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Μαρξ, Ενγκελς, Λένιν - Για το γυναικείο ζήτημα (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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Mnopsi apaye vn onvmorsi KavEie; rno 11:apal,OYT], rrto cxrrmVOT]TT] KaTaaTa(JT] a;;:o aUTll rtou rreplypu<oeTat (j' ouro TO ypar.q.w; Ka-ruamaT] TOOU, Oi11:Aa a' ot.a T' nAt,a, avaYKa'n rov avrpa va !.IT]Y stvor CtvTpae;, Kat tTl yuvailCa vc o-rspsirm TT] 8T]ADKOtT]TU TT]e;, ;:OD oev piwpd va rrpo(JO(i)m:1 OUT£ aTOV cvrpc rnv zpnvunTlKi) 8T]ADKOrT]TU, ours m:T] yuvntxn TT] yvnma avoro~pimf.ta. I(CltacrtaaTJ rrou us TOY mo ataXPO rpoxo £;W-r£:}j'Et Ka! tn ODD (ll)Aa, Kat 1:0 Ka8£va xropta-ra, rtou mr::f.1VWVSl TT]V av8p(i)1'ClVT] a;to;:p£;;:81a, xi auti) aKpl~We; T] I(CltaaraaTJ elvrn TJ Tf.A1Kll aUVf;n:Eta TOU 7WAUE;UIlVT]ptvou rroA.tTla!.l00 !.la;, TO tSi'.lKO a11:0T£;I-salla Ot,OW rcov rrpoana8clc:iw nou f.ICavav SKaToVtaoc; Yf.Vltc; yta tTl P£i, tiroaT] rcov auvOT]KwV olapiroaT]S roco nov {Otrov, oco Kat HOY nnovovoiv touc! Bld:rrov-rae; vc KataVTOl>V Kop6io[a Ta arrot£AealJaTa oAwv tWV rrpoan:a8SIWV TOU avOpWITOU, OLV /la; unousvsr rrapa 11 vo arrf.AITlaiOU!.l£ yta TT]V tOla rnv av8prorrOTTlTa xm tn m:;:pro!.leva TT]e;, i] vo n:apaO£XTOUW: rrroe; aUTi) aVa'T]TOUa£ roe; rdipn tT]V EUtuXia TT]e;, aICo],ou8wVTCli; Aa8f.:!.lEVOUe; Spououc, Ilpsrrst va ;;:apaOEXtOU!.lf.: rrroe; T] Tf:na rrAi)pT]e; Olaatpt~AroaT] rrov axtm:rov avallcaa ata 000 90Aa aTa8T]KC ouvanl )lOVO Kat )lOVO srrEloi) 01 axtaf.le; aUtte; ElXav OtICoOO/lT]8d aITO TT]V apxil ;:avw cs AaOsptVT] paaT]. A v Tl KUptaPXia rcov ynvalKrov mrvm crouc aVTpSe; non ysvvasl avarrooenxta TO OAO spvocrnomxo a0cr-rTJpa OEV !l!.la 'tOY av8pror::o, crllJ.laivEt rrroe; xm T] apX1ICi] ICuplapxia TOU aVTpa n:uvro ern ynvaiICa npem.:t va 8smpT]8£i srriaTJe; atl!.lWTlICi) yta tOY av8pro1[0. Av trope T] yuvnixn a'tllpi,CI TT]V Knptapxia TTle;, orrro; aAAOt!': 0 aVtpae;, am Ott aUTi) aICpl~ro; f.:;OIKOVO!.lf.:t TO W:yaA0Tspo )lepOe; i) aKopa Kat oi,OK}'T1PTl rnv KOlVi] rreptouotc 'tTl; oucoveveinc, auto crTwaivf.l rrwe;, T] ICOtVOICtTlIlOa0vll tT]e; n:splOuaia; Ssv ftrav rrpaY!.la'ttKi], OEV nvmxoxpivorcv aTT] AOY1- ICi), soocov eva arro eo )l£ATI ICaUXtetat on rrpooosps TO !.leyal,uTEpo !.lepoe;. Kat !.l0VO TO y£yovoe; on a'tTl af>YXpovT] KOIV(OVia T] OlICOyeVeta OlaAUf.:tal arro081xvEl ort aUVOf.'ttKOe; 'tT]e; xptxoc Sev ilrav Tt OlICoYEvElalCi) ayatrT], aA·Aa TO rtpooromxo ouuoepov rrou OlatTlPOUVTav rrapa TT] om VOIlEV1Ki) xoivoxmuooovn TTle; rtcptouaiae;"'. Ot i8u;:e; a!.lOlpuis:;; axeaf.le; OT]!.lIOUpyouvtat Jet orav rn

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KarrOlo~ rra1'Epa; llaArom:: ru; OUO Eluya1:tpe~ rou Ylu1'i KaElov1'av O'tT]V taBtpva K1 f.Kdv£~ rou arroKpi01')Kav on ~aptEl1')Kav mn vo Un:UlWUOUV os :rrpoO"1'ayf.~· 0"1'0 81a~oAo va min;, elrrnv- clucere urroxpErolltve~ va cra~ (}\)V1'T]pOUlle, aAAa rrpEn:et va arroAallPavonus Kt el .. u::i~ Kun arro 1'11 50UAta l1a;. Etpuyav uno to rmrpixo O":rrin, eyKa1:aAd7tov1'a~ o"1'1')V tUXT] rouq n:a1'f:pa Kat Ilava.

Ot avUrrUV1:pEe; yuvai.Ke~, non IlEyaJ.,roO"av O"LT) Oal17tp1Ka, Ssv ~pio"KOVtat crr. Kal,ULepT) uoipc nno n~ 1tav1'pel1i:vE~. Eivm autoVOll1'O Ott tva xopirot 7WU ano La EVVta rou xpovla OOUA.eOet O"1'T) Oalln:P1Ka OEV eiXE rrro~ va l1aElf.t 1:1~ oou/,le~ LOU emnou, IWt yt' cuto Ol,e~ 01 KOn:tAee; 1WU epya~ovtat m: tpa).lrrP1KS~ sivm n:AEiwe; ane1pe~ ere OlKtaKa, aviKave~ va xouunvrnpouv to VOlKOKUptO. Asv stpouv OU1:f. va paBouv, outs va 7tAEKOUV, OU1'E va I.Wytlpeuouv, OU1'f. va J7AtvOUV, OEV Ka1'EXOUv 't"l~ mo an:t"f~ OOUI,tEe; rou omnou, svro Y1a 1'0 rrw~ n:pem::l va qlEpov1'al O"La ).ltKpa 7tatOta Ssv f.XOUV xcv tOEa. I:1'Ov «Aito/,oytO"IlO 1'T]~ £m1'po1tit~ Y1a 1'llv f.~f.1'uO"T) 1'T)~ OOUAtae; O"n~ (!)a).lrrpIKE~», KataXropouV1'Ul oeKaoe~ n:upaoeiy).lam O"Xf.tlKa ).If. to t;f)1'T]).la curo, evro 0 Sp, XOKtVe;, O"uyypatpta~ tT]~ tKElmT)e; y1a 1'0 Anvxcmp, otaturrWVst t't~ rrapaKa1'w an:OVf.ts (OiT) m:Aioa 4 1'OU «AitOAOY10").lOU»):

«Tn xopireic rravtptuovtat npoeopc Kat aouAAoytm:a, Acv txouv ours 't11 Sovcrornru, oorc 1;0 xpavo, oore '[IlV CUKatpia vc C1;OtKetro80uv !It '[1<; !tIO mrapalt11tc<; u1wxperooct:; 't11<; VOlKOKUPU:;. Ila Kl ornv aKoI.w tc ti(ouv DAa auta, uorspc nrro to yallo, BEV rou; usvet :na Xpovo:; yw 'llv EK1tJ.l'jpm(Jll rcov U1!Oi(P€roOE:(I)V cunov, H 1l11'tf:pa arroorru,u\ Ka011lltp\VU a:ro to r:moi

Otl<; 412 OU!lllP1Kt<; 'tOU !\aVKa01p oou).euo\lv 10,721 l!avTpcllsVt; yUVUiKE:~ .. A::6 'tOu; avopt~ TOU:; 1l0VO 0\ 5.314 r.PyU~OVTUl E1!lol]; OE QlUllllP\Kt~, 3 .. 927 K(lVOUV SIU(;IOPE~ a).As:; OO\)].lt~ K((( 821 civm EV1EAW; o.vr.pym, r.va) yta 659 OEV Ullripxouv oxenKu flTOlXr.iu. ETClt Ot Kufle oUflrrplKa avaf.oyouv ouo. cv 0X1 tpel';, UV'tPf.f; rrou ~oUvr. o£ papo~ 'll; cpyaoiw; rcov )'UVatKWV tOU~,

nv; yw: OCOOI>Ka OAOk'ATlP£~ tilpE':;, To r-:moi to (!)poVTi~Et k'anOla k'OlteMt 1'1 KCmOta yptU svcvn Ilta.:; oPtcrlltVTl~ XPTl!1aTlKij<; aIlOt~ije;. fEpa an' (lUTO, 11 !l:n1:o\ldll torv Epyatrov nou 001)400l.)v O'E I(Hl!11tptk'a &v dVal Cl'uV1l8ro<; aUTO 1tOU A£.,,{E'tat 01ttn (home), aAM U1t6yEtO, onou O€v unupxouv OUtE j1aYEtplk'U U1Cf.lll'\. 06'tE 'ta a1tupaitll'tU XP€!tilOTI "{let to 1tf.6m!10, TO pnl;llllo !Cat TO llavtnpto!Jct, t:at U1tO 'to orroio A.mnEt, o,n Oa jl1t0P0UoE: va KaVEt tTl ~ro1'1 EUX;O:PIO'tTl, no},molltvll Km rnv OtlwyevEmKi! &o'tio. 0.K\)OnKTl, na OAOU<; autoUe; Kat Yla OlaCIIOPOU<; ill.ou<; A6you<;, IOmt'tEpa I'm tTlV npoorcotc tTl<; ~ro1i.:; !Cal TTl~ uyEiac; rrov 1tmDttilv, e6X:0!l1lt Kat Ef.ni1;ro vu 'p9EI KO:1tOtE 0 KatpO.:; ltOU ea a1tayopeUf.tat one; naVTp£!1€ve<; va Epya~ov'tQl».

EExroPlG'tE<; 1tEPlTrTO:)O'Et<; ICCL1 aJ'[oS6i~Sl<; ~/,tJ'[E orov «AnoxoytGllO 'tnc; EJ'[LTpOrrTt<; ylCL TTiV E~t't"CLcrll TTI<; OOUAUI<; crn<; <!>UllrrplICEC;» , KaOOEA, VTOICOO)!EVtCL, aEA. 37, 38, 39, 72, 77, 50. TUt;lvM., V'!OKOU)!SV't"CL, crBA. 9, 15, 45, 54 lui.

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rrapa Ot11 (j)it).mpllCa. em 1'] qltl.!l1tpuca sivct Ot1']V ltpaY!lanK'onl'ra to ICCt'tW(j)Al t1']~ K'ot.aerTl~' Kt on oi rr&plaeron:p&~ 1tOPV&~ ol{l&ilouv TO K'aTUVT1']lla 'tOU~ au'to OT1'] (j)a!lrrplfca (llaou&p, vtoxocuevru, aeA. 8). AAAO~ aUTOrrT1']~ arro 'to Mnvrceorsp ((OHlI3El3mIDVEt averrUpUAaK''ta orr ru Wia tstaptu rrov vsaprov &pyatplrov, rrou OOI)AEOOUV cru; QU!l'lCPUCE<;, TlA.l1da~ J 4 ID~ 20 Xpovwv, txouv xaasl nOM<; 't1']V n:apeSvta roue» (KlwUEA, vroxoousvrc, as'}... 57). Knnoio !l&A.o<; t11~ Eltltporeil~ KaouEA urroa't1']pit;sl on YEVIK'a 1'] 1']O\K'6'tT)ta nov &pya'tplwv nou OOUAEUOI)V cs ~a!lreplK'e~ eivnt Aiyo lCaTWtEPTl arro TO !lEaO Errirrsoo TTl~ 1']91KOTTlta<; t11<; EpyanK'il~ taS11~ (erEA. 82), gVW 0 op. XOlClV<; At&t «(ElCOEcrrp), 0&1,. 4}:

«H lle\1~bTIl'ra B£v 1tpoO"Btopi~£'t"al euxo}.a IJI: aplOlJo1X;, aUa av etvm vo ~a<nO"ttiJ O"'tt~ rrpoO"Ct)1tlxt; 61J1t&l.pie;;; IJOIJ, O"W; '1v(i)lJe; OA(i)V £1Cf.ivrov 11£ tou;;; oxoiooq &'t\)Xe va O"v~1']'t"l)O"Ct) to 6E:lJa auto, Kat 0"1:1'] yevtk:l) £vtUltW<lll alto 'tt<; l1alympie.:; nov crtJ'IICE:VTpwO"a. OAOXA1']PWVttUl 11 flAlj3£p6'!at1'] £lXQVa tTJ<; t1ti.OPacrll<; noo aO"lCtt 11 ~Ct)1) t1']C; ql!llJ1tpllCac; :ruvCt) ernv 1']flllCOtTJra '1"1']<; v!:oi.ai.a.:; '1l.wmlCf.iolJ 9UAO\) ».

Eivm nurovonro on 11 crKA.al31a 'tT)<; i?a!lnpllCa~ arov iow pa0ti0 07rWC; tau !CaOc. aUl1 aK).apliz. uv 0X1 nspicoorspo, OiVEl orov atp£v't1'] jus primae noctis". Kat, cno T1']V arroV11 aU'tij, 0 t010K"tTt't1']~ tTl<; lila)! n: pllca<; E~Ouatats1 to 0 rolla xru rc K'aA.I.1'] teov spya'tpulw rou, H am::lAij T1J~ anOAU01']<; stvrn apK&'tij cr«; SVVla (lreo ru; Of;K'a 1tEptntroast<;, av 0X1 cru; EVEVTtVTa svvsc an~ sKa'to, yta va K'U)!\!fSl lCu9s cvriorccn t1']<; KonEAw;, non ctm K\ al.I.tro<; OEV sK'n,.ui Kat roco rnv aYVO't11'ta 't1l~. Otnv 0 EpyoatacnapX11~ sivm reot.» aXpeioc; - !Cal 11 tv;:O&Ol1 t1']C; EmTporeil~ aVaC!l£pEl reoAA8<; TEne~ 1tEplrr'trocrel<; - 'to spyooruoto -rOU yiw:ml auva!la Kat XapBlll tOU. Kt orcv ax:o)!a 06V lCavol)v o/.Ot oi epvooruoidpX~ XPTt01'] tOU OlKaUO)!ato<; al)t06, ouomorucc 11 !Ca'tuaraaTl tOW xoprrottev OEV allut;.Et. 4'tTlV apxtK'Tt nepiooo avare1:u/;1']<; tTI<; ~lO!l1']X(lvia~, oi rrsptccorepot ~lO~TtXIlVOt, rtou Tt'tav 'tuxap1taotot, . a)!Op(j)CO'tOl o.v8pcore01 Kat OEV totvav Ka)!tu a1']lluoia oru urrOK'ptttK'U Tt8Tl 'tTl<; K'otvO)via~. aOll:oooav uoro 1:0 «exixrnro» OtK'aiIDlla us 0),,1'] rou; 't1']V aVOOTl.

Fur va ElCn!l1)croU)!E O())O'tu 't11V cn:iopaa11 T1']~ EpyoataallllC"~ SOUAta<; reuvO) ctn lIlum!CTt KIlTua-ra<T11 rrov yuvatK'rov, stvm rrpiv arr' OAa avayK'1'] vn E~E'taaOU!lE TTl OOUAta tWV reatOtrov, K'a9(oc; Kat

rn oUloopa dOT] 1:T):;; KaOm)LO Epyaoi.a<;. Ta ;ratOlU an:aoXOt.otJVTat oru; (j)(Ij.J.repIKE:;; cno TT] ony).!1i 7tOU xpmroeucnviorrpce T) ouyxpoVT) ~to).lTJxavi.a: OTT)V apx";, orv; ).!T)Xavt<;, e~anf.a:;; nov ).I ucp (iw , Kat npvorspo 'HOV aU~T)j.J.f:vrov OlUotaoEciw roue, f:pya~Ovtal urroKM::IOtlKU oXf:06v, remOla, rrou La repo).lT)BcUovTav K'upiro:;; cxo ro aouAo. 01 EpyooTUOlapXE<; tn ).!ioeroVQV o).!aOlK'U, onv «j.J.aeT)TEUO).lEVa» yta rro/,Aa XpOVlU. :Eta reatOUl EOIvav K'0l VO ouooitlo, ro ottya~av oTT)V iOla Ka.OlK'ia, rc svruvcv OJ.J.OIO).!opoa xm, svvostTal, ";'tuv ertnv K'uplOt.E1;ia OoUf.m LOU nosvrucou, noo oUj.J.7tEPt<JItpovrcv aretvani rooc .).!f. tT) w:yaAUrf.pT) OK't.T)po'tTJta K'at pap~apornro. H ayaVaK'TT)oT) ;O:Ou TrpOK'af'OUOc ornv KOtV"; yvro).lT) mrro to ooopnro ouotT)).Ia EK'OpaotT)K'E to 1796 KloAa:;; .000 rtnpnorutlKa areo rov Opa ntpolpaA Kat toy oep P. nlA (pa).lpaK'oplo).lilXavo, r.:attpa ton onucptvoo nrroupvou), roors TO KOlVOPOUAlO un:oXpr.ci)OllK'E vu IJITJoioEt to 1802 vouo ym rou; j.J.aeT)teUO).lEVOU<;, o onotoc reEptOpl~e ru; mo K'a't(lOropE<; TrapaptaaEl:;;;. ME 1:1')v 1tUpOOO tau Xpovou, apXloE vn 10XUEI 0 auvayrovloj.J.0S troy Et.EUeEprov epvntrov, 1tOU f.K'TOmaS to oUOTT)j.J.a tT)<; j.J.aOiltEuOTJ<;. :ETO ).IETIl~U .1<; (j)U).!7tPtK'E::;; apxtoav va r«; xtf.~ouv ot,oEva auxvoTEpa cru; reO),cI<;, K'aTaOKEUa~Ovtav j.J.eyaAUtEpCS !-IT)xavE<;, 0 e;aePIO!-lOS rrov UltOO'tEYrov j3eA nroBT)KE, lCaOli)s Kat T) ouvt";PTlail LOU:;. Me toy xmpo rrpotK'U7t<E O1:aOtaK'a OAOEva reeplooo<epT) oOU/,Hl yta <Ou:;; evilAlIwu:;; K'at tou; EOT)POU<;, repayj.J.a rrou ouvn:Aoum: 0<0 va et.QLt{J)eci K'arrro:;; 0 crXE:nlCo:;; aPle!-lO:;; 7tUlOtrov 7tOU a;:aoxoAounav cru; !ptl).lreptK'CS K'at va au1;T)eEi Kcmro:;; T) TJAIK'iQ nou upXtt;av va OOUAEUOUV. :El'mvlO-rEpa ETrmpVaV trope OTT) oou/.ta reaiOla K'U'tro rmv 8 - 9 xpovrov svro upvorspc, orero:;; ea OOU).IE nupnxrrno, T) VO).lOOE'ttK'''; e1;ouoia xpelaoTT)K'E va Sn:t).lPEt E1tavEll'll).l).ltva yta va 1!po(HatEUOE:l tu 1tmOuI a1to <T)V a7tAT)cr<ia 1:1')S acrTtK''';:;; <a;TJ:;;·

H ).IEyM'TJ OVTJOl).lotTJTU avU).IEaa am remoul troy epyatrov, lOmltEpa nov PtO!-lT)XaV1K'flW, civrn f.1)yAroTTT) a1tOOEl~T) yta <IS avOUY1Etvt<; crnvO";K'CS ).Itoa oru; oxota; 1tEPVOUV ru !-llK'pa LOUS XpOVlU. 01 iOlE:;; autf::;; attic:;; E1tlOpOUV K'CU aTQ 1tmOta rtou f,.tf:VOUV otT) ~ro";, av Kat, !puolK'a, OXI oe rooo ).!f.yaAo paBf,.to, 01":ros C1tl0POUV os KElVa rtou <a OOllYOUV oro Bavaw. :En:;; KaAUtepe:;; 1tCpt1t'troow;, Ot alLie:;; aUtt:;; ExOUV ouv arro<EACa!-la ).IIa OptO).lBVTJ TrpooH:iOf.Oll yw K'a1tOta cppdirrnn il 1:1')v KaeUa<BpT)oT) ern crroj.J.aTtKll ava1t'tu;T), apa K'al ).IEt(j)oT) iTJ:;; ouotle";:;; QVTOXll:;;, as oUYK'pt-

all !If. to <lmmo/.oyu,a avanttlam)!l£vo 1ta10i. To f.vvtaXpovo 1WIOi cvo; ~W,.nlxuvtK'OU Epyatll, to ortoio W:ya.t .. oios !If:aa atll OTroXf.W, xut I.oyt)e; - ~.oyiJe; otf.pt)aEte;, !ltoa ornv uvpnotn xut aLO K'pi;o, rrou OEV t)mv nOTt SEata. vruusvo l<'at £!If.lVe Of: a1taiOla xutoucln, tXEI aauYKptta uucporepn lKavoTllTa Yla spvooic, aIT' o.n to 1tatOl 1tOU J.!eya.lrom: af. mo tlytl.:tvtc; ouvSijKf.e;. Ar:.iJ ta 8VVta. LOU XPOVta, TO nmol nuro 'W Ottf.vouv ern onuzpucc, ozou OOtlACOCt 6,5 (upee; K'a011!lf.Ptva. (ttaAt61:"epa OOt)AWE 8 Kat mo rtprv 12 - 14, al\o!ll1 xm 16 ropf.e;) roe; 'W oCl\atpia TOD XPOVta, f.vro uorcpn cno T11v l1}.lKia aUTt), ro~ ro 18 TOU Xpovta, 12 O}pcC;. Ot ani£e; rtou E1t11PEaCouv apV11tll\a. TOV opvuviO!lO £SaKOt .. OtlSOUV va mxuouv, 01l0)e; 11 OOtlAta atlSavEt oe oYK'O OAoEva Kat ;r8ptOOOTEpo. Mnopci va reapaOe;(TOU!lE on tva 8VVUl" xpOVO n:atoi, jet orov cxouo civm ;;atol cpyaTll, j.J.1!0pEi v' aVTtS8t or I\USllIlEptVt) cpvnoin 6.5 roprov, xropie; 11 ~lWtU ITO\) 1tpOKaAct OtOV opvnviouo rou 11 rEna OOtl}.ul va yivf.'wt azoB1]rr, Kat ot.ooavEP11, aAt.a, OE KalltU ;;cpiretwall 11 rtupnuovf OT11v a1tORV!xTtKij, tl¥pi] K'at ouxva C£(Jti] uruocornpc TaU Epyom:aaioD ocv 11 zopei va em1P£aaEt et:J8PYEttl\a. rnv tlycia roo. Kat yevllca stvm arwpaOEKto va Stlmat;ctat ot11V a1tt,110tia <TJ<; aonKt)e; taSlle; 0 xpovo; ITOU S1tpcr':c va uoisprbvctrn areOI\ACtottKa yta tll aWJ.!anK'ij 8tareAaaTJ Kat t11V 1tvCtlJ.!anl\i] Kar .. AtEpYEla rrov reatotrov. Ta 1tatota orspouvrtn TO axo}.£io I\at tOY K'aSapo af::pa yw va cnoospoov I\tpooe; crouc I\Uptotle; Epyoataotupxf.e;. H aAijScla f.ivat on 11 aattKi] taS11 a;cavra roe; Esi]e;: av OEV ar::aaxof.t)aou!lc E!lEie; rc ttatOta· an<; <pawtpm::; atlTa Kat "aAt Oa sOuv oe atlVSi]Kf.<; Otlo!lEvci<; ym T11v aVU1HuSt) roue, reVll\U, curo dVal ococro, a).),a n aKpL~ro; allllaivf.t, orcv TO ICal,oal\co'W1)j.J.e; L11llaivf.t on 11 aanKt) Ta;Tl l\ataOtl\usct, npdrro tc reatota. troy spyrrrdiv OE ar:.(Iim8<; OUVSt)Kf.e; I\t uorspu ot:v otota~f.l va 8K!lf.taH£un;( atltt; Tt<; arraiatf.<; OtlVSijKf.; npoc o<oei\.6e; tll;. I1poj3aAA£t on OtKatOAoyia uto l\aTaotaall, rrou sivm oTOV ifno [{aSllo tpyo OtKO T11;, ooo Kat ot..Ol\)..rlPo to !3W!ll1XaV11\0 cccrnuo. To onuspivo TTJe; tyl\ATl!la to OlKatOAOyd Ilc TO tYKAll!la 1tOU ottrrpa~f. Xn:e;. KI av 11 VO!loSEoia nov (I({Iopd tnv cpyaaia OTa Epyoorama oev T11; BoeVE, Eonn ro<; tva l3aS!lO, ru xtplll, m.oe; Sa uil:f.paa1tl~av ta (1)!l<ptpovta troy f.pyaTrov f.1\f.iVOl Ol «ICaAo;'!poaipetoi», «(IvOpront01"S;» uo toi, nou Ota1"f.ivovtat on 9Tla!;aw: ne; OaIlITptKE; !lOVO Kat 1l0VO yta XUpll troy spvurrov: Ae; OOU!lC owoe;

rt auvtpatVE an~ <pa!lltptK'E~ repOTOU aTaOEi reavw area TO KEOUAt TWV spyoaramupXmv 0 &p'YoaramIlI\:O~ ErrteSWpT)'!11~. A~ TOU~ ~EaKsrr(za81 0 areOKaA.UnTIK'O~ a1toA.oYlalJo~ TIl~ ptOIJT)xavtK'TJ~ Em'tpo1t11~ yta to 1833, 't"T)~ oreoia~ to KUpO~ avayvwpi~stat areo TOU~ iOlOU~.

LTT)V tK'OsO'T) TIl~ KEVTptK'i];; smt'poreTJ~ avat;lEpet'at on as IlSptK'E~ ltEptrr'!!:baSt~ re natot(z apxi~ouv vc SPY(z~OVTat an~ <pa!lrepIK'S~ llK'alla area rn 1tEVTS TOU~ xpovta, auxvoTspa area to EKtO ho~ TT)~ T)J...llcia~ roue, reoA.u O'Uxva ano 1:0 tPOO!lo. K'n1 O'uvi]ew~ areo TO oyooo - Eva to tTO~ TT)~ T)Atlcia~ TOU~, on T) Epyacn!J.T) !lEpa otapK'ouas auxva 14 - 16 roPE~. xwpi~ vn ureoJ...oyi~STnt TO 'haA.e11lIla Yla <payT)to xm on 01 tOtOX'ti)TS~ SreEtpSnav aTOU~ SrrtaTaTs~ ve OEPVOUV rn reatOta, Evm reOAA£~ <popt~ XS1POOtxononv K'at at i0101.

K. Mape lcar <P. EttyktAC;, A1!"a~'l"a, ro". 1, ac.l 371-38/.

H sreiOpa(lT) non aO'KEi T) spyoat'amaKlt OOUAta aTO yuvatK'Eio opyavta!l0 €iVat sreiaT1~ reoAu tOlO!lOP<PT). Ot pAaPs~ ztou repOKaA.el orov opvcvtouo tT)<; yuvaiKa~ T) napat'STnIl&VT) spya.m!J.T) !J.tpa, stvci aol3apOTSpSe; an' o,n orouc aVTpSe;: T) reapa!lap<proaT) 'CT)~ A.eK'aVT)~, onv anOtEA.ea!J.a sv !J.EPSt tT)~ avnlCaVOVtK'lt<; aTaaT)~ Kn1 TT)e; aVO>!laA.T)e; ava1t'Ct)~T)r; reov tOtrov tWV ocrrov tT)~ A.elCavT)~, Kat t» IlEpst onv auv6nEta TT)~ aTpEpAroO'TJ~ TOU K'atw !J.f:pOU~ TT)e; anOVOUA.llCi)e; O'Ti)J...T)e;, repOK'aA.ei"tm auxva are' aUTi) tnv atTin ..•

To on at spyatpts~ non OOUA.eOOUV as spyoatama. vsvvoov OUO'1COAoT&pa areo n~ aAA.ee; yuvaiKs~, 01tro~ Kat TO on BXOUV auxvo'Cspa a1t0130A£e;, I3s~atmvstn1 ano nOAA£~ !lall!lE~ K'at umeoti)ps~ (131..· axsnK'a Op. XOK'lVe;, V"tOKOUIlBvta, OsA. II, 13). E~o:Uou, Ot SpyO:"tplS~ uno!pEpouV ano TIl xapaKTIlPtanlCi) Yla OA.ou<; tOU~ spya~o!J.EvoU<; as QU!J.npIK'S~ YSVlKTJ E~aaetVlO'TJ TOU opynvicuou. Kt O!lro;; orcv sivm EyJcUS~ spyo:~ov"tat aTT) <PO:.Il1tptK'a w, r:~ ar:lYJlr, lTO!) 8a ysvvr,aovv, npO:Y!la mroA.u"tQ Ka"tavOT)TO, '(laTi <poPOUVtat nroe; av a<pi)aouv SVwpiTspa tT) OOUA.tO: unapxs1 KivouVO~ va reapouv aAA.ee; TT) eEaT) TOU~ Kat ane; iOlS~ va !l T) ooElouv !J.sPOK'O:!J.aTa YI' aUTo to XPOVlKO OtuatT)!J.a. LUIlPaivst nOAu ouxvo: vc OOUA.eUSt 11 yuvailCa ro~ TO ppaou Kat "tT)V MAl1 !J.Bpa to rrprot vc ysvvTJaSt. T) K'al vc YSVVTJO'St aTIlv iOta rn <pallnplKa, avallsaa an.c; IlT)XavE~. Kt nv at KUP10t ccrot osv pA£nouv a' au"to tinots TO 1tapa~vo, oi yuvaiKs~ "too<; iam~ vc au!-upwvi)oouv

!J.a~i !J.Oo nw~ TO va avaYKO~ETat utc tYKua yuvaiKa va EpYU~ETal KaElTJ!J.sptva, w~ TT] Iltpa non Oa vsvvncei, 12-13 WpEe; (naf.torspa spya~ovtav nspiooorspo), opElm xrn ooxva m::upOVTlle;, stvrn pavaOO'OTTJra lCCI.1 al..T]EltvT) pappaporT]ra. Af.f.U OSv npO!CElTal 1l0VO y1' ao'to. Ot yovailCE~ Eivat E\)xaplo'tTJ!J.tvE~ av 1"00e; smrpcrrsi vc Il T]V Epya~OV'tat yta 000 pOOllaOE~ !J.E'tU roy raKETO, XPOVIKO OUIO'tTJlla non ro Elswpouv cpxero. nou.t~, Iltoa OE ilIa ~Oo!J.aoa KIOl..ac;, T] a!Co!J.a os 3-4 !J.tpEe; Ils't<l TOV roxsto, emcrpsoouv otTJ O!lllnpuca yla va !J.oxElijaoov ilIa OAOKAYlPIJ spyucnllTt llE:pa. Axouou KanOtE tvav spyoamcnupXTJ va pWTUel roy smcrrnTTl: H taOs OSV llplk a!Co!J.a; - 0Xl. - TItlEl KmpO~ TWO ytVVT]O"S; - Mia pOo!J.aoa. - Ma rOTE uxopooce vc yupiaEt rrpo ltOl..l..ou. Es TtnEe; nEpt7rrWaSl~, OEV ltptnEt va !J.tvSl oxin rrspicootspo (mo rpsu; !J.E:PE~. Oka room sivrn anOAOta KamVoT]'tCt. 0 q>opo~ 'tT]~ anbf.oal1~ lCl 0 TPO~J.O~ Tl1~ aVE:pyia~ onoXp8WVOOV rnv spytl'tpla va mlEl arTJ CPtlllltpuca, napa rnv aouvallia nou vtffiElSl Kat roix; novoo~ nou oO!cllla~St. Tn Cl'O!J.CDspovra 'too spvoctaatapXTJ OEV smrpsrrouv va KaEloVrat oi EPyUTE~ O"TO omn f.0Yw appmCl'nn~. Ot Epytln:~ oSv npsnEl va cpprocrclvoov, 01 Epy(rrplS~ Ssv !J.lt0POUV va usvoov oTO Kpspcm uo'tEpa ano 'tOY TQKS'tO, ytati aMlro~ 0 spyO(J'ta010pXT]~ Ela nptnsl va ma!J.aTT)aSt n~ !J. TlXavt~, T) vc anOO"Sl 'to oerrst VO !J. oa~o TOU yta va p pEl Ka1tma npOoWplVT) Olst;OOO ano rnv lCataoTaO"T]. Kat yta vc to anoCDuYSt aOTo OUDXVEt ana rn oou/.ta roue spy(z-cs~ non E7rt'tptnOl)v crov €aOTO TOU~ va appwCl'tllaouv.

K. Map~ l(aI 11>. £'I'I«A;. A"avTil. POJ(1. <1(0 .• toe. 2. (1",- 389·390

To Iltpo~, onoo ~ouv 0001 oout.sooov O"Ta nA£Xtllpm, stvm lCat 'to pa01!CO KtVTPO rlJr; oavrsA07tOlWc;. l:tt~ TpSt~ KO!J.T]TEtE~ ztou npoavacptpa!J.E f.EtTOOPYouv oUVOf.lICtl 2.760 !J.Tlxavtc; KaTaoKSUT)e; OaVTEf.rov, svco Cl'E OAO!Cf.TJPTJ 'tTJV onof.ot7rT] Ayyf.ia uovo 786. Eav covsrretu 'tOO aoo'tT]po~ KaTallEpta!J.oo rTJ~ spyaCl'ia~, Tl OQVTsAOnapaywYTJ tytvs nof.u ltspinf.olCTJ Kat XWpiOTT]K'f. OS nof.f.OU~ KMooo~. E'tTJV anT) ruf.tyov'tal rc viJ!J.aTn os llaOOUpla nita !Confu~ 14 xpovrov !Cat mrvco {winders): ucrepn rc !J.aooupta rorroflsrouvrm arT] !J.T]XavT), rc vT)llam nspvouv !J.taa ano ru; 1.800 1tEpbtoo Ilucpt~ TpU1tI.ToS~. rrou Ota9STEt KaT(! IlEoO opo T] KaEls !J.llXavT). yta vc npowElTJfIouv mo ntpa - rn 0001..111 aorT) 'tllv K<lVOOV llyop<l1C\a 8 XP6v{J)v Kal novO) (threaders): uOTspa 0

epyu'tTl':; !Ca'tao!CeuuCet tT) OaV'ttAu, rrou !3yaive1 cxo tT) IlT)Xavl) cs 1l0p!?ti 1tAunUe; !..ropioae;· rrOAU 1l1lCpa rratOtU xropi.~O\}V tTl !..ropwa Of: xouuunu, arroorrrovwe; ne; lCf.roo'fte; rrou 'fa svrovouv- Tl OWOt!Camu UULl) AtyeTUt running ti drawing lace, EVro La iOta Ta rrat01U ovollaCOVTat I ace-runners. Yorspu arr' aUT(} ETOt!l IiCouv TT) OUVtEAU ylU TO sunopto, Toeo ot epYUTEe; TWU Tt)f.tyouv rnv !C/.rooTl) o-ra. uncoupin, boo xnt nuroi TWU TTlV rrspvouv one; Tpurre<;, oev tXOI)V !CaOoptcrllf.VO xpovo epyaoiae; ict stvm anapairrrrot orcv qmivouv otTl IlTlxavti 1:a cu.:pn 'troy vnucrrov. Kt em:t0ti T) oouf.ta auvexiCeTat !Cat 'tTl vUj('ta, sivm ouvaTo vc TOI)e; !CaMOOUV onOluotin01:e anYIl il ern 0allrrpl!Ca ~ ow epyacrttiplo TOU oavteM. H IlTl lCUVOV1!Cil anaoxof.T)oTl, T) t!lT)llaLllCTJ VUXTEpt\'ft OOt)f.tll, !Cat 0 avaf.oyoe; tponoe; Croile;, oAa rourc oovemryovtm 1!o/.M oe1vu, oro!lanlCtl !Cat T\9u.:u, lCt totattepa, orrro<; ~ej3alci:Jvouv Of.01, avrollaA£.e; xm rrp6ropee; oe~ouaAl!Cee; oxeow;. H lCa9al)to oot)A.tO dval rro!"u em(}Aa~TJe; Y1a ru Ilana. fev1!Cte; xpoVtEe; rra9tiaete; a' autOUe; nou rrspvevs ne; !Cf.roatte; Ssv rrapot)mat;;o-

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SPYOCHacnU, sir!': on 1'] XP11cn!loltoillaT) r1']:; 56va!l T)s TOU WCIlOU yla rnv lCUTUalCE:Ul1 DavrtJ.as YSVtlCf.U1"T)K:S. Kat CHT) !lla K'aL o'rnv O}J"l1 7t'spirrnoaT) rrpolCelTUl ym f:lttlC1:aan roo rhoj.J.llXUVlK'OU auaTl'\llaro:;. - 00. r.ptltet va trapaoeXTOD!le o n 11 rno avOuYletvTJ cpyuaiu sivm aUTl'\ TOW :-:atOlWV rrou uompouv r«; K/.warEs arro n<; ttOlW:<; ouvrE/I.};:;, ta rrspicoorspc altO tn onoin stvm 7, 5 il K'at 4 Xpovwv. 0 lCOj.J.laaPIO:; rK:ptlvT~EP ~pillCe j.J.aJ.latU K'1 tvu ltUtOOlCl JIJO Xpovwv vn K'aVel autl'\ t1'] OOU/cHl. H aouIK'o7!T1, ltUPUlCoAoutlT)aT) rrav(j) cro rroAurr/,oK'o oavrf:}.wto K'tvtlllla !lta<; !lOVO K'AWCHil:;, 1'] orroin trpimSl vu W:TaTolti~etUt us rn DOl'\tlEHI ~E/.ova<;, emopa nOAD [D.aDepa ore !-laTta, lowirepu ora V 11 OOU/.la, Oltro:; aUj.J.~Cl.ivEt auvl'\Ow:;, auvexi~f.rat ytU 14-16 WPE:;. l:TT)V K'aAUTEpT) ltf:pirct(J)aT), ltpolCu"-eirUl o;\)turT) uumnic, EVO) atT) Xelpon:p1'], non aUVaVTIE:rUt trOt,1) auxva, aOepaltel.l!l1 TDcpAWcrT) , ouv aUVErrfau K'aruppaK'rT). ElCTO:; un' au't"o, 'W nUlOto. noo epya~OVTUt aUVE:XEIU alCU!P1"a <pulvovTUl K'UxelCTlK'a, at6votlwpulCu lCUt, c;u11:iu:; 1"T)<; lCUlCll:; XOlVcua1']<; 1'1']:; rpoonc. :raaxonv UltO Xotpaos:;. H Dlu«'tpa;1'] 1'T):; Mlt'oupyiu:;, trov yuvUllCElWV opvnvrov CiVUl roOoAIK'O aXeDov ouivousvo uva!lcau ata xopirotu, o;r(J)s K'at T) arpt~AroaT) 1'1']:; altOVOuAtlCl'\:; ati!A1']:;. trm nou «ru rrat010 uura j.J.tropsi:; mrvrn vu 1:U yvropiaet:; arro to i3aOla)..lO T(}I.):;». Tis 1.01E:; auvE1'tEtE:;, rooo YIU rc utrnn, oco xm yta OAOlCA1']pO toy opynviou o, :-:p0K:uAsi ro lCtV1:1']j.J.U t1']:; ouv't"tAa:;. OJ,Ol Ol UYIf.10VO" uucoi e)..lrrElpoyvW!lOvs<; otuJ3sl~utwvouv ouoomvu ;reo:; 11 uyda nov n:utOl(OV non Epya~OV1:at ern OuvrEAon:ouU J3A01ttETUl ltO/.U a7!o til OOUJ.la roue, us u;w1't"-ea)..lu vu sivm oAa xl.rolla, aouvara, lCUXEK'nlCa, nOAu !lllCpoaroWl os axf.O'T) IlE rnv 1']J.lK'iu TOU:; xm us uucporepn uvtlElCTlK'OtlltU an:; app(()ans:;, urc' o.n tu o}),a ltatOla. Tu xepiocorspc 7r(lOXOUV crro YEVIlCTt K:uxe;iu, ouxvt:; t...tTro9ullU::;. 1tOVOlCf.OUAOU:;, 7!ovou:; 01:U 1tA£Upa, ornv 7!Aa'tT) K'at crtu vt.<ppo, ur.:o ro:xmtaA.j.J.ia, raow;; yta EW:tO, cj.J.€tou:; xrn avopE;ia, altO atpE~),ro01'] 1:1']:; atrOvOuAIlCl'\<; Otl'\/"T)<;, XOlpaoE<; K'al OUI.lUtlmOT). noM oo(.)apa urrOal\:arrtEt n:avton; T) OOUAta ron stoou<; aur-ou TO vovntxsio 0PYCl.vloIlO: ltCl.vtoU Ol yuvailC£:; mrpcnovoovrm yw XAwproon, Ylu Ouo"wl\:ia K'at arroj3oAf.<; (rlCpf.1V1'S!':p, ({b:tlf.(JT) », ae rro/.Ali j.J.EpT) tTl:;). MaAIOta. 0 K'urow:poc; (lU1"o:; urraJ.A1']/,o:; OfJArooS atllv smrponn 7::0l) eixe emCDopnotl£i 11£ tOY O.eyXo 1"11:; rrutOllCl'\C; spyuaiu:; on tU rrutOla aura civet (Juv-r,tI(.lH; pUlCi;voU'tu, on rpeoovrut uoxn!J.u, lCU1'U K'UVOVU, !lOVO IlE lJ/Ollli lCat tacit, xut

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AU1:o civet TO tl!J.T)IlU ITOU KUTU~U)J.el T) xorvcovic yw VU Il1tOp06v or KOIl \jft~ uart~ K'upif.~ vn <tlOpOUV Kat va XUiponUl 1:l~ OuvTt1.e~! M il1[W~ aUTO 1:0 Ti!J.T)I-W eivm IToM lleyaA.O; KUIlITOaE~ Xli,IUOf.~ TD(!li,oi epyun:~, !J.f.PIK'U <pD!J.aTlKa xopirotu TOU rrpoA.f.TUpinrou, Ilm fmXEKTlKll YEVta 'tT)~ rt/,T]r3eUlKit~ !J.uCu~, nou j..lemOiVel TT)V KUXeK'TlKOTT]TU 'tn~ mu ertiO'T]~ ITA.T)BEl!U::U ITatOtU Kat eyyovta Tll~, Ti O'nllaaia IlITopd va txouv o1.a cutn; KUlltU, U1tOA.'mJ}~ ICal-llU! H UYY/"IKit UO'TtKit 'tu~T) Ilu~ IlEVEl UTUPUXT), Ku'raxwvlaCel 0'10 XPOVov1:0UA.ano TT)V tKOeaT) TT]~ KpU'ttICT]~ EITLTponTj~ ym VU E~U1('OA.OuOitaf;l ve O''toJ..i~et !J.E rnv T)O'UXiu 'tT)~ ru; yuvaiKf.~ Kat nc K'OpE~ TT)C;; us oaneA.c;. H \jfDXIK'll yaA.llVll "COU ayy/.oD ccrou stvci 1tpaYllan e~aima!

