL vt: dVaL LOUl£ :n:OAAa:n:A<ioLO &:n:o aUT6 :n:OU £1-l<pavt1;ETat oiJl-lEga OE 3taYxOOl-lla XAtl-laXaOTtl f-lEgL()a« ooiJ8Ela OTOV ""[g(TO X00I-l0" »110.

'H 3tgaYl-laTUlOl] tije:; £:n:LOTl]I-l0VLXOTEXVlX'i]c:; E3taVaOTaOl]£ OTOV OOOlaALOf-lO Sa ft1!:OgOUOE va UVOtSEl VEE£ xaL Ol]l-laVTlXE£ ()vvaTOTl]TEe:; YLa TiJV EsaAEl'\jJl] autij£ tij£ ()Lagxwe:; blEUgUV0f-lEVl]£ Xl E3tlxivbvVl]C:; YLa OAOV TOV xoouo gUlYI-lf]£ OTa oaSga roii ouYXgovou 3tOAl"[LOf!OU, MAa, TauToxgova, TO E3tt3tE()O OTO 03tOLO ogtOXOVTat ot OOOLaAtOTlXEe:; XWgE£, 3tEglogLl;El aUTE£ Ttc:; ()UVaLO"[l]TEc:;l11.

"Av OTO I-lEAAOV aUTi) t1 :n:ogEla E:n:LTaxvv8EL onuovnx«, av EJtlOaAEl TiJ Xgl]OlI-lO:n:OLl]Ol] TWV ()la8EOl1-lUlV OTOV X00I-l0 3tOQUlV

78

o nOAIT[J;MOI ITO ITAYPOLJPOMI

YLa TtlV dQl]VLXtl f:n:LAUOl] TWV :n:QOOAl]f.1aTooV TOU :n:OALTWf.10U, 'UV E1tlrUXEL va OUVEVWOEL OE f.1La QEaAWnXtl aUTOOT6xaol] TO OUVOAO TOU :n:QOllYf.1EVOU OL0f.1llXaVLXa X00f.10U, TOTE 80. 1lJT0QEOEL vn f.1HWOEl <JTO EAaXWTO Tl£ OUOXOAlE£ xaL Tt£ 60XLf.1aO(E£ :n:OU :n:EQVOi)V 01. u:n:o aVa:n:TU~ll XWQE£ XaToo a:n:o TO oaQO£ Tl]£ aQXETU:n:l]£ ExOLO!lllXaVWl]£ xaL va oEf~El Ttl OLE~OOO a:n:o TtlV a:n:EA:n:wnXtl OXEMv XaTaOTa0ll TOU OUYXQOVOU :n:OALTWf.10U. 'H tOLa ~ EXOLOf.1llXaVWll 0' aUTE£ Tl£ XWQE£, 80. IlJTOQOUOE EWL va a:n:at..AaYEt a:n:o f.1La OELQa OAE8QLE£ aVTUpaOEL£, :n:OU OE aVT(8ETll :n:EQ(:n:1:ooOll 80. ~TaV ava:n:O<pEUXTE£, xat 80. 1lJT0QOUOE va :n:QaYf.1aTO:n:oL1l8Et f.1E :n:OAU Ow<POQETLXO TQO:n:O.

AUTtl of.1oo£ t1 ()UVaTOTl]Ta Ef.1<pavL~ETat 0XEMv oav f.1La ~wTLXtl avaYXatOTllTa. fLaTL, :n:QaYf.1an, UV OUVEXWTOUV xaL TEALXa E:n:LxQaTtl00UV of. Ol]f.1EQLVE£ TaOEl£, :n:ou f.1ETaTQE:n:OUV TtlV OlXOVOf.1LXij xaL TEXVtXtl U:n:EQOXij TWV OLOf.1llxaVtXWv XOOQwv OE veounotXLOXQaTLXtl :n:Qaxnxtl, :n:QoxaAwvTa£ fVTaOEl£ xat TOV ouvovcoviO!lO 1:WV E~O:n:AWf.1WV :n:ou xaTaoQox8l~OUV 1:OU£ TEQa01:toU£ noQOu:; 01. O:n:OLOL dxav a:n:O()E<Jf.1EUTEt a:n:o TO ~EXLvllf.1a TT]£ f:n:WTl]f.10VtXOTEXVLXT]£ E:n:avaOTaOll£, TOTE ~ XaTaOTa0ll OTL£ u:n:o ava:n:TU~l] XWQE£ xaL lOtalTEQa 0' ExEtVE£J-LE TOV mo :n:OAUaQL8f.10 :n:Al]Buouo, 80. 8EOEt uOTEQa a:n:o Eva ()taOTl]f.1a, Eva UAUTO :n:QOOAllf.1a yta :n:OAAE£ YEVtE£. Elvat, AX., avavTLQQllTO :n:w£ f.10VO f.1La YQijyoQll ava:n:TU~ll, OE :n:AavllTtXtl xALf.1axa, TT]£ aYQoTtxT]£ :n:aQayooYT]£, oaot0f.1EVll£ OTl:; Oa8ElE£ aAAaYE£ TT]£ TEXVLXT]£ xaL OTL£ E<paQf.10Y££ TT]£ E:n:WTtlf.1l]£ (l.OLaLTEQa TT]£ Xllf.1Ela£ xaL TT]£ oLOAoy(a£), :n:QOO<PEQEt f.1ta :n:QaYf.1anxtl :n:QOOrrTLXtl yta Ttl MOll TOU :n:QooAi]f.1aTO:; TT]£ f.1a~LXT]£ :n:Elva£ 112,

'H E:n:WTlJf.10VLXOTEXVtxij E:n:avaOTaOll TELva va :n:aQOUOLaOEl xrrtco a:n:o YEO <PW£ TL£ OUV8T]XE£ <JTL£ O:n:OLE£ OQouv f.1La OEtQa rpoQEL£ :n:OAtTWf.10U xaL OAOxAl]Qa xorvrovix« xLv1)!laTa, va :n:QO(J(PEQEL VEE£ :n:Qoo:n:nx££, vn aVaVEWOEl TL£ Ol]f.1EQLVE£ f.10Q<PE£ E:n:LAUOll£ :n:OAAWV 8Ef.1EAlaXWv, :n:QoOAllf.1aTooV TT]£ :n:aYXOOf.1La£ :n:0A LTlxT]:;. 'Ano xatQo ljOll, 0 aVTLx'w:n:O£ Tl]£ OTOV TQO:n:O OlE~aYWYT]£ LOU :n:OAEf.10U EXEt XaVEt :n:aQaAOYE£ TL£ XAaotXE£ f.1E800E£ f:n:LAUOl]£ TWV ()lE8vwv OUYXQOUOEooV, TO. aXQata f.1Eoa TT]£ :n:OALTlXT]£. "OAa OE(XVOUV OTt xaL :n:OAAOt aAAOL TOf.1EL£ 80. U:n:OOTOUV :n:aQ0f.10LE£ f1tlOQaou:;.

o XAPAKTHPA'£ TH'£ Efll'£THMONIKOTEXNIKH'£ EflANA'£TA'£H'£ 79

5. TO. x,ivYJTQa Tij~ hCWTYJ{lOVlX,OTEXVlX,ij~ bravo.aw .. aYJ~

'A:n:o OLXOV0l-llXi] :n:AEUga, i] OLOI-ll]Xavlxi] E:n:avaOTaOl], i] ExOLOl-llJXavLOl], El-lcpavlOTl]XE ouv I-lla OlEV(!V/1fVYJ aVaJra(!aywy~ TOU xfcpaAatOu. 3EX(Vl']OE a:n:o Eva ouornu« OUI-lCPEgOVTWV :n:OV 6l']l-llougyi]8l']xav a:n:o Ti] AElTOugyta Tf]; aUTOa~LO:n:Otl']Ol]; TOU xeqxrAatOu. 'H oaOlxi] TaOl] TOU xEcpaAatOU - « I-lE Ti] ooi]8Ela I-lla; OgLOI-lEVl]; I-la~a; :n:AOVTOU, va :n:ETVXEL Tf] I-lEyaAvTEgl] OUVaTi] noOOTl']Ta U:n:Eg:n:gOi:OVTO; il u:n:E!;~a~la; »113 - xuglagxouoE OUOlaOTLxa mi] OLOI-l'l1Xavlxi] E:n:avaOTaOl] Olal-lEOOU Evo; :n:Egt:n:AOXOU oixovouixou I-ll']XaVLOI-l0U.

'H xa8oAlxi] lOXU; Tfuv EI-l:n:ogEU~taTtXfuv l-logcpUlV xal TOU OUl-lfPUTOU I-l' aUTE; ouvaYWVLOI-lOU ttov XEcpaAalWV, ExaVE va EI-lcpaVl~ETat I-lE Ol:n:Ai] aVTLcpaTtxi] I-logcpi] aUTi] i] OlXOV0I-lLXi] ouotc. To 'Xf(!OOC; TOU xEcpaAatOU :n:agouOla~ETat oav UI-lWO XtVl']TgO TOU E:n:lXElg'l1l-lanxou :n:vEVl-laTO;, :n:ou Ev8aggvvEl Ti] OLOI-l'l1xavlxf] 7tgooOo, XWgl; otuuurquo, xwgt; EUYEVElE;, xwgt; EVOOla0I-l0V;, aAAa :n:ou bEy XlVEL :n:aga I-lla I-lELo'\jJ'I1cpta. 'QOTOOO, bEY I-l:n:OgEt va ayvoEl xavd£ Jt<D; xal 0 I-l0Vll-l0; Xl ava:n:ocpEUXTO; ouvo6o; TOU XEgOOU;, 0 cpoOOC; yui T~V VJra(!~YJ, :n:OV TOV EI-l:n:VEEl OTi]V :n:AELo'\jJl']cpta i] avaYXatoTl']Ta va :n:goO:n:Ogt~ETat I-lEga I-lE Ti] I-lEga Ta avayxata I-lEOa Yla Ti]V ava:n:agaywyi] Tf]; Egyanxf]; bVval-ll']; TOU EgyaTl], oga E:n:lOl]; oov X(Vl]TgO 114. Kat ot Ouo auTO( Olal-lETglxa aVT(8ETOl TgO:n:Ol {j:n:agSl]; trov OUI-lCPfgoVTlOV ogtOXOVTaL EvWI-lEVOL OTi] yEVlXi] I-logcpi] TOU OLXaUDl-laTO; Tf]; aTOl-llxfl; lOLOXTlJOta; xat Tf]; ijthxf]; TOU « I-li] :n:agEI-l0aTLOI-l0U }) «< laissez faire »).

'0 XEyXEA ilSEgE ilol'] OTt xa8E TETOlO l6laLTEgo OUI-lCPEgOV bEy ~Tav mi]v :n:gaYl-laTLXoTl']Ta :n:aga « xa:n:Ola lMa }) (<< xan I-l0VO TO OlaVOlJl-lEVO }) ) 115 xan :n:OV :n:gaYl-lanxa I-lWa~El Ti]V :n:ogda OAOXAl]gou TOU OUOTi]I-lUTO;, :n:ou Ta OUI-lCPEgovTa TOU dvat Ta Xlv'I1TQa I-lE Ti] ooi]8Ela Tfuv O:n:OlWV, xaTa TOV "Avrou LI-l(8, Eva « aOQaTO XEgL }) 6la:n:AEXEl Ti]V aUT0l-laTl'] :n:ogda TOU OLOI-ll]XaVLxou :n:OAtTl0I-l0U 116 I-lE OaOl] Ti] OgaOTl]glOT'I1Ta rtov cpOgEWV aUTfuv TOW OUI-lCPEgOVTWV.

0[ avaYXE; Ttl; OlEUgUI-lEv'l1; ava:n:agaywyf]; TOU XEcpaAatOU xal Ta XEgOocpoga OUI-lCPEgOVTa :n:OV :n:gOXU:n:TOUV a:n:o aUTE;, bEv OUVEOwav Tf]V EXOLOI-l'l1XaVLO'I1 UI-lwa I-lE Ti]v XlV'I10l] Tf]; :n:agaywYlXOTl']Ta; Tf]; OUVOAlxf]; XOlVWVlXtl; Egyaola;, aAAa u' EI-lI-lWO,

80

o nOAlTl'£MO'£ '£TO '£TA YPOLJPOMI

E~agT'llI-lEVO, I-lEglXOTEgO TgOJtO, ouuqxovc I-lE I-lUX OgWI-lEVl'] 0XEoYJ : aJto nl I-lUX I-lEgUX, aUTE£ of aVaYXE£ xovouv ()uvanl nlv oixovoI-llXi) XlVl']Ol] aX0l-la xal OTaV bEY uJtagXEl Xal-lla aU~l]ol'] Tf]£ JtagaywytXOTl]Ta£ TYJ£ ouvoAlX'i]£ XOlVWVlXf]£ Egyaola£ «)E()0I-lEYOU OTt 0 JtEgLOgWI-l0£ TYJ£ JtAElo'\jJl']<pLa£ nDV I-lEAWV T'i]£ xOlvwvLa£ otc ogla Tf]£ <'mAYJ£ avaJtagaywYf]£ Tf]£ EgyaTtxYJ£ Mval-ll']£ aJtoTEAEL Ti}V Jtl']yi) OUOOWgEUOl']£ TOU XOlVWVtXOU JtAOVTOU). ' Ano Ti}V aAAl'] I-lEgla, Mv EJtLTgEJtOVV OUmaOTtXa I-lla JtAi}gl'] Ev8agguvol'] Tf]£ aU~l']ol]£ Tf]£ JtagaywytXOTl']Ta£ TYJ£ ovvoAlXf]£ XOlVWVlXYJ£ Egyaola£, E<pOOOV 1-l0VO Eva I-lEgO£ I-lLa£ TETOla£ YEVlXf]£ avaJtTUI;l']£ TWV Jtagaywylxwv ()UVaI-lEWV I-lETaTgEJtETaL xaL f!JtogEL va I-lETa_gaJtEL OE xEg60£ 117. "0I-lW£ aUTO TO TI-lf]l-la I-lLxgalVEl aVTtOTgo<pW£ avaAoya I-lE riJ I-lal;a TOU OUOOWgEUI-lEVOlJ XE<paAaLOlJ. I-lE TOV oa81-l0 OLOI-ll']xaVLXf]£ aVaJtTlJSl]£ Jtov fXEl <pTaOEl ~ xwga 118. , AJtEvaVT(a£, TO aAAO j..lEgO£ T'i]£ aJtOAlJTl']£ aU~l1ol1£ TYJ£ JtagaywYLXOT'l']Ta£ Tf]£ OUVOAlxf]£ XOlVWVLX'i]:; EgyaoLa£ f!JtogEL va EI-l<pavLl;ETaL I-lE Ti) I-log<pi} EvO£ ExJtEOI-l0U Tf]£ a~ta£ TOU EVEgyOU xsqxrAa(OlJ 11 9.

"000 mo EVTaTtXE£ dVaL or JtgOO()E£ T'i]£ TExvLx'i]£, TOOO I-lEyaAUTEgOl ytVOVTaL of <pOOOl YLa Ti}V UJtOTtl-ll']Ol'] TOU XE<paAa(OlJ 120 ')f.al TOOO JtEgWOOTEgO I-lEyaAWVEl TO Xa0l-la aVal-lEOa ma « xrrreomuevo OUI-l<PEgovTa » «< vested interests »)121 xal OTi}V aVa3tW~l'] TWV JtagaYWYLXWV ()lJVaI-lEWV. AUTO TO XaOl-la ELVaL ibLaLTEga at- 08l]TO mi}v JtEgLJtTW0l'] TWV I-l0VOJtWAlWV.

