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"MOP!)Ql:H,,· 1956
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O( 1IOXeLCKal cl KCalIJ01l0XEICO'TO q.Eou8apXLKo KageOTc:,e; ~tay Xlyec at O:PLeIJO,IJIKpte;, Kal 6:1IEixay 1IOX~ " IJLO: :110tilY 6X\Il. nap' 0 lSXa a6t6: ouyKtYtpc.:)Yay to 1110 IJEy6:AO IJtpoc tfle; d6LKeUlJtyl'}C XelpoTeXYIKfle; napay(,)yflc tflC hoxflc. "EYa 6XAO IJtpoc a6Tfic tflC nO'paYCalyf'le;, 1IpaYIJat01l0100Ytay Ot1'lY OTlaL9po O:TlO tOOe; t610uC tO~C o:yp6Tee;, yeyoyoe; 1Iot) f1Ial~e al'}lJaYtlKO p6AO OTilY KatOnLyfI 6:yO:. 1ItU~'1 toO KaTiltoALOIJOO. 'H xeLp0Texy(a aTie; Tl:OAEle; O:AU1lTe(yaeOpc) K K6KAO tf\l; napayCalyf'lC KI' f6LYe O'TilY o:yopa ~q.O:alJata, 0'I.6'1PIKO:,d61'} XO:AKIYa, O:OI'}lJhla, xptJa6:, trftXLYa ,,6EPIJO:TLya, KaTltXAa, 01l06f\lJata KaA0:9La, aKOIYLO:, d61'} apt01l0ltae; KA1I. O( uoAuO:pt.9IJOL IJEyaAonpeneic Kage6pLKoi vcet. 01 9aUIJ0:0'l0L nlYaKec l;(,)ypaq.IKf!C Kal ta 6AXa t~a{pua fpya ttxYT]C, lJaptupoOy yu~. to 61jrrlM h{TlE60 O:Y0:1ItU~I'}C 1100 I!:q.taae " xeLpoTeXY{O, 161altEpa mo: TeAeutaia at0:6La tflC q.eou6apxlae;. O{ XElpoTtxvEC tQy 1I6XECalY,~tay OXE60v lSAOLOpyaYCallJhoL at OVl'fl%)'IE,", O:YO:AOYOIJE to: t;1IayytAIJata Kal dC o:oxoA(ee; touC - cr6I'}poupyol, Ka1lEXAa6EC, XPUOOXOOLKA1I. 'H 1ILO laxuPl'l 0:110 tiC OUYtExY(Ee; ~tay rev 0lK06oIJCalv TlOO fKtll;ay tot)e; 9auIJo:aLouc Ka9E6pLKO~C vecoc.' 'Y1tflpxay hlOl'}e; ouvTexy(ee; tQy t1J1I6pc.lv, oloYolJacrrtC "xilnE', 1I0~ y(YI'}Kay aLYO:' alYO: Tlavlaxupee;. TO: OUYtEXYLaK6: tpo yomftpLa ~tay Kato: ecvevc noM IJIKpO:, Kal to npoaCalTllK6 tOUC to 6:nOtEAOOOOY ouyfjeCale;bae; 1J00atopae;, 6uo· tpeie; KaAq.0:6ee; Kall'.Yae; lJa9ryteu6lJEYOC· 01 lJaO'T6pOl p69lJll;ay &Aec tiC Xeltoupylec tflC up(,)t6YOYIle; PLO' IJIlxaylae; tfle; hoxflc tKEiYI'}e;, 'Ayopal;ay etc 1IpQue; O).ee;, npaYlJat01l0LoOO'ay tilY TI"O'payCalYl'l eo 1Ipo'(OYtOC Kal Omepa tIS nouXoOaav e arltv o:yopo:, "OXa to. tpyaatflpLa toO t6LOU hayytAlJatoc;, OUyI)tOYo tav lJeta~u touc OTtC oIJoeL6etc OUYTexvlee;, 1100 ~tay 01J0a1l0y61aK4 opyaYCallJhec; IJEpO:Ol'}tilv 1I6A'1' Ol ouYt8xy(ee; o:ytXapav - Kal to 1IttuXay at IJEYO:XOpa9IJo - ve 6'1IJLOupyf\aouy, mil aq.alpa tile; it KageIJlO:, IJLKpa, aOO'TI'}po: IJOV01lGlXla tpyattb, napayCalyf1e; Kal tlJlIopl· OU, "OIJCalC,at &AECdC TlOXlTetEe;, ~1tfIpxav nOAu6'pL91J01 tpYO:Tee;, ayeL' ~ William Trant, 'EQyu.nm E,""ncci.w.,
CXociIlI"tXTOY
1909.
-11-
6{KI!U'tolodlv Tt>"l!lolj1TJ4Ilaroue, TtOU aTtaoxo>"oDvtav Ilt Ka61! dooue; 60u).I!La x(,)ple; ve elver 6pyaVC<l!lEVOL at Ka!lI.lLO: ouvtExvla. Tie; o:pxte; toO ouvuxvlaKoO ouo·u'llla'tOe; de; ~ploKOUIlE 0't0: TtpO'to KI6).oe; aro:olo die; 4IEoul)opXlo~. :Etitv Eup<1lTt'l, ttc covcveceue O:TtO rev 70 1\6'1 ol<1lva, Kal mecvev Tto>..u vC<lplupa Otitv 'Aola. Tcv lv· 6eKa'tov al<1lvo, ol EupC<lTto'(Kte; ouv'tl!XVIE, ~'tov aVoTttuYllevEe; TtIO: Kal laxuptc:, at Tto>").a KEv'tpa (AI!YXOV 'titv nopaYC<lYit Kat 'to tllTt6plo !ltoa eetc Tt6AEL, KI' @pxov'tav 01. o:v't16EGT( !lE. rcoe o:ytp(')xoue; YOIOKtru.lo· vee EUYEvEie;. Autit it aUYKpoUa'l OUll4lEP6vtC<lv, oO!')Y'loe at TtOA>"OU, tOTtLKOU,KOLV(,)VLKOUC: ayOvEC: Kol t!l4l6>"LOUC:1(O>"EIlOUC:, rouc: 6Ttolou, a KatO: xcvove ol auV'tEXVLOKOi, ISXI ucvo o1TEp6:oml:av Ile tTtL'tUXia 'tic: 9taEl~ rove. a>..>..o: xc l eoveucvcv aE. IlEyaAo ~06!l0 titv tmppo!')'toue; 1(aVC<lo'titv OIKOvo!llo KOt 'tit OIOKu~tpv'1a'1 rev ao'tLKOv II.Ev'tpColV.~O· nccc ).tX6'1KE: <I: it vlK'1 t&:lv XI!IPO'tEXVOV at !lEPlKt, 1(OAEL, ~'tav rcec 6AOKA'lpci)tLKit ~au 6 Ka'toO'tatLKO, xapt'le; aVa9EC<lp!')6'1KE !lE. ~aa'1'ta OlKol<1lllo'ta tOUC;.'» '0 Creange U1(Oat'lplI:EI 6tL to 1376, 01 cvvreXVIE~ IAI!YXav tit I)loIK'lOTl 'toO Aov6!vou' Kal 6n aritv 'HTtELPC<l'tlKit EUp6.lTtT}T) hippo!') 'roue 1(av(,) Otitv t(,ouola ~tOV aKo!-La loxupoup'1 a1(' 6,tL Otitv 'Ayy>"la. '0 "Avto!l :E1l16, 6 Ttpci)'t01(6po, au'toe; o:arO, 0IKOVO!lOA6yo, 1(00 €KavE 'titv tll4lavLoit 'rcu ere Illoa 'toO 190u al<1lvo, Ttapa1(ovlo'tav 1(G:lc:O:K61l0 Kalotlc; !lEpEC: rcu, o'titv 'HTrELPC<l'tlKitEu· pQ1('1 «it oLaKu~Epv'l0'l 't&:lv 1(O>"E(')V~'tav ere XEpia 't&:lvtIlTtOpci)V Kat 't&:lv uXVI'tOV •. 1 :Etitv 1(poY!latLK6T'1'tO, au'tt, ol TtOAITEiEC; ~tav61(('), >"hl 0 Dobbs - KUpWe; ota xtpla t&:lv auvtEXvlOV tOy tllTto' p(,)v. 01 t1(aY)lE>"!latlKte; aUVtEXVIE, 01(O:VLOt1(EKuivovtav 1(EPO aTtO to: Ka6apa 'tOTtLKa !Spla tvo 01 yJdlnr, tOy tl-l1(6pC<lv OUxva evewweoav opaot'1pI6t'lta at t6vIKit Kal at ole6vfl KOIlI-lIO: cpop6: K>..I!laKo. :E'titv 'A!JEplKoVLKit "Hnetpc Kat 16Lolupa O't!c; 'EVC<ll-levEC;nO>"l' eetec. to OUvtEXVLOKO 060t'1!lO, 61(C<lC: Kal T) 4IEouoopXlo YEVIKO:, OEv Kata4lEpE 1(ott vo: otEpI<1loel. Ilep' 6>..0 au'ta fYLvav apKEttc: 1(po' 01ta6ELE, va O'lIlLOUPY'l600v ouvUXVIE, at BopELoatJEpLKavLKte; 1(6AEl,. '0 Commons, OTI!lEl<1lvELOUO 'tho LEe;O:Tt01(ELPI!C: (00 IKovov 1 ct xo).· Koupyol Kol ot u1(06'1llatoTColol Otit Boo't<1lv'l to 1648 xc l 1(pOa9ttEL: c AUTte; 01 6uo, ElVOL ol IlGVE, yVC<lod.~ OTit X<1lpa !Joe; 1(Epl1tt<1l0Ele; OUVTEXVI&:Iv, TrOU 0'llllouPyT)9'lKov Kat KaTO:Kt'loav TO oIKol(,)!la ve pu9!lll:ouv 'to: toO KA0:60u touc: Kal vo: XP'lOIIlO1(OLOOV Titv KU~EPV'l' tLKit I.(,ouolo YIO: vo: hl~6Aouv 'to OE~oOllo o· OUtit tTtv apll0I)IOT'l'ta».' '0 ¢lOVEP !S!Jc.>c:, O'lI-lEl<1lVEI aK6tJa !JLa TtEplT1'tC<lO'l.'titv haLpEla (,u·· >..oupyOv, TtOU OX'lllatl09lJKE OtTt ¢lLAa6tA4II!La to 1724.' ThoLE, opyav<1lou" 1(OU TIc: O:1(O'tE>..oOoav llaar6pol Kol tpyatEe;, KotlAEyxav tOUe; IlLo606~, TI, nilE" tt, OUV9f1KI!, tpyaolo" 'titv 1(016't'1TO tOy til' T1opwIlO:TC<lVKot tit OL0:6Eoit TOU" ~'tav (,tvEe; TtpO, TO KaTtLtaALatlKO I. BQna.vv~x., ·EyxvKl.o1tai3E~a (lx30171j N~a. .. ·Y6Qlnl.;1 'COJ'. 10 ad .. 966. 2. Henry Creaege. Ol cru'n8XV£E" tij .. 'AI'£OL,.,ij.;, Nia. 'Y6QXTI 198'. 3. "AV'C01J.1. :IJ.l.Ut. '0 nMu'Co,; 'ClUv'E&wi)v, Nea 'Y6Qxll 198', au.. 1M. 4.. John R. Commons. 'Ia'Coqia nt~ eQYQaia..; nl .. 'E ..(J)I&in.. nob'n!le~ Nim "Y6QIIIl 1918. 5. B).. Philip Pceer. 'Ia'lOQ(o tOU iOYluu,01i Xlvllf&Il~ fIUV'~VQW no-1..~'n!L6h. ica "Y60XTI 194.7. N -12-
K).IjJ.a. Kat !1tel&iI tholo KMjJ.a !1tIKpatoOae lS1tCole; d&ap.e a"tilv 'AilePlKiI Kat ato: 6:1tOIKlaKO: 6:K6jJ.TJXP6vla, YL' alltO 01 auvTexvlee; KI' la~TJ' ocv ypl'\yopa.
H ANAnTYSH
TH1:: EMnOPOKPA
TlA1::
'0 Ka1tLta).lajJ.Oe; &b o:vam'l6TJae jJ.OvojJ.l.O:e; eec 0:110 to aQlla g t"e; 41eou&apxlae; 1tOO 1tt9awe. 'Anlgeta etvaL ~a9eLte; 01 pli;ee; 'tOU jJ.taa ere 1tpQta a"t0:6La coree toO auatnjJ.aTOe;, lS1tQc; 4lalVataL 1to).1) xapaKt'lPLatlKO: atilv 1tepl1ttCo)al1 tQv 1:1-.l1t6pc,w. '0 't61toe; toO !1l1t6· pou 1tOO Kato: ~6:01J elva I aTOLxeto Ka1tLta).la"tIKO 01t"PXe Kat o:v900aa ere xp6vla t"e; 4leou6apxlae;' Kat tOy oovevrenge O:K6jJ.a Kat arlJv 'Apxala 'EU6:6a Kat til P(.)IJTJ, Ka9c.)e; Kat at 6noue; 1tpoKe41a).aLO· KpatlKoOe; 1tO).LtLajJ.o(lI;. To 4leou6apXLKO auatTJjJ.a, l&Co:Iae atilv to:I;TJ tQv tjJ.1t6pCo:lv tilv ellKalpla ve jJ.Eya).(.)au Kat yO: 1t).out(au, XO:pTJemv o:vtanayil !IJnopeullO:'tCo:lv o:vO:lJeaa ade; ouvtexv(ee; tf1c; 1t6).11e;, to tll1t6pLO jJ.t tOOe; yaLOK1:nIlOvae; e¢yevde; Kat 'tilv o:vO:1t'tut;11 toO !t;Co)'tepIKoO I:IJ1toplou. r lS).ee; aOtte; tIc; CJ4Iatpe~ 6paaTTJpL6tTJto:e; tOUe; 01 1jJ.1t0poL ftewav vo: &11jJ.Loupyl'\aouv 1J0vo1t(.)).la YI6: tOY taut6 rcoc, KI' aOtO to 1ttroxcv at IJl!y6:)'o ~a91J6, IJE O:1tod:).ealJa yO: KuplapXnaouv at 1to).).te; n6).eLe; 'toO Ml!aatCo:lva. 'Av6:jJ.eaa atte; auVt£Xv(ac; 'tQv teXVLtQV Kat 'tIe; )I~Il"u, tQv tjJ.1t6pc:.>v, 6va'4lav (J)()'TJpot o:yQvl!e; YIO: tilv tt;ouala Kat 01 IIJ1t0POL ~yatvav auVl'j9Co)e;VLKTJtte;. 01 Ke41a).aloKpO:t£e; IIJ1tOpoL, atilv o:atajJ.O:tTJ1:TJ o:va(ntT)aTJ vtCo:lV o:yopQv, lJeTa~O:).).ovtav at 1tpCo)to1t6poue; tat;I&I!U1:t~, tUX06IQK"tI!e; Kat tI;EPEUVT)tte;. '0 Ko).6jJ.~oe;, 0 nt rKO:lJa, 6 Mayye).O:voe;, 6 KalJ1t6, Kal 1to).).ot 6).).OL 4lTJjJ.laIJEYOI9a).aaao1t6pOL, tat;(ol!'4Iav YLO: to: au(J.· 4ltpovta TQV tjJ.1t6pCo)v TfI~ x(.)pae; TOUe;, O:vai;TJt(.)v1:ac; auvi!9Co)C; KalV06pYLOUC; &p6jJ.oue;: 1tpOe; tie;: jJ.u9IKte;: 'Iv6tec;. 01 IIJ1tOpOL""'T tt;l!peuvTJtte; a¢TQv tQv Xp6vCo)v, 1tOO OU(J)(o).a jJ.1tOpoOV ve t;eXCo)PLCJTOOV:1tOtooe;: O 1tl!lpaTte;, 0pjJ.oOaav o:).u1tT)ta 6 bae;: Kata toO 6).).ou Kat Kato: tQv l\aQv 1tOU covevrcecev at6: Tal;16La toue;:. '0 Dobbs 1tapatTJpet 1t6:le;: «atil ranIa, n )'tt;TJ 1tELpatile; lit·av auv(.)"YUjJ.TJIlE til ).tt;T) vau).Co)tile;: nxetco ». I I\tyeL hlaTJe; lSn et 411).6:PyupoL IIl1tOPOL «616)'ou 6t vOI6:i;ovtav B:v jJ.ett41Epav ata 6:1J1tapla tQv 1t).oICo)v toue;: CJK).a~oue; f\ t).e41avt660vto, lJant f\ jJ.6:nLva U416:ajJ.ata, '4Ieuoo.pyupo f\ Xpu' aO:41L.TO jJ.Ovo 1tOU toUe; hOlai;1! litav TO Ktpfloe;». 'H XeLp6up'l l:K&n).Co)CJT) Tflc;: o:p1taKtLK6tTJtae;: tQv Ka1tlta).LatQv tlJ1t6pCo)v litav n av6:1ttut;TJ toO &ou).l!jJ.n6pLou atilv 'A41PLKi!. 'E1tt350 Kal1teplaa6tepa xp6vLa, G!lC;a IJla6: toO 190u al(.)va, t laupav OTiI (J)().apL6: Kat jJ.ETt41l!paV 61a tf\e; ~(a~ atT'lv 'AIJEplKiI lKatolJlJupLa Ntypoue;:, aX'ljJ.atli;ovtae; Ko).oaoLatILe; 1tI!PLOUO(E~ 0:1t0 alltO to lJatCo)' jJ.EvO 60u).I!jJ.1t6plO.1::t KMe tat;E1&L ,0: auv1'l9T) KtpSTJ eecvcv 0:1t0 100 G!lc;:1000 0)0. Ot IIJ1topol tfle; 'Icwevtcc, tfle;: ra)'Mae;:, tflc; Ooptoya).'Y6QlITJ 19fT.
~. Maurice
Dobbs:
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Me).JTrI yui ri]'I' 6.mftl~
"JoijKt:"U"Jo;l.l"}'Qij~
N~
-13-
)Jae;:, ElfH1(Ct~~~ tf1e;:'AYYAlae;: 1(at tQy lmOl1(IQy 'tTle;: o1"1\y 'A~e.· pl1(l\, yt~Loay llAOUt'1 ~' allT1) 't1)y d:1Id:y9pu)1I'1 hLXdPllOTJ. 01 f1J1l0pOI, x6:pa(ay O'td: 1(pd:t'1 tf1e;: ElI~:I1l:'1e;: 1I0il eveeeocOOYTay, t1)y 1IPQT'1 t(U)tEPLK1) oIKoyo~LK1) 1I0ALtLKI\ tOOC;:. 'A1Ib tby 150 etcve, 6 «MEpKaytLALa~oe;:» (1:1Jn:opoKpatla) ~'tay 'tb Ka9lEp6lIJE' YO 1Ip6ypal-l~a ~AColY TQy n:PO'1YIJEYColY XColpQy. '0 4>QAKYEp cuvo",U;;EL~E td: n:opaK6:tU) 'to t"mopoKpatLKO 06y~a: «To 1ILb EOtUXl' olJEvO 19yoe;: etvcr aO'to 1I0U 1I0UA6:El 'td: llEpLOa6upa Kat d:yOpd:tEL 'td: ALyQTEpa •. L Ot n:AOUOLOl llJn:OPOL, 1I0U elxay tn:IOT)e;: ytYel 1(at Tpan:Et1tEC; O't1)Y rexecrcte 1IEplooo 'tf1e;: qlEou&apxlae;:, ooYEPy6:(OY' tay O""CEyd: 't1)y Kuplapx'1 t6:('1 'tQy yaLOK't'1.~6yColY, tOue;: od:ye.Li;;aY IJI: IJEy6:Aa 1I00d: Kat xp'1~atOOOtoOoay 'tOile;: 1l0U~Oue;: roue. Ka't6p9U)' yay 1IaytoO 0XEMy yd: ~6:AOUY Kd:tU) d:1IO'tOY fAEYX6 'toue;: 'to 1:~U)tE· PlKO tlJn:6plO &Id: IJEaou 'tQy BaoLAIKQy 1J0YOn:ColALcn<QV l:'tatpLG}y. TttOLEe;:haLptEe;: - 'AYYALKte;:, ranLKte;: Kat 'OAAaYOLKte;: - tYKat6:O't'1ccv 'toue;: llpQtoue;: aUYOIKL0I!0Ue;: O't1)BLptt(YLa, Maooaxouoht'1, Nta 'Y6pK'1 KOt KE~n:tK Ot1) B6pELa ·A~Ept.K1) Kat 9EI!EAIU)oaY t1)y hl~A1) 'tf\e;: BpEtaYYLKf1e;:d:n:OLKLaKf1e;: Kuplapxlae;: wevc otle;: 'ly&lEe;: Kat de;: DAMe;: d:n:OLKIEe;:. '0 O'RA'1O'tOL(~1l0pOL 'tQy xp6YU)Y tKdyColY, O'1~lOUpY'lOav n:O).LutEe;: Otd: n:ap6:).la Kat 0' ~AOUe;: toue;: n:Ota~oue;: tfle;: ElIpQ1tJ)c: n:oil wpoaq,tpoY'tay yL6: 't1) veoerexetc. 'An:o 'toV ty&tKatO ctcve Kat "tpa ciy9LtaY 011l6AEle;:"ou elxay lC'tIO"ELOt1)y'A&pLanK1) Kat O'til MEao· YELak1)n:apaAla 'tf1e;:'ItaAlae;: ka9Qe;:kototily 1lEpLoXiI tfle;:BoA'tLKfle;:rEPl!ayla Kat ;.EKayOLYaULkte;: XQPEe;:. :Etoue;: Ka't01lLYOue;: aIQYEe;: evelItux9'1Kay 'thOIEe;: nOAllEtEe;: eetc 6:Kt"te;:tfle;:~U'tLkfle;: EOpwn:'1e;:,'t1)v 'Ay' yMa, 'tilY 'Oxxcvste, 't1) ranta, 'til ¢lAd:vopa kat 't1)y nOptoyaAA(a.
H BIOMHXANIKH
EnANA:ETA:EH
'H I:n:tK'taOT) 'tfle;: t9YIKfjC; Kat 'tflc;::6LE9yoOc; d:yop6:e;:, OLtYElPE ot ~Ey6:AO ~ael!0 't1)y n:apayU)y1) Kat O'1~LOUPYT)OE I!La toxup6'ta't'1 6~d:6a kaTl:L'taALatG}y I:lJft6pU)y, U1l0aK6:ft'tOYtae;: ('tOl ee 9EIJEALa 'tfle;: qlEOU6apx[ae;:. "OI!ColC;I tt;EALt;'1 au'til 6h ciPkEOE )'loO:y6: 6:Ya'tpt",EL 'to KOLi YColYLKOka9EO'tQe;: Kat yd: tYKa9LOpUO"EL eev Kuplapxo oUO"'lT1~a tov Kan:L'taAla~6. rLO: 'tily I:n:LTuxla all'toO 'toO fpyou lnpEftE ~IJ~ 1IpG}'ta ve y(YOUY ~a9El!c: IJE'ta~oAte;: O'to qlEouoapX1kO 'tp6n:o ftapayU)yf\e;:, nou coveexecmeev ~t 't1)y d:y6:n:TU('1 hoe;: KaLYOupYlOU Kaftl'taALO'tLKOO aroLxdou: 'tQy BlO~'1xayU)v. AOd:e;: ot tn:aYaO""Ca'tLde;: aAAayte;:, ftot) ElXay t1ltOTJe;:de;: pttEe;: 'tOUe;: Oto ~akpUYO ftapEA96y, 0PXlaay y6: 6:noK'toOy 6:lloqlaoLotLKiI O"T)~aola 0't0 6EUUPO IJLOO'toO otKa'tou lK'tou ctcvc. '0 M6:p~ AUL : «T b ntpao~a 6:1l0 to qlEouoaPXlKo 'tp6110 ncpaYColYf!e;:6:KOAou9d 660 &p61!0uC;. '0 ftapaYColyoe;: y(YUal fl!nopoe;: Kat 1. Harold U. Panlkoer:. 'YLlQICI') 19S7. KowQ)'Y11CT) no),mxij tcJ"fOOw' xed ~·A~QIxiK: •• N'-
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K8'taAaLOKpatqc;:, O! aYtL8LaOtoAi\ 1IpOe;:ti\Y aypotLKi\ 41UOIK~ OlKOVO' ~a Kat to'Oe;:.... pioKAE10(lboue;: !Jeoa ode;: OUYTExYlee;:toue;: XELpo"ttXyee;: e 'tf'tc;: MEoaLColYLKf1e;: BL0!JT)xaYlae;:. Alltoe;: elv«c 6 1IpayjJ.atLl(a i .... veceec 'UKOC;:8p6jJ.0e;:. ~ti\5EUtEPT) .... p(1ItColOI"J6 f(l1l0poe;: ytYl!tOl Kat &!J£' E (JOe;:... payColy6e;: ',' 'Alto IOtOpLKi\ &1I0lj11"J, uti\ ~ t~eA~1"J ltpawato· .a a wOLfl9rJKI! a1l0 'to'Oe;:!Jacrt6poue;: t&lv oUvteXYL&lY, ltO'O ElXay 1()..OUTiOEL 6:1tA~vovtae;: Kat aya1ttUOOOYtae;: 'ti\ xelpotEXYLKi\ 1tapoYQY1'l ot Ke· ,aAOLOKpatLKi\ xcreoeovcn Kat a1to 'ti\Y &AAI"J (lepLa a1to ltAOUOLOUe;: il" 1t6poue;: 1tO'Ohey5uoYI! to: KI!41aAaLa toue;: (le tOY [6LO 1tpooaya'toALOjJ.6. 'Apy6tepo, O( j310(lI')XaYOL Keq,aAaLOKpatl!e;:, fo1taooy (le 8La· tapa jJ.eoa ltO'O90: to: OUYOYtfjOOU(l1! eee t1l6jJ.EYO KI!41aAaLO to OUYU' XVLaK6 'tp61t0 1tapaYQyf1e;: Kat c5:YOL~ayhOL OIYO:' OLYO: 'to 6p6(l0 1tpoe;: to ouat'l(.1a t&ly !pyoOtaOlColY. Av'ti\ I') ltopela OI'WalQOE ata9e.pa j3fj. I'a'ta 'to 5boto lj380!J0 Kat otie;: apXEe;: ree 6tKa'fOU 6y600u al~Ya. ~'to (8LO 5Laatl"J!Ja, I') q,I!OU8apXIKi\ aYPOTLKi\1tOpayColY1'l ~LOK6tay o! a1toaUy91!0I'J Kat ~tay hm ~PLjJ.'l YLa tie;: plalee;: OlKOY0!JIKEe;:Kal ncALtLKte;: i1tOyaataOELe;: 1tO'OiTttpxoYtay. 'H BLO(.1'lxaYLK~ 'Eltayaata011 c5:PXLOI!ata !ltoa 'foD 8tKO'tOU 6ySoou etcvc. (It ti\Y aya1t'tU~1"J (.1L6:e;: 6A6K)..'lPI"Je;:oelp6:e;: jJ.l'JXay&!y. veeu tU1tOU, KuplQe;: ati\Y uq,aYtOupyLKi\ PLO(.1'lxayla, !lE tie;: tqt£UptOELC;: toO Hargreaves (1764), Arkuright (1769), Compton (1779) Kat Whitney (1793), O( De Vaucauscu Kal Jacquard 1tpoY(la'toltol'lOaY 01(OU' 5atee;: t.eupeol!le;: erev {810 to(lta, o'ti\ ranla. ·AAAEe;: tv8La.tpou· OEe;:4l1!UptOEIe;: !KalYQY -cv XP6YQv, ~'tOY ot KOIYOUPYLI!e;: i :.atS06ee;:lto'O •• ap(loooy ot Cort KOt Darbeys otO AuGu:n(.1o Kat ti\Y KatepyoO(a toO oL6ljpou. 'H KUPLQUPTl 5(lQe;: i4lEUPEO'l tf1e;: hoxf1e;: ~tov f) KataOKI!Ui\ tf1e;:1tPQt'le;: at(lojJ.TlxaYf!e;:alto tOY Bo:'t (Watt) (1764), 1tOU f(l' .... l;e ati\ j3LO(l'lxaYla a tOY 1tapayoYta «a't(l6e;:', A6't!e;: ot 1tp&!ue;: i4leuptO'ELe;: ata9f)Kay 01 1tp66pojJ.OL tKelYQY 1tOU aKo)..o69Tloay to: Ka· t01t\YO: xp6YLa. ~Uy8Ial;6!lI!YEe;: (.1ETO~Uroue. 68flYTloav Oti\Y aya· 1t'tu~l'J 'toO ~pyoOtaOLaKoO ouotf)(la'toe;: 1tO'O6 Map~ to 6y6(lal;E «"£.uY· xpOYI"J Blo!lTlxoyla lI. Ot aYTLKEL(.1EYLKte;: OUY9f1KEe;: 'tay ~PL).lI!e;:YL' aut!e;: 'tie;: j300'LKEe;: ~ aAAayte;: xet ati\Y ltpaY(laTLK6'tl'J'ta 'tIe;:!TttpoAaY. ~tOY 160 ercvc ol t1tEKtI!1Y6(lEYEe;:ayopte;: l;'ltoOoaY gAo KOt ltEpL006tepa E(l'!topEU(la'ta, lSAQY 't&ly el8&1Y.Mal;ee;: 6A6K)..l'JPEe;: a1tO Ka'tEo'tpa(.1).ltvoue;: ayp6ne;: wpcaq,EpoYtay ve XPI"JO'L).l01totTl900y (7"[6: YEa tpyoOto:oLa O~Y (lLo9Qtot ipyane;:' Kat'taut6xpova dXE '!tpaY(.1oto'!totl'J9Ei OE 'tEpaotla fKtaol"J I') C ltPQtapXLKi\ OUOOQPI!UO'l" toO KE'O)"~lou crtle;: X&lPEe;:tf1e;: 6.UtlKf1e;: ' Eup~1t'le;: (lE ti\Y dopoi\ upaotlQY '!tOOOt-f!'tQY XpuooO Kat aOl"JllLOOa1to ti\Y 'AjJ.EptKOYtKi\·HltI!IPO, 'ti\ AeTlAaolo 't&ly 'AYato)..IK&ly'iy8l&lYKat ta ai(.1o't6j3pEK'ta Ktp8'l a'!tO 'to 'A.ptKaYtKO 80uAe(l1t6pLO. 'Y1tfjpXOY haL gAa to: otolxEia, ltOU ~tay evevsere YLa 'tOY Ka'!tttOALO!l6: evepte;: 8Llj1oo(.1bl!e;: YLa !1l1topeujJ.oto, 61a9tolllo KEq,aAala «et 0:$90YI!e;: 5Uya(lEte;: iJ!lEpO(lLcr6IQV tpya't&!Y. Mtoo 0' au't!c;: tie;: OUV9fjKEe;:yEY' 1. 81. Kdo1Md.Q~:.. Keq:O.Muo. W},- Ill, 0'e1. 393. II. nQ(I)m.QX~II+'O'1JO'O'ooQ!tI"'l0'llO..a\,em.~ ~ P':'UlI ci'pcliQe"'l ,..eO'ow :rQ(IQYCDYil~ liRo lOVe; IUXQO"G(lQYWY0Uo; ;((Ii 11l1Cl'nQo "ou.; ciyQon<;. To ~'lL...oJLe'110 U"o o noll O\Iyo&v6"ovoLlO ,bi1e.mfE/O ~lIO'nie~ liCIt m.wTlln<; n(lo'ly~~xe dOO ,,0') "lIIUO\IQ" Y£o'. Ti\~ ""yoi1l1~ Xll!pCI1..aLOxqO'.nIlTj~ l1oQO'.ymy7j<;.