... Mnc ano!J.tvEl vu UO'xol.T)OOUIlS Tci:Jpa Ilf: !J.tu UA/, T) Ka't"T)Yopia TOU spvctucou rtA.T)OUO'IlOU TOU Aovdivou, ITOU U~iCSl lotuin:Pll n:POO'Oxit ym TT)V uO'uv1l9tcrra O'KA.T)Pit EKlle'tulJ...euO'it Tll~ orro rnv un:}'T)Cl"tT) aO'TtKll TU~ll. Exw e8ci:J UIT0'111 1l0U t«; ICUITEA.Oi>OE~ Kat ru; Ilooicrrpe~.

00'0 Kl o» ouivs'tat 1tUPU~EVO, T] KUTuaKeuit UUTcOV UK'ptj3ci:J<; rrov elorov rtou XPT]O'tll£OOUV ym rov K'UA.1.WrrtO'!J.O rwv aaTWV KU{JIWV O'xcTiCeTat Ill:": ru; rtio 0t..t9ptf.<; cm7t't(i}O'el~ mT)v uysin TWV cpyarci:Jv rrou KaTuyivoVTUt us t'T) 80Ut,la aUTit. 1:1'0 CitrT)j..la aUTO uva<pep9TjxallC itOT), ornv Illi.itO'UIlE YIU TT) OaVTeA.OITOliu, o!J.w<; E06:l Ou 1:0 uITooei~ou!J.e IlE 'to ITUpUOEtYlla 'tWV onerov IlOOU~ roo Aovoivon. Em lopullam uura E:pyUCOV't"Ul IlEYUA.O~ ap19llo~ vscrv xoprroirov, O'UVo/.IKa 15 r...epi.1mu XIA.taoe<;, non rn rreplO'(l'(Yrepa ijp9av aITO rnv Ertapxia, f.vro 1:ci:Jpa O'uv'tT)POUV1:Ul Kat 1:pf.~OVTm ar;o tu UOf.V'ttK'1l K't f:Tcrt txouv 1lf.'t"uj3A.T)gei os O'ICAIlf3E~ roue. KaTIl 'tT)V ;repiooo TT)~ IlOOU~, nou otupICEi 'ttooept~ rrspinou Ilijve~ TO XPOVO, 0 up19).l6~ rrnv oiprov Epyuoiac;; ornvsi, UKOj..lU Kat O'Tt~ KuM'tepe~ cmxetpitoet~, ru; 15 rnv T)!ltpu, cveo ornv U1tUPXOUV j3tUOTlKE~ rrapuYYE/.iE<; nnputsivetm 00<; tl~ 18. AA.A.1l rn m,pIO'O'Otcpc f.pyaGt'itpta Au'tOUpyouv nu'tr, rnv nspiodo xwpi<; KuvtVU XpOVIKO :tCplOPIOI-lO, toOl nou rn xoptroic Ssv txouv ITO'tc ;tf.PIO'oorspo nrro 6 ropee;; omBtOl).lO Xpovo YlU av(muuon KUt Ui!VO,

OUVO/.tKU aVartat)OVtat ol)vi]floo<; uovo rpsu; r, ttom:pt<; (;)pe<; Kill os )..tf:ptKt; rteptrrrcoceu; ).lOVO (1)0 ropeS to sucoorrsrpccopo. Erot epyu?;ovtat 19-22 (OPCS to 24oopo, nv, ltpuy).la TIOI) oU!l13aiv£1 apKETu OI)XVU, OEV OOU/.eOOI)V 01.11 tll VUxta! Movaouco OPIO ouipKewS 1:T]S EpyaoiaS LOI)S civet T] OAOOXf.pi]s OUOlKil aouva!lia va KpaTr,oouv 7tEptOoOrf.pO tll ~E/.ova 01:0 XEpl. Y;::(ipxouv rreptrrTWoEt<; rrou 1:U aouva!la aun'1 r.:t.uo!lata oev ~evTi}Vovtat EVVIa. I1EPES 01:1'1 onpa., Kat K01!lOUVTat na.v(t) oro crprouc ).lOVO OTT] XUOll Kat O1:TJ Qt~ll. Fin TpOOi] 1:OU<; Stvouv tva VcpO?;OU).lt, roo1:e va !lltOPOUV vu 1:0 KaTarrivouv 000 1:0 Suvcro YPTJ,,{op61:epa. Me ouo Aoyta, KUtm crro 1:0 llfilKO KVOUtO, non r«; Kpa1:U OtT] OKf..a~lu, OT]Aaoi] ).If. rnv anetA r, 1:T]<; a1'!OAuoll<; alta Tll OOUAUl, at Oi>OtDXE; aU1:ES KOlttlXS I)r.:OXPErovOV'Cat va KUVOUV ).llU 1:000 r.:apc(,!Eta!ltVTJ Kat KOTrW01:lKi] 00UA1U, errnv orroio oev Oa urropou Of. va aVTt~f.l OU1:£: tva<; ,,(epos nvrpuc, rrooo IlUAt.OV uin aOUva).lll 1C0nt}.u 14 oos 20 xpovoov. EKTOS alt' auto, T] arror:vlXtlKr, ntuccompc ITO\) smxocret !ltoa O1:a epyaoti]pta Kat tn unvooco!luna, 1:0 OKilVl!lO tT]V dipo 1:11S 00Uf.1UC; noo t)TCOXPE(OVEl OUXVU oe uoe!l vn otUon, 11 OUOKOf.OXroV£I)1:T] rpoof a'A"ku rrpOltaVto<; T] ltapaTf.ta!ltVT] spvaotc Kat 11 Ef.'Af.tYll KaOapou aj:;pa, (l/.a route ccxoov TTJV mo of.tflpta f.ltiopaOll ornv uycia nov KOP1TOl(iw. TIOAU ouvrouc rrpoxurrrouv I)ltf.pKOltooOT], e~UvTAT]OT], aOl)va!lia, avopE~lU, rrovoi errouc (Ol1ou<;, ornv Trf.Utll Kat ern veopn, Kat ltUVOO an' o"ka novoxeockot. Apvorepn f.!lqlavi?;oVtal, otPt~f.oo011 LT]S OltOVOU/.IKil<; Oti]AT]S, KUptoooll 1:OOV roumv, aouval1ia, rrpi]~1 uo, oaKpuppoW Kat yr.V1KU novouurot, uurortin, f3i]xas, an::v61:T]1"U tOI) flropaKa Kat OUoltvota. Kaflros Kat tva ooipo YUVatKCle<; rrafliloEt<;. 1:1: ltO/J.i::<; ltf.pl1t1:(OOf.1S, rc uunn KataOtpt<pOvTUt OF. ~afl!lo ;tOU eltEPXEtat afispunLUT11 TUq>AooOT]. ;1"/. r,PTJS arr(i)J.aa t11<; 6paoT]S, xt omv 11 opcon oWTllpeirat os ~afl).lo, rtou va unopei 11 cpya?;ollevll va oUVSXiOEl Tll 00Uf.1U TT]S, 11 q>u).lari(J)oT] f3u?;Cl ol)vi]floos Ttp).la or11 ouvtoun Kat OUOOPWO).lEV11 ?;ooil rrov xopireuov rtou pa!10Uv vuvuucsiu poUxa. AKO!lU Kat ora xopirctn non -upurouv tYKatpa 1'11 OOtlf.tU ami] 11 uvsiu UltOOKu-:rrCTU1 OC 1:EnO ~aO).lO, 7:01) lto-rt mn OEV aVao1:11J,,(ilVCtat rr/.ilpws. Appcoornivouv ouxvu, 10wi1:Cpu. I1C1:U 1:0 YUI10 roue, Kat OEPVOUV otT] ?;ooi] KaXCKtlKU rratStu. Of.Ot 01 Yla1'poi. TrOU punr,011Kav oxe;:tKU alta 1'T]v f.lttTpOr.:i] £~ttaoT]<; 1'11<; rcUl01Ki]s f.pyaoiaS, ar.:O(,1UvflT]Kav ouoerovo on eivm 000KO/.0 Kat vu ocvrcorsl KaVet<; evcv TPOrcO

~ro1']~ rrou va xaruorpsoet roeo rroM t1']V uyda J(at va o01']yd rooo yp1']yopa oro 9uva't'0, ooo 1'] ~roTt rrou KUVOUV 01 )lOOi(J't'PE~.

ME rnv iOta aKt'1']p6't'l]'t'a, aAAu mo t)l)leaa, EK)leTUAAeUOVTat oro Aovotvo n~ pU(jltPE~ YEV1KU. H OOUAIU rmv xoprtotdiv rrou pul30uv J(opO'tOe~ slvct l3aplu, e~avtATjnK1'] xm I3Aal3EPTt YIa 't'a )luna. Kat ti uspoxeucro nnipvouv; Auto OEV to ~tpro, t)la9a O)lro~ on 0 Eltlxelp1'])latia~ rrou syyuutat 't'11V napaAal31'] TOU UAtKOU Kat rrou OiVSl 00u/.1(1 an~ pUOtPE~ rrulpvst 1,5 rrtvva (15 npromKu nlfltvtX) yta Ku9E xouurm, Ax' autu KpaTu yta TOV EaUTO tOU tva opiouevo xooo, 'to AtYOtSPO )lta1'] rrBvva, Btm 1tOU l] oucrtUX1'] KorrtAa OEV rruipvst am XBPl nspicoorepo arro utn ntvva. Ta xoptrmn rrou (jlnCtXvouv ypal3uts~ sivm unoxpero)lBVa va EpYU!;OVta1 16 wpe~ ym 4,5 creAAivta 'tl] l3oolluoa, 01']Aao1'], as rrprocrtKu xpti)lata, EVUlltcrt 'tUi.ATjPO. Me to xooo au'to Ssv )l1tOPOUV va ayopuaouv nep1aaoTepa 1tpuY)lata arr' o.n us sixoot ~t.A.Il1ty1Cpoae otnv mo aJ(ptl3fl nO!..l] tTjt; lepJ.lavia~. Xstporspa an' OAe~ I;ouv ollro~ EKeiVE~ ztou pul30uv nOUKU)llaa. Ftn tva aUV1']9talltvo nou"Ku)ltao rratpvouv IlIU)llaTj rrtvva. IIaA.uyn:pa trratpvav 2-3 rtsvvsq, o)lro~ arro rote rrou 'to aauAO rou EpyUtl] oro EsVt-nUVKpa~, 'to onoio Aettoupy06aE us aOrl1<:opI,()(1ltaG'r:lKi} oteu9uVOl], UPX1as va xntpvst rrapaYYEAie~ us )llU)llal] rrtvva to KOIl)lUn, 01 OUO'tUXE~ yuvaiKE<; avaYJ(uatl1KaV va OSXtoUV Ilta ttna rrAl]pro)l1']. na rc Aeri:tU 1!OOKU)ltO'a us KtvTl1)la, rtou TO Kaf:ltva unopei va vlvsi es uin )ltpa us 18ropl] Epyaaia, l] a)loll3fl sivci 6 rrBvv~, 011A. 5 I;tA)lnepYKpoaET. ETm, aU)l(!)(ova us n~ unprupie; rroAAwv spvnrpuhv K'Ul Errtxetpl])lanwv, l] a)lotl3ti corzov rmv pucrprov IfITUVet, orov l] epyaaia sivct urtspevturtxf Kat auvexi~,tat ro~ apyu Tl] VUXTa, rn 2,5 - 3 asAivla Tl] I3Oo)lti.8a. To KOpU(,I)ffi)la O)lro~ Tl]~ Enaiaxuvtn~ aut1']~ l3aPl3apoTTJta~ sivrn on unoxpewvouv n~ pu~tpe~ va "KaTaOtTOUv ouv eyyul]O'l] tva )ltpo~ 't11~ a~ia~ tOU UAtKOU rrou napaAa)ll3uvouv. Ftn Tl]V e~01KOv6)ll]al] tOU noeou nurou Ol pu<pTpe<; avaYKu~OVtat, 6nffi~ sivm Kat <pU(JlKO K1 onro~ TO YVffipi~ouv nOt.u KaAu at 101OK'r1']w;, va evexupuil;ouv W11)laTtKU ro UAIKO aUtO K1 uorspu slts va nuipvouv rriaffi TO evtxupo us )lla Opla)ltVl] 1;l]I.IlU as l3upo~ TOU~, sirs, ae nepirrTro0l] nou Jev eivai oe OeoY} va TO KUVOUV auto, va AOYOOOTOOV svromov TOU elPl1voOiKl], on(j)~ auvtl3l] )ll> uin pU(!lTpa to Not)ll3pl] ron 1843. M1a ouaTUX1a)lEVl] K"OnE:Aa, 1tOU I3pt9l]KE os rsttn Ka'tUO'taan Kat Ssv 1']~epe n va KUVet, tr.:l>ae TOV

Aovoocto TOO 1844 oro KavuAl Kal nviyrjlce. 01 pU(,'lt'pee; ~OUV O'UVijElroe; <p'troXtK'U os )ltK'pte; ooetrsc. E'tTjV K'uEle )lta napaXropehat 'tOO'Oe; XroPOC;, ococ o'tuvel ym va ne; xropEael Kat, 'to xelj.lrova, i.lOVaOlKO )lSO'O OEp)l(lVO'Tje; dvat O'\Jvti0roe; Tj <pUOlKij Bspuorrrm rrov avOpromvrov opvnvtoutov rtou ~o\Jv )ltO'a 0" uuto to xropo. MtO'a cs .EnOUe; xropOue; ~eElerovov'tat O''tTj OOUt,tU, pu~ov'tae; ano ne; 4-5 Tj ropa 'to nproi roe; 'ta )leauvux'ta Kt £tm as Aiya XpOVta xcrcotpeeouv 'tTj uyda roue e'tat)lu~ov'tae; )lovee; TOUe; rov rtporopo 'tu<po ,0\Je;, xropie; va txouv 'Tj ouva,o'tTl,a va lKavonl?li]O'ouV EO''tro Kat ne; mo ~ronKte; rouq avuYKee;*. 'tTj O't'tY)li] nou K'u'tro O'W

Op6)l0 nspvouv at aO''tpaqmpEc; u)la~ee; 'tTje; )lsya/,oaa1:tKije; 'tu~Tje;,

K't iaroe;, xnrrou sxei KOV'tU, K'Ultatoe; "tmo'tE:vtOe; oavotie; xuvet )leaa cr' tva ~puou 0''t0 XaP'tOltatK1:tKO n:atXVtOl oupcov rtsptcoorspo xpi])lam arr' oon unopouv va xepSioouv ue 'tTj oO\JAui roue ot pnorpe; 0''t0 OluO''tTjJ.la svoc OAoKATjpOU XP6vou.

K. Mapc, Km <1>. E"ylC£~, A ".avra, ncoa. tKO., fop. 2. ad_ 433·436

Ilspvoous nopa crov rno aTj)lavm.:o KA.a.OO 'tTle; ayyAtKl'!e; )letaAMunKi]e; ~lO)lTjxaviae;, 0''tU )lsmAMia mOi]pou Kat am avElpaK'ropuxeia, rn oxotc 0 «ArroAoytO')l6e; 'tTje; E1tt'tporrtie; yta rnv speuvc 'tTje; rratOlKi]e; epyaO'iae;» e~s'tu~st )lal;i K'at Ote~OOlKu, orrroe; e1tl'tuO'O'el UA.A.roO''t& Tj O'ltOUOatOTTjta rou Elt)la'toe;. OAOJ(ATIpo O'Xeoov TO rrpw'to )ltpoe; rou arrOAOYIO')lOU uurou Ka/.im'tf.l rnv KaTuO'taO'Tj rmv spY(lniw ztou altaaXOAouv'tal ctouc OUO uvricroixoue; K'AUOOUe;. H exrevsorurn 1tf:ptypa<;>i] TTje; Ka"taO'taO'Tje; rtov j3tO)lTjX(lVtK'WV &pyaTwv rrou EKava mo rmvto, )lOU smrpenst va siurn &Oro 't00'0 O'UVTO)lOe; 00'0 urturrouv at OlaO'TuO'ele; TOUtOU 1:0U ~l~;UO\J.

Em avElpaK'ropuxeia K'at 1:a O'lOTjpopuxeia, nou Tj &K)lSTUAMU-

.. 0 TOfHl.:; Fxouvt, a :no npollC"lafltvo:; un' M.ou:; !QU:; erUyXpovou:; ayYAaU:; Xlall~opiow;, avOpwnoe;, onw<; OAO! O! Xlouf.l0pio'!€:;, 11& nOA\) cuaiaOll' til 'lIUXll, O).lw<; xmpi:; !CalHa ;rv€I)).Ia;:llC~ &P(l.OtIlP!OtTlto.. &l1f.lOoieI)O€ an:; apXBe; TOI) 1844. orcv 0' OM:; n:; eOTl~Epi&e:; ;:qnypa<povmv Tl aBAla lCo.taO""t(10ll TWV YI)Vo.llCWV nOI) o.OXo~,oUvtnt us Tll pn<ptl!Cli, tva ;repil1l11!lo 1toill~u: «The Song of the shirt» (<<Tpuyo0&1 Y((I. to Jrol)l(a).ll(lo»), 1:0ll ;:pOICaJ..sa£ ao90vu, at.A' (I.v!i.JO€A.a, MlCpua aU!l1tOVOlUe; ot(l. xoptrrnn tll<; (l.0'!l1Ci]:; ,a;l1:;, Aoyw BAMlljlll<; X(;)POU &£v urropto va lCamxwpfjaro e&!i.J to 1toillf.lo. (l.Uto. Ilpmto&n!loO't&UtT]l(€ atllv «Punch», aMa \}O'tf.pa (l.va&Tl~om(:utlllCf. (1;:' ol.e:; nc; e<pTlfll;:pl&e:;. rta rnv lCu,aaf(l.Ol1 ttov pcerprov YIVOtaV ton: ~.Oyo:; erE OM:; tl~ eOTJfH:pi&ec;. I't ' auto Ssv (I.~i~et TOV 1C01tO vn ;:apo.6toou!l£ erxcttlce:; Jrl:PtIC01:£~.

O'il1:oue.; yivcmt ue LOY tOw rrspixou rporto, OOOASOOUV K'at TUnOU} 4, 5, 7 XPOV())V, a/.AD. rrpo;mv'toe.; avm rrov 8 XP{)Vmv. Ta neuOla usrcoepouv to 1l£,UAAcU)la il 'to K'upflouvo ano 'to O'Tj)ls10 tTje.; c~6pu~Tje.; me.; tOY alla~ltO OPOIlO i] 1"0 xsvtprco IlStal..M.:io, cite avotym,} .. zivoov tu; Sopee.; rtou xmpi~oov 'CO tva )l£poe.; 1'00 opuXEioo ano 1'0 (AAO, aoT]vov<ae.; va nEpuO'ooV 01 6PYU1'Ce.; xm ,a eopric. I'in rnv E1rltT]PTjO'Tj outrov tow OopOlv XPTjmllOnolOovml O'ovT]8me.; rn mo IlIK'PU nalOla, nou £'to't avaYK'u~ov1'at va I,II':VOUV nnouoveousvc 12 roPEe.; 1:Tj uepn, poS10')leVa O'tO Cll(01'U01, as !ita O'1'£vi] xm O'oXvu oYPll oiooo, llu/.tO'm xmpte.; va exouv apK'E1'il OOOAtU, c\)O',E va OtOlXvoov rnv anop} .. aK'm1'lK'il nAil~Tj t'Tje.; aopuw:we.;. E~uAAoo, 1'0 KOOPa) .. Tj)la tOU KUp[)OUVOO K'at 1'00 CltOT\POIlS<aAAeO)latoe.; etvct ltOAU papui OOOt.la, yta'ti tu oYK'moeO'tata xm xmpie.; poo£e.; KlpOltta, rrou slvm vcunrc nf:'tpm)la, npenEt va O'upSouv oro avrollaAo toaooe.; t'1e.; yuA.api.ac;, O'Uxvu navO) as uYPll ' .. aO'nTj i] lleO'a 0't'0 VEPO, O'E arr01"O)lf.e.; ava13uO'Et:;; xm nepaCl)la'ta, KUrcOO-l<:ur::oo .00'0 m:eva, nou 0 f.pya:tTje.; nptltEl va rn :r£PUO'f:l ospvnusvoc. Fin to AOYO aUto 0'£ rourn tTj flaPla OOOAta XPTlmIlOr::010UV'tat Kemme.; IlEyaAtm:pa :ratOla eOTjI)lK'ile.; TjA!K'iae.; .•. A vaAOya IlE rnv rrspirmoon yta K'aSf: K'l13Ol'tlO usrceopae.; )lEtaAAEullatoe.; XPEla~Ovtat evae.; f.VilAtK'Oe.; avtpw; il 000 natOlU, uno rc orrotn to f.va TpaJ3a81 Kal 1:0 UAt.O O'rrpwxv8l to lCtt~roTlO ...

Ta natOta K'at Ot t<pllflm non aO'XOAOUVtat )lE tTj usrnoopn KupJ30Uvoo il mOTjpoIlETal.AEOllatoe.; rmpcnovouvtm on xonpn~OVtat onEPJ3oA1K'U. AK'o)lU Kat atle.; ptO)lT\xavlKee.; EntXElPilO'Sle.;, 0;10U ErrtK'paTei Tj mo (lO'uw:iOTjTll SK)lf.tuAt..eOO'Tj OSV 1rpOK'OntSl 1'00'0 K'uSoAn,il K'al 1tAilpTje.; E~aVtATjO'l1. llOAM O'X6tlK'a napaosiyuntn K'ataxmpouvtat rrrnv KUSf. O'EAiOa TOO arroAoytO')lOO. Ornv ta r:atota yopi~oov entn IlEta tTj OOOAta elva! rooo xoupcoueva rrou OEV Il rropouv OUT£ va t;la.w:. SarrAOlvouv alltO'me.; xa)lft) oro n{;tptVo oansoo, xovrn O'TO t~aKl, Kt nnoxounoevnn orn O'TtY)lTt. Eroi, ot yovEi:;; rou; avaYKa~OVtat va 'ta rrAE:vOUV xounoucvc K'at va Ta nAaYla~Oov O'TO KpE13flcm. Eoxvu rc :ralOla net;lTouv ano rnv KOUpaO''1 O'tO OPOIlO xt Ot vovsic roue ru vaxvouv m:;; apyu tTj VOX1'a ym vc 1'a K'ouJ3uAilO'ouv O'tO O'ni.n utooxounouevn. Kat, ououcn, sivm O'UVTjS10')l{;VO <patVO)lEVO vc ltf.PVOUV tn natotu nuru 'tOV TtSptO'O'OTEpo Xpovo roue n:;; K uptaK't~ Cl1'Q KpEJ3J3an ym va O'UVi;.ASOOV Ai.yO uno 1'OV K'Ct)lato tTjt;; J3oolluoae.;. I:TTjV EKK/ .. TjO'tU

xrn 0''(0 O'X0Aeio nT]yaivouv f:AOxuJtu natOul, Kat yt' nutn noporroviouvtm Ot oam;::uAOt on, napu rnv &mOu)lla tOU~ va )lOP<proOouv, tT]V ropa tOU )laOi])lato~ j3piO'KOVtaL 0'& KatuO'taaT] unvT]Aia~ xrn xa~&uouv. To iotO aKptj3Ol~ O'U)lj3a iW:1 us rn xopirotn K'at tl~ yuvaiK'E';, ;tOU us tOY ioto O'K'AT]po rporro u"oXperovovtat vn spyu;OVtat ;ruvro ana n~ OUVU)lElC;; roue, H UnSpK01[(ocrT] autiJ, rrou <p06.v&t O'uxva [I}~ tT]v cpprocnn, £XE1 0'00ap£~ ErrmtWcrw; O'tOV opyuviouo rrov spvnrrov ...

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Tnv ltpocroXil uou - l..tst A.X. tva~ aYYAo~ f:1tt!kooprrn'lc; Epyacrta~ - tnv 1:ptiBT]1;E Ilta ayyetJa (HTlV 1:01ttICTJ EOT]!-lEptoa 1l1a~ alto n~ crT]I.!aV1:tICOtf.-

Ilnal,OOlla !cAn., r:pem:1 v' avn!Ca-racrtaOouv IlE rnv ayopa I:WtllooV f.1l:t0PEUJ..latOOV. EltOIlf:vOOC; OtT] lletCOlltvT] oarraV1') tT]C; oou/.lac; t01) O'7nnou avm:n:otxsi all!;TllltvTl OaltavTl OE xpijlla. fl' auto au!;l'tvouv ta l:1;,oOCL r:apaycoyij.; 1:T]e; e:pya1:t!Cijc; ouwyf:velai; !Cat 100lPapi~ouv IT]V aU!;T]oTl roo wmoijllatoc; tTl:;. 2,;' OMI rrpe.:te:1 vc r::pooteOei !Cat TO yf.yov6:; on vlvsrm aouvatTt T] OlK'OVOJ..lta !Cat T] o!Co:tl!loTTtta oTI\v tcCrwvl'tAroOTl !Cat rnv r:apaoK'eDij roiv Iltarov ouVtijPT]aT)C;. rta oi.a aura ta yeyovota, 1:0U rn a;roOlro:ta Tl €1tioT]!lT] 1tolmK't, oocovoutc, U1tl'tPXEt "i.ouolO UAt!CO one; "Reports» [eKOem:lc;l rmv E1ttOeWPTtTOOV spvcoinc, OTIC; r.!COtoEle; tllC; .. Children's Employment Commission». lml tOiro.:; OTIC; "Reports on Public Health».

.. .u: aVTiOeoTl J..lE to IlE:Yr.u..o yeyovoc;, on 0 nsptopteuoc tT]C; epyaoiac; troy yuvattcoov lCat tOOV m.tlOlfilV OTo. ayyAtlCa epyootao1!I Kataxtti0T]ICE Ile ayoova troy eVijAI!Crov epyat6!v CvaVTICL oro !C!;r,Jat.1l10, on.; mo 1tp6crr,Ja'tE~ ulColla e!CeEOI':t~ tT]C; "Children's Employment Commission» ~pioKOUllg crxr.'tI!Ca iJf. to 1ta~apgllu :tatOlOOV atou~ epyl'tte; yovEie; TOU~ YV{Jlplolla'ta ;tepa )'Ia nepa OOUMIl:toPI!Ca rtou npo!CaA06v at' a~.ijeEta uyuvaxtTt01\. Omo.; 0llroC; ~?E:!OUIlE U;to TI<; iotE; «EICOeoelC;», 0 !Cum'tuhltJ't~e; onploulo<; !Cu":ayyVJ.£t curnv rn XTT]vroo!a noo tTt 0TJlltOuPYWrE, 'IT] otatrovi~Et xm TTtV !;I(IlEta?J.£UE1at 0 tOlO; xm 1tO\) I(ao;a Til aAMI 'IT] ~aq)t1(r!; «ei.cuOr.p!u epyuoia.;». «Kureouvov Ot11 ~oti8Ela 'ITl"; spynmae; rcov 1tat01OOV ... u!CO!-la !CCLI yla vc ~yri~ouv TO K'aOT]llcplVO TOUe; 1;J(iJlli. Ta ~CLISIO:. xropL; vn 'xouv 'tTl ouvallT] v' aVTEXouV 0& ilia TOOO ouoavuhoya K'omac:rtllcij epyuota, Xwpi; KalliO. zpoerotucc'c ytU TTl IlEAi.OVT1!Cti lOU; ~ooij, ru tpt!;av at tva a1'l:0 CjI\)OIK'ij lCal T]8tK'ij a1tOVTl 1l0Auolltvo 1tEpIBaU,ov. LXf.TIlCa iJf. TTlV !CawtJTpoCjlij TroV Ir.pooo/.ullrov uno TOV Tiro 0 E~pa!o; 10tOptl(O; exe:t ypavet on OEV eivat 81C1'I:hT]Xtl1C0 Jtro~ T] :tOAT] K'aTaa",;paOT]KE roco OAOIC/.T]plllUlCa, CLOOO ilIa a;tavOpCI);!T] llT]tepa 8uoiaa~ to Bpeooe; TTtC; Yla vn xopseer 1:T] OP1XTij nstvc tTle;» ("Public Economy Concentrated», Carlisle 1833, OEA. 66)

p~C; !lo:vouQuI\rouplJcec; ;COMIC; tTlC; 1O!:pl(!)ep£Il'tc; !lOU. No: TO I(Ci!lf.VO TTle; o:yYEA.WC;: "ZTlTOUVTal 12 roc; 20 veO! ,trwc; TlA.ud.w;. rrou yo: V7:0po1JV va t:f:PVo.Vf. yto: 13 Xpovtilv. MI006:;; 4 ac~,ivta TTJ ~OO!-la.Sf"l. A;rcuOuv(kitE 1(11.7:.,,".

H opuaTj «TWD vn unopoov vn m:pvav£ yta 13 XpoV(;)V~) tXC.l aXEOTj W: TO y&yov6e,; on, ouuorovo Ill: TO VOJ,lO ym TCl f.pyoaTdcna, 1Cct\OU't Ka1:(!) ano 13 Xpovwv f.7ntpim&'tat va c.Pyi1~ovTm 1l0VO t~l roPE:e,;. Evnq ytaTpoe; rou OTjIlOaiou (certifying surgeon) 7:phrE:! vu mcrozomosi 1:Tjv llAuda. 0 spyoal'aatupxne,; '.Olrrov ~TjraS! vtoue,; non va 'xoov OVT] Of.Ka'tptWV xpovwv. H UYYAl1(11 oTanaT1KT] rrov tSMOTairov 20 xpovrov rrapou(Jtusc.t ouxvu uin v aAIlClnK'li EAanWOTj TOO aptElllou reov rrat01Wv Ka1'ro uno 13 Xpovwv zrou arraaxo· AOUV oi fltOllilxavOt 01:(1 spvcrrtnctn. I:ullorovu ue 11(; Ilaprupi£e,; rrov iOlroV rrov f.mElsropT]rwv EpyaO"iae,;, Tj E},a1'T(J)OT] nurn (JrO J,leya}.(:rn:po llf.pOe; 'tT]e,; TJ'tav r.pyo cntrov nov certifying surgeons, non npom'tPIlOSav 1:T]v T]hK1.a ttov natotwv one,; I:KW'."WAA.F.DTU-:tc,; OpE;~61e,; nov K's<pa},atOKpaTwv Kal (Jne; avayK'Se; aDvaA},ayTje,; trov vovubv. K6.0s ~&D1:tpa xut T pltTj rrproi vlvstrn aVOlxro rra~apl 01:0 MrrtElvEA rKpT]V, 1:11V rno KaK'OOnIlTj ouvoucio 'tOU Aovoivou, cnou rratOta Kat rtov OUO <pUArov arro 9 Xpovwv xrn l'!:tlvro IltoElWVOV·tal uovc roix one,; unvoueoxroope; J,I&Ta~lOU rou AovSivou, «01 OOVT)ElI(JIlEVOt opot sivm I aSAlvt Kat 8 j'(EV&e; 1:T]V &~oo)laoa (xoo 'W rmlpvouv Ot voveic) Kat 2 7:EV&e,; yta usvn Ila~i IlS Eva 10an} , At&l Eva rratoi 01'Tjv KaTaOE(Jli TOD. Tn O"\JIl~OAata I(JXUOOV uovo jIla Ilta E~oollaoet. II pOK'aAOUV rrpa.ywn:tK<1. rnv ayavaxrT\(JTj 01 OKTjVEe; rrou otaopa)la'tisov1'at K'at 11 yAroO"oet nou XPT]atIlOnotEt'tat a' auto TO rra~apt. E~aKOAO\J80uv aKolla 01'Tjv AyyAia y\JvatK&e,; «va rraipvouv 1WtOIa ano ro workhouse [orritin oouAlac;l Kat va TU VOtKtU~OUV orov nprbro TDxov'ta ayopaaTli rrpoe; 2 o&AivlCt Kat 6 1tE:VEe,; TTjV E:~oo)laoa))**. IIapa 'tlj OXC1'lKli vOlloElEoia, O'tTj MsyitAll Bpsrcvtu &~aKOAOoOOUV aKolla va rrouAtOUV'tat anD TOUe; YOVetc; roue 'tooAuXtarO 2000 avTjAtK'a rmv ~rovtavte,; KanvoooxoKaOapta'tlKEe,; )lllXa.vr.C; ()lOAO rrou urrapxouv

.. A. Redgrave in «Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1858", aeA.

41.

..,. "Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report" London 1866, au .. 81. apI9J.!. 31. [Y:rOGTJJ.lEiWall ornv 4Tl tK"lioaTt· - H !l~Ta~ollpyill roo M;rtew:A. rK"PTtV txt! Olivepa axgliOv xnrnotpnost. -¢I.E.:

Il11Xavt'.; yla vo La cvnxcrccrncouv)". H £rravua-eaan nou rtpoK"al,£aav 01 IlnxavE'.; o-m VO)lIK"ii axean 'HOV cvopcorrov xm nov nroAn'HilV tn'.; £pyanK",,'.; Mva)ln'.;, cren !t01.) n OA11 a1.)va/J.ayTj vn XaVS! aK"o)la xrn rnv f.nhpaan Eva'.; a1.)!-lrio),aio1.) nvnuson as f:MuElepa rrpaawna, rrpocr<p£p£ cpvorspc oro aYY},IK"O K'OtVOPOl)AlO rn VO!-lIK'Tj ~aan vto vn Oll<:ato),oyiiael TnV aVullt~n ron xpnror«; ere epyoa'tama. KaEle ooprt rrou 0 vouo; vto to epvoorcoic nf.plOpisEt rnv epvcotc rrov natotwv aE 6 WPE~ 0"£ K'A.aoou; rtou roe.; trope eustvcv uEltXtOl, ~EanaEt rravm ano rnv apxTj 0 Opi]voe.; nov epY0cr1:amapx(j)V on tva )ltpoe.; roiv vovccov nrrooupet tn r':mOta uno in ~lO)lllxavia nou urruy£'l:Cu oro VO!-lO Yla vn m rrouA TjO"01.)V os ~1O)lnXavis~ orrou emxpnrel cxouo n «f.},w8£pia -ene.; £pyaaia'.;», 0llAaoTj o:C01.) natota K'a'[(o a"o 13 Xpovwv urroxpewvovmt vn £pyuSov'tat ouv cVTjAtK'ot Kat CnO)lEVWC; )l7!OPOUV vo n:01.)AlOUVtat ,,10 aK'ptpa. Err£loTj 0llro; "CO K'£!pal.mo ano ill cpuaT\ TOU eivm leveller Ilao1:EO(ot,,'.;I, ~11taEt BnAaoi] os OAf.e; tie.; Q"(jlaipf.'.; t11e.; rrapayroyTjc,; icornro croix; OP01.)e.; f.K'pF.tu});:ualle.; Tn; f.pyaaiae.; onv avOpwmvo 01K'a1(Olla rrou rou aVT]K'Et arr6 vevvnoiIltOU tOU, 0 rreptoptouoc us VOIlO Tne.; f.pyaaia; HOV rtalOHov crov tva KAaoo 'nc.; 1310llnxavia'.; vivstm rnrlu vtu rov rrspioptouo Tll-; os tva v at,AO.

Ilpo qvouuevn EXOU!-lf. KloAa; Ilthlaet rta Tll aQ)!-latlKij KaTu, nTroO"n rrov rrmoui)v K'(ll T(OV vsrov, KaOO)e.; xrn nov vuvctxrov, zou n !-l11XavTj TOn'.; U1tOTa(J(1f:1 c rnv f:1C!-l£taf,AEUa1'] TOU ](£oaAaion, rtpWTa allf.aa orn cpyoatuma, rrou ~£rrlloaVf: "uvro oro toaoo; llle.; IlnXavTje.;, xm tnf.l"!U f:)l!-leaa os 6/.01.)'.; roue nrroAOlrrous !~lOllnxavtK'ou'.; I(/.uom)'.;. Fr' coro aLaI-WLa!-l£ EOW uovo a' tva an ueio , aTT\v ,Cpa01:ta 8vnm!-lOtnm rrov f.pyatona1orov am Tl"PWTa xpovta tTle.; sroT]~ roue, LTnV Ayyl.ia nrraPX01.)V 16 l'll~laPX1K't<; nEplOEpw:e.;, onou aITO 100000 1:atOla nA1K"ia:; K'atro ton EVO'.; ttou~ K"aTa !-ltaov opo Tl"£Oaivonv 'CO Xpovo !-lOVO 9085 (ce 11m rreptospetu !-lOVO 7047), at 24 "Ept<!ltPf.lf.'.; rrcOaivonv navro uno 10000, J.tyotf.pa ouo»; arro 11000, at 39 "eplotpslee.; n:avro a1:o 11000, Atyon:.pa 011(0'.; a:co 12000, Of: 48 rrf.pt<!ltpf:lf:S rraVQ) ano 12000, AlyoTepa O!-l(oc,; aITO 13000, os 22 1:EplOf.pete'.; "avro ano 20000, cs 25 1l:SP1(.')Epf.te'.; rravro nxo 21000, os 17 rruvw arro

.. "Children's Employment Commission. 3rd Report», London 1864, ad. 53, aplO. 15.