'H ()lJtAi) Ol'Jl-laOla Jtov EXOlJV TO XE(l()O£ TOU XE<paAa(OlJ xaL 0 <pOOO£ TWV EgYaTWV Yla Ti}V uJtagsi) TOlJ£ - O[ ()lJO auTO( JtagaYOVTE£ Jtov w80uv Ti}V avaJtWSl'] TWV JtagaywytXWV ()lJVaI-lHOV - EX()l']AWvETaL al-lEOa xaL OTO EJtLXElgl']l-laTtXO JtVEUl-la TWV ~j..lEgWV I-la£ 122. ' AJto I-lLa YEVLXOTEglJ aJto'\jJl], ~ aVEJtagXELa TOV£ f!JtgOOTa OTi) oVYXQOVl] JtgOO()O TYJ£ EJtLOTi}I-ll']£ xaL Tf]:; TEXVLXf]£ oTi} ~ VOl'], EXEL YlVEL XOlVO uixrnxo 123. ~EV JtgEJtEl, Jtag' OA' aunx, va ayvoi}OOlJI-lE JtW£ I-lla OElga JtEgLOTaTtXa Jtgooagl-l0l;olJV oi}I-lEga TO. XLVl']Tga LOU xaJtLTaAWTtXOV XEg()OlJ£ OTO EJtlJtE()O T'i]£ Ol]I-lEgLVf]£ TEXVLXYJ£ avaJtWSl']:; (XWgl£ u' aUTO va aAMl;olJv aJto JtgWTl']£ O'\jJEW£ Ti}V XOlVWVLXi) TOlJ£ ouotc ). ~la I-lEOOlJ TOU xganxou I-l0- VOJtWALOlJ, UJtElOEgXETaL OTi}V OLXOV0I-lLXi} l;wi} TO:W aVa3twYI-lEvWV OLOI-ll']XaVlXa xwgwv TYJ£ ~vol']£ xal VEO£ JtagaYOVTa£, Jtov Mv ()Qa al-lEOa YLa TO XEg()O£. a<polJ ~ JtAELo'\jJl]<p(a TcilV TETOLOIV Em-

o XAPAKTHPA2: THE EfllETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EflANAITAIHE 81

XELgi]OEWV, 0l;(1_:; nEgwooTEgEI_:; nEgLn'tWOEL£, bEv ElVaL anOb01;ntEI_:;, aAAa AELlOUgyOUV ocv ogyavo bLaOWOl]1_:; TOU xEgbOUI_:; YEVLx0TEga. , AnobELxvETat mOl_:; « TO aogalO XEgL » LOU v AVTa!! L!!tS, nov XL' VEt naVW an' TO. XE<paALa TWV av8gwnwv TO OUOTl]!!a TWV OU!!<PEgOVTWV lOU XE<paAatOU, EXEL xaL alno avaYXl] ano 6bl]yO 124. 'Ano bEXabEI_:; XgOVLa, OAa TO. XaJtLTaAWLLXa XgaTl] £nE!!OatVOUv OAO xat nLO EVTova xat !!E YLyaVTLa !!EOa ExEt nov T6 xaJttTaALOTLXO XEgOOI_:; dvat tOXVO. '0 gOAOI_:; lOUI_:; aUTO I_:; EYLVE otya-otya !!OVL!!O xat ogyavLxo OTOLXEtO lOU OUOTi]!!alOl_:; : i] nOALnXOnOLl]Ol'J lOU XEgOOUI_:;, t1 avaOLaVo!!i] TOU unEgngoi:oVTOI_:;, anoxTOUV ano<paotOTLxi] Ol'J!!aOLa oov xtVl]Tga YLa Ti]V aVanTUSl'] TWV nagaywyLXWV OUVa!!EWV 125. ~l]!!wugyouv ELot TEXVl']lOVI_:; ogOUI_:;, YLa va Oga !!E OLa<pogEnx6 Tgono t1 TWgLVi] OO!!i] TWV OU!!<PEgOVTWV. Elvat xagaXTl']gwnxo on TO xgalOl_:; £nE!!OatVEL mo OgaoTi]gLa OlOV£ "[O!!€i:1_:; onou Xgl']Ot!!OnOLEtTat mo £VEgya Gay nagaYWYLxi] Mva!!l] t1 £nwTi]!!l'], nov ano Ti] <pUOl'] Tl']1_:; Elvat aOU!!OLOaOTl'] !!E Ti]V alO!!Lxi] tbWX"[l']OLa xat OUVEXWI_:; OnaEL TO. nAatota "[l']I_:;. To a!!EgLxavLxo xgaTOI_:; xgl']!!alOboTEl Ti] oaotxi] xat Ti]V £<pag!!oO!!EVl'] EgEUva XUTa 65 % (av xat TO rOw OEY ExTEAEt naga !!OVO TO 18%), TO yaAAtxo XaTa 64%, TO OgETaVVLXO xa"[a 54%, xAn. 126. '0 n;;ffiv KEVVEVTU atnOAOYOUOE TO OVOTl']!!a tWV EnLxogl']Yl10EWV OTLI_:; TEXVLXE£ xatVOTO!!LEI_:; !!E Ti]V aOUva!!ta TOU xEgbou~ va ngow- 8i]oEL ti]v EnwTi]!!'l'J 'Kat Ti]v TEXVLXij« OE LxavonOLl']TLXO oa8!!0 » 12~ 'AvaAoyoUI_:; axgLOWI_:; oxonov£ ESUnl']gETEt TO xgaTOI_:; llE TtlV nOALTLxi] TOU tWV &nOOOEOEWV, TWV <pogwv xat TWV nLOTWOEWV, nov <p"[aVEL WI_:; TitV ails'IlOl'J Tiil_:; ayogaonxfjl_:; Mva!!'Il1_:; !!E TEXVl']TE£ £YEOELI_:; xat OTi]V lmooTtlgLSl'] !!tal_:; OtXOVO!!LXfjl_:; ouyxugtal_:; !!E Ti]V EvTaOl'] TCllV £SOnAW!!Wv. AUTEI_:; OAEI_:; OL £nE!!OaOELI_:; ngooag!!o~OUV OE !!EYaAO oa8!!0 TO. XLVl']Tga lOU xEgbou£ OTLI_:; aVaYXEI_:; nov Ol]!!LougYOUVTaL ano Tit YEa aVamUsl'] TWV nagaywYLxwV bUVa!!EWV : ano Tit !!La, TO XE<paAaW og(OXEL EtOL!!EI_:; TLI_:; ngounOSEOELI_:;, nov Ol]!!LOvgY'll0E t1 xganxit nugE!!Oaol'], YLa !!La ygi]yogl'] EnWTl']!!OVLXi] ngoobo· ano Ti]V aAA'Il, TO xgaTOI_:; aVaAa!!OaVEL va xaAV'\jJEL TO. YEVLXa EAAEL!!!!aTa nov ngoxaAOUVTaL &no titv aVanTUSl'] Tfjl_:; TEXVLXfjl_:;. L' aUTEI_:; TLI_:; OUV8fjXEI_:;, t1 £JtLbLWSl'] unEgxEgbOUI_:; OLa!!Eoou XaLVOTO!!LWV unEgwXUEL naVW OTa «xaTWTl']!!EVa OU!!<PEgOVTa ». cPTaVEL !!aAWTa xaL v' avaoTgE'\jJEL Tit !!OVL!!l] TaOl'] YLa nTWOl'J TOU nOOOOTOU TOU xEgboUI_:; 128. "OAEI_:; aUTEI_:; of naOE!!Oa-

6

82

o nOAlTI2:M02: 2:TO 2:TA YPOL1POMI

ow; EVLOXVOUV cpUOLXa 'tf)V :n:A£uQa 'tii~ OdTLOTOlCO{l]01]~ 'tWV XLVf)'tQWV :n:OV 8EIlEA.LWvov'taL oro XEQ()O~, :n:Qooava'tOA.Ll;ouv 'to EmXELQl')llaLLXO :n:vEulla :n:Qo~ 'tf)V evtcuixonoinon 'tii~ ava:n:'tusl')~, o:n:Q(hxvouv 'tf)V ava:n:'tusl') 'tWV :n:aQaYWYLXWV ()UvaIlEWV :n:EQa 6.:n:0 'ta OQLa 'tOU OLOIll')xavLxou ouO'tf)lla'tO~.

'H l).).£t1jJ1] iV()tacpiQoVTO~ 'tou IlL08u)'tOU y(vE'tm E:n:(Ol')~ 01..0 xa( mo aL08l')'tf) oov CPQEvo 'tii~ 'tEXVLXii~ :n:QOO()OU 129. I't' alJ'to, 6 oVYXQovo~ xcrn mA.lOIlO~ :n:Qoo:n:a8Ei vo av'tlom81l(OEl alJ'tE~ 't(~ a()Uvall(E~ Ilf 'to « :n:Q(1l », 'tf) « OUIlIlE'tOXf) oro XEQ()O~ », 't(~ « A.alXE~ IlE'tOXE~ » 130 xa( xUQ(w£ IlE :n:aQEIlOaOEL~ Yla 'tf) ()LEVQUVOl') 'tii~ xawvaA.wOl'J£ IlEoa ma oQla 'tOu xaLaVaA.u)'tlxoU ouo'tf)lla'tO; nou ava:n:aQaYEL OE EUQVLEQl') oaol') 'ta ESW'tEQlxa x(vl')'tQa 'tii~ EQyao(a~. "OIlW£ 'to oaolxo :n:aQaIlEVEL : 'to IlEQoxalla'tO, :n:ov Em'tQE:n:El rov OUVEXf) ESavayxaollo 'tOu EQya'tl') oro va ()OUA.EVEL xa( va Elvm « EQya'tlXO~ » 131. ME 'tl] ()u:vQuvol') 'tii~ xa'tavaA.wol')~ - nov ElVaL u:n:A.W~ Illa ana'tl')A.f) ~oQCPl] au'tO:n:QaYlla'twol')~ rof av- 8Q<lmou - alno 'to xEv'tQlolla 'tElVEL va Y(VEL lOXUQO'tEQO a:n:o 'tf)V unA.f) fyvOla Yla 'tf)v unaQSl'). Ka( alno, (il~ 'to onueio :n:OV IlEQlXO( oUYYQacpEi~ xQ(vouv oxomuo xa( llaA.lo'ta avayxaio va a:n:oxA.Elorei fJ u:n:aQsLaXf) avaocpaA.ELa a:n:o 'tf)v XaLl')yoQ(a trov OLXOVOlllXUlV XLVf)'tQWV 132. L't(~ VEE~ ouv8iiXE~ ava:n:'tlJSl')~ rtov :n:aQaywYlxwv ()UvaIlEWV, ol xQa'tlXE~ :n:aQEIlOaOEL~ U:n:EQ 'tii~ xaLavaA.wol')~ 6Ev ESa08Ev(l;ouv avayxao'tlxa 'ta x(Vl')'tQa 'tOU XEQ()OU~, o:n:w~ OUVEomVE m(£ :n:QOl')YOVIlEVE~ cpaOEl~, aA.A.a av'tL8E'ta a:n:O'tEA.OUV 'tf)V :n:Qoii:n:08Wf) 'tOU;, EIl:n:ob(l;ouv 'to OOf)OlllO 'tOU~ xa( EVLOXVOUV 'tf)V 6.:n:O'tEA.Wlla'tLXo'tl')'ta 'tOU~ 133. ME aU'tf) 'tf)v fvvOla, xa'tl 0XE'tLxa xmvovgYlo JtQoml8nm 01;(~ oixovouix« XlVl')'tQa134.

'H A.OYLXT) 'tWv :n:QaYlla'twv A.EEt :n:w~ Ilovov fJ :n:Qoo:n:a8ELa OA.WV 'tWv EQyal;ollEvwv (il, 'tOUA.aXlo'tOv, 'tii~ IlEyaA.l')~ :n:A.ELO'\jJl')cp(a~ 'tWV av8Qw:n:wv) xa( 'tOU xa(J£v6~ XWQLO'ta, YLa va ESaocpaA.LmEL ~ om8EQf) IlEYLml') avaJt'tusl') 'tij~ :n:aQaYWYLxo'tl')m~ 'tii~ XOlvwvlxii~ EQyao(a~, !lJlOQEi va ()WOEl 0XL 1l0VO Lijv :n:QW'tl') <'D8l')0l') mf)V E:n:LO'tl')1l0VLXO'tEXVLXTt E:n:avamaol'), aA.A.a xat va 'tf)V :n:QaYllanooEL 0' DA.l') 'tl')~ 'tl]v Ex'taOl'J. L'ta :n:A.a(OLa Illa~ u'ljJl')A.a ava:n:'tuYIlEVYJ~ oOotaA.LmLXii~ oixovoutcc; :n:ov EXEl SE:n:EQaOEl 'to OQLO 'tii~ oLOIll')xavlxii~ WQl!l6'tl')'ta~ xaL EXEl a:n:aA.A.ayEi a:n:o 'tL~ EOW'tEQlXE~ 'ta;LxE~ aV'tL8EOEl~, all'tll fJ YEVlXTt avayxmo'tl')m OU!llCL:n:'tEl IlE 'to

o XAPAKTHPA2: TH2: Enl2:THMONIKOTEXNIKH2: EnANA2:TA2:H2: 83

£V()La<pEQOV yui rr] Ott:vQVVa1] rij<; xamVaAwa1]<; xai OAWV rwv ex- 01]AWaeWV rij<; l;wij<;.

To r()LO T6 Ob<.OVOjlLX6 aUjl<pEQov135 £XEL oov oaOQo jlLav OQL<JjlEvl) OE<Jl) 'tow avOQumwv a'ttl ()La()LXaal,a 't'i'je; avan'tusl)e; TWV naQaYWYLxwv ()UVajlEwv. "Av 6 xagax'tl)Qae; Tfie; EQyaal,ae; xal, 'to btl,nE()O 'tWv JtrJyWv xaTavaAwal)e; bEv ()l)jlLOUQYouv, YEvLxa, btaQxfi laW7:CQlxa Xl,vl)TQa - ()l)A.a()T) Xl,vl)TQa nou va aaxouv jlLa YEVLXT) xal, EvTOVl) Enl,()Qa<Jl), va ouvoeouv rov avOQwno ajlEaa jlE 'tl)v [()La TOU Ttl ()Qa<JTl)QLO'tl)'ta xal, va Tfie; nQoa()l,vouv avOQwnLvo nEQLEXOjlEVO - f] aOmaA.WTLxTt u<pi) TWv Ev6La<pEQovTWV ()LaanCnaL avaYXamLXa aE ()La<poQa <JTOLXELa, nou <poQTLl;oVTaL, we; Eva OQL<JjlEVO oaOjl6, jlE l~wreQlxa XCVl)TQa. ' An6 TT) jlLa, YEVVaEL Eva « UA.Lx6 aUjl<pEQoV » nou EXEL aXEal) jlE T6 jlEQoXajlaTo xaC 'tl) OUjljlETOXT) oro XEQ()Oe; (£vw Ta aQVl)TLXa xCvl)TQa, nou nQoxaA.oUVTaL an6 TT)V avaa<paA.ELa T'ije; unaQSl)e;, EXOUV <Jl)jlavTLxa jlELwOd jlE TTt VOjlLXT) ESaa¢A.Wl) TWv oQwv EQyaaCae;) xaL, an6 TT)V aMl) jlEQLa, Ejl<pavl~E'taL we; f] l()aVLxTt XOLVWVLXT) Ex<pQa<Jl) au'tWv TWv UA.LXWV XLVT)TQWV, jlE TT) jloQ<PTt h6e; « ti0LXOU aUjl<pEQOVTOe; » nou, ano TT) <pual) TOU - we; ESWTEQlXTt nQoTQonTt aE EQya<JCa, we; xaOiixov - bEv anOTEA.EL jlLaV aA.l)OLVT) unEQoaal) TOU « UA.LXoU aUjl<pEQOVTOe; »aA.A.a !l<lA.A.OV 'tTtv CtA.A.l) O'ljJl) TOU: jlE au'tl) TT)V EvVOW T6 « UA.lx6 aUjl<pEQoV » xaC T6 « ~OLXO aUjl<pEQoV » EXOUV xorvo, ouvopu - Ta ouvoo« 'tOU oLOjll)xavLXOu auaTTtjlaTOe; ueioxoraouevo: mCe; 6W<POQE'tLXEe; !lOQ<pEe; TOUe; unaQSl)e; : aUT6 nou TO Eva EX<PQa~EL jlE TT) aTEVT) EVVOW TOU aTOjllxoU ()LXaLWjlaTOe;, TO 0.1..1..0 aVTaVaXA.a aav jlLa XOLVWVLXTt ()lEX()lXl)al). T6 aTojllXO xaC T6 XOLVWVLx6, TO aUjl<pEQOV xaC ro xaOfixov, ()QOUV E()W <Jav ~eXWQwrci XlVl)TQa, aVTmOEjlEVa, av xal <JTTtV Ouata TOUe; dVal aMl)A.Ev()ETa, xal aUTO oaov xaLQ6 ()EV jlnoQEL va nQaYjlaTwOd it oaOuTEQl) ho'tl)Ta TOUe; mTt Oaal) jlLae; ajlOLOaCae; xaOoA.lxfie; aVUnTUsl)e;, anou TO. XOlVWVLxo-avOQwmva xCvl)'tQa Oa anOTEA.OUV ajlE<Ja mOLxda T'ije; EVEQYOU aUTOEX()TtA.W<Jl)e; 'tOU avOQwnou xaC Oa na'ljJOUV va OEWQOUVTaL ano TOUe; avOQwnoue; ocv 'to ouu<pEQOV 'tOU hoe; nou LxavonOLELTaL jlE TO xaOfixov TOU anOU, xaC aVTCaTQo<pa. rEVVLETaL ELm jlla aVTL<paTLxT) tv6Tl)'ta : T6 « UA.LXO OUjl<pEQOV » TOU aT6jlou i\ jllae; aOmaA.l<JTlXfie; 6!-ta()ae;, E<p6aov oa<Jl~ETaL mT) OlXr] rov eQyaa{a, aTT) ()lXTt TOU nQOanaOEW, - nou 'tilY XaTEOaA.E orrv jlEQOe; T'ije; auvoA.Lxfie; XOlVWVlxfJe; £Qyaal,ae; -