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Tal ol htavaor6:oau;: OTl" '101lavld", noproyaAAlKe" Kat rallld" aItOLK(E" cmv 'AIJ.EpLKavLKiI"H1IELPO av6:IJ.EOa otO 1790 - 1826. ~ hav6:otaoY'j toO 1830 oTiI rallla. TO IJ.EY6:Ao t1laVaotcnlKo KUlJ.a TOO 1848 Ott') raAA[a. rEPl1avta, AOotp(a, 'haMa, BtAYlo, '10'1Iav(a Kal a' anE" X(;)pE" tf!" EOpQ~, 0 O:IJ.EplKavIKO" tlJ.q,UAlO" 1IoAe1J.0" TOO 1861 Kat ~ rLa1lCilVel;IKY'j hav6:O'taoY'j TOO 186d. AOta to: 6:AAE1I6:A11Aa ~EO'Y'jKQlJ.cna1100 OtO ouvoA6 TOU" encTtAeOav rllv o:onKiI hav6:otaO'1'l, l01laO'av Tt') 0It0V6UAlKiI O'rfIAY'j t1K' ~l!ou6apx(a" Kat lltt~aAav 6PLOtLKO: tOV KaltLtaALOIJ.O ocv to KUp(0PXo KOLVCilVLKO O'uO'tY'jlJ.a. 'E1ILKEq,aAf!t; tOU" Ot0:9Y'jKI! IJ.LO:1Ipo05eutlKiI o:O'uKiI t6:~TJ. 1100 tt')v ~1I00tft~)ll;av Kat tt')v lOltpc.:lXvav ItpO" ta ilJ.ltpO" cl 1J.00l;E'r(;)V o:ypor(;)v, t(;)v lpyatG)v. ta:.v haYYEAlJ.ana:.v, KA1I. 'H o:otlKiI hav6:O'raO'1'l, l~a0'9tvLoe: f\ Kar6:pyY'joe 6A6teAa rllv an:6AutTJ lJ.0vapx(a, Kat6:pY11O'e to IJOvon:QAIO t(;)v q,eou5apXLa:.v art') Yf!, 610:AuO'e rtc t1layyeAlJ.and, aOVtExv(E, Kat rt" «,.xt.l" ...., _ Ta:.v IIJ.1I6pCi1v Ko9c;:" Kat TO:BaO'IALKO: llJ.ltOPIKO: IJ.0VOItQALa. 'H 6:0tLKt') t1lav6:0taO'1'l O:OUV6:TLO'Et')V l~ooo(a T 'If!" Ka90AIKf!, tKKAY'jO'(a" Kat f0'1Iaoe TO 1IAaro 6(KtOO Ta:.V IJ.0VaO'TY'jpla:.v T11', l5Ci1oa laxopt') at9Y'jO'TJ O'Tt')Vo:v6:TrtO~11Tf!, hIO'rt,IJ.11t;. l~aA8 dpl-la O'tt') 60uAo1IapOIK(a Kat Tit 60uAda, 5TJIJ.LoUpYTJO'e ouYXpovo 'E9vLKO Kp6:TO" TO Kat6:voL~E TO5p61J.0 Yla Tilv yopyt') 6:v6:1ItU~Y'jKall~tAl~Y'j T600 If!, ~10' IJ.Y'jXavLKf!"Sec Kat Tf!, o:ypotlKf!, 1IapaYCilYf!" 'H l1lavaO'TOTIKt') 6:O'TLKiIT6:~Y'j.1I6:AaL~E evevrtcv Tf!, TUpaVVLKf!, ~eo06apx(0, Yla Tt')V tAeugepio - tt')v lAEu9Epia lSI1Co>, Til 5IKL6: TY'j, KOt i5X1Ta:.VlJ.al;a:.v. "HgeAe Tilv lAEugep(a aOrt,. YIO: ve KO~8pV6' ~ItCil, v61J.1l;e KaMrEpa, VO: KLVEi TO lIJ.1I6plO xc! Tt')V 1IapaYCilyiI XCilpl, tlJ.1I651a, VO: tKlJ.ETaAAeuETal Tt, fl6:l;Et; Ta:.V lpyara:.v KOt Ta:.V O:YPOTGJV Kat I1t Tt') IJ.IKpOTEpTJ 6uvatil1lapt~aO'Y'j Toii Kp6:TOU,. 'E~ulJ.Y11O'e Tftv tAEu9Epia at 01l0uooia «etueve lSn:CiI,t') 'AlJ.epLKavlKiI c .:\laKt,pu~TJ YLO: TnV 'A\IE~OPTTJO'(O» Kat 0 raAAIKOt; xo:prY'jt; YIO: TO:« .:\IKaIQlJ.aTa TOO 'Av9pQ1I0u». "OIJ.Cilt; fI O:OTLKn TO:~Y'j, n:ort 6tv 1I~pe 01"0: oo~o· pO: 1Iapa I-IOVO OTO ~091J.0 1100 t~UJtI']PETOOOE TnV 1510, TO AalJ.n:po 5Y'jfloKpatlKO n:Ept.EXOIJ.EVO ourGJv Ta:.V 4'11IJ.IO'lJ.tvCo>v KEllJ.hCilV 1100 XPTJO'llJ.EoO'av Yla vc KIVl']tOJtOI11900v ollJ.6:l':;e, T(;)V tKIJ.ETaAAeuolJ.tvCo>v O"tnv lnavO:O'taO'1'l Kara t~t; 4'Eou5apxla, Kat eecoc 19v1,(00, 1I0Al:lJ.ou, tvavdov 6:vtlnaACilv KaTTlTaAIO'tLKa:.V60v6:IJ.ECo>v. "OAE" outt, ot t~EAI~EL, O:4'opoOO'ov TO 1IP0IJ.0VOItCo>ALOKO 1IpOO' OEUTLKOO't6:6LO tOO Kan:ITaAIO'IJ.OO 1100 dAEICilO'E yupCil O'tO: 1880. 'A1I0 rcee O'Y'jl-teLQVOUVTalTa 1Ipa:.Ta 4'avEPQlJ.ata toO 11J.1IeplaAI0'1J.00 1100 a1l0rEAEt tt') 4'6:0''1 1IapaKj.lf!C: toO KaJtLTaAIO'TlKOO O'oO'tt,lJ.ato". 'H o:O'rLlct')In:avO:O'taCTTJ6tv n:eptOpIOtY'jKe art" 1:1ILToX(ee;: 1100 O:vo· ~tp0l-le: 6:1IAQ9Y'jKEKat O'de;: uIt6AOIItEe;: 4'EouoaPXIKEe;: KOt 1J.1004'eou6aPX,KI:" xGJpe, &e;: de;: IJ.tpee;: lJ.a,. OItOrE OtO fva tplto toO K6aI-lOU tYKa9L5pu9Y'jKE 6 ~oO'LaAIO'IJ.O"Kat aPXIOI! t, 1I0pda 1IpOt; IJ.la KOWOUPyla 4'0:0'1']otflv t~t)..L~TJtf!e;:n:aYK00l-llat; KOLvCilvlae;:.'Av6:lJ.eO'a O'tle;:eonKEt; l JtavaOt6:oEIe;: tf!t; tnoxf!, toO [fl1lEpLOAIOflOO, OOj.lItEPIAofl~6:vOV' taL" PCilOOIKn TOO 19:)5 Kat toO Maptl'] TOO 1917, ~ nEpO'IKfI tOO 1906, " KLVEl':;lKft toO 1911. " I:nav6:otaol'] O'lfiv replJ.av(a, AuO'rpooyyop(a kat TOUPKlo TO 1918, Kat crtc 'Iv5IEe;: Kat 1I0AA!" aAAE" 'AO'LarIKee;: o:n:OIK(Ee;:, 'ra XPovla OO'TEpa 0:110 TO 20 1IaYK60'1J.101I6Ae1J.0. O
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l:rlJ IJmcpa 6ulr:pKELa "[fie; lo'topla<; tG)v E6pc.>TI"alK~V auvTExvLG)V. ot XElpotEXVEC; -1IOU encrexcncev to KUPIO a~lJa rev ~lolJllxavIKG)v .pyat~v ata XP6vta toO Meaa[Colva - ~tav ~aatKO: ave~6:ptlltOI rrcpayColyoL KUP101 rev tpyab[Colv tfl~ BOUAela~ reoc , ay6pal;av ollBLOI tl<; Tt"pG)tE~OAe~ Kal Tt"OUAOOoaV1J6VOI to: tEAelColIJEva Tt"po·'6vta rove. 01 auvtExv[e<; Kav6vll;av tou<; apou~ t~V tIlTt"OPtKG)v avtaAAayG:lV. ~p6vttl;av yto: tOU~ 6:ppColatOU~ Ka! tou~ ~AtK1Col[JEVOU<; IlnopoOoav Ked yO: hllpe6:l;ouv ot OTIllavtLJ(O ~a91J6 to Tt"OALtlKO«ceeorcc IlEOa otO 6'11010 l;oOoav. Ot lJaOt6pOL 60uAeuav nA6:', - nAO:·C IJEeeoc KaA<Jl6:6e~. eTxav ouvf\9Cole; [610 elo661lIJa lJal;t tOU~, KaL K6:ge lJa9lltEU6llevo<; IlTt"opoOoe yO: tAn[l;Et nGl~ KCI'I'(Ola IlEpa 90: Ylv6tav KaL 0 i610e;: uecrcpa~. Auto to auotll[Ja, lJe 6t6:<JlopEe; tl3ata Tt"apaHayte;, ~ KUpl!lpXllaE npaKtLKO: at6MKAilPil tfJv Eupt::ITt"Il. l:tl~ 'EVColIJEvEe;Flcxrretec. 1l0AOv6u ol tBlE~ cl oUVUXV[E~ 6!v 6:nOtEAOOOaV OlllJavtll(o ncpcvcvcc, '-'nflpxav ae OMKA'lP'l tfJv aTt"OIKLaKfJ nepl060 xct apy6upa aK6!l'l. tpyaotf\pla oUVtexvlaKoO ronco. "OIlCol<;, autO to ouvrexvLaKo tpyaotl'lpl, IlE tcoc aVE€a"pt.,tou~ tpyal;6IlEVOUe; KaL tfJv 1l0VOTt"ColALaKfJ u<Jlf\tOU, ~tav aA.,9lVo ~IJTt"6BI0 eeev KaTt"ltaAlollO nou avt~alve. n' autO KaL 01 np~"tol KE<JlaAatOKpatEe; npoon6:9llaav Ilt xlAloue; tp6Tt"ou~ yO: to ~y6:AOUV ano tfJ IlEOT)01 EllnopOI Kat 01 Tt"AOU0101lJaOtOpOI, ll3aAav olyo:-olyd K6:tCol ano tOV lAeyx6 rove tie; Tt"pG:ltee; Aee;Tt"OU O XPIlOI[JOTt"OloOoav 01 XElpO· dxve~ KaL nEl"UxaV vCr Tt"OUAOOVUl"ol tOIJEyaAUtEpO IJtpoe; tfle; cvvrea XVLaK* nopaYColyfle;. 'Emnxecv, 6:'110tilv ~noxfJ toO 140u KaL 150u alwva, Ilt to coomue ece «BavEIOlJoOl) fll"fI~ cOIKlaKfle; obcovoIJlae; », «ronncev tie; OuvtExv!e~ otl~ fBLEe;tLe;~6:0ELe;eeoc. vOnCole;HEL o ·'"HtOV (Eaton) t'.6 tpyoMtT)e; - fllnopoe; (oXE66v KE<JlaAOLoKp6:tlle;) ay6p< E nccrec OAE~, lJanL n. X. Kai tIe; 66:vEIl;E ercoc 1J1Kp6tEpOUe;
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XElpod:XVEIO, 'tOOlO ocpavroupyou" ~acpE'ilOKA1t., I!~ 'tOV Opo va "(00 1tOU· Aliv "(a l'tOll!a 1tpo"(6v'ta a~ 1tpoKa9(.)plal!tVl'J xal!'lM ,,(Ll!fI l>. A6"(n i) .... t9060, TrOO&pXlaE O"ti)va)qlav'toupyla, O:1tA(M'lKE .... uayEvEanpaKal o! aAAa t1taYYEAl!a"(a Kat Kupl(.)10 O"ti)v 01taI9po, 01tOU of ouVU:XVIE, 6~v ecxenccv auO"t'll!a'tum CAEYXO. 1:lya. Olya of yxllvre.; hllpEO' l;ovrav lSAO Kat 1tEplaa6't1!po a1tO toOlO 1tAOUOIOUlO l!aO"t6pou, Kal tw 1t6pou, Kat YLa va 6:1tOKA£iaouv 6:1t0 'It, 'to:/;I!IIOroue KawoupYla I!EAIl. Ka9LEpc.:laaV QPlal!tva a6O"tllpO: 1tEPIOPLatlKa I!t'tpa. '0 Dobbs o:vacpEpEl 1tQ, ata XP6vLa 't1110ovceretcc "(G}v Tu6QP. s 1toAAol tpyal';;61!EVoi TrOOMv .... 1topoOaav ve o:vo!/;ouv 6p61!0 TrPO, 'II, OUV'1:£XVIE" iii: i.!1t0XPEQVOuv'tav ve 60UAI!UOUV Kpucpa at a1t6I!Epe, cocplu, f\ ot 1tpoaO"tEla Yla va a1tocpuyouv eev Ka'tarpEY .... "(11, ouvreo xvla, l>. To auO"tll .... "(00 6aVElal!00, a t1tEK"(0:9IlKl! 1tAaUla a'tnv EePQ1t'l Kal C1taL/;EKa1tOlO p6AO Kat eetc'Evc .... EVE,noAlu'iEIO &, 't01tpG}"(o I!IOO eon 6EKatoU Cvvatou ctcvc. Ta txv'l tOU 6LaaQ91lKav &10rexeo'ta'ia aK61!a Kal ....tOpOOOE Kav£t, va 'ta aval';;'lt1'laEI a'ta aV9UYIEWa I tpyaa'tflpLa "(G}v el6Glv tv6ul!aola,. Mia VEa I!EYOA'l cpoall aTilv aVOTr'tu/;'l "(11,~Lol!'lxavla, xet KaTa ouvtltl!la otilv Itp04tap101t01JtOTl 'tG}v XEIPOT£XVG}V, apXLoE I!! "(ilv tI!CPOVIO'l 't11, MaVlI'paXlovfla.;.1 'H cpo:a'l aUTn 6lalp£'iTal ee 6uo 1tEpL6· 60u, 1:'tilv ItpQ't'l of XELpodXVEIO aUYKEvtpQvovTav alya . alya OAOKat 1tEpLOa6npOL o! IJ,EYOAa tpyaOtflpLa 01tOU 60uAEuav Ka't(.) OTrO tOY CAEYXO 'tGlv KecpaAaloKpaTGlV. "Om'), AtEI6 Map/; c 6 OUAAOYLKO, I:p. ya't'l" 1t00 oX'll.laTll';;nal O:TrO eev ouv6uaol!0 ho, apL91.100 O:'tOI!LKG}V tpyaTl3v, etver 6 xapaKT'lpLatIKO, "(U1t0lO I!'lXaV111O 1t00 avnatoLXEi a'tilv 1tEp1060 t11c llaVI~aK(OUpaC •• "E'taL avoL/;E 6 6p61l0, 1tpO, TnV 6EutEP'l TrEpl060. To XapaK,,('l' ploTLK6 T'lC elver fj aVOTrTU!;'l Kal £ioayUlyn IlIlXavQv TrOOan)v apXn ~'tav /;UALVE, Kat opy6lEpa, XapLC OTnV Trp6060 "(11, IlETaAAoupyla, •• 016EptVLE, f 6::tOOALVEC.M' auto rev 'tp6TrO TrPOE'tOll!aoT'lKE 0 6p61!O, TrPOCto Ouat'll!a Tl3V tpyootaa!(.)v. 'H opxn tylVE Kat TrOAL OTnV O· 41avtoupyla. Toce 61!UI, XPElol;ovTav lSAOKol TrEPI006TEpoKEcpO:Aala. Kat auto eev I!1tOPOOOEtriO va 'ta I3pl!i 0 XELPOttXV'lc, 00'1£ K6:v 0 I!E' llov(.)l!tvo, KaTrLTaAloTfle:. 'A1tO autntnV ov6::YK'l yevvfl9'lKE fj 'ETalpla. '0 "Heev. auvotpll';;ovtac OMKA'lP'l aUTn tilv t/;tAL!;Il, 1tOPO't'l' pEi: c'H 1tEpI060, T11, 1l0VUJ!0KtOUpa" TrOOapx!CEI a1to to 1.1100toO 6tKa'tou lK"(OU ctcvc. npl!oTIl;uaL III tn ~loll'lxaVIKn t1taVQOTaOT). OTOd.AO' toO 180u Kat tt, apXtlO ron 190u oll1lva. 'H tTtovaO"taOT] au' tfl, 6'lI-lIOUPYIlOE tllO ouv911KE, yla Tilv 1tAfjPIl aVaTrtu/;1l t11, KEcJlaAoLo, KpaTlK11, TrapayUly11,. Otn ~6:0'l t11, I.IEyOA'l' l!'lxavIK11, ~Ioll'lxav!a'l>. A6'til ~tav i) YEVLKiI "(oOl'j o'tilv EUPQ1tTJ Kat od, 'EVUll-ltvEC FloAIT£iE,. 1:'tilv K!va, tl, 'Iv61EC KOt TIIOCiAAEIO Xl3PE" lS1tou .,. tKI3IOIl'l' xavlO"TJ apXloE CTtnV TrEpl060 TOO il!TrEpLOALal-lOO,n tKI!'l6tvla'l t11c XEI' potExv!alO Y!VIlKE I!! OK61!0 1tLO QTr6tOflO Tp6TrO: TO I!EYO:Aa tpYOOTO' 010 1t00 6'lI.lLoupyoOaav 01 {tVOI KEcpaAOLOKpate" 661lyoOaav tKE'i, oTilv OUVTpLl3n Tl3V XEIPOUxvl3v. To a1tOdAEOl!a ~tov va ol3fjoeL olya· oLya 1'1 XElpoTExvla OOV
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~aau(oe;: 'tp6n:oe;: ~~lO!-l'lxavlKi'ie;: n:opaYc.)yfje;:, VO: n:poXuaplon:Ol'leOoV 'to: !-lilX'l 'tOV aUVTEXVlOV xct VO: un:OV0!-lweoo'o' aUO'T'lf.lOUKO: ot rEnEe;: ct O'UV'tEXV(Ee;:. '0 1l0Kpoe;: o:n:EXn:la!-lEvoe;: a)wvae;: n:ou EKOVOV ot -Ay· yA.Ol XElporEX'o'Ee;: u~ov'toupyo(, evcvrtcv 'toO ouatfl!..IaToe;: Tfle;: tpyo· o'taalaKfie;: n:opaycuyqc; O'TO n:pOTO !-llaO 'toO 190u olwvo, 5ElXvEl !-l10: 61jl'l 'tfle;: t~oeX(CUO'le;: nee n:POKo:XEOOV oUTEe;: ot tTtavOatOnKEe;: flETa· ~oXte;:. ".aC; 'to 1858,!-l0vov ct fllaot6:n::!I 'toue;: Uq.OVToupYOUe;: 'toO riOpK' a6:·(p 'tfje;: 'A yy)..(ae;:, 50uXEua'o' at tpyOOT6:O'IO· Kat O'r'ft rEp!-lOv(a, 'to 1846 un:fjpxav 6:K6!-lO 78.423 XElpOK{V'l'tOI 6:PyoXElOI6:n:tvOV't1 aE 4603 ll'lXavIKoue;: 6:pYOA.ElOUe;:. 'H' AyyXlK" KOt" roXXlK'ft'En:av6:O'too'l Ka'tO· 41Epav ~OpEl6: K'tun:fl!-laTa a'tO ~En:EpaO'lltvo auvTEXvlOKO auat'll-'a, n:ou ll'6Xa eeor« E~oKoA.06e'lOE VO: O'EpvETal &e;: 'to 190 ctovc aT"'o' 'AyyXla, a,e;: 'TO: fllaa 'toO 190u ctovc aT" rEPflollia Kat 't'ftv 'haX{a Kat 6:K611a 6:py6upa O''t"v 'la1twv(aKat de;: o:XXEe;:XOPEe;: 'tfie;: "An:w'Ava· 'toXfie;:. "'E'tOl.. 01 6:VE~6:p't.,'tOl XElpO'ttXVEe;:, l-'ETa~).,1'Ie'lKOV - 6:v E~al' ptOEI KavEIe;: llEplKa IO'tOPlK6: Ko't6:Xoma - at l-'lOeC.)'tOUe;: 506Xoue;: TOV Kan:I'taXla'tG)v.
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Ka"ltITaXlaI..lOe;: o'tpa'toA6YTlaE 6:"lt0 de;: 't6:~Ele;: 'ti'je;:.6:ypon15:e;: ata n:pG)'ta XPOvla 'tfie;: 1#A.1~1'Ie;: 'tOU, 6:K611a llEyaX6'tEpoue;: 6:pleflooe;: tpya. TG)V '116: de;: ~loll.,xav{Ee;: TOU "ltCU «vcmocccvccv. Kat -::0 Ka't6peWO'E lit tie;: auvT'jelalltvEe;: 6:n:6:vepc.:mEe;: llte05ile;: rou. 'H eoctc 'tfie;: TaK'tlKfie;: TOU ~'1av 6:n:M. 'Yn:ExptWVE TOOe;: 6:yp6'tEe;: !YKa'toXE!IjlOUV Til yl'! TOUe;:KOt cEV TOUe;:641'lVE "ltopa lllO: EKXOY1'l: v6: y!vouv lliaec.)'tct Epy6:· TEe;: f) vc n:€eo:vouv'tfii; eetvcc. 1:'t"v 'AyyA.la, 6:n:0 TOV 160 &e;: 'to TEA.oe;: TOO 180u ctcvc , aOrli #j llETa~oX1'I ~'tav "ltoM fv'tov'l. '0 Mo:p~ 0''10 Katpd.l.aw, 15El~E ~€XCol' pla't" n:poaoxn a'tO 410lVOliEvo. 01 1j1I"jA.te;: Tlllte;: ecc n:pOa4lEpE " u~aVtOupYlKil ~lofl'1xavla lit 'TO llaA.Al, 'tp6:~'l~av 't'ftv n:poooxn rev llCy6:A.Colv yaloK't'lf.l6vc.)v Kat 'TOUC;: 651'1yT'joav aT1'Iv 6:n:6~aaT'j v6: 41P6:~ou'o' 't6: KT1'Illa't6: TOUe;: Kat va 'ta pe'tatptljlOUV at ~00'K6'ton:oue;:. 1:'10 i510 516:at.,l-1a Kat Yla -roue;: f510Ue;: YEVlKO: X6youe;:, ct yaloKTitliOVEe;: n:poon:6:e.,aav va En:EK'tE{VOUV de;: t· K-r6:0€1e;: ace Kautxav, at ~6:poe;: 'tG)v XCo:IPIKG)V. ·Y"ltoA.oyll;E-ral lSn at llEPIKEe;: BpETaVVlKEe;: KOll'l'1dEe;:, et c n:EpI4lpaYlltvEe;: yaIEe;:» €41tavav 'to 500)0'. 'H ~l0f.lT'jxavIK" hav6:O'taO'11 tTtl'16:XuvE 'to puef.lo au'tfie;: Tf1e;: E~tXl~"C;:. 'EKEi eeo, 6:IIO:f.leaa at6: 1710 Kat 1760 etxav "It€Pl4lpa.xeet 116Xle;: 300.000 a'tptlillata, ot'ftv"lteplooo 6:v6:I-1Eaa a'to 1760 Kat 'to 1843, 6 6:plefloe;: 'tG)v OTPEliliO-rCo:lV 6:v€~a(vel ato: 7.0()0.000.' To 6:n:o'ttXe· alia ~TOV ve 6lColX900v Kara f.l6:l;ee;: ot 6:yp6tee;: 6:n:6 'ta XColp6:q.la -roue;: Kat va «cecvenccov va 1teIVOOIl Kat ve 6:X'l'tEUOUV. "On:Co:Ie;:XtEl 0 Map~ c aut'ft " E~t).,l~'l, f5ColO'E -r'ft 'II'! Ot'ftv KEq.aXaloKpanK" EKlleTO:XA.EU0'l. 'til f.lE1:t~aXE at cccrcnxe atOlXe.to 'too KE4IaXalou Kat 6T'jl-lloupY'lae Yla Tte;: ~lo!-l'lXavIEe;: -rG::lv n:OA.ECo:IV't"v 6:n:apalTT'jt'l a'tpaTla hOe;: "ltpo· XE'tapl6:'tou «EXEUeEpOU Kat EK'tOe;: v6f.1ou •. '
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1. John Eaton • Ilo~mxT) Olxovo!lill ~ Nell 'Yo,",x,!, 1919, <I " 9. Dobbs • Md.zt@~ yl4 1'1" u'I!lll:ru;I) 10U XlIl1:ulll.CJII.Ou., <I, US. 8. KU(l~M.i(l~ • Ke<plll..:lLO' HIli "(0t'x'! 19H 1 1, <I au -:!()-
'AV6:AOYE~ t~E>..t~El~ aT}(-IElQeT']KOVxct 01:" rOAAl:I. 01:0: 1:Kav6lvaulKO: KPO:1:'1 xct 1:" rEp(-lovlo. Mo:l;E~ OMKA'1PE~ 6:YP01:Qv atEPI'\9T']KaV n) yf1 1:0U~ YIO: va XP'10l(-lonOlT']eOOV 6:n6 1:0Q~ KEqlaAOloKp6:u~ ~::p!'dt~1:f~~~ ~1:!~~AC::~.~~~:~~~~~~K~~~~l~~O:;ia~~~~1:~a(-l~ eee cn6 q101kt 1:Qv 6:ypo1:lKQV t~EyEPOEG.>Vc 6:nEAEuetpG.>OE• l:UnLKa 'tOQ~ TtO}"AOQ~ 60UAOTt6:pOU(OU~. 1:0Q~ (-IUE'tPE~E ot aKdl(-lOve~ ayp6u~, tpy6:'tE~ Yf1~ xct (-IlOeG.>'tOQ~ 60UAOU~, X6:PlV 1:f1~pOUOOlK'1~ ~lO(-IT']xav[o~ TtOU'ton evc eruccercv. TOQ~ f6l0U~ aKOTtOQ~QTtT']pnOOOE xct " XElpOqlhT']aT} 'tQv 60UAOTt6:POIKG.>VTtOU 0'1(-1ElQeT']KE 01:i\ rEpiJa· via (-IE'to(Q 1807 Ka11816. 1:' oL)'t"v 01 XG.>PlKOI~xaoov s6:Tt6 'to ha 'tpl'tO &~ 't6 (-IlOO 1:f1~TtEpLOUOlO~ 'tOU~ •• 'H 'AYYA[O ~'tav TtAT'](-I(-IUpl' O(-lEvT']6:TtO 6:Tttv'topou~ 6:Af1n~ xct o'to naplol uevc, anG.>~AtYUOl, QTtf1pxav 80.000 l;'1'tl6:VOL. AU1:ou~ 'tou~ t~oeAlG.>I.IEvOU~, nElVOO(-lEvOU~ Kol ~Eo1l'I'tG.>'tou~ 6:vepQ1I0U~ 1:0U~KUVT']YOOoov 1IOV1:00 6:AU1I'1'tO, 'tOQ<; q1UA6:KIl;ov, 1:0Q'; uccrtvcvcv. Tecc l!:anpG.>Xvov hOl v6: ylvouv tPOql'll Yla 'to: KaTtl'taAlOtLKa tpYOat6:0l0 nOQ 610PKQ~ TtOAAOTtAaal6:l;ovtov. ylO: til 60U).ElO: ota 6poXEta Kat 6:pyotEpa Yl6: 't6 livolY(-IO 'tQv 01.6'1' p06polollKQV ypOI.l(-lQv. <DUOlKO:!AO oU't6:, ~tOV I~G.>6:1101:0U~ 0'I(01l0u,; l 'tQy XElPO'tEXVlKQV OUYtEXYlQV, TtOU ewc . OI.y6: 1!0~T']vov. T6 6p61.10 100 tpyoatao(ou, nflpOY at. >..tyo 01 yuvaiKE~ Kol ta 1I016LC~ 1:Qy i~oe)uG.>I.It.vG.>Y6:ypOtQv. Kol Iqleooov ouv'to(-lO Y6: ewenAOOy 't"v nAElotpT']cllla tGlv ipyol;o(-ltvG.>v o'ti\v Qqlov'toupylo, rev Ttl6 TtpOXG.>PT']I.IEvO KA6:60 'tf1'; KEqloAalOKpO'tlKf1~ ~to(-lT']xaYlo,;. 'Ano 110M TtaAT']6:, 01 yUVOtKE~ Kal 1:a nOl6l6:, 60UAEU'OV 0't0: q1Eou6aPXIKO: aypo· K'tfl(-lo'ta, 6XI O(-lG.>'; Kat 01:1~ XElpo'tEXVlKt~ OUVtEXy(E~ xet 't6: tpyacnl'\' pia. Mt.oo 0't0: KEqlOAOIOKpa.'tlKO: ipyoo1:6:ola, uno~Al'\eT']KOV at. (-Ila 6YPI0 tK).IU6:AAEUaT}. XG.>pt~npoT']you(-IEvoo1:flv lo'topla. 01 KEqlOAOlOKp6:U~. TtOU6tv vOl6:l;ov'tav Ttapa YI6: 'to dp6o~. 6t otlktv'tav oOu I')AII(la, oOu q1UAO,Kat uTt0xpeG.>vov 1Ial616: 5 ~ 6 XpovQv, VO: 60UMUOUY (-IEXPl ecvcecu. 1:'tt~ 'EYG.>(-IEvE';nOAnEit..;, II TtP!>Auoplonol'laT} 'tQv q1'tG.>X6npG.>Y 6:ypo'tQY I!YLVE ot. K6:1IG.>~l0qKlPE'tLK" KauUeUVOTJ. KUp(G.>';Ooupo aTt6 6 'ti\Y iTtOY6:o'tOOT'] 1:00 t 776. oTt6n " K01tL'tOAlatlK" ~lO(-lT']xav(o 6PXlOE v6: evcwecccercr 6p(-lT']tlK6:. 'EKEi, 01 III y6:Aol yalOK1:Ij(-lOVE~ 6tv Ka'ta4'Epov vc 6fl(-llOUPYI'\' oouv (-IOvOnQAlO 01:" yf1- 01tc.:H;IYlYE ttcvtou o't"v EQPQTtT']- Yla'tl lKo'tov't6:6E'; EKO'to(-l(-lupla otpe(-lllo'ta i~OKOAOUeOOOov va ~(oKOVtal cna ).tPlO 'tQv 'Iv6l6:vG.>Y' Kat aTt' 061:6: EOKOAOpncpceee Kovd~ va 6:TtOK1:f10El a KOIlIl6:n Yf1~, '001:600 ata aTtOIKloKO: xp6vla Kat O'tOV h 1tpQ'tO KOlpO 1:f1~AT']lloKpado~, u1tf1pxov 01:t~ 'A'tAav'tlK£'; aK'tt.; 'tf1e; xQpa~. TtOAAOt eE6q1tG.>XOl6:yp6'tE~. 6:no 1:ou,; OTto(ou~ ~Yf1KOV 6:py6'recc o'tpaut~ OAOKAT']PE~ tpyo'tQY Yla d~K01ll'tOAlcnIKt~ t1flXElpftoEI~, "Oeev tnEK't6:eT']KE Kat O'ti\V 'A(-IEPlKi\ 't6 ouo'tT'](-Ia 'toO c60VEl0(-100., nou OTttol~ d60llE fOXUOE m"v rexecrctc q16:0T'] 'tf1.; OUY'tE' XVlOll.f1~ Opy6:VUlCJT']';, 1 1116q1tG.>xot6:ypou.; fHooylvT']Kay 0 uqlavtoup· vet Kol noTtOu't0f16E~' «et apy6npa O'tav 6:PXIOE v6: 6:vOTttuooual 1:0 KEqlOAOIOKPO'tlKO oUo1:T'](-Ia. ~'tov 01 (6101 1I0U ytlllOOV 'to: ipyo' O"(6:OI.a. Mol;t (-I' autou.; (-Iua'tp6:1IT']Kav ot (-IIOeCiltOU~ ipy6:'tE~ xct 01 YUVOiKE'; Kol 't6: nOl616: roue, 6:no to: eectc Tt,OAAa (-I1tf1Kav nAT']PQ-
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~a'la o..OO~ o..6)'00~ 1"Glv 6:A.lEOtLKGlV, 1"Glv q,a).aLVo9'lplKGlV t ( Kal 1"Glv t~'II"OpLKGlV f\ tmpa1"LKGlV 'II").OIColV. (MtO'a O'tOV 190 etcvc 'Ioo).6:Xl0'1"0 100.000 tpy6n, ~'Iav 6'11"aO'xoA.'l!ltvol 0'£ Va01"LA.LaK£, t'II"lXEl' P",O'EL,). Of 6yp6n, 60UA.E~aV t'II"IO''l, YLC!rvO: 6Tl!lLOOpY'l900v 'll"oA.H~ 6'11"0etc 'll"pGl1"E~ plofJT)xavIE, 'I~, x~pa~. To XEL!l~va, \~hav 'll"LO: d xeoave ~ 0'0YKOIJL61'1 'll"I'IyaLVav 0'1"6 660'1"(Kat tpy6l;ov1"av crtc 600' A.EL£, 1"~, ~oA.Efa~ 'll"OUElXE 1"6n 6:pX[O'El va eveneoeeercc 0'£ PlO!lT)' xavLK1'I K>..tlJaKa. I:tO: XColpL6'100, t~ aAAoo '10: POpO'06E~Eta, '10: 01' 6Ep66LKa, of IJUA.OL,XPTlO'lIJO'll"OloOO'av ijA.O Kat 'll"epLO'0'6tepo IJl0'9Q' 'tOU~ tpy61"E~. MLO'O'll"po).u6:PloL 6:yp6u, ~tav of 'll"pGl1"OL av9paKColpuxol. Kat at ijA.E, O'XE66v tl, VEE~ 'll"OA.L'tElE, Kal tl, 'll"aA.T)t~6'11"OlK[E~ 600).EU~ 1"1'1 01'0: IJlKpa tpyoO'1"60'la O'L6T)poopy[a, Kat O'tO: 6poXEta O'l6t,poo, '11'1 py6:l;av dpa paO'LKO:of 6:yp6n, 1"~, 'll"EPLOXfI~, 1:1, QPE~ '11"00EtXav tA.EugepE, 6:'11"0 1"1, YEColpYlK£, aO'XOA.[E~. To [6LO, ct XColPLKOt!:'!I"al~av l 0'1(006ato p6A.0 O'1""V Ka1"aO'KEu" 1"00 66lKOO 6lKtuOO, 0'1"0 avoly~a 6L(,)PUYColV Ka[ O't1'lv Ka1"aO'KEu" 1"Glv O'L6T)p06po(.lLKGlvypalJlJGlv. ~E1"O'l 01 'AlJepLKavot 6yp61"E~ O'tc!r9T)Kav 6:'11"0 traA.T]6, trT)Y" O'1"pa'loA.oyla~ YlO: 1"" pLolJ'lxavla nco 6LapKG)~ enexeetvcvrcv.' I:d, 'EV(,)lJtvE~ Jtcxreetec. 1'1 trpOA.E1"apLOtro(T]O'T) 6:ypona, 'ti'l~ aKO' A.OU9nO'E Kat svev 6:A.A.06p61J0 ~ova6LKo O'XE66v emv tcecptc 1"00 xcttltaA.LO'IJOO. rLad O'tn PlOlJnxav(a atroppoq,I'I9'1KE 0 !lEyaA.UnpO, 6:pl9· (.l0, 1"Glv aypOtG)v trOU Kataq,9avav O'tnV 'A!lEPlKi) YLa vc Kc!rVOOV 1""V 'tuX'l 1"00,. '16La[tEpa uO'upa lmo 1"OV tlJq,U;\'LO tr6A.e!l0 1"0 o:yponKO O'tOlxeto, ~tO'a 0'1"0 PEOlJa 1"Glv j.LE1"avaO'rGlv1I0U 6lapKGI, OYKGVoVtav, yIV'1KE me troA.06:pl91J0. MEpLKot lItr' au"[ou, 1"OU, c!ryp6u, 6:tr6K't'lO'av KM'IPO' ct 'll"EPLO'0'6upOl ijIJCol, ppflKav 600A.ELO: l'i} pLoj.LT)xavla. To cncO LtA.EO'j.La~tav 'll"Q, ertc 6PX£~ 1"00 trpGtOU traYKoO'!lloo troM~oo, 6:'11"0rexceecv 1"I1V trA.ELo~T)q,[a, 1"0: 800)0 f\ Kat trEPLO'0'6upo 'IfI, tpyana~ ertc 'll"L0 IJEy6:A.E~pL0!l'lXav(E~: 1"00 x6A.opa, 1"00 K6:ppoovoo, 1"fI, uq>av1"oopy(a" 1"fI~ ~UA.E(a" at" pLOj.LT)xav(a 1"poq>[!l(,)v. 1"t~ vaund., pe'taq>opt, K.A..tr.
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I:t Ka!l!lLO: c!rtr6 1"t, XQPE, 1"00 vEapoO KatrLtaA.LO'1"LKOO K60'!l0U 6ty Utrflpxe 1"60''161~a YLa tpVc!r'tE~, oo'1O'1"I1V 'A!lEplKavLK" "Hrteipo. Kat tr009EVO: 6b XPT)O'L(.lOtrOlfl9'1Kav 1"60'0 pavauO'E, (.lt906E~ 00'0 exer. YLO: ve ppe900v 6:V9p(')trOL VO: 60UA.t~ouv 0'1"11 !IT)xavLK'' PlO!lTlxav[a. MLa 0:'11"' tht, a '11"00 tq>ap(.l60'tT)KE KOp(,), ad, BopELoa!lEpLKavLKt, lI'II"OlK(E~ 1"fI,'Ayy>..ta~,~1"av 'to O'uO't'l~a 1"oO«O'0IJP0).a(ou tpVaO'(a~». (indenture). Me 1"0 O'uO't'T)~a aut6, (.lar;;EuOVtaV tpy61"E, c5Xl 1J6vo 6'11"0'tli" BpetcvVlKO: v'lO'La 0:).).1i" Kat 6:trO 6L6q>ope, xGlpe, di~ a.o'tLKfI' Eup(:)ttT)~ Kat crexvcvrcv O't"V 'AIJEpLKn O''tLPayj.LtvoL O't« Kap6:pla - q>tpEtpa» 01l(')~ 1"0:A.tyav, YLO: va 600>..ttl'oov 0''I1i" tpyoO''t60'la. 'EKEL Elxav 1""V unoxpt(,)O'T) ve tK'II"A.'lPGO'oov 1"00, 6poo, 1"00 «O'0IJPo).a[oo» 'll"OUElxav
1.
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60ukeuay O''lo~~ 6:ypo~~ Kat O''l6: itpuXeto 'lOy 6:4IEYt"lKOY 'reuc. btll;oy 'l1~ 6:yapt91JIlte~ liKKkllO'le~ 'lou~ KOt nli9aLYoY IJli0a m:ny nelYo Kal tOY KatatpeYlJ6. • Kavtya~ 6tv l~alpOOYtay. OOte 01 vovctKe~, oOte 'l6: naI616:, IJfju ol ytpol. "'Okol Ji'laY uTtoxprc.>lJtYOL Ya UTtIlP8tOOY IJIi l!Ike~ tOU~ tl~ 6uYO:lJel~. to: 6:4IeYtLKO: touC; ... Kal tty 16uxyoy to nOpOIJLKp6upo OT)I'6:61 6:6uYol'lac;. to IJQO'L'IYlo lne4lu o:M1tTJ'la O'tl~ TtkO:te~ reuce.' To 6:Ttapxolc.>lJbo olKOYOfllKO O'UO'L'llfla tOY 'IO'TtaYOy«ct to 6:yo:koyo nOll XPIlOLlJonotllOQY 01 nOptoyaHol atn Bpol;lkla - yli.vYIloe yptJyopa t'ily lJol;LKfI 6:nlataOT) 'loO ukll9uoIJ00 KOt 6:Tt66el~e nr:::.~ 6ly IJnopoOO'e vc l~a04laklO'el 'lnY tK!J8.tO:Heuoll tOY 'ly610:Yc.>Y. rl" ach6, Kat fjitkOKkllP6)tlKn KO'lo:ppeucT! tOU Jitay 1J6YOYl;tJtlllJa Xp6You. 01 lTtaYOot6:oeL~ no~ f,tOTtaO'aY at 6k6d'IlPIl 'l'iI J\atlYIKn 'AIJEPLKtJ, O:TtO 1790 G!>~ ee 1826, O'6:P6)O'ay ta unokellJlJata to 'loO ouO'L'fjlJa'lo~ 'lfl~ 60ukonapolKla~ KOt 0'L''il9tO'Il tou~ 6:noKa'lO:O'tllO'aY to ouYXpOYIO'lJtvo Yla 'l"Y tnox'il O'uOtllIJa 'loO .ntoYlltl; •. Ol 'ly616:Yol KOt 6:py6upo 01 • XElpa4lE'tTIlJtvol NtypOl», ~'lay nl6:, 'lUTtIK6:, lke6gepol lpy6:te~ TtO~ 1tkllp~yoYtay YL6: 'l'il6oukelO: 'lou~ 0'L'6: itpuxeta, to: lpyoO't6:olO Kat t"l~ 4IUtEtE~. ::Et'ilY 1tpaYlJa'lIK6'lllta 61Jc.)~, tnu6n nalpyay flL090 eetvec, Ji'laY 'Jf6:Yta OUO'tlllJa'lIK6: 6eIJtvOlIJt Xptll1l'p6~ toOC; yaloK'lfjlJOYeC; Kat hal Jitay 1l'6:kl Ol(k6:pol O'tnv u1tTJPeo{a 'lou~.·H Ka90hLK" lKKkllola - 6 fleya).uupoc yaloKtfllJoya~ at" N6na 'AflePIK'iIt4l6:pIJ0l;e aut" t'il IJt9060 lKIJEt"6:kkeuOT)C; IJt tray 1610' tpax,ut'lta 1tO~ tray l4l0:plJ0l;ay Kat ol cillol, .povdl;oYto~ 1J6yo yO: 1tpo0'9hel Ka\ «en no~ antppu 6:no 'la 9plloKeu'lLK6: tll~ Ko9tJKOYta .• 0Inan6:6e~:o 6:ya.tpEI "Columbia Fucyclopedia dKIJEt"akkeu6lJeYOl 'In 6etm6olIJOYla tQy 'IY616:Yc.>Y, tO~~ 4I6ptc.)YaY IJt upa'l~6llnoO'o: YlO: K6:ge 'Kkk'lOlaatIKn kel'loupyla au~6:yoV'ta~ hal 'l6: xpt'l 'lou~.· AiYto 'lo O'uOTTJlJa tfl~ enc60ukc.>0T)~ IJt rllIJt9060 tQy XpeOy, KUPlO'PXet 6:K61Ja Kat cT!flepa O'L'"Y aypotlKn O[KoyolJla tf1c;:J\atLYIKfl~ 'ApeplKfl~ Kal6:nouket IJla lK4IPoOT) toO OUO'ttJIJOtO~ 'loO YEQIJOPOU TtOO ouyaYt6:tOl O'tI~ y6tle~ noklTetE~ tOy ·Evc.>lJtvColY nOklt"EI&"Y. ::E'lIC;1tpOU~ 4Io:O'el~ 'loO KOTtI~akIO'IJOO. IJla 6kkll IJEy6:kll 1tllyn Otpatokoyla~ YI6: 'l" 61l1J10upyla tpyo'ltKfl~ 'l6:~IlC; Ji'laY tJ 60ukela 'lQy NtypColY. Auto to upat06e~ ceetnpe, Ji'lOY 6:yomuYlJho )CUplc.>~ OTI'Iy 'AIJEpLKI'I, 6Ttou ~O'ta~e 6:no tl~ 6:pxt~ toO 150u eteve ~ to 6Eunpo IJLO'OtoO 190u ctcve. Keneo 6eKaTttvre tKO'lOfl!lUpIO Nt· YPOI nl6:O'tIlKOY Otny 'A4IPIK'iI Kat at'6:k9IlKaY Ot"Y 'AfleplKaYLKn "Hnerpo. Kal lSnc.>~ Uel 6 N'lulJ1toua (Du Bois) nev'lonkO:OlOL 6:no outoO~ 1tt9ayaY Ka'l6: 'l" 6la61Kaola 'lfl~ IJnaqtopa~, O'L'"y 'A4IPIK" 1'1 O'tn 96:· ).0'000'. "Oeev t1t1 dkou~ " eecxete KatapytJ91lKE - 'lO 1790 O'L'"y • AYttJ, otl~ 'IOTtaYIKt~ 6:noLKle~ to 1810-26, 0'L'1~ BpE'taYYIKt~ o!1Utl· xt~ 'ly6le~ to 1838, O'tl~ ·EYc.>lJtve~ nokltete~ 'lo 186), at" Bpal;lkla to 1888-6 OUVOkIKO~ 6:pI91J0~ tQv Ntypc.>Y 1toO xelpa4lEttJ91lKay ~tOY 15 &~ 20 'KatolJflupla. 1. Jobn A. Crow: (To I~ 2. Columbia Enc:yc:lopedla. TIl; Aafl,"~ 'ApeQI1fI\;~. N.·YoIl'"l1946. N. 'Y6vxt! 194.1. a. 1568. -24-
01 Nf:YPOl OK).,6:POl dXav j.lnaTpan!t IJt tTl pIa at tpy6:ue; Yf1e; nou unoxpeQvovtav KatavaYKaatU(a vc 50u).,f:lJlouv, tee • to'a Yla VQ Z;f1O'ouv. 'H 6c.u).,e(a ~tav paO'LKtle; OIKOVOlJlKtle;O'Uvte).,EO'tTle; at6 nay· k60'IJIO eocmgc tfle; KEcpa).,aIOkpatlae;. t600 atTl cp6:ofJ t'f1e; npc.>tap· Xlkfle; OUOOQPEU01le;. 600 kal6:py6upa o"[Tlv tnf:Kt'aar'l tfle; PIOllfJXavtec kal "[f1e;Kanlta).,LatIKfle; 6:ypot'lkfle; OIKOV0I-«ae;. '0 Mapf, yp6:cpOV' tae; at IJla bOXTI nou " 50u).,Ela t~akO).,OUeOoO'I! VQ un6:PXEL, l).,EYE: c 'H 6:VOlktTl60u)"da dval t'600paOIKTI YIQ t6vkanLta).,l01!6, 150'0 elver 01 IoI1lxavf:e;, 01 ftLOt'QOele; K).,n. XCo:Iple; 0u).,oue; 5tv Uft6:pxeL !lnalJft6:kL' 6 xCo:Iple;IoInalJft6:kL6tv U1t6:PXI!I OUYXPOVll pl0I!'1xavla. 'H 60u).,ela l6Co:1oe ode; 6:nolK(Ee; t'Tlv 6:~(a neo lxouv. 01 6:noIK(Ee; IJt tTlv O'l!lp6: toue; 6'1' IoIl6UPY'l0av t't1 nayk6oIJl0 tloln6plo' Kal ttl ftaYK60'loiLO f:lJft6pl0 eeeeexet t'Tlv npoOn69E01) YIQ tTl 61l1J10uPy(a tf1e; !lEy6:).,fJe; Pl0lolfJxav(ae;. '"EtOL" 60u).,da eneeexet O(kOVO!lIKTIKot'1yopla IJEylot'1le; ar'IlJao(ae;:..I or veapte; PIOlol'1XavIEe; t'f1e; M. Bpetavv(ae; kal "[G)v 'EvCo:IIJ£vCo:lvO).,ln tl!lG)V, Ka9cl)e; xet 6 n).,oOt'oe; tf'Je; unokpltLKf1e; Kecpa).,aLokpat'lae;, IJEy6:· xceev set 6:v9Loav x6:ple; O't'Tl60u).,da ftOU tpocp060t'OOOE IJt IJftalJO 1I:6:kl t't1v ftltl paolKtI K>..6:50 1I:apaYCo:IYf1e; "[fle;boxf'Je;: t'Tlv ucpavt'oupy(a.
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III.