22000, m: 11 mlvro a.itO 23000, cro Xou, cro OUOt.~EPE!.l1t1'OV, cro Acrov-cvrsp-Amv IWI oro Ilpsoeov rravro a.no 24000, oro NonvYlcxa.ll, L1'6Krrop't Km Mrrcvtoopvr rravro a.rro 25000, cto Oui~l-ume; 26000 Km ero Mnvroso-rep 26 I 25*. Onox; a.rrooEl~E Ilta. ErricrTII.lTJ WtptKTj speuvu rou 1861, ov a.!ps90uv Ka.'ta Ilepoc; ot tOnn;:EC; auvei]K'E<;, 01 IlEYaAOl curoi a.pt!)lloi 9vTJcrtllot"TJ'W<; oosiAOVmt xupiox; crnv a.rra.crxOATJOTJ troy IlTJteprov t~(j} a.rro to arri.n Kat anc; auvtnEtte; tT)e;, orrroc; sivm TJ rra.pa.lltATJcrT) Kat xoxonolncn roiv :mtOtWv, a.va).J.eoa. cs aAAa. Ka.t TJ a.Ka.ta'.ATJ},TJ tpocpTj, TJ SAAEIVTJ 'tp01Tje;, 11 XOPllynOTJ vcpxornxrov ntu rrmoul. KAn. L' a.uta rrpErrEl vn rrpoategei T) a.cpUOtKT) a.rro~evrocrn TOJV urrrspcov ano 1'a. rra.toui TOUe; xat, ccv cruverrEta. OArov cureov, TJ rrpoIlSAEt"T)Iltv11 envCt1'rocrTJ ttov rrmoubv IlE rnv 1tElVU Kat t"T) 011ATJ1'TJpiucrTj fOUe;*"'. Avt"iget"U, crt1i; uyponKf:c; SKEtVSC; m:pHptpEtE<;, «onon smxpnrsi svn KUt"wfa.m opto yuva.tKda.C; a.rrucrxOAT)C'JT!e;, TO rrooocro 9vllcrtllot"T)t"ae; eivoi ro Xa.Il11J.on:PO»"'''''''. H smrpozrn tpEUVa.r; 'IOU 1861 t!pEPE «ioroco oro 00)e; to uvumivn:xo ur:OtEAEcrIlU, on os llePtKtC; Ka.9a.pa YEropytKte; rrEpHptpEtSr; ane; a.Ktt.; t"TJe; Bopstcc 0at..a.crcra.e; 'to rrccrooro 9vTJcrtIl0t"TJ'We; reov rra.totwv Katro TOU svor; Xpovou otuvsi aXEOOv TO nococro roiv mo IWKOClTJllrov ~lOlll1XUVIKWV nsproepsuov, Yerspo a.rr' a.U1'O 0 yta.1'pOe; T~ou},taV Xnvrsp emoopttornxs va. IlSAE1'Tjcret smronou to !pa.tVOIlEVO. H eKOEcrTj tOU crull1tEpt'ATj!p9TJKS crtT) «Sixth Report on Public Hcalth»**"''''. Or; rors urr09sta.v on TU rrmoui to a.rroOeJCtin~a.v 11 EAoVOcria. xm aAAEe; a.ppwcrm:e; iWU Xa.PUKt"l1pi~ouv ru; XUIlTJAee; Kat EAWOSte; rrEptOXtr;. H tPEUVa. a.rrooet~f. a.Kpl~We; ro uVt"i9sm, on OT)Aa.OTj

"11 iota nrrin rtou E;(f;t l:":~aM:iljlr.t V"!V f;/,ovOO"la, leal O"UYKEKplj.leva. 11 llem't"pOTCl] TOU &oaCPOt)~ ar.o EA.o<; TO ;(Etj.lcilva Kat 01:(0;(0 fioO"KOLOTCO to

,. «Sixth Report on Public Health", London 1864, elf-A. 34.

",. "Au~i1 (n, cpeuva roo 1861) ... aTC65~\~f. (.,;ur;Awv ~U)~, U1l0 "tn, Ina ).u:pt(I, Karro orro tu; cruve~K£~ :l00 TC&pIypaljlal18 to ;ratoHi r:d3aivouv g~al1:ia~ tTl~ !:YKO:ta.A.f.\\:.rll.~ Kill ~ll.~ KaKO).ttlnXtipl(JTl~ rrou o!jl£D.ovtat OTll.V tpyaoiu rrov flll.TtpclIV TOU; oro epyocrtaata, &11(0, rrrro TTJV ai.All., at ).tTJTtpe~ cruvr)Oloav vc cspovrcr 11£ svnv tpoflaXTlKa aOUCIlKO ~p6TCO cnevcvn elm ppt.oTJ 1:Ou,; - cruv!']Ow.; Ssv ;rolocrKoti~ovTm Yla rov flava't"o tOU~, KUt Ka:':Otl;;... ::a(pvouv alleOil IlCtpa yta va rov ~poKai.EOOUV» (oro tOtO) .

.... "Sixth Report on Public Health». London 1864, m;A. 454 .

.. n "Sixth Report on Public Health», London 1864, m:A. 454, 463.

"Reports by Dr. Henry Julian Hunter on the excessive mortality of infants in some rural discrits of England".

Ka/,OIcuipl os EUOOPO mwl3oArova repOlniN:(n: !WI '("0 E:~atpl:m:u J.!f.yU/.o xooocro 6vTlmJ.!0TlltW; 1WV I3p6Illo)v»·.

Oi 70 yw:rpoi rrou aaKOUV TO srraYYEAj .. ui TOUe; a' aUT"; TTJV 1tf:PlOxi] Kat nou roue ovexprve 0 Sp Xnvrsp «toEt~aV OaUl-laOT"; ouoorovic» a' aUTO "to onusio. On OTJA. I-lasi I-ls rnv EnaVaOTa01l Kat TTJV KaAAttpysw tou s50.tpoue; tXEl ElaaxflEi Kat TO I3lOj.tTJxavtKO auat'TJ I-l a.

«Eva" avtpa" nou AtyEtal «gangmeister» [«apXTlYo" tOU ouvspyeiou»] 136.~EI svcvn OPIO").lI:vou rrooou <!ttl ol6.6EO"T1 roo r:aXtw1i] reav-rpe:)1f:Ve" ywai1m;. TIO\) epy6.~ovtat ,<:atu OJ.!clOe:" J.!a~i IlE xopltoic Kat veOUt;. Ttl; O)1uo!:t; autet; nt; vOlKu't~el ocv O"uvoAa. 01 O)1ao£t; autet; re6.vE O"UXvu Ill: to. reoola TIOna )1lAla )1aKpIU crro La XWPIU tou-;;. n" O"uvav,u KaVEtt; to 1!p(i)i Kat 10 j3puou O"ttt; 8r1!1ocrtt~· oi yuvaiKE<; vtu)1tvet; )11: IWVtS':; li>oucrw; Kat avuAoya O"aKUKta, ue J.mO-rE':;. Kat Kure01E )1£ naVtEAOVta, ue DljITi r:OAU ye:pi] Kal UYll;. xaAaO")1EVEt; O)1Wt; areo 'TiV TlOIKi] f:1.:AUcrTl nou roue eylVE (lUvi]OEla Kct\ 1E:AEiwC; aOluoopE~ )11!pO':; o"tlt; oAtOpu:r;; O"UVE:ItEu:r;; ItO\) EXSt yta 10. I3ptt:>TI roue zou J1o.pa~o:iJvouv 0"1;0 m:i..n, n rrpmi..)1T1O"n 1:0\)" yta tvo.v rsno opao"ti] .. pro xm aVE~6.pT'l'tO rpono ~wiJ:;»**.

Eow cvcncpuvovnn Of,a To.. qlatvol-lsva t'WV 13 to I-lTJxaVtKW V nspiccpsuov, avarrapo.YETat as I-lEya/,(l'[,spo cxoun 130..91-10 11 KaAUI-lI-ltv11 rratooX'tOvia Kat TO rroTlal-la reov 1WtOtWV I-lE vcpxornKo.*·"'.

,,01 yVroO"EI':; uou yta ro I(QKO nou r.:pO~EvEi - AtE! ° ytaTPOC; Sp, I:6.1)10V, U1!UUllAO:; Kat )1tAo" rou aYYAIKou Privy Council (MUcrtlKOU I:U)1j3ouA.iouP Kat apxtcruV1:UKT'l':; nov EICOtO"EOOV yta rnv-Public Health» [oTl)1oma uyeial - repereEI va oIKatO/,oyiJO"O\)V ttl l3al:hu. a:r:OO"1;pOOi1 r:ou Vt&6oo orcv !3A.treoo v' arraO"xoAOIWTct1 cruvtXEla EviJiI,IICE':; yuva[ICE':; crtTl I3tO)1T1Xavia" .... •. «0a eivm _. ava!jloow:i ce )1la ErriO"T1IlTl €KI:kall ° Er.:IOe:OOprrriJ.:; Epya!'Tla.:; P .. MrmiICEP - 00 etvni r.:pay)1anKU WTllXTI)1a yta nt; !3LOJ1T1xavIKt.:; 7!eplli>f:pEU;':;

* "Sixth Report on Public Health», London 1864, (leA. 35, 455, 456 .. "' .. LTO i8tO, (leA. 456 .

..... Or;oo<; (lnc; aYYAI1(£;:; ~loJ1'lxavlKtc; r:CPI(j)Spf.1EC;, ttm xm anc; YClIlpylI(ec; m:pliptpl:1EC; Otaoiaetat J1tpa I-Ig tTJV 'lJ1f:pa '1 Ka'tav6.l.oooT1, ornou ar.:o '!oue, r.V~A!I(01)C; spyaT8C; 1(01 8pyatpIS<;. ,,0 lley6.AOC; (lKO;ro.; J18pIICOW g:rlxelpllJ1rmICWv )1syaMJ1rroplIlv eivm va r:poooOi1ooIlV 1:T1V rrOUATJaTl vapI(COTIKOW ... 01 qapJ1aICt· J1:rOpOl TO. Oeoopouv ouv TO 8ioo,:; 7!01J tXSl tTJ 1-18yaAursPTl rrtpaaTl» (cro iOIO, oeA. 459). Ta ~ptql1'] 1!OU ra ral~av VapK'oonK6. «~apwvouv Kat vivovrrn onv )11Kpa ygpOV,UK'ta ~ J1apa~OlVO:V xm vtvovrcv onv J111(poi r.:iOTlK01» (ate lalo, !'TEA. 460). ETm CKOIKOiwTG.I TTJV AyyAia 01 Ivait:c; xm 1'] Kiva .

...... "Sixth Report on Public Health», London 1864, oel ... 37.

1'11'; AyyUa.;. cv ar.ayopton;i os oM:.; n.; r:aVtp£l1tveo; yuvaiKeo; rtou txouv Ol1WytVEW V(1 Epya'ovTal O"E 01:'0l00i)noTe epyom:amof>·.

To Ttfluco oalcu'Cf.:l1a rrou 1tlwut;;et ano 11'lV KEQaAalOKpa'C1KT] £K!lE'CuAAf.:UaTt rllC; epyaaiac; 'tow YUVUlK6JV Kat nov nmOHOV 'to i:xouv rreptYPUVEt toco E~av'CAllTuCU 0 <1:1. EVYKEAC; oro {;pyo ron «H Kara.oT(lall tllC; EpyanKitc; TU~llr; ornv A yyiUu», Kae6JC; Kat UAAOl auyypaIflEir;, nou £y6J OEV txro eo6J 1WPU va rnv urrcvOU!l taro a;r},Wc;. H OWVOll"tlKi) 0110)r; epT]l1roaTt, rtou 0llf.ltoUPyT]0l11CE "tEXVl'lTa. !le 'Cll !le'ta'Cp01tT) uvroptucov avOp6Jrrrov os arrA.tc; !lllXavt; yta rnv rrapayroyi] urrepa~iac; xnt nou OW<ptPEl 1tOAU arro xsivn 'tTtv rrpCO'COYOVll uyvOla, nou a<fli)vEl xtpao TO rrvcuuu, xcopiC; va OtaQeEip61 TTtV lKavOTTtTa ava.rr'Cu~iJc; 'tOO, au'Ci] 'CTjV iota rTt tpuaucit YOV1!l0'tllTU rou, avuYKuaE E1tlTtAOUC; aKOl1a Kat 'CO ayy},tKO KOlV0j30UA.10 vc eEarriaEt "tll atotXE1WOTj EK1taiOEUall cov VOlllP.O opo "Ita TTjV «rrapayro,,/lKip> Ka"tavMrooll 1WtOtWV KUTro ano 14 Xpov6Jv aE OAEC; Ttr; PtollllXaviEC; nou unoxeivrm om vouo yla 'tu Epyoo'C(Una ...

Tpa~wvtac; tvav 1tOA.U I1EYU).O aplellO rratOl6Jv Kat vuvctxrov aTO aUVouaOl1tvo epyanKo rrpootomxo, Tj l111xavi] crrrdel smreA.OOr; TTtV ovrtcruon rrou usoo orn ucvouecxroupu nvrstucouv UKOl1a ot uvoper; epyu'tec; oro oeononcrllo 'COU KE(!)aA.aiou"'*.

K. Map~. "To KI'(fJrHaro». dA'1". £1(& •• E"'yxpo"~ [;'Iro:ril», rOil. J. ae~. 409415 Kal 417418 •

... :2:tll aUyxpOVll llaVOUOaKTOUpa 11 eK!lEta.AAEUall <P'CllV6JV Kat aVWp1llCOV Epya"ttK6Jv OUVUlleOOV yivErat 1tlO ~6T0i1t(j}'CTj an' o;n oro Kaflau'Co cpyocrcoto, yta'Ci Otll uuvooomcroupc l.Ehret cro !lEyaJ.UtepO tTlC; IlEPOC; 11 n:xvtKTJ l3uaTj rrou urrupXEt o-ro epvocre-

.. «Reports of Insp. or' Fact. for 31st October 1862". O'EA. 59. AUTO'; 0 ET.l0eooPll1'f)c; EpyaO'ia;; i]rav 1l'po!]yoiJl-leva yta1pO~ .

... 0 lI:. E., ep),oO'mcrl(ipXl1<;. l10U ei1l'8 on crouc I111Xo.voll:iv11TOU<; apyaAlOiJ<; rou ar:Cl.(lloA.e! a1COll:A.elOt1.lI:a y\.lVaiKe<;. npOL1.I1Cu:l, Atel, 1'1<;; 1I'aVtpel-l!:vEC; yuvatlI:EC;. ,otai,spa ooe<; EXOI)V ollCoyevew nou 1'1 Ouvtl'\pT1,mi t1'\<; e;apnt.'to.\ all" a\>1:t~. 0, yuvah'lie; roin&c; stvm 1l'oAiJ npooexnlCto; xrn 11'10 1l'f:lOi]vle~ ana nt; aviJrwvtpe<; lI:Cl.I illVUl U7t0xpf.Ct)I1!:veC; va svrewouv nc OuvaJ.l~IC; LOUe; (11'0 tn:!lKPO ytCl. va lCafop9cimouv yo. lCepot~ouv tu Cl.1!UPo.itlltCl. xpi\Wlm vtn t11V r:poJ.li]gew ttnv I1E:O"OOV O'uVfliP11o!]C;. E1'O"1 01 o.pr.1'&;, 0, lCaOaUtO apr:tEe; 'to\) yuvtlllceiou XapUlCti]· pc, orpeoovtrn es Bapoe; rmv yuvallCci>v -£1'0"1 !CaO£,i to 110uc6 Kat to al1po l';OU eXEI 11 yuvoi!Ca 010 xapo.lCfi]pa tllC; 1-let'm:pi:1I'£Lm es J.lEOO urroooiJ}"rom't<; VI<; !Cat O'f. :l11'fli ,ro\l l1acrnvrov '1'\e;" (Ten Hour's Factory Bill. The Speech of Lord Ashley. 15th March". London 1844. Of) •. 20).

OlD, 11 aVtllw·t(latUall tTl'; )1UlKrt; 00vallll:; !1f. Il11Xav{;:; Kat TJ EUKo/l-ia tll; ooui.tae;, Kat Ylati tautoxpova to YUVatKeiO i] to cvropuro (Hi:I!1a tOW av'liA.tKrov f:KflEtI::tat us tOY mo couveiorrro TPO;tO ertnv eniopaaTJ OTJA1FTJPtroocilV ououov KI.rr.

y) II LYrXPO~H ~ANOYI!>AKTOYPA

ea npocrrraOijaro rropc va e~TJyi]O(j) !11: lleptKa rrapaoEiwaLa tu; OEm:;l:; rtou Olatl)1!(r)aa mo rravw. a avayvwatTJ~ yvropit;;F.t !CtOAa; ::paY!1an rrapa rroU.a YF.yovoTa cno TO llf.pOC; tOU IhBA.iou rtou eivm a(;m::pro!1{;vo crTrtV !:pyacrt!1TJ IIp,tpa. at ucvouonxroupec rtou i7apayouv w;nlAAtVa ei0ll oro MrriplllvYKXa!1 Kat ore rrspiX(Opo. TOU XPTJcrl!10rrotOUv aTD w::yaAlm:po TOU~ !1epo:; "Ita rrOAU [3aplt:; OOUA.1E:; 30.000 7tatoui Kat VEOU:; !1at;;i !1F. 10.000 yuvaiKs:;. Touc ~piOKOU)1e eM) rrrc avfluYlclVo. XUti]pla xat.Kou, cru F.PYoaT(lcrta napayroyij:; KOUIlT:tmv, an:; OOU/,U;':; tOU crllaAtWTi], LOU yaA.~avo)Tll Kat A.ouaTpaiS6pou*. H u;tf.pI3oA.tKll f.pyacria troy f.VijA1KUW Kat rrev avijA.1KWV at ouioopa tu:roypacpeia BOTJIlF.piOrov KUl ~lrll.iwv TOU Aovoivou c~ampaA.1al: a' nurn La turroypaqleia TO Tl)1TJLtKO ovouc «croaydan"'*. H iOla um;p~OAtKij cpyaaia vlvctm Kat crtrt Bt~1AlOOf.oia, onou Ta flu)..la-w tTl:; mpayi]c; £ivat loiro:; yuvaiKee;, xoptroto Kat rraloui. Bnpin OOUA.HI yta avi]A.1KOU:; Kat crX01va01KQ. ~UXtf.P1Vij spvceic O1:a aA.atopuXf.ia, ore xnponotsln Kat 0' aAM:; XTJ)..ltKEe; ucvouecxtoupsc, OO/.OOOV1Kij XPTJcrt!1orroirt- 011 verov vto va xivouv TOUe; apyat.tou:; rrru !1eTa~oupyeia nou Ssv KlVOUVLat )1f. !1TJxavt:;***. H OtaAoYll tWV KOUp£AtWV sivct ' uio crro ru; mo Olxa!1Cpt:;, tu; mo ~pW)..llKf.e; Kat tu; mo KaKOrr/trtpro)..ltve:; OOUAt£:;, orrou KaTa nporlunon XPllcrt!107tOl06vTa1 vsnpn xoptroro Kat yuvaiK£:;. Eivrn yvwaTo TWl:; 11 Mf.yaA.ll Bpsrcvic, xwpta arro La OtKa Tll; ar:StpaptO)..la KouptAta, sivm TO sunopeto '[Ow KOUpGAtWV o),(}U TOU xoouou, Eow ouppeoov KOUpi:Ata ana tnv Inrnovin, nno ro mo arro)..ll:;pa "patTJ Tl1e; Nonce A)..l£P1Ki]:; !Cal czo n~ Kuvnpiouq vncouc. at KUpt!::; owo:; ;O:llYE:; 17POi:ACU-

* 1:0 I:i:OOLII.VT cuvnvrtr K(IVf.i~ "molO: UKOJ1U Kat ero II.IJ1UpI<lJ1a!

... "Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report 1866", Of-A. 3, opjB. 24 <If.I .. 6, apIS. 55, 56, OE/ •. 7. upl8. 59, 60 .

.... 1,0 ioto, OC)< .. [[4, ll5, aplO. 6 7. To !1tj..o~ 't11~ e:1'l1po1tli~ r:apa'tl]pei (JOJota r:ms av KaTa rn ii/.Au 11 ;'Hlxavli (lV'tII(U01(HU TOV uvOpmr:o, <lTTIV rrEpiT;TuHl11 all~li 0 vi:o~ verbatim (KUplO/.El(lII(U) ([V:IKO{hoTO: 1:11 J1I1X(lvTt.

(Ji]c; roue sivm 11 I'spunvtc, 11 raUia, 11 Pro(Jia, 11 haAia, 11 Atvurrroc, 11 Toupxin, 'to BtAyl.O Kat 11 OAAavoia. Ta KouptAta XPllmI-101tOtoov'tat ouv Ai1W(Jl-la, Yta TytV 1tapayroyf) KPOKU01(OV (yin TO Yf:l-ltal-la crpeouercov), shoddy ('tExvll'tOO llaAAtoO) Kat ecv 1tPW'tll OAll yta tnv 1tapayroyi] xap'ttOo. Ot yuvaiKSe; otaAoysie; tcov KOUPSAtWv XPllcrtl-lSOOUV onv oopsh; T11e; SUAOYtae; IWt aAArov KOAAytnlCWV aaeSVStWV, 71:0U ne; I-ls'taoioouv os CtJ..AOU~ Kat 1tOU 1tpc:!)ta eOlla'ta TOUC; slvm au'tte; Ol iOtse;. KAacrtlCO 1tapaOEtYl-la U1tC:p~OAtKi]e; spya(Jiae;, ~aptae; Kat aJ((ltriAAytA.ll~ spyaaiae;, Kat S1tOl-ltvroe; spyaaiae; zrou anoX'tllvOlVEt roix; spyaTse; 1t0\) roue avaAWVOuv a1tO rnv 1tatOtKi] lCtOt..ae; llA.tKia, l-l1topsi, oi1tA,a (J'tytv S~OPU~ll IlETaAAsulla'trov Kat Kap~ouvou. va esropoOVtat 11 rou~A01t01ia Kat 11 KSpaI-101tOlia, a-ne; orrote; (J1tOpaOtKa 1l0VO XPllcrt- 1-l01t01siTUl ornv AYYAia 11 vsososupsuevn I-lllxavi] (1866). Azo to Mall roe; 'to ES1t'tEI-l~Pyt 11 oOuAta ~aa'tast a1to t«; 5 TO 1tproi roC; nc; 8 TO ~paou, Kat sKsi 1tOU TO (JTEyvrolla vivstm (JTO t>1tatOpO (JuXva ~a(JtaEt nzto ne; 4 to rtpmi roe; ne; 9 TO ~paou.

H spyaotll11 lllltpa 1tOU ~aa'ta.st a1tO ne; 5 TO 1tproi roe; ru; 7 to ~paou OEropsitat «nsptoptouevn s, «uerpic» spyamllll 11lltpa. Xpnotuonoiouvrm (Jtll oOUAta 1tatOta xm rcov Suo 1puA.mv a1to 6 i] aKOl-ta Kat a1to 4 Xpovwv Kat 1tavro. Epya1;ovTat 'toase; wpeC;, oase; Kat 01 SVi]AIKot Kat (JUXva nSptSOOt'spse;. H OOOAta sivm O'lCAllPi] Kat yt (,E(JTll 'tOO KaAOKatplOU IlsyaAOlVSt aKOl-la mo 1toM rnv s~avTAll(Jyt. Aoyouxapll, a' tva 'tOu~Ao1tot€io tou MO(JAsU tva xopirot 24 Xpovwv tl?naxvE 2000 tOO~Aa rnv nuspc IlE ~OllOOOe; Suo avljAIKa xopitma, 1tOU Kou~al,oo(Jav tll M.(J1tll Kat (JTi~a1;av La to\)~Aa. Ta xopitmn ourc avt~a1;av KaeE Ilf:pa IO tOWOUC; A.a('J1tll aitO ru; YAlO'tf:ptC; 1tA.aYlf.c; tOU Aa(J1tOAaKKOu, 1tOU siXE ~aeoe; 30 1tOOta, Kat rnv Kou~aAOO('Jav as arro(JTa(J11 2 IO 1tOOta.

«Etvm aoiJvato Eva mllol va r:Epao&t anD to KaOaptiJptO nup EVO"; toupAonou:iou xwpi~ va l;Enscret llOtKa no/.u ... H Xuoaia yAwooa xou cxouvc uzto tT)v nLO tpUOEpi] llAtKia, 01 ~PWJ.lEpE<;;, aITpE!':Ei,,; Kat avaloxuvtEr;; ouvi]O&tEt; jJ.ooa on,,; ortole; jJ.EyaAwvouv EV ayvoi.a tOUr;; Kat altoXtllvwvo· vtm, m Kavouv yta tT)V Katomvli ~wi) roue avojJ.a, OtEoOapJ1tva, aKoAam:a ... nTlYli <;JptxTIir;; IhctlpOopa.:; Elvat 0 tpono.:; m:l:yaali.:; roue, KaOE moulder (q10Pllaoopo.:;) (0 KaOautO EtOtKEUJ.lEVOt; Epy6.tTl':; lcal aPXTlYo"; jJ.W':; 01la8o..:;

... BA. 1:TJV f;KOeon. yta 1:0 £jJ.!':6pLO roiv KOUPCA.tWV Kat r:oAA6. VTOKOUIlf;vrn: «Public Health, 8th Report, London 1866 Appendix. (!e~ •. 196-208.

epya:tCi>v) OiVEl ornv OI.U'lOC! tOU, ltOU C!ltotEM:itm alto 7 r.poacoreC!, at£rl] KC!1 tpOfllT! ).lEaC! aTI] OIKiJ tOU KaAuj3a iJ KC!totldC!. Eirs C!Vi)KOUV ornv olKoyEveta rou sire OX1, avopee;;, vEm KC!t xopirotn K'OlJ..!01'lVtat 0' C!un)v TI]V KC!AU~c!. H KaAuj3a areo1:EM:itat C!ltO 2 KC!l uovo KC!t' e~C!lp£O"l1 areo 3 oroJ.l(lTIC!, Ot..G. tOCryEta IlE 1t-yo c!EPIO).lO. TC! arollC!"t"C! etvoi roco xoopcousvo. areo to IlEyaAo 10proKOr:TJJ.lU TI]t; 1]J..!EpC!e;;, nou oe OiVEtC!l IW).lla repooox~ ere ~l]t~IlC!tC! tmv Kavovrov UY1EW1)t;, TI]e;; KaSapto't1]tuc;; Kat 1:l]t; aE).lvb'tl]Tat;. nollst; C!rco nt; KClA.Uj3Et; aOtee;; stvci aATJSIVtl u1toodYIlClta C!IWtaO"taaiC!C;;, j3pwllu'lC;;, KC!l CJKOV11C;; ••• To ).lEyC!A.1'ltgpO KC!KO tOU oootf]!lato;, nou XP1]Ol!107tolEi vl'.apn KopitO"ta (J' C!UtO to eiooe;; tl]C;; EpyC!cri.ac;; sivrn on KC!ttl KC!VOVC! C!ItO TI]V ltC!lOIK~ tOUe;; l]AtKiC! KClI eQl' opou ~w~C;; rc C!AOO"OOEvEI W;: tOV mo «Xpeio aUP'llEto. Memrperrovrm os i3tlvaoO"C!, KC!KCryA.COaaa C!YOPOKOPltO"C! (erough, foul-mouthed boys » ) npoto1'l TJ qlOOTl eo olM~El on sivct 'YllvaiKEC;;. Ntll!lEva J..!E J.lEplKa j3proJ..! IKa KOUptAW, J.lE Y0J..! va rc rc60lC! we;; 7!OAU IjIl]ACt lto.v(O C!ltO lC! vovcrc, J.lE rc llC!llltl xm to npootorro j3ootTlYJ.ltvC! O"TI] i3Prollttl, ).laSaivoov vc. rcEplqlpOVOuv Ko.Oe C!!.aflTJIlC! EUltpenelC!C;; KC!t moouc;;. Trw ropa tOll qlaYTltou ~c!1tA(ilvouv ljIC!pOto. nAana KatayiJt; iJ KOtftl~OUV tOOc;; VEc!P01'lC;; rcou lCtlVOI)V !llto.V\o a' tva ano ta YEu:OvtlCa KC!VaAlC!. KI omv tEAetroaEt ErctttAoue;; Tl j3C!pta OOOAlo. tTlC;; TlJ.ltpC!C;;, ~tl~OI)V KC!AuTEpa pouXC! KUI ouvooeuouv too<; UVOpEC;; on<; 1l1mpupiEC;;».

Eivat AOurOV C:POO1KO on cr' OATJ aUtft tnv ta~TJ arro rnv rratOllCll K10/,(1I'; TJAucia smxpurst to rno aypto !-lSeOKOm ••.

6) H EYrXPONH 6.0YAIA LTO znrn

ea E#tacrffi rdipn tTl AeYOIlSVTl SOUAui oro crrrin. Ftc v' arroxtT]croO!-lS !-lta tota yt' autii tTl cr!paipa eK!-lBtMAeucrTJ~ ron lCstpaAaiou o ro ClOVtO tTJ~ IlsyaATl~ I3lO!-lTJxavia~ Kat ym 'tt~ tepatoupyie~ tTJ~, ea SCltaVS va pi~OUlle !-lla !-lana A.X. crnv KapClol3sAOV01tOlia, non ncxsirrn os IlSplKa arrOllspa xropla tTJ~ Ayy/ .. ia~ Kat nou oatvousvix« eivat ntpa yta ntpa S!pUAAlUKTJ. Eoro Ollffi~ cpxouv !-leptKa napaosiYllata ano tOU~ KAci8ou~ sxstvouc tTJ~ VtaVTeAonotia~ Kat tTJ~ l('UtaoKsuft~ 'jfa9Wffiv Storov, rrou cxoun Ssv rrapayovtat KaSoAou us !-lTJxavt~ ft nou ouvcvrovt~OVtat tTl !-lTJXav1KTj Kat llavouqaKTOUptKT] napayroyTj.

Arrc ta 150.000 ato!-la, rrou spyat;;OVtaL ornv aYYA1Ki] vtnVtSAOrrOlia, Ka1tOU 10.000 u1tayovtat crtTJ OtKalooocria "too VO!-lOO rou 1861 vtu tn spyocr"taota. H tspaana rtAetO\I'TJ<;Iia rciv U1tOAO\ncov 140.000 sivrn yuvaiKs~, veoi xnt 1tatoUI Kat trev Suo 9UAffiV, !-lOAD nou to avoplKo OUAO nvnxpoorozsusrm Aiyo uovo, H KatclcrtaOTl uysia<; curoo tOU «O!TJVDU» U/.1KOU SK!-letclAAEUOll~

outvsnn arro TOV rrupuKaTro xtvnxn TOU Op. TpOUI·WV, ytUTp06
TTII;; General Dispensary (f'svlKi)o:;; rrO},UKAtVtKn~) rou NOTTtv-
yKXU)..l. re 686 approcrw; vTavTeAooo6~ - at rrspiooorspe; a11:o
1 7 ox; 24 Xpovwv - nmv (!)U)..laT1Kt~:
TO 1852: on~ 45 TO 1857: an~ 13
1:0 1853: on<; 28 TO 1858: an~ 15
TO 1854: or«; 17 TO 1859: aTl~ 9
to 1855: or«; 18 TO 1860: aTt~ 8
TO 1856: on<; 15 TO 1861 : an~ 8 H rrpoooo~ aUTT! ()"TO rrooorrro Tll~ Qlu)..laTirocrlle; rrpt1!st vu slvrn UpKSTn Kat yta rov mo at0l6oo~0 npoooeunxo xut yqlaTO VEUnu Yf.PIlUVO yupoA6yo tOU BM.USEPOU sllrropiou.

o vouo; TOO ]86] "Ita to spyoo'taow pUe)..liSEt rnv Ko:SUUTO vruvrssorrctic, f.QlOOOV yivf.tat uc )..ll)xavt:;, 11:pay)..lu rrou (HllV AYYAiu arrOtB/.£i TOV xcvovo. Ot KAUOot rrou rraipvouw: BOW euvrouo urrOWll j.we; -Kal cruYKeKpt)..ltvu oXt Ol KAuom ("JTOU~ onoiou; ot Epyu-re:; sivm ouvxevrpcouevot os llaVOUl?aKTOUpf.~, S)..lrrOptKU Ka'tua'ti]IlUTU KArr., UA'Au ot KAuoot rrrour; onoiouc ot spyatSe; civet ot AsyO)..lEVOl EpyatS~ non OOu}.euouv 01:0 cnirt - otmpouvmt: l) crTll lace finishing (tSAIKi) Brrf.~Bpyaaia Tlle; ll11xavorroillTlle; vTUvTtAae;, Ilw KUTllyopia 11:0U Ils "tTl oetpa tl)e; ;,u:pIAal3uivsl 7!:OAAt~ urroOlo:tpt(jf:t~) Kat 2) 01"0 rrAt~lllo IlS KorruvtAl.

H lace finishing (tBAU;:n f.1tE~epyucri.u 1:11e; V1UV1:E:A..ue;) noxeirm O"aV Ooui.la oro arrin, etre ern M.yO)..lEVa mistresses houses (cr11:i.na reov unorcprcorhv), SiTS urro yuvaiKf.e; 11:0U OOUAE:UOUV )..love~ TOU~ T] Ilf: ru rratotu TOUe; crne; lOlronKtc,; KaTOtKU:~ TOOC;. ¢It(i)Xt~ sivct xt at iOtf.~ at Y\)VUil(E~ no\) OlU1:11pOUV «mistresses houses». To spyacr-ri]pl sivnt svo Iltpo~ Tll~ tOlronKiI~ KU'WIKiac; 'wo~. Ilnipvouv rrupayye/'U:~ nrro epyocrtucrtUPXEC;, tOtoXTi]tec,; suzroptxrov Ku-racrTllll(hrov KA;t., Kat XPllffillOnotOUV yuvaiKE~, xopttmn Kat IltKPU 11:alOtU UVUAO"lU IlE ttc,; OlUo"TUcr£l~ reov orollaTirov TOUe; Kat rnv KUllatVO!1SVTJ SnH\crTJ 1"OU K/..iI.OOO. 1:£ fiEptKa an' aU'ru rc E:pyacrnipw 0 ap!SIl6~ rcov unacrxoAoUIlIN(i)V f.PYUTPUOV xuunivs'tal crro 20 w~ 40 Kat cs uI.I.a arro 10 ro~ 20. H !1tcrll Katwt'U1"ll llt,ll(iu troy 1tatOHOV rrou apxit;,ouv va EpyaSOVtat ctvm 6 Xpovwv,

urrapxouv ouo»; Kat rraloui Ka'tro arro 5 XPOVCilV. H cruvllOtO!-ltvll gPyam~ll rt~tpa ~acrLaBl arro ru; 8 'to rrproi ro~ n~ 8 'to ~paou !-lE 1,5 wpa OlUl(Orrt~ yw tn ysu~ata, rrou vivovrm OE oxcvovtorc XPOVIKa otacrTli!-la'w Kat cruxva ~tcra crTl~ iou;~ ru; ~pro).H;pt~ TPWYAs~ OOUAta~. Ornv urrapxouv OOUAtE~, 11 spvccto 11acrTa6t cruxva arro n~ 8 (KarrO't£ arro n~ 6) 'to rrproi w~ ru; 11 i] 12 'tTj vuxw. E'tOu~ crtpaLwVf:~ 'tll~ AYYAia~ 0 xwpo<; rrou :rptIT81 va 'xEt Kae6 crtpanwtTJ~ cru~<prova ue TOU~ xovoviououc sivm 500-600 KU~lI('a :rOO1(l 1((11 crw crTpanronKIl vocoxoueio 1200 KU~t1Ca rrool(l. E' aOtt~ O!1WC; ru; TPWYAs~ oouI.taC; avaAoyouv cs Kaee a'tO~1.O 67 (O~ 100 KU~lKa rraota. Tcuroj povo 0 9ro'ttcr!-lO~ us ocornepto KaTavaAwvBl 1'0 o~uyovo "COU ai:pa. Ftn va xpcrouv Kaeapt~ nc; VtQVTtAsC;, tn rratoui U:rOXPEwvov'tal cruXVCt va ~ya~ouv rn rmrrourotn roue aK'o~a Kat 'to XE1!-lWVa, !-lOAO rtou "CO rra'tro~a stvm arro 1t1,aKaKla i] arro 'tou~i.a.

«I:'to NOHlvyqall 6ev sivnt a.O"UV~OIO'TO TO Otalla 15-20 ITa16Hilv, c:mpaYIlEvoov IltO"a cr' eva 'te'tpayoovo ooolldno. ITOU 11 KaOe reuupa '[au 6Ev ~E1tEpv(tel iO"oo~ 'ta 12 ITOOta. Ta. ITm61a auto. a.O"xo),OUVtal n~ 15 Wpf.~ tOU 24wpou us ilia OOUAla ITOU au't~ KaOau'tJi E~avtA.ei, Yta'ti stvci papEtJi Kat uovorovn, Kal ITOU En:mAtov EKteUitm Katoo a.:rr6 n~ )"tIO aITiOava avOUYlelve~ O"UV6ijKES ... AKolla IWI '[a. mo IllKpa ITat61a epyal;ovtm ~E Ilta roco svmnK~ 1!poO"oX~ KCli taxutTlta, nou repoKaAouv Katarel.T1~Tl, xoopi~ reott O"XE6ov vc smrpenoov O"ta 6aXtuM tOU~ vc 11cruXaO"ouv ~ vc Klv1100uv mo a.pya: Orcv aTCEuOuvEI Kavei<; Epoot";O"el~ O"tU )"tm6ui auta, 6E crTlKWVOUV rc !lana tOU~ cxo t1] 60uAta areo (!lOPO 1111 XaO"ouv to"'[OO Kat ilia. O"nyJ.l ~».

H «!1aKpICt ~tpya» xpllm~€UEt O"Tl~ «mistresses» (ucoroptcaE~) rooo nspiccorepo onv ueoo nuporpuvmp; cr'tll 80UA1a, coo rr€plocratSpo rrapatBivEtat 0 xpavoc; spyaoia~.

«Tn rem61a mya-O"lya Koupo.l;ov"ml Kal yivov'[!lI av~O"uxa, ccv 1":OU),1I1, repo<; TO 1:£)..0<; TT)~ reoAuooP11~ repoO"~),roO"Ji<; tOU~ O"E Ilta aO'xoAia, uovorovn, ](oupaO"m:"; ytn rc Ilana K(ll el;a.v'tATlnK"; sl;Cl.ltiw; tTl; crtt'lO"11<; TOU ()"(ill-laTOC; r:ou llew:1 161a. 61..11 T11v wpa trl<; OOUAlaS. Ilpoxsrrci yla a)'116Iv~ 60ni.Ui O"Ki..a~OU» (<<Their work is like slavery»)",

Exsi onou at yuvaiKE~ Epya1;ovta1 ,.w1;i us rc rratoui tOI)~ oro orrin. 0l1A. us 'tll crUYXPOVll svvom Tll~ l.t~l1~ - 0' tva voucmouevo oro!-lanO, ouxva cs Ilt(l ootpi.ta, at ouveTjKE~ sivut nxouu

* "Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report 1864», aeJ •. XIX, XX. XXI.

XSlpon:ps~, av sivm Suvcro va u1tfip~ouv XS1porsps~. Aurou rou dooue; 11 OOUAU1 J.lOlpa~ErUl as axrtva 80 I-lIAirov yupro urro to NotnvYKxall. Orcv to rratOi rtou 6pya~f,ra1 ctn EIl1!OPUCa xctna<T]l-lata OSUYE:l oru; 9 iJ 10 TO I3paou, tOU Sivouv auxva tva M).la ).lE oou/.tll yta va rrtv a;rotE:A£1roaSt aTO onin. 0 ouprouioc KStpaAalOKpat11e;, rrou rov avn;rpoarom:Uf,1 KarrOlO~ ).llaSrotO~ 000- A.O~, to KaVEt auto OU01Ka us T11v Ka'wVUXttKi] tppaaTJ: «uuro €ivat yta tTJ 1-l71'rtpa», svw ~tpSt rroAU KaAa on to Kaiill£vo to rratoi eivm u1t0XPErollf:VO va KamSt va I3OTJSiJaEl*.

H vtav'tsAorrotla us KorravEAl ncxeitm Kuplro~ O'f. Suo aYYAlKE~ ysropytKEe; 1tSplOEpf.tSe;, ernv 1tSPlOf:pEla V1"UVrEt.orrOlia~ tOU XOVttoV, 20 ro~ 30 l-liAla Kata ).litKoe; tTJe; VOtlae; aKti]~ ton Ntf.l3ov01p, rrou 1tSplAal3aivsl Kat I-lSPIKa ).If:pTJ rou BOPElOU Ntel3ov, Kat as utuv tlAATJ rrsploepsla, nou 1tf.ptt.al3aivsl I-lEyat.O tp.iJl-la tmv xounrsuov rou MrrooK1vYKXal-l, M1tEVttpOPVt, NopSal-l1ttov Kat ta vsrrovixe Ilf:P11 too O~90PvtatP Kat tOU XnvnvYKvtOv01p. 01 KatOtKie:~ reov ).lEpoKa).lanaPllorov tll~ YEropyia~ a1totEAOUV auviJSroe; Kat roue t01tOUe; oOUAta~. Mepixoi lOlOXtiJtSe; S7rlXElpi!asrov ucvouocxroupcr; XPTJatllOrr01Ouv navro a1to 3000 rsnou; OlKtaK01)~ spyatSe;, xupiox; 1tatOla xm vsapa rtpooro- 1m, arroK/.€tanKa vuvcncsiou tpUAOU. Eow ErravaAal3aivovtat Ol auVail1CE~ rrou rrsptypaljlallE O'tTJ lace finishing [tSAtlCiJ E1te~spyaein rcov vtavtsAwvl. Movo nou tTJ SEall rcov «mistresses houses» tllV rralpvouv tu A£yollEva <dace schools» (aXOA£la vruvrsxorrotlnc), rtou tu OtatTJpOUV otroxte; yuvaiKE~ atl~ KaMl3se; roue, Eta oxoM:ta auta tn rrUlOta spyat;;OVtat arro 5 Xpovwv, Kal-lta tpopa ano mo I-lIKpiJ 11AtKia, roe; 12 i] 15 Xpovwv. Tov rrproTo Xpovo ta mo 1l1Kpa spyat;;ovtat 4 ro~ 8 WpEe; rnv TJI-l£pa, upvorspc spyat;;ovtat nrro ne; 6 to npeoi roe; ru; 8 Kat 10 to I3paou.