84

o nOAITIIMOI ITO ITAYPOLJPOMI

xat ~<p6(JOV Mv SE3tEQV(m ~a 6QLO~tvO ()QLO, elvot a.3tAWe; 'to (J1J~<ptQOV YLa 'tTJ bLEUQUVOl) tiie; ~wf)e; alJ'tou LOU cn6~u ii alJ'tf)e; 'tf)e; 6~bae;, 3tQ6.y~a 3tOU 'tEALXa W<PEAEL ()AOUe;. 'E<p6(JOV bto~tvwe; TO aWfltx6 OU~<PEQOV (JU~t3t'tEL ~E 't6 XOtVWVtXo OU~<PEQOV, dVat 3taQ<iywyo LOU XotVWVLXOU. Il.t-V 3tQ<JXEL'tat EOW YLa Xa3tOLaV « buo£w<Jl) 'tOU 3taQEAe6V't0e; »aAAa YLa ~L<i vo~o'tEAEtaXTJ XLVl)TTJQta Mva~l) 'tf)e; (JomaALmLxf)e; XOLVWVtae;, YLa ~La ~E'taoa'tLXTJ ~oQ<pfJ avayxaLa YLa Ti) ytvvl)<Jl) VEOlV E(JW'tEQLXWV XLVft'tQWV ~Eoa mLe; ouvei)xEe; 'tOU OLO~l)xaVLxou oumTt~aLOe;.

To nQooaOlO!la roii uAlxou (J1J~<pEQOVLOe; ouvEnaYETat ava~<PloOTt'tl)'ta 6Qw~tva !lEWVEx'tTt~a'ta. 'AAAa Mv !lnoQEi va anoQQL<peEi oriv unoxmao'taLO 'tf)e; nQooOlmxf)e; anAl)(J'tLae;, naQ' 01.0 nov EuxoAa ~OQEL va ~E'ta'tQanEi OE 'tELOW. A ino nov EX£L onuno La, dvm alna 'ta (J1J!l<pEQOV'ta va !lTt ytVOUV nirrooxonoc, vc !lTJ ona'taAouv 'tte; VEOOl)!lWUQyl)~EVEe; ouvmo't1')'tEe; o'tl]v 'tEXVl)'tl] OlEVQUVOl) !lL<le; xa8aQa ayoVl)e; ~Olf)e;, aAAa av'tl8ETa va retvouv oae!llaia (J'tO sEnEQaO!la 'tWv OQLOlV 'tl)e;. LLOV oa8!l0 O!lOle; nov 'ta ESOl'tEQlxa x(V1')'tQa M1')youv, !ll' rov Eva ii rov aAAo 'tQono, o'tf)v avamuSl) 'tWV [xavo'tTt'tOlv xat 't<iN Ol)!lWUQYLXWV OUVa!lEOlV LOU av8Qumou, orov E~Aou'tLO!lO 'Lf)e; l;Olf)e; 'tOU, (JUVOOEVOVT<ll ana Eva EStOOU LOXUQO f)8lXO OLOlXELO. Kat av'tL(J'tQo<pa, xa8E ouoiaO'Llxl] avoooe; LOU EmnEOou l;Olf)e; ouvencverct, (J'tLe; OUV8f)XEe; LOU OOOtaAW~ou, 'to f)elxo xa8f)xov LOil xa8EVOe; va aVU'lj)(.oVEl, va 'tEAElonolEL, avaAoya ItE 'LLe; Ouva'to'tl)'tEe; LOU, 'LtC; XOLVOlVlxa XQTtm~Ee; Lxavo't1')'tEe; WU. LuvEnWe;, !lETa 'ttlV xa'taQYl)o1') 'tf)e; aw~lXf)e; iowx'Ll)otae;, 'to nQooAl)~a OEv dvat f] EsaAEl1jJl) rou uAlxou (J1J!l<pEQOVLOe; xat f] aV'Llxa'taoT<loTt LOU Ilf f)8lXU Xtvl)Wa, ana f] anaAAaYl] tou OiXOVO!lLXoil (J1J!l<pEQOVLOC; ana 'ta a<p1')Ql)!lEva 'tOU nAatma !lE 'LTt OLa!l6Q<pOlo1') rcov XOlVOlVLXWV OQOlv 'tf)e; OQa<Jl)e; LOU, !lE ana A.oyta 1/ wmT{}OJl~ toii acprJ(PlflEvOV ouiupeoovtoi; at XOtVWVtX~ xai aV(}QwJltVIJ a~ta.

'Ana Eva onueio avan'tusl)e; xaL nEQa, 000 ol XEX't1')~EvOL noQOL ea XQl)OL!lEVOUV YLa 'tTtv avan'tuSl) 'tWV av8QwmvOlv txavo'tl]'LOlV, oov oaeLa XOLVOlVlXWV OUVa!lHOV, 't000 'to « UALXO » XtVl)'tQO, nov nQ01')yoV!lEva ~'tav EsOl'tEQLXO !lovaxa, 8a T<lU't(l;ETat !lE 'to « f)eLxo » OU!l<PEQOV nov EnlOl)e; 8a EXEl anaAAaYEL ana 'La O'tEVa oQta £voc; MAoil xa8l]XOVLOe;: u' aAAa AOyta, orov oae!lo nov f] a!lEOo'tl)T<l tof OEO~OU ava!lEaa orov avet?~JTtO xat (J'tf)

o XAPAKTHPA~ TH~ ETlI~THMONIKOTEXNIKH~ EnANA~TA~H~ 85

()QaOT'Y]QtO't'Y]Ta TOU, OTi) l;wi) TOU, 8a yiVETat XLV'Y]TQO aVUnEQO aJto Ta aAAa OU!!CPEQOVTa Tii~ OTty!!ii~, TO « cnnupeoov » toii av(}Qam:ov yui r~v l'6w TOV r~v avan7:VSrj, yta Ti) ()'Y]!!tOUQytxiJ TOU aUTOEX()iJAWO'Y] xaf., XaTa ouveneto , yta TiJV a!!OtOaLa avamus'Y] TWV (tv8Qumwv, 8a fJttXQaTiJOEt JtaV(l) OTa aAAa av8Qumtva OU!!cpE(lOVTa. ' AAAa EAaXtOTE~ m8aVOT'Y]TE~ {maQXouv va EmoA'Y]8Ei ~ EJtlOT'Y]!!OVtXOTEXVtXiJ fJtavaoTao'Y] OTiJV JtA'Y]QoT'Y]Ta T'Y]~ xaL va aJt0cpEux8ouv ot OXOJtEAOt Tii~ JtaQaywYii~ yta TiJV JtaQaY(llyiJ ii Tii~ XaTaVaAwo'Y]~ yta TiJV XaTaVaAWO'Y], av aUTO TO XLV'Y]TQO Tii; avamus'Y]~ TOU. av8QwJtou orrv mhooxoJtou Mv EnlXQaTi)OEt !!EOa OTiJV OA'Y] ()O!!i) rrov XtV'Y]TiJQWlV ()UVa!!EWV Tii~ JtQOO()OU TOil JtOAtTtO!!OU.

'H ouot« TOU OOOtaAtOTlXoil !!ETaoX'Y]!!aTtO!!OU bEv OUVLOTaTal OTiJV XaTaQY'Y]O'YJ TOU OLXOVO!!tXOu OU!!CPEQOVTO~ yta TO XEQ()O~, ECPOOOV TO OU!!CPEQOV aUTO, OTOV~ OXOJtOV~ TOU, ExcpQal;n TiJV aVO()O Tii~ JtaQay(HytXOT'Y]Ta~ Tii~ XOlVWVlXii~ EQyaoLa~, aAAa !!Ovaxa:

a) OTiJv EsaAEt'ljJ'Y] Tii~ anOXA£to7:lXeJrrj7:ar:;, TOU !!OVOJtWALOU TOil XEQ()OU~ UJtEQ TOU XEcpaAa(ou - EVO~ XEQ()OU~ JtOV SE<pEVyEt aJto T{~ aJtocpaOEL~ xai Ti~ EJttTaYE~ Tii~ XotVWVLa~' 8a EJtQE71E !!aAAOV va !!tAa!!E yta TiJV ava()Ets'Y] fvO~ YEVlxoil OU!!CPEQOVTO~ OTO EJtLJtE()O TOl' XOtVWVtXOU XEQ6ou~, JtOV aviJXEt 0' OAOU~ TO{'~ EQyal;o!!EVOU~ xat OTO onoio OAOl OU!!OaAAOUV'

0) OTiJV Jta(laAA'Y]A'Y] OUV()EO'Y] TOU OU!!<PEQOVTO~ yta TO xEQ6o~ !!E TO OU!!<PEQOV yta TO !!EQOXa!!aTO ii, OUVOAtXa, OTi) ()'Y]!!tOUQYLa EvO~ ()taCPEQOVTO~ yta T6 axa8aQtOTO ELOO()'Y]!!a ii yta T6 E8vtx6 ELOO()'Y]!!a, JtQoi:ov Tii~ YEvtXli~ XOtVWVtXii~ EQyaoLa~136.

y) xaL TEAO~, OTiJV avv'ljJWo'Y] TOil YEvtxoil ()ta<pEQOVTOC; yta T6 axa8aQtOTO ELoob'Y]!!a OE ()lacpEQOV yta TiJV avo60 rijr:; naQaYWYlxotnuu; rij( OVVOAlXij( XOIVWVIXijr:; EQyao{al:;137, OTiJV OQ80AOytXiJ XQiJo'Y] TOil xa8E T!!iJ!!aTO~ Tli~ XOtVWVtXii~ EQyao(a~, yta TiJ !!EYlOTOJtOL'Y]O'Y] TOU WcpfAqlOU anOTEA.EOflaTO~, JtOV ExcpQal;ETat OTO axa8aQtoTO ELOO()'Y]!!a, JtaQaAA.'Y]Aa flE TiJV EAaXtoTOJtOL'IlO'YJ Tii~ OUVOAtxii~ XOLVWVtXii~ f:Qyao(a~.

To axa8aQtOTO ElOO()'Y]fla, Jtov Jtail;Et TOV QOAO olxOVOflLXOU o(?yavov TOU oOOtaAtOflOil xaL Jt'Y]Yii~ a!!EOOU OLXOVOfltXoil XLV'Y]TgOU OAulV, aVTtOTOtXEi, !!f aUTiJ TiJv EvvOLa, !!E TO XEQ()O~ TOU XEcpaAa(ou. 'QoT60o, av xaL EsaXOAou8EL axofla va aoxEi'tat oov

86

o nOAITIJ:MOJ: J:TO J:TA YPOLJPOMI

Es0JtEQlXO EA.aLY)QLO, rWQa!lEVEL novru (onw~ xa( 'to XEQ()O~) EXcpQao'Y] !lLa~ oa8{l'tEQ'Y]~ OlXOVO!lLXii~ ouo(a~, b'Y]A.a()Y) ~ aSLOnO('Y]O'Y] 'tii~ OVVOAlXij~ XOlVWVlI:,ij~ i(!yao[a~ (~wvwvii~ xa( UA.OnOL'Y]!lEV'Y]~, naYla~ xa( XUXA.OcpoQouoa~, nA.'Y]QW!lEV'Y]~ xa( anA.TtQw't'Y]~) rrou, O't(~ ouv8iixE~ 'tOU OOOLaA.LO!lOU, EXEL Evav UnOXEL!lEVLXO QOA.O aVaA.0Yo xa( ES(OOU anOcpaOLO'tLXO !lE 'tOV QOA.O 'tOU XEcpaA.a(Ou mTt ()La!lOQcpwo'Y] 'tOU aOLLXOU ouo'tTt!la'tO~ - aA.A.a XWQ(~ avncpa(JEL~138. M' alJ'tTt 'ttlv EVVOLa, 'to ()LaCPEQOV YLa 'to axa8aQlo'tO ElOo()'Y]!la !lJl:OQEL va ()Qa !lOVO oov !lEOa~WV - oov aQL8!l'Y]'tTt~ fvO~ xA.aO!la'tO~ nou EXEL Yla naQOVO!lao'tTt 'to ()LacpEQOV YLa 'tTtV ESOLXOVO!l'Y]O'Y] OUVOA.LXii~ XOLVWVLXii~ EQyao(a~ - ()'Y]A.a()Tt oov X(V'Y]'tQO 'tii~ aus'Y]o'Y]~ 'tii~ naQaywYlxo't'Y]W~ 'tii~ OUVOA.lXii~ XOLVWVLXii~ EQyao(a~ nou, 'tEA.lXa, !lOVOV au'tTt !lJl:OQEl va anO'tEA.EOEt 'tTt oao'Y] 'tii~ OUVOA.Lxii~ ()laQ8Qwo'Y]~ rrov XLVTt'tQWV 'tOU OOOlaA.LO!lOU.