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'tOy ~.av'toupy6 T1;a[rn.u; XapYKpl']~e;(James Hargreaves). M.t tie; KMu' a'tLKte; I1I']Xavte;, !!vae; .PYO:'tI']e; I1TtOpoOaE va 60UAEUEl 16 -18 a6po:xna ta6t6xpova, o:vd YUI to !!:va TtOll 60uAeuE &Ie; reee. "Ya'tepa O:Tt6 autn 'tnv ~aalKn t.EupEaTj aKoAo6el']aav 6:vap(eI1TJ'tee; O:AAae;. 'H ~lOI1J1xavlKn t1tavo:a'taOTj etXE O:pX(uu. '0 BpEtaVVlKOe; KaTtltaAlal16e; 1tpoXColpoOae "Tu6: j.I~ Yly6:vna ~n' l1a'ta TtpOe; 'ta tI1Ttp6e;. '0 I%)p."EVYKEAe; ypa.EllStl: u'ATto 'to 1771 &Ie; 'to 1775, etcevcvecv a'tnv 'AYYA(a K6:eE XP6vo 1tEpbtou 5.000.000 Attpee; chadpyaato l11tal11t6:Kl· 'to 1841 elanXeTJaav 528.000.000 Al· rcec » 51']A. 1toa6tTjta 100 .opte; (.IeyaAu'tEpTJ· utO 1738 «crccxeoeaeTJKav 75.000 j.lO:AALva pOOXa ato West Riding 'toO rL6pKaalp .• ' To 1834 dXav Ka'taaKEuaaElEt 940.000 KOl1j.1O:'tla. Tnv hoxn hdvl'] n u.av'toupy(a ~tav n TtLO6:vaTttuYl1hl'] ~loj.lJ1xav(a 'tfle; 'AYYA(ae;TtpO:y(.Ia 1tOU ouvt~alve Kal at lSAee;tte; XG:lpEe; tOll f(.l1talVaV ato 6p6(.1o 1 tl'le; KaTtl'tQAlanKfle; t(tAl('le;. Taut6xpova lS(.Ic.le;, cvcnrocccvrcv yopyO: Kat O( 6:AAee; I!L0(.lI']Xav(Ee;. Xaple; ade; •• Eupeaele; nco fYLvav an' ~Loj.lJ1xav(a xutoal6~pou. aO't6e; 6 KA6:60e; TtapaYColyfle; 6:vamuXeJ1Ke ypflyopa. '0 -EVYKEAe; aTjj.lELQVEl1tQe; tvG:l to 1740 n auvoAlKn 1tapaYColyn al5ljpou avepxov'tav a~ 17.000 't6vvoue;, 'to 1834 f.eaaE aXE' Mv tOlle; 700.000 eevvcuc. 'E1t(OTje; o:va1tt6XeJ1KE yopya il 1tapaY(i)yn Kappouvou, lSTtc.le;a(vEtal . Kat O:Tt6 toUc; 1tapaKO:'tCol6:ple(.l06e;: l:.te; KOj.l'lntEe; Northumberloud Kal Durubam uTttlPxav • 'to 1753,14 6pu· xeta· t6 1800, 40 6puxEta· 'to 1836, 76 6puxeta· to 1843, 130 6PUxeta •. •
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1:'t<flv [6lCl Tl"e.p(060 b,U.LlOUPYOOV"(ClV a"(<fl Xa,pCl bCl Tl"UKVO61KtuO lmo al6TJP06pol-.IlKte; 660ue; KClt 6la,puy.Ee;. KClt l!yQ fl M. Bpuavv{a tt,dJa' eovrov 6pj.l'1,,(LKO: t j.le.yaATJPlOj.lTJXaVLKil6t)vaj.l'1,"(oaTl"tpj.la a ,,(f1e;auy· XpovTJe;PLOj.lTJXClvtae;dXe. O:PXtae.Lvc C$lu"(pa,vu «ct ode; 'EVColj.lhEe; FloAL'tEiEe;,"(<flrClAAICl KClI "(il rEPIlClvta, Tl"OU tTlp6KEltO vo: t~EAlX900v Kat autte; at KClm"(aALauKte; XQpEe; Tl"pa,'t'1e;ypClIlj.lf1e;. 01 ~AYyAOL i!py066tEe;, Ilt "(il YVColOt" KEcpaAClLOKpCl'tLKr'tO:TI"ATJ' cetc, !Kj.lE"(ClAAEUOVtClV de; a'fpClut1; tQv j.lLoEIColtQV 60UAColV &e; "(0 IOXClta ~PLCl 'tf1e; 0:"'9pa,TI"LVTJe; aytOXf11;. 1:'t0: Tl"ACltaLa "(00 cpEou6apXl' KOO aumllj.lCl"(o<;, ot XELPO"(EXVEe; ct ~lOIlTJXClVLKOttpyau1; "(f1<;I!HO' xf1e; !KEiVTJ<; 60uAEUav Ill. pu91l0 dverc Ka! I:oOaClv at aXE'tlKO: KCl' Ate; auv9f1KEe;, '0 ~EVYKEA<; yp6:C$lu Tl"c;,e;l KCl"(6:O''taoTJrev UC$lav"(oup' f yQy nctv 6TJj.lLOUpYTJ9EL auO't'1lla 'tQy tpyoataolColII' (c ~tay Tl"oM xc . "(0 AUUP'1 O:TI"'~.'tL il Ka'taa'tClO''1 'tQv 6la66XQy'toue; . .6.tv elXClII' A6yo vo: Tl"0pCl60u).,EUOUV."Exc vcv ~0'160UAElO: i'j9EAClVKat nap' tsACl ClUta KEp' 6ll:av Ooa XP£l6:I:oVtay. Kat dxay ncvro KalpoYlO: VO:tpy6:I:OV\lll t:!:Ipl' OIJEYEe; (SpEe; ode; UYlEly!e; OUY9f1Ke<; toO KliTloU ~ "(00 XQpacploO •• 1:t"y KalvoupYla KaTl"LtaAlouKil !TIoxil ol tpy6:'tE1; ~pt9TjKay vO: 60u· AEUOUY 00: OKA6:~Ol Kat VO:I:oOv o.ily me llaupTJ C$l'ta,xua. t<flv ~pa Tl"OUct KEC$laAaloKp6:ue; yya,pll:av IJlO: Tl"pc.n6:Kouo'tTj Tl"OAU'tEAELaKal xAl611. Kat au't6, pcxcvcn 01 KalvouPylEe; j.lTJXaY!1; dXav au~IIoel 't"v Tl"apaYColYLK6"(Tj'ta'tf11;tpyaota1;. nap61l0LEe; OUY9f1KE<; xct O:K61la Xe.L· ~ p6npee;, !TIp6KEltO oUVtolla vc 6l0j.l0PCPCol900y ot OAE<;'tte; d).,Aee;xQ• pEe; Tl"OUaKOAou9'1oav "(0 6p6j.l0 die; Kam"(a)"lo'tlKf1e; ay6:TI"tU~TJe;. '0 ~EVYKEA<; 6tV£l ato C$l'1lll0j.lEVOPl~AtO reo' IJlO: tp0!J.aKnK" O:AAO:Tl"latn etxevc YlO: "(te; OUV9f1KEe; ev Bpercvvcv r tpya"(Qy otl<; Tl"pQ'te<; 6EKan'1pt6Ee; 'tf1c; ~lOIlTJxavlKf1e; !TIavO:o'taO'TJ,e;.Ot tpy066u<; 6uv6:IlColvav ouo't'1lla'tlKO: "(nv tKj.let6:).,AEUOTJ jJ.aKpalyov"(ac;.1't 6l6:p· «ere 'tf1e;tpy6:aLj.lTj<; "IlEpae; Kat K6~ov"(a<; 'to Tl"paYlla,,(lKO j.lepOKO:j.la"(o. O( tpy6:ue;CiV'tPE<;,YUyalKEe; Kat Tl"aL6lO:- 60uAeuav 12 Ill. 16 c'SpEe; .0 ££KOOl'tUp6:ColPO YlO: ~va jJ.l090 Tl"OU6!v j.lTl"OpOOO'E KaAu'l'el .Ie; vo: 0'tOlxEla,6ue; ~LO,,(lKt<;o:v6:yKEe;' Kat I:00oay at C$lO~Ept<; "(pQY).,E<;~TI"OU. Ka9c;,<; AEU 6 ~EvyKEAe;, jJ.6YO Tl"p60ColTlaII tKCPUAlOj.lEva cpuolKa, xcupt<; Ka!J.j.llO:O:V9pc.>IU6:,cptaojJ.tya O:TI"Ooc.>jJ.a'tlKil Kat r')9lKil CiTl"O~'10"(0 hi· Tl"E60 "(00 K.llyoue;., j.lTl"opoOoav VO: petvcw. '0 auyxpov6e; jJ.a<; O{KO' vOj.loA6yo<; Kuczynski', 6:vacpep6j.lEVOe;atitv 6:XaA(VCol'tTjtKj.le."(6:).,AEUOTJ Tl"OU ecxceccv o(mpQtol ~AYYAOl KEcpa).,aloKp6:"(E<;,yp6:cpu: «~'tav O:BU· vnrc VO:aU~Tj900v Tl"Eploo6npo ot (Spee; tpyaotae;' ct j.llot:lol 6!v pnepoOaav VO:Tl"EPlKOTl"OOV 'T(OAU'Kat fl ovetc "(Qv tpya'tQv 6tv j.lTl"OpoO· mo OE VO: cncvepeoeet necrccerepc. 'AA).,OlQe; 90: crcpcrcece ,,60UAEL6: •• 'H o:v6:TI"'tU~Tj"(00 ~pe"(aVYlKOO Kam'taAlOj.loO, ljJ.TI"aOE 'tn xa,pa at jJ.lO:Tl"Ep{060 KUK).,lKQy O{KOVOj.lLKQV«ctceccv. Tl"OU~EOI(OOOav K6:ge 6tKa Tl"EptTl"OU XP6vla. '0 Mo:p~ 6:vacptpEl au't!e; d<; Tl"pa,'(j.lEe; tKOVO' O !J.lK!e; 6:vaata'ta,O£le; Kat OTJIlEla,yu av6:IlEoa rcvq, d<; Kp(OEL<;toO 1815, ' 1925,1830,1837,1840 KATI".Tl"00 Ka9E!J.l6: "OU<; OKOPTl"OOOE KalvoupYla o:yColvta o'titv tpya.lKit "(6:~'1' MEoa a' aOtt1; d<; ouv9flKE<; " Ka'taOtaCJl'l ~ 2. jurgen "Evyxe4. ~'H xa'ta"l'a,,'l 'ri\~ lQyal'lxfj~ 'ta:;'l~ ",Tjv 'AyyUa.:. KUCZYDSki.cl:\lvD1ixe~iQya"La~OTT] "uxTj Ei>QtO~'l' ·yo('x.... .1989. ~ N. : -27-
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'H I!lo~TJxavl1dt bavaataat'! Kallj a'XI!TU(O:yopyl') ava1nu~TJ TfI~ ~o~TJxaYlae; lppI~e tou~ Bpetavvoue; tpyatee; at al!a<J1'aKTTJ ~Tc::,XEla Kal tK~eTa)..:{euat'!. "Ercv evcueee TOUe;yevvlj8TJKe (l:yan6~eUKTa Ij 61aBBat'! Kal I') n:pc::,TTJKtVTJaTlYIO: av't!<J1'aat'!. Ot BpuavYol tpyal;6~Evol' aYd6paaay ~t 6Ia~opoue; tp6110ue; a' alhov 'tov KawoupYlO, napa80~0 Kal tllldy5uyo tX8p6: n'lv Ke~a)..aloKpaTIKIj tK~ua)..)..euaTl. TI'\Y boX" tKelVTJ 15",~, TI~ lIpGhEe; 6TJ)". 6EKal!Tlee;: ~ETa Tie; Kupu::.UPEe;: t~eupt08Ie;:, 'to lIpo)..uaplaTo ~Tay (h6~a avopyo:vc.>tO, Xc.>pi~flyea[a, Kat av'tllJuc::,lIll;e yla lIpc::,TTJ ~opa TO lIp6B)..TJ~a tfle;: lIa)..TJe;:TOy tpyatOY Yla TO: 6IKau::.~aTa rcu. MIO: a1l6 de;: npOTee; floPJIte; n:ou 1ri'IPE I') Ta~LK" evrrcreen atO ~eKlvTJ~a TTJe;: ~Tav 01 aU)..).0yol «~L)..lae;: ~ Kat «a)..)..TJ)..01!0fl8Elae;::t. Mtaa (J' at>.:oue;: 01 lpyane;: tvcvcv de;: lIpooTtaBtlte; eeoc ve 6:V'tI~ETCollll. ccov O''tTJPLYlJtvol O'TIe;:6lKte;: TO.O<; uYa~l!le;: T"V avepy[a, 6 t"Y o:ppc::,. ererc. ta tpyanKO: aTux'fl~aTa, TO: yepanla, 15)..ee;: TJ)..a8i] Tie; nepl' 6 lItc::,aEIe;: b;etYEe;: 1I0U l(atCol allo TI'\V Kan:LTa)..latll<I'\ h~l!Ta)..)..euO'TJ, 6 lpyaTTJe; fllEVE 61xCole;q,Col~1. 'H a)..)..TJ)..ol!o1'!gela 6tv l)..uYe pt~La TO lIp61!)..TJlJ.a, anon)..oOae l51J.c.>e; hapfllJ.a .pO~ TO: t~lIp6~. n' aUTO I<al '~~avla8TJ"'E a1l0 TO: n:pOTa KI6)..ae;: xp6Vla TOOKamta)..lo~oD at 15he;: aXE60y Ti~ xOpee;:-T"v 'Ayy)..[a, Tie; 'EY. nO)..lutEe;:, til ra)..)Ja. rep· gevte , Pc.>O'ala, 'lanColY[a K)..lI.-Kal httl;TJO'e IJ.t t"Y IJ.IO:~ 'ti]v 6:)..)..TJ ~oPJIl'\ &e;: tie;: ~tpee; ~ae;. 01 tpyaTee;: yp'flyopa npoon:a91')O'av ve I!E)..'tIc::,OOUYIJ.t T"Y no)..lTIK'fl 'toue;: 6paaTl. T"V aB)..la l<ataataO'fl TOUe;. XpElaO"T'1Kav l51J.f.le;: no)..)..ol ayOvee;: Yla ve ayol~ouy TO 6p61J.O. "OTtCole;elvaL YYColatO I') aO'TlKi'! Ta~TJ, <J1'0: lIpOTa xp6vla Tfj~ pLOIJ.1')xaYIKfje; i!naYaO''toO'1')e;: dXe ul08u'flael ~ya O'xenl<O: n:P006EU'tIKO 51')~OkpatIKO 1I0)..1'tIKO n:pOypalJ.~a, IJ.t 0'1(0110 ve t~aa~a)..[O'El 'tl'\v 6n:OO"T"l\p1~1l OV n:po)..etaptColv eev n(6)..ec.>Y «et toO KaIJ.1I0U O''tOY T ayc::,va T'1e; evevetev TOy ~Eou6apXIKOv yaLoKtTJ(J6vc.>Y. "Oeco 1111KpaT1')aE " aaTlKn havaO"TaaTl-kup[Cole;: aTilv 'Ayy)..la, Tie; 'Evc.>~tVEe;:nO)..ITEtE~ Kal ti'! ra)..1..(a - bet 01 ytOI cuvecvgceoeet XapTEe;: n06 61')IJ.LOupyfl9TJkay ~tay ye~atoL allo )..a~lIpte;: 6laK1')pU~ele;:, YLa ti'!Y IO'6t'1Ta lS)..c.>v TOy O:y8pc::,n:c.>Y. fib dYal )..011l0y neplEpyo. TO YEyOYOe;:15't1 01 tpyane; aneuB6voYTaY a' aude;: tl~ Kul!epv"aele;: Kat l;'1ToOO'aY yO: TOUe;:avaKoucplO'ouy. no)..u nEplO'O'6tepo Ylatl at 110)..)..OU~ I:p1'atee;: ~tay al<6IJ.a i;c.>TJple;: 1 ayalJ.y-fpele; ano 'to h(nE60 0 'tOy ~loeOV Kal t[~ O'UyBfjKEe;:60u)..l!la~ <J1'1e;: ovrervtec. c n:OU pu81J.1CoYtav IJ.t T"V n:aptlJ.paat'! Tfje;: t~ouO'tae;:. r pflyopa l51J.c.>e; tpyaue; 01 lIPOO'YElc::,9rtKay 0'T'I'l OK)..TJpi]lIpaylJ.a· 'tlK6TTJTa I(al d6av lIQe; 01 Kul!epy"aele; tou~ I!plO1<ovtav O't ~Eya)..o ~81J6. B;v 6Xl 6)..OK)..TJpc.lTIKa, Ka'tc.> a1l0 TOY l)..eyXo au'tOv eev t61ColV Ke~a)..aloKpatOY, n06 TOU~ .t':K1J.£Ta)..)..EUOYTaV I!appapa O"TO:pyo<J1'a· t O\a TOUe;:.Mtaa a' aude; tfle; O'UyBfjKee;, 6ty to()e;: flJ.EYE 5),,),,1')lJ.0pqli'!1I0)..lTIKfje;:6paO'1')l; - av t~alptO'el xevetc t"Y 6:volK'tn tn:avuO'Ta'tIKi'! n:a)..TJ
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- 0:1I:0"d.. O:vacpopt .. 11:p6. 't1'lv Ku~tpv'101'). "000 YlO: 'to fHKahol(.la .pit. cpOU, a6to 6b t)1I:f1PXEYlO: -rl.. 1I:Aanl!" (.IO:l;E"~" 'to: pecc 'toO 160u ctcvc , Katalm~ auvt~alVE 6Xl pevc 0't1'lv 'Ayy).{a o:AAo: Kat at 1I:0A· At .. 6:AAE" Ka1l:L'tahLo'tLwt .. Xa.PE", 1I:0U o:tr6K't'lao:v O:KO(.la O:py6tEpa. "01l:c:.> AtEL 6 Cole Kat 6 Pcsteate'. .. O"t~ M. Bpuo:vvla Kata 'to 1801, i] 1I:AELOl4'I'}I1lla Ta.V (.IEAQV 'tf1" BOUAf1.. 'tQv KOLvoTI'\'tCo:lV (254 f&pE ..) !!C. U:yov'tav ucvo 0:11:05723 lIp6ac:.>1I:a, 0"t0: 6EKO:jJ.LautKa'to(.l(.lupla 1I:A'1' 9ua(.lO 1I:0U dXE 't6u i] x"pa. "Eren 01 O:O'tLKt.. Kufkpvf)OEL .. , 0:1I:tPPLmav 6Aa 'to: a['tf)(.Ia'ta 'tQv ipya'tQvYlO: ~EAdCo:laTl ten l-u0900Tou" Kal'to 1802,6'tav 6A.6KA'1P'1i] tpya'tLKTl 'to:1;'1fcpTaoE lILO:0't0: lSpLaTf1.. !K(.Irt&tvl· O1')"I4''1~OS'1KE0 1I:pQ't0.. v6(.1o" Yla 'to: !pyoO'to:ola, Kchc:.> 0:11:0 't~v 1I:IE01') 'ta.vI;EaTlKc:.>l1tvc:.>V !pyatQv. 'Apyonpa'to 1819, 'to 1829 Kat 'to 1833,01 !py6:u .. Ka'ttKt'loav (.It 'too" aya.VE" 'to~ Kal aU.ou .. 1I:ap6flotoU" E6EPYE'tLKOUc;vO(lou", MLO: 6:AA'1 .... oflcp~ o:vtlO"tao'1" 1I:0U XP'10l.(l01l:01'loav ol !pyO:u .. 0't0: 1I:pGha XP6vLa 'toO Ka1l:1'taAlafloO, ~tQV i) opyavc:.>(ltv'1 O[KOVO' (lLK1'IouvEpyaala. 01 !py6:n .. YLa v' 0:1I:0cpu)'ouv 'tilv l!v'taaTl 'tf1" KecpahaLOKpa'tLKf1.. !K(lUaU.EuOll" 6'1flLOupyoOoav &LKt.. 'toU" O!KOVO' flLKE" tvGiOEL" TI.. «K01l:Epa'tI~E". (ouvuaLpLO(.lOU,,), TI .. lILO 1I0AAt .. cpopt .. 01 6pyavGioEL" a6'tt .. ~'tav 0:1I:0KhElOttKO: Ka'tavaAc:.>uKt .. , Ka(.l· (lLO: cpopo: 6(l~" o:cpopoOaav 'tilv r&la 't~v 1I:apayCo:lYl'\. 'H Eneyclopedia Britannica o:vacptpEl 'tilv 1I:pGi't'1 ouvEpyauKil to 1761. nap6.... OlE.. 6pyavGioEl" &TJflLoupyf)SIlKav at 1I:0Ht .. 1I:6AEl" Kat KCo:I(l01l:0AEL", 'A1I:0 'to 1820 Kal ~oupa, KO:tCo:l 0:11:0T~V hI6pao'11too EtXE 'to KIVTJ' fla ece P6(l1tEP't ·OOUEY, 01 KOllEpa!I~E" ava1t'tuXSTJKav ot 1toAo flEyaA'1 KAI(laKa' Kal6:PXLoav ve AEL'tOUpyOOv ouO"t'l(.la'tLKO: (.IuO:'tov OX'l(.lauolJ,o 'tf1" CP'1(.1LOl'tv'l" 1I:pc.l't01tOPLaKf1" ouvEpya'tLK~" 'toO P6't0' vtal'lA (Rochdale) ('AyyAla, 1844). 'H O[KOVOI-.lLK~auvEpyaola, fl' 6ho 1100 &tv fl1tOpoOaE 1I:apo: ot flLKPO ~aS110 vo: ~EA'tLGiaEL rt .. epcflEpt .. auvSf1KE" l;Co:If1 'tQv BpuavvQv .. !pyatQv, ~'tav 1tpOc:.>PlO(ltv'l ve 1I:all;u o:pyoupa, 1I0Ao oo~ap6 p6AO, 6XL flOVO 0't0: BpE'tavvLKO: VIlOLa o:AAa Kal at 1I:0Aho: ahAa !SVl)C:Q tpya'tLKO: KLvlifla'ta Kat ad .. 6LESVEi.. auvoLKaALa'tLKt c 6pyavGioEl",
Ana
H KATAHPO<l>H TOVL EPrATEL
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L'tilv 1tEp1060 11:00 !l;u6:l;ou(lE (1764 ·1824) 01 !l;a9AlCo:ljJ.tvoL Bpeecvvct ipyO:tE" &b 'ltEploplaS'1Kav fl6vo ve cpttO:xvouv hGioEl" cpLAla.. Kal K01tEpad~E", f\ vo: u1I:0p6:Aouv o:vacpopt .. o'tilv Ku~tpv'10'1, o:AAo: o:val;litTJoav Kal1l:LO hn9E'tLKt .. fltS06E" ylO: vo: 1tOAEfll'\aouv 'toO .. iKI1EtaAAr.utt .. 'tOU". MlO: O:1t' aUtt .. , 11:00 1I:ijPE O:I;LOO'1flEic:.>U"6la<nOOEL" otilv 'AYYAla, ~tavi] KataOtpocp~ 'tQv fl'1xavQv. nLO ouO't'l' flatlKO, i] 'taK'tLK~ au til 6:pxLOr. va i.qap(l6l;nal OtT'Iv ocpavtoupyla KU' plCo:l 0:1t0 'to 1811, B:v Kal'tO: 1I:pQ'ta tEtoLa KpoUO(.lata XPOVOAOyOOV' .. 'taL 0:11:0 1I:0Ao vCo:lplupa O:K6t1'l. "'H'tav flLO: h6i\Ac:.>0'1 0:1tEh1l:Lala.. : ~ and Rostgate 'YOQX11 HH1. e The- British Common People>, IH.6 - 1938 N.
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O( 6q,avtoupyot1t00 nencevrev cecoc &p611ou~ OotEpa 6:1t6 tl\ XP'lOll101tohlo'l tG':>v ll'lXavlKG':>V 6:pyaAelG':>V,O'tptq,oVtaV llE AUOOa KatO tG':>V ll'lXavG':>v 1tOO tI~ ge<olpoDaav 61ta(tle~ t"~ &uotuxla~ tOu~. 'E1tIKeq,aA"~ aOtoO toO KIVilllatO~ ~taV I!va Alyo - 1tOAO IJ.U9lK6 1tp60<ol1to, 6 C Ntvt A6:vt» (Ned Ludd), 1tOO etXE YIO 6plJ.'ltilpl6 tOU t6 &6:00~ toO l:tpYOUVt, YV<olot6 Kat6:1t6 tl~ lO'tople~ toO P61J.1tLVXOUVt. 'Y1t~pE,e, Ot' 6:A1'!9ELa, t6 1tp60<0l1to aOt6 ; 01 COle Kat Poetaete vcceeuv 1tQ~ c Kat c5:v 6:K61lo. o1t~pE.e. 6tv etvaL YV<olO't6 1tOLO~~tav ». n6:Vt<ol~ t6 K{V'llJ.a ~1tl1pE.e. Of Outll1t~.· 6:vaq,tpouv 1tQ~ KatO tl\v I:E,tYEpo11 tQv c AavTLtG':>v» (tG':>v 61ta&G':>v toO Nave Aavt) to 1811-12 «1tAil9'l tE.eyeplltv<olv tpyatG':>v 1tOO &poOoav Ilt K01tOLO 6pyav<olIJ.tvo tp61t0, KattOtpEq,av ta lJ.'lxavillJ.ata uq>avtoupyta~ Kat KalJ.!.Il6: q>opa Kat t6: tpyoOtOOLa t6: 161a 1). To Ktv'llJ.a aut6. pp~Ke pagel6: 6:m'lX'lo'l ot ~AOU~ to~~ tpyate~ Kat 01tCil~6:vaq>ipouv of OOtlJ.1t~ ctpyal;6lJ.eVOL an<olV Kat'lYOPLG::Iv, Kat paolK6: 0{K0661J.0L, 6:v9paK<olpUXOL K.a. 6:K61J.a Kat ecvtapOI c::,PlO!ltV<olV ouvtaYIJ.6:t<olv 1t00 Ota9IJ.E6av ot i1tapXlaK6: xevtpa, !.I6:l;euavxpillJ.ata YI6: va to tVLOXUOOUV». Aerct 01 6:yG::lVE~KatiA'IE.av OE 6::VOIKtl\ tE.tyepo'1 tG':>vtpyatG::lv uq>avtoupyla~. 'H Kupipv'101l yl6: va Kata1tvlE,el t6 Klv'1lJ.6: tOU~ Kattq,uye ot iE,alpETLK6: OKA'1PO !.IETpa pfa~. N6: tl ypaq,eL 0XETLK6: it BPEtaVVIKn 'EYKUKA01taI6Ela: «01 E,EO'1K<olllivOl 'py6:te~, etxav tilv 01t0otflpl€''1 t~C; KOIVI1~ yv<'>!l'1C; Kal 6tv Kattqluyav otl\ pIa Kat tilv a(!.Iatoxuola, 1tapo: gevcv Otav OtO 1812 I!.va otpatl<oltlKO 6:1tOo1taolJ.a OK6t<olOE !.IIO OIJ.cl6a I:pyatG':>v uotEpa 6:1t0 a)1t66elE,'1 ecn tpyo66t'1 XOpOq>OAK... 'H 6pyav<olon tOUC; 6laM9'1KE 1tPOO<olPlVO, OOtEpa 01t0 rnv IJ.Ey6:A'16tK'1 1tOU lylvl! OtO Hcrk to 1813, Kal1tou etxe eev 0:1t0tEAeolJ.a v6: KpE!.Iaa900v 1tOAAOt tpYO:tEC; Kat va tE,opl0900v aAAOI. 'Avcueee ota 96IJ.ata 96: 1tpi1tEl vc ~tav Kat 6 1tpaY!.latlKoe;: Ntvt Aavt, Ylatl it opyav<ol!.ltv'l 1tO:A'1E,aq>vIKa ota!.lO:t'loe 1). 'AV6:AOya E.e01t6:0lJ.ata ytv'1Kav Kat to 1815-16 ot6A6KA'lP'l OXE60v tilv 'AYYAla, !.It €1tIKEvtpo 1taAI to NOTtlvYXa!.l. "Hrcv ta 6uoKoAa xpovla 1tOU 6:KOxcoaqccv to ttAOe;: rev Nencxecvncv 1toAt!l<olv. r autil tl'tv nepl060 E,EOTrOOOOV 1toAMe;: enecvtec Kat tE,EytPOEIC;, Kat opyav<.>9TJKav 1topetec; 1telvac;:. Ot AavtltEc;: aUt~e;: t~C; TrEpl6Eoou ypoq>ouv of Colle Kat Postgate, 6tv eTxav 00 ot6xo 1J.6vo tic; !.ITJXavte;:, On<olC;o 1811 -12. t O:AA6: oMKATJpO to ouot'1!la tG::lv tpyoOtaOICilv. TrOO anelAoOoE !.It O:ATJ9Ivl'ttK!.ITJ6tv10'1 tilv XElPOtEXVlKI\ uq>avtoupyta.l:a 1tOAAtC; neplnt~OEle;: 01 tpy6:tEe;: !Kalav to Ktlpla Kal KattotpEq>av t6: !.I'1XaVn!.lata 1t00 !.ItooOoav». To KOIVOPOUAlO, rccpcvpevc o:no til lJ.aXTJtlKotTJta TGlv tpyatG':>v,tJlnq,loe El6lKOUe;:veucoc 1tOU tntl30Aav paputaTEe;: 1tOLVt~ ode;: treprTrT~OEI<; Kato:otpoq>flc; !l'1XovG':>v' Kat iI Kup~pVTJCTj Kato6l<olE,E IJ.E tOU~ 1tpO:KTopec; Kal ta Opyavo: t'1<;, 8AOUe;: exetvcoc TrOU f::TrOlpVaV !ltpoe;: OE TETolee;: tK6'1A~OELe;:. ~tOI, 01" E,EOTJK<ol~tvOluq,avtoupyot Ktunn9TJKav Kal 0 O:TreA1tlOIJ.EvoC;o:y~va<; rove oU\ltplq>t'1KE. Mtoa a1t' aOtl\ til OKATJPl't1telpa 01 tpyotee;: f::!la9a\l 1tQe;:to l;i)tTJlJ.a 6t\l ~Tav ve KataO'tpaq>ouv tie;: !.ITJxavte;:, O:AAOva tl<; nopouv OtO xtpla TOU<;,61Kte;: roue. Kal ce anEe;: XG::lPEC; otiC; 'Ev. Flcxwetec, tn raAAla, tn rep~ey ant Beatrice Webb· .'101'0(>'<1'toii:Iu0t3n,a1101l0ii~. -30N. 'Y6Q"I] 1920.
(.Iavla, 'to BU.YlO K).tt. - 01 t:Jq,av'toupyot KaI6).)..oL I:py6:n:e; tto)..oLll'av Yl6: vo (.Iilv XPTlOL(.IOttOL'1800v (.I'1Xavl:e; ttOU 'tOUe; ~K't6'nl;av OttO 'tIe; 60u· ).elie; 'rcuc, nou8£vo lS(.ICo)e; eeeet et oyG:wee; 6h q,800av o'til jJtaL'1 (.lOp· .ilttou 1l11pav o'tilv 'Ayy)'la, Ka'ta 'tIe; opx~e; 'toO 190u etcve.
01 AnEPrIEI.
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nepa lS(.ICo)e; O:ttolS).o oi)'tO: 01 Bpnavvol I:pyO:ne;. YlO:ve ttpoo'ta' reoecov 'ta OU(.lq,tpov'to 'ecuc. Ko'ttq,uyav 0't0 lStt).o 'tf1e; O:ttepy(a~ KOt enilv opyO:VQC1l) OUV6LKO:'tCo)V. 'H O:1(epyla 6ty i\'tav Kon 'to O:OUvfj8L' eec orllv 'Ayy)'la. 'Atto tto).i) tta)..'1a 01 Bpnovvol tpyO'tEe; XP'10l(.lo· nOLoOoav au'tO 'to (.IEOOyui va xexoeeeeoccov 'toue; ~L080ue; Kal de; cuv~Kee; ~pyoolae; roue. '0 I.16vEO Kat i1 Beo'tp(K'1 06t(.ltt o:vaq,tpouv d· ecrec iK6'1)'tJoeLe; o:ttO 'to Xp6VlO 'toO MeaolCo)vo, eveueec atOUe; t~Co)· OUVUXVLKOUe;I:pyal;ol-ltvoue; 1(OU j.l.O).LO'tO oX'1j.1.o'tll;av Kat d6LKte; tvtJ· cere yla va U1(ocn'1pt~ouv 'toue; oyG:lVEe; eeoc. "O(.lCo)e;1 06yXpov'1 O:ttep· i vtc eav j.l.EOOo:ytJvo xpovo).oyehoL 0:1(0 rete 1(OU ct tpyoue; fxooav 'tilv 1610K't'1a(a tto:vCo)Old: tpya)..Eio 'tf1e; 60u).ELfte; 'tOUe;, j.l.t O:nolE).eOlia va nioel 'to fJlonK6 'toue; I:tt(ttE60. Kat aUTO fYLve lit 'tnv aVOttTU~'1 'toO Kattl'ta).LOj.l.OO. 01 06il1tte;. O:VOq,EPOVVTil 61'}(.ILOupy(a tto).uopL8· l1Co)vOUV6lKOTCo)Vcnnv'Ayy)'la, OttO TO: IJIod: TOO 170u etcve. Olip· yo:uc, ypi1yopa Ko'to).afJav ttG:le; 61i8uav ba cecosctc lS1()..O: Til 66valJ'fl TOUe; va o'talJaT"'oouv 'tilv 1(opo'yc.>yil. K6fJov'toe; hOL TO:Kip6'l 'tG:lv I:py060'tG:lv TOUe;. O( O:ttEpy(ee; eeoc TO: TlpG:lTO XP6vlO. etxav fJo· OLKO: OttLKOXOPOKT"'PO Kat auv",8c.>e; OTpt4l0VtOV evavrtcv T l-Iel.l0VCo)I.IE· yc.>v ipyoo'toolCo)v. To ouv6LKa).lonKO Klv'lI.lO, c5:PXlO'Eve eve-reoceeecr 6PIJIl'tLKa Kvp(c.>e; uO'TEpa 0:1(0 TnV E.vOP~1l lf1e; fJwll'lXOvIKf1e; havoOta01le;, KOtd:'to rexeorcrc 'tpITO TOO 180u olc.>vo. 01 tpy066tEe; ffJOAOV 'to KOLVO' fJ06).LO KO! "''''4IIO'E TO 6POK6v't£10 N61l0 TOO 1800 (Combination Act) nou 8ECo)poOoe ttapo:v0l-l1'} K0:8E 6:ttEPYIOKTl KOt O'vv6lKo).latlKTl tK6 ...• ).Co)o1'}. 1 tpyoTEe; 0:"'1l4lC:lYtoe; lSAOUe; TOUe; KIV6uvQue; 6ty Utto'tQX8'l' 0 xcv, 0),),6: 1(apafJl6:l;av QVOlKTO:OUTO TO N61J0. 01 OM'Il1(e; O1lIlEL&!vOUV ttG:le;ct d6IKeUj.l.EvOI tpy6:ue; Tf1e;ttEplOxfle; ron l\o\l6(vou c 6ty ~Tav tto't~ ttlO KaAd: 6pyavc.>l-ItvoL a1(' ~.n Otd: Xp6Vl0 o:vQlJeO'o OtO 1800 Kat to 1820», TnV 1(Ep1060 6'1).. 1(OU il 6:vTlO'uv6IKO).IOnKn vOIl08EO'(a [O'xue ce lS)..'I 't'le; TnV EK'toa1'}. 01 ElOIKEUl-ltvOI XElpoTtxvEe; - 'tUttoYPO:4IOI. 01K066j.1.01, PO).oy6:6Ee; - 6:1(OTE)..oOO'ov a' oUTiI "(Tlv1(Ep(060 'toO 6:vEp. X61-1evov KOttl'tO)..IOl.loO, bo eT60e; tpyanKf1e; 6:Plo"(oKpodoe;. 01 ~.u080( TOUe; qJ80:vav 6:ttO 30 - 50 OE)..).(VIO Tl\V tfJ6oll06a, 'tnv ltJpa 1(OUot tpyo:ue; 'tf1e; <I KalvouPYIOe; fJIOj.l.'IXOV(oe;» Kat El6LKO:die; U4Iov'toupyloe;, 'tf1e; O'I61'}pofJI01J'lXovI0e; KOt 'tG:lv 6pVXE{c.>v, nt8aLvav Tf1e;eetvcc. 1(ip' vcvrcc 10 oe)')'lvlo 'tTlv tfJooll060. Ai)'tie; 01 rexeorctec Kot'lyoplee;. tt6:)'ou~ov hi Ke4l0).fle; 'tG:lv tp. yo'tG:lv ode; O'K).'1p6uPEe; o:ttO de; O:ttEpy(ee; Tf1e;tnoxf1e;. '0 Hutt' eveq,tPElI6LO(UpO Tie; QttEpY{Ee; la.V OV8POKCo)PUXc.>VOO North Eeast Coast T 1810, 't~e; N6't10e; 060)..).(0e; 1816 Kal Tf1e; LKc.>'tioe; 1818, 'tG:lv LK&!'tCo)V
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U4'lavt'oupya,v .1812, t'a,v KAc.lOt'OUPYa,v t'08 AovKoalp 1818 Kal ecv i:pyat'a,v OI0'lPO~IOI..ITlxavlae; ot'1'Iv OUanla 1816. 'O(l:lloe; 1(apat'rlpei llQe; co' tKEivEe; t'1e; 9UEAAtJ5Ele; i1(ltpEe;, ol 01lEpy1Ee;iTlalpvav t'1'Iv 6~'l hoe; tf.l4'lUAlOU Tlo).!f.l0U OE f.llKpoypa4'lla, 1(OU olEtayovt'av (It ijAa t'a uece die; f3lae; ». 1:' aut'1'I t'1'Iv llEpl050 aPXlOaV VO opyavQVovt'al ot tSYlKn KAt(laKa t'0: BpuavvlKo EpyaTlKO: OUv51KOt'a. ~tv ullapXouv 5uO't'uxQe; atl61llot'a oUo'tat'lKO Ot'olXELa YlO 'tnv 0PI9(.1'lHK1'I 5uYalJ.1') 'ta,v OUyO~KO'tc.lV ot tKElva TO: XP6vla. "Ae; 01')(.IEIc.)9EL1(Qe; 't6u 5tv uTfflpxay nOUSEYO crcv U1t6A0I110 K60(.lO tpyanKte; 6pyaVQOEle;, tKToe; 01to t'1e; 'EVc.l(.lEYEC;nOAl'tELEe;.ij1(OU ETXay K(6)..ae; OTJj.lEIc.l9Eito: 1(pa,Ta ' f3i)(.Ia'ta, ~1(c.le;Sa 500(.lE l1apaKa'tc.l. 'A110 T1'IV opxit. 01 OUyOlKaAL0f.l!vOI tpyane;,1(aAal~OY Yla ve Ka'tapY1')9Ei 6 N6(l0e;'t00 1800. 'H1l10 i:~£. Xeeoc ~uoloyvc.lf.lla aUTOv TQV ayQvc.lv, Ji'tav 6 4>pOYOle; nAoIKe;. bae; p04l't1')e;. 'H 1(aA1') 'ta,v i:pyoTa,V, ylvovtav ijAO Kal 1110 (.IaXI')uKit, ano To 1816Kal OotEpO. Kal 'to 1824'1'0 KOlV0f30UAlO U1(OXPEQSI')KI!ve aPI!I, ~e;bov f3a9f.1o TOUAaXloTOv, TO: (.IE't'pa £vavT[Ov die; a1(Epylae; Kat TOO ouv51KaAlo(J.OO. "011c.le; ).tel 6 l:1'tplV,' it lOTopla t'00 OUVOLKOAlOf,lOO, OO:V opyavc.l(.l!vou KlVl'lI.l0't0e; ot1'lv M. Bcerevvte. opXIl;EL 0'1'0: 1824 IJ.t t'T'lv avaKAT)oT) 'toO V61l0U 'toO 1800. Oll!:pyone; Xalp!tLoav TIe; veec I!:AEU9Ep[Ee;TlOU Ka'taK't'lOaV, (It (.1109UEAAa a1(e:pylQV Kal (.It t'nv (y. 'tovl') 1(poolla9Elo YO 5T)f.lLOUpyftoouv KOt va otEPlQOOUV TIe; ouv5t· KakloTlKEe; 6pyaYQaEle; 'toue;.l:t'ov 10'tOPlK6 rove ayQYo YIO:'to OUVOI' KaAlOt'lKO: 51KalQ(.IOTa, 01 Bceeevvct IIlpyoue; ~5c.loOY crcoc ~pya'te:e; ijAOU 'toO K60(.loU ba napa5ElY(.lo YIO: !JI(.l1')ol'): vc (lnv a4ll'lvouv 'toue; tpy056ue; VO: ecce ceeccov (.It aVnOUV5lKaAlouKOUe; vegcoc aTlo TO oIKal'"'(.Ia -.;fIe; opyavc.)Ol')C; Kol 'toO ayQvo. 'H I!:pyat'IKT'I 'to~n at ijAEe; Tte; K01(l1;OAlO'tlde; xQpEe;, ~0510E apy6npa 0' a«ho TO 5p6(.10 nou Xapa~ov 01 1(pc.lt01(6POI Bcercvvct tpyane;, YlO: TT'lVKa-,;oK'tT)oT) -.;a,v ouv51KaAlo'tlKQ\I tAw9EPlQV. 'YnoPXEl (l10: oxoM ao'tQv f.lEAUT)tOY 'toO tpyanKoO Klvit(.la'tOe;, 110U Ulloo'tTJPIl;El nQe; 'to: ouYXpovo OUv51KO'ta 5t\l dVOI napo: (l10 cuvtXEla 'ta,v Ol>V'tEXVIQV -';00 MEoa[c.lya. Au'to ETvoI)..a90c;. 01 5uo au· 'tte; lJ.opq,!C;opyav'"'C7T]e; ava4ltpovt'al ot 5uo 51a4l0pE'tIKte; (.IOP4lte;KOI' vcvtcc. 01 Ooeunc f.xouv olK1')o vc rcvtzcov au'to t'o YEyovOe;. 'Y1l0' ypa(l(.lll;ouv ij'tl iva, IJ ouvuX\lla Ji'tav (.110: opyavc.lOT) l1apayc.lYa,v Kal 1(c.;JAT)'tQV TlOU llEplAa(l~avE OXI (.I6vo 'toue; tpya'tEe; aAAO: Kal a(aoue; 1(OU-.;6u eceoeovev 1(paY(lo'tIKa -.;n f310uT)xavla, co'to ooyXpovo ouv~hKa'to» - Trade Union - ~pIOKOU(lE aV't19ua OXI (.110: l\Ic.>C7T] ltuXel(!'1fMJ' '"'w)' 1tOU VO: tAtyXOUY 01 (0101 'tn 51a5lKaoia 'Ifle; 1(apayc.;Jyfjc; Kat 't1'lv 1tQA1')0'l 'tQv ncctevecv ecuc, aAAa, tiva ouvaoTtlof.lo (.IlOSc.;J'ta,V !pyal;o1l!vc.>Y 1(OU 50UAEUOUV o'tftv uTt1')pl!ola rev f310(.lT)xayc.>v.'Eoo ij(.lc.le;ct f310(ll'lxavol ~pIOKOYTal f~c.> onoTftv 6pyovc.>0T). TaBpnaYVIKO OUVOl' KO'ta Mv elver 6iJEOOI an6yovol -.;fjc; ouYuxvloe;, c l:t Ka(llJ.lO: 1tEpl· 1(-.;c.>0T) ouv51Ka'ta t'0: 'toO 'Evcgevco Bec.xetcc 5ty 1(pofjA9av 61.le:oa fl EI.ll.lEoa ano -.;Ie; tnaYYEAf.londe; rxil"re,:t. ETxoy ijj.lc.>e; KonOla 0XEC7T],ijnc.;Je;Atel 6 Cole, flA 'tIe; 1(pOOc.lPlvte; 6pyavQoUe; 'tQv KaA4'la. Oc.lV,ftc.> ano de; rx{}.""" tree crcv KOlPO t'fje; q.l!ou5apx1ae; dXav yLO: OK0116rove -.;T'lv ~EAdc.>OTJ.;Qv (.Iloea,v Ka(-.;Qy ouv9'lI(Qv 50UAl!lEi:e;TOUe;. -
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nap' ~Ao 'l(OU, laropuux to OUVOLK6:tO oh elvaL 6:'I(6yovoe; t11e; OUVtE.xvtaC;, un6:pxouv ~jJ.Cole; '1(011.11.0: 01ljJ.6:oLa t11e; hLppofle; tile; 'l(6:VCol otflv I:pyatlKfI T6:~T). AOTO q.alvuaL aK6jJ.a Kat arflv 6poAoyla 'l(OU lxeL OLaTI1PT)8et ot 'l(oAAte; tpyaTLKte; h&OELe; tI'I(OU ccvevcege C jJ.a· at6poue;. cKaA~6:oee;:I cjJ.a9'qTeu6jJ.evoue;:I K. 4, 'Yn6:pXouv hlotK l)'I(oAeljJ.jJ.aTa t£AeTouPYLKGlv ouvT)8eLGlv Kat toptGlv. 'H 6:nEpyla Kat TO I(AElOLjJ.O TGlV KaTaotT)jJ.6:Tc.>V elvaL Kat aOde; jJ.t800ee; Kat lvvotee; 'l(OU lxouv j3a8eto: de; pt~ee; toue; oTilv hoxfl T11e; ouvTexvtae;. Oto6AAoyoi C <l!LAlae;:I Kat c aAAT)Aoj30f\8elae;:I 'l(o!}I;jJ.<I!avtarI1Kav nptv 6:no TO: OUvOtK6:ta ot tlAee; oxe56v de; xGlpee;, oElXvouv h(otK lvTovee; TtC; htj3LQaeLe; Tfle; rx(l"ro". Ot ouvuxvtee; lOLvav jJ.Ey6:Af) 'l(poooxil oTilv 'l(pOOTaota TGlV jJ.EAGlv TOU~ 6:'1(0 oh(ovojJ.lde; oUCfKoALee;, app&oTeLee;, OuoTuxf\jJ.aTa Kat 96:vaTo' ouvf\9c.>e; ot TO npGlto jJ.tTPO :1[00 lltaLpVaV o( tpyane; YIO:Tilv 'l(pOOTaota TOUe;, jJ.ETO: Tflv napaKjJ.fI Tfle; rx[,u.ro", jljtav 1'1 YOpUOT) \I: <l!IALKGlV:l ouAMyColV 6:AAT)Aoj30f\9Elae;. 'Y'l(6:pxouv tKaToVt6:0Ee; Ota'l(LOTColjJ.evee; 'l(epL'ltTQOeLe; OTilv' AyyMa, raAAfa, repjJ.avla Kat de; 'Evc.>jJ.hee; noALutse; Kat aAAoO, ~nou KaTCol allo TfaV 6Aotva a6~av6jJ.evll Ta~IKilll6:A'l' 1:I;Tolee; 6pyaVQOeLe; 6:va· 'l(Tux8l1Kav 01; yvf\ola OuvolKCna. '0 KaTaYL6:(.Ia,· lOpUTfae; toO OUVOI' KaAlotLKoO KIV1'jjJ.atoe; Tfle; 'la'l(Colv(ae;. ava~tpeL tin aOtOe; 6 lOloe; Kat ol ouvepy6:ue; tOU jJ.eoa otil 4>c.>TL6:tfle; n6:AI1e; avaolopy6:vColoav noA· Ate; auvtexvLee; jJ.EtatpEnoVtCr:e; TEe; ot auvOLK6:ta. l:t tlAee; Tte; np6)1fla 6:va'l(TuYjl6vee; KalllTaAlonde; XGlpee;, cl npColton6poi otilvYopuOT) cuv&LKCr:tColV jljtav ol I;py6:tEe; no!} oouAeuav XelpColvcncTlKa - TUlIOyp6:<I!OI, 0(Ko06jJ.OI, pa!pt6:oee;, ToaYJ(6:Plloee; KAn. -Kat otilv lI6:AT) TOUe; achil jljtav I:TnlpeaojJ.tvoL ano de; loxupte;, 6:K6jJ.a, ouvTexvlade; 'l(apa060EIe; .