«rEVIKa La oro)1una sivm OUVT)9lO")1£VE<; Ka)1apE<; "HKproV xurotxuov, jJ.f.

ro t~alCt ~OU).WI1BVO yta vn )11] yiVEtat pell)1a, Kat I1E tOUe; Epya~OJ.!evoue; vu ~~eotaivovtm, KanOtC Km to xel)1rova, )10VO )1E tl] OlK~ tou<; 'rolK~ gep)10't1ltao I:E o.A.A.e<; 1!EPl1ttroow; at AeyOI1EVV; at)'tt<;, O"X0}"tKB<;, a\90uol';<; £i.vm )1tKpOl XropOl ITOU )1ota~ouv W: )11KP~ ar:09i]1cce; xropi<; t~alCt ... I:uxva one; tpWyt..l><; aUtE<; an~a~ovta.t roeo noA/.a crouo, nou 11 )10i..uvo11 roo aspa (,naVf.t 0,0 E:1taKpO. I:' auto. ITpenEI va r:POtJ'tEOEi I] ~Aa~cp~ erriopaO"I] 1!OU repOEPXEta.t are6 ta AouKla, ta areoxrop11t~pIa Kat rnv areo{l"1Jv9sOfJ OlalllOProv UA.tlcrov Kat aKaOapO'lrov, ItOU ~plm>ov't(J.\ ouvi10ro<;, )1 npoO"ta. 01:\<;' EtO"OOOU;; troy )1IKPWV

• I:tO tOlD, OSA. XXI, XXII.

K"aWll(lrov». Ki oeo yw to Xcilpo: "Le tva crxo1.W) vtuvn;AoTCOIia.:; JlE: 18 xopirotc ICm JltCl. ucoropreec aval.oyouerav 35 ICU~llC&. ;coola lCat&' aroJlo' cr' tva MAO, rrou \iP<.OJlOOOf. uvurrooopn 1((11 (mOD 13pioxovmv 18 aWJla, a.vat,oyouerav 24,5 1C1l~1I('(1. "oow l;:etta. a.TOIlO. ~tOv K'/.aoO coro (JpierKOU!lf. vc XPllO"lJlOr:OlOUvtat rrmou'l. 2 IW! 2,5 Xpovct>v». $

Exel 11'OU (t·W; aypOLtKte; KOllllTEieC; TOU MrrOUKlVYKXall Kat rou MrrtvT<flOpVT OTUllat('m TJ vtuvtexoncuc us K01taVEAl apxit;;el 'to rrt.t~tIlO vaOwrov etOWv, rrou aYKaAlat;;cl tva lu:;yaAo Iltpoe; rou XtP"t<pOPV'tOlP Kat ru; OULtKte; Kat ~opE;lec; m:pU(ltpEtf.e; 't01) EGO'B1;. To 186 I a;raaxoAoov'tav aTO ;rAt~lIlO yaSwv Kat o/aStvrov Ka;o;eArov 48.043 crou«, IWl O'uYKeKpl).lf.Va: 3.815 avoplKoO 001..00 Of,roV trov 'l1I.tKtWV xm ru u"of.m"a vuvmxsiou <pOA.ou. Art" nutn 14.913 TJ-rav KO:'t'ro crro 20 Xpovwv Kt an' nurn rro.A.l 7.000 TI1:av

rratota. Eow atyt Stall rmv axo/.f:irov vLavn:A.o1!Oliae; txoollS TIl «straw plait schools» (axo),Bta rrt.l':X1:lKTJe; l!Io.Stvrov elO(Ov). Ta 'jm~Slo. apxit;;ouv eow va Ilaeaivouv "to rrAt~tllO o/a01VfJ)V SlSWV auvTjeroc; arro 'to 40 Kat Kim:O'tf. avft).lE.oa 01'0 30 Kat 40 eTOe; 'tTJe; TJ).IK1ae; TOUe;. ¢UcrtKCt, 'ta :,'.mota aUTa Ss uoporovovtm KaS6r...ol). Tc iSta La rratolft OVOllftt;;ouv 'ta SllW>TlKa Ox 01..£1(1 «natural schools» (a/_netvu O'x0/,eta) os SlaKplall arr' au"ta rn tOpUlla'w, nou pouoouv to ciuo roue, Kat onoo til xpcrouv o"tyt oouA.ta arrA.ci>c; xm uovo yla vo ;rapayouv "to rrpoiov ;cOU TOI)e; Kaeopi;ouv 01 ).ltOOrreOalltw:e; nrro rnv "Biva llavaSE; roue Kat rrou oovilOroc; Ij)TUVf:l LtC; 30 yUUpOEC; TTJC; T1!.1tpa. Euxva 01 !.IavaoSe; aurte; uaTepa a7:0 'to O'xo/,.£t6 'ta J)at;;ouv Kat Oout,eoouv oro O;ttn we; ne; 10, 11 Kat ] 2 1'11 VUXTa, H vaSa WI)e; KO~f.t "til SO.X'tUA.a KUl 1'0 OLalla, ErrelSi'] E1Vat u1WXpcw!.Itva va aaAlwvouV SWPKWC; 'to X6PTO rrou ;;A.CKOUV. lUIlQ)rova !.Ie tll yevIKTJ YVW).lTJ trov srriall!.lrov ytaTpwv 1'OU Aovotvou, rrou 1:TJ O'UVOo/IO'E 0 op, M7:uA.)..apn, 300 KU~tKa rrobla arro"tl::t,ouv tov 1.:/.6.X10'to xwpo rrou rrptnEt vc tXEl KaOc UTOIlO OE tva brolluno unVOD TJ SOUA.ta<;. E"ta O'XOM:t&. o).lroe; rr),sxnKTJ; wuStV(fJV BIOWV ° xwpoe; sivrn !.IeTPllllevOe; Ile uK61la lleya),uTcpyt rcivxoovur arr' O,Ll otn O'xo:4:ta vTavn:A.onotiue;: 12 2(3, 17, ] 8 1/2 Kat Y£VlKo. Ko.1:(o ano 22 KUPIKU nOota KaT' rrtouo.

,,01 JlIK'POtt:POl rm' autou<;; tou<;; aplBJlou<;; - AP.c1 ° f.F.itpo;co<;; Ounrr -- cvrrapooomsuouv Eva XciJpo JlIlCp6,spo aroo 1'0 Jl!tJ6 tau ;CcilPOIl roOD Oa

* "Children' s F.mploymcnt Commission, 2nd Report 1864», aEA. XXIX. xxx.

';:\UVt; svc rrmoi, cv 10 ;ta!CE,liraVl': a' tva !CoUTi, rrou II !Ca8q.llu nrto 11<; TPW;; O[(I{Hdael<; TOl) Ou 'm v 3 ;:05w»,

A lYt"1) sivrn 11 xapa Tll~ ~ro1)~ rrou anoAapaivouv ro rratoui. we; TO 120 lWt 140 £LO~ T11~ llAl1da~ TOU~. Ot U9AIOl, oH:q>9aPI1CVOl vovsk tva rrpcIYl1a 110VO txouv aLO YOU TOU~, va ~yaAouv aero TO Suvrrro nepiocorepc K'£POll ana La ro:atOlcI. Kt OLav w:yaAcilcrOI)V La 1WtOta, OE Aoyapla~ol)v (,JUcrtK'o. ours I1w nsvrnpn TOI)~ vovsk; TOU~ K'at TOI)e; l:YK'aWA£inouv.

«Aev sivm r.apu~cvo on II af.luOcIU xm 'W KaKU rraflll ~plflouv O"f. evcv ;tAllOUO"f.l0 rtou tXEI cvcrpccci f.l' auto TOV TpO;tO ... H 1l9\K~ roue ~piO"l(cTat o-rn !COtOll:UTa crI(OA01'(Unu ... Mcyu;\..o; UP10f.lO~ yuvuucrov EXO\JV v09a rratotu, K(1l W:Pt!Ct~ f.lUAlO"ta (11: rooo aVOlpll111 1l1..1!Cia nou rc xo.vouv UKOf.lU Kat 01 f.t51if.lovf.~ 1:11:; eYKt.llf.lmoAoytl(1i~ cr-rancr1t1(1i~.·

Kat 11 rraTpioa currov nov unOOStYlla'tlK'WV OtK'oySVEtWV sivrn 11 U;W0E1Yl1at1K(1) xptanaV1K(1) xwpa T11~ Euprortnc, 6nro~ AtEl 0 orrrocrotirrOTf. aplloolO~ ern ~llT1)llam TOU XPlcrTtaVlallot) K'01111~ MOVT(IAal1n:tp!

kTOU~ K'AaOOI)~ ;tapayroy1)~, nou rtopr; oa f.;EtaaaI1E, 0 1l1aOO; f.pyacria~ ctvm yeVIK'o. a;lOOp1)v11"!O~ (0 l1eyaAtm;po~ I1tcrOo~ troy iCatOLWV (I'm crxoA£La rrA£XtlK(1)~ o/o.9LV(i)V SLO(DV stvm crc s~mpEtLK'I\ ;:Cpt1rtcOcr£l~ 3 crEAivw) K'at tOY K'atepa~ol)v rroAu mo K'o.Tro crro TO OVOl1acrnK'O UIJOe; 'COu W: TO truck system [aucr't11l1a ;t/.11prol1 1):; rou f.Pyo.'t11 Ill-: dOll rrou LOU OiVOVTal lIE mcrroon] , ;r01) oru; rrEpL9tpElE:; vrovrsxoxouc; smxputsi <if: YSVLK(1) K'Ail1aK'a "'*.

z) nF.PAl:~A THE EyrXPONHE MAf'.:OYtIlAKTOYPAl: KA! tl,OYIIIAl: l:TO EIIlTI EE ~ErAi\l1 BIO~HXA:-.IIA. EnITAXYNEH AYTHl: THE EnANAHAI:Hl: KAI l:' A YTOYE TOYE TPOnOYE IIAPArnrlTI: ~E TH~ EnEKTAl:H THl: II:XHE TnN !\IOMnK riA TA EPrOHAEIA.

To ornvcuin t11~ spyatLK'i'j~ 80val111~ anA(b~ K'at 110VO Ill: rnv K'Cl't(IXPllcr11 TTI~ EpyanK(1)~ 50val1Tl~ nov yUVatK'cOV xm rtov cveopturov npoorornnv, an/,ro~ xm 110VO !1f: t11V K'atal,1)aTEU(I'Tl oArov rrov K'aVOVtK'WV opmv OOUAlli~ xm ~roti~ xm 11£ tTl XTTlvrooia tTl:; I)ltEpcpyacria:; xrn tTl~ VI)X't£Ptv1)~ £pyacria~ crK'OVtUOT£l T.CAtK'o. cs opioucvc avU7tf:p~Allta l,)ucrtK'Ct optc, xrn l1a~t 'tOU crK'OV'to.(;'ltf.l xut

• «Children's Employment Commission. 2nd Report 1864», cret •. XI, XU . ... "Children's Employment Commission. 1st Report 1863», crEA. 185.

to urrl']VUlJla tCOV E)l;';OpgU)lCr.TCOV IWt tTl'; KEoaAatoKpanKI']<; EK)lEtUAt,f.Ual1<; YCV1KU, rrou atl1PU;'StUl mrvro a' (lInE<; tu; ~aaElC;. MOA1<; tu rrpuY)lata (nnaoUV E1tt'ttf,OU<; a' aUTO TO ol1J.,lEio, Kat XPElui;E1'at 1COAU<; XpOVO<; yta va (;It'(loo\)V, arnJ..ai.Vf.l 11 wpa yta TTlV naayroyi] rtov )l11xavriw Kat tll YPT)YOPll )lE'Wtporri] Tl1<; KO)l~anaO)ltvll<; OOUAU'1<; cro mrirt (I'] Kat Tll<; )laVOUOaKLQUpm;) (if; 1',pyoataataKT) rrapaycoyi].

To mo Ko/.oamato napuo£ly)la auti]<; '11<; Kiv11al1C; )lUC; to npooq>tpEl 11 napaycoyl'] «wearing apparel» (SLOW V lJlanaJlOu). LU)lO(J)va us 1:11V 1:a~WO)l11all tl1C; «Children's Employment Commission», 11 pW)ll1xavia autTJ rrsptAa.pai.vcl r.PyU'tEC; \jIClOwcov K(Il vuvnucsirov Kant/.cov, Epyn'n:c; aKou<p(Ov, pW,ltuoe<;, milliners lCat dressmakers", nOUKaJ.,ltaaOEC; Kat PU{,JtPS<;, SpYUTS:; rtou qltlaXVOI)V KopatOsc; Kat yav'tta, Kat TaayKupuOec; J.,laSi us a/J.ou<; rroAAou<; ocu,r.p!'.uov't£C; KAUOOU<; nrrco<; sivat A.X. 11 KamaKsul'] ypapa,wv, ytaKUO(OV d.rr. To YUVa\K£{O 7.pOaC01ttlCO nOI) ornv AYYAia Kat rnv Ol)al.Aia f.pya!;o,av a' au't"Ou:; tOI)<; KAUOOU<; c<ptavr. 'to 1861 ru; 586.298 YI)Va{Kf:<;, ana tt<; orroisc tOI))..O,X1a,0 ot 115.242 TJ,(1V KU1'CO a:rro 20 XpoV(ov Kat at 16.650 KUtCO ana 15 Xpovwv. 0 apIe)lO<; currov rrov spvcrpuov a' OAO to Evrousvo BaaiA£to lirav (,0 1861) 750.334. 0 apte)lOC; ttov spvcrcov avOptKOu ClUAI.OU, nou f:pyusovmv 'tOV lOlO Kmpo a'tl1 pcerucn, at11V 1tl/.orrmla, rnv U1!OOl1)lat'onatia K(It t11 vcvronouo 'tllC; Ayyi,iac; Ka\ 1'11<; OuaAAia<;, TJ'Wv 437.969, crro 'tOU<; ortoioix; oi 14.964 1']'t'CIV KU,(O uno 15 Xpov6:lv, 01 89.285 oCKanEVt'£ co<; sixoot Xpovwv Kat at 333.117 rrnvco nxo 20 Xpovwv. Arro ta aT01Xf.ia aota 1.E:1.nouv nOAAoi Jl\l,PO'tEPO\ II:Auoot rrou avliKouv co6:l. Av O)lco<; napou)lc roo; apte)lOu<; ttm onco<; CtVat, ea &OUJlC on aUJ.lQcova us t11V cnovpn<pi! tOU 1861 Jlovaxa yta rnv AYYAia Ka\ t'l1v OuaAf.i.a, tXOI))lC tva auvo),tll:6 aple)lO 1.024.277 atoj.lCI, 0l1Aaoli rrspirtou oon cnoppo(,lOUV 11 vecopvto Kat 11 X'tllvOtpooia. Erot apxisou)lC va II:ataAal3aivol)Jlf. Y1a rroto aKorro ot )lnxavt<; rmpnvoov t'tnc<; tcpaane<; JlaSE<; r.POlOV,(OV J(at nw<; auvn;}.ouv ornv «an:cAeutltpcoall» toco rspurrnrov spvrrnxrov )laSwv .

... H Jlllxavi! rrou t1t(ll~E unoeuoioruco snuvccruruco pOAo

• Millinery /J;ve Kupiw~ 'tllv 1!apaywyi] rrou €XCI (!XtOll ).I~ lCarrtM, ).Ia Kat us YlJvUlKeia r::avroo6pta Kat ).IavTi]A.es. svco ot dressmakers aVTIO'TOlXOUV 0'1:\'; ouct<; ).Ia.; ).Iooio'tp!:.;.

Kat aYKal_ui1;Ct f.~i(JOU Of.OUC; 'WU~ r:ol_t>apI9!1ou~ KAM)ou~ aUti]~ tll~ (J(paipa~ rt(Ipayroyi]~, orrroe; tll !1061(JtP1Ki], tTl puonxn, tT]V U;!OOl1!1atOrrOIia, tT]V 7:li,01tOtia Ki_1t" sivrn 11 pa(,HO!1T]Xavi].

H Ct!1C(Jll £~[opaall rrou U(JKT](J£ T] PW:J1"0!111Xavi] OtOU~ f.pyatC~ sivct rrspirrou T] iOta us rnv Erriopa(Jll rrou uoxouv OM~ at flT]Xavee;, nou crnv rrsptooo tTj~ )lsyaATj~ i3lO!1Tjxavia~ Ka'wXtOuv vsoi»; KAUOOU~ rrapayroyi]~. To mo !1IKpa rt(IloaKt(I arrO!1aKpUVOvrm. 0 !11aO~ troy spvcrcov 1[OU spya1;OVtal oru; !111xave~ au;aVEL os aUYKptall !1S 1'0 )1.1096 rrov spvrrrrov rrou epya1;ovTCIl 01'0 (Jrritt, cxo 1'OU~ orroiouc rroi_Aoi avi]Kouv «crom; !,lTroXOtf.pOUe; troy 9'troxo)V)) (<<the poorest of the poor»). 0 I-lIa90~ nov ;:10 Kai.o(JTSxouusvrov XElP01'SXwilV, nou roue ouvayrovi1;eTat 11 flllXavi], rrsorsi, Ot KCI!VOUPYIOl epyan:~ 1\:OU OOUACUOUV oru; !111xavt~ eivct arroKMIatlKa KopiT(JW xm veapt~ yl)VaiK£~. Me tll i30i]9EW tll~ !111Xav1Ki]C; 5t)va!111~ e1C!1110evi1;ouv to !10Vorr(i)AIO tll~ aVOptKi]e; OOUAtUe; cru; 11:10 ~apIEe; Epya(Jis~ Kat alto ru; mo SAa9Ptte; OlWXVOUV !1a1;ec,; U1[Spi]i.tKrov YUVatKc.iW Kat uvcopuuov rtatOIWV. 0 U1::tptepo~ (JuvayrovI0!10e; cxcreovsr 'tOU~ mo aOUvatOU~ XSlpwvaKtEe; epyatS~, H (PPIXti] aU~l1(JT] tOU apI0!10U troy Oavutrov arro tnv nstvo (death from starvation) (JtO Aovoivo oU!1i3aOt1;sl "CTJV tEMutaia oEKae'ria !1E rnv E:rrf::K:"Ca(JT] tllC; PWJLO!111xavf)e;*. Oi KatVOUpytS~ Epya"CptEC; rrou OOUMUOUV !1E: paCJ>LO!1T]xavf) Kat nou tllV KlVOt)V us to XtPl Kat !1E to ;roOI f) !10vUxa !1S to XePl, Ka91(J)1.Eve~ i] op9tE~, avuAoya )ls to ~apo~, to !1tysSoe; Kat tTJV EIOtKotllta 'rT]e; !1 T]xavi]~, ~OOEt)OUV 11:0AAi] epyanKi] OUva!1TJ. H £pya(Jia roue vtvsrm avOUYISlvi) s~attiae; tT]e; )l£yaA lle; OtapK£lae; tT]~ OOU}.lac;, rrapa to vsvovo; Ott yevtKCI. 11 oOOAta i3aataSl i,lYO"CSPO a11:' o.n (JtO 11:ai,10 (Jt)(JtTJ!1a.

K. 'vi"".;, «TO' Kw,uaw •• cur .. roll. I, ad. 479481,48].487,487·488,489-490.

9. EPrOLTAl:IAKH NOM00El:IA (MATA5:EIl: l:XETIKA ME THN YrEIA KAI THN EKnAI.:\.EYl:H).

H rENIKEYl:H THl: l:THN Arr AlA

H Epyoota(JlaKfJ vouoflsctn, auti) T] npwtTj (JuvetOlltf) Kat (JXSOW(J!1EvTj avtiopaall tll~ KOlvroviac; atT]v auOoP!1 T]"Cll (JUYKPO-

• Eva rrapa6st'Y!lu: H ~6o!laaulnK'Tl EK'OSOll 9Vllffi!lOtlltO'; tau «Registrar General» [nvrbrrrtou ATl~tapxoul tTl'; 25 rou ¢J.sj3apll 1864 avuqlep&l 5 rrf.pmt(i)-

TTJcrTJ tou rrpo1crt~ TTJ~ 1!apaywYT]~ tTl~, ctvm, O~(j)~ EiOa1-u:;, 8~icrou avaYlCaio rrpoiov tTl~ JlEyaATl~ J}tOJlTlxavia~, OitW~ Tl Jl~all;wlCEpi] lC/.Wcr"[T], til nurouutu JlTJxavT]Jlata xm 0 TlM.lCtPtlCO~ 1TJA{;ypu<pO~. Ilporou IltAi]aoullE yw tTJ yevilCEI)ai! tTJ~ crtTlv AYYAia, npsrrst V' uvccspooue cruvtOJla JlEPtKE~ alColla Otata!;Et~ tOU aYYAllCOU VOJlOU yw ru cpvocrnmn, rtou Ssv noopouv rov apteJlO trov roprov tTJ:; EpyamllTJ~ TJlltpa~ ...

Oco rtevtxpt~ xt av eulvovrm oro cruvOAO roue at OtatU~W; rou vouou yw ru spvoo-tumu crXE'tllCU JlC rnv elCrraiowcrTJ, OWKT]pu~av rocroco tTl crTOLXE1WOTJ clCrraiosucrTJ onv U~Oxpl::WnKO opo rTl~ epyacria~*" H sntTuxia roo; arrOoet~e ~PWT(I - "prom tTl Suvnrornrc vo auvOu(mrouv TJ elCrraiocuaTl lCm Tl YUJlVacrtlKi]** us tTl OOU/,La rou XSptOU, errOJlf:VW~ xm TJ DOUAla tou XEPlOU us tnv EKrtai6suaTl lCat tTJ YUJl varrn KT]. A no "el~ uc PtUptlCt~ lCataetosu; tWV oacrlCuAwv at £mOEWPTltt~ Epyaaia~ aValCaAUl.vaV as !.iyo rrox; rn rrmola nou cpyai;ovLat os epvorrrnotc, av Kat rrapaKOAOUBot"w rn Jllcra nrto rc JlaOT]Jla"W rrou vlvovtm oroix taXtlKOU~ JlaOTJtt~ rrou oorrouv oi,TJ tTJV TJJltpa, llaOaivol)v tn iOW Kat cruxva neptcoorspc arr' aorouc,

«To ~irtTlf.!U r.ivnI 01:AO. 0001 ).If.vot)v uovo tTl ).IIOTt ).IEpa 0'[0 O;(OMIO, EIVat :tOVtn qlptOKOI Kat (f;(f:86v nona IKaVO! Kat :tPOOUIlOl va ).Io8o\Jv. To oUo'Tl).la • !-IIOTt ).Itpa £pyacriu Kat ).Il0Tt ).Iepa 0X0A.F.10 ll!:tmpt.r:E:l TTlV KailqHo nrro 'w; aOXOAlL:; aurEt; 0'£ SEKOUpaOTl Kat avimo.t)O'Tl uno rrtv OAATl, Kat C;,(O).ltV(!)t; 'WtPIO~Et :tcplC:mon:po 0''(0 :tat8i, ;wpo Tl a810KOF.Tl ouvtX!:la 'Tlt; ).Ila:; or:' antf::;. Eva r:moi rrou KOOctal oro 0XOMIO cno 'W :tpwi • r:pOOI, Kat

(fEl(; OaVa7(llV nrro IT]V zaivn. T'1V tOw Ili:pa 01 «Tnu«;» C>11).10018UOUV tnv EioT]oTl !-lw:; vEa:; m,pi;r1'((lO'Tlt; OaValOU [1;-:0 1l'1V m:iva. E;I OU!-Ia1a Oavritou a:to rnv ITeiva ).IEOO 0'£ !-lm ~oo!-lri1\a!

" !:U!.u:pwva !-lE rov ayyJ.tKO VO!-lO ym 'W EpyoO'ta01a. 01 yovei:; oev r.::n:pbnm vn O'ltAVOIlV nUlota I(atoo nno 14 XpovOJv ora «{;f.cYX6W;wlt> E:pyocn:tima, nv O£ <lJpoV'ti~ouv 0)0''1:f. rtz T:molu va naipvollv 1:lluroxpovll Kill O'1OlxelOJOTl sl(;:lli6CUO'Tl. 0 epyoa!a01uPXT]<; sivm u;:euSuvo; YI(1 rnv rT]PTlO'Tl TOU vouou, «If cpyoO'taO'lIll(T] £K1taioWOll civat U1WXPI:OltlK'T] Kat Ilrrotl:~'£i opo lllt; £PYllo1ll<;» (" Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31 st October 1865 », ('Ir.A.. I 11).

u 1:X&lIl((( !-II; rn £nwor.~,Tt U:"[OTCA.f;O).lum tOU O'UVO\)uO'!-IOU T'1; YU!-IVU(l1:I' KT]:; (Kat tWV mplltWlllk:OJV IlCTKT](lI:(f)V vin T' uyiJPta) W; tTlV 1)1tOXpr.OJllKij E:lmaiosuO'Tl troy natOl0lV nou Epya~ovTIlI aE spvooruotn Kat ttnv Ol(llX(ilv !-IaST]TOJV, IlA.Cr:C to A.Oyo 'tOU N. Ou, 1:tvlOP 0''1:0 70 £"(ij01o Ol)Vt8PIO "(T]<; National Association for the Promotion of Social Sciences O'1:Tl «Report of Proceedings etc.», London 1863, 0'1:1 •. 63, 64, KaOOJt; xm T'1V tKOr.CT'1 Troy £:tlSf.WPTlTOJV epyaO'in<; tTl:; 31 TOU OxtOJ~PTl 1865, (fEI,. 118, 119. 120, 126 t(.t.

!l{l~,tOta oruv K'OVf.1 1;to'l1, eivrn aouvam vc cuvcvoivio tsi w: tva 0")..0 r.moi r:ot) tPX!:!lll ([)pf.CJI(o lcal ~0r:vto ar:6 rn OOUAIl'! LOU»·.

Ileptoooreoo tEK")l i]pta U1':UPXO\JV cro AOYO TOU 1:tvlOP aTO XOlV(J)VlOf,01'IK6 crUvtOplO tOU EOl!1floup1'o\J to 1863. LTO 1..01'0 rou a01:6 oEixvn ErciaTl~, avullccra cre' a')',}~a, nw~ 11 uovonxsopn, )l11 rrapa1'wYIK"i] xm nnpnrsrcucvn crXO/'IK"i] Tl!1tpu rrov rrmOlci)V tWV nvrorsprov Kat ueonirov Tl'.t~EWV m)~aVCl aVWOE/.a <Tl OOU}~la nov oaaKoAwv, «EVW otaarraOi~EI !1E rporro 0XI )lOVO a1'ovo, !1u xnt arroADta pt~a~spo to Xpovo, TTlV uyein xrn T11V £vtp1'EW TWV r:-mOlWV» '" ", Ono»; )l i;0POU!1£ va to OOU!1E «oro AElr-CO)lEPEtaK"Ct aTOV PO!Jrr£pT Ooocv, a7tO TO epvoo-rummco cruatTl!1a pf.oaTTlcrE: to ourpo t11~ uywyi]~ TOU )li:J.Aovmc,;, r:OU 9a cruvouoCEI 1'ta OAU "W 1l:mOH't rrtpa urro !1WV oPlcr!Jtvll Tl'.IK"iu rnv ;:apaywytK"i] cpyucria w: rnv EK"rraiOwCJT] xm TTl YU)lVacrTlK"i], <>Xt )lOVO onv !1WOOO 1'w T11V aU~fJa11 t11~ J(otv{J)VlI':i]~ r.upa1'wyi]~, !1u K"CIl onv !1ovaOIK"i] !JWooo yU1 tTl 0111ll0upyia oMrrAwpa uvarrtu1'!1f;wJ)v avSpci)1twv.

Eioa!JE on ano tCXVlKi] arrO\jf11 11 WyoATl ~to!1Tlxavia xntnp-

• «Reports of Insp. of Fact. for 31st October 1865,,_ OcA. 118. Evcc OIjJ€Ai]e; cpyoaTaolli:pXll~ Wta;ollpYEiOl) <'illf.ooVf.1 crtn 110.11 1TlS "Children's Em ployment Commission»: «Eiurn ;tepa yla ;:f:pa ITr.!!:cl<Jj.Ji:voS em 1:0 HATlOIV(J uucnxo 711~ r:apayooyi]<; IKaV(llV CPY£l1!ilV tXCl Ppr.Or.i {HO clUvSuao).lo tTle:; r.pyaoia:; ).If. rrtv £Kr:ai8w!'l11. apxU~ovra<; nno ro ;t(])OIKO XPOVtu. <llUcrtKO Tl &pyaoia oev ;rpbtcl va dvm OUtC ITOf.u Ko!'CmonKri, onrr; allotarmKi] xm ((vOuytclvi]. t)a f.Uxo).louva va cixav -w: 1':((1510 !lOU cpyaaia Kat rrcllxvl<'i1 ouv 1:ol1("LA.ia (11':0 to OXO~,.I;tO" ("Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report», m:l •. 82, aplO. 36).

** Senior 010 "Report of Proceedings>' rou t:l(',o)l.oU {;1~OlOlJ ouvd';plou rll~ Narional Association for the Promotion of Social Sciences, OCA.. 66. I<:rCl!l!: ;:010 ~aO!lo 11 !lr.ya'-Tl pLO)ll1xavia. aVa1pt;:Ovt(1:; 0' tva opicusvo elllJlr.io '11~ (wt:i:r:tI)~i]:; -;:11<; tOY tpono tn.:; U'_IKi]C; :r:ap(ly{t)yi]C; !CUI tOW IW1V{!lVIJ((!JV aXeocoov ;:apIlY[llyi]~. aVCltptr:CI Kat :a ).IUUf,a, ).ICl~ TO 8r.ixvCl Xm1':111U !ltc! ai)YKplO"l1 (lVailr.oCl oro }_6yo tou N. 0\). :U:V10P LOU 1863 KOI (HOU; qnl_ll1;;:IKoi):; ron [VOVtLCl 0,0 VO[IO rou 1833 yw TO r.PYO(HtiOla, ri ).Ita OUYKPIOTl rrnv (!ITCll/EOOV tou (luw:opioU rrou avaor.pa!l€ ).If. 10 yE"(OVO:; on elf. !lr.Pl!Ct:; aypOtlKe:; ;:r.p1<:Jtrr.lCe:; :11<; AyY~_ia; a;:ayopCi)f.7at aTOIle; O:wxoDs; yOVEI<; m! ;:OIVi] Oavotou aITO tllV ;:dva va uoporovoev rc ;:ut&IO mue;. Eten A..X' o K. Lvti_A j.Jac; r:f_llPOQopci ;:00:; (jTO l:0ilCp(lc:allP errucpcrci 11 (l\!vi]8ew. 0 ~tWx(je; r:ou nnorsivnrc: 01:11V evopln "'fLU r~0i]8€la VII U;-;OXpf.OlVr.tal v arrOClUp€\ ·w llatO\O "tOU aITo to 0XOMIO. Eroi 0 K. Ouou'.mfOv, :mr:(I<; rou t!li')_Txa).l. aor)"ycirlll rrr.pm:ciJcreIS ITOU o::opi01:11I((lV oi ClLTrim;l:; yur Boi]O£w ;roi)_6)v OIKOYCVCl00V, "f.;t£151'] mr).vClv ,a ITal010 rouq !'lTO aX°J..f.lo"l

yei to unvouenxroopuco xumusprouo T11<; spvuoinc, ;"tOU zpoonpTll tao~w tva v OA.OK't'l1PO o.vOpoon:o os uic )..1.EplK'it Trpo.~Tl, svro L(IUTO;WOva T] K'EClUAaLOK'paLlK'i] 11OpGrf] T11<; W:YUA11<; ~lO)..1.11xavia<; avun:apo.Y£l us aK'O)..1.a rno n:paTroolK'T] )..1.0p<pit aUTO rov xuruuepta)..1.0 TT]<; £pyaaia<; - o-ro K'aSaUTO epvoornoto, IlE T11 )..1.ETaTpOTri] TOU I:pyo.TT] os Evauv£i011TO E;o.pT11)..1.a )..1.ta<; )..1.EP1K'it~ Il11Xavit<;, xm rrnvrou f.;oo nxo TO cpvoornoto, sv )..1.tP£t )..1.£ 'tT] a;'topaOtK'it XPllat)..1.oIToi11aT] rrov ll11xavrov xut 1"T]<; OOUAlo.<; us llT]xavt<;*, xtn EVlltPEl Ill: 1"T) XP11crt)lorroi110T] 1"11<; Epyaaia<; TOOV vuvcucrov, TOOV 1'Wt010W K'at LTI<; aVEtotK'WT11:; cpyaaiw;, cnv vta<; ~ua11~ TOU K'aWJ.1£ploIlOU TTl',; spyaaia<;. Em~o.AASTat ME ~ialO tporro 11 cvttocon avulleau aTO llaVOU<paK'TOUplK'O K'aLa)..1.EplaIlO Tll<; spvuaiae; K'(Il aT11v ouciu T11<; )..1.eyo.AT]<; ~toJ.111xavia<;. H cvrtoccn ami] f.K'011 i.roVE1"at. avo.llCaU or' o.AAa, )..1.f. to cojlspo y£yOVO<; on tva )..1.Eyo.Ao )..1.tpo<; TOOv rrmolciw, TrOU anaaXOAOUVLat ern aUyxpova spvocruotu K'at aTt<; auyxpovs<; unvcoeoxroupsc, rn SK')..1.e'taAt.suovrat Xpovw aUVF:XE1U UA.UaOOE)..1.tvu urro rnv mo TpU<pepi] T)i.1K'iU (rTOU<; mo a7rAOU<; XStpla)..1.0U<;, xoopi<; vu )..1.aOaivouv K'UTrOla OOllAttl, rtou Sa tn tK'uve opvorepc XPT]at)..1.0Trotllcrt)..1.a, taToo K'at uovo crnv iow uuvouunxtoupu i] o-ro tOto spvoorccto.

K. J1".fI~. "To !(,:",a;.alO». 0.1:., roa. 1. "d. 498502

1:11<; 15 rou Auvouo rou 1867 £1!lK'UProSllK'E urto 'to ~acrtAlo. 0 Factory Acts Extension Act, K'at cr«; 21 TOU Auvoixrrou 0 Workshops' Regulation Act [VOIlO<; ;::01) PUSlli;Et 'tT] oOl)i,to. ern

• EI(€i ozou 11 flxavt; HJ)V Xf.lpmf.xwi)V noe 1(1 VDl)V't(l1 118 tfl 50vall fl rou Clv6p(i.moll a\lv(ly(I)vi~ovtUl clllf.<'la 1) tJl!18cra uc 1:10 avar:ruYl-ltv£<; llflXClVt<;, 5Tllaoi] us ll'1xavt~ :COll :lpoiir:oOttoUV l-ll1XavIK"i] K'lVllt1)pla SUVClllll. ouvtBlu:itat llLU IlQw..l1 uD.ay1) axr.tllcri !-It rov r.pyrir11 1:0U K1Vr.i tl1 1111xavi]. APXtlcO, 11 UTlloll11XClV1) uVi:L1w:aatCllvl: auto rov rpyrin1, ,(i)pa 1I:ptr.EI auto; v' ClVtlKaT(1' I'ltl1aEl rnv U:l-l0llflXavi]. rl' (1U1:0 l1 tV1:(lrH[ ](at ro E;ooqm tl1<; epyumci[; rou O\)vuIlI1S uusavouv aE :I:pat(;)o",;-O pa6l-lO 1('(11 [olait£pa 'JIm rouq Clv1)).I](OU<;; :lOU rival ICa:(JoIlCa(Jj.Jf.VOi cr' UUTO to unprupio! E,01, OtO K6~evtpu xm am ;:£piXOJpfl !O\) 0 E;:irpo;:o.:; 1\0Vt~ Ppi]K£ veouc 10 (I)':; 15 Xpov(i)v 1I:OU XP11alIlO' ;:OIOUVt(l\' YI(l vn xivouv apya/.lOu,:; rmvuov, X(i)pw to utxporepa nxouu ;:(l.l~hri, lTO\) i];:uv 1lIl0xpr.OJIl£m \'(1 KLVOOV IlIICpOlf.pOU; apyaA.LDV;. "l1p6IC£r::(11 yta r.pyaO"ia CE;alp£TllCa ICO;:I(lOTlICt1. The boy is a mere substitute for steam power. [To :,wlOi aVU:Tt'flPOOvc\ a:':"o)o:; '11 SUW1llfl ron Cltlloui », ("Children's Employment Commission. 5th Report 1866», 'lEA. 1[4, aptS. 6). B}' .. rrro iOlO, (Jxr.rIKri Ill. n; OOVl](EC; (Juvtr:£Ir.S "uucou rou auat1))Juto<;; 50u7u:iac;», 0;'[(1)<; to ClltolWf.£i fl iOta l1 f,1I:ial] 1111 tKOr.al].

epyacrTitptal. 0 rrpcoroc VO!-l.0~ pt)9lliSe1 "COt)~ lley6.AOt)~, 0 OeUTepot; TOt)~ IltlCpOU~ lCMoot)~ ...

Ftn va OocrOt)lle utnv srxovc yta rnv ElCTacrfl tot) rousn rtou aYlCaAlCtset 0 vouo; at)To~ napa9tTot)lle llePtlCE~ arro ttC; otatCtl;et~ not) nepttxet:

«Xetpotcyvia (CJ1)I1(!)O)va 11' aUTO to V0l-l0) eivm OTCOlaoi')1wTe f.pyaoia r:01) yivELat I1E 1:0 XtPI Kat ]t01) aOKEiTa! onv E;tUYYE~'!1a T) r:po.; rtoptouov Kata TIlV KtlraOKwi') i') ym rnv KaLaOKcuti, 'tTJ I-IETar:OiTlr:11l, tTl 8taKOO"I1Tlr:11l. tTlV EmOKWi') ti 'tTJV ar:or:EpUtOOr:11l Kar:OlO1) EiOO1)~ 1) EVO~ I1EPOU'; (1)1:00 rou EiOO1)~ IlE oKono tT1V ;COUA.T1O"i] 1:OU.

Epi'aarr,pl sivm onowOi')rro'[s Omlluno 1) Xropo.;, otEyaollEvo~ ti urteiBpioc, OTtOU uOKEitm KCl1tOlU "XElPOTExvia" uno orrOl08T)TW,[& na!5t. Vf.IlPO &PYCt'l:T1 1) yuvaiKU. KUt (l1':00 1:0 rrpoomrto n01) unuoXoA.Ei (1)'[o 1:0 rra!8i. 1:0 VEUpO Epyo."CTt ti t11 yOVUiKU eXsl to OtKuiOll1a 'tTJ~ EIOOOO1) xm tOO SA.EyXOU.