'0 EQya~6!lEVO~, M'Y]YOU!lEVO~ &no 'to UA.lXO x(v'Y]'tQO E!lcpav(~E'taL O'tOV OOOLaA.lO!lO (w~ EQya~O!lEVO~ xa( (h~ xawvaA.w'tTt~) ocv Eva !lOQLO 'tii~ 6A.LXii~ XOLV(J)VLXii~ f:Qyaota~, aXQLow~ onO)~ xa( 6 XaJtL'taA.lo'tTt~ nQo'Y]you!lEVa EvoaQxwvE 'to xEcpaA.aLo. '0 oiXOVO!lLXO~ !l'Y]xaVl0!lO~ ()La't'Y]QEl ELot, w~ Eva oa8!l0, xat orov 00- otaA.Lo!lO rov xaQax'tY)Qa !lLa~ ESW'tEQLXii~ Mva!l'Y]~, nou ElvaL rrovco &no 'tOu~ av8Q(bnou~, xat nou ~ « 8EA.'Y]Otl » 't'Y]~ bnOaA.A.E'tal ma a'tO!la oov ESW'tEQLXTt &8'Y]0'Y] , OUVO()EUO!lEV'Y] !lE !lla ESW'tEQlXTt XUQWO'Y] 139. To XaLvouQYw 0' au'to 'to ()tX'tU OlXOVO!lLXWV OU!lCPEQOV'tWV dVaL mb~ au'tTt ~ « 8EA.'Y]0'Y] » ()EV OQ(OXELaL oaOlxa ESW ana 'to t()LO 'to OU!lCPEQOV 'tWV EQya~O!lEVWV - onw~ OUVEOaLVE !lE 'to XEcpaA.aLO - aA.M E!lcpaV(~ELat, !lEOa o'ta A.oYLxa 't'Y]~ oQLa, xa( oriv ()lXO 'tOU~ nQOOWJtLXO OU!lcpEQOV : OA.Ol ol EQya~O!lEVOl OU!l!lE'tEXOUV mTt OUVOA.LXi) XOLVWVLXTt EQyaOta, EV(D ~taV EX TWV 7lQ0riQwv anOXA.Et0!lEVOL ana 'to xEcpaA.ato.

~uvrnO:)~, 'to nQooA.'Y]!la YLa 'tOV oootaA.LO!lo Mv dvat va rrvtsEt 'to emX£lQIJflaTlXO 7lV£1J/1a, ana va TO Y£VlX£VO£l navw Of !lla XOLVWVLXTt oao'Y] , YLa va !lTtv dvat xaLavayx'Y] ()lXO'tO!l'Y]!lfVO. avncpanxo140. '0 l,()lat 'tEQO~ xaQax'tTtQa~ trov OOOLaA.lO'tlXWV XLvtl'tQO)v, Of 0XEO'Y] !lE 'tTtv avan'tus'Y] 'tWV naQaywYLxwV ()Uva!lEWv, ouvtotrrrrn oro O'tL SEnEQvouv 'ta OQLa 'tOU xfQ()OU~ xa( 0Xl 0't0 on dvat XaLw'tEQa rou a.,.o ano'ljJ'Y] anO'tEA.EO!lanxo't'Y]'ta~ (il oro on dvat a()LacpoQa an' au'tTt 'tTtv ano'ljJ'Y]). I't' au'to, ~ OOOlaA.LmLXtl OlXOVO!lta !lJl:OQEt xat nQEnEt va XQIJOl/107l0l£l - otsv Ent-

o XAPAKTHPA1' TH2: ETll2:THMONIKOTEXNIKH2: ETlANA2:TA2:H2: 87

!!EQOlJ~ O1:OLXeiU 't11~ xu.i orrv 6ElJ'tEQEUOlJOE~ OlJVWT(j)OE~ - 'to oio<PEQOV Yla 'to XEQ()O~ xui Yla 'to !!EQOXa!!U'tO, TO ()lU<PEQOV Yla TO axuOaQw'to dOO()'Y]!!U, 'to ()LUCPEQOV YLa 'ti~ XaOE A.oYfi~ ESOlXOVO!!TtOEl~ EQyuoiu~, XA.Jt. Movo !!E TTtV EJtESE(~yuoiu EVO~ OAOXA.'Y]QOU cpaO!!UTO~ OI.XOVO!!lXWV XiV'Y]TQWV, OTEVa aA.A.'Y]A.EV()E'tWV av XU! ()LaCPOQlO!!EVWV, JtOV va EJtl()QOUV OE x6.8£ X(2lXO 'ti}~ XOlVWVlXi}~ EQyuoiu~ (TOOO OTTtV XEV'tQLXYj ()lEVOUVO'Y] 000 XUt OLO EQyoO'taoLO XUt OLO xa8E aTOj.!O) xui va JtQoXUA.oiiv !!E ()lacpOQU !!EOU 'to t()LO ()LUCPEQOV YLa 'tTtV UUS'Y]O'Y] Tf]; JtUQUYWYlXO't'Y]TU~ 'tf]~ 6A.lXfi~ XOlVCt)VlXfi~ EQyuoiu~, j.!JtoQoiiv va aSLOJtOl'Y]80uv 'ta JtA.EOVEX'tTt!!UTa 'tWV OOOLUA.WTlXWv xtV'Y]'tQWV xui va SEJtEQUO'tEL fJ aJto'tEA.EO!!UTlXOT'Y]'tU 'tWV xiv'Y]'tQwv 'tOii XUJtlTUA.lOTlXOU XEQ()OU~ xui 'tf]~ avuocpaA.Elu~ 'tf]~ uJtuQs'Y]~ Jtov utoOaVOVTal ol EQya'tE~. "Eva TETOLO OVOT'Y]!!U ()LU<PEQOVTWV - UhUtTEQU OE O,Tl a<poQa 'ttl OOmUA.lo'tlXTt EJtlXElQ'Y]O'Y] - Mv EXEl ECPUQ!!OO'tEt axo!!u JtA.TtQw~, JtQay!!u nou !!ElWVEL, ()ixw~ aA.A.o, 'tt~ ()UVU'tO't11'tE~ TOU oomuA.lo!!oii oro JtE()tO Ti}~ EJtlO't'Y]!!OVlXfi~ JtQOO()OU 141.

'H ()O!!Tt '[(ilV OU!!CPEQOVTCt)V ()la't'Y]QEl TOV ()UVU!!W!!O T'Y]; !!OVO OLaV Ta XiV'Y]TQU avuVEWVOVTaL XUt ()lEUQVVOVTaL ()LUQXW;, ()1']r..U()Tt OTUV OL'Y]Qtl;ov'taL OE !!la av'tLXEl!!EVLXYj OI.XOVO!!lXtl av'tto'tQoCP'Y] EVEQYElU nou YLa TYjV wQu Mv {maQXEL JtuQa !!OVO ()lU!!EOOU rrov Ej.!JtOQLXWV XUt XQ'Y]!!U'tLXWV 0XEOEWV, 'tWV OXEOf(tlV Tfi; ayoQa~142. AU'tE~ ol OlXOVOj.!lXE~ OXEOEL~ ()'Y]!!LOUQYOUV TUU'tOXQovu !!laV aVTlXEL!!EVlXTt !!ETQlXtl Jtov EJtl 'tQEJtEL OXE()LaO!!EVE~ EJtE!!OaOEl~ Yla 'ttlv avamus'Y] 'twv JtUQUYWYLXWV ()UVa!!Ewv.

'AA.r..a JtQEJtEL fJtio'Y]~ va Jtoii!!E JtW~ fJ '()LU fJ ()lU!!OQCPWO'Y] xui fJ A.El'tOUQytU TWV OlXOVO!!lXWV XtV'Y]'tQWV TOU OOOLaA.lo!!oii, av JtQOXELTaL va uJtaQsouv 0Xl !!OVO ore AOYlU, !!JtoQoiiv va JtQuy!!u'tw80uv !!OVOV aJto EVu OQlO!!EVO EJttJtE()O XUt JtEQU 'tfi~ ()UVU!!lXi}~ 'twv JtUQUYWYlXWV ()UVa!!EWV, oJtou fJ OU!!!!ETOXTt OLO XEQ()O~, Xa'tUVE!!'Y]!!EVO OE ()la<poQE~ aVUA.oyiE~ aVa!!EOU OLTt !!EyaA.'Y] !!al;u nov EQYU~O!!EVWV, av'tlJtQooWJtEVEl JtQay!!uTl EVu aQxE'ta 01']!!UV'tlXO !!EYE8o~ WOLE va bQa oav cmo'tEA.EO!!UTlXO XlV'Y]'tQO. 'H JtEtQU ()ElXVEl OTl ooov xatQo UU'tE\; ol VEE~ Jt'Y]YE~ xtv'Y]'tQwv Mv aJtEA.EU- 8EQWO'Y]xuv !!E !!laV EVTa'tlXTt avaJt'tus1'] XUt ol EQya'tE~ ucpiO'taV'tal JtE~lo06TEQO 'ttlv aQv'Y]'tlxTt EJt()QUO'Y] 'tOii otXOVO!!lXOU xlvMvou, ea OA.EJtOU!!E va EJtlXQa'tEl fJ 'tao'Y] va 8UOla~OVTaL oi OlXOVO!!lXf~ !!OQCPE~ Yla xaQ1'] 'tfi~ « XOLVWVlXfi~ ao<paA.ELa~ » 'tfi~ JtA.El0'llJ'Y]cptUC;

88

o nOAITlLM02: 2:TO 2:TAYPOAPOMl

'tf]~ XOLVWVLa~, O:n:OLE~ XL av dVat ol OUVE:n:ELE~ YLa nlV 'tEXVLXT] :n:QOO()o.

TO. IlE'tQa :n:ov :n:aLQvouv OT]IlEQa ol oomaALo'tLxE~ XWQE~ YLa va XQ'Y]oLIlO:n:OLT]OOUV 'tOv~ vouou; 'tf)~ ayoQa~, 'tL~ XaT'Y]YOQ(E~ 'tf]~ as(a~, XA.:n:., !lJloQEL va cpa(vov'taL 0' Evav Em:n:6A.ato :n:aQaT'Y]Q'Y]TT] oov IlLa u:n:OXWQ'Y]O'Y] :n:QO~ 'tT]V xaTEv8uvo'Y] 'tOU xam'taA.LOIlOu143. "OIlW~ OUlloa(VEL aXQLow~ TO av'ti8E'tO : YLaT( a:n:OLa XL av dvat TO. :n:aQao'tQa'tT]llaTa xa( at ()UOXOA.(E~, ol OOOLaA.LO'tLXE~ X(i)QE~ E:n:LXELQOUV 'twQa Illa o'Y]llaV'tLXT] TEA.ELO:n:O('Y]O'Y] 'tf]~ olxovouooj; TOU~ ()LaQ8Qwo'Y]~, :n:ov av'ta:n:oxQLVE'tat o'tit YEa ()UVaIlLXT] TWV :n:aQaYWYLXUlV ()UVaIlEWV. 'H IlEA.E't'Y] nov aV'tLA.T]'lIJEWv nov « VEWV OUOT'Y]lla'tWV OXE()LaOIlEv'Y]~ ()lEV8lJvo'Y]~ » il 'tWV « OLXOVOIlLXWV IlE'taQQu- 81ll0EWV » 6dXVEl :n:w~ ol XaT'Y]YOQLE~ nou XQ'Y]oLllo:n:OlOUV (TLIlT] XLO'tOU~, XEQ()O~, TOXO~, XA.:n:. )SE:n:EQVOUV :n:OA.V 'to. aQLa 'tii~ cmA.f]~ E!lJloQEullaTLxii~ :n:aQaywYii~ xaL 'tWV OLOLXELW()WV lloQCPWV aSLa~. nQOXEL'taL E()W Yla EIl:n:OQElJllaTLXE~ IlOQCPE~ a:n:ou y] OOmaA.lo'tlXT] oixovoutc EX()'Y]A.wvE'tat ouv oixovoutc 'tf]~ XOLVWVLXf]~ EQyao(a~, xal nou :n:Qoxv:n:'tOuv 6A.6XA.'Y]QE~ a:n:o 'tl~ aV'tLcpaOEl~ 'tf]~ OUVOA.Lxf]~ XOLV(J)VLXii~ EQyaoLa~144.

'H YEVlXT], :n:OA.U()LaO'ta't'Y] xa( ()LaQxij~ ava:n:'tus'Y] TWV :n:aQaY(J)YLXWV ()UVaIlEWV :n:ov aVTLo'tOLXEI OLT]V E:n:Lo't'Y]IlOVLXOLEXVLXT] E:n:aVaOTaO'Y], !lJlOQEL va :n:QaYlla'tO:n:Ol'Y]8EL 1l0VO O'tl~ Ouv8iiXE~ :

a) IlLa~ 8E'tLXii~ IlE'taIlOQCPWO'Y]~ TWV OUIlCPEQOV't(J)V, o'ta :n:A.a(oio Tii~ aIlOLoa£a~ OUVEQyaola~, OE y£vlx6 ()lacpEQOV 'tii~ Xa8E EmxdQ'Y]o'Y]~ (Tf]~ 6Ila()a~ 'twv EQya~oIlEVwV), 'tOU Xa8E EQya~oIlEYOU xaL 6A.OXA.'Y]Q'Y]~ 'tii<; XOLvwv(a~ YLa 'tT]V a:n:EQLOQLO't'Y] avamUS'Y] 'tii~ :n:aQay(J)YLXO't'Y]'ta~ 'tiJ~ OUVOA.lXii~ XOLVWVlXf]~ EQyao(a~, ()'Y]A.a()T] YLa 'tT]V auS'Y]o'Y] Tii~ XQ'Y]mllo:n:OLT]mll'Y]~ Ila~a~ 'tOU E8VLXOU dOO()T]llaTO~, xaQ'Y] OLL~ :n:QaYllaTO:n:OLOvIlEVE~ OLXOVOlllE~ OLO OVVOA.O Tf]~ XOLV(J)VLXii~ EQyao(a~ :n:ov ()LaTl8E'taL OnlV :n:aQaywyij, :n:QaYlla :n:ov LOO()UvaIlEL IlE 'tT]V mo Ev'taTLxT] IlE8obo xaTax't'Y]o'Y]~ rrov vsrov Xa80A.LXWV :n:aQaywYlxwV 6uVaIlE(J)V 'tii~ xOLvwvLa~'

0) Illa~ :n:A.T]Qou~ ()VVaflIXOJlo{1J01J~ Tii~ ()Ollii~ uov OOmaA.LOLLXWV OUIlCPEQOVTWV, E'tOL nou va YEvva OE Xa8E Oa8lll()a ava:n:'tUS'Y]~, vEE~ avw'tEQE~ aVaYXE~, av't(o'tOlXE~ IlE 'tOv~ llE'taOaA.A.6- IlEVOU~ 6QoIlOU~ avamus'Y]~ 'tWV :n:aQaywYLxwV ()UVaIlEWV, IlE aA.A.a A.6YLa, va ()'Y]IlLOUQyEi aO'talla't'Y]'ta OTOV~ XOA.:n:OU~ Tf]~ XOLV(J)v(a~ IlLa YEa :n:QOO()EU'tLXT] OLXOVOf.A,LXT] U:n:OXElIlEVlx6't'Y]'ta.

o XAPAKTHPAI TH1: Efll1:THMON/KOTEXN/KH1: EflANAITAIH1: 89

Airrof dVaL EJtlO'Y]~ ol avayxaiOt oQOt yta aVW'tEQE~ !-lOQ<PE~ OXE()taO!-lEv'Y]~ avaJt'tu;'Y]~ OE JtayxOtvWVtXTt xA.l!-laxa. MJtoQoU!-lE va JtOU!-lE, JtW~ XWQt~ !-lta xaA.a EmSEQyaO!-lEV'Y] OlXOVO!-ltxt'] ()taQElQWO'Y] , XWQL~ 'tTtv astOJtOt'Y]O'Y], 'tTtv aJtO()EO!-lEUO'Y] xat 'tTtv avaniVS1'/ ev6~ OVOT~/1aTO~ aV/1cpeQ6VTWV, ()EV 8a !-lJtOQEOOUV va avotsouv oi mJA.E~ 'tf]~ EJttO't'Y]!-lOVtXO'tEXVtXf]~ EJtava(Jmo'Y]~, OU'tE va JtQoE'tOt!-laoLEi 'to xaLaA.A.'Y]A.o yt' alJ'tTtv OlXOVO!-ltXO E()a<po~ xat DULE, 'tEA.O~, va ESao<paA.to'tEi f] v(x'Y] 't'Y]~.