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"Oecv 6 "Oouev y6ploe er .... 'AyyMa, v f)pflKe 't1'lv tpya'tLKiI to:~'l at tTtavaatCrnKo O:vaf)paO'Il6. 01 tpyate.~ 8t)..ov'ta~ va Ka)..u· eecececcv ~, O'uv9f1Ke, t;6lfl~ 'IOU~ Kai ve O:na)..)..ayoOv o:no 'IOV «cnL'ta)..lal-lo utceernccv to KflpuYlla '100 "OOUEY Yla 'IT'lv O:VO:YK'l'tfl, ccvecvcetcc eveueee eeoc Kat 6pxtaay yO: '10 npo6l800v O:no"(8)..e· alla'lIKO:, "E'IO'I, ypnyopa 6pyavw8'lKav naV6l o:no 800.000 tpyO:te.~. 'H npoana8eta Kopu~Gl9'lKe tOY <l>ef)pouo:plo '100 1834 Ilt rev oXT)1l0tLO'I-lO'tfl~ t8VtKfI~ fvU)O''l~ 'ta.v :Euv6tKO:tu)V 'IfI, M.ey Bpe'lavvla, Kat ""[fI~ ·lp)..av6Ia~, (GNCTU). '0 "Oouev he~epyo:a9'lKe ti~ fJaO'LKt~ ypalll-lt, toO npoypO:l-ll-latO"( ""[fI, "EV6lO'll, Kat tKUX'lT}Ke np6e·6p6, tll~' 'H Kauu8uvt"i)pla ad~ tOU - tvcc npoO:yye)..o~ toO Ka'tonlvoO O'Uy6IKa)..lO'I-l00- ~tav nQ, 1'1 hCUO"ll 8c5:npne npa.ta vc napel KO:t6l o:no rev €)..eyx6 'IT}~ 't1'lv KOIV6lvla KalOO'upa ve &LeuaUVel 'II~ f)lol-lT)XavIE,. To Klvlll-lO auto ~06V'l6lO'E Kat l1EO'a at )"Iyou, Ilflve~ unflpxav ott .. ypalll-l'~ 'tfle; 6pyo:v6lOTJ, naV6l o:no 500.000 I-ls)..T}. Oll o:val-leO'o:'IOU~- OnU) O:vaq.tpouv 01 OMlln~ - f)plaKov'lov n .. «6eKa!)e .. XI)..l0:6e.. tpyo:"(t!~ yf\,. aV6pE~ Kat YUY(:.iKe,:t. 'H tevlK ....lV6lO''l ta.v O'UV6IKO:'ICo)V, ~tav I-lLO:~alpEtLKO: cnucv! 'lLKT'l6pYO:V6lO'll at EKl!tvll 'I!'Iv npw'tT) nl!pl060 o:vo:nTu~T}" TOO tpyaTIKOO Kwfll-lato c. :Et 6:v'l18eO'T}Il£ tI, O'K6pTtLe:~'tontd.. Enayye)..llaTLKt~ tVGlO'eL~,~'tav IlLO: 'Ia~IK"" 6pyo:vU)aT) O'UYKPO'lT)IlBvll 0'£ t8YlKT'l K)"ll-laKa nco eIxe 0'0: O'Kono ve 6pyavti:lO'EI 'I .... tpya'llK .... TO:~T} "10 V 0 0'6vo)..6 'I'l" o:v6pe~ Kal yuvaiKE", Ot .tTtl6IG1~eL"'I'l~ ';'Iav eup6tepe .. KI' €4J'Iavav n'l.oa o:no 'IT'lY aO~T}O"11 'ta.v I-lL0'8Qv Kal 'IT'lY .t)..0:'t't6l0'T}
-36-
,,&1\1~p&l\l 50uAElfte;. «~Kon6e; jiae; dyal-lAEYE ~ 5laKnpu~n '1lJ1;:\la f!ity ETtL'tptq,OUjJE OtOUe; Kl'}~flVEe;. '10Ue; ajJopq.G)'tOue; Kat axpI')' ceccc \la e~aKo),.ou8noouy \la e~ouou~i;ouv 'toue; KapnOOe; 't&lv f!6X9G)Y Ilae;. Ka'ta OUytnELa, 'ta Ilt),.I') 'tfle; bG)~ 8a nptnEL at Ka9E E6KaLp(a \la eVLoxuoUV '10V KOL\lO 6yw\la yLa \la enceerececeet f!La N/a Ta~7J nearluhw." Sncu '10\1 lAEYXO ota KOL\la 8a 'tOY lxou\I ol XPilOLf!OL Kat O[ a~LOl' btrcu 9a nlla'taL ~ 6puit Kat" [Ka\l6t'l'(a O'tit 5LEU9U\l0l'} '(fie; BL0f!'1xa\l(ae; Kat 8a 'l(EPl~poYEl'(aL" ,(EllnEALa Kat" KaKla». 'H opy6YG)O'l KUKAo~6p'10E f!La eYKuKALO Ilt «66'1Y(Ee; Kat Kay6vecs YLO TOY econc nou ItptltEL ve XP'lOLIlOltOLEhaL '(0 &nAo '(fie; 6ltEPy(ae;. ETvaL XapaK'('lPLOtLKO lSn " eYKuKALoe; np6~AEnE IlLa OElpa Iltepc , 0'TtCo)e; It,X. '(it 6'1f!Loupyla OUyuaLpLo'(LK&I\I ka'taO'l'lllo'tCo)V Otit 5LopKELa '1f1e;anEpy{ae;, 5t\l aYt~EpE lSllG)e;'({nOTE anoAu'(G)e; YLa noAmKit 5poo'l • •AlltOCo)e; cceece ono '(it 6'lIlLoupy(a '1f1e;e9\1lKfle; (vG)0l'}e; OUy5lKO'(Co)Y,~tonaoE O'tit\l •AyyA(a !!va IlEyaAo onEpYLaKo KUf!a nee cl epyO'lEe; '(0 cuvsoecev f!t btovl') opya\lCo)'(LKit 50uAEL6. ·OltG)e; AtYE cl Out~.l1te;, f!La aA'l9LYit «f!a\l(a» KadAa~E '10Ue;epyOTEe;: 51')IlLoupyoOoa\l lSAo Kat nEpLo06upa OUy5LKo'(a Kat h(oxua\l f!t Ka8E '(pono au'(a nco dXa\l ~no~EL. «~'(itY tcrcctc '(00 Bpeeev\lLKOO oU\l5LKaALoll00 - ypo~OUY - 5t\' un6pXEL rtncee noo ve ovvKplYEtaL jJ€ athit tity 't600 6PI-tl')tLKit 6y6n'tu~I') ».1 Ta IlEyoAa oU\l5LKOta '1&1y 0IK056f!(I)Y, '(&1\1 pa~tOoc.)\l4 't&ly KAc.)O'toupy&lY Kat t&lY oyYELonAaot&lv. jJ' lSAo nou OEY aYflKay OpyaYLKa Otit\l e9vLKit (vG)0l'}, lSl-tG)e; U\IEpyai;oYta\l o noAt:! eeeve f!ai;( t'le;. 'H Ku~€py'10'l '1pof!oKpa'tn9I')KE f!nPOOta o· a6'1it 'tit xG)pte; rrpoqYOUf!E\lO o:y050 '(00 OUYOLKaALOf!00. Ka'(oyyuAE '(it\l t9\1LKit hc.)o'l cev tYKAI')lJ.atlKit opyo\l(l)oT) OUY(I)llo't&lv Kat OUYtAa~E noAAoue; 6no ecec "ytne; Kat 1'a I-ttAT) 'tT)e;.Ol tpyo56ne; 6no'tit\l nAEup6 'toue; onexptG)oa\l 1'oue; tpyoue; uO'tEpa 6no aAAEnoAA'lAa «MK' aou't. \la unoypoq,oU\l ~AEEL\lte; OUIl~OOELe;, lSnc.)e;d\laL o( nEpL~61')ne; e A'lAw· OELe;" tKElYI')e; 'tflc; EttOxfle;, f!t '(te; enctec OyaAal-t~a\lay 1'ity unoxpEG)Ol'} va Ilf! y(YOUY jJEAI') ouy5LKotCo)Y. "Voupa 6no au'tte; de; ouyouaolltYEe;~nL8EOELe;, t8vLKit !!vG)0l'}, rrce OEYETXE npO).a~EL \la 5UyaIJ.QOEL. " 5LaM9T)KE. ~1'o dAT) '(001834 5ty unflPXE nLa cee npoOKnYLO ccv IIpy6YG)o'l at t9YLKit KA(f!aKa.
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'H ~Ha 'tfle; GNCTU, 5t QK6'(Co)OE 1'TlY aYG)YLo'tIKit5L69EOl} 'tf\e; I:pyatlkfle; 'to~l}e; o1'TlV 'AyyAla. Mioa ot '(pta xp6\11a cl tpyoue; opucoccv na).L npoe; 'ta tIJTtpOe;, IJt 1'0 (01'OPLKOK(\I'll-ta 't&ly Xapt'lo't&ly, wco dXE ccv Ttp6ypaIJjJa 'to ~l}IlIOIJ.EvO «XoP1''l ecc haoO It. '0 KEY' '(pLK6e; roue OKOTtOe; 1'ay ve &A)'o~ouy ~ ~a8ua 'to ~E'REpaOf!ho nLa Kat avn6paOt'lKO noALnKo ooo1'I')l-ta noo {OXUE 1'On. El51Kwupa, O~{Co)' yay 1'0 6lKa{c.)lJa o1'itv q,'lq,oq,op{a. Ylad rrtoteuev n~e; xCo)pte; 6'tO 5tv a
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00: IlTtOpoOoav '110: Ttpoxe.>pfloouv ot'n peAt'le.>OTJ t'~v Kat'a9AL1It'Lk~vlSpe.>Y 60uAELO:~ xct (e.>~~. Flooc 611<aLO ElXay, q,aIVEt'aL lilla OKEq,t'Et xcvetc lSt'L ot'ny 'AyyAla t'0: XPOvLa b:Etva IJlflq,L(e 1l0VOYlva~ crccc 241<aecrxcoc. ot'nv OUa)..)..la I!:vac; 0't'00e; 23, ot'n I:Ke.>t'la KYae;0't'00e; 45 xct at'nv 'lpAay61a (yae; 0't'00e; 115. '0 e xccmc » TtapouoL6.09TJKE yLC:~ tP~t'11 q,opo ot'nv KVe.>OI1 T tpya(ollhcuv 1'00 Aovblvou, nee ElXE Ibpu9Ei t'o 1836. '0 KUpLOe;cov't6.I<t'I1e;reo ~t'a\l 6 06tAALail A6~E1't',Kvae; tllTteLpOe; t'EXvlt'I1e;, 6Tta66~ 'toO P61l1'lept' "Occev. 8111l6oLa 6 X6.p'tlle; tllq,avI0911I<E 00:\1 TtPOypalllla 'to 1838 Ilt ar'tll!Ja '110:vrvcov 01 'ltOALt'LKEe; llEt'appu91l10lne; 1'100 btv etxa\l1'lpaYlla'tonol11gel 'to 1932. '0 «X6.pt'l1e; t'00 AaoO., TtepLetXI! lE;'1 0l1l..1eia: a) 8LKa[e.>l..Ia l<a90ALK'1e; IJlTJq,oq,oplae; LO t'O\l O\lOPLI<O1IAI1Y 9uo1J,6. ~) 'loo{)6\1aIlEe; tKAoyLl<te; nEpLq,tpeLEe;.y) 'EI<Aoyee; K6.ge XP6vo. 6) NO: TtA'Ip~VO\lt'aL 01 POUAEUt'te;. e) MuO'tLl(n IJl114'o41opla.ot') No IJ,nyl· vcvrct TtEpLOUOLal<ee; 6Lal<ploELe; ere I..ItATJ 'toO KOLvopouAlou. "Eve 0:\10Aoyo Ttp6ypalJ,I..Ia ETXe TtpOta9Et xe.>pte;O:TtottAeolJ,a, nplv OTtO 59 XP6vic 01'10 1<6.1'IOLOV taYlJ,atOPXTJ Cartwight. '0 c XOptTJe; p ~pge ot l<at6.)..)..I1All ~pa. 'H x~pa ~pLol<6ta\l ot ~ageL6. O[KOVOIJ,Ll<n KploTJ O:TtOt'o 1835 (1l10: KplOTJ nee OU\lEXlotTJI(E ~e; 'to 1842) xct ~ tpya'tLKII t'0:E;11OTttq,'l.pe OTtO oq,6.vtaotee; onpflOELe;. 'H 6:ycuvLotLl(iloL6.9Eoll 't~\I tpya'tG)v O:vt~aL'llE. Ootepa 1l0ALo'ta OTtO tT'Iv n:aA'I toG 1824 YLO: t'n VOIJ,LIlOTtolTJollt'G)v ouv6LK6.tCU\l. BeOELte; bla41opOTtOLi)OELe; ovrexcevrcv o tTtIOlle; ot n:Aat'ELO IlLl<pOao'tLKO: Otp(.)llllata, nee Kat aut'O: otv elxa\l bLl<alculla IJlflq,ou Kat 501<11J,a(aY 'tIe; rOLEe; 6uOKoA(ee;. TtAoe;, f1lleyaAOaotLKII t6.E;11 noAl!.lJ,oOoe t06e; T6ppu6Ee; Ilt to ahTJl..la tfle; Kat6:pYllOTJe; t'00 V61J,0UTtept O:papooltou. 'H 'AyyA[a O\ltLj.lU(.)TtIOE IlLO tTtavao'tatLl<iI KpIOTJ. I:XoAL6.(o\l'tae; to X6:ptTJ O·E\lYKeAe; napat'lpoOoe: o:Aut'O: t6. Kf.ll cquerc. 1IOU Tte· pLopl(ovta\l otil\l Ova5LOpyOVCUOTJt'fle; BouA'1e; tG)v KOLvotflte.>\I, lSoo 09G)a xct 6:\1 ectvcvrcr, EI\laL txcve \10 avatL\l6.f.ou\I 6A61<Allpo to Bpeta\lVLKO I:6v'taYlJ,a, lla(1 I..It til Bcotxwcc xct 't00e; A6pboue;», 'H TtapouolaoTJ toO X6.ptll TtpoK6.Aeoe OOUYKp6:t'TJtO evecocie01..10Otte; l<at'anLe(6!JevEe; 1J,6.(ee;.I:t 6A6KAllPTJ t'iI x~pa, TtpaYllat'o· TtoLfl9f]Kav eececnec oUYl<eVTp(.)oeLe; otle; OTtotEe; t'0 'ltA'190e; f.en:ep· '1100010 l<al..lllL6. q,opo: de; 350,000 O:v9p(.)Ttoue;. To oXt5LO noO tTtp6Kel' rc '110:tq,aplloo9Ei Ttp6pAETte OplOI..IEva ot'6.bLa. I:t'n\l O:PXn 90: 1Ipay· tlatonoL06vt'av Evt'anl<6: " oLacpWtlOll t''1e; 1<0L\I'1e; V(.)lllle;. 90 Y 6.1<0' Aou9000e " oUYI(EVtpCUOll El<at'olJ,l..Iuplcuv OTtoypaq,G:lv K6:t'e.> Ono rev Kat'aot'at'LI<O XOpt'TJ ttcu 96: OTtopaA6t'a\l 06.\1 ovaq,opo: 0't0 KOLVOPOUALO. Kat ot'o IJ,EtaE;O90 Opyavc::,\lovt'av I..IL6. 'E9vLKn I:uvtAeuOTl OtO np6'tuno t'1e; I:uj.lpatll<'1e; t'1e; raAALK'1e; 'ETtav6.ot'aOTle;, "OAee; autte; ot EK611A(.)oeLe;t'1e; tE;tyepolle; t'~v lla(G:lv, lOTtELPav ' rev t'p61J,0 cetc Kup[apxee; t6.E;ELe;t'G:lv KE'CpaAaIOl<pat'~v xct tG:lv vcteKt'f]1l6vcuv. T6. q,o~ep6. vevcverc 't'1e; lley6:ATJe; raHLK'1e; 'EncvecrcOTJe;~ta\l 6.1<6j.la q,ptoKa ot'iI\I 6.vOIl\ll1ofl eeoc Ka{ toue; ba\lav \10: t'ptI..lOU\I Ilf)n:cue; xerecceoeer t'0 ouotTJlla lJ,e to 6Ttoto\l io.f)oteuav 'to Aa6. n' a6to I<al btv (xaoav l<aLp6, oAAo ccvevcocv t'ie; 5uv6.lJ.eLe; t'oue; OtOVI<OIVO OKOTt6:No OUVtp[IJlOU\I 'to O:TtEIATJtLl<O I<I\lTJj.larev XapnO'tG:I'¥, Au'til ~tav "YEVLl<iI l<atootaoTJ otLe; o:pxte; toO 1939 lStav lSAa tOELxvav at'L " 6.Ttoq,aoLot'Ll<iI OVallEt'P'!O'TJ 5tv 96: O:pyOOoE.
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M.taa crccc 1(6}.:Il:OU~ tfl~ i!YEa[aC; .G:IV XapnO'tOv unf\pxav 0:116 rnv d:pxl'l O'o~aptc; cnoq.Co:lv(e, aXEtlK6: j.lE TOUe; 6fJ.EO'OUC; «et TOUe; d:nQ'tEpouc;: O'KOTtOUC; TOO Kwftllato" Kaec::.C; h:laTlC; xct Ta lllaa noo ITl"pE' 11£ va XP'lO'lj.lOTtOl'l800v. Ot XaptlO'Ttc; ypnVopa xc.>pia9TjKQV at OE~l6: Kat aploup1'! lIopCI1:aE,ll- "OAOl o:no5txov'tav 'to Xap't'l' 1I0ll ElXE
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xc::,pac; .• AnD tKEi Kat uO'tEpa lSj.lc.:JC;, apXlt;av cl CllQq.c.>V[EC;. 01 flyt· 'fEe; 'tillv lpya'tGlV, 1')]toOaav vO: d:va8EwP'l8Ei 0 atll.l.C.:r'ctKOC; vcpcc YLa tOue; !{Itu>xo(u:;, vO: Ka8LEpc.>8Ei t6 OKtO:c.:IPO Kat vc y[VOUV Kat aAAEC; O'o~aptc; j.luappU8j.l(OEU;. 1:' aUta 1:Sj.lc.>C; TO: aftfll.l.QTQ 51!: aulJ.4'Co:l" vceccv 'tQ j.llKpOaOtlKO: O'tmXEia . .o.tv ~tay EnioT]C; E,EKa8aplO'j.ltvo t6 11:00'(po.~oOO'E yEYlKa '(~ I([YT)j.la, 1tOlEC;q'to.Y ct YEYlKC:nEpEC;1tpOO1t,(ll(tC; rou. 'Avaj.lEO'o. O'TOUC; o.pTlO'd.c; ~p[(JI(oy'(o.v ll1taool '(00 "0 X OUEY 1tOU ,,9EAaY va 0T)!llOUpyftO'ouv I-ua 1(01YCo:lY[o. OlKOO ,(OUC;ronco, ~p(O'Kov'(o.v 1(0.1 O'uvolKo.AlO''(tc; 'fIytnc; 1t06 oev OlEI(Oll(OOO'o.v tteore 6).:AO tK'(OC; a1tO j.lla l(a1tOlo. ~EA'([CUOT] '(G)y O'Uy8T)KG)yl;;cuf1c;rev tpyo.'(G)y pecc O''(OYl(o.m'(o.AlO'!l0' Au'ta ylvcvrc v otl(a xpOvlo. ectv ~yd '(0 K0f'p.oVy,ot\"I(o MavltploTO. Kal qTay '(OaT) ~ O'UYXlOT] &0''(£ xct ct mO !{IcunO'lJ.tvol ilytnc;., O'av rev Bronterre 0' Brien, '(OY Fearg us 0' Kennor Kal '(OY G. J. Harney, IJ.t flAO 1tOU qTay tx9pol '(00 l(o.m'(aAlO'j.loO Ko.l flJ.1tElpOl 0''(06C; KOlYCo:lVIKOOC; ayG)YEC;, fllJcuC;Etxo.v aOplO',(£C;pcvcv lotEc; Yla '(0 j.ltAAOV '(f1c; tpyo.,(lKf1c; '(aE,'lC; xet YEYlKa '(f1c; xcwcvtcc. 'EE, [O'OU ~aO'IKtc; ola4'optc; u1tf1pxay xet O'i!: fI,'(1 a4'opoOO'E '(1'i O''(pa'('lYlKT! «et '(aK,(ll(T! '(00 Xap'tlO''tII(oO I(lYftj.la'toC;. '0 AO~E,(,( 1(0.1 il 6j.l6.oo. rcu '(f1c;OEE,lftC;q'(aY K'lpUYlJ.tvoC; Cl1ttp '(f1C;ElP'lVIKf1C; Ola1t(lL' oayc::,y'lOT]C;, U1ttp '(f1c; 1tEl900C;. 'Ay,([8ua oLBrien, 0' Kcnnor , Harney xct '(a &AAa j.lV''l '(f1c; aplO',(Epf1c; napa'(o.E,'lC;, U1toO''(itpll;;av 1t~C; hpE1tE ya XPT)O'lIJ.01tOlT)800vpecc Btcc. IJ.le!!:«ct 6 6:Y'([1to.AOC;q'((lV 6:YEAtll'(OC;. O[ rOlOl 1tp6,(£lYaY va enevrnccuv ct XapnO''(tc; IJ.t yEVI' K1'i 6:nEpy[a xet t1to.V6:O''(aO'T),B:y '(0 KOlYO~OUAlO 6:1ttPPl1t,(E '(T!Y eveq.op6: '(OUC;. To 0'6Y8T)j.l6: '(OUC;q'to.Y: «"U '('fIv 1tEl8~ B:v IJ.1tOpOOj.lE,j.l4 '(1'i ~(o. B:y xpElaO',(Ei •. 'H 1tpc::,'(T)j.lEy6:AT) O'UYKPOUO'T) '('fIv Ku~tpYT]O'T), 0"T)j.lELQ8T]I(E j.li!: '(6 l(aAoKa[pl '(00 1839. 1:dC; 12 'louAlou, 0 X6:p'('lC;, j.le nsplrrcu 1.250.000 (moypo4'tc;, ~1tE068T]KE 0''(0 KOlvo~ouAlo. Kal 0.6'(0, '(0 6:1ttpplq.E 6:j.lt· O'WC;. 'H Ku~tpvT]O''l, nov ETXE KlvT)'(onolftO'El '(01:'(pa'to xct '(1'iY 'Aeecvcgtc, O'uvtAo.~E 6:pKE'fOOC;lyt'(£c; '(G)y XapncnG)v. i 'H 1:UVtAEUOT] 1t0(, O'uYEop[al;;E 6:1t0 T}j.ltPEC;,a1to4'6:O'IO'E j.lt olo.~op6: !l1B:C;q.ftq.ou, 1t~C; 5i!:v q'(aY at 8tO'T) vc 6pyaYQO'El 00'(£ YEYlK1'i 6:1tEpy[a oOn t1taY6:o'(aOT], xct 6:Vt~oAE '(IC; tpyao[EC; '(T]C;Yla '(IC; 14 1:l!1tn~p(ou. MEPlKtC; encvaO''(atlKic; ~1(0T]AQOE1C; 1tOU lylYo.v Kata '(61touC;, Ko.'(a1tvIY'lKav j.lE a1tav9pw1ta j.ltO'a I(at O'UYEAftq.8'lOo.v 1tOAu6:pl8!lo. I(EY'(pIKa Kat '(01tLKa O,(EAtX'l' . Au'('fI 'fI 6:1to'fUx[a cn6:8'lK£ ouvo.'(O 1tAf1Yj.la Yl6: '(0 Xapt10',(LK6 KIYT)lJa. nplY 1tEpaO'El flj.lcuC;Xp6voC; '(6 I((YT]lJa 6:PXlOE 1t6:AL vc evecovreccercr j.lt t'fl ~oft8Elo. '(G)v O'tEAEXG)y, 1tOU eee IJETo.E,uaq.t8'lK(lY 6:1t0 TIC; 4'uAaKtC;. 1:T6: dAT) toO 1840, O'X'llJ.at[o8'lKe '(0 KOj.llJ.a '(f1c; 'E· 8Yll(fjC; "EvwOTJC;'(G)y XaptLO'TG)v xet &pXlO'E ye!!:ayo.1t'(uO'O'uo.l ypftyopa.
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KOLVoupylEC; npootlEe;: OUYKEVtpWOUC; TtpaYlJ.aTOTtGu'jeT'jKav Kat fj evecpopa Tlpoe;:to KOlvo~ou).IO TlOU TTtV OTl6ypotjlav OUTTtTTtq,opo: 3.317. 700 l!flTOOE V6:XEI l!~T'j (.IIA),IO IJ.fjKOe;:. o Kiv!'!lla KopU41w8T'jKETOV AuT youcrto toO 1842 j..It Illo O:lT6TlEIpO YEVLKf\e;: ~6plJ.T'j"'lC;: TTt IJ.T'jVLOTlKT) t alTEpy[a. "O(.l6)e;:, fj 1J.6-1;;a ~V tpyaT~v, T ol41vLoLaoT1')KEj..It OUTTt TTtV (a41VIKTt I<al d:lTponollJ.aoT1') I<IV1')TOlTO[1')01')' 6tv Ttf\PE j..Itpoc; Kal fj 6mEpyla chhoXE. AUTTt fj xcwcccvrc IiTTa l41EpE vscuc OLWYIJ.0Ue;:, au).AfJtjlue;:, oUYXI"'l. To Klv1')lJ.a apXloE £Tol va XO:VEI l6acpoe;:. 'H 1:£AEoTa[a IJ.EyaA1') lTO)"ITU(Ttt~6pj..l1')01')t~V XOPTlOT~V lYLVE TO 1848. "Eve y'p6vo nptv, TO 1847, ETXE ~EOlTaOEl.OTTtV 'Ayy)'la (.110: oo~apTt o(I<OVO(.lIKTt Kplo1') «ct ;\Iyo 6:py6TEpa 6:VOL~E0 KUK)"OC; ~V encT vecrccecv OtTtV EUpWlT1'). lToO 6:PXLOOV eee nap[m TO ¢)"E~6:p1') TOO 1848. Ot ipy6:tEe;: i(.lTtvtoVToV alTO Q"'ta T6- vevcvcrc 1<01TO Klv1')IJ.Ct T~V lJ.a1;;~l' avt~CtLVE TtaAl. l:t 6>..6It}.,p'l TTt xwpa auYKPoToOvTav lTE' AWPIEe;:auytcEVTpWOELe;:.TOU ~ElTEPVC_rev ot 6'Yl<0 Kol OUTte;:TOU 1839 l Kal '(00 1842.l:TiJ l:ovt),,£u"'l Tf\e;: ' ATlPLAlou 1848.6 O'Kcnnor, 6:vtCPI!pE 4 {(J.! (.ILa 6601') 6-0q.0),,~f; unEp~o)"f\e;:), 'l'fc.')c;: 5.700.000 np60Co)no eTxav oneyp6:!JIEI Tilv ava41opo: trpoe;: TO KOLVOj:JOU)"lO.ano eve OOVO)"LI<O Tt),,1')BoOIJ.O19.000.000. '0 6:v£(.Ioe;:tf\e;: havaOTCtaTle;: !flU01')~E navUl OTiJ Xc::.po Kal IJ.! 1tUP8T1KTt6pacrt1')pL6'(TJTa TtpoEToll.1al;ovTav fj 610oil)"Co)aTlTtOUBa ihrt6l6E Tilv avo41opd: OTOKOlvo~ou)"lo. "O(.lUlC;:II Ku~tpvT'jaTl. Tp0lJ.aYl.1t· VI) ano TO itrOl'ocrtaTlKO KUIJ.Orrce oapCo>l'E TiJV Eupc::.TtT),aTtE416:oLoE'YO' trapEl 6pocrtLKa (.I£Tpa. l:uydVTPCo)OE 250.000 dv6pEe;: UtrO T!e;:6laToytc;: TOO 110UKO TOO OUt)")"LYKTOV, chay6pEooE Til 6L06il)"c.JaTl I<al avoKoll'Co)OEtrc:l:lf;B6: 6:VTLIJ.£TW'lTLl;E TOUC;: tpyatEC;: IJ.t TTt fHo. MTtpoo'(a 0' aOTiJ TiIv 4otr8L).II,6 O'Kcnncr, b Jones 1<016:)"),,OlXaptlcrttc;:fjytuc;: I.10ToIUloQV Till' iK6fJACo>OT) Kal ht6Coloav trpo0c.J'lTLl<aTTtVal'al$'opa OTO KOLVO~OU' AIO, trou Till' 6:dppltjl£ xct tr6:)"l. 'H Kuj3tpvT'joT) bUlq.EA!'l9T)KE aTlO TO y~yol'6f;, oul't)"a~£ n6:Al Tto\u6:pLBlJ.a ot£AtXT'j I<o[ alhil Tn ClJopd:TO' 4lU)"6:KLCJ~ Yl6: Tto).)"a XP6l'lO. 'H KalvoupYla lina llTav ~vo Bav6:OlIJO "').f\Y(.la Yla TO XapTIO(.l6. To KlvTJl.1a t~oKOA.ouBT'jOE Yla ),,[ya 6:K6(.1a Xp6l'lo v6: 6no:pXEl, £tXE lS(.Ic.JC;: X6:oEL 6:vETtov6p86)Ta TTt 6Uva(.lT) xct Til (.IOl;LKfJTOU O:KTlvo130).[a.' '0 paCJIKoe;:A6yoe;: n06 66fJyrror OTnV llna T~V XopnotC)v, ijTOl' il 6:Vc.JpL(.I6T1')Ta OO I:pyanKoO KlvfJ(.IatOC;:, t'l 6:Buva(.lla TOU va T npoY(.laTotrOlfJ08L TTtV I:nal'o:oTaoT) nou npoEToll.1al;al' 01 XapTlcrtte;: ItytTl!C;:. El6LKwupa, (.ILa 6:no TIe;:aldEC;: Tf\c;:ijnac;: crta9T)KE II OUYXl' aT) nou KupLapxoOOE O:l'O:(.IEoa OTOUe;:Iytue;: TOO I<ll'fJ(.IaToe;: oXETLKa l (.It TOUC;: CJKonouc;:I<at Till' TaKTLl<fJ TOU, II 4ol'acrtaA'tIKTt I:Tl(6paaT) TC)V (J.IKPOOaTLKC)V OTOLXelc.JV,Kol II O.AEIIjIT) hoc;: 10xupoO trO)"LTII<OOK6(.1(.IOTOf;,hcovoO ve KaB06TJY1'1oELTO)((v1')(.Ia. 'Anoq.ooloTlKiI cnpcctc lOT· XEV f( 4AAou Tt I>..AEIIjIT) aul'oxf\c;: (.Itoo crta OUl'611<6:Tanou eTxavauv· 'TrIPrrtlKa aTOIXeta aTTtV T!YEola TOUe;:. '0 XapTLO(.loc;:- )"tEl 6 "El')'KI!).C;: -ijTav ~OOIKa ha KlvTJ(.Io Tf\e;: lpyaTIKf\C;: T6:~1')C;: TtOU oUVTapa~E T6: 40nAa (.It).rr lSA.UlVTt3l' OUl'6LKO:' T(i)V. napa Tnl' o:pl'TJTLKiI aTO:D11TtOU KpO:TTJoav nonol ano TOUe;: uvc BIKOAlO'T8C;:Ttytue;:. To KIVl)(.Ia 06T6, ~Tav 16lnlupa loxupo al'6:I.1EOa 1. I'ld ~ '(lylln~t; bourism-xol.
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10'10(1':0wi Xa(l'Ua1:LXOU x'"""o'l:O<l:, II)..·Evpl).~: cOl O~XE~ l~orllY·AyY).'a rillSi-b.-Rorhstein: cFrom Cbartism to LaSalld B. Webb: .'10100'0 'lOG l:~II,a).~OJloi)-,
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crccc 114lavtoupyou~, tou~ IlEtanCilpUXou~ Kal tou~ (h9paKCilpUXOU~. Kal elvcv XapaKtl']pLOtllC6, lSn 01 rexecrctci autol 61'][.HOUpYl']OaVta npG)ta tOU~ ouv6t1<tita tT\v ~noxT\ nou (ht~aLVE to Klv'llla, crtc 6:pxt~ toO 1840. 'H netcc 6:nO rev XapttollO f:6ELf,E lSn nap' lSAO nee ct et6LKEUIltvOt ~P'Y1;tEC;:Ot6.9'lKav at lSAE~ oXE60v tl~ XG:lpEe;npCilton6po~ otT\v 6pyav(.)01'] tG:lv OUV6tK6.tCilV, onavta f:IlELvav &e; to ttAoe; emv i!YEola toO tTtavaOtatlKoO Klvf!llatOe; tfle; tpyatLKfle; taf,'le;. TO XapnOtLKO K[vT)lla pnepet ~t~aLa va VLKf!9T)kE,lSIlCile;tf,aKo' AOUeT)OE nap' lSAa aUta va tnl']pEal;EI fvtova xct 61']IlIOUP'YLKa, tT\v tf,tALf,'l toO ~pEtaVVIKoO Kal toO naYK6olllou tpyanKoO kLvf!llatOe;. ·OnCile; AtEt 6 -EVYKEAe; e pece anO autO to Klv1']lla 6'lI-lLOupyf!9'lKE to npG:lto K61llla tG:lv tpyal;0lltvCilv nOll vvccice 6 K601l0e; ». "Hecv tt;,' aAAou to npG:lto K[v'llla ~pyatOv nee otl']plX9'lkE ot taf,LKT\ ~aOTJ kal Yl' autO f6Ci10E recccnc C,91']0'l OT'T\V 6pyavCiloT) Tfle; tpyatlKfle; Taf,'le; Kal OtO f,EKa90pLolla Tfle; TaKtlKfle; Kat TOV 6.VTlKEIIlEVIKG:lV OkOnG:lv TOO npoAETapL6.tOU. '0 Mapf" 6 "'EVYKEAe; Kal Q:AAOLouyypa4lEi~ aVEAuoav ~a9El6: to: 6t6aYllata nee ~yalvouv anO to XapTlOtlKO klv'llla."'Ooov O:fJlOpcrto OUYKEKPll-llltvo TOUnp6ypalllla-ta nEpl!JIT)lla df,'l enpetc t - dv Kat to KOLvo~ouAtO t6: ontpPlljJE t61£ IlE nEpL41p6v'l0'l, covteue lSIlCile; voCilllat~9T)kaV t on1 BpEtaVvLKT\ veuoeeetc. KO:tCilo:nO tilv nlEo1'] tfle; tpyanKfle; t6:f,'l~ nOll npox<upoOOE. "EtOI 6 XapnoIl6e;, 6 IlEyaAoe; npCiltOnOptaKO~ o:y~vae; tOO vecpce Bcercvvocco trpoAuapLatOU, anuHEOE tvc 6p6mJIl0 crt'T\v tercptc Kal otnv np6060 eeo 1taYK6oIlIOU tpyotLKOO KLvf!llaTo~.