All'aaxoA.OU.ueVO~ sivul 0 EpyU~OI-lEVO; O"E ilIa "X&lpon:xvw" a81ulilOpO cv Epyu~Etm ).IE Ilto60 T) xoopi; Iltaflo, Ka'[oo ano 'tTJV Erri~A.E1!T1 EVO'; l1arrrOpa ti EVa'; urro tou.; yovsi.;. MOO; Kaeopi~ETUI zno Katoo,

Fovsi; sivm 0 1ta,[Epa;, T1 ).ITlttpu, 0 KT18f.1l6va~ 1) 0).),..0 rrpoo(J)1to ITOU UOKEi tT1V KTloEIlOvia ti roy f:A.Eyxo mlvO) OE KunOlo ". rruIoi ti, venoo E pyd'tTJ »,

To up8po 7 rtou rrpo~Aim£1 TI~ rrolvte; yta rnv arracrxoAllall rrmSlrov, vsoptov spvntrov Kat vovcucrov lCata rrapapaall troy OtatUl;erov Ul)toU tOI) VO).l.OI) lCa90pisel rrpocrtuu oX1 ).l.OVO yta 'tOY 10WXTittll TOl) epvccrnpiou, aSlU(J>OpO av npOK£ttat yta YOVIO it aXt. uc aKO).l.U lCat yta (tOU~ yovs«; it rn MAU rrpootoztn nOI) EX0I)V I)rro 'tllv rrpoo-rnoiu tOI)~ to rrmoi, to venpo f.pyatTl it tTl Yl)VailCa. 1'1 rrou tXOI)V Ulleao O(J>f.AO~ nno rnv £pyuaia tOI)~)).

o Factory Acts Extension Act, nou noope tu; lleyUM~ £mX£tpitm:l~, oorspet 0'£ aXEaTl 11£ to VOIlO yta rn epYO(J't'uatu, Y1Wri rr£pttX£l ]'[A.it90~ crro u9Au;~ OlUTUl;w; S~atpE:crerov lCUI O£lAOue; al)ll~lPaallou~ Ile TOUe; K£!fIaA.utolCpa'tl::~.

o Workshops' Regulation Act, 01lCtp6~ cr' oMe; tot) ru; AtntO).l.Ep£t£~, sustvs vcepo ypalJ,).l.a otu XtPIU nov OTl).l.OTIlCWV Kat romxrov apxcOv, nOI) £iXav £rrt(J>optlagei 11£ 1"l1V £tpUP!l0yit to I) ...

H e~£1"acrnlCit emtporrq 'WI) 1840 £iXE lCaVf.t tooo epuctcortlCE~ lCat e~opytcrnlCt~ anOlCaAU,¥el~ xm f.iXB npolCaAScr£t TEno alCavoaAo Ilnpo~ a' 01.11 rnv Eupro-m, nou 11 POI)Ait xpBICtatT]lCe va Ka9T1auxacr£t tTl crl)veiOTla1'j TTI~ us tOY Mining Act r vOllo~ytU rc 0pl)xeia) TOI) 1842, rron m:plOpts6Tav uovo oro va arrayopeu£t

yta yuvaiK£~ K(It nm8ul KU,W arro to XpOVWV !TlV f.:pyaaia af.: urrovsiot»; X(Opou~ ...

... Elvm aA it9f.:ta nw~ ana ,0 1842 Kat 800 8f.: XP11crtJl01tOlOU-

vrm mn f.:pyatpt£~ os I)rroYSt£e; f.:pyacris~, XPTlcrtJlon010uvtat ouo»; os EpyacriE:~ cmq>av£tw;, crro ooptmuu TOI) Kap~OUVol) KAn., cro crupcrtJlO TWV KOOlvtWV w~ ru; 81wpuy£e; K(It ro crt811POop0)1tKa !3ayovla, aTTJ 8taAoyit TOI) Kap~OI)VoU KArt. :Eta T£AEUTaia 3-4 XPovla tX£t al)~110d nOAu Tl XP11crt)1orroiTJait roue (apt9. 1727). Ilpoxenm crl)vitOw:; yta yI)ValK'E~, tll)yaTEpse; Kat Xi1PS~ uvflpmcopUXwv nrro 12 (Oe; 50 Kat 60 Xpovwv (apt9. 645, 1779, 1781).

K .. Wnr< "To '''(0''''''10'. o.n .• tou. I. ad. 510511.5/2.515

... Ynapx;ol)v rrcvru nupa nolloi spYUt£e; yTt~ y1a r«; JlEcrse; Kat rravTU rroAu A1Ym SpYUTSe; YTJe; yta Tt~ i;KtaKTs~ it rtap08tKt~ avuYK£~ t11~ ysropyiac; ... H nap081Kit 1i t01!lK1i E7t.AE1VTt £pyacriw; 8ev rrpOKaA£i aU;l1cr11 rmv Jl£poKaIlUtWV, aAAu J)ialO rrtpaaJla ttov yUValKWV Kat tcov n(It81WV cru; yswpytKE; 801)AtE; KUl Jlw.tata as 8tapKwe; )11KPOTSPTt 11AIKia. Ano tTJ crnYJl1i nOI) TJ SKJlEtWJ.'£l)cr11 trev yuvcuccov K(It ttov nat81wv nnipvet Ilcy6.A.&; 8watu<il:l;, vivstct ).lS 'tTJ aClpu t11e; Eva VEO JlEcrO l)1!spapdl).loxoinorp; rrov nvdprov spvorrov Y11e; Kat 8tat1iPllall; rov uepoxc).latwv tOU; as xaJl11Au erdrrs8a. :Et11v AvatoAIK1i AYYAia S1)80Klusi EVU~ ropnio; KaprrOe; al)tou tOI) cercle vicieux (QauAol) KUKI,OI)) - TO AEYOJleVo Gangsystern (aocrtTJJla oJlci8rov 1i crI)V£Pvsicov), oro orroio snavtpxoJ.lat e8w us Aiya Aoyta· ...

To oovspveto (gang) arrots4ltat ana 10 ro~ 40 1i 50 nroun, Kal crl)YKeKpIJlEvU Urto yuvaiKe~, VEOI)~ Kat vte; (13-18 Xpovwv), )1ot.o 1[01) cruv1iew~ t' ayopla CD£UyOI)V orcv KAEicrol)v rc t 3 xpovla, ti:A.oe; anD rta181u Kat TOW SUO oUArov (6-13 Xpovwv). EmKs9aAit~ !3picrKetal 0 gangmaster (al)vspyeulPX11~)' rtou eivor mrvrn tvae; al)v1191allEvo~ sPyUt11~ YT]e;, auvit9w; Evae; art' al)tou; rrou tOU~ I,Evs axpciou;, tKAutou;, uo-rutooc, ).lE9uaou~, ouo»; stvm 1!pOlKtalltvo~ Ill': Kimoto e1!lXelpT]).lattKO rrveouu Kat us savoir faire (xcncrooouvn). Auto; atputo/,oyd rnv ollaoa, nOI) spyu;stat KUtW nrro n~ 81KE; ton 81atayi;~ Kat Oxt Katro cno tt~

* H tKt'1 KUt l£Mumia tKG£O'1 T'1'O Children's Employment Commission, ;tOU 0'1!10OU:UTl]K& OTa TtAT] TOU MapTl] 1867, npay).lUn:OCtal flDVO '[0 Gangsystern 0111 y&ropyiu.

otamyt<; rou rraxr(U1;~. M£ TOV rrax'tcor~ K'/.£iv£l OUI1~~OAatO ouvitBco<; yla OOU/,lIl lIe to K'O 11 11 crn, lWL 1'0 elaOOfU.l.a TOU, ITOl) K'ata Ili:aov opo OeV SEir£PVCu::l rroAU ne; arroAaui:e; EVD<; auvll0LaJ.l.EvOU EpyUtT] YT]C;*, £~aprLt'WL ax£06v OAOr£l,a urro tll oeSto rnrc, 1lE: tnv orroic cs ouvrouoturo XPOVLlCO Otuatl1lla lCataljltpvEl vc psoororrot itaBl. coo to Suvaro nEpLaaOt£pT] spvccic nrto rnv O~(Uoa roo. 01 naXtro'tt<; aVCilCat.uyav nroe; 01 yuvaiK'£e; 1l0VO lCatlil arro tT] oLX'tatopia rou avopa EpyaSOvtm orrcoe; xpEla~erm, rrcoe; ollroe; ornv 01 yuvailCG<; K'm rn rrmolu xutumnntouv ;na us 1"11 oouAla ;oScuouv rrpaYllanlCa IlE La oAa roue n<; acol1anK't<; roue OUVUI1El<;, ;:puwa rrou t01;EP£ lCLoAae; 0 t1>OUptt, E:VW 0 EVitAIlCO<; avopa<; epyatT]e; sivm rooo novnpoc, rrou lCavEl 000 unopet oucovouic <i'tle; OUVUIlGl<; roo. a auvEpYELapXT]<; "tpa~aEl urto 'to tva X'titlla oro UAAo xm arraaxol.£i t'tat tnv Ollaoa rou 6-8 I1TJVGe; to Xpovo. I'i' uuro Tl oouAla a' uutov sivm rroAo mo arrOOO'ttlCit Kat mo aa(J>a/, r'JC; yw ru; epyCittlCi:e; oucovsveie; nrro 'tll Oout.La oro IlEI10VCOJ.l.tvo rraXtrotTJ, rrou IlOVO rrol> IWI rrou a;raaX0Aei rrmoui. To yeyovoe; uuro crepuovst tnv EmppOTJ rou auw:PYEluPXll cr' avoIX'tu XroPIU rooo rroAl>, 1mU ouvit0coc; IlOVO J.l.G "tT] IlEaoM~T]aTJ tOI) ~piaK'oV'tat rrmolu ylet l1iaBro<5T]. H a'tOlllKit eK)1iaeCOall rrm01wv, t~co nrro "to aUVl::Pyeio, arroteAei Yl' nurov oeutepeuouoa TtTlYTJ KE;p50uC;.

OL «cxo-rervsc rrAeupte;» rou auarTJJ.l.ato<; sivrn 11 unspspvnoiu rrov rralolwv lCal rrov vsrov, ot 'tEpaatLB<; rropelsc rtou lCavouv Knee Iltpa vtn to mrve Kl tt.a am Xt'itll(l'ta nou aiti:xouv 5,6 lCaL K'arrotG 7 J.l.V,let, TtAO<; 0 elC([lUALOIlOe; 1"11e; ol1aoa<; ...

K. M(!p~, «To 1«(C'O).aWh. o.t; •• mp. I. "d. 718 719.7/9710

Ano rPAMMATA TnN K. MAP!!!: KAI4>. ENrKEAI:

... TIpLv arro llepllCf:e; Iltpec; oT]llomeurlllCE £ow 0 ntll1r"tOe; (imwAoytoll0<; Tll<; EmTp01t1i~ yta rnv E~ttaOll rrov OUVOlllC(UV epyaaiae; ttov rtmOtwv») 11 ozoto rrepu':xet rn tf,AlI(a aToIxeia <11<; tpeuvae;, f.VW aUllrrAT]prol1anlCu OT]lloatEUemt uovo T] tK'OEaT] yta rn «opvcvtousva apTtA» yuvatlCrov xnt nmolrov, rrou XPT]crtllo-

... Mq.lovwfltvOl Ol)vepy&l(ipX£~ Kat6pOroaav tocrooo va E/;eA1XOOUV 0'1: naXtrot~ ).It 500 aK'p 1i oe lOIOXti)·W; oA6d'l1Prov attpwv a;t6 (mina.

rroiouvrm m:pWOIKCt ornv ayp01:IKTJ O1KOVOl1iU, Arto to 1850 11 aanKTJ utalOoo~ia oev otXt11KE: Sovcrorepo XtU1t11l1a, nzo xsivo rrou tTl<:; towaav u\nt!; at ;-ctVtC KUUVEe; ~iJV.Ol· ...

o .Hap~ xoo.; ~OV E'7"'f.At;, 2/ ro!) IQiiJ.~ 1866 K .. Hap,: ~.", 'fl. b'j'l(dr;, A;rm:o, pcoa. P(o .. iou. J/, etA. 20/

... H Ai~u f.maKEl,ltllKf: rot»; «rrutpWPX1KOU:;») epyo.tf.e; Y1l:; tOU AIVKOAVao.lp, at orroiot ~OUV cs Kal.t:; aIJV9ijKf:e;: owOttOUV KTJ7':O yta KU).J.IE.pynu ).,axuVtKwV Kat rrato.tUe;, tXOIJV OtKU((J)!1U VU )1a~CUOUv mo.xna, rrpa::tl1a r.:01) roue f:~ual,luAi~et rrpoa9E:tu f:aOOU, Kat f.7':i ~).t()V 1:UipVOl)v svc aVCKtO uepoxnucro. napuAf'l1t.a, O!1w:;, ot,otva Kat m:plaaotf:po snsxtstverm Kl sxst to auatll!1u tWV apTtA. H Ai~u orrcrxovtos to aUat11!1a au 'to KVPIOAE:KHKiJ. ()7WX; to 1tf.ptE:ypa\jlSe; f.au am J}l~Aio coo". Evvostrnt moe; coroi ot ;:UTPWPXtKOi cpyo.tCe; Y11e;, rrou ow9tmuv svc !11KPO KATJpO, sivm KUTUAmrra rrou e~ulDuvi~ovtut. Arro rropn KI0).,ae; atEAvOuv 1U rrmOto. roo; yw OOUAIo. oro UptE.A, ev{!) lOPUOUV 110VOl roix; v11rrwywyr.ia yta rc J1ptl,lT] rtov yuvatKwv ;'t01) £pyu~ovtat ma YE:ltOVtKo. upetA ...

o £or.:l(d, ~OO<; roo Map~, 10 Wu Not.!JfJp~ 1868

K. MIl« 1(01 <1>. E'"1"~A:;, Ar.oi',a, ~Oll. 32, ad. 160

AIIO TO BIBAIO TOY B. I. AENIN

«H ANAnTVE:H TOY KAnIT AAlI:MOY ETH P!lI:IA»

A)J.T] auvtm:la 1'11e; XPTJaT]e; roiv )111XUVWV £ivm 11 cvranKij XP11at!10rrOt11all t11e; OOUAU'.te; nov vuvrnxrov Kat nov 7':atOtWv. H OW)10P(!)W!1EV11 Kf:9Ui.atOKpa'tlKij ycwpyiu 011 11 lOU PYT] cs yevIKu I1Wv optousvn tspapxiu spvnrrov, nou OUI1I1;ct rroA'6 t11V u:puPXia t(OV cpvocrootcxcov cpvcrcov. E Tat, am xtTJJ.latu 'tT]e; N O'tIUe; P(J)aiue; oWKpivovtat: u) rr).fJpf..ll:; epvatec; -- CVt)AtKOl uv'tpce; nou sivm ucuvoi yw KaOs oou/.la, ~n 01 uioocpvcu»; yuvUiKf.e; xt avtpee; Ko.tW (1rro 20 Xpov(J)v. Ot !11ao£pyats:; xwpi~ovtut af. ouo KUT11yopif.e;: on) nrro 12-13 we; 15-16 Xpovwv eivm 111am:pyaTEe; )1£ 'tTl crtE:vt) svvoin t11e; At~l1e; K(It P~) 01 uiooepyat»; tJe/,aA'lc;,

r5vvaprfr;' «cmv OtKOVOlltKfJ YAwaaa "rpic tetapta" tOU epyarrp uno 16 ro<; 20 xpovrov rtou urtopouv va KaVOUV OAe<; ru; 00UA1S<; evo<; nAfJpou<; epyatll eK1'o<; crto to xootouc, TtAo<;. y) ot IHaoepyo.te<; plKpfJr; pOfJ(}ewr;, natOUl 0Xl Kfm!) uno 8 xm 0Xl no.vro ana 14 XPOWilV' eKteAouv xpell xOtPO{3oCiKOU, nspmoroevtrn to. lloaxo.pta, {30tavt~ouv Kat 00l1YOUV to. ~wa lmtU to opveouc. LUXVo. OOUAeUOUV 1l0VO yLU rnv tpOlp1'1 Kat tl1V svouucala tou<;. H etCiayroyfJ troy yeropytKrov EpyaAtirov «piXvel rnv ttll1'1 tll<; epyaaia<; tOU nAfJpou<; epYUtll» Kat OiVEl tll oUVatotllta va aVttKataa'tagei ano 'tTl OOUAto. rcov YUVatKWV Kat tOW Et:pfJ{3roV rtou aivrn mo qltllvfJ. To. atattCitlKo. atolxeia yta roue S&vou<; epyate<; oeixvouv on 11 OOUAlIl reov uvtprov eKtoni~Etat uno tll 00UA1U troy YUVatKWV: to 1890 atllV KrollonoAll Kaxo{3Ka Kat o-rnv nOAll Xeporovc to. 12,7% ano tOU<; epyo.tE<; nou EiXav Kataypa~ei fJmv yuvaiKE<;' to 1894 a' 0/...0 to KU{3EPVEio oi yuvaiKe<; 1'1tav 18,2% (10239 ano tOU<; 56464), to 1895 - 25,6% (13474 cno tOU<; 48753). natOto. to 1893 Kataypo.qltllKav 0,7% (ano 10 ro<; 14 xpovrov), to 1895 - 1,69% (uno 7 ro<; 14 xpovrov). LtOU<; vromouc EPYUtE<;, rtou OOUAeUOUV otu lleyUAa Xt1'1llata tOU VOllOU EAtCio.{3EtyKpavt rou Kupspveiou Xsporovcc, to. 1talOtU anOtEAOUv to. 10,6% (ibid) .

... H EtCiayroy"; Kat 11 yeviKsuall t11<; XpfJall<; tau 11llxaVtKOU rpnncviou (non uvolvsr tpuns<; ern aaV10aKta), emtUxuve Kat 01EUKOAUVE 1110. ano n<; KUplOtCpe<; OOUAt&<; tll<; {3ouptaonolia<;. AUS.,;9lJKE 11 ~1'1tllall ¥to. «t:puteut&<;» ({3tOt&XVE<; rtou ((~UtEUoUV» tnv tpiXa, ere aaVtOuKla) xm 11 OOUAtU aUt";, nou EswStKEUOtaV 0/...0 Kat rrepiooorspo, enet:ptE a'tl<; 1tAUtE<; troy YUVatKWV, ytati anOtE/...oUaav rrw QtllV"; EpyanKfJ OUvallll. Oi yuvaiKE~ UPXlCiav va KUVOUV rn OOUAto. aut1'1 oro ontn Kat va nAllprovOVtUl ue to KOIl11 rm, Erm 11 aUSllall tll<; OOUAtU<; oro cnin npOKA.,;0l1Ke eow cno rnv rtpoodo tll<; teXVtKi]<; (llllxavtKO tpurnrvt), ano rnv npoooo tOU KatallEplallOU tll<; epyaaia<; (11 1l0VaOtK"; OOUAlo. troy YUVUlKWV sivm va outsuouv n<; tpixe<; ern aavloo.Kla) Kat urto tllV rtpoooo tll<; KEoaAatOKpanK";<; eKllEtUAAeUall<; (11 epyaaia trov YUVatKWV Kat troy xoprtmdrv sivct o9lJv6tepll) ...

8, I. Af.!'"" .4 "a"W, rop, J, "d. 4 J7

To 'tpa{lrlYl1a ornv ltapayroyi) YUVatKcOV Kat ltatouiw altO 'tT]V TClO I1tKPll T]AtK:ia ltapa'tT]pEimt oxeoov rnrvm cr'tT] 00uA1a nou yive'tat 0't0 ontn. Fie va Ooooulle I1LU eucovc TOU ltpaYl1aTO~, 1wpa9E'tOUl1e !1eptKa t'J'tOlXEia alto 'tT]v ltEptypw;nl rrov yuvcucsloiv eltaYYEAl1u'trov nto KU~Epveio Mooxa~. ME 'to ~E'tuAtYl1a TT]~ ~al1~aKEpil~ KAroo'ti)~ aoxoAouv'tat 1 0.004 yuvaiKe~. To ltalOla apxi~ouv va OOUMUOUV alto T]A1Kia 5-6 xpovrov (!), 'to I1EpOKal1a'to stvci 10 KaltiKla Kat 'to XPovlunKO EIOOOT]l1a 17 pou~Ala. H Epyaml1T] I1tpa t'J'ta yuVatKeta EltaYYEAl1aTa lj)'tavEI YEvlKa n~ 18 cOpe~. Ltl1V ltapayroYil elociJV ltMKnKil~ apx{~ouv va OOUM;UOUV alto 6 xpovrov, 'to !1epOKU!1a'to stvci 10 IWltiKta, 'to XPovla'tlKo eWOOT]l1a 22 pou~/_la. LUVOAtKU ern vuvcucslc ~lOTEXVIKU EltayytAl1a'ta Epya~OV1'al 37.514 epya'tptE~, rtou apxi~ouv va oouMUOUV alto T]AIK1a 5-6 xpovrov (om 6 EltaYYEAl1a'ta alto tn 19, t'J'ta ortoiu Ol1ro~ OOUMUOUV 32.400 epya'tpIE~), 'to !1tcro I1EpoKauuro sivct 13 K'altiKW Kat 'to I1EOO xpovlanKO eWOOT]l1a 26 pou~A1a Kal 20 KaltiKW.

B. I. ,1Cl'II', A,~".',a. roil. J. ad. 460

... MtAcOvTa~ E10IKa Yla 'tT]V aH.ayi) :tOU snsoeps T] Clal1ltplKa on~ ouv911KE~ ~roi)~ TOU 1tAT]9U0I10U, sivm cnupcitrrro vu crT]I1E1cOOOU!1E on 'to 'tpa~T]Yl1a 'troy YUVatKcOV Kat rrov aVT]A1Krov· t'J'tT]v 1tapayroyi) eival 01"T] ~aoT] rou 1tPOOOEU'tlKO qlatVOI1EVO. Eivct aOtaClIAOviKT]''W, on T] K'eqlaAatOKpanKil ouurtptxn 0T]1110Upyti Yl' aUTt~ ru; KaTT]yopiE~ TOU EpyaTtKOU K00!10U jnu e~atpenKa oucrKOAT] KaTaOmOT], on yt' aUTt~ ru; KatT]yopie~ etvoi f:~a1penKa avaYKaio.; 0 1teptOpWI10~ Kat T] PUel1lt'JT] 'tT]~ epyaatl1T]~ I1tpa~, T] f:~a(j(paAtO'T] uviervrov oprov Epyaoia~ K'tA. Omooo Sa i)mv uvnOpUO'tlKt~ Kat OU'tOTClKt~ 01 1'aOf:l~ v' U1tayopeuTEi EVtEAcO~ T] OOUAta rrov vuvmxrov Kat rrov UVilAIKroV 01:T] ~\OI1T]xaviu il vn U:t00TT]p1XeEi 'to 1tUTPIUPXIKO KugeotcO~ ~roi)~, non a1toKAete UUTit rnv Epyuoiu. Ka'tUOTptQOV'tU~ rnv 1tU'tpIapxtKi) cnouovonm currov nov KaTT]yoplcOV t'OU 1tAT]OU0I10U, 1tOU 1tproTU'tEPU oev t~yatVUV t~ro orro TO orsvo KUKAO rrov mKIUKcOV Kat otxovs-

.. :EUj.lipCIlVO j.lE to OTOlXEi.u 1:01) «OcllYOO» to 1 R90 ooouuov onc; QC!j.l:r:pt· K'EC; KOt OtO gpYOOtUO"lO 'l"1lC; EupOlno"iKTj; Prootm; aI)VOAI1(U 875.764 EprU'l"€C;. uno tOU; onoiouc 01 210.207 (24%) nrcv yuvlli1(gC;, 17.793 (2%) oyoplll xrn 8.216 (I %) 1(OpiTO"lU.

Vl'.taKOlV 0X80£mv, tpa~(ilV'!a; U:; ot11V apeaTt OUPPl'.toxi] ornv K'OlVmV1Ki] n:apaymYT!, 11 I1l'.yaAll 11ll):aV1Ki] I:hoPTtxavla n:pomOE:i rnv aVarrTU;T! TOU;, OUVUI1OlVEl rnv UUTO'tEAf.la tOU;, ol1Aaoi] 01111tOupyd tEnE; (JUV9T!Kf.; ~mi]; rrou O1:tK'OUV aouYKptTU mo Vll)"a cno rnv 1tUtPWPX1K'T! aKtVWTi.u tOW 1tpOKE0a7l.alOK'panK'OlV crXE:m;(I}v* .

B. I .. 1i:I'J!', A:;nnn .• Ott. 1, (H'-I.. 57J·574

B. I. AENIN

o KAnIT AAII:MOI: KAI H EP[ AI:IA THI: rYNAIKAI:

H 0lll1E:ptVT! KU1tttaAlO"tlKT! xotvervirr K'N::iw:t orn on:},axvu tll; 1tOAAE<; tEm:<; nE:pt1t'tWOE:l; (;rrWXEla<; xm K'ata1tll:OTt<;, 1tOU OEV X1'un:OUV a!-lf:Offi<; 01'0 uun, Oi Ka'taKO!-l!-lanaaptvE:; OtKOytVE:tE<;

• «H <prroxiJ yuvaiKa-utpuV1:pa nTlyaiVEt OTT! 9aj.I1:PtlW !-IE TOV ;:m:i:pa Kat tOY avrpa tTl~, OOUMUEI StnAa tOU~ Kl aVE~aptTl!U a:t' aUTO\)<;. EivCI\ KI m>ti] 1tpocrtatllS TllS OllcoytvEtas, or:roc; Kl 0 avrpa<:;». «1:'TI q>allr:pIKa ... TI yuvai"u r.ival EVtEAro~ aUtotci.r,C; 1tapayUlYO<;, avr.~ap'TltTl Ilno tOY aV1:pa tTlS"- 0 apl!llloc; 1:!l)V YI)VatK(llV ;:01) IlUOalvav avayvroOTl Kal ypa<pi] ll!:ya),roVt aTtS <pallrrpIK&~ :roi,u ypi]yopa- (<<Ta !3101:&XVlKa trrayytAllum tOU lm(kpvdou Bi,uv'tilllP", III, 113. 118. 112 1(.a.)_ 110J>..u Ol1((!lOAOYlllltvo sivm to ITupu1(im1l OUllllITSpaollU tOU K. Xap1sofltvo!P! TI (hOIlTlxuvtu E~aMioCl tTlV «oucovouucn r.;ap1:TloTl tTlS yuvaiKaS ar:o rnv oIKoyev!:la ... Kl uno tOY uvrpc ... LtTlv ~tVTl oall::plKu TI yuvaiKa E~lcrroV&tm I-IE tOY avtpa, npoxerrct Yla tnv lOOtlltll TOU 1tpOAf.TaplOu... H KE!pctActlOl(patlIC01totTlCfIl !TIS i3101l11xavias r:aiSEl onuuvnxo POAO ornv :t,y.'rt tTlS yuvaiKac; vm tnv aVE;aptT)Cl'iu Tilt:; ernv otxovavsiu». «H !31O!ll1xavia OTlllloupyr.i yUl til yuv(IilCa ilIa via J((I1 EV,UOlt; uVf:~aptllTTI a11:0 TT!v OlICoytvEIU Kat toy trvrpn 9s0I1» (<<["10UPlV1:ito€mct Bt<1tVIK», 1883, T£i)Xo~ 12, OEi,_ 582 1(UI 596). Lrll «LUAloyr, otanOtlKWv 01:01Xei(t)V ylU to lCu~£pvcio M6axa~.,· (tou, VII, IlSp0t:; If, Mooxu, 1882, aF) .. 152, 138-139) Ol r.p£uvTJt~S rruyxptvouv til !ltCfTI tl1<; Epyatpta<; ornv :-:apayroyJi KaA1:ClOlV 1-11: TO XEpt Kat crnv rrapay[J)yi] ICUATCTWV )It IlTJXavi]. LtllV r:apayroyi] 1((IA torov ue to XtPI to IlCPOKallU<O ~iV([1 ITf.pirrou 8 lCaniKla, ornv rrapayUlyi) lCa),Tooov I-Ie IlTJxuvti etvm 1430 lCa1t!lClu. 1:111 I-IllxavoJ:OlrtI-lEVll1tapayroyTt TI KutaOt(I0Tl tnt; £pyatpl([<; nsprvpnoctm tTm; « •.. Mrrpoota !lac; exoull£ ilIa flta 1(01tWt tMO!lcPll. rtou o~v "I1v :repl0pi~ct J(uvt.va 1:).1;:0010, XElPU01:tll).1Evll a1to rnv 01KoytVr.I([ KUl (IIlO l(aOr.1:I rrou (l:tO'1:EA.Ei TOV opo ur:up!;TJS tll~ yuvaiKu;-aypot1(Joo:;, Ilta KOr:eA.a ITOU KnOE any)li] Il;:op£i vc TIllyaiv&1 OITO TO 8VU IltpOt; crto &Ai,o, ar:o 1:0 tva O!p'£VtlJ(O om aUo, J(Ul !l;:opEi KaOe OtlY).Ii) vc ~pe!lei X(J)pit; oouAla, XropiC; eva 1(0)lIlr1tl 1jJ(J)J..li ... LT1] Xf.lporroiTJtTJ rrapuyo)yl'] TJ

trov j11KpOaOT(OV, TmV E1taYYC/.j1anrov, nov cpyatrov, rmv ur.alJ"i]" AroV, tcov j11KpO-U1taA..A .. i]AwV U1tOOE:POUV aqulvtaota, OumwI"a ru pya~ouv ;'.;f..pa Kat o rnv Ka)Jm;P1J 81tOxil. Eccrouuupm IWt EIWrouuupic yuvaiKE<; renrov OlKOYEVEtroV ~OUV ("Ii j.laAAOV paaavi~OVtat) j1ta ~roT] HaKI.Ur1roV rou a1'.:tTtOU», rtou n:poarraOouv vu ta'faouv Kat va vruoouv t11V OtKOYSV8ta us n:8VtapOOEK'ap8~, ue a1t8yvroaj1SV8; Ka911j.lEpLVt~ npOana9E1E~ Kat «OlK'OVOj.l lE:;» Of; of.a, £K'TO<; uno TllV ctouucn tOU~ spvnoin ..

Arro tu; yuvaiK'£~ aUTl~~ TO K£<paAatO rtuipvst n:p09Uj1oTaTa ttl; 8PyUTptE:; nou BOUMUOUV 0"1:0 orttn, 1tOU civet ETOtj1E~ vn BouMurouv ue Uta OO~Epa IlLKPT] aj101Pil, yta va «Pyu/.ouv aUllnATlPro" j1anKU» yta tOY E;aUTO roue xm t11V OtKOytV£lU tOU~ tva KOj1j1a:n vroj1i. Ano autt:; aKplpro~ n:; yuvaiKE~ ot Karntal .. 10"1:t~ OAroV reov xwprov rtuipvouv (61tro~ Ol OOUAOKtTjt£:; 't11~ apxatOTTtta~ Kat 01 Of.ouoaPX£~ tOU usouimvc) 6aE~ j1atTptaE~ 9tAOUV j11:: t11V mo (mpocrttTj» TtJlil. Kat Kall1a «119lKT] ayaVaK'tll(11» (unoxpmxf 0"1:1~ 99 uno tt:; EKatO m:;plntroaEt~) )'La t11V rropvstc 08V 9a unopsoet va KaVEt rirrors EVUVtta cr' aUTO 1'0 sunopto t11~ yuvatKsia~ aaPK'a~: E<pOcrOV Un:aPXEt 11 j1ta9rotl1 aKAapta, Sa U1'('UPXEt aVan6li>EuK'ta Kat II nopvsin .. O}...s:; ot KaTa1tlE~OJlEVE~ xt EKj1EtaAMU6j1EVE~ ta~Et~ aT11v tcroptc reov avOpronlvrov xorveivuov T]Tav rtnvru avaYKaaj1tvs~ (a' cuto ppiaKEtat xrn 11 EKJlStUAN::uaT] TOU~) va Bivouv otoi»; KaTamEO"1:t~, nprotc, t11V anA'liprot11 Epyaaia roo; Kat, OEUtEPO, tt~ yuvaiKE~ TOU~ yta JlattptaE~ rorv «xupiorv» .

H OOI)N::ia, 11 oouAon:apo1Kia Kat 0 Ka1tl'taAlcrJlO~ BEV Ola<ptpouv an6 t11V an:01.V11 cum, AAM~Et JlOVO 11 jlOpqJfj tTl~ EK'j18taA" N::UO"11~" 11 EKj1StUAMua11 rmpuusvsi ..

LtO Ilnpiot, ornv «npcrrseouoc TOU KOOj10U», oro KtVtPO tOU nOt .. 1UaJlOU, aVOt~E tt~ j1tPE~ autt~ tKBf.G1J spvcov «rrov EKj1EtaAN::UOJlE:vrov spvnrpuov nou OouN::UOUV oro cnin».

:tAtx,pa aXEl to mo ntV1Xpo 1.1I':poK(l.~atO, tva ~EpoKu~a,o rtou (:itv eo tcptav& vc KOAtJ1:!&1 tu t~ooa t1',,; OIOtPOOTj<;. tva uepoxeucro nou ~::op&i vu tTl<; otuost lIov(l.xa ue tnv ltpoiin60toll em ouv ~tA.os ~10<; OIKOytvtl0<; V01K"O!CUptrov ~~ ytOOpyuco ICATJpO, or::OAnj3alV&1 tva IlEPO<; alto rc rrpoiovro '11C; 'tllC;. Omv 11 ltapayooYT! tivllt ~l1xavo:tOlll~tvll 11 ~a01:opl0oa txt!, &Kt6C; nrro rnv rpo(llij xm ,0 tOU1, Kill ro ~epOKallatO rrou tTlC; Em tptntl va ~tl I:~oo an:o rnv 0l1WytVtl0 !CClt va 1111 XPllOlJ.lO:tOI£I ma ,0 tlo6l.ill~a "11<; 0IKOytV&10C; uno til Yll' Emorp; 1:0 ~tpo!CullaTO tllC; llaOtOPl000C; (1"11 ~m:aV01tO\l1llf.Vll r::apayooyij slvnt ue nc; unupxouaec; ouvOijKec; mo e~aatpaAlolltvo».

k"CO K:aOe aVTIK:EllleVO "CT]~ EldkaT]~ f-lMrroul1f. !-.na 111K:PT] snxsrc nou ocixvet rtoco naipvet yta 'tT]v K'a'tacrK:euT] rou T] epya'tpta rrou oouN::uet oro orrin K'at nocra urtopsi va K:f.pOiaet IlS 'tT] OOUAta umi) "CT] I1EPU K'at 'tT]v rope.

Kat 'ti ~yuiw:t: Iluvm uno 1 1/4 "COu QlPuyK'OU, oT]/.aoi) 50 K'UnlK:lU, or. Kaveva c/17ropev/ia &v unopei va {3yUA.et T] epya'tpta rtou OOUA.eOCt oro cnin. Evro T] rspnonc l1a~a 'troy epvcouov crto-

OiOE1 Eva I1E:P0K'aI1UtO aQlUvTUma mo XUI1T]AO. Na, A.oyouXaPT], La a!lrru~oup. OAT]prol1i) 4 K:UniK:1a T] v'tou~iva. Eits ot xaptoaaK:OUA.e~, IS xurtbctn T] XtAtaOa, Ot anOOOX€~ stvci 6~1 mrriK:ta 'tT]v rope. Na, tn IltK:PU nUlxvibta 11f. K'OpOEAt.&; K:tA., 2 1/2 K:anilna "CT]v ropa. Na, oi OOUA1~ yta rnv K:u'tuaK:suiJ AOUAOUOtroV, t5vo-rpia K:antK:ta rnv ropa. No, tu aV'tP1K:a K:Ul YUVUlK:Eia ecrropouxa uno t5vo l1e E~l xcrrixin rnv rope. Kat curo auveXiseml oiXro~ 'tEAO~.

eu EnpErrE xm tu 01K:a l1a~ EpyanK:U oroucrstc xm aUV01K:am vu opvovrocouv I1ta 'ts'tla «EK:9f.crT])), Asv rrpoxsmn Ilta 'tE'tta EK:OEaT] va oocrel K:oAocrotaia K:SpOT], nou oivouv or eK:9E:crel~ 'tT]~ uanK't1~ 'tu~T]~, H EK:gecrT] 'tT]~ npoAe'taptaK't1~ yuvatK:eiu~ o'troXelU~ xt s~a9AiroaT]~ 9q f.Xet Eva aAAO 6oeAo~: 00. ~OT]Oi)ael roue Ilta9ro'tOO~ epya'tf.t;'K:al n~ crK:M{3E~ va vtrooouv 'tTl 9ECJT] rouq, va pi~ouv I1U1 !lana a'tll «~roiJ») roue, va crK:eQ'touv n~ auv9i)lCe~ 'tT]~ anuAAayi)~ uno route 'tOY rndivto Suyo 'tT]~ o'troXla~, 'tTJ~ e~a9A{rocrT]~, "CT]~ rropveinc xm OAWV rmv 'tunetvrom:rov trov q)'t"roX(ov.

H. I. ,1""'''. A.,,,,'ra, TOil. 21, ad. 1]8-/39

B. I. AENIN

H MIKPH nAPArnrH ITH rE!!PrIA

Lta crT]lleptvu K:a1tt'tUAWnK'a K'patT] 'to ~i)'tT]l1a rorv cvporrcv npoK'uM:t nOAu auxva UI1T]Xavia K'at 'tal.aVteOael~ cvcusoc a'tou~ l1ap~tatE~ xrn TI~ neptacr6tepe~ e1tt9tcrel~ K:a'ta. rou l1ap~lcrl10U anD rnv nAeUpa 'tT]~ aanK:t1~ (K:a6T]yT]nK:t1~) nOAl'tlK:il~ OlICOVOl1ia~,

H lllK:Pt1 1tapayroyt1 atT] YEmpyia sivrn K:a'taolKaaI1EVT] ae xurcorpoon Kat aE cntotsurc K:u'ta9AmnK:i), unOOOUAmnK'i) K:a'tat'J'tacrT] crn~ auv9i)K:e~ rou Ka1tt'tt1.AtaIlOU, Atve ot l1ap~w'tf:~. H I1tK:Pi) 1tUpuywy1i, e;ap'tT]l1tvT] anD 'to l1eyuJ.o K:eQaAatO, K:aOume-

PT]!lf:VT] O'E O'UYKplO'T] ue 'tT] !1€YUf, T] yeWp)'1KTJ TCapayroy";, xpune'tat !10VO ue 1'OV E:O'Xa'tO rrspioprouo trov aVaYKrov leal 'tT] O'!CAT]P";, !;dl€ronK'TJ OouAui. Ka'tat€!1axlO'f.lO~ Kat KataATJO''teUO'T] 'tT]~ epyaO'ia~ 'tOU av9p(imou, xelpo't€p€~ !10P<PE:~ €~ap'tT]O'T]~ 'tOU rtupayroyou, e~aVTAT]O'T] rorv OUVU!l€WV 'tTJ~ OtKOYf:V€la~ 'tOU nvporn, reov ~wWV TOU aypOTT] , TT]~ Y11~ TOU uvporn, vn rt qlf:PV€l TCavTOU 0 KaTCl'taAlO'!10~ O'TOV cvporn,

Fto 'tOY ovporn &V V7[G.pXCl aMT] O'w'tT]pia aTCO 'to va evwO'St TT] OpUO'T] 'tOU US 1'T] OPUO'T] 'tOU TCpOAE'tapla'tOU, nov !l1O'9roTWV epvrrtrov Ka'tu TCPW'tO Myo.

A v1:i9s'ta, T] aO'nK"; TCOAtnKt1 OtKOVO!1ia Kat at 0XI TCaVTa O'UV€IOT]'toi oTCaooi TT]~, ouv 1:0U~ vcpovrvocoo; Kat TOU~ OTCOProuvictsc, TCpOO'TCa90uv va aTCooei~ouv on T] !lIKP"; TCapayroy"; €iVat ptwm!1T] Kat mo aTCooonKfj aTCO rn !l€yaATJ. 0 aypo'tT]~ TCOU E:Xf.1 0''tagep''; Kat oivoupn 9toT] O'TO KaTCltaAlO''tlKO KageO'1'w~ TCPE:TCSl va KAtVEt OXI TCpO~ 'to TCpoMTapla'to, aAM. TCpO~ TT]V aO'nK"; 1:U~T], 0XI TCpO~ TT]V ta~IK"; TCUAT] trov !1l09ro'tWV epya'twv, aAM TCpO~ 'tT] O"tSPEWOT] TT]~ 9EO'T]~ rou ouv 10lO!C'tTJTTJ xnt V01KOKUPTJ, au'ti] sivct TJ oucin 1:T]~ e€ropia~ rrov corrov otKOV0!10- ').oyrov.

0a n:pocrTCa9TJcroU!1E vn S/.tY~OU!1E lle pacrT] cruYKeKpl!1EVa O"tatxda tT] ~aO'l!1o'tTJm 'tT]~ TCpOM1:aplaK";~ Kat TT]~ aO"tllCi]~ 9Eropia~. A~ TCUpOU!le tu cr'tOIXEla )'1a 'tT]v €pyacria rwv YVValKWV cr'tT] yeropyia TT]~ A ucrpicc xrn 'tT]~ I'epucvlac, Ftn 'tT] Perote OEV UTCUPXOUV lltXPI O't1!1Epa OAOKATJPro!lE:Va O"t01XEia, En:eloi] T] KU~EPVT]O'TJ OEV eO£1 va KUVEl eTClcrTT]!10VIKi] aTCOYPWi!i] OArov reov YEro PYl1'WV Em XEt P"; Of: ro V .