6. <H onuaaia xai ol 7ra(}af,te7:QOt 7:ij; t~Otvovof,t1Ja1J; X(}ovov

Mta OEtQa EV()ElSW; !-la~ !..EVE on ol aA.A.ayE~ 'tWV OlXOVO!-ltXWV xaQax't'Y]Qtonxwv JtOU <PEQVEt 'to SExLv'Y]!-la 'tf]~ EJttO't'Y]!-lOvtXO'tEXVtXf]~ EJtavaomo'Y]~, 8a xaLaA.Ttsouv 'tEA.tXa oro SEJtEQaO!-la xat mY) XQEwxOJtta nov G'Y]!-lEQtVWV xQt'tTtQtWv 'tOU JtA.OU'tOu xaL 'tf]~ JtQOO()OU 'tOU JtOA.t'ttO!-lOU, JtOU YEvvTt8'Y]xav aJto 'tTtV ESEA.tS'Y] 'tf]~ Ex6to!-l'Y]xavto'Y]~ xat aJto 'tt~ JtaQa()OotaXE~ xaJttmA.to'ttXE~ uop<pE~.

Auto nou LOXUE !-lEXQt 'twQa, uOXEm aJto 'ta al08Tt!-lam 'tWV av8QwJtwv, £IVaL Jtw~ JtA.ou'tto!-lo~ OTt!-laLVE aus'Y]o'Y] 'tOU XE<paA.aLOU 145 xat JtW~ XQt'tTtQtO yta 'to EJttJtE()O 'tOU JtOA.t'tto!-lOU ~'tav 6 oaElf,lo~ astOJtot'Y]o'Y]~ 'tOU xE<paA.a(ou <'mo 'tTtv av8QwJttv'Y] EQyaota. L' au'tov rov 'tuJto oixovourxfp; A.oytxf]~ Jtou Xa8tEQwvE 'tTt ()tacreon avaf,lEOa o'ta f,lEoa (oixovouooi ()tEu8uvG'Y] xat OlXOVO!-ltxTt oQyavw0'Y]) xat 01:0U~ oxonouc, xa( Jtou 6 Mas BEf,lJtEQ 'tTtV £IXE f,lta yta Jtav'ta trnrrtoet f,lE 'tTt « A.oyto'ttxTt 'tOU XECpaA.atou » ( «Kapitalrechnung »)146, 6 JtA.ou'to~ EJtQEJtE va oaoLl;ELat o'tTt <P'twXEta xat 6 JtA.oun0!-lo~ va £IVaL oUf,l!-lELQo~ f,lE 'tTtv Esa8A.two'Y]. L'tt~ av'ttElEoEt~ 'tOU oUYXQovou JtOA.t ttcuou, aiJ'to~ 6 av'tt<paLtxO~ 'tuJto~ JtA.ounof,lou ogtOXEt axof,la yovtf,lO E()a<po~. ' AA.A.a JtEQa aJto Eva oQtO, w~ Uf,lEOO xQt'tl)QtO, JtaQoUOtal;Et EJttXLV()UVE~ QWYf,lE~ : omv f] Jtooo'ttxTt aus'Y]o'Y] 'tOU xE<paA.atou147 aQxtl;Et va ESaV'tA.Ei'taL xat Ef,l<pav(l;ELaL JtA.EOVaO!-la xEcpaA.atOu· o'tav ol OUV'tEA.EO'tE~ 'tOU XEcpaA.atou 148 Jtauouv va f,lEyaA.WVOuv xat aQxtl;ouv va JtEqJ'tOUV' amv f] oixovoutn JtEQvaEt 'to o'ta()tO 'tii~ Evm'ttxf]~ avaJt'tUS'Y]~, JtOU OUVO()EUELaL aJto UnEA.EU8EQWO'Y] XEcpaA.atou 149. orov 'ta O'tOLxEia 'tf]~ EJttO'tTtf,l'Y]~ xat 'tf]~ 'tEXVtxii~, 'tii~ oQyavwo'Y]~ xat 'tf]~ d()(XEUO'Y]~ ()tvouv oro EVEQYO xE<paA.aLO f,lta xwp(c JtQO'Y]YOUf,lEVO

90

o nOAlTI2:M02: 2:TO 2:TA YPOLJPOMI

lx.avonrra En£X'taorg;, aVE!;aQ't'Y]'tl] ano 'to aQXLXO 'tOU !!EYEOO~ xa( nlV nooomrc EQyaO(a~ nou a!!EOa XQ'Y]Ol!!OnOLEt.

Airr« 'ta YEYOVO'ta E!!cpaVL~OUV 'to XEcpaA.aLO oov !!La !!OVL!!'Y] av'ttcpao'Y] : ano 't~ !!La, ()LEUQUVEL 't~V EQyao(a !!£ OA.a 'ta ()uva'ta !!£oa, xa( ano 't~V aA.A.'Y], 'tElVEL va !!ELWOEL 0't0 EA.aXLO'tO 't~V avayx.aLa EQyao(a. KLV'Y]'tOnOLEl 'tt~ ()Uva!!EL~ 'tf]~ Emo't~!!'Y]~, 'tf]~ XOLVWVLXf]~ OUVEQyaoLa~, X'tA.. « YLa va avEl;aQ'tonOL~OEL 't~ ()'Y]!!LOUQyea 'tOU nA.ou'tOu ... ano 'tOV XQOVO EQyao(a~ nou XQ'Y]Ol!!OnOLEl'taL YL' au't~v ... » xat LaU't0XQova « OEA.fl va !!E'tQa 't(~ YLyavLLE~ XOLV(J)VLXE~ ()Uva!!El~ nou E'tOL ()'Y]!!LOUQyy)O'Y]xav !!E ro !!ELQO 'tOU XQOvon EQyao(a~ »150. "000 Em'taxuvov'taL oi ()LaQ8Qw'tLXE~ aA.A.ayf~ nov naQaYWYLxmv bUVa!!EWV, 't000 mo a!!EOa aVEsaQ't'Y]'t'Y] YLVE'tat ~ naQanEQa ()'Y]!!wuQy(a 'tOU nA.ou'tOu ano 't~V nOLO't'Y]'tU 'tf]~ XQ'Y]Ol!!OnOLOU!!EV'Y]~ fQyao(a~, aA.A.a av'tWE'ta fsaQ'tLE'taL nLa ano 't~V lOXU 'tU)V !!'Y]xaVLxU1V !!£OWV nou !!nf]xav OE x(v'y]o'y] xa( nou « ~ 'tEQaona anO'tEA.EO!!a'tLxO't'Y]'ta » 'tOU~ « bEv EXEL Xa!!La 0XEO'Y] !!E rov U!!EOO XQOVO EQyaoLa~ nou O'tOLXi~fl Yj naQaywyY) 'tOU~ », aA.A.a « Esag'tLE'taL !!anOV an6 'to YEVLXO En(nE()O 'tf]~ rnLO't~!!'Y]~ xaL 'tf]~ 'tEXVOA.OYLXf]~ nQoooou »151. At'J'tf~ oi VEE~ n'Y]YE~ nA.OULOU mlVEX(~OUV diorooo va EXCPQa~OV'taL !!E !!La OlXOVO!!LX~ !!E'tQLX~ nou O't~V nQaY!!a'tLXO't'Y]'ta SEXLVaEL ano !!LaV EV'tEA.U)~ av'tteE't'Y] xa'taO'tao'Y] 152, xa( alno, 'tOuA.axw'tOv !!£XQL 't~ OLL y!!Y) nou 8a fnLxQa't~oOuv anoM'tw~ fJ xa'taQY'Y]o'Y] 'tf]~ OLO!!'Y]xavLxf]~ EQyaoLa~ xaL fJ anEA.EU8£Qwo'Y] 'tOU xEcpaA.a(ou. ITaQ' oA.a alna, Yj Enw't'Y]!!OVLXO'tEXVLX.~ Enavao'tao'Y], an6 'to SExLv'Y]!!a 't'Y]~ xL6A.a~, EnE!!OaLVEL !!E al08'Y]'t0 'tQono orou; OlXOVO!!LXOU~ !!'Y]xavw!!ou~ xat ()w'taQa~EL 'ta XA.aOlXa OlXOVO!!LXa XQL 'tY)Qw 153.

BA.EnOU!!E va YEVVLELaL, n(ow ano 'tOV nA.ou'tO 'tf]~ OUYXQOV'Y]~ XOLvwv(a::;, !!EOa ano 't(~ Xa't'Y]yOQiE~ 'tf]::; aSLa~ xai 'tOU XEQ()OU~, !!La OlXOVO!!LX~ OQ80A.0YLXO't'Y]'ta VEOU runou, nou oaoi~E'tat o't~v a.716A.VTIJ aVSIJoIJ Tij~ .7laQaywYlx6TIJra~ Tij~ OA.lXij, XOlVWVlXij~ i:Qyao[a~. b'Y]A.a()~ o't~ !!ELwo'Y] OA.WV trov OUV8E'tLXmV O'tOLXElWV 'tf]~ EQyaoLa~ nou fVOU}!!a'tWVE'tat oE !!LaV OQW!!EV'Y] nocornr« 1tQoi:6v'twv XQ~o'Y]~ - UA.OnoL'Y]!!Ev'Y] xai ~wv'tav~ EQyaoLa, nayw xa( XUXA.ocpoQouoa, nA.'Y]QW!!EV'Y] xai anA.tlQw'tl'] - OE av'tiOEO'Y] !!E 'tit OXE'tLXit aus'Y]o'Y] 'tf]~ naQay(j)YLxo't'Y]'ta~ 'tmv EQya~O!!fVWV, aus'Y]o'Y] nou ouvosstrn !!E 'titv (mA.it av'tLxa'tao'tao'Y] 'tf]~ ~WV'tavf]~ EQyaoLa~ ano UA.OnOL'Y]!!Ev'Y] EQyao(a, xaQax't'Y]Qw'tLxi] 'tf]~ JtEgL-

o XAPAKTHPA2: TH1: Efll1:THMONIKOTEXNIKH2: EflANA2:TA1:H1: 91

660u Tfi~ ExOtOll'Y]xaVlO'Y]~154. T6 nQooa6l0llU U1JTfi~ Tfi~ aVWTEQ'Y]~ 6Q80A.OYlX6T'Y]Ta~ Tfi~ EnWT'Y]1l0VLXOTEXVlXfi~ EnUVaOTUO'Y]~ ytVETal IlE 6lacpOQOU~ TQ6nou~ ULo8'Y]T6 ax61lu XUt EXEL nou ~ OLXOVOIlLU E;UXOA.ou8EL va dvm ULXllaA.WT'Y] Tfi~ OQ80A.OYlXOT'Y]Ta~ Tfi~ « 1..0- YLOTlXfi~ TOil XECPUA.ULOU »155.

Movo OIlW~ ~ nQUXTlxTj nQuYll<lTWo'Y] XUL ~ 8EWQ'Y]TlXTj acpo- 1l0tWO'Y] Tfi~ olxovouiac; Tij~ 6).lXij~ XOlVWVlXij~ £Qyaa{u( !lJtoQoilv v' avo(souv T6v 6QOll0 OTTjV uus'Y]O'Y] Tfi~ nUQuywYlx6T'Y]Ta~ Tfi~ <'>A.lX'ii~ XOLVWVlX'ii~ EQYUOtU~. LE 6laXQW'Y] ano TTjv OLXOVOlllU TOU XECPUA.UtOU, OTTjv OLXOVOlllU T'ii~ XOlVWVlXfi~ EQYUOtU~ EmXQaTEL xu8uQa ~ Tao'Y] Yla TTj IlEYLOT'Y] ESOlXOVOIl'Y]O'Y] <'>A.6xA.'Y]Q'Y]~ Tfi~ EQyUOLU~ nou 6ta'tt8ETaL OTTjV nUQuymyTj 156. 'E6w, T6 EnLnE60 nA.OUTOU xu80Qtl;ETaL an6 T6v Ou81l0 uus'Y]O'Y]~ Tfi~ astU~ XQTjo'Y]~ TOU E8Vlxoil (ij axu8aQWTOU) do06TjllaTO~, nou nUQaYETaL ano TTj ffiJVOA.tXTj XOLVWVlXTj EQYUO(U (l;WVTUVTj XUt UA.OnOl'Y]j.!Ev'Y]) XaTa llova6u XQ6vou, 6'Y]A.u6Tj &no TOV Ou81l6 « aSLOnOt'Y]O'Y]~ » Tfi~ OUVOA.lXfi~ XOLVWVlX'ii~ EQYUOtU~157. "OA.U Ta X(llTTjQLU oixovourxfp; OQ80A.OYlXOT'Y]Ta~, nQuYIlUTlxfi~ an060Tlx6T'Y]Ta~ Tfi~ avaJtTUs'Y]~, xA.n., Mv !lJtoQoilv nUQa va eivm nUQaywyu UUTOil TOU vouou.

'H OLXOVOIlLU Tfi~ xOLvmvLxfi~ EQyuOtU~, nEQlXA.ElVEl WOTOOO IllaV aVTLcpuo'Y], YlaT( XQ'Y]OlllonOlEL orrv IlETQO TOil nA.OUTOU TTjV EQYUO(U, nou EXEl na'ljJEL va elvcn <'> XUQLO~ OUVEA.WTTj~ 6'Y]IlLOUQYlU~ UUTOil TOU t6L01J TOU nA.ouTOul58. 'AA.A.a nEQLXA.ElVEl fn(o'Y]~liv XUt IlE aVTwTQuIlIlEV'Y] axollu 1l0QCPTj - IlLa VEU IlETQlXTj, ETOLIl'Y] ij6'Y], TTj IlETQLXTj Tfi~ OLXOVOlllU~ XQ6vou 159, rrou ~ nA.TjQ'Y]~ ECPU(l- 1l0yTj T'Y]~ 6EV ESUQTlETaL ma nUQa 1l0VO ano T6 nQuYIluTlxQ sEnEQUOIlU Tfi~ O'Y]IlEQLVfi~ EQyuOtU~, IlE TTjV aA.A.uyi] OA.'Y]~ Tfi~ oao'Y]~ TOil nOA.LTWIlOU Tfi~ av8QwnLv'Y]~ l;wfi~160. 'H OLXOVOlllu XOlVWVLXfi~ EQYUO(U~, 6EV XUTaQyEi TTj XQOVlX'ij ouuriaon nou dOTjYUYE OTTjV nUQuywytl <'> xum TaA.lOIl0~161. 'A VTl8ETU, llaA.lOTa, TTjV anUA.A.aOOEl ano TTjv aVTlcpuo'Y] TOil nEQLoQwllEvOU XUQUXTTjQU 't'Y];, Tfi~ 6(VEL EVU YEO vO'Y]IlU, oov IlETQo Tfi~ aSLOnO('Y]O'Y]~ Tfi~ <'>A.lxfi~ xorvroVLxfi~ EQYUOtU; xut xu'ta OUVEnElU ocv IlETQO Tfi~ XaTaXT'Y]O'Y]~ ano T6v liv8Qwno TWV XOLVWVlXWV nUQuywYlXWV 6uvallEwv, XaVOVTU~ va oullnLnTEL Xa8E fSOlXOv61l'Y]o'Y] XQ6vou IlE TTj 6lEUQUVO'Y] 'twv EX- 6'Y]A.WOEWV Tfi~ l;wfi~ OA.wv. nQoETOlllal;El ETaL Illa OLXOVOlllXtl 1l0QCPTj nou, nUQaA.A.'Y]A.U IlE TOU~ IlETUOX'Y]llaTWIlOU~ OTtl 60lltl TWV nUQuywYlXWV 6uVaIlEWV, anoouvMa Ttl XQOVLXTj 6LaOTaO'Y] ano

92

o 11OAITlIMOI ITO ITAYPO,dPOMI

1:l]V a~EOlJ 0XEOlJ 1:lJ£ ~E 1:l] OamivlJ EQyaOta£ xat ~HmQbtH 1:0V XQOVO - al)1:o 1:0 ~E1:QO 1:f]£ xtvlJOlJ£ - OE asta al)1:ovo~lJ anEVaV1:t 01:0V uvflQomo.