TO OprANQMENO l:TPE~ETAI EPrATIKO KINHMA TA .6E=:IA
neos
'H BpUaVVtKT! ~toll1']Xavla Kal to tll1t6pLO avantUx9'lKav yopya OtO XPOVIKO 6taOt1']lla aVallEOa OtO 1848 Kal tT\v Y6pu0'l tfle; .6tE9voO~ "'EvCilo'le; tG:lv tpyal;0lltvCilv. (tfle; np~t'le; .6tE9voOe;) eee 1864. 'H ~LO' Il'lxavla tfle; u!JIovtoupylae;, toO Kap~ouvou, toO 016T)pou KaL aAAEe;, 6tnAaolaoav xct TpLnAaolaoav ti)v napay<uyf! roue, tvo taut6xpova tvc 61KtUO ot61']p06po(.lIKG:lV ypo(.lllG)v anA<uv6tav nav<u otil x~pa. 'H Bpuavvla «to ~pyootomo tOO K60(.loU », ovnKa9LOtOOOE ta 10'tloq,6pa t1']e; (.IE Ot6Ep£vla atll6nAota, ftot eoc pecc OE 15 XP6· via {mO to 1850 &~ ta 1865, 01 tf,ayCilyte;t1'Je;: etXav tplTtAaOLa09Et. 'H I:AEu9Epia toO tll1toplou, ~tav 02 tkElV'l Tn BLKtCilpLaVT!tTtoxi) to eccvYEALO tOO KaTlltaAlolloO, wee O:V9000E set wee ypf!yopa 9a4l9avE otO IIJl1A6 OT)IlEio tfl~ OKllfle;: ecu. 01 tpyote.e;, 16LaitEpa 01 el6LKEUlltvOL, fnaLpvav Kon '4IIXOUAa onO T6 tpoTttl;t tflC;: Ka1tLtaAIOtlKfI~ Eu6atllovla~. O[60UAELE~ ~tav crceep6lUpEe;, Kal T\ 6:f,la tG:lv Tpoq,IIlCilV etXE nEOEL OTJllaVttKo, xop1'] OtT\v katapy1']O'TJ toO veuco nEpl apa~ooltou Kal tT\v eloayCilytl4l9l']voO 'A· IlEpLKaVtKOO OtapLoO. Kata eovenerc. 01']IlElG:l9'lKE IlLa tOO1'] YLa ~EA' tl<uo'l toO npoYllatlKOO IlEpOkOllatOu. '0 Kucshnski yp04lEL nc::,c;:«anO to: d:A'l toO 1840 &~ Ta tEAT) '[00 1860, 01 npaYllanKol I-ll0901 auf,f!· 9rJKav,lSn<ue;: 6E1xvEl 6 otatlotlK6~ Ilac;: nlvaKa~,o:nO 52 (1843,9) ot 63 (1859 - 68) ». -11-
Meaa a':autt~ tl~ auv9f1KE~ Kat )(atCo) aTto titv o:pvl1tLKit hr· &paall TtOOelxe i) li,tta toO KLvII~ato~ ta.v XaptLOtGlv, to: BpetaVvLKO: ouv6LK6:ta 6pxLaav yO: K),,!VOUVTtpO~ to: 6e~L6:. To Tt).atu, ~al;LKo )«(. vll!J.a ta.v TtPollyou~evCo)v XP6vCo)v,6q,llae tit 9t01'l rcu att~ ~e~ovCo)~t· ve~ TtpoaTtageu.~ 6La!J'6pCo)vE;eXCo)pLata.v uV6LKQtCo)V.O( I:)..Tt(6E~YLO: a ~La .~tyepolll\ "avO:ata01'lfo~llaav Kat O:VtLKataOt6:911Kav O:Ttol6te~ yu.\ tit coveevcctc evepecc atl~ t6:~eL~. To Tta).llo auv6LKa).LOtLKo ouv911~a .lva Ttpay~atLK6 ~EpoK6:~atO, yLO: &ou).eLa ~La:~ n:pay~atl' KfI~ 1'l~tpa~ l) fYLYe ou~~o).o tfl~ 6:n:060Xf1~ toO KaTtLta).La~oO. at aTtEpY(E~8EUlpcOVtaV Ka'taOtpO~\Kt~ tK611)'GlaeL~ Kat O).e~ 01 n:POa1t6:· geLe~ TtOOfYLvav YLO: c oXll~a'tLaget tva aVE~aptl1to n:O).I'tLKOK6~~a v ~~~at~~~~~~~~~~1~::~~~~~;E~a~!X::'t~~d~:~a~~~~:e~:tE;~:v~~~ etxe gnet a'til 4'aal1 rcn e QTt).oOKat Ka9apoO » auv6LKa).La~OO, 6TtCo)~ n.eYE o:py6'tEpa Semuel Qompers ." ApXLl;e i) 1I:Ep!060~TtOO "EVYKE).~ 6 titv ov6~aaE I: On:vo Gapavta Xp6vCo)vtoO BpuavvLKoO tpyatLKOO KLvft~ato~ ». a! opyaVGlOEL~ ta.v d6LKeu~tvUlv tpyma.v ~t tTtLKE~a).fI~ ypa<fleLoKpO:tE~ i)ytu~ KpatoOOav 'tilv Ka'to:o'taall )(a'tUl O:TtO tOY f).eyx6 ecuc. rLO: 'too~ El6LKEU~tvoU~ tpy6:u~, 0 "EVYKE).~ lypa~EI n:Gl~ I: aXll' ~a't!l;ouv apLo'toKpatla 6:vo:~eoa atitv tpya'tlKit 'to:~ll, m~~ Ttttuxav ve .ca).UtEpEUOOUV01 {6LOLtil 9tall tou, Kat Ttc::,~ YI' au'to 6txoVtaL eev 6pLatLKO 'to Ka8eatc::,~ TtOO[aXUEL.l) 'H ~EXCo)PLOtf) tOU~ 9tol1OTtUl~Tto).M~ 4'opt~ Ttape'tf[Pllaav 0 Map~ Kat 0 "EVYKE).~ - O:VtLKa8pt~tLl;e to Ttay(6a~LO ~Lo~llxaVLKo ~OVOTtQ).LO, 1:00Kpa'toOOE 0't6: 1 xtpLa 't11~i) M. Bcercvvtc. 'H "EvCo)01'I-611:66ELy~aautf1~ tfl~ TtEPI660u-~'tav "'O~001l:0v6ta 'ta.v Ml1xavLKa.v, TtOO aXI1~a't(a811KE to 1851 0:11:0 auyxGlVEuall K6:~. 1I:oaUlV~LKPa.VtVQOEUlV. To auv6LKcno au'to ~'tav 11:0).0cuvxevrpccTLKOKat 6).E~ tou of TtpOOTta8eLE,fULvav atit 611~Loupyla tvo~ Ka).O: auYKpo'tl1~tvou ~llxavLO~OO, YL6:VO: 6:TtoKo~(l;ouv 'ta ~e).ll tOU Ktp611 O:TtO 'tt~ auv6LKa).Lond~ 6:04'a).(oEL~. To Ttap0:5ELy~a alh6, to exo).o6811aav KQt ~epLKt~ 6).).E~ tv01l:0Lll~tvE~ tvGlaEL~ (E;u).oupya.v, O:V8paKColpuxUlVK).1I:.) Kat YEVLKO:,6).E~ ot tpyatLd~ opyaVGlaEL~ 11:0).1' u6811Kav ~t ~6:011au'tit .til OUV'tI1Pl1tLKitypa~~f). M' 6).0 eccrc Ttpa· y~atOTtoLf)911Kav ecxeect 6:ya.VE~ o· auto 'to XPOVLKO 6LO:atll~a, '16La(' tEpa o:va1l:'tux911KE6 6:yGlva~ YLa 'to tvvllO:Co)PO Kat 'tOV ~E'tappu8~L' atLKO N6~0 'toO 1867. Kato: to 1860, 611~LoupYft8I1Kav oU~~ou).La ta.v OUV6LK6:tUlvo'to Aov6!vo Kat ot n:o)'M~ 6:).).e~ Tt6).eL~, Kat 'to 1868 6pyavGl811KE a'to M6:VtOEOtEP 'to t9vLKO ouvt5PLO ta.v ouv6LK6:'tUlV, 0'10 enctov avtLncoccneccvrev 118.000 ouv6LKa).Lo~tvoL tpyal;6~EvOL-tO ha 'tt· rcptc 1I:EP(TtOU ecv 6pyavCo)~tvUlv tpya'ta.v. Auto 'to oa.(.Ia 6La'tI1Pf)911KE 0:11:0 eere. 01 tpya'tlKot i)ytu~ TtOO tn:LKpa'toOaav tKelvll 'tilv hoxit ota oUv6LK6:ta, O:Ttou).oOoav 'tit YVUlO'tit 't6n «Xeovrco 1\ .1()1Ka'. A6tit i) i]yetLKit 6~0:6a, enere).oOv'tav O:TtOtOV 06t).).La~ "AHav ('ta.v Ml1xavLKa.v) RobertApple· garth, (ta.v S:u).oupyGlv) Daniel Guile, ('ta.v Xu'ta.v) Edwin Coulson,
e
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("[G:lvKepal'oTtoIG:lv) Kat "["00 George Odger ('tG:lv ToaYKap6.6Qv). Of TtlO noAAot 6.Tt' a6'tol~u; "["ou~ ~ytu~, 96. nal!,;ave 6.py6upa oT]l'avnKO p6Ao o'tTj O.ll!9v~ "EvQoT] 'Epya!';0l'tvQv.
V. .ITI.I
TO .IYNli.lKAAI.ITIKO ENOMENE.I nOAITEIE.I
KINHMA (1776· (865)
.I·tl~ 'EVQl'tvE~ noAIl"Ete~ 6 KaTtltaAl0l'o~ 6.vaTttux9'1KI! K6.'tCo) 6.no TtoAu 1!6VO'(Kt~ouv9~Ke~. 'H l'Ey6.AT] autTj x~pa TtOU 6:TtA~ve"["aLIiTto tOY 'AtAavtlKO G!l~tOY ElpT]VLKO'OKeav6, Ttpooq.,tpel l't tl~ UpIiOtLI!~ 41uaLKE~ TtAoutonapayCo)YIKt~ t'1~ TtT]yt~ l'lliv 1i0UYKPLt'1 tOCo)tEPLKTjliyop6, "Av t~alptOEL «cvetc 'tt~ N6tle~ nOAltEie~, OtTjv un6AoLn'1 x~pa tli q.,EouSapXLKO: tOIXEia - ~ yaLoKt'1l'OYIKTj 6PLO OtOKpatia Kat ~ EKKAT]ola- ~tav nEpICo)pLOl'tva, €t01 G!lOtE" O!KOVO' l'la l'nopoOOE V,e69Epa yO: Iivantux9Ei trcvo ce KaTtLtaALOtLKTj~6.0l'). 'E~ aAAou ~ YECo)ypa4lLKTj 9taT] "[G:lv'EvCo)l'tvCo)v nOALtELG:lY. Jitav t~alpEtIKIi TtAEOVEKtLKit:'H x~pa ~ploK6tav l'aKpUa IiTta tou~ TtOAtl'ou~ TtOUElXav Kata KaLpou~ Kataotpt~EI tnV E6p~n'l' "O~ to 1776, 6 'Al'EpIKavLKO~ KaTtltaAIOflO~ evenwccerev KatQ 6Tto tOV IinOTtVLKtlKO KAolO t~~ ~pnavvIK~~ 6!TtOIKlaK~~ KU' pLapxla~. "Ecncce Ol'Co)~ 'tTjv tnav6.otaOT] a6ta ta noALtLKO:K'l:t lit OIKOv0l'LKa 6EOl'0: Kat G!lPl'T]oeIiOUYKp6'tT]to~ TtpO~ to: tl'np6~. '0 xenltaALOl'O~ I!KavE "[0 6e6upo l'ey6Ao &Al'a roo, Otav "["06KLoe t~ 60U~OKtT]tLKil 6ALyapJ(la crov 1:l'416)..LO Tt6)..el'0 toO 186 t • 65. r6pQ ota 1880 01 'EVQl'tVE~ nOALtEiE~ ElXav KL6Aa~ q.,960eL 'til MEy6)..T] Bpnavv(a. 1:1: A(yo 90: dq.,'1vav nLo TtoAu rrtcrc "["ou~ OtO 6p6l'0 t~~ ~Loll'lxavIK~~ Iiv6.Tttu~T]~, to «l:pyoo"[6010 "["00 K6oIlOU». 1:' 6).,T] 'tn 61apKELa t~~ TtpoenavaO'tQ'(IK~~ nepL660u - )..te, 6ctl6VEP- , «01 t).,eugepol I:pyau~ encrexceeev tn l'I!Lo~t)4lla O'tou(: K6).,Ttou~'tG:lvI:pya!';0IlEvCo)v». TTjv Tt).,Elo~l'J4llaencrexceccv 01 ).,EUKOt tpy6.uc;: TtOUelXav l)"9EL Ilt «06l'~aCTl'(" 6Tto tnv EUPQTtT]Kat 01 NAypOL 600).,01. Mo).,ov6n 01 OUV9~KE~60U)..ELa:~Kat "[0 ~LO'tIKOhlne60 'tG:lvt)..eUgepCo)vpya't~v, t ~tav 30 &(: l004l0pt~ KaMtepa lin' 6."[1o'tilv 'Ayy).,(a,,, Kat6.0taofJ 'tOU(:ll'EYE Tt6vta OIKtpfJ. Ta IlEpoKlilla'ta~tav I:~EUU)..IO'tLK6..~60U)..ELO: «pcecece 12 - 15 CSPE~ ~l'tpa Kat Oto: tptTjv yocn60la KupLapxoOoE ~ aU9alpeo(a toO c l'no~:t (l:pyo60t'1)' "EtOL ct •AIlEPLKOVOt tpy6.u~ 6tv dpyT]oav ve nlipouv tOY [6LO 6p61l0 Ilt "["ou~ tpy6.u(: 't~(: 'Ayy)"la~: 'to 6p6l'0 't~(: IiTtEpyla<;, tea ouv6IKa).,Lol'00 Kat t~(: nO)..I'tIK~~ 6paoT]C;: . .Itn 6L6.pKEIa tG:lv IinoLKlaKG:lv Xp6vCo)v~Enpo~6.)")"ouv ccv 6p6· ol'lI.J.aKalll'IO: oapavtaplO: t~eytpoeL(: 606).,Co)v,TtO)"u6!pL9l'a ~e0'lK~l'a'ta4l"[Co)XG:lV liypo'tG:lv Kat !pyatG:lv, OTtCo)~ Bacon to 1676 otn Blpton t!,;lvla, eee Alilo).,ep 'to 1689 otn Nta 'Y6PK'1. Kat dna "[01756.1771 K).,Tt."O).,e~ aut£(: oll:~EytpoeL~ KataltVlYllKav uece OtO elue. 1:'tf\v te).,eutala TtEpl060 'tG:lvo:nOLKlaKG)V XP6vCo)v 0llllelQ9'1Kav ct Ttpa.u(: IllKpoanepY(E~ ..I'tTj616pKl!la t~~ havaO'taollc;:-6nCo)~ Iivaq.,tpEL 6 M6pPI(: - ct tpy6.tE~ Kad:~'1Kav ot anEpyla tvaY'tIovtG)v BpnavvlKa.y o'tpa·
(Dove,,: ~'l(nOQLa IOU ~Qyan)l()ii xl ...flllllfO~ flil," 'EVQlI'i'l'CD'I' nO~L'QLW'l". f. 1, o.
HI.
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1'lCo)'(lKQV6:PXQv O't" Boo't~v'l' 01 npaYl-laude; 6:nEpyIEe; 6:PXLoav en"v npoEnavao'tauKI'l nEploBo I-l! 'tl'lv avo:n'tul;fJ 'tije; j3,l0I-l'lxavlae;. 01 nLO ofJl-lavude; ~'tav 'tQv 'toaYKap6:BCo)v 't~e; N. 'Y6pKfJe; ota 1785 Kai. 'tQv 1'unoypo:~wv 't~e; cDlA.a6t}..q1ELae;to 1786. 01 npQtOL 6:nEpyol, ~nwe; ' Kat oe 8A.Ee;0XEBov 1'~e;vEapte; KanltaA.L01'lKte; xQpEe;, ~tav dOLKEUl-lt· VOL I:py6:ue;: 'tunoyp6:q10l, OtKOOOI-lOL, 6:pupy6:ue;, 'toaYKap6:oEe; KA.n. l:'ta 6:nOLKlaKa XP6vla, B!v un~pxav CiA.kEe;taI;LKte; opyavc::,OSLe; ' I:pya'tQv iK1'oe; 6:no 'tIe; OUVfJ9LOl-ltvEe;npOOUVOlKaA.lOUKte; tvc::,OEle;«q.l· A.lae; Kat 6:).}..T)Aoj3,on9Elae;:o. Ka'ta 'tl'lv hav6:otaofJ - 8nwe; >..tEL 6 M6ppLe; - ot I:pyauc; Eqlnal;av OLO:q10pEe; opyavwoELe; Yla v6: 6:noKpoO· GOUV 'tTiV OIKOV0l-llKTl6:n0IJ.0l;I")0fJ6:no I-ltpoue; 'tQv BpuavvlKQv 6:pxQv. "0I-lWe; uevcv uoupa 6:no tnV snavo:otaol") lYLVE npay).latlKTI U:6p1ll")0T)YLa 'tTl BI")).ILoupy(a OIKOVO).lLKQV6pyav~oECo)v 't~e; il!pyatLK~e; rc~'le;.l:de; 6:px!e; 'toO 1790 KO:VEl't"v iI!!lqlO:VLOnrcu 'to npQ1'o OUVBLKO:'tO. 'Ano 't6u Kainepa, YLa.l-llO' OELp6: xp6vla, TI oUVOlKaA.LO'tLKiI K(vfJol")).Ie 'tIe; 6:nEpyIEe; 'tl")e; KA.n. I-ln~KE otilv ·'A).IEplKavLKiI l;wil, cev 1-l6VLI-l0 O'tOLXdo.
H rENEl:H
TOY
l:YN.6IKAAIITlKOY
KINHMATOl:
"Youpa 6:no 'tilv snavo:o'taol"), i) !3L0I-ll")xavla Ol")).IElWOE ).IEy6:A.Ee; wp0600ue; Kalliv I:l;aLpWOUI-lE Buo I-lnanOA.E).ILKte; KploELI; - vvopice nEplooo 6:A.1l9Ivf!e; EUOall-l0vlae;, 1:1; aldae; reo 8navao'tauKoO 1tOA.eI-lOU,'toO nO)."l-lou rce 1812 Kai 'tQv NanoA.Eov'tlCo)v nOA.E).ICo)v. l:tO !lual;u 6 nA.1l9l'o).loe; 't~e; x~pae; ).IEyO:A.Co)VE ypi)yopa. K6:9E i)I-lEpa ~O· 'tpwvav Kalvo,jpYla t~yooto:ma, E'tOL nOli 'to 1815 it uqlaV1'OupYLKiI PLOj.lfJxavla B06A.EUE XEBOv 6:nOKA.ElO'tLK6: novCo) o'til p6:OT) 1'~e; ueyO:A.I")e; py~OtaOla· e - -, 8nLXelpfJO'le;. 'H npc::,'tl") 6:1tEpy(a 0' aU'tO rev KA.6:00 E(WE 'to 1815. 'H plol-ll")xavla oLBi)pou, 6:A.E6pwv, l;uA.dac;, KA.n. 6:vun'tuoo6'tav ot 6A.6KA.I")P'ltil xc::,pa Kai XP11<'l!lononoLoDoE 8A.0 Kal 1tEPlCG6'tEpOUe; I:pyaue;, l'tOl tree OLya'OLya I-lEyO:A.WVEha npaYj.lanKo npOA.Uapl6:'to. To 1810 i) 6:l;la 'tQv !3L0I-ll")xavLKQv npo'!· 6v'tCo)v lq.9avE 't6: 198 ba'to).l).l6pLa BOA.A.O:pLaKat 'to 1834 'to' 325 EKa1'01-l1-l6pla.' Me 10Lal'tEpl') 'taxu'tl")'tCI 6:van'tux91")KE o'tO (6LO BL6:O't'l).la i) ej.lnOplKTI vaunA.la. 'H enav6:O'taol') l!3aA.E eexcc OtO ouO'tI')).Ia 'tQv «OLO: OU!l!30' ).a(ou 006A.Co)V:O Kat O't6: Ka'tol1:Lv6: XP6vLa cl nEploo6upOl 6:no corccc 6:nEK'tl")oav 'to olKa(Wj.la !JInqlou. 'H il!nav6:CFtao'l ~I-l(,)e; havE noA.lI )Jya npO:yj.la'ta YL6: v6: KaA.UUpE6oEL 't"v 'tpaYLKiI Ka't6:O'tao'l rev Ne· ypCo)v 006AWV. 'EvQ 6:no 'ta 1808 EtXE KL6A.ae; 6:nayopE6oEL 'to SouM!ln6pLO 6:no 1'Tlv •Aq.pLK" Kat evQ I:v!nVEUOE r.va K(vllj.la rrcu cee 1818 06:PWOE 'tTl 60uA.Ela crtc J!,6pELEe;noA.luiEe;,aq.I")oE 1:v't06'tOLe; ciSLK'to 'to BOUA.OK't'l'tlKOo6cnfJ!la o'tTiv Kap6L6: rcu - 'to N6't0. 1:' a6ta 'ta XP6vLa npoo'te9'lKE tvc 6:K61-la O'tOlXEto o'tilv 6:v6:ntul;fJ 'toO YEa· poD npo).napL6:'tou. n6:pa no).A.te; yuvaiKEe; unoXPEc::,9I')KaV ve 6:q1i)GOUV 'to VOlKOKUPL6 roue Kai 't"v otKLaK" XElPOUxvla YL6: ve oouAe· Ijtouv ena I:pyoen6:ma ccv !lLo9Co)'tte; il!py6:'tplEe;. 1. Hutt: c'O BQII'J(J.YVl1cb~ oruva'x(ll,~~~,
0.
17.
-44-
O( tLl-ltl; .lJv nl!.p(o&o !KI!.IVll cht~aLVaV Kal 01 tpychl!.e; n,H.Euav ve 01(EpaO'nlO'ouv Kat va pe).'tLcl:lO'oUV.0 PIO'tLk6 toue; inl1(eoo. "01lCr.le;: oPLO'lltvOI 1(apayovue;: -lS1(Cr.lC;:I'l l:).e69I!.P'l o:no pap'l ISLoKt'lO'[a an'l vf1, Ko:nolee; 1(epLO'0'6upl!.e;: a'toI-lIKte; !).eu9I!.plee;:, ct Ka).uupol IlL0'901 Kal ol trepl006upel; 6uva.6''l'tE1; troO 1(poO'cptpov.av YLa olKov0I-IIKIJ o:v060 -lpa).av .l'l ocppaylSa rove 0.1e; O'UvSLKa).IO't'Lde;:opyavwO'I!.Ie; rev lpya't(l)v Kat htL~po:Suvav 'tl'lv avatrtul;'l tfle; .a~LKfle;: rove auVEl6110'1')e;. Mt lS).a a6ta, ol tpyo:uc;: 'tfle; vl!.apfle;: 4'lI-lOKpadae; .(l)v 'Ev. nO).LuL(l)v, I-ItrflKav avan6q,eUKta O'tO Sp61l0 tfle; 'taI;LKfle; tr6:· ).11e; at d61K6: .00 O'uv6IKa).LO'l-IoO, trOO rev elXI!. o:voll;eL trptv 0:11' K au'tooe; I'l tpyan6: tfle; •Ayv).lac;:. 'H Ku~tpv'lO'l1 6:Vt"Ll-luwtrIO'e tic;: trpoO'tr6:gelte;: toue;: va opya· vcr.l900v. I-It Ilhpa O'K).l1pa noo ~aO'Il;ovTav au9a(pua O'tOOe; v61l0ue;: tflc;: BpuavvLKf11; KOLvono).lu(ae;: Kal O'uvt).ape Kata KaLpOOe;tro).).ooe; 6:trepyooe; I-It 't1'lv Kat'lyop[a 'tf11; covcucetec. "0I-lCr.lC;: Ilhpa 'ta aut6: St O'ta9'lKaV [Kavo: Vo: ncpexeccov tlJ 6po:O''l 'tQv 'AllepLKav(l)v tpyat(l)v, 1100 O'uvtXLO'av - 61lCr.le; Xav K6:vel xeuncce XP6vLa ectv d 01 Bpuavvol O'uv6:6E).CPO[ roue - TIe; 6:trepV[Ee; Kal .lJv O:vtIO'.aO'TJ. "EtO'I to 1824 ercv 0''t1'lv 'Ayy)'la llltralVE at tcpapl-loYl'l 0 v61-10e; ect n O'uv6LKa).LO'lloO, ct ).euKol tpy6:tEe; ertc 'EvCr.llltvl!.e; nO).Luti!.e; dv 6tv nhuxav 0'.0 6:KtpaLo to 6LKa[Cr.ll-la ve opyavc::,vovtal, tl;aO'cp6:).LO'QV tOU)'6:XIO''tO .1'Iv o:voxlJ .&v 6:px(l)v. 'Atro rors 'to: O'Uv6IK6:.a o:pxL' cev va 6:vatrtuO'O'ov.al OPIlTJ'tLKO: t 1(o)'He; n6).eLI;, KUp[Cr.lC;: a rev 'A· t).aVtLK(l)v O:K't(l)V. '0 4>6vep geColpEi O'6:v o:cpuT}pla .00 •AI-IEpLKavlKoO tpyanKoO KIVI'Il-IatOC;'1'IST}llloupyla 'fle; '0I-l0O'nov6IaKfle; tyColO'l1e; tEXVIt(l)v tfle; 4>1).a6tAcpElac;, Ka.a to hoe; 1827. Mt to O'UV6IK6:tO aut6,lYlvE tOtrp(l)'to Pf1l-1a YLO:to trtpaO'lla 0:1(0 tl'lv 6:n).f1 OnepoO'mO'l1 t(l)v crevcv ttrayye).l-Ia'tIK(l)v crul-ICPEp6vtCr.lv, t Illav EUpUUpT) .aI;IKI') tro).mKfj. at roma Kit ~tPaLa K).[llaKa 6:K61-111. Auto to 01-l00'trov61aKo tpya'tIKo O'UI-IPOU).IO ~.av 'to np(l).o trOO Sl1l-110upyl'l911KE O'tov KOO'I-IO. o trap6:6ELYIla ppf1Ke T I-IlI-lTJ'tte;Kal ypl'lyopa opyavc::,9'lKav nap61-10la O'wl-lata at d).).Ee; no).eLe;, hal nee to 1836 tr:tf1pxav KL6).ae;: 6EKa'tp[a thOLa rcmxc tpyatlKO: O'UIlPou).la. Tl'l O'uyKp6tT}0'1'l tOUe; oKo).ou911O'e tva KUlla anEpYI(l)v173 0'.6: xpovta o:trO to 1833&e; .0 1837 - Via tjlll)'6'tepa l-lepoK6:llata, ).lyc::,tEpel; WpEe; 60u).elo5'e; Kat xexcreccoc 6poue; tpyaO'lae;. To 1835 etO'traO'e 1-110: YEVLKit 6:trEpy[a O'tlJ ¢lL).a6t).cpeLa, IJ npili'T} at 6)'6K).l1P'l 'titv 'AIlEpIKf). To Maptll 1834, 0"1'Iv I61a tr6).T} y[vT}Ke T')npw'tll 6:tr6· 1(ELpa YLO: Illav euputEp'l 6PVavUlO'T} tpyaO'lae;, I-IE tl'l 611lllOupy[a .fll; revLKf1e; ~Uvoll0O'trov6Iae; tpyat(l)v nco f~l1O'e tp[a XP6vla. 'H ~Al-lepLKavIKI') tpya'tIK1'I .6:eT} ElXe ueet nla O'tO 6p61l0 .f1c;: ttr191!.0'TJC;: Kala' auto XPUlO'to5'tiC; KataKtT')O'EIe; ncu CTIlI-li!.lc.>O'E KaO'ta .0trLv6: xp6vla. To K1vll1l0 tT}e; tKCPpO:O'tllKEKal 0''t0 tro).mK6 trEfl[o I-It 'l'I6T}IlLoupy[a tonuc:(l)v epyanK(l)v K0I-lIlO:t(,)v. To trp(l)tO o:no aut6:trp(l)to at 6)'6K).T}Pll tl'lv tercctc toO traYKoO'I-LlOU tpyattKoG Klvf)lla· toe; -ISpu911KE at" <DL).a6E).cpEla to 1828. "Eva O:}..).o 6T}l-Iloupyf)9T}Ke rev Etr61lEVO Xpovo O'tit NEa 'YOPKTJ. ~t1'lv nep[060 1828 _ 33. unflp' xav O'de; 'Ev. nO).ltEiEe; «enco 61 tE.ola K61-'Ilata 1100 6LE9uav 50 tcpT}I-lEpI6ee; a triO ).al-ltrpo: tpyatlKO: •• 6TJIlOO'IoypaCPIKa opyava tfle; hoxf1e; tKe!vlle; at 6).0 rev KOO'I-'O.
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AllTa Ta T01UKa K61-ll-laTa aVTaVaKAOOOaV t6 pli;00naonx6 5,,· ~oxpaTlxo nVI!Ol-la att6 TO encto Xat£XOVtaV 01 1-l0i;Ee; .G::Iv Epyai;o~!vColV xa'ta 'tl\v ttEpl050 T11e; pol!5plae; Ti;oKaov. Ta o:anKO: K61-ll-laTa n 6!v ElXav aXOI-lT1xaAo·6pyavColS£l «ct ~tav aXEtIKO: EUKOA'l50UAEla ve apxlaEL I-lla 6:VI!~6:pTT1TT1nOAlTlKn K{V!,]OT}til<; ~pyatlKfie; TO:~!']C;. a T TonlKO: K61-l1-la"ta aYCilv{at!']Kav Yla 5T}lloola 0xoAEia (nco 06vToIJa U'ip69T}xav). Yla TnV xato:pYT}0l1tG::lv El5\KG::Iv4luAaKG::IvYIO:TOUe; XpE041Elxerec. ylo TOV nEploplOI-lO tfje; EKIlELO:AAEuo!,]e;rev )UValKQv I(at TQV ttal5lG::lv. YIO: Tl\v KaSIEpCo:la!,]00 5EKawpou, tl\ 5'lIlOXpanKn . MIa!,] TOO ltpO~A1ilJaTOe; tfje; yfje; KA It. ~EflEI~av &I-lc.le;EAOXla'fll npoaox1\ Yla TO ltp6~Alll-la Tfje; 50UA£Lae; tG::lv NEypCilV Kat 0:5Io<p6P'laav tvTEAQe; YlO 1:nV xaTaAT!Ol:EUOTI tile; yfje; tG::lv 'Iv5lO:vCilv. 'Ef;£AE~av o:pXETOUe;evnltpoawnoue; atT' BOUAl') xct cnceexcecev nOAltlKO n:apO:YOVTa ade; ltEplOa6upEC: nOAEle; ecv BOpE{CilV Flcxnerev. To K{v'll-la U1IEO"tl'1plf;1! a! ~SVIX" KAlflaKa tOV n:p6E5pQ "Avec.co Ti;O:Koov. To EpyatlKCt xOj.ll-lata €o~l1aav YUpCil ota lB40, E~ ah[ae; TQV faCilTEplxG::lv evneececcv Kat tfje; pa5Loupy{ae; tG::lv O:O't:G::IVltOAltlxQv a! ~apoe; roue BaO'LKa B~Lc.le;a; O:<pQPI-lfic: die; ltQAlTlKfje; ave.>plI-l6T!']Tae; '(00 vecpoc tpyatlKQO Klvf)j.latQe;. "00'0' YIO: .0: rctnxc fpya,(IKO: O'Ufl!3ouAla, aUTO' O'apw9'lKov 0XE60v tvtEAG::Ie; 0:110 T1\v oIKov0l-llx1'll(ploll TOO IB37. L' aUIt'! Tt'!V Kp(O''l, l') j.lEy6:A'l aVEpy[a ltfjPE YlO: 1IpWTll <popa tle;5IaO'toO'EH; Lvoc O'o~apQO 1IQAIT1XQOi;'ltl'1l-la'tQe;. :tTIe; 'EVe.>j.ltvEe; FloAlUiEe;, l)ltCo:le; ct O'tl') M. Bps ruvvlo x Kal O:AAQO,XPEIO:ot:T1KI! a 1IEpav al!l ltOAUe; xcrcoc ccnco ve 5!']l-llQUpyi!OQtJv ct tpy6:ne; YEpte; ouv5l' KaAlat:lKte; 6p)avwO'ELe; 1I0U VO 1-l1lQPQOV ve 6:vTlfll!Te.>n{aQUV '(Ie; napl05lKil:e; QIXQVQl-lLxil:e; p[OUe;. K It:le; 'Evcuevec nQAltEiEe;, '(a yl!vIKa xapaKTllplat"IKa .fje; ltE' pl65QU cvepecc 0.0 lB30 Kal lB60 ~Tav: t') yopyi) o:v6nnuf;'l .fje; ~lOlJT1xavlae; ere BQPpa, l') htKTaOT] Tfje; 5QUAe.lae; 0'.0 N6'tQ. 6 a1lQll(l' al-l0c;.G::Iv OUtlxQv nQAltELQv, l') avaKaAu'¥!']I(QlTaO'I-lO:TCilv XpuO'QOat"i)v KaAAI416pvla, t') YPf)YQPll htK.aOT) TQO aI5'lPQ8pQl-llI(QO Kal 6511(00 51' K't6Qu, t') O:VOlttU~!'] tvoe; loxup6TatQu xLVl'1flaTQe; IO:T1\v KaTopYllall Tfje; Y 60uAElae; TG::Iv N!ypUlv xa I i} O:OUIJ<PLA{e.>T'l o:vd9EOT) o:vO:I-lEaa OTQUe; lO' ~ I-lllXO:VQUe;rev BQPE{CilV nQAlTElG::lv I(al TQUe; 5QUAQK.fjUe; .0'0 N6.Qu. "YoTEpa O:ltO '(l')v O:vaKaAut.jl'l .fje; tI<Q)(l(la'(\I(f1e; I-lllxavfje;l(aTO:TO 1793 i) ~aj.l~aKQ1Iapaye.>yl') d:pXlaE ve tltEK'tE[vE'(al «ct flai;l fl! au'tT'lv I(al 'to 5QUAQKt'lnKo coornpc. 1:'t0: 1790 trcpcvovrev 1-l6Ale; 3.000 fl1l0:AAEe; I-lltalJnO:K1, 6 o:pL91-l0e;au'toe; l4'.aaE '(0 lB60 de; 3 B41.000. l:',1'lv t51a 1IEp[Q50 0 o:p191-l0e;eev 5QUAe.>V1I£paO'E O:ltO .Ie; 697.624 TO 1790, ato 3953.760'(0 IB60.' 'H O:Aat;;QvEla 1(0'1l') nQAlTlK1'l emaeLlK6T!']Ta nQu €5EIxvav 0'1 5QUAQKTfjtEe; .0'0 N6tQU aUIJ~6:81t;;E I-lE t:l')v ltapaye.>yl') TQO ~aaIKQO .QUe; ncctcvecc, TOOI-lltal-l1taxIQO. Mil: T1\ ~Qi!' aeic tG::lv TpanEi;I.G::Iv tQUe; xct .G::Iv opyavc:;,oEe.>v I-l! tie; OnQtEe; ouv5t· QVLaV, EIxav 6:vo5E{~El ~e; TO lB6Q, 11 O:ltO .QUe; 16 npQ!5pQue; rev 'Ev. nQAI'tEIG::Iv xct «ccrceccv xO:te.>O:ltO rev EAEyx6 '(QUe;tl') rEPQuO'{a .hl 24 XP6vla, '(l') BQUA1\ Enl 22 Xp6vlo Kal TO 'Avcrcrc Oll<aO''ti!plo hI 26 XP6vla. :rov OKQnO dxav va Kuplupxi!aQuv at 6MI(A'lPll Tl')
1. 'Yxov(lyaio 'E~"UI(l(ov lWY RnA. 1789-1945.
Histrtcol Qtatistics
of the
U.S.A.