1:'tTtV Aucrpin, O'uf.L(,I)rova lIE 'tT]V cnovpcon rou 1902, aTCO Ta 9.070.682 urouc TCOU acrxof.oUVTat ctnv aypOTtK"; orcovouic Ta 4.422.981 eivm yuvaiKe~, 5T]A. tu 48,7%. 1:TTJ I'spucvin, OTCOU 0 KamtaAtcr!lO~ sivrn avaTC'tuY!lE:VO~ os TCOA6 w:yaf,u'tEpO ~a9!10, Ot yuvaiKE~ aTCo'tsAo6v 'tT]V 7[Af:lOl!Iwpia uvnuson cs OAou~ 'tOU~ OOUMU'tf:~ rrou acrxoAouVTat O''tT]V aypo'ttK"; OlKOVO!1ia, O'UyKSKpl!1EVa rc 54,8%. 000 TCEPlO'crO'tSpo avaTCTUO'OE1:at 0 KamtaAtO'!10~ O'TT] YEropyia, toco rtsprecorepo svrstvsi TT] XPT]O'l!lon:olT]crT] 1'T]~ spyacria~ nov YUVatKWV, OT]A. xclpOrcpeVf.l 'tt~ O'uvOi]lCe~ ~ro";~ rrov spya~o!1evrov !1a~(ov. 1:TT] ysp!1avIKi] ~tO!1T]xavia or yuvaiKe~ an:o'tf.AOUV rc 25% rorv epycrrov, f.VW 0"tT] y€ropyia eivat TCUVro aTCO Mo (,I)oPf:~ TCEplO'O'O'tEPE~. AU1:0 0T]!laiVEI TCW~ T] ptO!lT]xavia

cnoppoec tll; KaAVrepeC; epyattld:~ .sUVa!lEl~, UWi'!VOVtW; (ltll YEropyia n~ rno aouva"Ce~ EpyUtU't~ OUV(qlel~.

En~ avan:tuY!ltw:~ KamtaAtO'tlKE-; xrope~ 11 yeropyia tY1VE me aO'xoAia Kupiro~ rorv vuvuucrov,

Av pi~ou!1e tropa uto !lantl aLa atOlXEla yla La ayponKtl V01KoKUpta OLUoopenKrov !1eyeOrov, ea OOUI.H: Otl aKplpro~ atn J11KpfT rrapaywyfT 11 eK!le"CaAAsuall tll~ epyaO'ia~ "Cow vuvcucrov rtnipvet tow.ltepa !leyaAe~ OtaO'ta(jf:t~. A vtiecta, 11 !1eYM 11, 11 ImmLaAtO'TlKi'! n:apayroYTJ XPllcrt!lOrrolei Kat atll yeropyia Kupiro~ rnv avoP1Ki) epvcotc, nv Kat OEV qlttlVel ae auto to ~i)tll!1a tll plOllllxavia.

Na ta aUYKplLtKa crtOlxeia ym tnv Auerptc Kat 1:11 .Fspuuvia:

NOI1(Ol("up'o.

Ilmm"To YUVatI("O)V oro (1)\'o}" .. 6 ap,O~6 tWV OOUA.&1ltcilv

ITpO)"slaptaICO .••. { I-l£XPl 1/2 f.KtOplO$

area 1/2 I-l£XP' 2 €nupm

{» 2» 5 »

Aypom:d............. 5 10»

,,10 20"

KflmmltcrTlll"u .... { b 20 ~ 100 "

• 100 !em ltIl\lW "

A nrrrpic rEp~"vin
52,0 74.1
50.9 65.7
49,6 54,4
48,5 50.2
48,6 48,4
46,6 44,8
27,4 41,0
48,7 54.8 l;!ivo.1.o " ..

.. Exraptc= 9/10 tll<; v1:f.man-va<;.

BMn:oUIlS Kat atl~ 860 xrope~ tOY i010 aKplpw~ Valla tll~ Kan:n'UAwtlKi)~ yeropyia~. Gao j1tKPO'tEPll eivct 11 napayroyi'!, rooo xe1pOrep 11 ei Vat 11 auvOeall rrov e pya n KroV ouva useov, rooo j1eyaAuTepll stvci 11 ultepoxi) rrov YUVatKWV oro O'UVOAtKO aptOllo torv crouoiv nou aaxoAOuVtat crnv ayponKi) OlKOVO!1ia.

Luvenw~, 11 yeVtKi) KataO'taall crov KamLaAWj10 eivci 11 napaKatro. L"Ca npOAstapWKa VOtKOKUpttl, 0llA. ata V01KOKUpttl nou 01 «VOtKOKUpem» ~ouv Kupiro~ !1e rn !1Weroti! Epyaala (epytlte~ rrou txouv Eva !1tKpOUtcrtKO KO!1!1attlKt Yll~)' 11 epvaaia rwv YVValKWV imeptepei inc; avbplKr,C;. KtlnOte O'e tepaano ~aeIlO.

6.ev npi:nEt va ~exvalle ltro~ 0 aple!10~ nurtov rmv np0Aetapurcrov " cvporoepvcrucdiv V01KOKUptWV, stvoi tepaano~: ctnv A uctpln 1,3 EKa1:0j1j1 upta uno to ouvoxuco aptej10 rmv 2,8

exutouuupicov K:at O'Tll Fspucvtn 3,4 sxnrouuuprc arro TO crUVOAI K:O aplO).lO rrov 5,7 exnrouuupicov.

ETa aypOt'lK:a VOlKOK:Upla 11 EpyaO'ia rrov uvopwv ICUl TOW yUVUlI(,cOV XPllO'l).lOrrOlelTaI rtsptrrou e~iO'ou.

Tt},o,:;, O'Ta K:arrt1"a},lO'TlK:a V01K:0K:Upta T] epyacria nov avoprov oncptepci inc; epyaatai; rwv luvalKwv.

Ti O'll).laivet UUtO;

A U1"O O'll).laiw:l rc(O~ 0'1"11 Ye())pyia 11 epya~o).lzv", - rrpo).ztaptcco ICUt cvponoou - rrptm:l va 80UAeUet ltOAU 1.10 evmnxn, va TO'Uld~eTat, va ~eOeWVZ'cat ern oouAul O'Z ~6.po,:; t'11':; uyeiu,:; t'11':; xm t'll':; uyzia,:; rrov ltat5Hov 1"11':;. vn euOuypa).l).li~Et'at O(jQ unopci !If: tov aV1"pa t'11~ !lzyaA 11':;, T11':; ICUTClTaAlO't'IK:Tl~ rrapayOOYTl~'

Auto O'1WaiVEt ltoo,:; 11 !llK:PTl ltapayOOYTl xpcncrrn (nov xnrnt'UAl(j!lO !l0VO ).If. rnv anoantian u;:o TO r5ov),eu • ." !leyaAuTZp% ;;o0'6t'llTa~ £pyaO'ia~ alto rnv nooornrc ITOU a1toO'",&' arr6 TO 50uAeutTl 11 w:yaA 11 ltapayroYTl'

o aYPoTll':; civet mo Oe).lEVO':;, mo ).l1tAf.Y!lEvo,:; 0"t'0 1tOAUltAOK:O 5iX1'u tll':; K:arrtta)..lO'nK:Tl~ e~aptllO'll':; :::apa 0 ).It(jO(j)to~ spyaT11':;. TOl) enivstur Ott sivat av£~aptl11'o,:;, on urtopei «va K'avet VOIK:OK:Upto», eVW o rnv npcvucnxornrc yta va K'patlEtat ltpSltel va 50uAeu£1 (npoc ooe},oc;; TOU K:zQaAaiou) mo ~apt&. alto TO ).lwOro1'O zPyat11.

Ta cr"C01xeia ym TT]V rrau5lKr, epyaaia cr"Cll yeoopyia to 5ziXVOUV auto uK:o).la mo K'aOapa5•

o ArnNAl: riA THN AnEAEV0EPnl:H THE rVN AIKAl:.

TO rVNAIKEIO KINHMA

xno TO BlBAIO TOY e, ENrKEAl:

«ANTI-NTYPINrK»

... 0 !!louple Osv aivrn IlOVD K'PlttK'O::;. Atatooo~o::; rravtoTE anD xapaK'tilpa, eylw: orrnptxoc, xct llaAlcrTa tva::; uno TOU::; mo IlEyaAoue; orrnptxouq Of,mv T(OV E:1t0Xwv. EuCitoxa, Ill': m:;pl1tUlxnK'a 1,6ym 1t£pIypaOE:l ru; £lloavl~6).lf;vf.::; uc pOOIva XPc!)llata crteK'OUACtVtlK'E:::; K'a"tf:pyapltc; K'at 'W !lIKPO!:Il1tOPIK'O rrveo!Ja 1tOU !:1t1- K'pat~O£ pe "t~ ouo~ t~::; !:r.avaotao~::; aE: OAOK'A~p~ t~V tOtE: yaJ.,AIK'T) ell1tOpIK'il 8f')aCit~p16T~ta. ME: oxoun !1f.yat,o-cep~ srnoe~lOt~m f.rrtKpiv£l T~V aatlKTl POpOTl 0xi:a£wv avallE:Ou ata qluAa K'at t~ eea~ t~::; yuvaiK'ue; ornv aouK'" xorvcovtc. A ut6::; 1tpono::; OtatU1tWCi!'; t~ aK'i:Ij1~ on 0 Paell6::; X£lpaot-c~a~::; t~::; yuvuiK'a::; ornv K'aO£ 50crpi:v~ xorvrovin a1totcAei to qluatK'6 usrpo t~::; yCVIK'OTf;p~C; XSIpU(ptT~O~::;6.

xno rPAMMATA TUN K. MAP;:: KAI 0. ENrKEAI:

Ma "Co cnousvo ypa!llla On O-C£lAW Ta PIP).Ui.pw t~::; K'upiae; KOUYK'f.ApaV Kat "t~::; K'upiae; Tevvxe'. MIa xuptn, ~ K. Ato", £K'AtX"C~KE: IlF.AO::; tou Kr.VtPlK'OU Ila::; LUIlPouiJoU.

o Moot; npo; :0. ,10V1i0/1'KO Ko,,(l{f~a., /3 rcr, IOUA'l 1867 K. Map~ Ka, <1>. E'i'Kr.).<;, .4.o,',a ",p_ II. <1,;.40.1

.,.Ms rnv £uK'atpia, 0 Cm:Ovf]::; LUAAOYO::; rUVatK'cOV, ITOU K'aOo8~yei ~ xupin rK'16yK' (8t(IPa~£: n:aAaPil)'" -tatelAC Il"VUpa

* Aovoxcryvro: Cogg C;:WVU).lO, «Gcck » - «7raAa[hl'> (Euvr.]

(no ouvE8pto TCOV B pU~f.A/.rov~, protroV"Ca~ av stvm 8uvato va npooxropTlI:TOUV oe I.W~ xm K'upic~. AOlpaAro~, 11 anavt110ll rtou &6911K'C frcav anavt11crll euycVtK'l1~ cruYK'aTa9f.o%. Orrots, av Ecsic E~aK'OAou9"iloETe va otmrtute, 9a O"tEo..ro Ot11 ou~uyo oa~ ltAllPE~OUOlO yta va yiVEt aVTa1WK'ptTl1~ TOU nVIK'OU LUpPOUAiou .

. Vnpc, npo-; om' .~olJ;"'liil(o Knu)"I(";"J(!l" 12 wc OX;(v/lp'1 1868 K. Map~ 1(", <1>. [;"\1·l(r).,. A"m·'l'. :op. 32. (i'd. 473

LUPP.Sti:XBt apayc 11 OU~UYO~ La~ oro peyaAO vspunvuco vuvctxsio K'tVllpa yto Tll XE:tpaI?ETlloll; Nopit,;ro ltm~ ot YEppCtviOe~ yuvaiK:f.~ 9a ltptltEl va apxicrouv va xtvntorrotouv TOU~ aVTpe~ roue OtOV nvrovn yta tll OtK:"il TOU~ xelpaq>tT11oll.

Map~ ,,{>Oe; roo Aouoo/JilCo Kov),k"dp(Zv. 5 tou ACKtpfJp'l J868 K .. HaIJ( k"(z, <1>. E<"i''';'': .4:w,'l"(z. TOtt. 32. "CA. -185

Ilnvrmc, Ol K:UpiE~ oev 1.11tOPOUv va txouv ltap<'movo alto Tll dte9v"il, uoou ptAO~ tOU nVtK:OU Lup.pouJdou EK:AEXtllK'f. utc xupln, 11 K'. Am. A},Aa a~ a0"ilcroupf. K:aTa p{;po~ "t' ucrsin. To p.f.yaAo Bilpa npo~ rc p.npo~ rtou EK'aVE to reAeutaio ouvsepto t11~ apf.ptK:avtK:"il~ «EpyanK:"il~ Evoiorp;»" OUViOTaTat, f.LeTa~u aAAmv, oro Ott naptxe1 cr"tt~ EpyaTptE~ :tA"ilpll roottptn, svdi ot aYYAOl Kat, os peyaAuTepo pa9j1<), Ot appo!ppOVE~ yaUot eu9uVOVTat ytati 01:0 ~l']tllj1a auto odxvouv Tll yvrocrt"il crevornrc avn}.l1ljJf.mv. OnoLO~ oK'a,.J.TCat,;et Aiyo uno ioroplc, ~tPEl KaAa nro~ 01 j1Eyat.e~ K:OlvmVtK:E~ pETapoJ,t~ slvm aMvaTE~ Xropi~ "to YUVatxeio npo~0j1t. H K:OtVCOVtK'li rtpoodo; urropei va zpoofnoptrrrsi us aK:pipf.ta crUj1!pmva ue TTlV K'otvcovtK:T) 9toll TOU ropuiou OUAOU (!1a~i K'at rrov aaXllf.Lmv yuvcucrov) ...

. \1afJ~ ~fJO; ~O\' Ao~i5()fJil(o KolJ{k"r.)#av. 12 fQt, _jf.I(f.p{Jp'1 1868 K. Map¢ IW, <1>. E\';l(c'~, A ,<1",,[ '0/, .. 32. "d. 486

... Ornv EpOOUj1S ornv e~ouoi.a, or yuvaiK'E~ 9a npsrtst 0Xl j10VO va f.K:AtyOUV, aAA6. xm va EKt,i:yovTat K:a1 vc sxoervouv Myou~. Boro auto E<paPJ.lO~CTat K'tOAa~ 01:0 crXOf.lK:O T0!100. Tov ltepacrp.Evo NotP.PPll tomoa xrn ru; 7 1jJ"il(j}ou~ j10U OE j1ta xupic, 11 onotc ltM.lOljJ'li0ll0f. avaj1eaa OTOU~ 6.AAOU~ Eepta UiToljJl1olOuC; nou f.K:AtX'tT1K:(IV. E~6.AAOU, or K'UpiE~ rtou cpy6.~ovmt on~ d5ro oXOAtK:E~ oU::u9UVOEtC; otaK'pivOVtUl Yia TO on i,tVE nOAu Aiya Aoyta xrn

xnvouv napa ITOAAo. epvu. Kuru flEOO opo, Tl KaOf:flUl an' au't6s c:pyu~C:'tat viu rpsu; aV'tpc:e; ...

K. ,l4a{!~ 1m, <1>. E"'II<';.:;, A "m'w. rou. 34, ad. /90 /97

... Ot yuvaiKc:e; reov t;liArov flae; O1'Tj I'cpuuvto rrptm:t va OU).l).l£'to.oxouv orov ay&va ITOU OtE~ayouv Ot o.v'tpc:e; roue, &O'tE 01 yuvaiKr.e; ).lae; £0&, mTjv aooaAi1 AyYf-ia, vu EKrrAi1croOVTal Yl' nuro. D: ).We; EO& sivm EU1I:0AO vu xpivouus Kat va smxpivouue, evro O'tTl I'spucvtc Tj KUeE anpoo£X'tTj i1 am::ploK'r.rr't11 At~TJ OUVErruYE'tat 'tOY Kivouvo 'tTje; OUAo.KtOTle; xm TOU XroP10).lOU orro rnv oucovevsio. Eu'tUxroe;, non oi yuvaiKc:e; flae; O1'Tj Fepuovta Scv auyxu~ov'tat u' oAa au'tu 1I:at an08Eixvouv ornv npa.~Tj rrroe; Tj nc:ptt301')'t'l yuvatKc:ia BUatoeTjoia c:ivat uto 'ta~tKi1 upproo-nn nou npocnOtU~f:l ).lOVO ane; am&; yuvaiKc:e; ...

r:'-/KtA<; noo; 01 Natalia A~w1l(vqr, 3/ tou fou;'~ 1877 K. M(l{l~ KO, <1>. f:\-/"cAC;, A;rana. '011.34, ad. 220

A v Ot raA/,ot emusvoov A1yO·n:po ano 'tOUe; rEp).lUVOUe; aTOV rrsptoptouo 'tTle; c:pyumae; rorv yUVatK&V, cuto O!pc:tAt'tUl 01'0 on OUYKPt'tlKU Tj c:pyomama1l:'l) OOUAta rrov yuVatK&v rrai~c:t a't11 raAAia, totat'tc:pa aLO Ilnpiot, OWLc:p£uOV'ta pOAO. lOTj aflOtt3'l) Kat vtn La OUO OUAa, yta iOTj oou/,ta, roOOLOU KaLapY'lec:i yC:VtKU Tj fllOeOooata, UITatLOUV arr' o.n 1;epro, OAOl at oomaAto'ttc;. To on Tj c:pyal;;oflEVTj vuvnixn tXc:t avo.yKTj, AOyro rrov C:101K&V qmatOAOytKchv Atl'tOUpyt&v LTje;, nrro lotahc:pTj unoo't'l)pl~Tj o rov ay&va evuvnn ornv KUntLaAtanK'l) £K).lL'talliuO'Tj, eivoi yta )lEVa OAOKo.Oapo. Ot nepiooorepo. rrno TOUe; AYYAOUe;, rtou urroa't'lpi~ouv 'to tumxo 011l:uirofla rrov YUVatK&V va uno~o.Aov'tat ano roue xumrnAlmte; ctnv iota eK).l£LaAAtUOTj us roue trvtpeq, eVOtacpEpoV'tat ornv oucln, o.fleaa site t).l).lEOa, vto rnv Karrt'taAto't11l:'l) EKflE'taAAeUOTj trev epya~O).levrov Kat trev OUO QUAroV. O).lOAOY& exrroco on e).ltva u' SVOtat;lEPSl mo no/,u Tj uysia 'tTle; c:nspxoflC:VTjs yevlae; an' o.n '1 arro/.U'tTj 'tU1ttK'l) icornro rrov OUO OUAroV Ka'ta. rn 'tEAtU'taia XPOVta urrap~Tje; TOU 1I:mmaAlcr'ttKOU rponou rtcpcvcoyl)C;. H npay).la'ttKT] ioonuio 'tTje; yuvaiKae; Kat ron nvrpu urropsi, KaLa. rn yV&).lTj uou va Srrt'tBUX9Ei ).lOVOv orov Ka'tapYTjec:i '1 KEOaAatOlCpU't'tKTt EKflF.'ta.AAeuOTj rrov YUVatK&V Kat nov uvrprov,

two 11 OtaXciPlOll WU VOlKOKUplOU. rrou Ci!'Hu:pa a"on:AEi a1'O).I.lKTJ anacrxoAl1<JTJ, Oa ).I.c"ratpa;tf.i oc rouse tTJ~ KOlVO)vtKi]~ napaywyT]~.

F~':'l\£;:' 7;{JV-;' ':!]t r"r.prpov:·":f. {'K./I./Ol/. Eu« (1~U; 5 xcoiroi. ro{~ {miA1] 188j 1(. \.1QP~ I(~ZI .fP. ":l~/K[~~ • ..J;"(fH'7"{I, tou. 36, (J(X 293294

LTO errousvo <PUt.Ao'" Oa "ptrret va aaXOAfJOEt~ ).I.E rnv nnspvin tOW t,l).l.CV£pya trov' TCOD txel repcona (J'fl!1acria ytn 1'0 vrorno KivTJ).I.a. MtXPl rropu 1'0 Icrt-Evt** zrvivovrnv naOllttKa oro [30UpKO 1'Tl~ avtXcta<;: xapaKtTJPlattKO yvwptcr).l.a i]1'aV 11 t!),£lWTJ Teapa!ltKPTJt; cvtioroorp; a;:o 'tTl !lcpta trov xuroixmv '"COu, ;rou TOU~ dX£ ronxkrst TJ nsivo l((1t dxav ~uOlcrt!:i crnv a1'!sATCloiu, Orrotoq ~t1':S<P1'E (OC; auto TO cnuslo, xuvov-rav Kat ououcc Kat 1l01KU. EAa 6).1.(J)~ rrou TOV nspucucvo Xpovo t;taTCacr£ sOW Kat tATl;C ).I.e emtvxia 11 unspvin TOW epvnrpuov an; 90.).I.replKF.~ K'ClTa(JK'EUil~ cmproiv 12. Kat Hi)pa tXOV).I.E aU1'TJ tTl ytyuvtla cnspyta rrov Al).l.cw:pya1'wv, nov mo a;:aOAtw!l£VOW crro LOU~ arraOAlwusvouc, a.U1'WV TeOU Sev O'uYKatat.tyoVTal ).I.eta~u rcov clOtKEU!ltvcov. laxup{iw, E-).l.m:lpr.ov, aXE1'tKU KaAu a!lEl~O!lcVWv Kat uovtuo anaO'xoAll).l.tvwv spvurcov, aUu nou ~pi:OTJKaV Tvxnia ern I.l).l.o.viu, avOwiH':wv KaK01'UXWV rrou ar.61'uxav a' OAE<; r«; uAAE~ eou}.lb; Kat yta tOU~ orroiotx; TJ rreivc tytVf. ETCuyyEA).I.a ).I.lac; ).I.U~a~ ouoopiucusvrov rrou Tpa~UVf. O'TllV OplO'TlKT] tOU~ KamatpO<pi] Kat yta tOU~ onoiouq atl~ ncroeou; rrov ).t).l.SvtKWV eYKamOto.O'cwv Oa ).I.TCOPOUm:; va xapu~f.t Kavcit; to AOYla TOU ~UVtTJ:

«Lasciate ogni spcranza, voi, ch' entrate!» .. >1<$

Kt autT] fJ !lu~a avOp(oTrWV TrOU txouv <pTo.aet oro taxa1'a TTl<; am;/.1rlaia~ Kat rton KUOE repwi, OLaV uvoivsr fJ ltU/'ll TWV At).l.EVlK(OV, vuurr qyixrov cYKaTaaTum:wv KaTaaKOTWVOVLat K'uptO/..sxnKU yta va avoi~ouv OpO).l.O Trpo~ TO vsnpo UTIat.All/.O Kat KaLClV£!lEl t nv Epyacria -- ;tpay).l.anKf:; ).I.uXf.~ vivovtm KatU 1'TlV cvrcYWVtO'TlKTJ TrU)'TJ uvnuzon crTOUC; TCf.£OvU~ovn:~ spyaTE~ - aU1'TJ Tl

• «Sozialdernokrat» (EVVT).

"'* AV01:0}.IKO 111 ~1.tCl ton Aovoivon ::01) ::fpl~,ar{aivEI O\)VOlKi£',; xuroucou!lEW::; uno 1:0 ::poi,c:upIU'W Kat ,1] I;HWXO>.oyu\: (l,:Vl'r) .

• ** "OUOl unuivsrs £O(ll !ltO'u concre KUOr. c}i.::ioa»! (!\av't1];. "H geia KW!lt<lOiu. KOt..llo1]J>, ~tpoc; III) (Ei)VL.).

tuxata Kat cvouotovsvnc flaSa, rrou lCaOT]IlCpl vi: flctaBaA.I.I:;Hl1, ICatOpOWcn: va repO~aAf.l uin crUcrr.E1PWflEVT] ouvaflll 40.000 a vOprorrwv, va rnpnoei rnv nrturrouuevn TrClf.1apxta Kat va arn:ipEl TOV rpouo att.; rcaviaxupt.; VaUTrllY1KE::; srmpiec. Xnipouut TrOU tST]aa ro.; ro rtepto-rnruco aUTO. A v tonto TO crTpwlla sivot ucuvo yta opjnvcocn, TOT£ TO YEYOVO; tXCl t~atPtnKi] crT]flacria. OTrW::; Kat va TSN::tWaEl T] am:pyia aun; - ;tOTt o£v dllat EK rrov nporspcov atatOOO~o::; as Ttne::; r.eptrrHi:lcrf.l'; - us TO TCPOcrW1!O reov l,tll£vEpyat'wv fl rruivouv oro xtvnuo to xurrotepo crt'pwllaTa nov epyatwv ron Icr-Evr, ortots rc af...f...a, cvcorcpo crprbuntn Oa repereet va aKOf...Ou01'1aouv rropo ro TrapaOE1YIl<l roue. Em Ior-Evr stvm ouvxevrptoucvo to flEyaAuTEpo fltpO::; nov avStOiKBUt'rov spjnrrov TT]'; Ayyf...ia.;, uutrov rtou T] F.pyaaia TOU::; Sev nrrnrrsi Kafllu it crXF.OOv KalliO. CTrtOc:~to'tT]t'a. Eoooov rouro 'to crprouc TOU AOV'tpi:t;lKOU rep0f...CmplUtoU, TrOU to aUV01K(1ta TOW Cl01KCU' usvrov spvnrrov i:~N::Trav w::; rrhpu flF. TrCP10povT]aT], rett'uxc uic rena opvuvcocn, uuro anOTEf...£i Ka/,o rtapaoclYlla yta TT]V errnpxta.

t.·t7K.r.),C; not»; roo' £\'ro',a{J~'r \llTr{lrn:"-ai"l'. ]1 ~OIJ A{,:lJI}(H()V JR89 K. "'1ap~ KIl' <P. E ,·,Kt',. A rm"TO. mu. J 7. (11 )_. } 17 2/8

... 01 UVOPWi!01 xrrrcmnvovtrn rropu flE TT] OOUf...tU au'tf] c:V'tE/'W'; OtaC:JOpc:'ttKU, flUXOVTat EKd onon ~piaKOVTat rno ;'!f...ant::; flUt;c:.;, aUYKf...oviSOUv TT]V xotvrovin nOf...U ~aOUTc:pa, npoBaf.../.ouv nOf...U rno rcPOWOT]fltva attitfla'ta: ox'taWpT] cpyumflT] usp«, ySVtK1'1 ouocrrovoic Of...WV rrov opyavwcrEnW, 1tf..."l)pT] af.../.T]t-tyyUT]. H Eveoen spyat;o).u:vrov oru; ETtlXC1pf]atl'; uspiou Kat aVCtOiKEUt"rov F.pyaTrov,J KaTop9roas yia repW!1] oop« XaPT] otnv Tooccn, va topoatt YUVatKEia ru "l)llara.

EV-i"d~ npoc; [0: <Ppil~p,x Av,o''''' Z';PYKC. 7 Tn. J'Ki.}J/3p~ /889 K. j\-1ap' Kat (/). I: 1~+'I(f.').~. A;:m'ra ioa. 37, m:A.. 21;9

... Ano 'tOV xmpo TT]'; ancpyia::; trov f...tll£vc:pya'twv T] Touorrn, rrou fltpa Kat vUX'ta epyut;ovtaV ornv emrporrn - 0f...T] T] opyavronK"l) OOUf...tU yivovtav £KEl ano TPEI'; yuvaiK£::; - tx£t nsosi IlC ta uoorpn (JT.O anc:pytaKO KtVT]Im. I1apU/,f...T]/_a fl£ tT]V ancpyia att::; ano~6.0p£::; rrov f...lflaV1WV. ~tcrnaa£ Kat um IltKpf]

um::pyia O'TTl LiA~CPTUOUVI\ TTlV rno aKpIV'!) ncplOxi] LOU ICH·En, ~I:: 't11 OU!1!1ETOX'!) rpuov X1),lUOWV rrsplrrou crourov. H Toucon avun:1:u~C OTT)V am:pyia aUciJ EvtoV01:U't11 opaO''tTlP101:1]La: lopuoc EnaYYEAI-WnKi] opvuveocn KOptt<JtWV Kat KaOe J'1:proi 1t'!)yawE E:.Kc:i. ouox, (lO'TEpa arro 12 ~~OOflUOEC;, Tl am:pyia n:i"f.iwm:: ue ano'tuxia. Tropn Tl Touccn aO'xoAEi'tat flc 'Tlv anEpyia rcov f.pya~oJ.!i:vrov one; £TrtXf.lpij0'6te; nspiou 010 votio TflT]fla TOU Aovoivou". Tnv Kuptux q La nproi flV"TlO£ oro XUtVL-TIapK. OrrwooiJ1tOtf. Tl arraOxo'-TlOTl aUTTt sivrn hY01:E:.po tV"tU'tlKTt, errors owEltnn neptO'Oa,EPO £},£UOEpO Xpovo. Ma~i ue rnv E~f.AtVYK tpyu~oVLm we; ~oTlEloi aUVLuXTT) CHTl OUVTa~Tl 'tau unvumxou rrSptOOtKOO*, TO orroio czto TTlV npwTTl TOU rf.VUPTl rruipvet CHa xf.pta LOU 0 Mrta~. Kat EKf.l urruPXBl apKsT'!) OOll/.Ul. Extoc art' aUTO, Tl Toocon sivrn Kat ypUJ.lfla'ttw; 01)0 vuvcucsicov aUVOtKaAlanKwv opvovrooecov ...

E\"/,<cA( npoe; 1~ N(J~,uw A1""I(1'O;', 24 rou Ac,ctl'fiM 1889 K. ,Hap:' K7.i cP. r~'i'KF.A;. A.'7(H~ra, rO/J. 37. t1F.;', 178

... ErrtKEoai. Tte; rrov cpya~ofl£vrov one; ErtlXEtpTtO£H; «sptou ~piOKETat (u uorucu) Tl Toooon, Kat Tl f:w.ooij TOI)e; sivrn flU}.AOV rtOAO Ka'"t)"t'Epn uno ne; riAAte; ..• H Tooocn avnnpoO'rorrBuEl OTTlV tvroOTl,tC; yuvaiKEC; Kat Ta xoptroic 'tnc; LiA~f.pTaoUV (spvoornom EAaonK0V CIOWV K).n.), tWV oxouov TT]V aTCEpyia Ka90811yooOE Kat o£ aovToflo XPOVIKO oluO'-nwa, mElavov, 9a LtC; £K7tpoO'ron,!)of.l oro EUfl~OOAtO rmv rpttvrytOl)vtOvc; 'tOU Aovdivou'" ...

E'"ikd, ~PC"; W" cPpj''r{lIX A ,'wA", 7.Op),l(e. 19 too A "piAn ]890 K. Ma{I~ ,",II cPo /:'V;'I«(.,1.;, A "m'rU, ;(11', }7, "d . .?J4

... Av COW, oro Aovotvo, vivst tT)V EPXOfl£VTl KllptaKi] E1tt~AnttKij olaoijAWOTl vtu TnV 0XTrlroPTl £PYUOl!1Tl uspn, aUTO Oa TO xpma'tooflE anOKI.k:tO'LtKU OTTlV Toooon Kat TT]V E~£I.lVYK. Oi Epyur£e; tT]C; LiA~E:.pTaOUV f:XOUV £1('A.t~E\ 1:nV TOUOOT) uvrtrrpocoino TOUe; am Ll)fl~OOAtO Tne; EVWOllC; Epya~ofltvrov O'-ne; f.1ttX£\pf]m::1C; osptoo Kat aVElof;iKEUTrov spvurrov ortou tXEt TEna EKTlflTlon, rrou DAOt 'l1V U1tOKa},oov «Tl flaVOOt..a flae;}). H Eveocn Epya~O!1tvrov O''tu; BrtlX£lpf]m::tC; uepiou - rrou sivot n KaAUTCPTl aitO nc; VEEe; £vrom..:te; - U1tOO1:11pi~El aVl::nl<pUAaKTa rn OIUOf]AroOTl yta

* «Times» (J.'uvr).

oXTaOlPfJ E:pyacnfl fJ uspn, ytaTi fJ tvOlO'fJ autit, svco TrtTUXE: fJ i8ta rnv OXt'UropfJ epyo.O'tflfJ fltpa, nE:iaTfJ1\C: eocroco urro rn ~wiJ nro.; fJ 1\aTo.Kt'fJafJ aUTTJ 8c:v sivm O"ta8epit. coon 01 Iwm1uAla'tt.; flTCOponv vo TfJV Kampyitaouv O"TfJV npwt'fJ K10Aac; Ka10.A/.fJlfJ rrepicreon. Fr' uurooc, onro.; xut 'Ita TOU'; av8paKOlpuxoU';, TO KUptOtspo sivm fJ vOj.IO(}eTlKr, KaOlepw(j1'/ tfJe; 0XTr'UUp1Je; f.Pyo.Olfl fJ'; fltpae; ...

ElI),,-d, "PO; roo <Pp;"'prx A ,'ro,lip ZOPI<f., JO rou A~pi;'~ 1890 K. Map/', lCar <P. E'1'>:d" A.,mlQ ~O!J. J7 "d, 3.f6 JJ7

... AAAroan:, Ssv ~tpro rinotu 'It' aUTO non aele; arrOKaAdn; vovmxsio KiV1JJ.w oro Boppu: ~tpro flOVO uspucn 8po.flata TOU IljIsv Kat Ka06'.ou Ssv unopro vn KataAo.l3ro os rroio l3aOflo civm 8uvat'0 va 9£wpc:i"tat 0 Iurev uTCeuOuvoc; 'Ita ro xcptooorepo it hYOLSPO UO'U:PlKo. flsaovuxna ~C:(pav'troflaTa trov uo rcov Kat utxpouotrov KaplE:ptO'TWV.

Me Kat 0 TOfltaC; rrou auvfJ8iaafl£ va anoKaAoufl£ yuvatKf.io ~il'1Jfla civm roco r::AaTu,;, 1':OU ere rrAaiOla flIa.; smaTOAf]e; eivm a8Uvam va ypaVEle; 1\an nou vu t~aVTMi ro 8tfla it tat'ro Ko.n nou va sivut KanOle; ucovonomnxo. Eva sivut eocrooo avafl<ptO'l3itTTlt'O: 0 Map~ nors 8ev urropooos va «S!lfltVel crnv o.nOl.JfJ») TrOU 'tOU an08i8st 0 1\. Mrtup". 0 Map~ Ssv urropoixss va (pTUO'tt ae uio Tsna uvonoin.

LE o.n oeopc t'ropa rn 8tKI0. aae; anOTCElpa va 8eiTe TO rrpol3Anfla UAlanKo., npimet, rrpiv an' OM, va aa.; nro on ornv 11 uAlanKit !lc008o.; 8EV XPfJOl!l07rolEital ouv Ka808TlY1JTlKO vnun one; 10"TOptKCe; avaSfJtitaet.;, aAAo. O'UV stoiuo KaAoum, aUfl1pwva ue 'to onoio KOl3ouv Kat po.l3ouv tu to topucd ysyovom, Ton; flStatptnSTat r-ro aniOf.TO 'tfJ';. Kat cv 0 K. Mrtup vO!li~£t on aae; tmaae a' aUTO ro MOo.;, txro tTl yvei)fl Tl r::w.; txet, w.; Eva (la8flo. 8i1\tD ...

o voPI3TlY0'; aYPOTTl'; Oev irtav note (jov).07tG.p01KOc;" Kt aUTO 8ivst crnv O)"Tl E~tAt~Tl -llI(ptl3ro.; onOle; Kat crnv Kaa'tiAllltva £V'tE:Aroe; 8ta<pop£tlKO oovro. 0 voPI3TlY0'; uucponoroc npoepXSt'at nrro rov E:AEU8epo aypOTTl IWI 'It' auto ctvni 7tpaYfJaTlKoc;, avOpW7toc;" O'E: aUYKplafJ us TOV cK<pUAlafltvo yspflavo uucpocoro, EniaTle;. Tl vop13Tlyi8a !ltKpoaaTit anEX£:1 00'0 0 oupa vo; ano t'fJ YTl ana rn aut;;uyo 'tOU vspunvou uucpocorou, Km onou:a8f]TCoTC Kt

av l'jmv at aOuvalli.eC; nov opallatlKWv tpyrov tOU Iuev, eocroco 'La Spalla ra auta arrEIKovi~ouv KU1t(.oC; tOV KOOIlO TTJe; fl1Kpi)e; Kat w:aaiae; aouKl'je; 'ta~TJe;, avcv KOOflO OflWe; EVTSAWe; OtW;lOpEnKO arro TO YSPllaVtKO, evov K6oIlO orov orcoto at uvElpro'ltOl EXOUV aKOI-!U xapanl'jpa, cvcrmxrcouv rrporropouAia Kat opOUV aVe~aptTJ1'U, a v Kat, Karrou- Karrou, OUIl<Prova ue 'tTJ YVWfl TJ rrov ~E:vrov, CVEPYOUV apKE'ta rrapaSo~a. TE:Tta npuYlla'ta ouvTJOi~(O vu ru fleAc'tW paElta, nporon eK'qlepro opto"m:ft YVWflTJ )'1' uurn.

ErravsPXOflEVOe; rropu aTO cnusto arr' onou aPXloE TJ OU~i)TTJoi) Ilae;, OTJAaOi) orov K. Mnnp, 09EiI,()) va mo on uou rrpOKaMi Ka1UnATJ~TJ TJ U1tE:PPOAU('T] SmOTJ!lOTTJta rrou EKOTJArovoUV at yEpunvoi a'tle; Ils'ta~u tou; oxtm:te;. ¢aivELm em TJ eUqlUOAOyia Kat TO XWU!l0P nrruvopsoovtrn O1i1lEpa uocmporspu 000 nOte aAA01:E, svro TJ rrAT]~TJ tYIVE urrOXPeWUKT] yta TOV rroAit"TJ. L\.ta90PEtlKU crete; Ela e~eLa~ate, a va!l(!)i(30t,a, At'yaKt Ole~OOlKOt"Epa tTJ «vuvuixr» 1:01) K. Mrrap, rron eXel atepTJElEi o'Aa La «ictopuce e~EA1Ylltva)) XapaKtTJpt(JtlKo. vvmpiounrn. Ictcpucn E~eAiXTTJKE to OtPlla tTJe;. yurri trrpErrE va sivm Ilaupo 'Ii uorrpo, xtrpivo, !lEt,aWO 'Ii KOKKlVO, ozore Sev unopst vo u;rap~Et ;ravro tTJe; a vOpromvo Otpfla. IoropiKo. e;EAixtTJKav ta llat.Ala tTJe; ayoupa i] xuroupn, onaota 'Ii ima' !laupa, KOKKtvo1ptxa it ~avEla. Apa crspstrm 'W av8promva !laiJ..ta. Tt urrousvst AOl1tOV av !la~i !1(. TO Otpfla Kat rn !lai.Ala tTJe; WpatpeOEl Kavsic; oprcnxu OAa oco exouv SW!l0PlllroOei to roPIKa Kat «uzpooru !lac; rrpopaH.f.t TJ yl)vaiKa auri] KaOaUtT]));

A 11:AOuma'ta, ea nrroustve; fua eTJAUK1a avOprorroflOPOTJ Ila"(flou ...

EJrIKeA<; tiM, rov !laov) Eovot, 5 rov IOI;"~ 1890 K . .\1{IfJ{' KI1' <1>. E,",Kdr,. A.wvm. rap. 37, ad. 350·353

H eClTJIlSpiOa "!TJe; BttVTJe; vto tie; Epya"!ptee;* Oa rrpOKaA.toEt, aOqlaAWe;, fJ.f:yaATJ oU(J(?opia one; Yl)vaiKEe; (Jae; rtou ouvspya~oVt"m (Jne; yuvatK£h:e; Et;lTJIlEpiSse;. AIYrte; ppiaKOVtat ({KOfla Kat(O nrro rnv toxup'li srriopaoTJ rou LaK Kat OeA.ouv KanOW tOWhEPO YI)VatKEio KivTJfla xt 0Xl tva KivTJlla rron Ela OUYKPO"!Ei arrAa tTJ vuvcucein rr1tpuya rou epvrrnxou Ktvitfla10e;. AAA' UKpl(3(be; aU1'1i 'tTJ Or.iYrSPll arroWTJ rrpo(3aAAcl rrot.u opaa'ti]pta TJ Plf:vt~lKTJ ccnus-

.. «Arbeiterinnen-Zeitung» (l:UVT).

pioa 1(at (1V 01 YUV(1iKf:<; Ilw;. 6;T(J)<; pf;~al(i)Vw;, (ly(t}vi~ovtm rooo a8r.vapa yw rnv ur.:6fkall' 10"tf. 1'0 f.CyOIlf:VO tOw.i1:r.po KlvrWa yta La yuvUlKda OIKaHolluTU sivm IlHl KaOapa aaTlKT) r.:p(J:J'w~oniUa, ;COU ypTjyopa Oa arrm8nOci cro tr.t.£trraio rrAavo. Onere, av 01 mw£pt vtt; KaOoonyi)Tpl£<; :rrapa/Jf.ptm:ouv a'J':.() r«; i01E<; r«; vuvut Kt:<;, nuro OLV ea r.:pOlWtcf:Of.l Kallta 0/.\\,111, cvro Yla Tn l~tf.vt~IKTJ £Orwcpiou Oa rrap(1w::ivf.l 11 8O~a 6'n :1:prinTJ mniJ an' 6J..c<; n<; yuvatKcif:<; cOT]/Jf:pior.:; UtOOt1"110E Kat U;;oOTTJpt1;f. jnn ttna rJ.O:O\,ll1.