XOOQt£ 1:l] XQOVLXl] OUi01:aOlJ162, f] olXOVO~LXl] oO~l] oEv unoQEl va nQooofll]OH 1:t£ naQayooYLxE£ OUVa~H£ xat ouvEnw£ bEy dVal Xmat,..t ... lJAlJ YLa 1:l]v Em01:lJ~ovLX01:EXVLXl] EnaVa01:aOlJ. 'H 1:EXVLXa nQolJY~EvlJ OOOLaAL01:txl] xorvrovlu OCPElAH ava~cpLOOl]1:lJ1:a va EnESEQya01:El EVa. ElCtOT1JIl-Ov(x6 OVOT1Jll-a olxovo~ta£ XQovou, SEXLVWV1:a£ ano 1:l]v aVan1:UY~EvlJ OLaQflQooolJ OU~CPEQOV1:WV, XQlJOL~OnOLWV1:a£ 1:(£ ~oQCPE£ 1:fj£ as(a£ xat Eva EvLatO OLX1:U 1:f]£ 1:EXVLXf]£ 1:WV {Jj(OAOYLO~U}v xat 1:WV ~afllJ~a1:txwv ~OV1:EAooV. Movov E'tOL al)1:l] f] XOLVooVta anox1:a 1:l]v anaQat1:lJ1:lJ aXQLol] dx6va 1:f]£ an01:EAEO~anX01:lJ1:a£ 1:WV OtacpoQoov naQayooYLxwV OUVa~EooV xat, Xa1:a ouvsasto, 1:l] Ouva1:o1:lJ1:a va nQooaVa1:OAt~H OQflOAOYLXa OAOXAlJQO 1:0V ~lJxavLO~o 1:Wv olXOVO~LXWv ~OXAWV xat 1:WV oQyavoov OLEVfluvolJ£ xat va 1:0V XHQt~HaL 00001:0., ~nQOO1:a 01:(£ YQl]YOQE£ XLVl]OH£, 1:(£ YEVLXE£ aAAaYE£, 1:l]v doayooYTJ naQaYOOYLXWv OUVa~EooV nov - onoo£ 01:l]v nEQtn1:ooOlJ 1:f]£ Em01:l]~lJ£ - EXOUV 1:EAELoo£ OLacpoQHLxOV OlXOVO~LXO xaQax1:l]Qa' OLacpoQE1:txa, al)1:l] f] xorvorvtu eo. OaA1:l.l)OEl OE avoo~aAtE£ xat eo. XaOEl 1:l]v EuxaLQia va CPEQEl mo XOV1:a 1:0 ~EAAOV 01:0 naQov.

'H oixovoutu XQovou oao(~HaL 01:l]v ESOLXOVO~lJOlJ 1:f]£ OAlxf]£ XOlVooVLXf]£ EQyao(a£ nov nQay~a1:OnOlEi1:aL Xa1:a ~ovaoa XQovou 01:l]v naQaywyl]. 'AV1:aVaXAa u~EOa 1:l] oafl~(Oa Ola~oQcpwolJ£ 1:f]£ vEa£ naQayooYLxf]£ ovva~lJ£ 1:f]£ XOLvwv(a£163, xaflw£ xa( 1:0 £ntnEOo 1:Wv VEWV Ouva1:01:l]1:oov nov nQoocpEQOV1:aL YLa 1:l] Ola~oQCPooolJ 1:WV naQayooYLxwV OUVa~EooV 1:OU avf)Qwnou. '0 nAOU1:0£, nov f] oixovout« XQovou OlJ~LOupyEi xai ~HQaEL 1:0 ~EYEflo£ 1:OU, dVaL 6 EAEUflEQoo~EvO£ YLa 1:0V uvflpoono XQ6vo£, 6 « OtaOiOlf1.0~ Xf26vo~ », OlJAaOt] 6 XWQo£ nov aVOtYHaL YLa nlv aVan1:USlJ 1:WV aveQwmvoov ouva~Ewv, Yla 1:t]v avamUSlJ 1:OU avflQwnou oav aU1:00xonou. ~' aU1:E£ 1:L£ ouVef]XE£, 0 VO~O£ 1:f]£ oixovo~(a£ XQovou E~cpav(~HaL 00£ 0 nQoo1:aQXLXO£ olXOVO~LXO£ Vo~o£, 6 clVW1:EQO£ VO~O£ onou OUYXooVEVOV1:aL of 1:aOEl£ Yla ~EYLO1:onoilJOlJ xat YLa OEA1:t01:OnoilJolJ164, clXQLOW£ YLm( f] aUSlJOlJ 1:WV naQayooYLxwV OUVa~EWV, f] OUOOWQEUOlJ nAOV1:OU, of nQoo- 1taflElE£ nov clnooxonouv 1:0 « XEQOLo~a XQovou » ouumrrtouv ~E 1:t]v aVM1:U;lJ 1:0li clVeQWnOu xat 1:Wv 0XEOEWV 1:0U16S.

o XAPAKTHPAJ: THJ: EllIJ:THMONIKOTEXNIKHJ: EllANAJ:TAJ:HJ: 93

~1:0 CPW~ alJ1:wv 1:WV (h:OO~EvWV, Of..btoU~E vu OlJ~LouQydwl, JtEQa cm6 !':va OQlO~EVO OQLO, ~lU 0XEOlJ loootltveuu; aVU~EOa 01:l~ JtQo60ou~ 1:f]~ a~EOlJ~ JtaQay(uyf]e:;, 01:'ijv JtQOOOo 1:f]e:; JtaLOdae:;, 01:'ijv 1:EAElOJtOllJOlJ 1:U)V UJtlJQEOLWV xal 1:WV aAAwv 1:QOJtWV avuJt1:USlJe:; 1:WV OlJ~LOUQYLXWV OUVU~E())V 'tOU avflQu)Jtou. ~' alnE~ 1:te:; OUVflf]XEe:;, ~ OLUXQLOlJ 1:f]e:; £QyaOta~ xal 1:Wv OlXOVO~LXWV W~fWV OE « JtaQaYWYLXOV~ » xat « ~'ij JtaQaymYLXOV~ »166 XUVEl 1:'ijv JtQOlJYOV~EVlJ OlJ~aOta 1:lJe:;, YLml 1:U)Qa 0' OAlJ 1:'ij ~())'ij WU avflQu)Jtou' OlJ~lOUQYOUVWl JtaQaYWYlXEe:; OUVU~flC:; aJtocpaOlonXEe:; YlU 1:'ijv av8QU)JtLV'Y) JtQOoOo. 'AV1:teEW, XUflE JtaQuAH1jJlJ O1:'ijv EvEQYOJtOtlJOlJ 1:WV OlJ~LOUQYLXWV OUvaW1:'ij1:WV WU av8Qu)Jtou, iooouvuuei ~E oJtmuAlJ 01:0V W~Ea 1:f]e:; aVumUSlJe:; 1:UlV JtaQaYWYlXWV OUVU~EWVI67. I'r' alnov 1:0 AOYO ~JtOQOU~E VU UJt08EOOU~E JtW~ ol xuVOVE~ xat 1:U XQL1:'ijQLa 1:f]e:; oixovoutu; XQOVOU flu dOOUAOUV oafl~Laia 0' OAOXAlJQlJ 1:'ijv XOLVWVLX'ij xat av8QwmvlJ ~w'ij. 'H OlXOvoutu XQOVOU flu ytVEL m8avo ~ xau}),) .. YjAYj olxovouisn f10QCPtj Tij~ bCLOTYjf10VlXOTEXVtXij~ hcav6.omoYj~ OE uuiv OQLOf1EVYj oa8f1toa Tij~ dv6.JtTvgtj~ TYj~.

nQuwan, ~ OlXOVO~ta XQOVOU aJt01:EAEt Evav JtOAV lOLO~OQCPO 1:VJto oiXOVO~LXf]e:; oQfloAoYLX01:lJwe:;, JtOV SEXWQt~EL aJt' oAOU~ rou; aAAou~ yvwowv~ 1:vJtoue:;. Tooo YLU 1:'ijv EUQV1:lJ1:U 1:lJe:; (Ylmt ayxaALU~EL oAEe:; 1:t~ ocpaiQEe:; 'tOU uALxou xat nvsuurrnxoi; JtoAl1:l0~ou) 000 xat YLU 1:0 aJto1:EAEO~U 1:lJ~ (YLmt 01:'ijv JtQay~anxo1:lJw JtQOOOLOQt~El wve:; OlXOVO~LXOV~ oQoue:; 1:f]~ a~OLoa(ae:; avumuslJ~ 1:WV av8QwJtwv, 0lJAao'ij 1:t~ xO~~ouvLonxEe:; 0XEOEl; roue). KmaQyd 1:0V JtQOlJyOV~EVO xaQax1:'ijQa 1:f]~ oiXOVO~LXf]e:; oQfloAoYlx01:lJwe:; (xal 1:f]e:; OQ80AOYLX01:lJWC; YEYLXU), OUY ocpatQac:; 1:WY uJtAulV ~EOWV JtOll OEY CP1:UVEl (he:; wve; oxoxou; xat nov ~E 1:'ijv xlVlJoll1:lJC:; YEVVUH alno~aw TllV avoQ80AoYLx01:lJw. rIQO)!lJVUEL ~lav aAAay'ij 01:'ijv UJtOXEl~EYlX01:lJW aU1:f]~ 1:f]~ oQfloAoYlx6- 1:lJ1:ae:; : 1:0 AanvLxo « ratio » (Myo~) Jtov 01:0V olO~lJxavlx6 JtoALno~6 OQ(OXE1:aL oAocpuvEQa ESW aJto 1:0V avflQo)Jto xat rtou EXCPQu~EL xUQtW~ 1:'ij AOYLx'ij 1:0)V 0XfOEWV fJ 1:'ij AOYLx'ij WU avflQwJtou orrv uJtAou cpoQEa aU1:Wv 1:WV 0XfOEWV, 1:0 « ratio » rcou dXE EcpaQf,-loon:i orov iivflQwJto ftJtEl;w168, SavayuQt~EL 01:0V avflQwJto o6.v 0Q8o).oytx6TYjTa Tij~ d1'8QwlCtvYj~ dV6.J'CTVgYj~169, xal OUYXExQLf,-lEVa 1:tl onyf,-l'ij Jtov ~ ayuJt1:USlJ WU aYflQwJtou ouv auwoxoJtoe; OU~AEXE1:aL ~E T11v aVW1:fQlJ avuJt1:USlJ 1:WV XOlVWVLXWY

94

o nO/l/TI1:M01: 1:TO 1:T A YPO,tJPOM/

naQaYWYlXWV OUVU!!EWV, Ol)AaOl] O1:l]V XQ(Ol!!l) 01:l Y!!l] onou iJ E:7tL01:l)!!OVlX01:EXVlXl] EnaVU01:aOl) OU!!nEcp1:El !!E 1:l]V XOlVWVlXl] EnaVU01:aol) roii XaLQOU !!a£.

*

* *

'Av1:(flna ano 1:(£ aQXlXE£ aV1:lAl]'\jJEl£ 1:WV XAaOlXWV toii !!aQSLO!!OU, 01:l]V nQaX1:lxl] EcpaQ!!OYl] toii E:7tL01:l)!!OVtxOU OOOtaALO!!OU XUQlUQXl']OE ytU Eva aQxnu !!EYUAO XQovtXO OlU01:l']!!a iJ nEno(f)l)Ol) nu)£ iJ nQaY!!U1:wOl) toii XO!!!!OUVlO!!OU ~1:av anOXAEl- 01:LXU lmoflEol) aAAaywv 01:0V W!!Ea 1:f]£ xQa1:lxf]£ ESouo(a£, 01:(£ !!OQCPE£ 1:f]£ lOlOX1:l)o(a£ xa( 1:f]£ lOEOAoy(a£, !!E EVOEXO!!EVl) naQUAAl)Al) YEVlXl] aVun1:USl) 1:f]£ naQaywyf];. AlJ1:l] iJ uno'\jJl) flEWQl]fll)XE nw£ E:7ttod)aL(ofll)XE ano 1:l]V iOWQlXl] m:(Qa 1:f]; nOAmxf]£ EnaVU01:a0lJ;, 1:f]£ anaAA01:Q(O)Ol']; xat 1:f]£ EXOLO!!l)XUVtOl)£ 01:(; OOOlaAlO1:lXE; XWQE£. "Eroi, O!!W£, anOAU1:0nOll]fll']xav xa( OtaLwv(01:l']xav of !!OQCPE£ XOtVWVlXf]£ avUJt1:USl); nov XAl)QOVO!!l]fll)xav ano 1:(; xOQucpalE; CPUOEl; 1:il; OlO!!l)xavlxf]; EnaVU01:aol); xa( 1:(£ mSlxE; ouyxQOUOEl; nov EXOl)Awfll']xav nuvw 0' alJ1:o 1:0 £bacpo;. Of !!E1:aOOAE£ 01:(; naQaywYlxE; OUVU!!Et;, O1:l]v EQyao(a xa( 0' 6A.6xAlJQO 1:0V 1:Qono auwnQay!!u1:wol']; rou avflQwnou flEwQl]fll)xav (mA(;)£ OUV ESnHEQtXU nEQL01:a1:lXU 1:f]£ olxoM!!l)ol)£ wil XO!!!!OUVlO!!OU xa( !!UAlO1:a dxav naQa!!EQL01:El ano 1:l] !!aQSL01:lXY} aVUAUOl']. "Eva !!OV1:EAO O!!W; xouuouvtouof xa( !!lU aV1:lAl)'\jJlJ 'tOil !!aQSLO!!oil nov ayvoouv 1:l]v E:7tt01:l']!!OVlX01:EXVlXy} Enavcoruon onv oQyavlxo l1-i(Jo~ roue - xa( nov OE xunolo Ol']!!ElO xa!!nf]£ y(VE1:aL anocpaOL01:Lxy} YlU 1:Y}v rOla 1:Y}v T(JXlJ 1:f]; Enavuo1:aol)£ - OUV()EfllJxav !!E 1:0 aOlEso()O 'tf]; nQoOfl)nOAa1:g(a;, xal OU MlJYy}oouv avanocpEUX1:a 0' Eva YEO aOlEsooo nuvtou onou flu E:7tLOUAAOV1:at. 'H Ol']!!EQtVl] ESEAlSl'] Q(XVEl Eva OAO xai OUVa1:0'tEQO CPU); 01:y} olJ!!ao(a 1:WV lOEU)V WU 200u ~UVEOQ(OU tof KK~E, nov nQooaVU1:0ALOE 1:l] oOOlaAlO1:lxy} flEwQ(a xai nQax1:lxl] oE oQ(~ov- 1:E; noAU ElJQV1:EQOU; xa( OaflV1:EQoU;, 01:Y} « !!E1:a1:0:7tL0l) WU xev- 1:Qou OUQ01J; » 1:f]; fnaVuomol']; nQo£ VEE; :7tEQLOXE;, oE nOlO1:lXE£ aAAayt; 1:WV naQaywytxwv OUVU!!EWV xa( wil XOlVWVlXOU xa( avOQw:7tLVOU xaQax1:l]Qa WU£. "OAa toirru !!U; EJtl1:QEnouv vu OU!!nEQuvOU!!E nu); 'to flEwQl']nxO OluYQa!!!!a nov XUVEl 1:0 OQoYQa!!!!a toii K~E YlU 1:Y}v E:7ttOUlf.-l0VlX01:EXVtXn Enavuomon xa(

o XAPAKTHPA2: THE EnIETHMONIKOTEXNIKHE EllANALTAEHE 95

ytCJ. nlv oixooounon TOU XO~~OUVLO~OU ore JtAaLOLa airtf]£ 1:f]£ EJtaVaOWOl']~, CXJt01:EAEL 1:11V mo 01]!WVTtXtj Ol']~LOUQYLX11 avaxaAU'\jJl'] xa( 1:11V mo 8ETtXtj o.vamv£1] 1:f]£ ~aQSL01:Lxf]£ 8EWQ(a£ aJto 1:11V EJt0X11 TOU B. 1. AEVLV. 'H JtQaxnx11 JtQay~a1:Wol'] 1:f]£ Em01:l']- 1l0VLX01:ExvLXf]; EJtava01:aOl']£, bEY fla lJJ[OAELcpflEi:, m8avo1:a1:a, Of 6Q~11, OE cpAoya xaL OE Ol']~aOLa YLa 1:11V xo~~ouvLonx11 EJtavaOWOl'] , aJto 1:11V xm:aAl']1jJl'] 1:f]; ESouoLa£ EX !!EQOU£ 1:f]£ EQyanxf]; 1:aSl']; ii aJto 1:11V XOLV())VLXOJtOLl']Ol'] 1:WV ~EOWV naQaywyf]£, aAAa ~aAAov fla 1:11V SEJtEQaoH.