--46-
xc::,pa Kat !va 6:n6 't6: &velp6: 'tOU~ ~'tav va doay6:youv 't6 Ka9EO'tc::,~ 'til(: 60UAda~ Kat OTt~ Plol1T)Xav(ee; 'toO Boppa:, "Ottc.l~ AtEI 6 M6:p~, t· xetve no';' f'l9EAav et 60uAoKTflne; « 6h ~Tav II 616:AUOTJTflr;"EvQoT)e; 6:).).6: II dMld,oeydJ'COo~ 1:'1', I,UO:6:va610pyO:vc.:J0T) no';' 9a oTl'Jptl;;ovtav o'tiJ 60UAOKtT)ota Kat SO: npaYj.laTOnOloOvTav K6:tc.:J6:n6 t6v IAeyxo 'tfle; 60UAOKTI'JTIK~e;6AlyapX1ar;:t,' T6 OUOTl'Jj.la T~e; 60uAelae; nOll 61apKQe; ittEKu[vOVTav otie; NotlEe; nOAlute~, pplOKoTav o~ 6:volKTn OUYKPOUOT) jJ.t Tn ~IOf.ll'JXavta Kat TO OUOTI'JI-'a6:ypO"(lK~r; tKjJ.u6:AAeU0I'Je;, nco hlKpaToOoe od~ BopELEe;Kat Tte; .1.UtlKtr; nOAlutEe;, 'E~ altlae; T~<;60UAdar; ot NOTIEe;FloAITEiEe; fKAEloav '1nv 6:yopo: TOUr; otnV hl9uIKn O:OtlKn T6:(.1'JTQV B.:.· pdQV nOAIUIQv Kat TIe; avol(.av O'TOllr; ..AYYAou~, 'H 60uAda 1:111~p6:6uVE no:pa eexo TnV 6:VO:11TU~T) '1~<;ploj.lT)Xav[a<; OTONOTO Kat 0'16:· 9I'JKE tjJ.110610 O'tnv av060 T~r; KE.aAaIOKpaTlK~<; o:ypotIK~<; bj.lETO:A. AEUOT)<; de; .1.und.<; nOAITEiE<;. 'E(. aAAou ot Nonol jJ.t TnV hlppon o 1101l ecxeecev OtnV ·0jJ.00110V&laKn Kuptpvl'JO'I'J, 1:!l11061l;;av Tn pU9· j.lIOI'J tQv TljJ.Qv, tnv 6pyov(U0T] '1Qv Tpal1El;;Qv, Tnvdoaycuyn !lLa~OELpar; EO'CUTEPIKQvj.lttpcuv, 11011 ~Tav 6:11apaitT)ta Yla TnV I1V6:11TU(.T) '1flr; j3LOjJ.T)xav1ae;.EI6IKL)Upa II &ouAEia dXE ovaO'TaATlKn tl1lopaO'I'J o'tl'lv 6py6:v(')01'J TQV I:pyaTlKQv OUVOj.lEc.:JV TOO Norcu. To OUO ouO''tflj.la'ta (oouAEIa Kat j.l109c.:J'tntpyaola) i'iTav O:ouj.lj3Ij3aoTa jJ.ua(.u TOU<;Kat ~11(,)<;Oc.:JOTO: l1apo.'tT]pOOOE 6 Mop(., TO KUpLO np6pAT)!la O'TOVtj.lq,UAIO 110AEj.l0 i'iTav nOLO OTtO TO OUO 96 t(.aKoAou9000E vo 11l1apXEI. "Erm j.lIOOV creve l1piv TOV Ej.ltflUAIO 116AEjJ.0 1'1 j3a8E10 6:vd8EO'T') avcqJ.F.Oa 0'10 j3LojJ.T')XavLKoBoppo Kal tOV O:YPOTIKO(&OUAOKtT)tlKO) N6TO, KU' plapxoOoE ce 6MKAI'JPT) tl'lv a!lEPIKaVLKn 110AltlKn ~cufj. Ka'lo TnV weptese autn oTJjJ.ElW8I'JKaV0'10 KOYKptOOO rev 'Ev. nOALtEIQv O:tEAEIQUe; OUYKPOUO'EI<;cvcuecc crtc oVT[l1aAE<; KOIVQ' vld<; ouv6:jJ.Ele; Kat Kata~Ail81'JKaV nOAAE<; OUjJ.j31j3aOtIKt<; 11P00l16:9ELE<;~l5llQe; 'toO Clay, toO Webster K, a.-l1ou I5AE<;6:n6tuxav. '0 oywva<; 15~(,)~ otv nEplop[O'tT')KE oto KOlV0j30UAEUtLKO I'I'EO[O,'H O:jJ.EpLKavIKn ttalpE[a KaTO ,fj<; sooxetcc. op),O:V(uOE to 1831 pte OAI'J8LVn OTOUpoq,op[a ovojJ.Eoa crtc l1AatElE<; flO~E<; TOO l\aoO, YLa tftV 6AOKAI'JPQtLKn Katapyl'JOT) 'tfj<; oouAEla<;. AUTO to K[vI')j.la 1101l dXE 1:111KEtflaAfjC; 6:v9pw .... eve ccv '10V OutAAlaflrKo:ppLOOY, TOV Thaddeus L'tfjj3EV<;. rev OutvTEA $[All1<; Kat tOv flEy6:AO Ntypo lIyt'tT) $ptVtEPIK NT6:YKAa<; - 4'0UVTQOE OE OA6KAT)POTOV Bopp6:.11ap· I5Aou<; '1ou<; &1(,)Yflou<; Kal tl'lv avtf&paOT) TQv opxQv' xct (.EofjKC&lOE 'tl'tv KOL' vn YVWfll'J KaTaY)lEAovtac; tiC; O:VOfl[EC;Kal t6: tpOIJfpa otO'XI'J nee )1[' vovrcv OE j36:po<; TQv Ntypcuv OOUAC,)y. L' auto to KnpU)I!lO tfje; tAw8Ep[ae;, olI6:vtl'JOav 01 OOOAOL'toO Norou !lE flLa OELpa ~PC,)(I\E<; tt,E)lEpOEIe;, lIOU 11V[YI'JKav 15},E<; re cduc: -ETOI 01 'EVC,)LLEVEe; O!"L' e n tEIEe; j3a&l~aV O:OUYKpO:t'lTa lIpC<; TOV ElJtflUAIO n6AEf.!0. T a Suo exect6lII:.oa E1xov CIlIO Kat pO oX'l!lallo6Ei: nne In flla !lEpla O[ OOUAOKTfjTEe; ree Norcu flE tcoc 0!KOVO~HK06<;tOUe; OU!lllOXOU<; «ct OnOlT)V O:AA'l TO j310fl'lXQVLKC OtOlXEio ,00 Boppc , to IJE)'Of,UlEPO aeccc 'tWV I I{"l'll'ohh'":_"'''' N 'Yol'''''l HI:.!;,
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Tnv tTtOxn 't~c: av600u 'toO tpyanKoO KlVl'!j..I3't0C; c'tnv wEploBo 1827 -1837. 01 tpya'tEC: tKtOC; awo 'tn ~IOj..l1")xavlKn Kat woJ..mKn 'tOUC;TtP~OOOaPXLcav ve evcneocccuv eet aVnKaTtL'taJ..LC'tlKi!:C;loEEC;. lSwc.le:aTtoodxvouv 'ta ~pya 'toO Thomas Skidmore Kal aJ..J..c.lv. Mua 'tnv Kplc1")6j..1c.lC; ca 1837 Ttapoumac't1")KE I.na 6WlC90Bp61J.'1c1")e' ao.'t6 r 'tov 'tOj..lEa. MEca cTn cUYXLCI') 't~c: hoxfic: tKdvl')C; avaTt'tux91')ltav TtoAAa Oll'tOTtLc'tlKa CXtoLa - ·00UEVLCj..I6c:. ~OUplEPLCj..I6e:. Kaj..lwE'tLCj..IOC; K'tA. 1:'t0 ayc.lvL1;6j..1EVO ouvoIKaALC'tLKO Klv1")j..Ia aPXlcav va eexcav hlppon 'ta WLOavEBa<f>IKa cxtoLa wou wEpLAa~alvav ayponK!c; ueTappu9j..1lCELC;Kat Ttapayc.lYlKoUe: cuvuaLpLCj..IOUc:. XpElaC'tl')Kav apKuo: XP6vLa YlO: va avaAa~ouv 01 EV&lCElc: (lua 'In BUCKOJ..1") TtEploBo Tf'jC;KplcI')C; 'toO t837. nEpl 'to 1850 6 cuvoLKaJ..Lcj..Ioe: o.PXlCE TtaJ..Lva TtalpVEl O:WO:Vc.l rcu. 1:xEoov lSAEC;01 tv&lCElC; 'tf'jc; twoxf'jc: bElv1")C: enceexecvrev (l0vaxa awo ElOLKEUj..IEvOUe: iPYO:TEC;. noAJ..!!:c; aTto aOtEC; aTtEKAELav cuc'tl')(laTLKa 'toue: Ntypouc:. 'tIc; yuvatKEC: Kat 'tOUC;aVElBIKEUtOUC; ipyo:esc. 1:I')j..IaVtLKn wp60Boe: YLO:lSAI') bElvl') 'tnv wEploBo ~Tav 'to yEyO' voe: 6n j..IECa cee cuvOLKaAlC'tl'co Klv1")(la (lTtf'jKav 6pj..ll')'tLKa oll;c.lv'tavtc: OUVO:(lElC; G:lv UlJlaVfoupyG:lv. T 'H ~eA'IIc.lc'1 cdc: (lt900Ee: wapayc.lyf'jc: Kal !'J avaTt'tu~I') (lltte: t9vlKf'je: ayoplic; UTtExptc.lvav 'ta cuvBIKaTa ve excretvcuv Tn j3ac1") 'IOUC;. BJ..tTtOUj..lEhCl 6n cTn oEKaula Ttptv aTto TOV t(J<f>UALOTt6Ae· j..Io t(llJlavICT1")Kav TtoAJ..a cuvoLKa'ta oe t9vlKn KAlj..IaKa. To TtpG:lTO ~tav !'J "Evc.lO'Tj TuTtoypa<f>c.lv TtOU 10pU91')KE'to 1852. Ol KaLVoupYLEC: MVlKtc: evccerc wEplAa(lj3avav hlWJ..OTtOlOUe:. WlAOTtOLOUC;. opauu AlKOUc:. 0IKo06j..1ouC;. (ll')xavLKouc; cLB'1poop6j..1c.lv. AL90't6j..1oue:. Al90YP~<f>0ue:. KawvepyO:tEC;. tKOOPEtC;. tWLXPUCc.l'tEC;,cLBI')poupyouC;. ~aqtEte: Kat ~upCOOttl'EC;. MEyaJ..I') ~Tav (!!:K6j..1a O'Tj(lacla TOO BLO(l'1f) ;Xa\I1.~oO KOyKptCCOU TtOU cuvtpxovtav K0:ge XP6vo aTto '10 1845 ~C; 'to 1856. rUpc.l ere 1845 01 dOlKEUj..IEvOl 'tUTtOyp6:qtOl, tcaYKap6:BEe: Kat -n:\.l.01Ie4.QL halpvav 4 lc.lC: 6 50AJ..apla 'tnv E~Boj..laoa. TnV (OLa cnYj..lf! 'lrOU II tlJl'1j..1eploa «TpL(lTtlOUV:' tf'jc; Necc 'Y6PK1")C;, aQ&lpLCE 6tL't0 KaK T<llt-TO lSPlO yLa eev WPOOWOAOYlO'(lOl..IlfiC; ctscvevetec ~419avE 'ta 10.37 ooAAO:pla. O~ tv&lcELc:ayc.lvlO't1")Kav CJKAI')pa YLO:VO:~EJ..Tlc.l900v au 'to: ta tAEElVa j..IEpoK6:(laTa Kat 6pyavc.lcav lva j..IEyaAo Klv'1j..1a yLa 'to 5EKO:c.lpO. WO~ oty (j..IELVEXc.lplC; &WoTtAEC(la. '0 j..IECOC; lSpoC; ~T~vVl~o ~:;Zt~;~v ~~:;:l~~Ic:B~~E~~~~~uM6E~6~ c' allTo td' XPOVlKO 510:cT1")(la 01 Ev&lCEle: eTxav apxlcEl va olawpay(lat£uovtaL (lE TOUe:tpyoB6tee:. naA1")6tEpa ta CUvBlKO:'ta 9Ec.lPOOcav &pKUO va YVc.lCTOTtOLOOVTn (lLc90J..OYlKf! KJ..lj..IaKa TtOU UWE' O''tl'!pLl;av Kat epcenceeeecv Ocnpa ve avayKO:couv 'tOUC; ipyoB6'tEC; 'Itt Tf! BEXTOOV. -48-
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BaOLKO xapaKTI'JpLOtLKO T~V XP6vCo)v a~tG)v e.tvaL to a~~av6gevc K~~a T~V ~tavaatG)v a1tO T"V E~pQn'l' M.eta~':' 1820 Kal 1860 (exu9'l"av ~taa at" XQpa nect '(a 5 haTOllllupLa uercveceec. Of 11"epLaa6upoL ~Tav 'lpAavSot Kat rep~avo(. To 1860, TO 470)0 toO nA119001l00 T~e;:1t6Al1e;:Tfle;:Ntae;: 'V6PKI')e;:, 590)0 '(00 l:alvT Aou'(e;:. 49 0)0 TOO l:LK6:yOU «et 50 0)0 TOO nlnallnOUPYK, ~Tav yevvl1llhOl a~ (hI') xQpa. O( rep~avolnonol 6:no aUTot)e;: ~tav 1tp6alJluyee;: ano 't"v 'Enav6:aTaOl'} TOO 1848 -l1taL~av npc.lTOnOpeLaKo p6AO aTo ~6:nACo)~a TOO o:~epLKavLKoO epyanKoO KLv1'lllaToe;:. l:I'J~avnKoe;: 1tapaYOVTae;: ~Tav YUPc.lO:1tO'(0 1850 Kat ~ hLppoT) '(~V repllav~v, KUp(c.le;:M.ap~LaTG)v. M.toa a' aUTot)e;: ~p(OKovTav &vOpc.>1tOL cev tev JosepbWeydemeyer, TOV Fredetik Sorge, TovAdolph Douai Kal TOV A. Jacobi. Ot nepLaa6tepol a1tO au'toOe;: ~Tav cruvepy6:ue;: TOO M.O:p~ «ct '(00 "EVYKeAe;: at" rep~av(a Kal SLa't'lpoOaav auv" halJlT) Ill. 'tot)e;: f)yhee;: TOUe;:6:no '("v 'A~PtK1'l. To 1857 ~py6:vc.loav ~O: KOllllouvLanK" AtaxI') aTiI Nea 'Y6pKl1 1tot) JlaaLI;6. rev ade;: o:pxte;: ren e KOIl~ouvLanKoO M.avLlJltaTou:t. nap6~oLee;: ()pyaVQaeLe;: tSpoaav Kat at &AAa lley6:Aa dVTpa. nflpav aIl8ac.le;: hep' yo ~tpoe;: aTT) SI'JIlLoupy(a TG)V aov5LK6:'tc.lV, at"v Ka905ljY'lC7T) 't~V 6:nepYLG)v, ceev 6:YQva YLO:dlv KOT6:PYTJOI'} fle;:SouAe(ae;:, Ka9~e;: Kal T OTT) Sta1tat5aYQY'lC7T) Kal ()Py6:vCo)OTl G)V tpyaTG)v yto: TOV tlllJlUAIO t n6Aello, 1toO 1tpo£t'ol~6:l;ovtav • .douAetpav Kal aYc.lV(OTI')KaV Ill. 1!6:0Tl ~'flv neplql'llll1 6:px'fl TOO M.ap~ lhl: «01 AeUKol tpy6:ue;: Sb 1tp6KetT17L VO:'Kep5(aouv '('flv 1tpaYIlO"tIKil TOOe;:;A.Eugepia aoo t)n6:pxouv ~aOpoL I 600AOI:t. nOAAot a1to aUTo~e;: to':'e;: rep~avot)e;: O:Yc.lVLOt'te;: Ylvav ~a! KOUOTOt Ot()v tlllJlUALO n6Ae~0. l:de;: napa~ovte;: TOO tllqlUAlou 1tOAt~OU ot AeuKol tpyatee;: ~tav aK61l'l 5Lxaa~EvoL OTO l!aaLKo np6f)ATJua Tfle;: 50uAeiae;:. TO: 1tLO apeTJy~ha aToLxeta, ISnc.le;: tav n.x. 01 tpy6:ue;: ~ TG)V tpyoaTaalCo)v Tfle;: Neae;: 'AYYAlae;:, 1tflpav 8ta'l YLO: T"V KaT6:py'lo'l tfle;: 6ouAe(ae;:. 'A1to '(0 1832 KL6Aae;: 01 t)qlavToopylvE:.e;: ato A60ueA.A '(fie;: M.aaoaxouahTI')e;:elxav aXI'J!-Iat(ou eve OUAAOYO KaTO: tfle;: 60uAetae;:. 'VnflpX17v lS~c.le;: al nOAAot O:AAOLnot) avtL!-IetQ1tLl;av K t"V a1teAeugepCo)OTJTG)V Ntypc.lv !-It 6:6LalJlopla ~ Kal ~e tx9p6tTJTa aK61la, YLaTI etcteocv lSn ltOL 80: nAI'J~!-IUpLl;e ~ tpyat'LK" o:yopO: 6:1(0 IJItI'Jvo: tpyauKO: xtpLa. "AAAOL 1taAL uneoTilPLl;av lStL " KQtO:Ota0'l t~v AWKG)V tpyatG)v Sty llTav KaAA(uPI'J ano TG)V NtypCo)v OK"'6:~Co)V,iOCo)e;: !-I6:ALOta VO: ~tav kat Xup6tepTJ, Kal l;I'JtoOaav xeLpaqlEtl10TJ Kat TG)V SUO 6~6:5Co)V. 01 o:pvTJuKte;: aud:e;: Taoele;: '(~V tpyatG)v yUp<.iJano TO 1tp6~A'llla tfle;: 60uAelae;: tVLoXUoVtav Kat 6:110 to YEyOVOe;:lSTL0 Garrison Kat &AAOL f)Yhee;: tOO KLV"llaToe;: YLa t"V KaT6:pYTJ0'l Tf\e;:60uAelae;:, ft6eLxvav txOp6tl')Ta YLa TO QUvSLKaALO!-l6. "Orev 1S~c.le;: ~ta1taoe 6 n6Ae~0e;:, TO O'uv6LKaALOtiKO K(vl')~a ftYLve «ct alho !va T~fI~a TOO ~ey6:Aou coveO'nLO~oO TG)V Bopelc.lv not) dp6Lae T" VIK'l «et tXeu9tpc.>oe TOOe;: CKA6:I!oUe;:. TA l:VN.dIKATA KAI 0lEM¢lVAIOl: nOhEMOl:
'0 havaoTaflK~e;: t~ifl6ALO, n6AE~0e;: aPXLoE O'tle;: 12 'AnptAlou toO 1861, ISt:::tv 6 tnQVCIotatl'Jutvoc;: 'otpatoe;: tG)v SOOAOKT'lTG)V -49-
nupop6),1l0E TO "'POOPIO I:OVt'Ep OT" N6na Kapo),(va. '0 OUOXIt'lOIJ.O~ '((;)v BUVOI-IEc:.>V T600 a1:0 pl0lJ.llxavlKo zee Kal aTO cnpane:.>t'lKO TO(.Ita ecvcceee noM TO Boppa. '0 N6TO~ 6tv dxe napa 9 !Kat0IJ.IJ.0' pIa av9p6:lnou~ ano TOO~ 611010u~ Ta 4 tKaTolJ.(.IoPla ~Tav <n<),apol, tv& 6 Bopp6:~ opl9(.1000E 23 b.aTo(.lflopla. '0 clt&bYEp avaCf'tpEl6n G'KaTa TO 1860" OU(.lflETOX" TOO N6TOU a't'0 pl0lJ.llxavLKo BUva(.lLKO TfI~ X6:lpa~ 1100 l~ave T6u ouvo),lJ(a Ta 2 BLoEKaTOflIJ.opla 80),),0' pLa, 6tv E,EnepvoOaE TO 8 0)0:'. I:TO N6TO PplOKovTav TO tve TplTO T&V OLB'lpo6p6flc.lV TOO 19vou~. TO 3 0)0 TOO 0161Jpou, 60)01:00 KOPPOUVOU Kat 10 0)0 TQv tnEv600Ec.lV KE.aAalc:.>v. KaTa TO TEt'pOXPOVO BlaoTllfla TOO OKA'lPOO noAtflou, 6 N6TO~ 61l:v IJ.n6peae ve 1Iapa· TaE,EL 1Iapa pevcv 1.300.000 crtpaTI&t'f.~ oil: OOYXPl0'l flll: Ta 2.898.999 TOCi Boppa. Kat oa va IJ."V ICf'Tavav 6Aa aOTa, 01 60U),OKTflu~ TOO NOTOU hpEl1e ciK6IJ.a va tE,avaYKoi;ouv T"V 1I),£L0'l''1.la TOO ),aoO va OnOOT'lplE,u TOV n6AE:1J.0. 'H KuptpvllOll TOO 'AppaalJ. hlvKOAv E,EKlvT)O£IJ.Il:TO OK01l0 vO E,avatptpEL T"V tv6T'lTa crt" 6LXaoflAvll xt.>pa, 110Ve:.>T" pOOT) TOO 1Ie· a PIOpLOflOO TfI~ 60uAoKT'l0la~ (.Itoa crto 6Pla "C&v avayve:.>PLoflAve:.>v 60uAoKT'lTLKGlv KpaT&v TOO N6"Cou. I:ovTolJ.a 6fle:.>~ot 01la1TlJoEI~ TOO o"Cpane:.>t'lKCOay6:lva Kat" (ax up" 1IIEOT] T&V flai;Qv TOV onexptc.l· oav va tYKaTa),d'l'EI a~h"v T" ouvT'lPllnK" ypa(.llJ.lJ. 'EAeu9tpc:.>oe 'too~ <n<),apou~ 't"v 1T) 'Iavouaplou TOO 1863, I:vGl ano 'to 1862 Elxe lu6Aa~ ovolE,EL TO Bp6(lO yl6: 't"v tnLo'tpoUUO'l TQv Ntype:.>v IJ.Aoa CJ"[I~OTpanc.lTLd~ (.IOV06E~. "Youpa 0110 'to O)lPlt.>UPO flaKE),Ato 'tfl~ 'A(lEpIKavIKfI~ 'Io'topla~, 6 n6AE(l0~ d:AELc.lOe 't"v 9'lv 'AnpL),{ou 1865 flE T"V OAOKA'lpc.l'tLK" onoTay" TfI~ 'O(loonovBla~ 'toO N6TOU. '0 Ka' nLTa),IO(lO~ OUVTPlljl£ hal TO flovaBLKO E(l1l66LO noo TOO~pai;e aK6flll TO 6p6flO YLa 't"v 6MnAEUpT) OV01lTUE,1J TOU. 'H EpyanK" 't6:E,1lOTO oovoA6 'tT}~ 1Iflpe (ltpo~ OTOV n6),Eflo 0110' oTllpli;ovTa~ 6paoTT)pla 't"v 1(0),LnK" TOO hlvKOAv yl(~ T6y 1IEPLOPI0(l0 TfI~ BouAE!a~. 01 MapE,LoTt~ ano 't"v npQTll CTt'IY(l" i;llToOoav eneAEu9tpc.l0Tj T&V Ntypc.lv.O( Ntypolnoo 1(0)'tIJ.1l0avnaAA'lKapI0Ia, ~Tav ptpaLa set aOToi (ax up" KIVrytlJpLQ Mvaflll YI6: T"V a1lEAEU9tpUlOTj TGIV BooAUlV. 01. XaAKoKttpaAoL.'O l1p6:K'tOPE~ 'toO Neecu, 1100 PplOKOVtaV 6:~OVOL OTOBopp6:. npo01t6:9T]oav 6:11eyve:.>O(.ltva va unoKwlJoouv 'too~ tpy6:n~ evcvetcv die; Kuptpvll0'l~ AlvKoAv Kat tOO nOAE(lOU, Xc.lpl .. 6(.1c:.>~ (leyoA'l hl'tUXla. '0 I:IJ.Ctl0ALoe; 116AE(.IO~IBe:.>oE(l10 1Ipc:.>T6q,avtll ~9fJOTj ot"v av6:n'tuE,'l Kal ota9EpOnol'l0T) tfle; PIOflllXavlae;. '0 ¢lGlAKVEP AtEL 6tl fleXPL 'to 1850 'to fleyaAuupo (ltpoe; tGlv npo·(6vtc:.>v XELpouxvlae; 'tGlv H.n.A. nap6:yovtav OTO fJayai;l aAM: «et crto onl'tl, ano t6v tpya· i;6flEVO K6:9E O(KoYEvE!ae; nco dxe 116:VTOU T"V (BL6't'l'la TOO 6:tOfll' KOO C610K'tIJ't'l. '0 tflq,oALOe; n6A£floe; 6flc.le; 6:)'AaE,E pLi;IKO: ao't"v't"v l1pc:.>t6yovTJ etxevc. MEtO: t" ).flE,TJ 'tOU, to tpyootaoLaKo OuOtT}fla etxe nla tl1lKpatlJau aXE6¢v at 6AEe; tie; XELPOtExvlKte; Plot'EXvIEe; tfle; ewexfle; tKEiV'le;, 8ne:.>e; lver IJ uq,avtoupyla. e " 0110BTJ(latol1oLta, " aLB'l' poupyla, f) pLoflTJxavla tvBufl6:tc.lV K.li. KatO: 'to 6l6:oTTJlJa ecc t(lq,UALOU 1I0Atflou 'to «ecrcc Tfje; l;Ul~e; o:vtpT}Ke ot flEyoAa {iIi'TJ, Yla'tl " Kal1ltaALo'tIKil tKIJEtoHEUO'l opylai;E, tva. ta (lEpoK6:(laTa IflEvav nOAu 1I10c.l. '0 Cl>GlAKv£pQVaq>EpEl -50-
~n 'to Koa'tO" tGlv E!OGlV TlPW't'l" 6:VO:YK'l" 6:V£~'lKE a'tTl Oto:pKEta 'toG 1tOA£!l0U Ka't6: 1250)0, i!vGl 1') IJ£O'l aOt;'lo'l IJtaBQv f;ETltpaoE'to 600)0. T6: OUvoIKO:'ta ~tav TlOAl> 6:ouva'ta ecev IJTlflKaV (nov Tl6AEIJ0 YLad 1J6).L" f~yaLvav aTl6 ti" O(KOVOIJLKt" Kp(O£I" 'toG 1854 Kat 'toG 1857. K6:tQ 61JQ" aTlO tilv Tl[E0'l ecc KOO'tOU" 'tfl" l;QfI" TlOU 6).0 avtflaLv£, d:pXLaav ouv'tOlJa va f;avalJ£ya).wvouv Kat va O'taBEpOTlOLOOV d" BtaEL" 'tOU". "Evivcv TlOAM" aTlEpY[E", Tlapa 'tilv 6)'6TlA£UP'l Kat avua'tEp6~UA'l oUlJlJuoxfl ecv tpyatGlv O'tov Tl6).EIJ.0. '0 ct>6VEP evecptPEL ~n «'to D.EKtlJ~PIO 'toO 1963 dxav opyaVQBEt 20 OLa410pnLKa hayyeAlJata TlOU oX'lIJ6:nl;av 79 OUVOLKO:'ta. Tov 'IOUVLO 'toO 1864 UTlflpxav 40 tTlayytAlJa'ta 6pyavQIJtva ot 203 OuvoLKIi'ta, to D.£K£1l~PLO 'toO 1864 'ta hayyt}..!Jata lll''tavav 'ta 53 ot 207 ouvoutO:'ta Kat 'to NOtlJ~PLO 1865 ~)'tTlOUIJE 61 haYY£AlJa'ta 300 ouvoLKa'ta.'VTlOAo, ytl;naL 6n 'to 1864 o( ouvoLKa).LalltvoL tpyo:'t£" E41'tavav 'toue; 200.000. "Otav fTlaqr£ TlLa ve ouvtpXE'taL 'to ht,OLO BLOIJ'lxavIKo Koy'lCptaoo, 0'l).aOTlllua to 'ttAO" tfl" TlEPL600u 1845-1856, IYlv£ litO: d:A>..'l Tl'pooTl'6:BELa 'to 1864 YLa va lopuBEt ilIa r£vLKill:uvo!looTl'ovota ipya'tGlv, 'to AL£Bvt" BLOIl'lxaVLKO KOYKpeooo 'tfle; Bcpetco 'AIl£PLKfle;. 'H 6py6:vQaT) 61JQe; au'tTl ~)'B£ npoQpa. 'H Tl'p<:l't'l y£pil tBVIKil 6'llEpLKavLKil 6pyo:vQaT) tpya'tGlv ~'tav" 'EBvLKil "EvQo'l 'Epyaalac; eec lopuB'lK£ 'to 1866, dlv lOLa 0XE60v hoxil nou ouvfl>..Br. YLa np<:l't1') cpopa 'to ~UVtOPLO 'tQv flpl!'taVvtKGlv auvOLKatQV 'to 1868.
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VI.
01 APXE~
TOY ~YNAIKAAI~MOY (1848 -1864)
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1:'tI<;;&PX~C;: 'toO 190u ctcvc ~ 'HTmpc.:rtuci) E{)pc;;)1t'l. T(Ocj £tXE iJdVEl ltoM 1I(0c,) a1l0 '(!'Iv 'Ayy}..(a O't'ot)c;: pu9!louc;: "(fje; fho!l'lXavlIdlC;: '('Ie;: ava"t'u~'lC;:. d:PXloe alya· alVa ve pya(YEl llTto 'to aUal'l!la "(fje;: 41Eou6apxlac;: 110'1) 1I!9alvE. 'H ra).}..lKil 'En:avaot'ao'l Kal at Kata· OTPE1ttIKOI Na1tOAeovtlOI 1t6}..E!lOI 110'0 YKpe~1Laav ad!l!lata at ~}..'l "[I') MiloT) Kal .1.u'(\I(I\ Eop'~:r .. ;'l. hm:axuvav 'titv Ttt'QO''l TOO 4I£O'U8apX1o!lOO Kat rl\v 6;y(~,r";Tu~'l "[Qv KO'1tlTa}..I(T[IKQv OUVlqlWV. T6: auyxpova Ka'lUTaA10tIKcl KpaT'l !l6AU;: dpXll;av ve unapxouv all') dUaTl. 'H repllav(a Kat i) 'I'taA.{a lmOt£A.oOoav d9polo!la 1to).}..Qv !lIKpG}V !lov6;8ColV. 'H PColaala ~aa{}..EUE atflv 'Ava'toM Kal i') ToupKia ll;oua(al;e to !layaMtEpo !J.6poc;: '(Glv BaAKavlc,w, 'H 6:11190'''11 Au· atplaKf! AOtoKpaTopla nco 8'l~IOupyfl9'lKe Tl6:vc.> oto: riaTlokE6vtla O'uVtpt~~la, ~(1'tkColV6tav VColXE).IKO: ~(1'tO tT)v ToC7l(O:v'l &e;: ta KapTl6:9la Kal KuplapxoOO'E Tl6:VCol <nO: TlEplaa6tEpa Kpatl51a Tlol) 6:py6tepa O'uYXc.>veut'lKav ~tO'a O'to rep~avlKo Kal to '!ta).lKO Kp6:toe;:. 1:1: lS).'l aOti\ tl\ ~ey6:k'l TlEPlOXI\ 6 KaTlltaAla~oe;: evanrueecvtav ~I: po:Ct!') de;: YEVlKEe;: KatEu06vO'Ele;: TlOU 6:va4'tpa~e O'to TlpG)tO KE4'akalo. nOAU ~Ey6:A'l~tav i') a,9'lCt!') TlOU toO 15c.>O'E i') E6pc.:l1'ta"(KI\ tTlav6:O'taCt!') toO 1048. Mla Kat 6 KaTlltaAlo~oe;: o:vaTlt6xO'lKe O'tilv E6pGl1't'lTloM 6:py6upa 6:TI' lStl O'ti')v 'AyyMa, l~elvE ~t~ala TI(oc.> Kal to E6pColTla'Oco O'uv81KaALO'tiKO Klv'l~a, To ~EKtv'l~6: tOU OU~mTltEl O'de;: TlepLo06tepee;: xG)pee;: ~t ,.T)v 'ETlavaotaCt!') toO 1848, 1:,.0 K£4I6:Aalo aOto Oa TlEPlypcl$ou~e rl( ytvECt!') tG)v O'uv5lKatColv ode;: 816:4'OPEe;: E6pColTla'(dc XG)PEe;: «ct 'ti')v Tlopela toue;: I-ttXPl tT)v (O'tOpLKT) XPOVlO: toO 1864, 6T16te 15p60'lKE T) tl.lE9vi')c;: ·EVColCTT\'Epyal';;o~Evc.>v (TlPC::>t'l .1.LEOvile;:). To YEyOVOe;: a6to O:TlEt!).eO'E lva 6:TlO ta O''l~aVtlK~tepa 6p6OTJ~a O'tT)v IO'topla toO naYK6O'~Lou lpyatlKOO KLvil~atoe;:.
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«1:de;: 6:PXI:e;: toO 190u ctcvc », ).teL 6 Kucgynski, «to covcxc oXe60v tfje;: rep~avLKfjc;: I:pyatLKfje;: 8UV6:~ECole;: O:Tlote).06vtav O:TlO 50u).On:6:POLKOUC;: Tlol) 'pyal';;ovtav K6:tCol O:TlO to 4'eou5apXLKo (,uyo Kat .~mo ~a9'ltEUO!levoUe;: !lepoKa~atl6:P'l6ee;: KaBI1le;: Kal ~aO't6poue;:, 6pya. VCol~tvOUe;: ~tO'a O'to 06O't'l~a tfle;: "Jdlvra" •. TO: tpyootaO'la d:PXlO'av VO: «1'tIclVOUV. OtT) rEp~avla, KuplCole;: <nT)v npc.>O'ata, tilv tplt'l Kat 'dtapt'l 5eKaEyla. toO aL::;'va. To 1850 uTlfjpxav O'l6'lp06po~lKEe;: ypa!l~te;: ~IjKOUe;: 6.000 Xv..IO~ttPc.>v, to 1860 ct ypa~~te;: f4'taoav 'to: -52-
14.867 XlAl6lJupa. ~'t0: 1850 'to: np(')aalKO: o:v9paKCo)puxda XP'la'l..lo1tOLOOaav 29.907 ~pyoue;. crto: 1860 6 apLelJOe;a6't0e; o:Vt~'l~E aE 64.682. '0 ap191J0e; rev O:TIlOK1v'l't(,)V lJ'lxav&lv (IJE E~alpEa'l rtc O'rlJolJTJxavte; rev aL6'lp06p61J(')v) @cpeave 'to 1846 a'tllv npCo)aala de; 1216 Kat TO 1861 de; 4582. To 1848 61l(')e;, 611(')e; AtEl 6 Fenley, .6 b:pLeIJOe; &lV T ~pya't&lv ~pyoa'taal(,)v Kat 6PUXElCo)V1j'tav O:K6IJa 110M KO't(,) 0:110rev apLelJO 't&lv XUP0'tEXV&lV 'tfje; llavLcpaK't06pae; Kat 't&lv IPya't&lv 'tfje; yxllvra, •. 'V1Iflpxav O:K61l'l 78.243 XeLpoK1v'l'tOL o:pyaAELcl, OE OXtO'1 IJE 'toue; 4.603 lJ'lxavoKlv'l'toue;. ~Tllv a6)'fl 'tfle; KanL'taALOnKf\<: rEPlJav1o<; 01 tpyau( 1J0xeoOaav 12 lCo)e;16 WpEe; 'tflv flllf:pa, @'ItalpvovIlL090ue;'RElvoe;,l;oOoo:v OE CieALe .. 'ROpaYKEe; Kat OEV ElXav oOu KOLVWVLKEe; aOCPaA[OELe; 01E 6LKa[(,)lla 0 ","'ou. "0'R(,)e; OUIl~a[vu 'ROV'(O'tE OE Ka9E Xc::.po 1I0U 'Rp<ol'tolJfralvEl eeev Kam'taALOIJ6, l'taL KOt aTO:~LOl..ll1xavLKO: KEVTPO Tf)<;rWlJavloe; Ell' ecvtcenscv 01 xapaK't'lpLOttKot «~UAAOYOL cpl}-!Oe;» avalJEaa OTOUe; f:pyaTEe;, lTOU 'Rpoa'Ro90000v IJE otaqJopo OUOtfll..iaTa O:AAnAo~of\eELa .. ve t~aocpaAloouv Tn OTOLXELc::.6'l pcor aolc; TOV IJEA&lV TOUe;, no TnV n a KOLVOUpYLO 1l0PCPlltKIlUO:AAEUOT]e; 1I0U oAotva IlEyOAWVE O[ tpyaTEe; KO'tE~I1KOV 61l(')e; Kat aE 'ROAAEe;O:'REpy[EC;.'V'Rfjpf,ov 'tEAce; KO[ 'REP" 1tTc::.aEIe; O'toaTpOq>fje; IJ'lXovOV '0 Mo:p~ o:vaqJEpEL6n TO" 170 ofc::.vo K OT]IlElc::.911KOV lIXI 1J6vo OTfl fEPl..lovlo,O:AAO at 6MKAI)P'l fflv Eupc::.1111 lpyOTlKEe; t~E)'tpaEIe; tvovTlov hoC; £1olKoO I..I'lXOVIKOU«tp'lOAE!OU )'10: Kop6f:AAEe;. 'ROU O:VOKOAU'lIeI)KE oni repl..lovlo. 'H I..I11Xov~ O:'ROYOPEU' T'lKe IlUa 0:110 'ROAAEe;OU!-lnAoKt<;. Ko'tO: tfl f,l(lPKEIO TOll,", 6 t"'EUptT'le; Tfle; IlTJXavfje; c aTpoy),oAloTI1KE KOt nvIYT)KE I..IUOHKO,. Ilplv O'RO TO 1848 u'Rfjpxav tA6:XLOTo rEPI..I0VLKO OUVOLKOtO- O:V l!'Rfjpxav KOt aUTO. To Xp6vo 06to t'I fEPIJOVLKi) o:a'tLKT! tOf,1111POO'R09'lOEVO: tf,oa9Evf\aEt O:V 6XI va o'Ro:aEl 6A6uAO TO: q>Eou6apXLKO: 6EOll0: 'ROU ~6:. pcwcv aK61J0 OtflV o!KOV0I..IIKT!KO( 'ROAmKT! l;Co:l1'I 'tfje; xc::.poe;. To 'ROAtTlKO Ko9EOtc::,e; IJlae; Yl'pl..l0vloe; XCo:lP10IJtvl1C; 36 O:VEf,c.'tP't'lto xpcat dOLa 010LK06IJEVOo:no yOLOKtT!IJOVEC;,ROUTO KOeEva rove OIUOIKOOOE ' evcvrtcv 'tOv 6AA(,)V Tilv O!KOVOI..IIKT'l 'ROALTtKT! OU ou'tO'tEAEta tvo Kat T U1tO:YOV'tOVKat(,) O'RO tT!V A60tptOKT! Kuplapx1a, 1j'tov o:6tJvoTOVO: cuvEXlaTEl ylO: Tfl rEPIJOV1KT'l O:OTtKfl T6:f,'l. OTO o:vt~oalJO me- FlctpvcvTac ).OL1IOVcev 1Ip6'tu'R0 'to 'Rop6:6uYlJo tfje; faAAIKfje; O:OTLKfje; 't0~'le; Tfje; (OLOe; xpovL6:e;, 6:vtAa~E vc hO'ROLT!OEI TT'l fEplJovlO Kat va TflV anaU6:E,EL O:'ROTO:tf,op)'tanKO: q>EOU~OPXLK6: XOALVOpIO. 't::1IELOfl6IJCo:le; T') fEpIlOVLKfl o:aTtKfl T6:E.'l ElXE KI6AOe; O:PX1oEl VO: qJoj36:Tot TO t'Rova' crtonl(o 'RVEOIlO tfle; ~p)'aTLKfje; tOE.'le; 'ROUO:Vt~OIVE. 6h TPO:~I1E.E 'ROAU 1J0KPUa 'RpOe; OUTT!V TflV PIl;OO'ROO'tIKfl KorEU9uva'l KOt fqJ1aOE U).IKO: af: lvov 0:6uVOIJ0 OUIJ~I~Oallo III rccc Flcccccoc ),OtoKTnIlOVEe;. 'toue; rLOOvKejl(; : TOUe;CiqJ'laEVO:tAf:yxouv 'RO).LTIKO:IlLa KOI..IIJOn(laIJEv'l fEPlJavla, tv&l ouYXP6VCo:le;E,OOqJ6:AlZ;E~10: 1..I10avoIXt11'R6pTr:JYla 'tf)V KOt 'RI'to).La'tLKT! OfKOVOIlLKT!T'le; av6:'RTu~'l' ~TflV n6:AI1 OUTT!, 01l(')C; 90: cul;TJ'tI'lOOUIJEat tn61lEVO KECPOAOLO,01 tpyOue; fAo~av ivepyo IJEpOe;, 'RpO)'IJO 'ROU l6(')aE toUe; KoprroUe; 'lOU: rc ~EKlv'lIJO TOO OUVOIKOAIOTLKOOKOt 'RO).ITIKOO KwitIJO'tOe; Tfje; rEPIJOVlKfje; tpyOTtKfje; Tat,I1e;· ~t 6L6:",OPO ~IOIJ'lXOVlKa KEv'tpa ~E1IitOTJ:rov evcceic IJE Enoy· YEAlJatLKO ~oalKO: xapoKTfjpO. ecc ano OUTEe;de; hc::.aue;, TOV Tuncyp6:",(,)v Kat T&lV KO'RVEPYO:'tOv aUYKpotfl9l'!KOv aE t9VLKfl KA[IJOKO. To --5::1-
ve.apo tdVl')!.la nftpt tl'l ye.VUtl'l I-l0P~I'j tOU ueee otl'lv OPYCeVCo)OI'] tft~ G:'Epyatud'l~ 'A6EA~6t'lta~~, lStav lyLVe. to npG)tO dpyatLKO cove6ptO to 1848. '0 (6pUtl'j~ tl']C; ~taV 0 Stephan Born nco dXt 60uAtlJlel Kovto: OtO Mo:pt; Kat ceev "EVYKE}..~ otl'lv 'Enavaotaol'J toO 1848. 'H 6pyavU)0l'J autl'l nee to 1850 etXt 750 tOn1Kou, k}..a60u, ~tav !!va I-ltYl-la ha1p(a, a}"AT]}..0~0l'j9Eta~, ouv6lKatOU Kat nOAtUkoO oc::,l-lato, 1100 1Ip6~a}..}..e tva tKtEtal-ltvo KataAoyo tpyauKG)v 6teK6tKI'joeU)y. EtXE tva 1Ip6ypal-ll-la 1-l1ltp6tl-ltvo kat l;T]toOoe VO:oUyKpotl'J900v tnl' tpont, tpyal;0l-ltvu)v Kat tpy060tG)v YlO: VO:pu91-ltoouv t"0: 1Ipo~AI'jl-lat"a t"G)v l-lepOKal-lat"U)v Kat t"G)v ouvB'lI(G)v tpyaota,. 'H opyavU)0'l aUt"l'I I-lal';t I-lt t"a ouv6lKat"a 1I0U dxav OKOP1ll0td at 5Al'Jt"l'I xc::,pa, oapc::" Bl']kaV ano t"l'Iv CevunavaO'tao'l 1100 KUpt6:PXl'J0EI-ltra t"l'Iv ~na t"ft, 'Enavaot"aOTJ, t"00 1848. Tev 'IOUA10 t"00 1854 t"0:ouv6lk{na Kat 6A}..e~ 6pyavc::,oEt, nco G: 1lt61Co)Kav 1I0}..mkou" t ooolaAlotlKoO, fI K0l-ll-l0uVlO'ttkOU, Ok01l0U, ». 61aAu9l'JKav kal ot a1lEpY(EC; 6:nayopEut"l'JKaV auot"l']p6:. Kat"a t"n 6l6:pKEla t"ft~ I-lty6:}"l'J~~10l-ll']xavlKft~ av660u, yupCo)ano t"a 1950 «et t"a 1960, ot rEPl-lavol lpy6:u" 5nU), Etxav K6:vel nptv 6:n' a()t"ou, ot ouYt"po~ot roue ot"l'I MeyaAl'J Bpnovvla Kat d, 'HvCo)l-ltv£, nO}..lUiE<;, npoxc::,p'l0av otnv opyavColl-ltvl'J n6:Al'J Kal Kat"t~l'JKav at cnepy(e, nap' 5}..E, tl, VOl-llkt, O:nayopeUoet,. '0 Bebel }..ttllSn Kat"c t"1, 6Ekaetle, aUtE, O( tpyauKtc; tvc::,OEt,«t;E1t116000av o:no t"o l6aq:.o, 1STtU), "0: l-lavlt"6:pta, uot"f:pa ano !llO: kaAOKa1ptanK'l I-ln6paD. 'Akot A069l'JoE t"o 6:van6~EUKtO K(vl'Jl-laYIO: t"l'Iv t6puOT) opyavU)0l'J, ot tBvtkl'l kAtl-laKa. To 1862 I-lla 61-l0:6a 6:no tpyau:, t"ftc; l:at;Co)v(a" nee dXav dnloKE~eEi t"o Aov6tvo Kat Etxav l-leAet"l'loel t"0:Bpnavv1l(a ouv61K6:ta, t6puoav I-llO:Vtnlt"ponl'l YlO: t"l'I OUYK}..l'JOTJ tvo, tBVtkOO tpyat"lkOO I:uve6ptou. To l:UVt6PlO lY1V£ ot"n AEIlJ.'ta t"nv 231']Matou t"00 1863lSnou «et 0X'll-lat(ot"'lKE I'j «rtvlKl'I -EVCo)Ol, repl-lavG)v 'Epyal;ol-ltvu)v» (Al1gemeine Deutcher Arbeiter, Verein) I-lt tnIKEq:.aAft~ rev Lassalle. 'H oKtlJ.'l'Jt"00 AaooO:A ~t"av ISn 6 ootJla}..l0I-l0' IlnopoOo£ va tntKpat"l'Ioet Ilt d, OIKOV0l-llKE, ouvEpyanKE, nco Ba tm60t"ouvt"av ano tflV Ku~tpv'lOl'J. rto: VO:y(V£l 51-lU),aut"o lnptnE 01 tpyo:n~ v6:Xouv 6lKatCo)ge IJ.'I'j~ou. 'H 6pyo:vU)oil rcu ~t"av 0 6!l£00, np6Aoyo~ t"00 rep!lavl' kOO l:oOla}..- 6'lI-lOKpaUKoO K6!ll-lato,. M'15}..o nco 6 xapaKt"I'jpa, t'l~ iit"av O:PXlkO:nOAlUK6" XPl'Jot!leuoe. 1S1lU)C; ccv lBvlKO ouv6lKa}..1Kal anko dYt"po. To 1869 to oQl-la aut"o 6loonaot"l'JKe I(al ltOl t6pUBI)Kt " 6!l6:6a t"00 Eisenacher Kal t"o re:PlJaVlkO l:OOLO}..- .6.l)lJoKpand K61-l1-la, 6:t"Co) K ano t"nv kaB06ilY'l01'] t"00 B(}..Xt"}..e At!lnKvtXt" kal t"00 AfJ· vccerco Mnel-lneA. TO: 6uo aut"O: K61-l1Jat"anaAallJ.'OV !luat;6 t"0lM; OKAI)PO: &', t"o 1875, nee 6:noKat"aot"a9I']Kt Kal n6:}..l 0 KO!ll-lanK1\ b6t"I']t"a.