Fl·~·Kr:t',':" 7j)O.,' f(} .• ·:fI"/a:trJ~u :~1::,f..u::,':~, ~9 rs». l:(.-:-:r[lJ./Jp!} I ;,"nl' OxrwjiP'1 J891

K. 1..fn,},~ hCal $. l"l-,'I"i.il'-:, ... 1."':'mrn. tot). 38 . .-;'I-~. 14/

« H £l!lT)!-.H:piOa tMV ixnvcov», rtou iopnae n Aoui~a, 00 f.KOOOf.i 6Xt vropitspn crro ns; 15 LOt) /JTJva nurou". To apOpo cou, KaOW<; Kat 1'U ap8pa tT)-; TODOaT) Kat 1'TJ:; Aoui~a:; 8a KaVOUV ~WTJPiJ LV'!\)IT(j)(JT] a' allTt:; ztou \)i:cpamri~ouv Ta OIKatWllam TWV yn· vmxrov Oell rCp~l(lv\a Kat '11v Auertpin, ytati npaYJ.lanKU "to ::p6pt'TJWI. auto rro't£ W<;; T(Opa Of.V flITTJKf. rooo allcaa lmt Kavtva<; Ssv TO t8tSf. T600 Ka8apa, coo wei:; am tpia ap8pa aa:;. H Aoui~a K(II TJ Touorrn uou O.f.yav ori oOKllla~onv ispo piyo<; unpoctc Oi:t<; ycwavio£<; «()I'.pOf.tvtSI.:<;) u;:f.paa;rimptf.:; tWV vuVatKtto)V OIKatWllf1t(J)V. A/,I,a auri:c; ot lCM.u'tal..t.<; Oc.v n:poKr.\'tm vn Bam}.r.uouv ym ;rot_'_') oxouu. 0 Mrrtll1!£I, uon ypaO£l W: w:yaAo f.vOot)maoll() yw t qv aKpaTnTll rrpoOullia rrov Yf.Ntaviomv apvurpuov va urrouv cro xivnuc. Av eivrn ;;:paYllan cror, 'tOtf: Ol yc.pao 11 i':Vf.S /J taoaattc; fa ioovpr,C; ·-uTCf:paO'rriO't plf:<; tOW vuvmKf.iwv OIKaH!l~lat(r)V- ypiJyopa ea iTf:paOOUV at: OCUtr.Pll uoipn.

1-;": 'I(U; 7Ji(~.., UJ .1(1('{lpn .,fn<.)(ifJi''''', 2 ~0{. OX:""!WJ IllYI K. ""1U}~ h -t, rp. /." .' ;.1\./) ...... 1;FI: ~(1,. :uu. 3~. m-,i. /45

To ypallfla uoi: rou Lap[{cnou ell<; 24 TOU OXUi)j3Pll xpc.1a· aT11Kf: vc to Ot(1llatiJo(J) aKplf3cll:; oro cnusto nou i)8f.AU vc 0'£ rrapmwMo(O vn /Jou atf.!,w:t<; aITo KUlPO m: KUlpa tllV E({JlJfJr.pioa '" to r:r.PW01KO nou aivnt aOtSpwllt.V(1 aTO vovauceio «ivnua -oro oo nxo, CDtH:JIKa, yuv(tU(£tO dvm-ta. H Aoui~a n:pt;;!:l vu rrapu.K'oAouOd (J)S tvav oprcuevo PnellO K\ auto. ru KOl)P£I,6I!Jtlf).a rrpo<; ro cuuespov rou yep/J(lVtKOU, nurrrpmxou Kat T01!lKOtl

KIVTJfla'COC; row epyatpubv, IWt SVOsxollsva 8a LllC; llrav TWA\) S1tl8Ullllro va vvoptcrsi IlE La tpya corrov rrov KUPa.8roV ...

E,'Y!(sA, r.po, rov <1>pil!1PIK An·o;.t;> ZOPfI", 29 roll 0Xr,;JjJPI/ 1891 K. Ma{J~ Kal <1>. EV)·Kd,. Ana<To. Trip. 38. ar.A.. 167 J68

EuXaPIOLro eSpfla yta ru; nA11pO<popi£C; 0XELLKa us LTjV EpOOUpt11l\ nou anD nOAAtc; arrowstc; eivut rrOA.UrlllEC; yta flEva, Iotuirspn SVOta<pi::pouosC; stvm 01 oU~TjrftoslC; crnv s1tltponll yupro arro LO rrp6ypafllla ... To apepo 0XELLKa IlE mv 6-roP11 spyacrtllTj pEpa yta natota flEXpl 18 xpovrov ea i::npsrrE, on:roaoi]nors, va OUllnSpIA11(l}eSl., oro rrpovpuuuu, onroc; mioTjC; 11 arruyopsuaTj LTjC; VUXtSptv1'1c; oouAlac; yta nc; yuvaiKsc; lWI 11 arruAAuYll roue ano rnv tpyaoia 'tou}.Cr.Xta'to rEootptC; ~oollaOtC; npiv Kat E~t ~oolla.8sc; flSta roY 'tOKEtO.

E"y!(dr; npoc rOIl Kop): K<iontnKIJ, 3 rou LJC!(tpPP>7 1891 K. Mapc. Kat <1>. EV"IKd~, A:rOl!1Q, tou. 38, ad. 103. 204

... H Aou~u OE rrupaKaAsl va TllC; a-ri::AVEtC; OLO e~r,r; flOVO to «Woman's Journal» iBoottovnc), Kl nuro 1l0VO wr; rlr; 31 rOD Mapr1!. av O'tO flE-ra~u OEV rrUpEtC; UA.M:C; llaC; urrooEi~EtC;. H EQllllspioa LT]C; xpstu~smt yta tnv «Arbeiterinnen-Zeitung- TllC; BttvllC; (aU'tlllla~i IlS t11 Anoopc Kat -r11V T0600T] aUyKpoTouV to YSVIKO E1ttLEAeio). H Aoui~a Atet on OEV OKi::((lTE'tat KaeOAOU va <pOp'trooEt nc; spyUtptsC; ue nc; uvonoisc trov XOAlaOIlEvrov cuspiKUVroV uucpocctcov. XUI'll ere OEllam rron i::xw; rnv Ka/..ro06v11 va O'teAVEIC;, 11 Aoui~a sVllflspro81]KS rrUAt Kat rrsicrrpcs rrroc; OAsC; aU'ttc; ot KUpieC; sivm rooo ouvrcousvsc, 000 Kat OtSVOK~aAsc;. EH:Asl vu Kpa'tllost aKofla OOKtIlCXO'ttKU t11 utn ami] S<!lllflspioa ym flSptKOUC; IlTJw:c; ..•

EVY!(CA<; npo; ro" <1>pivrp1X Al!10A<;> ZO(JYKC, 6 TaU n"Op'l 1892 K. Map~ K<II <1>. EvyKe~o;. A1!ovr<I, TO/.l, 38, ad. 215

fltO-rEuro rrroc; tXSIC; t..a~St rrta -r11V S<P11IlSpiOa 't11C; Aoui~cxC; «Arbeiterinnen-Zeitung» Ila~i IlS 'tll ~tEvt~tKT] «Arbeiter -Zeitung», rrou o'tUAe11KS KaL' su8siav arro 't1] Biavn. To apepo oou 8tal3a~S'tal ue napa rroAu IlEYUA.O svota<pi::pov. To ap8po TfIC; Toecon ea urrst aLO srroflsvo OUAA.o. Au-ro 1tOU Ilnopro va rrro IlOVO sivet on KaeroC; 11 S<!ll1llspioa aU'tll, sivm, uno 't11 <pUOT] 'ttlC;

unATlCHTl, oAa ro upepa rrou Be orEAvoVLat ea vivovrrn OBtnu 111: sovveouocovn. Fio rnv wpa Aomov oou 8ta~t~u~ro rnv wyvrol1oauv11 't11£ Aoui~a~, lTOU, 07!ro~ KUe!: tuyvrolloOUVTl, EXBt Omf_o xapani]pa, oTlAaoT]: 1) wyvrol1oot)vTl vic rnv f:KOOUM.UOTl rrou tTl£ 8KaVf:~, 2) «repoKa'ta~oA1Kt~ euxaptCHi£~ yta nupouotsc Ilf:AAovtlKt£ eKOOUM.UoEt~» ...

... Mta Kat 0 Bixtcop" sivm unBuOuvo~ yta rn 8wAoyi] 'tTlC; uATl~ 't11~ B<PTlIlBpioa~, BOU E~UlTTlPBTd~ suueon K1 nutov Kat 'to mxrrptnxo xouun, ~OTlOci:lV'ta~ CHTl oUllnl- 'l)proOTl rTl~ yUVatKEia£ E<PTlIlf:pioa~ I1E UA11 KaAl1'; :nOlOrl1ra,;. Oi XEtpaOf:tTllltVf:~ a01:t~ KUpiF.~ Bu eKIlE'taAM.Uov'W1 ~B rn lleyaAu1'EPTl xapu tTl ouva1'o1'T]rn vu BKOtTouv n~ <paVLa010KoniF.~ Kat t't~ i!:aVUKEtt~ TOU~ oro opvuvo troy epvurpubv ...

E'";Kd, "(JO, r'1 11 aaupa 11 O<PQp;'K, 6 toO rr.vO,jJ'1 1892 K. Map':; Kill <P. E'"IKd~, A.,o"'o, rO).l . ./8, ad, 218

EuxaptOt'cO nOAu y10 ttl. otsvovpnonuevn npaKt'lKU 'tTl~ OUVEopiaoTlC; rou pcnxotay. TTl lleyuAT] llaX11tlK'l) olllAia cou Oa unopsoro va 'tTl Oia~uoro 1l0VO TO ~puou. H ayopeuo" emu yta LO VOIlO rou Xmvtcs uou uptoe reupa reoAu. 000 Tl nopvsio Ssv IllTopEi va B~aM:uj)1'ci nAiJpro~, repro1'apxtKO l1a~ XP80~ sivm, KaLu tTl yvWIlTl 110U, va ana'.M~ouIlE rn xopirrnc ana KUOf: eiOou~ tKt'UK'tOUC; VOIlOU~. Auto owpaiVf:1 EO(D CHTlV AYYAla, LouAaXtoro ro~ tva ~aOllo. Asv unuPXB1 xuvsvn ~~ao1'uvOlltKO 1'11'l)lla Tlewv», OBV vivsrm xovsvoc. t4yxoC; " ta'tptK'l) emO£WpnOTl, ouo»;

~,I I

Tl £~ouoia LTl~ corovoutcc £1\lai uxoun rspucnu, ytaTt Tl OtaT'l)PTl-

on oicrov avox'l)~ nuropsitut alto ro Vallo, orrore to KUOE cmn onou OtalltvEt KU7!Ota veap'l) vuvabcu nou ocXetat emoKimtE£ unopsi va BeroPTlOEi OiKOC; avox'l)£. Auto, eocroco, yivETat 1l0VO OB e~atPBnKt~ 1tI::pm'tcOoet~, aAAU napoAa uutn at VF.apt~ aurt~ yuvalKB~ ureo~uAAoVLat Of: repoCHuxoUC; EK~laaIlOu~ uno Iltpou~ roiv uo-ruvouucrov. AUt'i] Tl 0XEnK" areaAAayf\ urro TtC; e~eUt'eAtonK8~ napaKoAoue'l)o£t~ rrov uoruvouuccov £7tlTptnEt on~ veapt~ yuvaiKe~ va Sturnpoov, yeVtKu, rnv aVB~ap'tTloia Kat ro a1.aOTllla T1l~ a~tOlTptree1U£ os rsno ~aOllo, rrou llaAAOV ea 'l)ta v KUt't 'to avtqnKto ornv ,,IT£tpo Ila~. AUt8~ 01 yuvaiKf.~ Oeropouv rnv Ka1'uCHaai] LOU~ oav uoipnic atuxia - Ilia Kat nc; j3pi]KE Ilia

• A v'tM:P O.:VIn:.)

rsnn cuuoopn -Kat u' aUTij rnv KaK'ornXia sivot I)rroxp£w~tvES va OI)/J(31(3aarouv, 1:po.Ylla rtou o£v O1yel o~w<; Ka06}..ou outs TTlV rrpoaromKOr1)ro. roue, oute rnv a~lO;;:ptm:Ul roue, K t ornv PpOtlV CUKulpia va cYKaraA£lWouv ro snaYYEAlla roue, npo01':aOouv, n<; ;n;plaaorcpES oopcc IlE C1!ltuxia, va a~lOrrol1iaouv aUTij TTl SuvcrorTlLa. Lro Mevroeorep urrijpxav ;Tapa TroUOt oorol i] una}.).w AOt rrou aut;ouaav IlS Tf:tta xopirctu. nOAt.ot arr' curooc n<; dXav rrnvrpeursl vouiuu Kat ~ouaav u' aurts npuovuce TOtlAo.XtOLOV 000 Kat 01 corot ~E n<; auSuyouS roue, Av rrO,E nors Ko.r.Ola an' OU!t<; o.PXtt;E va rrivsi, uoro Ssv TTlV ~f.XWPlt;E IlS xuvsvo rpono a;ro n<; aOTt<; vuvuixsc, 1'.:OU eniaTlS rrivouv diw auxva. MEPlKt<; Kor.tAc<; rrou nuvrpeornxuv u' uuro TOV rporro Kat {;q>uyav a' 0./)..£<; rrOM1<;, orrou OEV KlvOuvEuav va aUVaVTTJOOUV IlE {(rraALOu<; yvroatous», tytvav OEX,t<; OTTlV KOa~IKlJ aatlKi] xotvoivin, Kat llaAIOTO oro r.Ept(3aAAov trov rO;ttKWV OEOuoapxwv, xwptS va On Kav£i<; a' au,t:; Kan to E1tlAijVl~O.

H YVWIlTl 1101) eivm OTt KUTa 'Tl al)t;i]TTlaTl TOU rrpo(3Ai]WlLO<; nutou Oa rrptrrsl va tXoullS, rrpiv urr' oAa, uno'VTl La couoepovrc nurtov roiv VEaPWV vuvmxrov, rtou tivat OUlluTa ,01) urro.pxovtO<; KOtVroVIKOU auatlJllaTo<;, vc n<; urrEpaamt;ollaaTE, aTO usrpo tOU Suvurou, WOTE va unv E~aOA.trovoVTat, Kat, yevlKa, va IlTlv n<;

OOTlyoulle (3iatu ~E TOU<; VOIlOU<; Kat rnv ataxPf] ucrovouucn cuunsptoopn ro<; rnv nAi]PTl Kato.ntWoTl, onro<; yive!at ai]~epa a' OAoKATlPTl TTlV lJrrElpO. Knt eow, os llePIKf:<; nOAEt<; an<; orroisc urrapXE1 epoupc, Soxtunouv va Em(3ai.ouv f.AcyXO Kat tatplKi]

E~ttaaTl. ouo»; nuro Sev Kpo.'Tlae rro}..u. H nporrayavoo svuvrt« am usrpn aura sivrn tpyo rrov orraowv TTl<; KOlvroVIKi]<; uvvornra<; trov TlOwv.

H tarptKf] E~t'CaaTl sivct KaOapi] ovonotc, Exei orrou senpuocrrpcs Tl raxnKf! ul)rlJ tX.OUIlE neprooorspec nepl1t't'waet<; auotATl<; Kat (3AtVVOppow<;. Elurn I3t(3ato<; on to Otfupopu ouvspvu troy

noruvourov vurtprov rraisouv IlEyaAo pol..o OTTl otaooaTl trov aq>poOtairov vocnunrrov, aq>ou yw rnv anoAullovaf! tOU<; OEV otaOttouv Xpovo OUTe Kavouv xorro. Ilpenst va opyavro90uv ytn

tn xopitmn oropEav otaAt~et<; IlE Otlla TU ucpooiotu voonucrc, orrors ro nepiooorspu arr' aura tn xoptrotc 8a OUAUYOVTat uovo TOU<;. 0 MrrAaa1('o !la<; 60TEtAt tva apOpo yta TOV tnrpuco

t/l£:YXO*, cro ortoio avaYKa1;s'tUl va o~oAOyi]OSl 01't 0 tAeYXO~ aOTO~ €ivat sVTsAro~ aOKorro<;. A v Tt'tav OOW:Tr1'l'; ue 'W rropi.O'~ata tOW OI)AAoyto~rov rou Oil srrpsm:: vo arrat'tijoSl rnv OPHT't'lKTt aVaKo1tll 't1)~ Ka't(1oi(O~ll<; 't1)~ nopvsir«; Kat rnv om::pao1t1oTl nov xoprtrnrbv uzro rnv EK~ETaAAeooTl' O~O)<; ylU TTl Fspuuvin nuro sivut, omo; onivstut, O'Kf:'tTl ouromc,

/;"\')'/Cd:; npo, rov A,;;,o",1!O M~iJ1"d, 11 mu /.li;l(tJ1fiP" 1892 K .. 11tr.{J~ 1«11 <p, E:r,','e;,;, A ~a"ta, '011. 38, od. 469·47/

..• 1:cll BtSvll suouvtorrpco OUO CjlOpt~ urtpoord oro «Ko~)la»20.

Ei~at Katev8000lao~tvo~ nrr' oAOO~. Eivm t600 1;(011 pot Kat at0l60osOl, 000 01 rat.Aot. aAM Karrw~ 1tLO otaOepoi. Oi vuvctKe~, mo YOll'te\)nK£<; Kat EVSO\)mrooEl~. epya1;ov"CUt 1to')..O srriuovc, os 01l~aVtlK6 f3aS!J.o Xapll 0'tll Aoot1;;a ...

F.v,!l<:d, .'pOI; "I Aao"pa Aw."jn;'/C. 8 roe Eer.ri:pfi{'~ 189) K, Jfap~ /Cal <p, E'7'''';" Ar,rzrrn, tou. J9, f:C;" 104

Tn Aooi1;a tll Xapo1toillOe tOtahepa 11 U1tOQaOHTn!C1J urroppt'l1T! t1)~ a\tllOll<; 1'11<; EV(oOll<; yWatKroV - ~')... 'to apf.lpo tll~ KAapa<; Tosrxtv rrro napdptll!J.a 'tOU «Vorwarts» 'tll~ rrt!11t't11~21. H K}.apa sXel Oi.K1O Kat rrs'tUxe va yiVEt oext6 'to apSpo tTl<;, 1tapa \ rv 1tupu'tE'ta!1sVll Kat e1ti.!10Vll cvrtotucn. Mrrpaf3o, KA.apa!

"\"11<:£).<; .7pO, t{l" Bil(fwp A rr"'~p, 28 too !hap,) 1895 K. Map¢ I<:w if>. Ew/C6", Anlll'Ta, "'P, .N. ad, 3.H

Ano THN EPr AI:IA TOY B. I. AENIN

«l:XEAIO DPOrPAMMATOl:

TOY KOMMATOl: MAl:))

Ilepvnue ow rrpaxnK6 IlEPO<; tOO rrpoypa!1!J.Il'to<;... rta to npdrto lCEwaA(1.to stvct ~ijtTl!1a av xpela1;ovTat oomaon!Ct~ TP01tOrrotijoet<; OtO «OX60to rrpoypa!1!J.ato<;» 't11<; o!J.Ma~ «Arr6A.e08tpw- 011 'tll<; OOOt.£la<;» rro\) arrlltTEi.:

... 9) (avaSeroPTlOT! 6ATl<; 'tll<; a<Jttri!<; Kat lTOlvtKi)~ vO!J.oSeoia<; !J.a<;, K'UTUPYll<JT] 'tOO XWpto!J.OO oe !Ca01'E~ xm 'tOW rroivrov 1t00 oe

$ A. M:-:Mim:o. «H :ropvda otnv gno;CT] fJa<;», (Evvr,)

ou~J3iPasOVtai ~6 rnv a~101tptm:la tOU avSpcimoul>. Eow 8arrpf.n6 va npOO'!f:OEi: «K'aSltpwoll a1toAutll~ iootll'ta~ OlK'atro!J.atwv tll~ yuvaiK'a~ )1E rov rrvrpu».

LtD <if.:im:po K'60aAa1O TWV npaxnK'wv 01£K'OtK'T)06(t)V J3piOK'OU~E OTO npoypa~~a tTJ~ o)1aoa~ «AnEAEu8tpwoll Tll~ OOUM:la~» .11 Y6VlK'T) OlEK'OlK'11OTJ YW «VOI.lOSEnK'T) PUS~1011 trov 0xtm:(t)v TWV zpvnrtov (tll~ noJ..11~ xrn 'tOU XWplOU) IlE TOU~ E1tlXElpllllaTl£~ xm yta oPyuvwo11 aVTioTolXll~ E1tl8EWPT]011<; ~E EK'npocrwnlloll TWV Epya'twV». No~i1;;ou!-u, n(t)<; to &pyamd) Koppa nptnEl va OtaTUnWOEt n<; Ol£K'OtK'iJOEl~ tOU onuetou aUTDu mo E~nEplo·t'aTW)ltva xut mo Ihe!;oOlK'a, nptnEt v' umn TT)Oet (1) 0XTaWpT] EPyumll11 ~tpa' (2) anayopEu011 T11<; VUX'tEptVT)<; spycoia<;' anayop6uoll 'tT]<; Epyaoia~ yta natota K'atW ano 14 Xpovwv ...

Ano TO AP9PO TOY B. I. AENIN

«TO AIEBNEl: l:Ol:IAAIl:TIKO I:YNEAPIO THl: l:TOYTr APAHl:»22

To ltpoJ3AT])la nov EK'AoytlCwv otK'atw!J.a'twv tTJ~ yuvai1CU<; OEV npOlCIlAt06 0XEOOV K'a)1U1 OU~T)'tll0ll Iltoa am oUVtOplO. BptSTjK'E 1l0VO l.na ayyAioa a1to rnv nxpn 01tOOTouVtOnlCT) aYYAtlCTJ «ellaJ3tavTJ Ermptu»", rtou anon61paST]K'E va U1tOOTllpi!;El rnv ano'¥T] on entTpEnE'tal OTOU<; oomaAtott~ va lCavouv aywva yia nsptopieuevo EK'J..OylK'O olK'aic.o!J.a cru; yuvailC6<;, 0111.. 0Xl yta YEVilCO otlCai(t)lla, aAM uno opouc. H cpaJ3tavTJ E)16tVE oAollovaXll. H J3aSuTEpT] ouaia T(t)V anOl!1EO)v 'tll<; eivrn anAT): 01 K'upi£<; ol1MxOit t11<; aYYAIK'T)<; aonlCn~ Ta!;l1<; eAn~ouv v' anOK'TT)OOUV yta rov EauTo TOU<; ElCAoytK'a 01K'atW!J.a'ta, X(t)pi<; La ollCalWjlata auta va E:1tElCTa80uv xm OTO YUVatK'Eio npOAtTapUiTO.

:ETTJ :E'touryapoll, 'tauToxpova !J.6 to Ol£SVt<; oomaAtonK'o OUVEOptO, ty1.VE Iltoa OTO ioto xripto xm 11 npwtT] 01e8vT)~ oOotaAtonlCT) oUVOlaOK'E'¥T] T(t)V yuVatlCWV. :EtTJ oUVOtaOlCE:'¥T] auTil xm OtTJv E1tltP01tT) tOU cuvsdptou K'at<l TTl aU~T)tll0T] tTJ<; anocpaoll<; tytVav EVOlaOEpoum:<; 1C1 tVtOVE<; OU~11tiJ06t<; avallEoa orouc YEPllavou<; xm ctouc aUotptalCOU<; OOmaAOll)lOlCpaTE<;. Ot TEM:U'tai01, naM:UOVTa<; yta to YEVtlCO EK'AoytlCO OlK'airo)1a, tJ3a~av

as OE.UTSPTl ~urr[f)~ uoipu ro ai1"TJ~a 't"TI~ taon)lia~ t'Tl~ yuvait;a~ ~E TOV ovroc, oTtAao~, SE.l::tvrovTa~ a1tO O"'t£VO 1tpUKn~ta).lO U1tOyP!'.l.[l· ~t~av ouv arraiTTlai) TOU~ TO E.~f"oYl1'O ol~airo!.J.a roiv avoprov xm 0X1 'to !CafloA.t~o E~/,Oyt~O ot~airol!a. l:'tOU~ f"oyon; tOU~ 1] Tcsretv ~a1 Ot UAt..ot yE.p~aVot aocrtaI..OTII.lO~pa'tE~ U1tOOSt~av, xrn 1tOAU oi~alU, aTOU~ auaTpta~ou~ on OEV svepvooccv oroaTa !Cat on s~aaOlM.t;av t'Tl 8uva)lTl TOU )la~t~ou nvit!.J.aTO~ ~S ro va !.J.TlV 1tpo!30,f"OUV I!; OATI T1]V arroq)Um(ffi~o'tTt't"a TO ai:tTII..la rrapoxi1~ S~f"OY1~OU ot~mro)la'tO~ 0Xl )lOVO OTOU~ avops~, aAf"a !Cat an~ yuvaiK£~. Ta TeA.eUTaia AOyta T1]~ a1t6qlaoTl~ 'tTl~ l:TOU'tyCr.pOTl~ «mpt1tSt va 1tpo!3af"OU~E. TO ait'Tl~a 'tOU ~aaOAt~OU E.~Aoyt~OU Ot~alrol!aTo~ TaUTOXPova Kat yta 'tOU~ aVTps~ xm yta n~ vuvctKS~») s:Xouv aVUj.upta!3i')TTlTa axtOTl !.J.' aUTO TO S1tSt<rOOlO 1tOU oe1xv6t toy U1tE.p!3oAt~O «1tpa~~<r!.J.o» 1tOU 1tapOumao"TTI~ (JTTlv ioropto TOU cuorpuncou spyan~ou ~tv~~aTO~.

Arro TO AP9PO TOY B. L AENIN

«TO L\IESNEl: l:Ol:IAAIl:TIKO l:YNEAPIO THl: I:TOYTr APAHl:»

l:TO ~itTTI)la rou S~f"oyt~ou ot~atroJ.1aTO~ rev yuVat~rov 1] arroqlaaTl 'l1T1q1iat'Tl~E. E1tiaTl~ ouoocovc. Move uic aYYAioa arro TTl !.J.tO"oaan~it «cI>a!31aVTJ Ermptu» U1tOaTTJP1SE TTJV a1to\jf1l on sm'tpt1tE.'tat TI 1taATI 0Xl yta 1tATtP1l s~Aoyt~a Ot~alro!.J.a'ta <rn~ yuvai~£~, aAM yta 1tE.p\opta~tvo E.K'MrytKO ol~atroJ.1a U1ttp reov 1tAOUekov YUVat~rov. To auv£opto arropl'l1E. T1]V npotaan ~a'tTlyoPTt!.J.an~a ~al sxepcorrpcs U1t£p TTI~ a1to"'TJ~. on ot £pyaTpl£~ 1tpt1tEl va !Cavouv ayrova Yta E.~AoYtKa 01~a\(i)l!a"ta 0X1 us n~ a(H€~ yuvaL~£~, onaOou~ 't1]~ lOOnl!ta~ rrov yuval~rov, aUa !.J.a~i J.16 ru ra~t~a xouuaru TOU 1tpOMTaptat'ou. To auvsoplO oia~TJPus£ on ~aTa rnv ~a~rravta yta vc ooflE.t sd.oyt"ICo o\~atro)lu <rne; yuvat~£~ rrpt1tSl va u1tf;paa1ti~ou)lE. arrOf"UTa n~ apxt~ TOU aomaA.ta!.J.ou !Cat TTtV iconuto 'tow uvoprbv xm T[f)V yuval~rov, Xropi~ va Otao"TpSf3Arovou~E ~aeOf"OU aUTte; n~ apx~, ~llTroVTa~ £U~OM~ MaEt~.

l:TTlV £1'!1TporrTt napoUmaOT1]~s I!la E.votawspouaa olUqlrovia 1tIlvro a' aUTO 'to ;ijTTI)la. Oi uuc rptuxnl (0 Btxreop AVTMP xm 0

Avn:AX1llvt Ilon) OlK'UlOAoyouoav tT]V 'WK'tlK'TJ roue OtQV aywva ylU to K'a90AIK'0 ~:K'AOYIK'a olK'aiw)1a tWV uvbprov W<; £~TJ<;: ylU vo K'ataK'Ti}oOU)1E, tA£yav, auto to olK'aiw)la, sivm orooro K'ata tll ~U!lWOll vn !lllv itpof3aAAoo~E OtT]V itPWtll ypa!l!lll to aitll!la tWV EK'AoytK'WV OlK'at[f)!lanov xm yta tl~ yuvaiK's<;. Oi vspuuvot 00- ataA0T]!lOK'pats<;, lotaitspa T] TOttK'lV, 0ta!lapTUPTJSllK'av svavnc a' auti} rnv arrol/T] uno tore aK'o)lT] rtou at uonrptuxoi CK'avav rnv K'a!lnaVla toi»; yta to K'aOOAIK'O £K'AOYIK'O OlK'aiw!la. H TOEtK'tv EK'avE OllAroOE1<; OtOV Tnno Ott Of. K'a!ltCt rrEpin'twoll OEV S1!tTpEnETat va napa)lEptOtEi 'to utrnuc trov EK'AOytK'rov OUWIW!laTWV o'tt~ yuvaiK'E<;, on ot uocrptcxot 900ia1;av !lE oxoprocvicnxo TPOitO n<; apXE<; yta AOYOO:; EOK'OAia<;, on OEV 00. aouvan~av, aAAa So. ouva!lwvav ru; otaOtaOE1<; Tll:; ~U!lWOT]<; xrn 'tll ouva!lT] TOU AalK'ou K'tvi}!laTo<;, uv 01tEpaOnt~av E~ioou EVEpYllTtK'a K'a1 'to EK'AOytK'O OtK'aiw!lU tWV YUVatK'rov. ME to IlEPO<; tll<; TOEtK'lV taXST]K'E aVE1tl'l'uAaK'ta !-lEOa crnv smrponn xrn !-ua aAA II ovouuoTi} yep!lavioa oomaAoT]!loK'panOoa, T] Terre, H tporrortotnon tOU A V't/J:>p, rrou 01K'a1OAoy060E E:)l)lEOa rnv auotptaK'il taK'TlKi} (ll rpononoinon aOtil avalpEpE arrAro<; Ott OEV nptrtEl va Suncortsi o ayrova~ yta to EK'AOYIK'O OtK'aiw!-la oAWv npaY)1at'lK'u tOW nOAITrov, OEV cvnoeps O!-lW~ on 0 ayrovw; vtu TO EK'AoY1XO otK'aiWlla npsnEl va olE;ayetat mivTa !la~i us TO nirnuu Tll<; ioonutcc cvtprov xm vuvmxdiv), arropicpO'lKE !lE 12 vi}qlOo<; svcvrt 9. H uno\lfT] tT]~ E1tlTpomi<; xm TOU ouvsdptou unopei va EK'lppaoTEi aK'ptf3Earepa us TO. rrapUlcaTW Aoyta tll<; Torre, arro to AOYO tT]<; rrou EK'lprovllOE ern 01ESVij ouvOtaOK'E'IlIT] nov OOataAtorpuov (T] ouvOtCtOK'E'IlIT] aUTi} EytVE OTYj l:toUTyapoll taU'toxpova us to OUVEOp1O): «Ilpsnst v' anattOU!lE K'arapxijv o;n 9EWPOU!-lE OWOTO, einE II TmT<;, xnt !-lOVO crnv nEptnt(t)011nou OEV EnapK'OUv 01 ouvCt!let<; Yla naAll, tOTE So. OEXOllaoTS aUTO nou IlnOpOU)lE vc rrEtuXOU!lE. Tsnn i}Tav rravta T] TalCttK'ij tll~ oomaAOllIlOlCpaTia<;. 000 mo IlEtp1OnaS£i<; 90. siwn at arratTlloet~ !la<;, rooo mo !lE'tplOrraSEi~ 00. elvct lCat ot r.apaxwpi}oSl<; tll~ K'uf3tpvT]OT]<; ... », Ano aUTi} TT] Ota!laXll aVa!lEOa orouc aUOTplUlCOU<; xrn croix YEp)laVOu:; oomaAOllllolCpaTE:; urropst 0 avayvrootll<; va OE1, noco «uorn pn xpivonv 01 K'aAU'tEpOl !lap~toTt:; n:; rrupuuucporepe; unoxroPTt0El:; ano tT] ouvErrij Enavao'CUnlCij taK'TtK'T) rtou OtT]pt~Etat OE apxt:;.

B. I, At",v, A.,m'Ta. tM, ,1(0. ql.',,)'xpO"1] Er.nx~ v, '01', 16. ad, 91·92

B. r. J\ENJ~

Hr EPr A TIKH T ASH

KAI 0 NEOMAA00Y:EIANII:MOl:

To ~irrrHla tTl.:; tJcTpooOl1':;, 0111..· 1:T]':; i!PO~A11011':; 1:sxvl1n;.:; aito~oAi].:;, 7!po~6.AEm: [lsyaAO EVOtacpcpov ~at rroUEO:; oU~l11:i]oet':; 01:0 tatpuco cuveopto TItpoy~0(!)24. 0 EtOl1Yl1ti].:; Airoxotx; aval?EpE ototXeia ym mv E~mpsn~a W:YaA11 ESarr/,ooOl1 tl1':; xutnotpoorp; LOU E[l~pUOU ota ouyxpova 1tOAttIO[lEVa, orroo.:; AEyOVtal ~P6.1:11.

:E1:11 Nsc YOP~l1 [ltoa a' Eva Xpovo tyLvav 80.000 EnprooEt.:;, orn f'aAAia vivovtm 36.000 'W )li\va. :EtT]V TIEtpOUrroA11 to 7!0000tO sxrprhcseov au~i]e11~e [lEOa OE 5 xpovta rravoo a1to Suo copse,

To mrpuco ouvtOPlO Ihpovxoe 1ti]pe ait6<parrrt itO\) AtEt OTt as ~al-tta 1tSPi1tt"oo011 OEV 1tp£m.l va Olro~e·tal 1t01VI~a 11 !.J.l1Ttpa Yia E~tPoo011, svro 01 YtaTpoi np£1tEl va Otro~OVtat vtu 'tllY iOta orrin [lOVO OE 1!epi1t'toooll (<lOlO'tE.Arov oxomov».

:Et11 c:msi]'t11011 11 itM.lO\lf11cpia 1t0\) TaX~~E urrtp 1:11':; a1t01V11':; va [ll1v rtpropsitrn 11 f.KtPffi011, t9tSE cpuOlKa xm TO ~tlTT]!.J.a TOU AEyO[lEVOI) vE:O!.J.aA80uotavIO[lOU25 (Tf:xv11'ta [It'tpa yta 't11V rrpoA11- \;t11 Tl1':; OUAA11Vl1':;) xm Eetse E1ti011':; xm T11V ~Otvffivt~ti 1tAEUpa TOU sT]ttl[la't'o.:;. AoyouXaP11 0 x, Btyxvroptmx, oU[lcpwva )lE Daa Ol1!.J.ooi£uoe 11 «POUO~OYE l:Ao~o», otiAooos on «1tp£1tEt va xmpErioooue rc 1tpOA11rrn~a [lE'tpa svcvnu 0't11 OUA/.11'lfl1» xut 0 x, Acrpcjuv avacpwv11oE, arroo1trov't'a.:; eUE.AAroOT] xetpo~po'tti!.J.a1:a:

«JTpf.1tEI va 1!Ei8oUfJll n<; !-(lltEpe<; vn vsvvouv 1tatOUl vtn vn ru ('Ia1CateUOtlv o tu e1C1':mOEtltl1Ca. tOpuf1ata, va rc rmlpvoov d.l1proT01)<;, vn ru OOllYOUV rot; rnv uoroxrovlu!»

Av stvct OooOti\ 11 rrA11POljlopia on 11 0tiAffio11 aUTi] tou x, Aotpaxav 1tpO~aAEOE. eUCAAWOl1 XEtpO~poTti)laTa, TO ycyov6.:; au'to OEV us SaOVla~E.l. Ot a~poa'tt.:; timv noroi, useutot xm uucpoi [lE )1t~poao'tt~i] 'l1uxoAoyia. Ti ai.Ao !.J.rropei..:; va 1tCPI!.J.tVE.I':; a1t' auTOu,:;, E~tO':; a1to Eva v xuoaio cptAEAEU8EptO!.J.0;

AnD TT]V a1to\lfT] O[lffi':; 't11':; Epyan~i\:; Ta~T]':;, slvut si\'tl1)la av )l1topd.:; vc ~pE.t.:; mo X1:Urrl11:ti sxcpcon oAT]':; 1:11<; «vnfipconxornm.:; xrn OAl1':; 't110:; ae/,to'tl1'ta.:; 'tOU «xoivrovucon VEO)lat,OOuatavtcuoo», ano TT]V rraparravoo CPpao11 rou x, Ao'tpaxav.

« ... Na vsvvoov rrmOIU Yia va ru aa~a'!f:uoov ... » Movo yt' aUTO; Kat yta'ti 0Xl yta va itaAeuoov 1!l0 ~aAu, ue )leyaAUtepll. aU)lrrvota, mo aovwSTltu, rno anot,laOla'tl~u svevno Ott~ 'gTll-.leplVE~ aovOit~e~ ~c.oTJ~, rtou ocxureuoov xm xcrccrpecoov tTl Y£VIU )la~;

Eoro a~pl~ro~ ~piaK'£tm Tl pt~l~il ¢tat,:lOPU 'tTl~ \lruxoAoyia~ LOU uvpotr], LOO £rraYYEA)latia, tOU OWVOOU!1evoo, yevl1cu too uucponcrou, urro rnv 1jfUxo/..oyia rou npOA.c'tuplOU. 0 uucpocoro; ~il.tnel ~at VU:OaEl Otl xnrucrpsesrm, on Tl ~wil yiVEtal oAotva ~al ooa~OAOt£p1], 0 ayrova~ Yla TTlV uitap~Tl oAosva xm mo U)lEiAt· xroc, TI ~aTucrTaaTl TI Ol~il TOO xm tTl~ ot~oytv£l(l~ rou yiV£Tal OAOEVO: xm 1!l0 aOlt~OOTl' I'eyovoc ava)l<pta~titTlto. Kat 0 uixponOTO~ Ola)lapTupETat EvUVTta cr' aUTO.

AAAa tuoc Ota)lapTUpCtal;

Ata!1aptUpetal cov sxnpootortoc )lla~ tU~T1~ nou XUVETal, Xc.opi~ e/,rrioa awtTlpia~, rrou tXEt a1teA1tta't&l yta TO )lEAJ.OV tT)~, nou civet e;OUa£VW)lEVTl xm oetil.i). Af.v yivETat TinOT£. A~ U7tUpXOuv, 'tOO},UXlOTO, AlyoTepa rratOlU nou va uzoespouv a7to Ta )laptupta xrn tu ~uao:va tn Ol~U )la~, arro tTl IptroXta )la<; xct 'tOU<; E~on~Ata)lOU<; )la~, va Tl ~pauyit TOO uucpoucrou.

o aOvEtOTlTO<; £PyUT1]<; sivrn EV"t"£AW<; ~tvo<; npo<; aoni TTlV urro1jJTI. Aev aa £1!ltPE1jJ£l va rou 90Arooouv 'tTl aow:ioTlati tOU us nupouoie; ~pauyt<;, oeo xt cv sivm elAl~ptv£i<; xm OUY~lVTlTl~t<;. Nat, ~at )l£l<;, 01 EpyUTE.<;, xct TI )lu~a TWV utxpovoucoxupctrov ~avouj.le )lla ~wil yqlUtTl arro awop1]'tTl ~aTanif:a1] ~at ~uaava. H ~wit Tll<; yevtu<; )la<; stvci rno 8Uo~o/'Tl xrn ano 't1] ~wil rtov rraTepuowv )l0:<;. A rro uiu urro\\fTl O)lc.o~ siuccrs rro/,u rno eU'WX1- O)lEvot ano 'tOO<; natEpuoe<; )la<;. MaOG.j1e tau ypr,/opa paOaivou!1e va rra).evoupc ~at va naAeuou)l£ 0Xl ~e~o)ltva. Oitw<; miuoav ot ~aAuTepol uno roo; rraT£puoe<; )la<;, 0Xl aTO ovouo rtov auva1])lutWV tOW uerrov oacvAu'tuoc.ov 7tOO J.la<; sivm ~tva, aAAU aTO ovouu rrov Otlcrov )l0:~ aov9Tl)lu'twv, rtov aOvaT))lUTWV tT)~ 'tu~T1<; )la~. E)lei<; naAeuoO)lE ~aA.u'tEpa a7to TOO<; naT£pu¢E<; )la<;. To rrmotu )la<; aa rraA£uouv UlCOIlTl ~aAUTf.pa xm Oa V1101tJovV.