III. H TIEXOLAOBAKIA MnpOLTA LTHN EnILTHMONIKOTEXNIKH EnANALTALH

'H EJno1:l']!!ovLX01:EXVLX11 EJtava01:aol'] dVaL Eva Jtayxoo~w CPaLVO~EVO. rLa 1:11V xaflE XWQa XWQL01:a, 1:0 uovo JtQoOAl']~a Jtou ~JtaLvEL elvrn 6 1:QoJto£, (} oaO~o£, i] LOW1:UJtLa xa( i] EvWOl'] 1:f]£ OU~~E1:0xf]; 1:l']£. rLa !!La oOOLaALonx11 XWQa lmaQXEL EmJtQooflna Eva JtQoOAl']~a OLE8vL01:LXOU XQEOU£, va OU~OaAEL 01:11 ouva~Lx11 1:OU OOOLaALO~OU OE JtayxoO~La XA(~axa xaL 01:11 VlXl'] 1:OU 01:11V UlllAAa 'tWV ouo XOLVWVlXWV OU01:l']~a1:wv170.

Tc JtQW1:a XQOVLa 1:f]£ ~naJtOAE~lXf]£ OLXOVO~lXf]£ avOLXOOo~l']0l']£ lmf]QSav YLa 1:11V TOEXOOAooax(a JtEQ(oOo£ OOOLaAL01:LXf]; ix6Wf11]XciVL01]t;. ~1:11 OLaQXEla 1:l']£ (} OOOlaALO~o; oaOLxa OAOXA11- QWOE 1:a xafl11xoVTa Jtou i] xam1:aAlonX11 oLO~l']xavLX11 EJtavaOWOl'] bEy dXE xawcpEQEl va EXJtAl']Q(1)OEll7l. 'EmJtAEOV, i] TOEXOOAooax(a OU!!~E1:EiXE JtAana 01:11V EXOLO~l']xaVLOl'] 1:WV avaWALxwv E'lJQwJta"lxwv XWQUw. AlJ't11 i] EXOLO~l']xaVLOl'], Jtou 01:l']QL~OWV O1:11V JtOOO1:LX11 aUSl']ol'] 1:UlV JtaQaYWYlXWV Ouva~EWV, ()lavufll']XE ~E YQ11YOQO Qu8~o, Ol']~LOUQYOlVW£ 1:Oll£ OQOU; Yla ~lav aAAaY11 JtQooavaTOALO!!Oul72. Tau1:oXQova O~(!)£ ODoocilQElJOE EOW1:EQlxa JtQooA11!!aw, EOQa(WOE !!laV MQav11 OO~11 (OOOV acpoQu 1:11V OQyaV(Hol'], 1:11 ()LEUfluvol'], 1:11 OlaQflQwol'] 'tf]£ JtaQaywyf]£ XAJt.), JtaQao(aOE 1:a OQLa 1:f]; WCPEAL~01:l']1:a£ 1:l']£ 01:(£ OOO~EVE£ OUV8f]XE£ xa( XUQ(W£ Esa08tvLoE 1:11V 1:EXVlX11 JtQOOOo xaL 1:11V EcpaQ~oY111:f]; Em01:11~l']; O1:11V OLXOVO!!La. "EWL, 1:a aJt01:EAEO~am ()EV anaJto-

96

o nOAlTIJ:MOJ: J:TO J;TA YPOL1POMI

xQl8l']xav OT(i ~EOa JtOU dxav OLm:EflEt. 'H avaJt1:uSl'] 1:WV JtaQaYWYLXUlY 6uVa~EwV JtQOOaVm:OAlO1:l']XE ~OVOJtAEUQa nQo£ 1:~V aQl- 8~l']nx~ aUSl']Ol'] 1:WV OLO~l']xaVLXWv EJtLXElQ~OEWV ~E JtaQaOOOLax~ OO~~ 1:UlY JtaQaYWYLXWV ouva~Ewv!73, JtOU aJtoQocpoilOE ~la ol']~avnx~ 0XE1:LXa JtOOO1:l']1:U EJtEvOiJOEWV, EQya1:Lxf]; OiJva~l'];, Jtl']YWV nQunwv UAWV, XAJt. 'H unaQxouoa JtaQaYWYLX~ xal 1:EXVlX~ oaol'] bEv YVUlQLOE QL~LXE£ OLaQflQw1:LXE; aAAaYE;, xa( OU1:E OUVEJtW£ ~la ou~nuxVWOl'] wil 6uva~lxoil 1:l']£' f] JtQooOo£ 1:WV JtaQaywYlxwV ouva~EWV aJtaL WilOE ~Lav OAOEva xa( ~EyaAU1:EQl'] JtOOO1:l']1:U OAlXf]; XOlVWVlXf]; EQyao(a£ (~WV1:avf]; xa( UAOJtotl']~Evl'];) 01:~ ola8EOl'] 1:f]; JtaQaywyf];, JtoM ~EyaAU1:EQl'] aJt' 0,1:L OE ~la OElQa XWQE; ~E ro Ioto EJtlnEOo otXOVO~lXf]£ avamUSl'];174.

L1:~V 6l'] OExan(a f] EXOlO~l']xaVLOl'] 01:~V TOEXOOAooax(a Jtf]QE oacpw; EXTaTlx6 xaQax1:~Qa. "Av avaAuoou~E 1:~V ausl']Ol'] 1:f]; xaflaQf]£ naQaywyf]; (xa1:a ~EOOV oQo 6% Yla 1:a XQovla 1950-1964), avaxaAUJtwWE Jtw; 1:a 80% 1:WV JtoQwv XOlVWVlXf]; EQyao(a; nQoEQXOV1:UV aJto JtaQayoV1:E; EX1:U1:LXOU£ - tOla(1:EQa, aJto 1:~V EJtEX1:aOl'] rou xEcpaAa(ou (xa( 01:~ otO~l']xaVla aAAW01:E ano ~lav avoOo xm:a 30 % roii noooorou aJtaoxoAl']Ol'];) - EvW 1:0 JtOOOO1:0 1:WV EV1:a1:LXWV JtaQayoV1:wv JtaQE~ElvE xawl toii 20% aJto 1:0 ortoio, EJtLnAEOV, 1:0 6% ~ovaxa aV1:LnQoowmuE 1:~V ElOaywy~ YEa; 1:EXVlXf];. 'H naQaAAl']Al'] <'ivooo; - 0XE1:lXa ol']~av1:Lx~ - 1:f]; EnaYYEA~a1:Lxf]; xm:aQ1:Lol']£ dXE OE ~EyaAo oa8~0 ESOUOE- 1:EQwflEi ano 1:a aQvl']1:Lxa an01:EAEo~m:a 1:f]; oQyavwol']; xa( roii OU01:~~aw; OlEUfluVOl']£175. L' alJ1:E; 1:(£ ouVflf]XE£, O[ EJtl1:aXUV1:LXE; OuVm:01:l']1:E;, rtou JtQOEXU'\jJav ano 1:~ YEa 6uva~lx~ 1:f]£ naQaywyf];, 't~v ortoin ECPEQE f] XOLVWVlX~ EnaVaOmol'], Ol']AaO~ f] xoivorvtxortorqon, f] JtAm:Ela EcpaQ~oy~ 1:f]£ EJtL01:~~l']; xat f] avamusl'] 1:WV av8QwJtLvwv Ouva~Ewv, E~ElVaV OE ~EyaAo oafl~o ava-

• stOno(l']1:E£ (EX1:0; ano 1:(; nQunE; EcpEOgEiE; Jtou ~oQEOav ~a xrvntonomfloiiv £l.xoAa).

'H buva~lxil 1:f]; naQaywYlX01:l']W; 1:f]£ OAlXf]; XOlVWVlXf]£ EQyaola; Olm:~Ql']OE Entol']£ 1:a EV1:0Va xaQaX1:l']QlO1:LXa 1:f]£ Exm- 1:Lxf]; EXOlO~l']xaVlOl']£ xa( OEv unf]QSE [xavoJtoll']1:lX~. 'Ano 1:a Ouo 01:0lxEia rtou OUVflEWUV 1:~V naQaywYLX01:l']m 1:f]; OAlXf]£ XOlVWVlXf]S; EQyao(a;176, f] naQaywYlX01:l']W 1:WV EQya~o~EvwV (1;wv- 1:av~ EQyao(a) O1:~V a~EOl'] naQaywy~ aUSaLVE, or« XQovla 1955- 1966, xa1:a 4,2 % 1:0V XQovo (Ol']AaO~ Ouo 1:QtW 1:f]; aUSl']Ol']£ 1:f]£

o XAPAKTHPAI THJ: EnlJ:THMONIKOTEXNIKHJ: EnANAJ:TAIHJ: 97

naQaywyl)£). ~'1:l) oLO~lJxaV(a, aUSaLVE xm:a 3,9%, aV1:tnQoownElloV'ta£ Elm ~Of...l£ 'to Eva 'tQ('tO 'tl)£ aUSlJolJ£ 'tl)£ xaflaQl)£ naQaywyl)£· ' Avttfleru, i] anO()OOlJ 'tIDV XECpaf...alWV naQaywYl)£ ('tl)£ Uf...OnOllJ~EvlJ£ EQyao(a£) EmoE xm:a 1 % rov XQovo (xal o'tl) Olo~lJxav(a xm:a 0,2 %). 'I()Lal'tEQa ai08lJ'tl) ~'tav i] n't(DOlJ 'tl)£ anoboolJ£ 'tIDV ~lJxav(i)V xal 'tIDV Eyxa'tao'taoEwv, mwolJ nOll 0cpElf...E'tal O'tl)V aVEnaQXEla 'tOU EXOUYXQOVlO~OU xal O'tl) oQaM'tlJ'ta 'tl)£ 'tEXVlXl)£ nQo6()ou, hOl nOll i] OUVOf...lXl) ano()oolJ 'tIDV nlJYIDv 'tl)£ XOlVWVlXl)£ EQyaola£ naQE~ElVE OVOla01:tXa a~E'taOf...lJ'tlJ 177. '0 « OUV'tEf...EO'tl)£ XEcpaf...alOU » rtou ano ~EQlxa XQOVla naQouo(a~E ~lav Ef...acpQa n'tW1:tXl) 'taOlJ, aVEOlJXE atofllJ'ta 0' aV'tl) 'tl)V nEQLO()O· i] anO'tEf...EO~a1:tXO'tlJ'ta 'tIDV EnEvMoEWV OlJ~dWOE ~lav atofllJ'tl) n'twOlJ178.

Ol Xa~nllf...E£, EnO~EVW£ nOll xaQaX'tlJQl~OUV 'tl)V.XLVlJOlJ 'tl)£ j[aQaYWYLXO"[lJ'ta~ '1:1)£ xmVWVLX1)£ EQyaoLa£ OELXVOUV, YEVLxa, 'tOUf...aXlO'tOV ano 'to 1958-1959, 01:t ol nlJYE£ 'ty)£ Ex'tanxy)£ avamUSlJ£ ESav'tf...l)fllJxav xa( 01:t i] EXOLO~lJxavlolJ ECP'taOE oro av(htuto OQlO 1:lJ£. nQOEXU1jJE hOl i] avayxlJ va nEQloQl01:0UV ot ()anavE£ OE ~Eoa xal buva~El£,Oll~cpwva ~E 'to naQa()OOlaXO OXl)~a, ~OVO Yla 't(£ anOf...ll'tW£ avayxatE£ bUVm:01:lJ'tE£ avamUSlJ£ xat va EnaVESE'taO'tEt ft anO'tEf...EO~a1:tXO'tlJ'ta au'tOu 'tOU wonou avanaQaywyY)£ 'tIDV naQaYWYlXIDV ()UVa~EWV OE ouvaQ'tlJOlJ ~E 't(£ VEE£ ()uva'to'tlJ1:E£ nOll nQoocpEQOUV ot lWlOTtXEt; wwooAiC;. i] xm:a nQO'tEQaLO'tlJ'ta EcpaQ~Oyl) 'tY)£ E:7tLO'tl)~lJ£ otrv naQaYWYlXY)£ Mva~lJ£, ft YEa 'tEXVLXl), 0 EXOUYXQOVLO~O£ 'tY)£ naQaywyY)£ xa( ft Of...Onf...EuQlJ Ef...EUflEQWOlJ 'tIDV ()lJ~LOUQylXWv ()UVa~EWv 'tOU av8Q(hnou.

Ol O1:a1:t01:tXE~ naQouol(i~ouv rn(OlJ£ ~la ()LaQ8QwolJ xat ~la ()UVa~LX~ 'tIDV EnEV()llOEWV, rtou dVaL xaQax'tlJQL01:tXE£ 'tY)£ nEQL- 6()ou 'tY)£ EXOLO~lJxavlolJ£ xa( ()La~E'tQlxa av'tlfl€'tE£ ~E 'to nQooa()LO~a 'tY)£ Enlo'tT]~lJ£ navw o'tl)v 'tEXVLXl) xa( 'ty)£ 'tEXVLXy)£ navw o'tl) OLO~lJxaVlXl) naQaywyl). "Q01:000, mhE£ ol nQ01:EQaLo'tlJ'tE£ dVaL, onw£ dna~E, rrou anO'tEf...OUV 'tl) OaOlxl) nQounOflEOlJ 'tY)£ E:7tLO'tlJ~OVLXO'tEXVLXY)£ Enavao'taolJ£ (« avaf...oy(a 'tOU KEf...V1:t£ ») : ano 'to 1955 ~EXQL 'to 1962, ol EnEvMoEl£ Yla aVEYEQOlJ VEWV E:7tLXElQl)OEWV aUSaLvav :7tL0 YQl)yoQa an' O,1:t ol EnEVMoEl£ 01:(£ ~lJxavE£ xa( o'tl)v 'tEXVlXl), xa( av'tE£ naf...l aUSaLvav :7tL0 OUOla01:tXa ano 't(£ rnEvMoEl~ o'tl)V E:7tLO'tl)~lJ xaL o'tT]v EQEuva. Movo ano 'to

98

o nOAlTIIMOI ITO 27AYPO,tJPOMI

1964 aQXloav of aus'ijOEl£ nDV Em:vOUoEwV v6.. EXOUV mo nQooOEunxE£ avaAoytE£, av xat OE mo 01:EV'ij 00.0'1']179.