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'H raM(a ~t"av !llO: ano t"1, npCo)t"on6pe, Xope, OtflV «cmceA10tlKfI 6:v6:nwt;T], 5nU)~ nopat"'lPl'joa(Je xct mo nptv. 'Ano t"o 1765, o( cvcnweceuevec kanltaAlot"td~ 6uv6:!l£1C;: ~t"av Kl6Ao, 6:PKUC (OXupt~ &'ott yO: 6:vaYK6:oouv tev Aou60~tKO XVI v6: Kat"a6lKCeOll tI~
-54-
y,,{lVTt.;. Ath6 ~tav YLO:Ti<; r,,{lvr~.; i!:va 9aVO:OLflO XtUwt'lfla, wOll otv '11<;8:'lIt'loe ve ~avaota900v Oto: w60la 'rcoc. l:lowou E'lItaOe U).LKO: f) flEYO:).t'I ranLK'fl'EwavO:01'aot'l, wOll tl<; Kr,pU~E tKT6<; vegcu. Kato: t'fl OlopK£la tfl<; 'Ewavo:cnaa'1<; EYlvav flEPLKt<; O:l1EpytE<;Kal6Ml1aflTlt'll tWE~EpyO:CTt'1KE~va KOflflouvlonK6 wp6YP:;lflfla. ·OfUol<;, ct v6flOl TOO 1791 I(flpu~av l1ap6.voIlE~ c5Xl flovO:Xa tl<; rx{1"re.;, 6:).).a K0:ge 6pyO:· ve.>oT]~ Ka! tvtpyela 11011 eTXE YLO:OKow6 t'flv aO~t'lot'l tG)v flLa6G)V. MtXPL to. 1830, ct aVEPyoL ll!l'avtoupyO! Kal 8:).).Ol tpYO:tEe;, (ol1a· ecv 1tokH<; flt'lxavt<; Otl't ran(a. '0 Labranc o:va'lltPEL 110kU<; TholE<; l1Epl1tt~OUe;. 1:tl't X6:~p'1 Kal 0T'l't Pouiv to. 1790, otl't AuOv to. 1807. 1:(6 nap[ol to. 1830 ct tpyO:t£<; Kat~otpel.jlav tie; T'U110ypa'llLl(t<; tv' Ka-raOto:oEl<; fllB:<; 0:116T'1e;fleyaA(itEpe<; ya)'kLKi<; t'llT]flEptOE<;. rupe.> ere 1830 ~va ouv9t'11la T'Qv r6:ne.>v tpyat&v ~tav: «KO:tUl 6 11110UP' y6<;! KO:te.> of flT]Xavte;! Zr,tUl 01 tpYO:tE<; T'fle; Au~v! D. To. XPOVlK6 OlO:OT'1lla 0:116 to. 183D ~<; to. 1850 xapaKtT]ptOT'T]IU! 0:116fllO:V lvtovT] 06T0l1lOT'lKl't l;uiJe.>aJ'I T'l'tranla. O ·011e.><; O:KPl~G)1; T'Tlv O 'Ayykla Ka! '11<;'Eve.>llhEe; nOkltEtE" ~va, O:pL9iJ6<;Ka).owpoa(puColv o:kAO: O:'lIEAG)V olaVOOUiJhColV 611ColI;6SaintSimon, 6 Fourier, 6 Cabet. 6 Blanc xet aAAol, nccccc.eccv 10EaAlOtLKa OXtola YlO: Tl't 0'1iJLoupyla V~UlVKOlVUlVlKG)ViJOP'llQv.' Al1aY0'1TEUiJ~Vol6:116 Tl't iJl't l1paYiJatowol'10'l TQV altT]iJO:tColv tfl<; IlEy6:AT], raAALKfI<; 'Encveerccnc, ~aEAav yO: tAeu' 9EP~00UV Toul; tpyO:tE<; O:AAO «et Tl'tV KOlvColv(a Y£VlKO 0:116 tl't'llpIK'1 110110l1iJlOUpYOOOE 6 v~oI; Kal1ltaAloiJ0l;. TO. KaK6 ~Tav lStL T'a 06T'0' l1l0nKO: tOU<; oxtflla oiv·~tav l1apa ceaetcerec OLKtl;tou<;tl1LVOr,OEL<; Kat oty QVa1nUOOOVtav OU~Colva Ilt TOll<; v6iJou<; tfl<; KOlVe.>VlKfI<;~~· t Al~'l<;' Ot OUToWLOta! lSlle.><;,III T'l't llaOtLYUlT'LKr, tOU<; KPL"llKl't YlO: T'6v KaWlT'a).loIl6 11l1f1p~av ol wp60pOiJOL TOO Map~LOiJOO. Aiv ETXav, YEo VLd. 110AAOU<;6Ttaoou, O:VO:iJEOa O"lOU<;rO:AAOU<; tpyaI;6iJEVOUe;. 1:t1, veorecec KaWlTaALOtLKte; XQPE<;- 'Ircxtc. pcectc. 'Iv5(aL01 OUTO' WlOtie; EwaL~av rrpaYllatLKQ KO:110l0 pOAO ot6 evcneocceuevc K(VT]iJa. 01 X&PE<; audl; 8iJCol<; tv weccccv o U).lKO: 6:wo T'O outowlotLK6 OTO:' tho. YLatl ot6 iJETa~ll f) tpyauKil TO:~T].OTO ouvoM tt'l" to dXE l1LO: ~EwepO:OEl. KaTO: to: wp&T'a 50 XP6vLa iJEtO: tl't !J.EyO:AT] 'Ewavo:otaOTJ ~~ol1a' ocrv 110A).!, O:l1EpyIE<;,Ylatl 01 tpyo:ul; hpE11e vO: O:fluv900v evcvetev TfI<; aKk'1pfl<; vO!J.08eola<; wou tou<; XtU11000E. 1:tl'tv wEplooo 1825·47 EyLvav 1250 !l'1VUOEl<;evcvetcv 7000 tpyaT'Qv. Ylatl O:WEpyoOoav A6yCol TG)V 0:!l'6pT]tColv OUV8T]KQv tpyaola<; I(al l;T]toOoav aOE.'1ot'l OT'O:iJEpOKO:iJata. 'H l1l6 OL6:0T]!lT]o:wEpyla tfl, l1epLOoou tK£lv"l'l, ~tav a6tilwou lKavav Otl't AuOv to 1831 01 4D.OOOtpyo:u<; iJna~oupyla<;. 'H wo:).'1 8:PXlOE 110:V(')ot ouvoLKaAlOtLKO ah1'!flata, yp1'!yopa lSfUoll; Kad}"T]~E o! t~tyepaT], Otl'tv 61101a 01 tpyO:Tel; Katatp6we.>oav 'It, fyOl1A£<; 6uvo:· !lEl, «ct KpO:tT]oav Tl'tv 116AT]KO:TCol o:w6 rev lAEYX6 roue YLO: o:pKed<; 'fllltPE<;. Ot l1EplOOOTEPE<;o:wepyfE<; tfl<; tl1oxfI, tKEtVT]1;y(VOVtOV etee 0:116 cvccvcvcrcuc tpyo:n<;, etee 6:110 aUTouc; 110U ~Tav iJtA'1 TQV «ouA).6yUlV ~L)'laI;D f1 (i).).e.>v KPU'lIG)V C .haLPlG)V O:vdOTaaJ'l'.' TttolEI; 6pyaV~oEL<; TOOO otil rak)'la 600 «ct ot aAAE<; XQPE<;,0:1105dXtT]Kav xpiollla uecc YlO: Tilv t~ou5Ettpe.>0t'l ecv O:vtLal1£pYLaKG)v v6fUolV. 'H 'Encvcceecq toO 1830 ~Tav iJloviKT] YlO:T'l'tv o:vtl5paO"l'l Kal f) 'EwavO:01'ao'1 toO 1848,otl'tv 61101a 01 tpy6:u<; nflpav!vEpy(,)taT'o fltpo" -33-
KaTO'T)t;E Kal olm'l ot 641E).0, TGI'YO:enGl'Y.14' 6)..a TaOTa 61-1c.:l,6c.:loe l oTiI'Y 'pyaTLKil TO:~'l Til'Y ~9T)0'l YlO: I-1La Ka).).(TEP'l KaTav6'lOTJ TG)'Y npO~).'lI-'O:Tc.:l'Y T'l" YlO: TiI'Y 0:).)..'l).0~On9Ela Kat Til'Y O:1tOTE)..EOl-'a1:LK~TEPT) 6pyO:'Yc.:loT!TT)'. 6Xl uove O1:il ra).A(a o:)..).a xct ot 6)..lJ Til'Y Eup~1tT). MuD: Til'Y 'El1avo:oTao'l iI raUlKil ~LOlllJXav(a o:vaTtTuX9'lKe )lpn)lopa. 'H 1tapa)lc.:l)'TI oL6i!pou Tpm)..aoLO:oT'lKE o:nO TO 1850 &, TO: 1865 Kat 6 o:pL91-'O, TQ'Y O:TI-'O(.l'lXQ'YQvTUpa1t)..aoLO:oTT)KE. 'H tpyaTLKiI TO:~T)aut;fl9lJKE TaxuTaTa ot O:pL91-10' 1867 XPT)OL(.I01tOLOUVTav, To 1-10VO enil I-'lJxa'Y01tOL'lI-1i'Y'l U4IavTouPYLKI'l ~L0l-'T)xav(a. nEpl TOU, 300.000 !p)lO:n,. MEYO:).c.:loE O:K61-1o l:iL6:9E0'l TGI'Y'PyaTGI'Y )lLO:KaMnp'l iI opyO:Vc.:101') Kall1O:)..'l' MLa O:'YaoTa)..nKil h(Spao'l YLa Til'Y o:vo:nTut;T) TOO ouv6LKa)..L0(.100 Kal TI1, 110)..LnKI1, 6po:o'l, TO'Y ip)laTG)'Y OTiI ra)..)..(a, ~Ta\l iI eeTal1O:TT) TI1, i'ltoxl1, tKdv'l'. 1t)..aTElO: 6La60(.li'Y'l 01:0U, ipyo:n" 6n (.I110pOOOavve nETUXOU'Y Til XELpa4ltTlJO'l. 110UT600 €'Y'(o'Ya 1t09000a'Y. (.It Tilv 0:).)..'l)..0~On9Ela Kal 16La(TEpa (.Ied, OIKO'YO(.lLKt, OU'YEpyanKt, atOVTO(.lta d'1, napa)lc.:l)lfl,. 'H 16ta aUTil1tpoc.:l9n9'lKE Kat:o: Til ()LO:p. KEla TfI, 'Ena'YO:O'taOll, TOO 1648, KO:Tc.:l :1t0 Tilv ilyeo(a TOO ourem0 oTil Louis Blanc. To K('Y'l(.lQ TOO M1t).O:v, (.1' Til'Y n(EOn TOU 6:vO:YKaoE TTlV KuBtpv'lo'l va ~O:)..ELO. ).ELTOUp)l(a 6LO:4Iopa KaTOatn(.lOTa (1tOU KaTt).'l~av dOXT)(.Ia) )lLa 'Ya 6~OEI 60U)..Ela 01:0U, d'YEP)lOU,. 'H auTonO:T'l TGI'Y oU'YEp)laTLKQ'Y Tov~9T)KE O:K6(.1a 1tEpl006npo 6:nO TO'Y nLtp npou'YT6'Y, ba'Y ·W110ypa4l0. nadpa TOO O:'YapXLofloO, 1tOU nponayo:v6Ll;E TiI'Y 16ta 1-'10:,KOlVc.>'Y(a, Xc.:lpl, KPO:TO,. ~aOLO(.ltv." 1t0:'Yc.> atl, U.e69EPE, aU'YuaLplatld, h~OEL, TG)'Y'p)lai;o(.ltvc.:l'Y. To 1663 '(SPUOE OTO nap(ol Kal TI, tnapX(E, ba'Y O:pL9(.10'p)lanKGlv Tpemel;Glv 0:)..)..'l).0~on9ELa,. '0 Proudon hal~e n)..IKO: tve OIlI-1Qv"LK~Ta'to p6)..0. OX! 1l6vo )110:TO )la).MKO 0:),,),0: Kal )lLa TO SLE9'Yt, 'pyaTLKO K(vlJ(.Ia. aa tOv ~avaouva'YTnOOUIlE 1t6:pa KO:Tc.:l. nap' 6)'ou, tou, KU~EpV'lnKOu, 51c.:lYI-10U' Kat Tl, npOUVt:OVl' aUTanO:TE" 6 0U'Y6LKa)..L0I-10C; 6)..0 Kat o:vt~aL'YE OTil ra)..).(a. ME' )l0:)..'l ~Tav iI 09T)0'l 1tOU TOO &69'lKE o:nO Tilv OIKO'YOIlLKil Kp(0'l TOO 1857. To 1662 IlLO: evrrnccccnetc 0:1t0 ranou, 'P)lO:u, nflyav oTil'Y na)lK6ol-'la ~LO(.lT)xa'YLKI'lK9EOTl 0"[0 Aov6('Y0, 6nou TOU, M9'lKE iI EU' l KaLpla 'YO: Y'Yc.>PLOtOO'Y crevcrecc (.Ie TO Bpua'YvLKO OUVOlKa)"LO(.l6. M6)"u; yupLoa'Y at'il r an(a 01 !py6:n, npa1ta)l0:'Y6Loa'Y Tilv 16ta va OXT)(.Ia'tLOTOO'Y O:l-1tOUlC; OU'Y61KO:Ta.To Id64 TO Ki'YlJlla nflpE vee l)U'Yall'l (.I' TO 1tEp{4I'l(.lO «rpO:(.Illa tOy 'E~f1vTa 'Epyat:Glv~, nou O:1talTOOOav O:VEt;O:p't'lTT)nO)..ltLKt'l6pO:0'l )lLO:Til'Y OP)lO:'Yc.:lO'l UV61KO:TUl'Y. O Ko:'tUl o:nO 'tilv aU~aV6(.1EV'l (.Ial;LKil n(E0'l. 6 AUTOKPO:TUlPNanoMUl'Y 6 III O:'YaYK6:. O'tT)KE'YO:O:1ta)..UvELTO opaK6vno O:VTL' oU'YSLKa).LOTLK6'Y61-10 TOO 1791, Kal t6TE Ta .. O:'YEKTO: 0:).)..0: OXL VOI-1Ll-1onOL'lI-1i'Ya» OU'Y6LKO:TaciPXLoav vO: (.IE)la)..~vou'Y Kal 'Ya no)..)..a1t)..aoLal;ov'tal. Tl, 110pa(.lo'Ye, 61-1CU, TfI, 16puOIl' TI1, 1'l, .6.LE9voO, TO 1864, TO ra)..).LKO ouv6LKa)..LO'tLKO Ki'Y'll-1a ppLOK6Tav O:K6(.1aO'ta onO:pyava.
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Kf1C; :v6:trtU~'1C;, Ottc; 6:pxtc; rcn 190u creve. ~ptoK6tav d:K6~a 6tacntad al-u!v'1 nOAha d:VE~d:pT'1ta Kpatl61a (Kata to fEpp.aVtKo np6tuno). 'H xwpa ~ptaK6tav Kd:tc.J Qno to trO.tJ.a tGl\l AuatptaKGlV. 'H ~EyaA'1 6:O'TtKTIEna\l6:ota0'1 ' toO 1848, nou ccpecce KUplO~EKttKO tTiV EupwtrT) an' CiKP'1 a' CiKPT),h'1pEcaE ~a8E1a Kat tilv 'Itcxlc. ~Ta XP6vta 1848· 49, 6MKAT)P'1 I) 'ltaAlKil XEpa6vT)00C; Ifl~Ey6tcVE d:no tonLK!C; encvcat6:aELC;. vOtJ.c.JC;'1 tSVLKil autiJ t~EYEP0'1' KatatponwS'1kE. 1 M6~LC; to 1859 8LwXt'1Kav 01 AuatplaKoL Kal ~6~tC; to 1870 1tha~a\l eeoc ra~AOUC;f~c.J a1to tt'l PwtJ.'1' "Erct K6:tc.J 6:1t0 tilv T'lYEala tfje; 61kf1C;t'1e; d:O'TLKf1e; t6:~'1C; i't 'Ita~la tJ.n6pEaE lttttEAOUe; va npoXc.Jp1'laEt cev OVE' (d:pt'1tO Kantta~tatLKO Kp6:tOC;. 'H tpyatLK1'I t6:~1l 1tflPE tVEpyO tJ.tpoc; otilv EvonA'1 tnaVaatatLK1'I nd:A'1' Iltv jljtav BtJ.c.JC; 6:K6j.1'16:pKUO &pl~T) YLa \laXEI to 61K6 t'1e; noALtlKO 1tp6ypatJ.j.1a, T1'I81K1'ItT)e; opya\lc.J0'1 set i'tYEalc, xct Yl' autO d:Ko~ouSoOaE tOUe; tJ.LKpoaaToue; Plt.;00trOOTEC;ropl~6:~6'1 KaL MatalvL. "E6c.JaE Kat IJ.EpLKOKtunr,j.1ata YLa flLK6 t'1C; ~oyaplaalJ.O - tiC; 6:nEp' ylEC; nou ~tanaoc\l otilv 'EnavoataOll toO 1848. Til anYlJ.il tKElV'101 tJ.LaSol tGlv 'lta~~\1 EpyaTGlv ~Tav 6:no 'tcoc XElp6tEpOUC; otilv E6pw· n'1. Tilv nEpl080 tKd\l'1 01 I:pyotEe; CiPXLacv ve IJotlOVOUV TtC; np~' 'rec tpyattKtc; l\IwaElC;. 'H npWt'1npoan6:8Eta auv8LKa~LottKfle; 6py6:vc.JaT)C; tav rev tu1toyp6:41c.Jv to 1848. ~uvtotJ.a d:Ko~OiJSllaE i't t8pu0'1 ~ Kal veccv opyavwoEc.Jv 1tOUtic; 6v6j.1at.;av d:VG:JOEle; 6:vtIOtaa'1C;1o. "01Jc.Je; Kat 1:8G1,Bnc.Je; Oto 1tpGltO oT06LO 6:vantu~T)C; o)"c.Jv ecv Katrtta~LonKGlV Xc.Jp~v, KupLapxoOoE cev tJ.ovaBLKTI ~OP41Tl npoataolac; 1tOU El· xav ct ~py6:tEe;, to OUOTTlIJ.atGlv « ou)"~6)'c.Jv Iflt~lac;» nou EtXE tie; pll;Ee; rou 1tO~U ntoc. O'TTiVhOXTI tflC; a1t006VSEOT)e; tf1c; yxilvTa'. To 1859 i't Kul3tpVT)OIl, nalpvo\ltac; yt6: 1tp6tuno tOUC; evn- ouvBLKa~LOTLKOUC;ra~~LKoue; v6tJ.oue; toO 1791 Kat toO 1810,a1tay6pEuoE tte; tpyattde; !vWOELC;Kat etc d:nEpyIEC;.'0 v6tJ.oe;autoe; 8LOt'1P1'l8'1KEj.1tXpLtO 1890. nap' BAa auta BIJ.c.>e; aUVBtKa~tatLKil 1) 6paoll Q1t;\'c.Jv6tav, xct Kat6: til BL6:pKEla tf1e; 8EKaulae; 1860 - 70 6 6:pLSj.10C;Glv a1tEpyt~V t f41taaE tie; 13 to XP6vo. 'Apy6tEpa 6 apL81J.0e;autOe; j.1Ey6:)"c.::aE d:K6~a. XapaKtT)ptottKo yu;; til IJ.EHoVTlKil t~t)"L~T) cmv lotopla rcu IreAtKOO tpyatLKOO KL\lr,tJ.GtOe;, EI\lat to YEyO\lOe; on tJ.EplKtC; ano autEe; tie; atrEpylEe; fYLvav CitrO tpy6:tEe; Yfle;. 'H npwtll t01ttKt'I tpyCtLKiJ ouvoBoe; fYL\lE to 1853 KaL ~ npwt'1latoptKt'I tSVlKil tpyattKt'louvEAEU0'1 fYLVE to 1861. ~t1; YEVLKTIautil aUVE~EUa'1, to KIVlllJ.a tJ.nf1KEKd:tc.J6:1t0 tt'lv ~YEa(a toO MaTa!\lL (nco EtXE np0'1youtJ.E\la evcxc-reoret j.1t 6p· yavWOEte; tpyat.;o~i:vc.>\lJ «c l EtJ.E1\1E atc.J ono til 6LKit tOU KaSoBT')y'1' K all &e; tt'l YE\lLKil OU\lt~Eua'1 TOO 1871, 6notE Kal BLOO1taOtllKE. '0 MatOL\lL cvnncccceeue tit j.11KpoaOtLK1) tnLPPoll ere vEapo 'ha~tKO tpYOtlKO K(VI']I-!O. '0 p6AOe; nou EnoLt.;E ~tOV tJ.EOOatt'l yEVlKil ypa~~r" 1l0U xapOKtr,plt.;E TtC;npoonoSELEC; tf1e; OatLKf1e; tO~'1e; 01: O~EC; tie; XGlpt.C;, \la thiYXEL Ql-'Eaa fl E~l-'Eaa to auvoLKa)"tOtlKO Kal nO)"LtLKO KI\lI']",a t~v ~pyGtGlv IJ.t6:,Kal 51:\1j.11l0POOOE to rooK(OEi IJ.I:Kato: vc IJ.ETc.J1tO tni8t.0'1' '0 Matolvt np6tEL\lE ~la auvtf]P'1TLKil ypalJ.lJ.il ~VEPvetcc KOt Katallo)-,EIJ.000E tie; enecvtec. 'EnEtJ.EvE on 6 ant - auvBl' Ka~LonKoe; \l6j.10e; TOO 1859 gncccece va KatapY'18d f.i6\1o j.1t v6IJ.LIla xct dpl']\lIKO: j.1Eoa. '0 MOta!\lL, nou B!v ~tav OOatOAlOt1)e;, ~p8E at aUykpOUaT) IJ.t to M6:p~. 'H no}.LtLKTI nee tlP6:pj.10l;.E 00\1 i'tyttT)e;kata·
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Tflv tn:oxfl 'l(OU aXll!..1atiat1'1KE fI 6.IE9Yfl~ "Evocq 'Epya~o!..lhc.:.v t6G} Kat 90 xp6vla, ta !..I6Ya C71waY'tIKa KEytpO !..It !9vIKE~ auv6IKO).,\· otLd~ tvQOEL~ OtOY K60!..lO ~p{OKOYtay Ka'ta oELpa crnou6aI6t1'1'ta~ enfl MEYO:).,l1 BPE'tovvlo, etc ·Eyc.:.!..IhE~ nOAltEil!~ Kal tfl rEp!..lOY{O. 1:t1c;: 6LO:~OPE~6).,).,E~ XG)PE~'to opYOVc.:.!..IEvO tpYOtLKO Klv1'1!..1o pIOKOV' ~ 'tav O:K6!..1aOta a'l(6:pyoyo. To OUy6IKO).,10'tlKO Klv1'1!..1o o'tflv Atiotpo· OtiYYPIKit Ati'tOKPO'tO' pia xPOyo).,OyEitOL a'l(o 'tflv 'E'I(oYO:O"tac:J1'}toO 1848, OU!..l'l(EPI).,O!..l~OYo· ' !..IEvc.:.v Kol 'tOy avccecv a'tfl B01'1!..110 (TOExoo).,o~oKlo) KOt AtienpLoKfI no).,c.:.vlo. 'A'I(EPY{EC;: lYIVOY Kal atfly npo:yo KOt o'to nl).,OEY 'to 1846. 'H 'l(PQ'tll !pY0'tlKfI l¥cuO'tj 'tf1C;:'l(EPLOXf1~ o!.hf1~, fI lvUlOT} 'tG)y Tu'l(o' ypO:~cuv, aXll!..1adotT'JKE Buo Xp6VLO O:py6'tEpO. ME'ta 'tflv ~'tta 'tf1~ 'E· 'l(ovO:OtOOT}C;:O:Ko).,o69'10E 6ypl0 O:v'tE'I(19EOT}."O!..lCU~ 01 Aua'tploKot v6!..10L't00 1867 ·1870 tn:hPEtI'OY 'tflv t6pu01'1 tvQOECUY !..It ~pla!..ltvouc;: 'l(EPIOpIO!..l0ti~. l:'tn BltvVT] {6pu91'1KE'to 1867 6 MOp~Co)'tIKOC;: 1:6)")"oyo~ 'Epya'tG)v (LILa !..ILK'tfl opyO:vc.:.OT} ouv6lKa).,10'tIKfI KO\ 'l(O)"L'tIKfl). 1:t1~ !'I(6!..1EVE~'tpEi~ 6EKaE'tIEC;:,~E~U'tpCo)aay aUY61Ko:ta atflv 06yyapl0 xc t ena ~L0!..l1'1XOvlKaKEYtpa 'tf1~ o:xovoO~ KoI6uaKiYll't1'1C;: A6atpo - OtiYYPI' Kf1~ Ati'tolCpa'toplo~. l:'tflv 'Iencvtc fl 'l(pQ'tll {VUlOT}, 01 'Yq,ovd~, !!..I~ovIOt'1KE en'll BapKE).,Qv1'1 'to 1840. To 'l(pG}'to OUV6IKO:'t0 'l(OU 16p6911KEeno Bt)"YLO ~'tav Kal 'l(O:).,L'tG}v Tu'l(oypO:~c.:.v 'to 184'2. To Klvll!..1o O:YO'l('tuX911K1 0:'1(0!KEi Kol 'l(tPO!..lE ~po6U pu9!..16.To 1864 6ty o'l(f1pxov O:K6!..11'1 'l(poy!..Io'tLKa OUV6IKO:'t0 otfly 'O)")"av610, Aavla, 1:0u1'161a KO\ NOP~l1ylo, 'l(Op' B).,o '1(00 otl~ 'l(EPL006'tEPE~ 6:'1(0 otid~ 'tl~ XG}PE~u'I(f1pxov tpya· 'tIKOt OU).,AOYOI 0:).,).,11).,0~ofl9ELOC;: (to'l(O~OV were- 'l(6u a'l(EpyIE~. Kol l:'tfl Pccetc. 'l(OU ere KO'tO'l(IV6: Xp6vla 9a l'l(Ol~E 'tE'tOtO 'tEpOO'tIO p6)"o ato 'l(ayK60!..lLO !pyO'tIKO Kivll!..1a, 6 Loyonsky ).,tEI B'tl 01 oU).,).,oyol 6'11.. ).,11).,0Jk!fl9I!LOC;: ).,EI'tOupyoOoav f'j61'16:'1(0 'to 1838. Atv u'I(f!pxav B!..ICo)~ OUy6IKO:'ta KOt !).,O:XIOtE~ tj'tov 01 O:'I(EpyIE~ 'l(p\v 0'1(0 'to 1870. "Ay KOYEI~ pl(EL !..Ila !..Io'tLa l(Ul 6:'1(0 'tflv E6pQ'I(1'1 (TtOV 0'1(6)"01'1(0 K60!..lO 'tfl~ tn:oxf!~ !KdvllC;: (!..IE t(olp1!OT} etc ·EVc.:.!..IEvE~ nO).,I'tEiE~) 6b utt!1pxE aXE66v K096).,ou ouv6IKa).,lo!..l6~· !..I6).,L~ eeee 6:PXL~Eva !'I(I' xpc'eet at 06d.c;: dc;: XG)PE~. I:'ta ueec 'toO 190u eteve 'ta eovmP'ltIKO: 'AYY).,IKa OUV6LK6:tO 'l(poo'l(0:91'100Y VO: 6:Ko).,ou9flaouy 'tfl BPE' 1:avvlKfll:ll!..1a10 Kal enl~ 610:~OPEC;: XG}pE~ 'tf!C;:KOIVO'l(O).,LUJ.OC;:, O:K6!..1a Kat (Ttl!; 6:TtOIKIEC;:, KuplUlC;:Yla va opyOVQOOUV TOU~ El6IKEU!..ItvOU~ BPE' 'tOVVOUC;:pyo:'tE~ 'l(OU 60U).,EUOV !KEt. "H61'1 0:'1(0 1:0 1833 Kat 1:0 18]6 ! 01tflpxov 'EVQOEIC;:TU'l(oyp6:~c.:.y Kol 'E'I(L'I()"O'l(OIG)v OTO 1:16YEO 'tfl~ A6· atpaMa~.To 1840 u'I(f!pxav 'tou).,6:Xleno 10 !vQOEIC;: enfl Nta N61:10 0(0»..10 Kat dxov KL6).,0c;: ylvEL O:PKEd~ 6:'I(EpyIE~. 'H Xpuo091'1p!a y6pCal ata 1850, l6c.:.ot !..IEy6:).,1'1 {;)9TJ0T} O1f1v t6puOT} opyo:vcuC7llC;: 'tG}y I:p. ymG}v 6puxdcuv. To 1854 01 tpyo:nc;: a6tol !~1!ytp911Kav EvO:VTLOO1tc;: OK).,l1ptc;:OUV9f!KE~ 'tf!~ 60U).,ELltC;;roue. To 'EpymlKo ' l:u!..lJk!6).,10 'toO
_58_
1:1&VEO6pyavw9T]KE 'to 1971 Kal 'to 1979 I-1nf\KClv 01 ~6:0El(; ylC~ j..lL6:'0· 1-10oTlovBla 19v1KOV auvBIKaA.lotLKOV opyavwoEUlv. To 1891 01 tpyo· eec KaTE~'lKav a£ I-1LO:YEVLKfJ OnEpyla nou 6:d:'tuXE. 'H Nee Zrt}..av6(a EtXE xc l au'ttt OPKE'ttC; £nayyE}..l-1anKtc; tVWOElC; ncu ElXav rrccc'toEl-1cpavloElEL'tO 1941. 'H 'EpyatlKtt 'Ouecncvstc opyavw9'lKE 'to 1916, 6:}..A.6:to TlpO'to tpya'tIKo 1:uvtBPIO ce t9vLKtt KA.ll-1aKa EYLVE't6 1995. To npO'to OUVBIKO'tO OtOV KavaB6: - 01 TUlToypacpol - IBp68TJKE 'to 1827. MEpLK6: li}..A.a hayytA.l-1a'ta opyav~EI'lKav yupcu c'rc 1930 Kat 1940. To 1850 weptwcu, ol-AyyA.OL, ~UA.oupyot KaL I-1TJxavLKoll-1~' xev crev KavaBa Kat BTJ(..ILoUpYTJOav tKEi Kh6:Boue; 'tf\e; opy6VCilm'!e; 'tOue;. ~tKa xpchLa opy6upa 'touC; aKo}..ou9'l0av tvWOELC;Ono 'tIC; 'E· VCil(..lhEC;noA.lniEe;, 01 XU'tEC;, 01 tunoyp6:q,ol, 01 UBpaUA.LKOI, 01 xceeaKluao'ttc; TlOUPUlVK. d. 1:'tfJv IBLa TlEplo&o. 01 ~pE'taVvIKt<; tvwoELe; 6:KOA.OuEI'laav 'tOlle; ElBlKEUl-1tvoue; tpyO'tEC; eco gerevecrecev otle; 'E· VCil(..ltvEc;nO}..LniEC;. 'Exe'l ~p8av 6:py6upa ot BLKaOtLKte; ouyKpouoEIe; 1-1£ t9VIKO tpya'tIKo 'to KlvTJ(.Ia. 1:'tttv 'lpA.av6ta, 'tfJv cnpw't'l aTlOLKla tf\C; 'Ayy}"lae;., 01 tTlaYYEA.· l-1atLK£e; hwoele; ~Enf)BT]oav y6pc.> otle; apx£e; 'toO 190u a(wva, (Blal· TEpa Oto MTltA.cpacn Kal'tle; dA.A.EC; (..IEyOMe; n6A..ElC;.T6 1824 KI6}..ae; 6 "'YTlatoe; 'Apl-1oo'ttte; 'toO ~ou~A.lvou napanovL6tav YL6: 'tn (.IaX'l'tlK6. 't'l'ta 'tG:lv auV&LKOtc.lV Kat (oxupLl;;6'tav Ou OA.oL oL haYYEA.l-1adEf; ~'tav 6pyaVCo)(..Itvol Kat t~aoKoOoav I-1LO«ouvBLKa}..IO'tLKtt tupavvla:t. 01 tvwoele; au't£e; &txtT]KaV (v'tova 'tttv hl&paat'j OTIO 'to K1v'll-1a 'toO "Oouev Kal 'tG:lv Xapno'tOv. 1:to (..IEya}..UTEp6 roue TtOOOO'to ~'tav tnaYYE}..l-1andc; tvWOELe; ElBlKEU(..ltvCilV tpya'tG:lv. 1tOU BouA.EuaV Efu cev 6pyavLK6: tl-1f)(..Ia'ta, etre O£ OTEvttouvEpyaola I-1t't6: 'AyY}..IK6: aUv5LKO'ta. 01 'lpA.av601 l-1.Etav6:otEC; ITtal~aV Kal au'tol 0'l(..lav'tLK6 p6A.O a'to KlvTJ(.IO 'tG:lv XapTLo'tOv.61aTlotll;;ovt6:e; to (..It 'to CPhOYEP6 £nOVOO'tOTIK6 'toue; 1tVE0(..la. To 1:UVtBPlO 'tG:lv 'EpyatlKG:lV 1:UVBlKO:' tov "tf\c; 'lpA.avBlae; 6pyavwEI'lKE 'to 1894. To 1-1100 'tOy 70 6:VtLTlpooc.>1tEIG:lv TlOO ().a~av (.Itpoe; 0' a6't6, npotpxov'tav Otto 'lp}..avBlKte; tveilaEle;, !vG:l 01 uTl6}..0l1tee; Etxav OUV6EO'l 1-1£ tevLde;:t tvwoELe;, TlOU etc xav 'to KtvtpO 'toue; atttv 'AyyMo.
-.i.fJ-
VII
H np.QTH
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KAI
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(1664·1876)
'H .6.1E9viI~ "Evc.::IoT') 'Epyol;o~tvc.::lv, 1'1 np~'tT') npawat1l(c2 tp' yauKil 6L1:.9vT,~6pychCol0T'), t6pUe'lKE o'to /\ov6tvo Kat OUYKEKpll-1tva O'toSt Martins Hall tilv 26 !:Enu.l-lpplou 1664. Me 'til i;;c.::It, tT')C; at 'tot)~ K 6:yaIYE~ 't'l~ POfa9'lOE 'tT,v !pyanK" 't6:(.'l YEVLKO: at 'to ouv6LKaALO'tLKO K K1v'll-la El6LKO:,'010: KO:VOUV ha eeceonc Pfll-la np6~ 'to: 'I-Inp6~. 'H .6..E.E. ~'tav l'I KOt6:A'l(.T') nOAAOv ~6Xec.::lv Kat OKA'lP0V T1pOOnaeELOV 't&lv !p. ya'tOv YLO:'tilv 16pu0'l I-IL6~ dtoLa~ 6py6:vc.::loT')~.'AT1o etc T1pOUC;KL6Aa~ ~epEC; 'toO Xapn0I-l00 dXE PLX'tEl 1'l (6ta I-IL6~ 6LEeVOO~'tfl~ I:pya· nKfI~ 't6:(.'l~' ..AI-IEoo~ np66pol-l0~ 'tfl~ np~t'l~ .6.LEevoO~ ~'tav 1'l KOI-I' 1-I0UVLO"tLKT, "EvColOll (1646 - 52) not) 'tT,V Kae06'lyoOoav 6 MO:p(. Kat 6 "EVYKEA~. Ol 6uv6:IlELC; not) nlEl;av YU2 'tT,v 16puo'l 'tfl~ .6.LEevoOt;, 'tT,V hoX" hdv'l, ~'tav 't600 o(KOV0I-ILKEt; eec Kat noAL'tLd:~. 1:'t0 OIKOV0I-ILKOne610 'to: BpuavvLKO: ouv6LK6:'ta, T1poonae~v'ta~ yO:6La4lUA6:~ouv 'to: "i'T'!' A6upa j..IEpoK6:~a'ta 'to'll j..IEA&lV'tOU~ 6:no 'tot)~ 6:nEpyoon6:O"tEt; not) tT1LatpauuoV'tav 6:v6:I-IEoa o'tou~ «cp'tT}v6'tEpou~. I:py6:U~ 'tfl~ 'HT1EL' pc.::I'tLKfI~Eup~n'lt;. ~'tav UnOxpEc.::I~tva yO: T1EpLOploouv 'til 6LEeviI auril 6:A'l'tEla. Kat 0 j..I6vot; 'tp6T10~ YLO:ve ylvEL au'to ~'tav 1'1 t6pva'l ~La:~ 6LE' 9voO~ opy6:Vc.::I0'l~' '0 16Lo~ au'to~ Klv6uvot; 'tp6:P'l~E Kat 't"V 'E9vlKiJ 'EpyatLKiI "EVColOT') 't&lv 'EVColj..ltvc.::lV nOALULOV o'tiJ l!..E.E. 1:'tov nOAL' 't1l(6 'tOl-lta 01 T1pOAuaplaKot Kat !eVLKot 6:yOVE~ not) ylvov'tav ee ee O't"v Et)P~T1'l, eecucnecv 't"v 16PUOll j..Il6c: 6LE9voO~ 6py6:lIc.::1o'l~ I:p. yal;Ol-ltvColv, YLod paoll;oV'tav o'tT, OU.V" 6:AA'lAeyyu'l rev KOLVOV OU(.141Ep6v'tColv. 'H C:(.1EO'lc,9'lo'l Yla 'tT,V '6puoT) 'tfle; l!..E.E. npoflA9E 6:no 'to ralllKo Koi 'to BpuavvLKo tpyanKo K1v'l(.1a. MLO: evnnccccwerc f6:AAc.::IV ipya'tOv lcp'taoE o'tn BL0I-''lxaVlKT, "EK9EOT') 'toO /\ov6Ivou't0 1662, ouV6:V'tT')OE'tot)t; BpE'tavvot)~ OUV6lKOAlo'ttt; Kat tout; np6ULVE 'tiJv t6PUOll j..Il6~ 6lE9voO~ 6py6:vColOllt;. 01 "AYYAOl 0:V'tt6paoav BEnKa Kat 01 6uo 6(.16:6E~(,oVOppte'lKav UALKO: uonpo 6:T16 660 XP6· VlO: KOt C:PXloav VO: npaYj..Io'tonOlOOv 'to: oxt616: rove. 6pyov~vov'ta~ 't"v l!..E.E. '0 K6:pA Map~ nflpE I-Itpoe; 0' ou'tT, 'tTl OUYKtV'tpColOT') ot) n dXE nayK60(.1La cnpcotc. 01 !T16~EVOl 6uo tJ.flVE~KatavaM::l9'lKov OtT, AET1'toI-'EpuaK" I:cpapl-'oyiJ reo ;YEVLKOO 0XE6Iou. 1:UYKpo'ti19T')KE T1pOOColplVO fEVLKO 1:UI-IPOUALO6:T10 55 I-'tA'l 6:T10 'to: enctc 'to: 27 ~'tav "AyyAol. Mtoa o'au'tot)t; PpIOKOV'tOV Kat IltAIl 'tflt; T1Epl4I'l1-''l~ «Xouv'ta~., lS1tCol~ E' A y6'tOVE 't6u 1'1 f)YULKiJ OUV6LKoALonKiI 0~6:6a. 'Y1tf!pxav 6:VU1tLO'ttA' AOVU~ rpOl-'lla'tEie;, tKAEyt..ttVOL YLO:6L6:410PE~ X&lPEt;. '0 KapA MO:p(. 6:V'tL1tpOO~T1EUE 't" rEpj..lavlo.