H EpyaTtlCi) TU~T1 OEV xuv£Tat, aAAu )leyaMM:l, oUva)lti:>vEl, nvoprbvsrrn, euonetproverm, Ota0WTi~E'tat xt aTaail.wv£Tat ctnv rrUATl. Eiuucrs arralOtOOO~Ot a' o,n alpopu rn oouil.orrapot~io:, 'tOY ~am'tail.laJ.lO xut 'tTl )lt~pti rrapayc.oyf;, )la £i)laaTe rrupa rroAu atOlOOO~Ot os o.n uocpn 'to epyatt~o ~iv1])la xm tOO<; o~orrou<;

'!DU. Ba~ou)H; K'to1..a~ tu flqlE1..ta WU VEOU oucooounuuroc, Kat tu rratOta ~a~ Sa arron:1..wi'loouv TO XTimllO TOU.

Na yla noio 1..oyo -K'at ~OVO yt' aUTO TO AOYO -ei!-1aOTE aOla1..1..aK'TOl EXOpoi 1'OU vW!-1aAOoumavto!-10U, T11~ flEropia~ aU<TJ~ rrou eivm K'aTa1..1..111..11 ~OVO yta Eva ~euyapuK't uucpocortov, K'afluorcpnuevrov K'at syrotorrov, rron !-10Up~OUpi~E:l Tpo~aY~Evo: va 060Et 0 0E:o~ va ~TJOOUIlE Ol {Olot orrro~-o1!ro~, 000 yta tu ,WIOtU K'a1..uTEpa va ~l1v K'UVOUIlE.

AUTO oev Ila~ E~1tooi1;;el. lpumK'u vc a~att"TJooWe 7t}~TJP11 K'aTuPYT\o1] O1..(f)V nov VO!-1wv nou OlroK'OI)v TT\v EK'1'Proa11 TJ T11 otUOoa1] laTpIK'WV rrpay~aTwi'lv oXenK'a IlE rn rrpOt~l1rrTtK'a ~tTpa K'T1... Ot VO!-1Ol curet sivct uovo unoxptcin T(f)V K'upiapx(!)v Tag:wv. Ot VOIlOl uuroi OEV SEparreuouv rt~ appwonE~ TOU xumrn- 1..la~ou, a'),Au r«; usrurpsnouv oe e~atpeTtK'a !CaK'OTJ€IEL~, f.~atPETtK'a ~aplt~ yta ru; K'a'ta1tu:1;;O~Eve~ ~U1;;E~. AAAO ~TJ't1Wa sivm 11 EM:uflEpia 't11~ taTpIK'ti~ 1!porrayuvoa~ xm 11 itpooraoia trov orotXEtOlOWV 61]~0K'pa'tlK'Wv 01K'alW!-1U'twV K'uOe rro1..lt11. aV1"pa TJ vuvaiK'a~ xm UAAO 1] xotvmvucf Sswpia TOU vEO~a1..flouatavla~oU. 01 cuvstdntot EPYU1'E~ fla Ote~uyouv mrvru TOV rno a~d1..l!c'tO ayrova svnvnn atl~ rrpoarraflEtEt; Em~o1..i]~ <11~ avttopaanK'ti~ xm ~tK'pOIjfUX1]<; aUTTJ~ flEropi.a~ o tnv rno rrporrorropu, aTT\v mo taxuPTJ, O'Tl1v mo arro<pamoj..1f:v11 yta ~EyUf,OU~ j..1ETaOXl1~a'tta~ou~ tU~l1 t11~ a1]lleptvti~ xoivrovicc,

B. I. :'n'/l', AnQl'~(I. tou, 13. I'Jfl. .'5 J 25Q

B. I. AENIN

TO flEMnTO AIE9NEI: I:YNEAPIO

ru THN nAAU ENANTIA I:THN nOPNEIA

Ero Aovolvo tf.AetroaE rtptv arro } .. iyo !CUlPO «10 niunto OtEOvt~ auvE6pto Yla T11V rru'), 11 svdvnu cro surropto K'OPlTatOW».

:::eomiOwaav ot OOUK'taOSt;. 01 !CO)ll1aaEt;, oi ErrioK'orrot, ot rruO'Tops~, Ot paJ3~ivOl, ot «orovouucot U1tUA1..11Aot Kat !ChOe Aoyit~ ncroi ot1..uvSprorrot! Jloon erria11!-1a yeu!-1ata rrapaTW11K'av xrn ;roost; rroAureAei~ Erri011!-1E~ OE~trooEl~ tylvav! Iloooi rrav11yupIK'oi AOYOl E!c~(f)vTJflllK'av yta 'tTl ~}~I3Epo't11ta xm 10 aioxo~ !11~ nopvsinc!

nota ~{:;oo. miATl':; a~w.:; ~l1Tlloo.V at KO~'lfo7tpE;,,;£i.:; ncroi ovnnpocomot LOU cuvefipiou; Kuptc»; Suo: 1"Tl 8PTJOK£to. xut T11v ccruvoulc. Etvrn, Ai-£1, 10. rno KaAa xm arrO'l:EA£O~a1tKa usee svnvnu ornv rropvsic. Evce; ayyl,o.:; uvnnpoocoxoc, onw.:; ypaoE1 uno LO Aovoivo 0 o.V1o.noKplt11':; 1'11':; «Aa"iK11':; E0l1w:pioa.:;»16 tTl<; AClljfio..:;, "auX11811KC yta 1"0 on Sl0l1Y11011"£ OtTl ~ouA11 m ocouattKiJ notvh yta TOU':; rrpoaywyou.:;. Opicrs 1toto.:; stvm 0 ouyxpovo.:; «nOI,Hlo~EVO':;» 11pwa.:; tT]':; rraAll':; svnvnc OTl1V rropveia!

Min xupin arro "COv Ko.vaoa eivm sv80ucrtao~tvll ~E rnv uoruvoutc xm TTl y\)vUllCeia aOtUVO~llCi1 smT11PT]OTl nov vuvmxtov nou «~tncoav Tl81ICa», 000 yta TTJV aU;Tloll rou ~EpOKa!J.a'tO\) rtuprrrnpncs rrox; ot SpyaTS':; OEV a~t~ouv lCal,u'tSPll rrATlP[f)~l1.

Evrn; vcpuuvo; rrao'topa.:; lCa'talCspauv())OS TO ouYXpovo U/"louo nou &ta&ivc'tut 'taXa 01..0 xm rrepiooorepo !-lEOa a"CO Aaa xm ~0119aS1 ern otaoooll rou EA£U9spou {:;po)'ta.

Otuv 0 auo'tP1aIC0':; aVTl1tpOaW1to.:; rlC{:;pTVEP oOlCi)1aoE va nvuxwnost TO ~l1t'11)1a yta TO. 1C00vwvlICa cine 1"11<; 7topvtia.:;, 1"0 ~l1tTl~a 'tT]':; avtXE.ta':; Kat Tll':; E;aOAiwoll':; TWV spyurucrbv O1ICOy£vsuov, 1"11; EIC~f.TaAAEUall':; TTJ':; 1tut011Ci].:; Epyaoi.a.:;, TWV aVUitoqlOprov ouv911ICWV lCa1"otlCia.:; IC.O.IC., uvnvxncnv TOV O~lATJTi] va oroitaOE1 ue EXOP1ICU ;ElpwvllTa!

AV1'i8ETa, vtn n.:; UUT]M.:; npoOwmICOTTJTE.:; &l11youv'tav -0.vcuson an.:; O~f.t&E':; TWV uvnrrpoorbmov-c- OlOalCt'lICU Kat 0.;10011- ~EiWTa ;tpuy~am. Ornv, Aoyouxapll, 11 au'tOlCpUT£tpa TTl':; Fapuuvia.:; f.7ttcrlCtrrTE'tat lCavf.va !J.a1EUT11PlO OTO Bspos.ivo, or«; ~avuos.:; TWV «e;wya!J.wv» rrutotwv rOi)(; m;pvavt: (5axrv},iJI, yta va )111 coxupstm 11 UUTl/.i] it poawITlICOTllTa, ~AErrovTa.:; aOTEIpUV[f)TE':; !-lavaOE.:;!!

Ano aUTO urtopei lCavEi.:; va xpivst 11 aTJ0taOT1ICTt urroxpicin ~aOlASUSt cs aUTa TO. uptoroxpu'nxn aom,a OuvEOpta. at expo~UTS':; 'tll:; ayaOoEpyia.:; xct ot ucruvouucoi euvnvopot TOU E!J.11:aty~ou TTl':; avExeta.:; xut TTJ':; E;aOAiwoTl':; ~a~EuOVmt yta va ICUVOUV «1!U),Tl svo.vna OTllv rropvsiu», rrou TTlV UitOOTllpi~st W'Pl~W':; 11 cptcroxprrttc lCut Tl aonKti 1'U;Tl ...

R. I .. 1'm·, A~m'ra, rDti. 23, "d. 332·./././

xno AP0PO TOY B. I. AENIN

«riA THN nAAH ENANTIA I:TO :EOI:IAAI:!!BINII:MO»

To mo EvOtu<pf.pOV Kat TO mo ErriKmpo u/uK6 miv(I} 0' aULO to ~T]Tl1Jta ~a~ 'to alVEt 11 ou;avij~ OOOlaA.tOnKi1 OUVOHiOKEIjIT] nov YUVatKOW, non tytVE OT11 Bspvn Kat nou TtA.etWOE tEAWTaia ru; EpyaoiE~ 'tTl~2'. Ot avaYVWO'tEC; aa ~pOUV 1tUpaKUtw 1tEptypa<;lij aUttic; TTI~ ouvOtUOKE'111~ Kat ro KEi~Eva TWV u;rooaOf:WV nou U11oi01"l1Kav i] unopioflrpcnv, :E'tO onuepwo upOpo !lac; Sa OTa90u~f. !lOVO ce uic rrA.eupd rou ~T]'tTJ~ato~.

Ot avnr.poownOl tWV yuVatKF.tmV opvcvoosrov oi:l:Aa 01'11Y OE, 01 oAAavSt~EC; TOU K6!l~a't0c; TOU Tpooxcrpc, Ot EAf3EtioE~ tOW opvovrooscov rrou n:oA.e!lODV ~E Opt~6T11ta T11 «Berner Tagwacht» yta tOV u1!EpJ30AIKO 'tuxa uptorsptouo aU'tT]C; 1'TlC; E<;lTl!lEpioac;, TI yaUioa uvnxpoocozoq rtou OE Kavtvu KU1!W~ cnooocto ~ tiT11~a OEV 9eN:t va OtUlPWVT]OEt !If. ro EnioTl~o Ko~~a, TO orroio, onw~ civet YWiH.no, aKOAOUaEi OOcrWAO(f)~tVt01lKT] anoljlTl, 01 aYYAioE~ nou OtUKElvtat EX9ptKU ot11V tota EVO~ ~EKa9apou OtUX(f)pto~o6 tOU namcptO~OD arro TTIV E1!aVaOianKT] itpOA.eiUptaKTJ taKTlKij - 0A.e~ totx; ouuodivnouv J.lE Tt~ «nptorspsc» ycp~aviOEe; oomuAo11- ~OKpunOOEC; vto rnv UT]W10Tl ~ta~ Kat TTl:; lStae; arrotpao11~. Ot cvnnpocomoi tWV vuvuucskov opvnvroosrov TWU ur::ayoV1"at ornv KEVTptKT] Em tponi] TOU Ko~~aTo~ !la~ otaq)(ovTloav J.laSi TOUC; Kat xporiunocv va usivouv yta tva OtuOTTll!a ~oV{:~ roue, nupn va mrpouv Ilepoe; 0' tva tetto ouvcomouo,

nota ijrov TI ouoiu 'tT]~ otao(!)via~; Flour sivut 11 onucciu, uno a7tovTl apxwv, aUTl)C; 1'TI~ otalp(!)viac; Kat rrotu 11 yr.V1Kti r::OAttlKi] TTlC; onuucin ~

Arto rrpwtTl 6WTI TI «~toTl» ar::o<paoTl, nou f.V(f)OE n~ ortoprouViOTPlf:'~ l(at tva ~f.pOe; arro nc; nprorspec, onivstm nOAD CUAOyOoavi]c; Kat arro urr01.;lTl apxwv O(!)OTT]. 0 n6],E~0:; xapaKtTlPi1~eTat t~m:.ptaAtonK6c;, 11 tota 'tT]:; (mnEpU01!lOTlC; TTI~ rratpioac;» KamOtKU/;;Etat, 01 !:::PyUTE~ Ka)..oDVTat OE J.la~lKSc; OtaOTl/,wcrEt~ KtA. K:!A. Oa VO~t1;s KavEie; Ott to OtKO !la~ oxtoto a7to(jlaoTl~ Statpepct flOVO OE ~!:::P1KtC; OPl~UTEpEe; EKOpUOEle;, 01!(O~ A.X. «npooooin», «01':Optouviouo;», «an:OXwPTlOTl arro 'tt~ aOTIKS~ KU~f.PVT]Of:t~» Kt/ ...

~f.V XwpaEt a~otf3oAia on arr' aun) aKptpW~ TTIV {:mOUTj Oa

K'UVOUV KPltlK'T] errov SeXWpHJj.lO nov uvnnoootoncov tOW yuvm· xslcov opvcvroccoiv tl1':; KEvtP1K'f\:; Emtpor.:i].:; tOU 1C0j.lj.lat6.:; 110.':;.

ApKEi OJ.lW<; va t:Sf.tCtaEl K'avd<; mo n:pom:xtlK'U to ST]t11j.la xm vn j.ll1v ;-:EplOpi~Etat ornv «tumK'T]» nvuvvropicn t11:; j.lw,:; T] trle; aAAl1':; aA T]ElclU:;, vm va aVtlAl10tEi on 11 K'PtttK'T] uutou tOU "ioou.:; civm nEpo. yta r.:tpo. aDUOlj.lTl.

L't11 OUVOtaaKf.\jfTl cuvxpoecrrpccv ouo KOaj.lOaVtlA T]1!IEt<;, OUO tpon:ot eK'tij.lTlaTlS tOU 7':o},i;j.loU Kat tWV KaOTlK'oV'twv tTl':; ~u:Ovou<;, ouo mK'tlK't.:; rorv n:po/.cmptaK'Wv K'oj.lj.la"C(J)v. H j.lta un:O\jfl1 Atet: OEV cixaj.le Kallta XPwK'on:ia "C11':; !\tEeVOU':;, oev UitUPXOUV j.leyu).a xrn oo~o.pu Ej.ln:OOW Y1a tnv cmcrpoof nrro 1:0 awDtvtaj.lo a1:O ooata/.lallO 06V U:tapXel taxupo.:; (camtEptK'O':; 6XOpOS» us rn '!Dpoi] "COU onoprouviouoo, OEV umipXEt aj.leaTl, ava)l(!Ha~T]t11"CTl' f.S<i)(J)OaAj.ll1 nnoucpouc "COU rrpoooci« "COU coeurA1aJ.l0u. Art' auto :tPOKUn:tE1 to aUj.ln:tpaalla: oev eO. K'ata01K'acouus xovsvcv, eO. OOaOUj.le «uuvno-dc» a1:OU<; :tapa~a"Ce<; "Cow cnoecocoiv tl1<; LWU"CYUpOTl<; Kat tl1':; BacrtA.clo.,:;, 00. rtspioptorouue atl1 auataal1 v' aK'o/,ouOTlOei rno aptau:pf] ypaj.lj.l i], va K}'l1- OODV 01 )laSe:; os OW01]AWaEt':;.

H UAAl1 U1:o1j!1] axenKU j.lf. oAa to. al1IlEia n:OU an:aptellf\aaj.lE civet evn:AW':; o.v"CiOeTl1. AEV Ur:aPXE1 ttnors mo er.t1;;f\j.lto Kat rno olJ:Opto yta rnv npoAemptaK'f] UrrOOEOTl uno tTl auvf::Xla11 tTl<; eaWKOj.ll-latlKT),:; onrA.w{.Jaria<:;; j.lC tOU<; orroprouvro te; Kat roo; aocrto.},aw~tvtOtf.S. H an:o(J)aOl1 tTl':; rrAeto'JITlQta.:; i;Ylve Of.K'ti] cno t«; on:OptOUVlO"CPU;':; Kat n.:; on:aoou.:; TWV cnusotvcov E1tiaTlj.lwv K'Cj.lj.lunov, f.TtE10il aKpt~W':; stvm n:tpa Yla ;cepa ola;rOttaj.lf.V11 I-lE Ol1!AWj.lanK'O rrveuun .. _

H aUV01aaK'CUTj tWV YUVatK'WV oev trrpe1TE va ~OTlei]ael tOY LutvtEl-lav, tOY Xuat,;E, tOY Knouroxt, tOY BaV1:Ep~e/..v'tE, toy XU1Vtl-lo.V, roix; I'xsvr xm Lo.ll1ta, rov TIAf.XaVOO K'tA. va aitOK'01- j.lit,;ouv r«; EpyUttK'£':; j.laSE;, aAAu avtiOeta snpcns va n.:; ~urrvi]osi, vn KTlPUS£l o.;'WoaOlaLtK'O i!OAej.lO cvevno crov orroprouviouo. Movo TOte to npoxnxo a;ro"CtI.f.oj.la 00. i]tuV oXl l1 f.Ar.:ioa va owpOwOouv ot rrapaitavw «Tlyt:rf.<;», a/.Au Tl aUYKEnp(oall tWV ouval-lww Y1a svo ouaK'o/.o xtn aoDapo cvrcvo ...

Ano THN F.prAl:(A TOY B. I. AENIN

«I:XEAIO An04>AI:HI: THI: AIE9NOYI:

I:OI:IAAII:TIKHI: I:YNAIAI:KElJIHI: rYNAIK,QN»)

To. opuctn ~o.O"ava rrou rrpo';i:VTlo"E 0 1t0Af:110~ uu'to~ ';U1tVUVE 0"' 0}.E~ tl~ yuvaiKE~ Kat lOtuiTf:pa oru; rrpOAf:'tuplS~ yuvaiKE~, TTl OE/SIO"T] 'flo. rnv ElpTjVT] rrou OAO Kat I1EyaArovEl. H crUVOtUO"KE\jJTl, KT]puO"O"ovta~ 1"OV nO)..E/lO EVaVTla at: KaOc l/lrrCpWAUJrtKO rrO/.£110, Ocwpd tautoxpova OTl, I'm vn I1ITOPi:O"Et va I-H:'!aTpanf.i T] EmOul1ia autTj ym TT]V SlpTjVT] O"E avveu51..,rr, no).trlKr, JiJVa,w7 cival anapaiinto va Kara).apovv Ka).a 01 epyatpu»; on 01 eimopec rac;clr; cnu51wKoVV /lOVO r«; rrpoouptftostc, '!t~ Ka'!aKTTjcrEt~ Kat tT]V !CUptapXia, on 01 1t0Af:!-I01 sivct avaTco~EUKtOl O"tT]V crroxTj rou 1l1rrSptaAla!-lOU Kat on 0 IJ.1m:pta/,lO"I10~ a1tEtt.£l tOY KOcrl10 J.1E J.1lU crElpU uno ;::0Af:110U~, uv ro npeAeraplaro &v PPCl uiaa rov apKster; avvdflelr; va PiV.El rdor; ato «asutasurtnca KaOcarWr;. avarpcnovrar; omottxa tOV xoautnsiouo. A v T] EPYU!Ptu OEAf:l vn ouvroueocn tnv rreptooo rmv ~aO"uvwv rtou ouvosstut J.1E rnv ErroxTj tWV tl11tEptaAlO"tlKroV 1tOAEI1WV, sivnt urrupuitnro 01tW~ Tl E;::10U111a tTl:; vm ElpTjVTl rrEpuo"El O"tTlV ayavQKr17a17 xtu atnv n6;'17 yla to aootaaauo. Movo ue TO JpO/lO too aoouisumxou xtvnpato; rwv /la(wv, Jvva/lwvovrw; Kat oc;vvovrar; 7:17 ooatalsattxit miJ.17 Ba nCtVXEl 17 cpyatpta TO axono T17r; cr1:T]V nUAT] aUTTj. :Euw:;::w~, rtporro KaOTjKov tT]~ civm va urrOO"LT]pis£t r«; O"uVOlKaAtCl'!lKt~ Kat ru; O"OcrtaAIO"nKt~ opyavrocrEl~ Kal va rrapa~uio"Et tT]V KOlVWVIKTj EtpTjVT] 116 LT]V no.AT] svevno or«; ;rof.£111Ki:~ mo"L(Oo"SI~, svcvnc 0"1"T] (5UI1I1S'tOXTj cr'!t~ aO"tlKE~ KU~EPVTjO"£lI;, I1E rnv unOO"T1)pl';T] Kat nporrayo.vOtO"T] TT]~ cruvaoi:} .. Q(OO"T]~ tWV crrpntuorcov cr'ta xapaK"Wl1aTa 0"1"0 l'.:EOio tT]~ l1o.XTl~, I1c 'tTl (jUYKp6'tT]crT] napavOI1WV opvuvrocsrov nnvrou, onou T] KU~i:PVT]O"T] Ka'tUPYTlO"E 'tl~ ouvruvl1a'!tKi:~ Et.WO£piE~ Kat rs) v lKU, npocrsAKUOVTa~ ru; I1UsS<; va nupouv I1tpo~ or«; OlaOTlAro(jf:t~ Kal orn EnavacrranKu Klv1)l1aLa.

H otE9vlO"nKTj cruvOlo.O"K"SVT]TWV crocrtaAlO"'tplrov YUVatK(iW KaAf:i n~ spyo.LPtE~ OAWV rrov xwpwv va OlC!;UYouv al1E:crw~ rnv nUAT] aut1), opvcvrovovrc; LT]V OIEOVtO"tlKU Kat O"uvotovta~ TT] OOUAtU LOU~ O"'tEVU J.1E tTl Oout.tU EKE1VWV tWV crocrtaAlO"'t(OV OAWV nov xwpow ztou nut..euouv onw~ 0 A TjJ.1nKvr.;(1" evcvnc O"tOV eOVtKlO"I10 Kat OIE.;ayouv r.rmvacrtattKTj 0"00"lUA10"nK"Tj rrUAT].

H O'UVOtUO'IC£\VTJ urr£v9u 11 iC£1 'tau'toxpova O'n,:; £pyU't ptE':; on 01 avnKEtJ,.lf.V1ICE,:; O'UVOf1ICE':; "(ta 'tTJ 0'0O'1a/.10'1"1lCf1 rrapaywyf1 ropiucccv liOTJ O'n,:; rno 1!pOTJYI1EVe:,:; XWPE':; '[TJ':; Eup001!TJ':;, 01"1 'to xivnun urrnivst O'E VEa <PUO'TJ. on 0 0'TJllEptv6,:; 1!aYJ('oO'/.tto,:; rroM:- 110':; ru; E1!upoptiCe:1 I1E VEa IWt O'o~apu lCa9f1lCov'ta, on 'to ICtVTJI!U roue l!i'Wpsi v' arro'tSAe(J"Et 'tOY rrp6{\pol1o ron YSVtlCOU ~EO'TJI(Wlla'to,:; reov llaCWV, to onoio I11!Opei va Socsi VEa oPllli 0" 01..0 1"0 O'OOtaAtO'fUCO IClvTJlla lCat va <pepEt xovre rnv wpa 'tTJ,:; 'tI::AtlC~':; am;M:UOEpWO'TJ':;. Ot EPyU'tPtE':;. rrnipvovtnc 'tTJV rrpwto~ouAia O''tTJv urr09EO'TJ tTJ~ opyr1VwO'TJ':; OWOTJAWO'EWV xrn ertuvuorrrnxrbv E1(- 0TJAwO'Ewv croix o po 110 u,:;, rrTJyaivovta,:; Xep1 I1E XEP! I1E 'to npoM:'tapu'no, I!1!OPOUV va ~uAouv rnv aPXl1 vta,:; E1WX~':; O''tTJv rrpoM:'taptalCl1 rruATJ, rrou O'tTJ OUipICE1tl tTJ':; to rrpoM:'tapttl'tO ea Iw'talC'rl1O'Et 'to 0'00'1aAtO'I10 oru; rno rrpOTJYI1SVE':; XWPE':; Kat '!TJ AaOl,panlCl1 OTJIlOlCpatia O'n,:; rno lCa9uO''tEPTJIlSVE':;.

B. r. ,1 '\'11". A nm'''', :0". 26, ad. 208 209

xno THN MnpOI;OYPA TOY B. I. J\ENIN

«I:OI:iAAII:MOI: KAI nOAEMOI:»

Tepucrtn O'TJl1aO'ia EX£t TJ orUO'TJ l1a,:; anEvavn O''!a taAaVt£UOI1Eva O''totXEia 'tTJ,:; ~tE9vou,:; YEV1ICU. Tsnn O''tOlXEla - ICUpio»; O'oO'1aAtO''tE':; na(Jupl(JrlIdlC;; arroXPwO'TJ':; - urrupxouv xm oru; oUOStEP£':; Xwps,:; xm O'E OP10'I!EVEC; El!rrOM:I1£':; XroPE':; (O'tTJV AYYAla AOYOUXUpTJ to A VE~UPtTJ'to £pyanlCo 1C01!Ila)... I:n,:; 01E9vEi':; O'UO'ICE\VE1':; OEV I!rrOpOUIlE va rr£ptopiCoUIl£ 1"0 rrpoypal1l1U l1a,:; O'E o.tt sivm arroOelC1:o arro au'tCt tn O''totxeia. ~taoopEnlCu Oa yivouus atXI1UAW'tot rrov 'taAav'twoI!EVWV ltaO'HPlO''tWV. Eroi EytVE AOYOUXUpTJ O''tTJ ol£evl) O'UVOIUO'K'£l.j1TJ rrov YUVallCWV O''tTJ BEpVTJ. H YSPl1avtlCl1 cvnxpocrcxsin, zrou aKoAouOTJO's rnv urro\;lTJ 'tTJ':; 0'. KAlipa,:; TO'EtKIV, O'tTJV n:pa~TJ En:at~£ O''tTJ O'UVOtUOICEl.jJTJ autl) to pot,o TOU «ICEV'tpOU». H O'UVOtUO'IC£VTJ rrov yuvatlCWV EiltE 110VO oou unopooouv va yivouv arrOOEIC'tU ano n,:; cvnnpoorbxouc tou oxoptouvurrucou oAAavo1Kou ICOl1l1aw,:; ron T pouAo'tpa xru n,:; uvnxpooronouc I.L.P. (A vE~ap'!TJto spvntuco 1C011I1a) ...

xrro TO rPAMMA TOY B. I. AENIN

«"POI: TH I:YNTAEH THI: E~HMEPIL\AI: «NAI:E I:AOBO»

... Ft' nuro srttruxrtxo xpEOe; 'tOW O'omaAtcmilV OAWV tmv EI.11fOAf:I1WV Xwpwv sivrn 1'] aIlEO'1'] leal arro<,"lamO'nlCl1 EKrrAl1PWO'1'] 'tTle; arrOClaO'Tle; 't1']e; BamAEiae;, lCat OUYICEKplJ.l.Eva:

1) OtaAuO'1'] rcov EOVU,WV oovcomoucov xm Burgfrieden" 0" OAf:e; ne; xropEe;'

2) f:ICICATlO'1'] rrpoe; 'toue; Epya'tEe; OAWV reov El1rrOAf:J.l.Wv Xwprov yta opaO"tl1Pta 'ta~li':il rrUA1']. rooo atICOVOIl11l:l1 00'0 Kat rrOAtnKil, svcvnn ornv aO'nlCil ta~1'] 't1']e; Xropae; roue, O't1']V aO''tLKil 'ta~1'] non arrolCol1i~El al1uOl1'ta ICf:P01'] arro ne; O''!panwnICEe; rrpoJ.l.il9ElEe; lCat tXEt rnv urroa'!ilpl~1'] '!(!)V O'tpanwnlCrov apxwv Yta va ql1llroVEt tn orouurn '!WV Epyatwv, Kat va ouvallWVEl rnv lCa'tCLrriEa1'] O'E papoe;

'!oue;' .

3) arrooamO'nlCl1 Ka'taOilCf] ICUOS \jITJqllO'1']e; rrOAslltKWV morroaEWV'

4) anOXwp1']O'1'] nrro 'ne; aO'nlCf:e; KU~EpvilO'Ele; roo BtAyiou xrn 'tTle; r aAAiae; xm avayvroptO'l1 t1']e; apxile; on Tl O'UI1 J.l.Et"OX il cr«; ICUPEpvilO'ELe; Kat 1'] wilqltO'1'] 1ttatWO'EWV sivrn rrpooooi« arrtvavn O''tl1V un09£0'1'] tOU O'omaA.tO'lloo, TaU-COO'1']I11'] I1E 't1']V rrpoooaia rtou OtErrpa~av at YEPl1av01 xm at uoorpmxot O'omaA.01']IlOlCpO'tEe;·

5) ol1EO'a va arrAwO'oullE 'to XEPL O''ta OtEevtO'nlCU atotXEla t1']e; YEPl1aVLICl1e; O'oO'taA.01']J.l.olCpa1:iae;, rrou upvouvrm va \jI1']~iO'ouv r«; rro}.£111Kte; oarravEe; xm va O'UylCPOtTJO'OUI1E llaCi toUe; OtEOVTJ emrpozrn ~i>J.l.wO'1']e; Yta 'CO. O'tal1aT1']lla 'tou rroAtl10U, oX1 J.l.E to nVEul1a roiv rramqnO'Twv, XPtO'ttavwv Kat uixpouo-rtov 01']110- xputtov, aAM O'E aOtapP1']XT1'] O'UVOEO'1'] IlE t1']V EICAatKEUO'1l xm opyaVWO'1'] 1:1']e; ~a~tKilC; Erravacrta'ttICTJe; opoaTle; rrov npoAf:taptwv lCaeE Xropae; evcvnn ane; ICUPEpvilO'Ete; roo; xm rnv noma aO'nKil tO~Tl'

6) urroO'ti]pt~1'] KaOE rrpoO'rraOEtae; ym rrpoO'tyytO'1'] lcat ouvnotAwWa1'] O'TO O''tpatEUlla xm '!CL xapalCr.OJ.l.a'ta aVOJ.l.EO'a O'tOUe; O'omaAtO"tEe; roiv El1rrOAf:IlWV xwpwv, ;tapa ne; anayopEUO'Ele; trov otprrnernxrov apx(ov t1']~ AYYAiae;, t1']e; fEPl1aviae; KArr.

7) eKKA1']Cill or«; CiomaAiCi1pl£t; yuvaiKEt; nov q.mOA.Ej.HOV Xroprov va ouvallroCiouv 't1'] CUllroCiT] tOU~ npo; t1']V napamivco KatE u9uVCill ...

xrro TO APQPO TOY B.1. AENIN

«TA KA8HKONTA TaN APII:TEP.QN TI:IMMEPBAANTIN.QN no EABETIKO l:Ol:IAAAHMOKP A TIKO KOMMA»

1II. 0I16iAITEPA EnlTAKTIKOl .\HMOKPATIKOI META1:XHMATIl:MOl KAI H XPHI:IMOnOIH1:H

TOY nOAlTIKOY AH1NA KAI TOY KOINOBOYAEYTIB10Y

... 17. Kurnpvnon oJ.wv aVEsaipETa TO)V rrspioptourov trov nOAl'!tKWV OtKatroW'ttrov 'troy YUVCLlKWV os CiUYKPtCi1'] IlE tu OtKaHOunrn troy nvdprov. EST]Y1']el1'] (JTIt; Ilu~et; t1']t; tOtaitEp1']t; smtuxrtxo't1']tat; coroo tOU IlEtaCiX1']llaTICiIlOU CiE Ilta m:piooo rrou 0 nOA.ef-lot; KCLl 1'] aKpi~Eta CiuvmpuCouv ru; nA.antt; A.a'iKEt; IlUCEt; Kat tpn~ouv tOtaitEpa to EVOtaOepov Kat tnv npOelOXT] troy yuvan,wv Cit1']V nOA.1TIK'T].

xno THN EKKAHI:H

«nroz TOYl: I:YNTP04>OY:E nov PEYOYN I:THN AIXMAA.Ql:IA»

To I:o~U~:T reov spvntrov KCLl orpunomxov ~OUA.w'trov rtnAEUEl yia rnv ilj.JW17 CiUYK'_1']Ci1'] !:UVtaKnKT]t; LUVtAEUCil1t;, ym m CiUIlJ.1E't0XT] rmv orpunomov oru; EKAoye<; Kat Yta rn '.UCill roo ~1']TT]J.1atOt; rou rroA.tllou Kat t1']t; EIpT]Vf]t;. To !:o~tEt rraA.eUEt yta 't1'] IlEta~iPael1'] 't11t; Yl1t; rou tCiUpOU Kat troy TcrtQAtKaorov ora xtpta 't1']t; ayponut;. To :r.ople't naA.eUEt ym rn 0111l0Kpa'tia Kat outs StAtt va a KOUCiEl yta aVaJ(T]pUSl1 xutvoupvtou «KaAou» ronpou, To !:o~tf:'! unnrrsl YEVIKO Kat teo otKairof-la \lfT]qlOU yta OA.OUt; rou; UV'CPEt; Kat ym O/-Et; ru; yuvaiKE; ...

xrto THN EPrAI;IA TOY B. I. AENlN

«rPAMMA T A Ano MAKPJA»

Tt wyij~ 1!OArrOouAaKi] Xpeul~&'tm CiE jlW;, cto 1!POAet'CLpul'to, CiE OAOUe; tOUe; &pya~o!J.evou~; npayp.anKu AaikJi. 011Aaoi], 1!PO:l'to va a1!01:eAeitnt a1!O ow YEVU:U 'roy ltA119uCi!J.O, a1!O OAOUe; 1:0Ue; EvijAtKoUe; 1!OAi1:E~ Kat tmv OUO ql1)AroV ••. Min "Cena 1!OAttoc:pUAaKi] Oa OtEUPUVE EKEivEe; n~ aP!J.0010'!l1tEe; 1!OU, yta va Xpl1m~on:Olitoouus EmCi1:l1jlOVtKi] yAWCiCia. avuyov'tat ern OlKatOOOCita TIJ~ «cotovouun; eUta~iae;», Ci'!l1V UYElOVOjllKTJ E1!i~Ae'i111 K1:A., XPl1Cituorrouovmq CiE tenee; OOUAtt~ OAe~ yevlKu 1:1<; evi]A1KE<; yuvaiKE<;. Kat uv OEV tpa~ti~OUjlE n~ yuvaiKe~ CiTIJ 0l1jlOCila U1!l1PECita, ornv 1!OAt1:oQUAaKl1, CitT\V 1!ot-tnKl1 ~rofl, nv OEV nnoomrcouue "Ct~ yuvaiKEe; an:o n~ Ciuv911Ke~ 1:0U omnou Kat tl1e; Kou~ivae; 1!OU ru; a1!o(3Aall:OOVOl)V, oev sivm Ouva1:0 va E~aCicpaAiCioU!J.E ltpayjlUttKi] EAeu9Epia, Sev stvm Suvaro vn OlKOOOjlTtCiOUjlE aKOjlTt Kat OTt(.lOxprrtin, xroph; mn vn vivsrrn A6yoe; vtn CiOmaAlCijlo.

B. I. ,Um', A;U1vca. 'O,U. 31, o«): 41,43

xno THN MnpOI;OVPA TOY B. I. AENIN

«T A KA9HKONT A TOY npOAETAPIATOY I:THN EnANAI:TAI:H MAI:»

... Xropic rnv 1!POCif:AKUCil1 rrov YUVatKWV ornv aVe~ap1:11tl1 OUjljlEtOXll OX1 jlOVUXa CitT]V 1!OAl1:lKll ~roi] YEvtKa, un xnt atl1 !J.OVljlTt, KaOO},tKiI K01VroVtKi] u1!l1pEaia, oev unopsi OUtE A6yoe; vc yivEt 0Xl jlovuXa ym CiOCitaAlCijlO, jla Kat ¥La 1!Al1Pl1 Kat Ci1:aOSpi] 0TtjloKpatia. Or tf:m;~ apjl00101:11'tE~ 1:11~ «noruvouinqx 01[(O~ 11 opovrloo ¥La "COu~ upptocrouc, ym rn a1!pOCitu"CEU1:a 1!atotU, ¥La rnv uytetvi] Ota1:po<pi] K},1!. Of-V jl1!OpOUV yevlKu va n:paYjla't01!Oll1- 000v lKaV01tOll1TlKU xropV; rnv toonuic troy YUV(11KOOV crnv ltpa~l1 Kat 0XI jlOVUXa om xapnu.

!J. I, ,1'1'{1', A.1a'Tfl, cop. 31, ere). 165.

xrro TH~ Epr Al:IA TOY 8. I. AENIN

«Y AIKA riA TUN ANA9E.QPUI:H

TOY nporPAMMATOI: TOY KOMMATOI:»

To ouvrovuc 1:11t; A.(10Kpa1:tKTjt; 011110Kp(11:iat; t11t; Pcooinq np£m:t va B;aOqlaA.lCisl:

... 14. EKrraioEUCi11 YSVIKTj Kat TcOA.Utf:XV1KTj (rrou va oiV!:t 9sroP111:tK£'t; Kat npaK:'rlK£.t; YVWOBlt; yta OfcOUt; 1:0Ut; KUptOUt; Kt.USOUt; 't"I'It; napayroyTjt;) S<OPf:UV Kat urroXPBronKli yia oA.a 1:(1 natStu Kat tOW (1)O OUA.rov I1tXPl 16 Xpovwv' Ci1:BVTj CiUVOSCi11 .11t; sKrratSBuCi11t; 1113 .11V rratSn:Tj KotvrovlKl)-rrapayroytKli spvuoin •

•.• To KOl1l1a sl1tUS1 ...

6. Arrcvopeoon HIt; BpyaCilat; roiv YUVatKWV orouq I(A.UOOUt;, orrou (1u.Tj sivnt Bm~)A.a~i'tt; 1'1a .0 vuvmxsio opvnvtouo, anayoPf.U011 nle; VUK:.f.PlVTjt; f.pY(1oiat; trov vuvnuccov, anaA.A.ayl] ttov YUVatKWV ano 1:11 SOUA.u':!. 8 BBooI1USBt; nptv xm 8 s~)OOl1aSBt; umepa crro 'roy '1:OK8.0 I1B Kata[loA.Tj Ci' 01.0 1:0 OtuCi.11l1a OMKA.11- pou toU I1lCi006 1113 oroPf.UV tatPtKl] xrn qmpl1aKBU1:lKl] nspi9at.V11···

7. Opvcvcocn os oA.a tn spvoorcotn, tu; oitl1rrptKEt; Kat ru;

uiJ.£t; f.1ttX8tpTjCiStt;, orrou SouJu::UOUV yuvaiKSt;, Bpf.G>lKroV xm natOtKrov Ci1:a9110W Kat atOOUCiroV yta to 0l1A.aCiI10- (1naA.i,ayTj ano t11 OOUAtU .OlV YUVatKWV rrou 911A.U;OUV tOUA.UXlCitO KUOf. rpsu; Wpf.t; Kat OXt totY01:BPO ano 111Cil] wpa' XopTjY11011 S1ttOOI1U'trov one; 011A.it'oUCif.e; 1111't£Pf.t; Kat eA.Ct't'troCi11 t11t; Bpyum!J.1lt; I1tpat; rom; cs 6 WPBt; ...

9. OpyuvroCi11 C1ttOEroP11Ci11t; spyacrtat; rtou va CKA.tYS'tal ano ru; f.pyanK£t; opvcvcooeu; Kat srr£.K:'taCiTj t11t; CiS KUOB EIOOUt; E1ttXBlpl)m:lt; rrou XP11at!J.onoLOUV 111crOro.ij epvnoin, Xroph; va B~atpei't(1l xm to Urr11pBtlKO rrpooomuco .OlV orrtnwv' eloayroyTj tOU 9ECi!J.OU trov SrrtOsroP11'tPlrov orou; KA.CtOOUt; orrou XP11crtIlOnoisitni 11 epvnoln .rov YUVatKWV.