Of OLXOVO!UXE£ OUOXOAtE£ 1:WV 1:EAEU1:atWv XQovwv, of ()UOavaAoytE£ nov oruuouQy'ijfl'l']xav ano 1:'ij Ona1:aA'I'] 1:WV nlJYwv nAovwu, EiVal lOW£, m'ijv ouota WU£, oU[,lmw[,la1:a [,ll<l£ OaflV1:EQlJ£ nQaY[,lanxo1:lJ1:a£ : WU YEYOVOW£ on dVal aOvvaw va xQattovtcn OE aOQaVEla of WonOl ~at of avaAoytE£ 1:fJ£ EXOLO[,l'l']XaVLOlJ£, u' aAAa AOYla, anoxaAvmouv 1:'ijv unaQs'l'] [,ll<l£ oQlaxfJ£ YQa[,l[,llJ£ nEQa ano 1:'ijv onota f] aVan1:USlJ 1:WV naQaywYlxwV OuVa[,lEWV bEv [,lnoQd Jtla va nQaY[,lawnold1:aL [,lE 1:t£ naAlE£ [,lEflo()E£, aAAa !lOVO !LE 1:0 nEQaO[,la 01:'ijv bCLOTYJ!1-0VlXOTCXVIXtj bmvaotaon, EIVal aA'ijflEla nw£ f] EXOLO[,llJXaVlO'l'] flO. nQEnEl va OUVEXlO1:El axo[,la OE [,lLa OElQa W[,lEi£ (YEWQyta, OlXOOO[,lE£, xAn.) xat OE OQlO[,lEVE£ nEQLOXE£ 1:fJ£ XWQa; (~AOOaXta), aAAa, OUVOAlXa, 1:0 anocpaOlonxo 0' alno 1:0 maOw fl6.. EiVal 0 nQooavaWAlO[,lO; 1:fJ£ X(DQa£ nQo£ 1:'ijv Em01:'I'][,lOVlX01:EXVlX'ij EnaVa01:aO'l']. AU1:'ij f] noQda [,lnoQd va O1:lJQlX1:El :

a) 01:0V 1:EXVlXO ElWUYXQOVlO[,lO roii OUVOAOU tii£ EflvlXfJ£ OLxovoutnc, LOla(1:EQa 01:'ij ovvflE1:lJ EX[,l'l']XaVlOlJ xat auw[,lawnotl']olJ, 01:'ij XlJ[,llxOnOtlJo'l'] xat 01:(£ OlaQflQw1:lXE£ [,lE1:aWntOEl; nQo£ wV£ XAaOOUt:_; aiX[,lfJ£'

o ) 01:'ijv ESaAEL1jJ'I'] 1:fJ£ Ct:7t AfJ £ , aVELOtxEU1:'I']£ EQyanxfJ£ OUva[,llJ£ roii avflQwnou novtois onou 1:0 Enl1:QEnouv of 1:EXVlXE£, oixoVO[,llXE£ xat XOlVWVlXE£ OUVflfJXE£' OE !Lla mo an01:EAEO[,la1:lx'ij XQlJol[,lonot'l']olJ xa( aSLOnOt'l']Ol'] 1:fJ£ avflQwmvlJ£ EQyao(a£'

y) on) OLEVQUVOlj 1:fl)V oCPalQwv OQao1:'I']Qto1:l']1:a£ nov anO()EO[,lEVOUV 1:(; Ol']!LlOUQYlXE£ lXaV01:lJ1:E£ wu avflQwnou, nQowflouv 1:'ijv EcpaQ!L0Y'ij 1:fJ£ EJtlO1:'ij[,llJ£ 01:'ij ~w'ij OAOXA'I']QlJ£ 1:ij£ xOlvmv(a£ xat 1:'ij O'l'][,llouQyta 1:WV avayxatwv ECPEOQElWV yta [,lla nOlO1:Lx'ij O1:QoCP'ij 01:0V nQooaVa1:OALO[,lO 'tfJ£ avamUSlJ;.

'H m(Qa OECxvEL nw£ 1:0 Olj[,lEQlVO OV01:lJ!La OlEVfluvol']£ xat of flEWQl']1:LXE; aV1:lA'ij'\jJEl; nov 1:0 01:lJQ(~ouv xat nov YEvv'ijfllJxav OE ()lacpoQE1:lXE£ OUVflijXE£, bEv [,lnoQEOav xat bEv [,lnoQouv va OUAAaOOUV xat va XUQlaQX'ijoouv 1:0 onueio 01:QOCPij; ano 1:'ijv EXOlO[,llJXaVlOlJ 01:'ijv EnlO1:lJ[,lOVlX01:EXVlX'ij Enav6..01:a0'l'], O'l'][,lElO nEQa ano 1:0 onoio of EnEvOUoEl£ 01:t; nOL01:LXE£ aAAaYE£ 1:WV naQaywytXWv ()lIVa[,lEWV xa( owv£ naQaYOV1:E£ 1:ij; EV1:anxfJ; avamUS'l'];, 1:0V EXOlJYXQOVI.O[,lO, 1:t; 1:EXVlXE£ XalVOW[,ltE~, 1:'ijv npoaywy'ij 1:fJ£

o XAPAKTHPAI THJ: EnlJ:THMONIKOTEXNIKHJ: EnANAITAIHJ: 99

f:Jno1:'ij!llJ£, 1:'ijv avu'\jJooOlJ roii E:n:t:n:fOOU !loQCPooOlJ£ xat xanlQ1:L- 0lJ£, 1:'ij cpQoV1:tOa YLa 1:0V av8Qoo:n:0, YLa 1:0 :n:!::QLoaAAOV WU ~oof]£ xat EQyaO(a£, 1:'ij !ldooolJ 1:f]£ OLaQxHa£ EQyaO(a£, XA:n:., ytVOV1:aL, a:n:o 1:'ijv a:n:o'\jJlJ 1:f]£ OlJ!lLOUQyta£ 1:WV :n:aQayooYLXwV OUVa!lEooV xat 1:f]£ OlXOVO!l(a£ XQOVOU, mo a:n:0001:LXf£ a:n:o 1:'ijv OlxOM!llJOlJ veorv :n:aQaOOOLaxwV OLO!llJxaVLXWv E:n:tXHQ'ijOEooV. To a:n:01:fAEO!la dVaL !lLa DAO xa( mo alofllJ1:'ij XaflU01:fQlJOlJ roii :n:EQaO!laW£ 01:'ijv E:n:t01:lJ!lOVLX01:EXVLX'ij E:n:ava01:aolJ : 1:a 0lJ!laV1:LX01:EQa QEu!la1:a 1:lJ£ !lOAL£ aQX(~ouv va E!lcpav(~OV1:aL 01:'ij ~oo'ij 'tf]£ XWQa£, xat EX- 0lJAWVOV1:aL Of E!lOQUWOlJ uo QCP'ij , ouv XmW1:EQlJ oafl!ltOa xai, Of !lEQLXE£ :n:EQL:n:1:U)OEL£, !l0VO 01:0 :n:HQalla1:LxO o1:UC'no. !:!.EV E:n:lJQEa~ouv axolla atofllJ1:a 1:0V :n:QooavawALollo xat 1:(£ oaoLxE£ avaAOY(E; 1:f]; XOLVooVLXf]; ava:n:1:UslJ;. "Av xa( t1 TOExooAoOaxta, IlE 1:0V oyxo :n:aQayooyf]; 1:lJ; :n:aQaOoOLaxwv OLOlllJxavLXWv dowv, !l:n:OQEl va UIlLAA(l'taL IlE 1:(; mo :n:QOlJYIlEVE; XWQE; roii XOOIlOU180, !lEVEL :n:oM :n:(OOO a:n:' alJ1:E£ 0' D,1:L acpoQu 1:'ij OLaQflQooolJ (xa( xma ouvE:n:Ha 1:'ij OuvaIlLX'ij) 1:WV :n:aQaYOOYLXWv OuvallEooV, 0' D,1:L acpoQu 1:(; aAAaYE; rtou "(Evvoilv 1:'ijv :n:QooOo xa( rtou o'ij!lEQa a:n:oxwilv a:n:ocpaoL01:Lx'ij OlJllao(a.

"Av xa( 1:a EQya01:'ijQLa, ol E:n:tXHQ'ijoH; xa( 1:a EQYOO1:aOLa 1:f]£ TOExooAooax(a; EXOUV U'\jJlJA'ij 1:EXVLX'ij 01:a8IllJ, 1:0 IlEOO E:n:(m()o auw!law:n:o(lJolJ; dVaL OXE1:Lxa XalllJAo. 'Exro; a:n:o alJ1:o, i] OLOlllJxav(a 1:WV IllJxavOxmaoxEuwv 01:lJQ(~E1:aL xma 70% 01:'ijv :n:aQay())y'ij 1l0vaOLxwv !l0V1:EAooV ii 01:'ijv :n:aQayooy'ij OE IlLXQ'ij OEtQa, E'tOL :n:ou i] auwllaw:n:o(lJolJ a:n:aL1:Et, OE :n:OAAE; :n:EQL:n:1:WOH;, Evav mQt:n:AoxO EvOLallEoo xQ(xo : EhE IlLa !lE1:aOa1:Lx'ij mQ(o()o, avayxa(a YLa va 6AOXAlJQ())8El i] EXlllJXaVLOlJ xa( yea va aUSlJflEl i] :n:aQay())y'ij OE IlEyaAlJ oHQa, EhE 1:0 :n:EQaolla Of IlLa via 1:EXVOAOyea, :n:avoo 01:'ij oaolJ :n:QoXO)QlJ!lEVooV xa( EAa01:LXWV 1l0QcpwV auwIlmo:n:ollJOlJ£, :n:OU XQlJOLllo:n:OLEl :n:QoYQa!llla1:LoIlEvlJ 1:EXVLX'ij, ou- 01:'ijllma runonomusvu, XA:n:. ~1:l1V TOExooAooax(a, 6 ESO:n:AWIlO; 1:WV Eyxma01:aOEooV (lllJxavE£ xa( 1:EXVoAoYla) OE oWLxda auwllaw:n:o(lJolJ; elvrn XOV1:QLxa a:n:o 3 IlEXQL 6 CPOQE; XmW1:EQo£ a:n:' D,1:L 01:t£ HnAl81. 'IOLa(1:EQa oooaQ'ij riVal i] XaflU01:EQlJOlJ 0' D,1:L ·acpoQu 1:(; aVW1:EQE£ 1l0QCPE£ auwllaw:n:o(lJolJ£ (oU01:'ijllma xvOEQVI]TtXi};; xa( 1:EXVLX'ij U:n:OAOYLOIlOil). 'Q; :n:Qo; 1:0V aQLflllo 1:WV Eyxa1:a01:lJIlEvooV V:n:OAOYL01:WV xa1:a ExawllllUQLO xrrtotxouc, i]

100

o nOAlTI:EMOJ: 2.TO J:TAYPOL1POMI

TOEXOOAooaxla EQXE1:al JtOAU JttOoo cmo 1:(£ 1:EXVtXa mo JtQO'l']Y~EVE£ XWQE£ 'tOU XOO~OU182.

naQa 1:'ijv JtQOOOO 1:f]£ Xl']~ELa£ Xat ~ta 0XE1:tXa YQ'ijYOQl'] avaJtWSl'] 1:f]£ X'I']~txf]; otO~l']xaVta£ 01:'ijv 1:EAEum(a OEXaE1:ta, 1:0 eiOtXO oaQo; mhou roii W~Ea 01:'ij otO~l']xavtx'ij JtaQayooy'ij 'tf]; TOEXOOAooax(a£ riVal uovo 8,5% (x at ~ aUSl']Ol'] JtaQouoLa~Et 1:aol'] EJttoQaoUvo'l'];), EVW riVal 0XEMv 1:0 OtJtAaOto OE ~La OEtQa 1:EXVtXa aVamUY~EVE; XWQE£. 'H JtaQaywy'ij JtAa01:tXWV UAWV xma xawLxo onlY TOExooAooax(a dVal 3 CPOQE£ ~txQ01:EQ'I'] aJt' a,1:t 01:t£ HnA xat 01:'ij ~. rEQ~av(a183, rtou EXOUV 1:a JtQW1:Ei:a 0' alnov 1:0V roue«.

'H om1:to1:tx'ij yta 1:a xauoL~a xa( 1:'ijv EVEQYEtax'ij oixovoutu 01:'ijv TOExooAoOaXta oE£xvEt axo~a ~ta avaAoyta 83% yta 1:a 01:EQEa xauOt~a (svuvn 40 w£ 70 % 01:(£ 1:EXVtXa mo aVaJtWY~EVE£ XWQE£)· 1:0 JtOOO01:0 1:WV uYQwv xat aEQ(ooV xuuotucov ausavEt aQya. 'EsaAAou AEtJtEt ~ xmaAAl']Al'] oto~l']xavLx'ij XQ'I']Ot~oJto('I']Ol'] 1:f]£ JtuQ'I']vtxf]£ EvEQYEta£ (JtQOOAEJtE1:al i] XQ'ijo'l'] 1:l']; OE ~EyaAu- 1:EQl'] xf...(~axa uovo 01:'ijv 8l'] OEXaE1:ta). Auto uJtooa8~(~Et JtOAU 1:0 UljJl']AO EJttJtEOO 1:UlV JtQWWYEVWV Jt'l']ywv EvEQYEta; 1:f]; TOEXOOAOoax(a£ xa( aJtaOxoAEi: ~ta OuoavaAoya ~EyaA'I'] xooomru EQya1:txf]£ Mva~'I']£ 01:'ijv ESOQUX1:tx'ij oto~'I']xav(a184.

"AAAOL w~Ei:£ aJtOcpaOL01:tXO( yta 1:0 JtEQao~a 01:'ijv EJtt01:l']~OVtX01:ExvtX'ij EJtavaOmo'l'] aV1:t~E1:ooJt(~ouv avaAOya JtQooA'ij~am. 'H 1:EXVtx'ij Xa8U01:EQl']0l'] elvrn ouxva (Xvl']ouxaotLx'ij 01:0U£ JtaQa~EA'I']~EVOU£ aJto 1:0 OXEOtO EXOto~'I']xavtol']; xAabou£ : 01:(£ UJtl']QEOtE£, 01:(£ ~E1:acpoQE£, 01:(£ EJttXOtvooV(E£, XAJt. Kot ~ nourtnra 185 EJt(O'l']£ OEV dVal txavoJtot'l']1:tx'ij, amv JtaQou~E lJJtoljJl'] aU1:0 rtou 8a mQ(~EvE xavEt; aJtO 1:'ijv 1:OEXOOAooaxLxl'] 1:EXVtx'ij. 'H EAAEtljJ'I'] Euxa~ljJ(a; xa( ol JtOAU OUXVE; aoaQlE£, bEv JtQOSEVOUV uovo UAtXE£ ~l']~tE£, aAAa xat UJtOVO~EUOUV 1:0 YOl']1:Qo 1:f]£ 1:OEXOOAoOaXtXl']; 1:EXVLXf]£ xa( 1:'ijv JtaQaooo'l'] Evo; U'\jJl']AOU EJttJtEOOU JtaQaywyf]£ JtOU xafltEQwvE 1:'ij 8EO'l'] 1:f]; TOExooAooaxla£ 01:0V OtEflviJ xam~EQtO~O EQyaola£.

Koi my~EvE; JtQooJt1:txa, ol mo oooaQE£ amOAEtE£ dVal aun'C; JTOU afpoQOt1v TOV (iv8QwJTo. T'ijv avaJtw~'I']1:WV <51]!1-IOVQYlXWV