-60-
'H VEOYtvVl'l'('1 dle9vT)~ 6:VTlflnG:lTU~E I!.va O'UVO}..O6:TtO TtPQ'(O.;.avtpQ'(a Ttpo~}.,tIl.1a'(a TtO}..l't"lKO Kal opyaVQ'tLKO, ern'v Ttpoan6:gelQ '('1~ vo hrEf,EpyaO'tEi I!.va YEVLKO Ttpoypal1lla 5p6:0''1~ YLO tT)v lpyaTlKT) t6:f,T]. OOu eve 6:TtO t6: cnuetc d'l~ "IlEpnO'La~ 5L6:Taf,'1~ 5b KCI96pL~E npooTrtLde; YL6: '(0 p6}"o, Til cruYKPO'(T]O"1«ct tnv taKtLKn '(00 O'uv5LKa}..lO'lloO, YLad Tilv tnoxn tKdvT] tTtLKpa'toOO'E flEy6:}..'1 0'6YXLO'TJ O'de; ypal1llte; T~V I:pyaT~v, O'XEtLK6: Ilt '(6: 0''toLXELQ5EO'tEpa ~T]TnflCl' rc '(00 6:yG:lva. "Hrcv 6:v6:YKT] YO 5LatUTtQ9d I1EO'a O'TO Ttp6ypal1flCl Kal '(0 KataO''tatLKO '(f!~ YEae; opy6:YQO'T]e;, ~uo Ka9apn ypaflllil y6pQ 6:TtO alho to ~'1"(nfla'(a. 'A4IoO 6:TtoppI4l9T]KClV "(pia oxt5la 6:Tt641aO'T)C;: tYLVE U}..LKO 5EK,(0 alho nou Ttp6t£LvE 6 M6:pf,. '0 Mopf, ~tav fj5'1 Tt).auLo yV(,)O''to~, X6:pT] O''(n 5le9vfl roc 5paO''(T]pL6''('1''(a, ecv KOfl!10uVLO'tne;. '0 «hapKtnplO~ )'6yo~ Kol 01 npoO'QPLvol Kav6vE~ '(fI~ dle9voO~ "Ev(,)0"1~ 'Epyo~OIlEv(,)V:lt TtOU '(60'0 O'T]l1av'tLKOp6}"0 90 t1tOl~ay YLO "(0 tpyatLKO Klv'1l1a, ~'tav lpyo '(~V XEPL~V '(00 ~a9uO'''(6xaO''(ou a6"[00 0YQVLO''tf!. '0 Mopf, tYLVE ttO'L 6 9EQPT]'t"lKOe; Kal npaKttK6c; ilyEtT]e; tfje; t T]e;l!.tE9voO~.
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db !1TtOPOOO'E ylVEL Ka}..).IupT] !K).oyT) ilyhou vO YLO "(nvd.E.E., YLado Kop). MopE, lla~1 l1e 'to ¢lp1!L51!p1KO "EVYKI!).e; dxavKL6).a~ Ka'(aptlO'EL I!.va enavaO'tanKo npoypalll1a YLO tT)v lpyatlKn t6:f,'1. Tto}.,!) Ttplv OTtO Tn O'UYKAT]O''1 "[fie; l!.lE9voO~. To npoypa!1l1a au-:o XP'lO'LfleueL set O'i)lJ.8pa O't 8).E~ O'XE50v de; x~pEe;, O'OY ~aO'LKOe; 5T]yoe;: YLd: ,(OY 6 oyG:lva t~v tpyat~v K6:t(,) 6:no to Kanl"(a).lO'tLKO Kal O'oO'LaALaTLKO Ka9Ea'lG:le;. '0 Mopf, lla~I!1E ccv "EVYKEA~ cvcxctvoce Yld: npG:l'(T]410p6: auto '(0 1tp6ypal1fla 0'''[6 cKOllflOUYLa'lLKO MavUJItO'to., TtOU5'11-100'IEU9Tjl(E tOY 'tavoUopLO toO 1846 O'OY Ttp6ypallfla '(fie;: KOIl!1ouvIO''t"lKfK "EvQOl1e;. Toy Kalpo tKdvo ~tav 6:K6!1a 1W9lO'IlEvO~ O''(n 50U).EL6:, hOI!16:~ov'tae;: '(0 flEy6:)'o 6:PLO'''(oupy'Wa tfj~ tTtlO't'11l0VLKf!e;: 6:v6:}..uO"1e;:,6 t «KE4I6:).aLo». '0 1tp~toe; t6l1oe; 'rou TtptTtI!L vo 5T]1100'le69T]KE'to 1867. nplv 6:no to «K0I11l0UVLO''t"lKO MavL4IEO'to:lt '(00 MopE, Kal '(00 "EvyKE).e; «ct I:KtO~ ono "[ou~ ou'(onlO'''(ie; TtOU6:v04lEpa!11! Tt6:pa Ttov(,,), uTtf!pxay TtoHol epyatLKol ilyEtI!e; ertc 5L6:41opEe;: XQpEe;, rrou Kal auto I KtU1tOOO'av cev KaTtL'(a).tO'flo O'OV Ka9EO'tG:le;.Mnaf,6 toue; ~'tav Kal 6 'AI1EpLKavoe;: llT]xavlKOe; Thomas Skidmore neo t5paO'I! O'tle;: H.n.A. ono to 1829 Kal TtEpa. Kan'lYYELAE TO Ka1tL"(a).lO''t"LKO Ka81!0',,[(~~ Kat Ttp6~a).).e ecv Ttav6:KELa tilv 6:ypO'tLKn 11£'tOppu9I-1LO'T]'0 Wilhelm Weitling, r£Pllavo~ epy6:t'le;, U1tEO''t1'!pLf,1!(0 1838 8n ol lpyoTee; ' I.lTtopoOO'av vo ~poOv '(0 5p61l0 rove O''to 0'00'La}..lO'!16, - 81t(')e; '(ov 6:noKa).oOO'E - XP'lO'LIl0TtOLG:lV'(Oe; tve 0'60''t'1ua TpaTtE~Qv, nee 90 "[cue;: tnE'tpenE vo ovta}..).6:O'O'ouv '(0 1tpo't6v"[a '(00 1l0){90u roue. '0 nLEp npouv'(ov, ro}..}.,oe; "(UTt0YPO:41oe;:, 6:V6:TtTUf,Eyupc.> 0'''[0 1845 'tnv KOLV(,)' VLK1'!rou nav6:KI!La '(Ov 1:uvl!pya't"lK~V Kal 1:00 'AvapXLO'lloO. n6:VQ on' 8).oue; 811(')e;: IKavG:l'tatOe; 9EQPT]tlKoe; ilYET'1e;'(00 KLVnl.laTOe;t~v 6 XapnqT~v O'''[il MEy6:}..'1 Bcercvvtc 6:no '(0 1837 &I, "[0 1846, James Bronterre 0' Brien, '!p}..av50e; t9vLKlO''t1'!~, nco t5ELE,EI1LOKa'ton).T]K't"LKn Katav6'l0''l '(00 taf,tKOO 6:YG:lva ect toO KaTtLta).lO''tLKOO Ka9EO'T~'(0e;. -61-
·O(.lCLI~IlOy6:xa (.It tilv 1:(.I~6:VlaTItoO o::KO(.l!J.OUVlatIKOO avLCIlEatou~ M {)'IVE 6 aoala)"la(.lo~ hlat'i!!J.T), ~aaLa(.lEvo~ atoo~ v6!J.oue;t~~ KOLVCLIVIK~~ 6:v6:1ttu~T)~Kat 6:1toa6v8Ea'l~. rl' ach6 Kat ol !J.ap~latlteE~ 6:PXE~ toO hLat'l!J.OVLKOO aoala)"la!J.00 ateKOVtaL crlillepa 6:K)"OV'lte~ !J.1tpOOt6: aE .!S)"e~ tl~ I:1tL9EaeL~. '0 Map~ ~e1tEpv~vta~ to' (pya tG)v Ricardo. Mills, Smith Kat 4),,)..(.)v d:atG)voIKoVOIl0),,6yCLIv, (Kave ~a8EL6: 6:vato(.l[a toOKa1tlta)"LatlKOO auat'i!!J.ato~. 'A1toK6:)"u~ hal to lluatLKo ta.v Kanlta)"LatQv, 1tQ~. 6'l)"a6fl, cocccceocov Ksp6'1 Kat y[VOVtallt)"ouaLOL at ~po~ tQv tpyatG)v. A6to tYLVE Ilt tilv 6:vaK6:)"Ut!l'1 t~~ i!:naVaatatLK~~ apX~~ t~~ U1tEpa~ta~. '0 Map~ Ulto),pOll(.llaE .!StLiI EKIlEt6:Ueua'l ~aaU;;etal at" 6La~opo eveueee at"v a~[a ltOU da1tpO:ttl!l 6 I:PYO:t'1~IlE til (.Iopqlil IlEpOKallatOu, kat tilv a~(a nou nap6:)'EL Ilt til Ilop~" ftpo"(OVtO~. '0 AhLV auvotilU;;EL hal." 9Uolpla tfl~ 6:~(a~: «'0 16LOK'(it'('1~xpit!J.a'(o~ ayop6:l;;eL '(i1v I:pya,(IKil6Uvall'1 a'("v 6:~la t'l~ ltOU K080pll;;naL. OltCLI~ i16:~[a Ka81! I!)"),,ou 6:y0800, 6:ftO '(i1v KOIVCLIVIKO aVOYKO(O I:p)'oalo ftOU 6:noLUL'faL )'La nopo)'CLlYt, '('l~ (noo 1:6Q dvol to' t~06a 1tOUnpsnEl vO: K6:VEI 6 I:pYOt'1~ )'L6: va auvt'lP'l8Ei aOto~ KOt " OIKO),EvI!L6: tou). MLa Kat 6:y6paae t"V I:pyanK" 6Uvall'1 6 k£4lo)"aLoOxo~ tXEI to 61Kalto:!IJ0 vO ." XP'laLlloltOlfjaEI, 6'1)"a6i1 ve til ~o)"EI vO 60uH~EL yLa Illa 6>..6K),,'lP'1 "IlEpa, YLO 6~5EKa @PE~a~ noO!J.E.'Ev ta. Ilua~u ato XpovIK6 610at'l1l0 '(Qv ti~'1 c::,pQv (0:: o:vayKolo ~ tpyaa(a) 6 I:pYOt'l~ ftOpO)'EL aPKUa Oatl! ve ~nA'1p~vEl '(0 1~06a t~~ [6la~ tcu tfle; cuvtfjp'la'1~' ~.6 5l0:0'('1lla '(Qv I:ft0IlEVColV l(~'1 ~pG)v (<<onl!pEpyaala~) rrcpO:)'EL ba t: ftapaltavfjaLo ~ npo"(6v, t"v onEpa~la, yLC~ t"v 6no(a 6 Ka· ftl'(aAlat"e; 6ty rev TtA'lpQVEi~. ~E.al o:noKaM418'lKE at" YUllvot'1t6: tT}~ 1'1 atOIXEL~5'l~ 5La6LKaa[a tfl~ Ka1tLtaALatlKfI~ ~KIl£'(6:AAEu0'l~ ltOU elvaL '(0 ~aalK6 (.1£00 Ylo va nAoutll;;ouv ot KI!41aAaLOKpou~ Kat VO: ,tColxa(vouv O[ I:py6:te~. T" 61a6LKaala aot" ltpoalta8'loav nevrore VO: coexcercccv 01 KOnLtaAIOtE~ (.It avap(81l'1TE~ 0:: 8Eto:!p[E~~. '0 MOp~ Kat 6 ~EVYKEA~ 6:vEAuaav ~a8Ela tilv tO~LKfl ltaA'l. 'YnoYPO:IlIlLaav .!StL 0:: i1latopla .!SACLIV '(Qv KOLVCLIvLG)V ltOU oTlflp~av &4; aitllEpa, elver tcecctc ta~LKQv 6:y~vCLlV~.· O( 6:yQvEe; aotot lYIyav aV6:(.IEaa at EKIlEtaAAEutE~ Kat I:KlluaAAEu6!J.Evoue;, 6:vO!J.Eaa at avtlftOAE~ 61la6E~ I:K!J.uaAAEUtQV. «~tilv •Apxala P~Il'l fXOUIJ.Ena· tplKlou~, Inlt6u~, ltA'1~Elou~ Kat aK)..O:~OUe;.1:t6 MEaalColva €XOUIlE 4lEou60pXE~, UftOtEAl!i~, Ilaatopou~, uxvlu~, lla8'1'(w6IJ.EVOUe;Kat 60UAOTlO:pOIKOU~. ol Iltaa oE '!sAI!~OOtE~ tie; '(a~EIe; UTl6:pxouv ftaAL K 6EUupEuouaEe; 5Ia~a81l10EI~». ,,'H hoXt, !-lae; .!SIlCole;, i!:TtOXn tfle; conKfle; to:~'1C;:, lXEI auto to 6IaKpl,(IKO yv~pIOlJ.a: enxo nctnce -roue; taf,LKoue; O:vtaYColvLaIJOUe;. «cwcvrc 'H 00' 06vOAO .!Si\.o Kat lTEpiO' cerecc f,EXColpICEL 6u6 IlEy6:i\.O ix9pLKO: oTpat6nEoa, ce at 6uo IlEy6:· AEe;to:f,ElC;:,ttoe 6:vuIlETColnil;ouv 1'1 ilia Tflv 6:i\.XT): Tilv O'OTl)(" t6:~'lKat T6 TlpOAETapl6:To». 'H nO:)..T}autil, BltCole; anOOEI)(VUEI t6 «Mavl~t· nrc », TCptltELvc OUVEXl08EI IlEXPIC;: tOU to npoAETapl6:'(o UAIKO: O 9pla\-l(3EuoEL, KatapyijoEI tOY KartLLaAlollo xct tYKa8lopuoEL to 00'
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»'H OIKOVO!llK1\ 6ltoo06A(O)Ol") toO tpYOl;O!lEvOV crov povoncAl")tf) 'tG)v !lto(o)v ltopay(o)yfj<;, OI")A.tG)v Ttl")yG)v tfj<; l;f.olfj<;,dval T'l etrtc KaBE 1l0p~fj<; OKAa~LO:<;, KOLV(O)VLKfj<; t{a9Ai(o)ol")<;. TtYEV!latLKOO t{£Vt"ALoIlOO Kat ltOAmKfj<; tE,aptT)OI")<;.. . »'H 0iKovOllLK1'I XELpa~ttl")ol") tG)v tpyol;o!ltv(o)Y ta{E(o)v elver KOta ouvtTtELa 6 !lEy6:AO<; OKOTtO<;ncu K6:9E ltOALtLKO KivT)!la fXEL Ka9fjKOv va 6TtI")PEtEl... »"OAE<; 01 TtPOOTt6:9ELE<; YLa t1\v tTtLtuxla a6toO toO uevcxcc OKOTtOO£Xouv IltXPL of)!lEpa OTtOtUXEI, YLati OEv 6TtaPXEl O:K6!lT) 6p. KEt1'l T'l OAAI")AEyy61") eveuecc od<; TtOAUTtoiKLAE<; aTT)yopIE<; tpyatG)v K ot Ka9E xwpa Kat yLatl AEiTtEL aK6!la 6 6:0EA~LKO<;OEO!lo<; OVO:!lEOO crtc tpyanKt<; t6:E,EL<;tG)v oLa~6p(o)v X(o)pG)v ... »'H XELpa~tTI")OT] tG)v tpyotG)v otv elver oun tOTtLK6 OU'tE t9VL' K6, on6: KOLV(o)VLKO Ttp6~AI")!lO lt06 6:YKOAL6:l;El lSAE<; ti<; XG)PE<; tfj<; oUYXpOYT)<;KOLy(o)vio<;. 'H tEALKf) tOU AUOT)e6: tE,aptl")9Ei 6:TtOt1\ 9E(O)pl")tLK1\ Kat TtpaKtLK1\ 6TtOotf)PLE,T)tG)v TtLO TtPOT)Y!lty(o)v X(o)pG)v ... »'H OT)!lEPLV1\OPOOtl")pLOTtolT)oT)tfj<; tpyOtLKfj<; t6:E,T)<; ctc TtLO c ~LO!lT)xaYOltOLI")IlEvE<;XG)PE<;tfj<; E6pwTtI")<;, 1!vG)6ivEL KalvoupYLE<; tAltt6E<;, OltOtEAEi ouYXpovo Koi !lLa TtPOELOOltoiT)OI") YLa va ll1\v ~TtaVOAT)' Cfl900V to: ltOAI")O: A6:9T) Kai altOLtei t1'lv 6:!lEO"l")ouvtv(O)OI") lSA(O)Y tG)v 6;ltoKO!lIlEv(O)v ipyatLKG:lv KlVI")Il6:t(o)v».
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KAI H nAPI:!:INH KOMMOVNA (1864· 1876)
'H l1ptl"t'l .6.u.9",n~ ~tov l-.LLa110AlnKn 6py6;VGl0l1, flt 01(0110 ve OUV· Tovtou'd~ tpyOtlKt~ 6uv6;flu~ TG)V 6l0qt6pGlV XGlpG)v, ee fllav tvlola O!KovOfllKn Kat 110Al"tlK1l 6pao'l evcvnov TG)V tKIJETOAAEUTG)V KOt TOO KOl1lTOAIC7tlKOO TOU~ auotillJo"to~. 'H .6..E. E. aYGlv{oTl1KE KOTa "toO n:oAtlJou, KOTa TG)V q,Eou6oPXIKG)V On:OAElfllJCr.TGlV, Yla Tilv KOT6:PYIlOTJ Tf\~ 60UAdo~ oTl~ 'EvGlfltvE~ nOAITEtE~, Yla tilv aVEf:0pTIlO(O T~~ FloAGlvta~ Kat Tf\~ 'IPAov610~, Yla Ta tKAOYlKa 6lKOlc::,IJOTO TG:lV tpyo· tG)v Kat Yla !-lla l1po06EUTlIU'I KOLVGlVlK1'IVO!-l09Eota. TOUTOXPOVO qtp6vTlt;E escocccrc Yla Tilv El1aVOOTaTlKiI 6L011016oyc::,Y'l01l TQV lJot;G)v. 'H l1Pc::,tl1 .6.IE8vil<; ~tOV aK6flo to 61E8vt<; OUV6LKOAIO"tlKO 6p· yovo tG)v EpYOTG:lv Kat eev Tholo n:OAOL!fIE 6paoTilpio Yla aUYKE' KPLIJEVE<;OUV6IKOAIOtLKE<; 6~EK6IKiI:7EI<;. 'YlIEOtr,PIf:E al1EPY(E<;, 6IlfllOUPY110E OUV6IKOtO, 6,..YO:VCLlOETilv KOll110VLO KOtO t~<; EKflETOAAEUOl1~ t~<; n:O:6LKfj<; acvcctcc «ct evcvetcv tG:lv 6l0KptOEGlV OE j36:po<; 1:G:lv tPYOTPlG:lV. 'H .6.IE8vil<; Iln~KE emv l1PGlTOlIor:-ta toO evcvc Yla to 6KtOCLlPO ME Alyo A6Yla, ~j30AE TI<; j300El~ 1:00 ouv6lKaAI01:IKOO l1POYP1:IlIlOtO<; TOO ouYXpovou tPY01:IKOO KIVT!llaTO~. l:ta 12 Xp6VlO 110U It;'l:l"E, qtavEpCLlvE K6:8E O"llYllT! flt 1:116pCr.01l 1:'1<;'flt 1:a ouvt6pla KOt tl<; 6laOI(EtpEL<; tll<;, TO ~Glv1:av6 1:1l<;~v6laq,tpov Yla to l:uv6IKOAI01l6.' 'Anc TO TtpG:lTO T'1<; I(l6).,o~ ouvt6plo (rEVEU111866) Tj.6.LE8vn~ "E· voon 'CpYOTG:lv, Tt~PE 8toll Tt6;v(') 01:0: j3aolKa TtPoj3A1'Jllota TOO cov6LKO'AI01l0Ci IlE IlLav 6:Tt6q,aof) t'l~, TtOU yp6:q,llKE «rro TOV r6l0 1:0 M~Pt, 'H OTt6-roo'l outTj, Ilt 1:ItAo «TO: OUV611(6:TO: ta lIOPEA86v, TO II cov xc t to IlEA).,OV TOU<;», U[08£1:000E TOV evcvc yla 1(0AUtEPE<; a V8~I(E: Oou/l..EI6:<; «ct !fIllMtEPO IlEpOKOllato. Taut6xpovo lSIlGl~, ecxcoce KpltlKn YIO: Til OTEv61:TJ1:a TtOU Elxav 1:1~ TtIO TtOAAt<; q,opt<; TO OUVOII(6:'[O, lIOU «6tv l(o'[Cr.Aaj3ov tvTEAG)~ Tt600 ~TOV 01:0 XtPI tOU~ vO: TO: j36:t;ouv Ilt 1:0 0601:TJflO t~~ IJI08Gl1:~<; OI(Aaj3l6:<; I(ot 1:1<;aTjlJEpl' VE<; Ilt800E<; TtOPOYGlY~~ ». 'H 6:lI6q,OOIl 1:6VI~E tntoll~ lSn «1:0: OUVOl' KOtO, KOVTO: OtO: aAAO j3aoLKCr. ToU~ 1(08i1KOVtO, TtptTtEI va 1J6:80uv l1G:1~ lIptTtEI vc 6poOv cev TtUP~VE<;, TtOU 80: 6pyovc::,00uv TOU~ tpy6:TE<; yui titv tEAIl(li TOU<; XElpo-rEt'lOIl' nphEI 6:1(6,",0 ve tvlox60uv 1(0810 KOlVGlvLl(iI xct lIOAITll(iI KlvllO'l TtOU eetvet TtpO<; OUt" Tilv xceeoacvcn». Tilv hoX" T~<; TtPc::,Tl1<;.6.IE8voO<;, it tpY01:LKiI t6:f:'l, TtOU ~1:ov6:1(61J'l (\Vc::,PIIl'll1oAlnl(6:, dXE 110AAt<; 80At~ !OtE~ ylo TO OUV61I(OAIOfl6. OTtGl<; 1(0'1 YIO: IJLO: OEIPO: aAAa KOIV(dVII(O: Ttpoj3Ai)floTO . .6.tv ElVOl AOl' lI:OV TtEptEPYO 1:a YEyov6<; 01:l ott~ flEyaAE<; oUt;'l1:TjOEI<; aVOIlEOO OTOU~ I. '1-1 ~.tJ""l .\Lefl-vl\~ oQyO.vWO"e 1864, III O"uri1iO~o. 0"11\ few",! 1866, Bou~Ue~ <'[),l.uoSik«eUl 181li. . 69
VIII.
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l:YN.6.IKATA
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TI\ 3t.dO"XIlIjI'l IOu Aov&~vou 1868, Bo.O",J..e(o.1869, XUY'l 1812 >lOot
MapE,loue;: set "tIe;: 6flal)Ee;: rcu npOUVTOV, tee AaooaA, rcu M1tAaVK(, toO MO'mlvl, 'toO M1taKOOVlv K. d., to 1tp6~Allfia toO ouvI)U(OAlC7flOO 1tPOKOAOOOE 1taVTCl fHOqll:o)vIEe;:. I:tte;: oul;l1t'f!oEle;: au"tte;:, ct MapE,lod.e;: ~1tEO'tnplE,ov 1tGle;: TO: ouv5lKato eo: l1tpe.1tE '110: efvcr yepte;: 6pyoVGl' OEle;: flE O(i)OTO taE,lKo 1tPOOovotOAlOfl6.
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TON BPET ANNIKON
~YN"IKATON
TO: ~PETOVVlKO: OUv5lKo:ta l1talE,Clv l:[1'[o tnv o:pxn, 1tOAU ol1flovtlKO p6AO OtnV 1tp6HT} ~lE8vfl. AIJ"tO: npoe'rctpeccv oe kvo flEYO:AO ~aeflO Tn'll K1VllOTJKol1tflpClV flEPOe;: 0' a6tn fiE ~AEe;: 'roue TIe;: 5uVO:flEl<;. "01t(i)e;: Ef50flE 1t10 rrctv, 6 ~ClC7lKOe;:~YETIKOe;: 1tUpnvae;: T~V ouv5lKaAlO't~V tfle;: t1tOxfle;: 1tOU O:1tOtEAOUOE 'tn'll e Xccvrc ». flE'tEIxe 0't'0 reVlKO I:Ufl~OUAIO die;: ~lEeVOOe;:. napa 1tOAAee;: ouvl)lKaAIO't'lde;: 6pyav6)0ue;: ouv5t8T}Kav O:1t' eceetcc fit 'tn ~lEevfl. AtYETal flaAIO''ta ~tl to: me 1tOAAO: ~pE't'aVVlKO: OUVOlKO:'tCl, ElXav 1tpOOX(i)pnOEl 0' Cl6TnV, O'tn fllO: ~ 'tn'll O:A)..T}neptczc tfle;: l;c..lfle;: 'tT}e;:. 'H ~laOKE!I'T} 't~v 'Epya· TlK~V 'EV~OE(i)V 1tOU OUVflAeE o'to I:tql(PlAvt "to 1666, ~1tEI)ElE,E ot ~Aa 'ta OUVOlKCI'tCl va vtvccv flEAT} 'tfle;: ~IEeVOOe;:. 'AvaAOYT} 0:1t6q,ClOTJ 1tflpe "tpta XPovLa apy6tEp::I TO I:uvtOPIO rev I:uvI)IKa"t(,)v 1tOU 1tpClYfla'to1tOln8T}I(E O'tO M1tlpfilYXafl. ~'to OUVE5pIO 'tfle;: BClolAElae;:, rev (l)lO XP6vo, 6 Applegarth aVEq,EpE 1tc::,e;:otnv 'AyYAta uTrfjpxav 95.000 fltATj "tfle;: l!.lE8voOe;:, 1tOU ~AOl rove 0XEOOV ~tav ouv5lKaAloflEvol. 'Y1tflpxav ~fI(i)e;: KClt flEplKO: ouvl)lKO:tCl, ~1tc..le;: of tPYCltlKte;: EvGl3Ele;: rcu Aovl)lvou, 1tOU apvr,8rl'tOV '110:1tpOox(,)pnoouv 0' aU'tnv. Tn'll 1tp6'taoT} YLO:'tnv O:1t' EueElCle;: ouvI)E0'l 't~v oUvSIKaAlO't'lK~V flPYClVWOEc..lV flt 'tn ~lE8vfj, tl')v lI1tEj30AE 6 [SlOe;: 6 MapE" enov'to<; VO: I)ElE,El tn flEyaAT} oTj~Clola «ct j3ClpU'tT}'tCl 1tOU dxe 'to ouvSlKaAlatlKO KlvT}flCl. 01 t.yt'tEe;: 't~v j3pEtaVVlK~v ouvoLKa'tc..lV o'tnv 1tAElO!l'T}q,lo rcvc, fiE ccpecvceccv jJt etc tTi:avClota't'lKte;: totEe;: toO Mo:pE, KClt tie;: 1t0· Altlde;: EttlOlGlE.Ele;: tfje;: ~.E.E. "E~AE1tClV to 1tp6j3Allfia 'tfje;: 6pyO:vc..lOTJe;: "t~v tpyCl'tlK~V ouvaflEwv O:1tO 'tn OUvn ouvl)lKaAlatlKn OK01tla, 00:'11 lvo flEOO o:vtll)paoT}e;: Ka'tO: t~v O:1tEpYOO1tClOtlK<1lv tK5TjAGlOec.lv •• A1to tn'll &AAT} flEPLO: tK'tLfloOoav 'tn'll nelKn KClI UAll(nU1tOOttaPlE,l11tOU urtoPOOOE va 1tPOoq,tPEl n 1tpwtT} ~lEeVne;: crcoc 0: II'EPYLaI(Oue;: ay<1lve<;, 01 ~yt't'Ee;: curet, f1EOa ode;: ouv8flKEe;: toO evcneocceuevcc Ka1tLtClMOfloO, dXClV XO:OEl 'to tll'ovaO''ta'tlKO 'll'vEOfia 't~v Xap'tlo"t~v"tfle;: 1tpoll" YOUflEVT}e;:yEVT}G:e;:. 'H KUpLCl flal;a T~V OUVSlKO:'tc..lv roue "tav of et6LKEUjJEvOI tpyo:ue;:, n KalvoupYLO outn tpya't'lKn O:PlotoKpatia, 1tOO kol'toE,e 1t~e;: '110:oUflj3tj300eEt fiE rev KOTtl'tClAIOfl6. rEI/IICa, of BpEtavvol ouv6lKaAlotte;: nYE'tEe;: otv l5ElXvOV flEyaAll 6pClo'tT}pl6tll"ta o'tn ~lE8vfj. Fr' a6to xc l 1to'tE 5Ev 1tpOO1to:eT}oav VO: "tnv ncpcuv 0't0: xtpla rooc. ~Tt(i)e;: havClv 1t. X. 01 npOUV"tOVlO.ee;: Kat 01 M1taKouvlKoL "Enctpvev j3E~Clla llEpoe;: 0't0: OUVEOPlCl 'tfje;: ~.E.E., X(,)ple;: ~flc.le;: '110: OUflflETEXOUV 1to)..u tVEP)'T}tlKO: ode;: oul;T}'tnoEle;:, I(ClI e ee d.AOe;: a1toI)EXoV'tOV !-taAAov 1tCleT}tlKa tie;: O:1toq,aoEle;:. 'Avtll.lEtGl1tll;av ~Aa to: 1tpoI3AnI.lCl'tCl a1to 'tn C7K01tLa toO «O:1tAOO Kat Ka8apoO ouv5lKaAlOfloO», 1tpaYjJo 1tOU O:1tO'tEAOOOE I.IlO: tPOX01tEI)Tj otT'! I)ou-70-
).e.l6' d'le; 6pyoYCo)a1')(;.1:ly6'·alYo. 6pXlaay ve t6' ~6:l;OUYKallJ.t tOY jJ.aXTJtlKO Kap). Mopt. '0 XaITJ).e;. e Odzer, 6 'EKK6:ploe; Kal jJ.EPlKOI6).).Ol6:K6jJ.TJ 6:110 'to lIl0 6paatf)pLa atolxda 6:yojJ.Ea6: ecuc. ij:k8ay at 6'YOLK'(f1a6YKpouaTJ jJ.al;1 rcu Kal aUjJ.jJ.6:XTJaayjJ.t tie; avtlllo).LUu6jJ.p., ne;0jJ.6:6Ee; toonpoUY'(ov Kal'(oO MlIaKOOVlY,XCo)ple; ejJ.Co)e; Kal va etc9ETOOV '(0 tEXCo)PU:rt6' n:poypojJ.jJ.aTo Toue;.1:tflv 1I0).TJ TOUe;Ka'(a '(00 rEYLKOo 1:ujJ.~ouMou n:o~ to Ka906TJyoOaE 6 M6:pt, XPTJaLjJ.ollolTJaav eev ueec Kat '(0 ~pETaYVLKO T(.IfI(.Ia Tfle; 6Le8voOe;. 1:to!)e; BpEtayyo~e; aUy6LKa).Unee;, 6b 6pEaE Ka96).ou TO ahTJ(.Ia '(00 Map( YL6'tTlV evetaptTJala Tfle; '!p).aY6iae;, ellCo)e;Kal f) geaTJ 1I0~ n:fIPE f) 6LE9vfle; advevn a'(f1Y napLaLYfi K0IJ.IJ.0uya. 'Avur6:x9TJKav 16Lalupa otOvayCo)YLcrt'lKO '(p6110 (.It '(OY cwetcv 6 Mapt ~n:Ean\Pll;E t'" I'ax6(.1uTJ K0IJ.· I'ouva: TO l:n:ayaa'tonK6 tTJe;n:YEO(.lOl:vox).oOae. To~e; 4>l).Ebu9Epoue; 611060ue; TOUe;. H).oe;, TO 1871 6:lIoXc'.lpTJOay e).OL 6:n:6 to rl!YlKO 1:ul" ~OU).IO. tK'(6e;on:6 TOy -AlI).YKOp9. A6'(0 ij'(av tve 6:116Ta K'tuttf)(.Ia'(Q' n:o~ I:taa9tvTJaay 'tflY lIpc'.lTTJ 6LE9YfI Kat 66f)YTJaay apy6upa crt'f1 6l0).UOf) ,(TJe;.
TA rEPMANIKA
l:YN~IKATA
KAI
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1:'(0 lpyo '(fie; I1LE9YoOe; u(.l(.lEtEiXav, aA I'lKp6UPO ~a9jJ.6, Kat o( a Map(laTI:e; 'Cfle; rEplJ.avlae;. "O(.lCo)C; TO aa9EvlKO aUy6LKa).Lcrt'lK6 KI· VTJ(.I6:'toue;, 6Av In:al(E 06alaO'tLK6: Kaveva aopap6 pO)'o. 1:t e).TJT"'Y lIEpi060 1I0~ ll;TJaE'" 6.E.E. (1864·1876) 'ta YEp(.laVLKO: auv6lK6:ta lIo).Euav ve 6lcrtTJpTJ800V Kat ava'Rtux900y 6:vtl(.lUCo)lIlr,;oYtae; '(f1 aK).TJP'" ovti6paOT) 'CQy I:pY060TQY. TO.6lCo)y(.l6 toO Kpa'(oue; Kal tTlV 6110'Ci(.lTJOT) p6).ou '(oue; 6:110 TOUe; aoO\a).lcrt'te; f)yetle; tfle; YEpl'a'(00 YlKfle; I:pyatLKfle; totTJe;. '0 Aaaa6:). 11.X. ijTav bae; aK).TJP6e;6:Y'(in:a).oe; '(00 auy6u(Q').la(.loO. 1:'(6 'Rp6ypa(.l(.l6: 'rcu !)lIEotf)ptr,;E en ta ItOWCo)YlKO:n:popM(.Ia'(a 9a xcvcveev 6;y 6TJ(.IlOupyoOYTay aUYEpyatLde; (.It T"'Y etsevc(.ILK'"l:viaxuOTJ TOOKpo'(oue;. Meaa eee Ka1tl'(a).LotlK6 oOOTTJ(.Ia-l).EYe. - 01 I:py6:ue; dval Kata6LKaa(.ltvoL vc 1;00vaA l:1ti1tl6a lIEivae; Ylcrtl ).EltOUPVEi Oyan:6cpEuK'(a 6 ..aL6EpevLoe; y6(.1oe;tQY (.Ila8QY •• (T", 8ECo)pia a6'(f1 tflY Kata1to).e(.lTJaE 6 M6:pt at'" 4ITJ(.Ila(.ltVTJaul;f)'tTJOT)I'e T6y 06ea'COY. p).. KEcp6:).alo 7). rt' aim!! ~n:ED'tf)ptr,;E etL 01 aull6lKa).LanKot oyQYEe;, YEVLKO, 6b ij1:aY (.IOVO4XPTJatol a).).6: xct l:1tlKIv&uVOl YlO: 'COn:o).mK6 K(vTJ(.Ia '(fie; !pyanKfle; totTJe;. O( 6n:a601 TOOAec00)., l4l8aaav aTO eqgete, yO: KQ'Can:o).E(.If)aOUY t6 y6(.1o 'toO 1869, 1I0U oyayvc'.lpLI;E cecoc I:pyoue; ~Lo(.lTJxavlae; (eXl e(.lc.>c; ct a'Co~e; x I:pyoue; yflc;) to. 6lKa(Co)(.Iava 6pyaYQYOy'Cal. '0 M6'pt lMY. axulKG: 1tcl)e;.. 0 AfI(.I1tKYEx'( 6pyovCo)aE 'toue; TUlloypO.oue; '(00 Bepextvco a6 auv6LKo'Ca, 1tap6' t'" ge).TJOT)toO Aaaao). •• '0 Aaaaa). ' aKOTc'.l9t')KE'(6 1868 at (.Ila (.Iovo(.lax1a. '0 6L6:60x6e; teo ,OY 1:~6:l:taep auveXLaE tTlY evn- auv6lKa).lcrt'lKfI 6p6:0T), hlKEqla).fle; '(f\c; pao\Kc'.l'tEp~ Aaaaa).l· Kfle; n:o).tnKfle; 6py6:YCo)OTjc;,fle; "EvCo)OT)e;Ep(.lavQv 'EpyatQy. t r K6:'(Co)e(.lCo)e;6:116 tfIY 1tIEOT) Tfle; l:vuLv6(.1EYTJe; Ka1tlTa).laTLKf!C; I:K(.Ilta).).EuOTJc;, 4pXlai yO: 'OUY'(c'.lYEL evegecc crtOUC;rep(.lavo!)c; tp. yane; f) &l08eOT) VlO: auvSlKa).lO'tlKf) 0pyo:vCo)OTJ KQ't Sp6;OT). "ETal 01 -'11-
AaooaAlKol 6nEXPE(MT]KOV va OUYKOAtOOUV TO 1:EnTtlJ~plO TOO 1868 cno BEPOAlvo tvc lpyaTlKo auvt6PlO KOt va encecctceuv hEr t1'!v t6puOTJ IJlCe; ouvolKaAlOTlKfle; 6pyavCilOT(e;, tfle; 'EpyotlKfle; "EvcaoTJC;,cn1'!v 6Tfola TfPOoxc::.PIloav a ...toCile; 142.oo0.pyanc;. np6E6p6e; Tile; td.tXTT)KIt 6 1:~6:1toep, TfOO OnCile; dOa",E ~Tav hlKE4Ia).fle; xct Tfle; "EvCiloTJe; replJavQv 'EpYOTQV. '0 1:~6:"TOEP, lvae; alhoPXIKOe; ypa4lItlOKp6:TTJe;, SECilPOOOE On T6 vac 6pyavo TQV OlKoVO~HKQv 6lEKOIKfJaECilVTQv tpyaTQv, oty ~Tav Tfapa r ...fllJa tfle; TfOAlTlr<fle; 6py6:· VCilOT(e; xCilpte; Ka ......lli' !6lalTEpTJ CJT\ ... cote. rl' a~t6 KOt Tfpoon6:BTJoE ...t K6:SE Tp6TfO, v6: lJua~6:)'u T1'!V'EpYOTlK1'! "EvCil0T] ot lvo E160C;41l' AovBpCilTflKOO ccgcretec Kal v~ .... Tf06l0el TOUe; tpyli'tEe; vc t1'! XPT]OllJOnolfJoOUV Ylli' T1'!Vopy6:vCilOT( TQV Ii'TfEPYIOKQ\, TOUe;evcvev. 1:TO ...ua/;.u 6 M1ttIJTfe). y6plOE TfloCilIi'TfO t!,)v'Ayy)'la Kal ~6:)'. BTJKE vii' 6pyavc::.vEL 6:vE/;.li'pTTJTa ouv6lK6:ta ...al;l IJt toue; aA).ouc; 00' OIOA6T]",oKp6:ne;. Tcv (6l0 KOLPO eeptwco. 01 ecrct Tfo).lTLKoI Hirsch xct Duncker, TfOO dXav tnlOT(e; ",EAUfJOEl TO OUvOIKaALcnlKo KlvTJlJa OTilv 'AyyAla. apXLoav vc 0XTJ ...adl;ouv ouv6lK6:ta Ylli' va t6: XPTJ' oLIJOTfOlf)OOUV ce oTfJPlYlJa TOO npOOOEUTLKOO·¢llAEAE69EPOU K6 .... IJOT6e; toue;. "ETol T!')V lTfOX1'! tKdvTJ 6poOoav otll rEPllavla eptc OUVOlKOAlotlKIi' KEVTpa-T6 AoooaALK6, TO 1:00LaA6T]",0ICpatlKO KOL to np006EUTLIC6 - TfOU~ploKOVTOV ce O/;.UTOTTJ OUYKPOUOT( :V6:",E06: TOUe;. 6 01 6UoKOAIEe; TfOU 6:vTlIJEtc::.TfLl';;av Ii'TfO Tt) 6l6:O'ItaOT( 6:)'Aa Kat Yla 6;H.oue; )'6youe;, lYlvov 6:K6IJO ",Eya).unpEe; uotEpa Ii'TfO TOV ya).AoYEP",OVlKO Tf6).e1J0 TOO 1870 - 71, tt) ",Ey6:).TJ TfoYK60IJLa O!KOVOlJlKn KploT] 'toO 1873 KOt TnV lVToOT( TOO 6:cnuvollLKOO 6lCilYIJOO evavrtov TQv ouv6lK6:TCilV. To M6:10 tOO 1875, oTllv Tf6AT] rK6Ta, 01 AooooALKol KJ:L 01 1:oola).0TJ",OKp6:TEe; au ...~I~aoov Tie; 6la4l0pte; TOUe;Kal 6TJIllOUPYlloOV ha evictc K6...lJa. AutO EIXf ce cove-me ve O:PXIOEl IllO: Tfpoon6:BEla Yl6: vO: tVOTfolTJ9EL xct TO auv6lKaAlOTlKO K1v'llJa, np6:YlJa 6Xl Kal T600 E(lKOAo Ylatl 01 Aaooa).lKol IJEd4lEpav xet ueee OTO evvcrc K6 ...... Tllv 6TfOTIIJTJOT] a TfOO Elxav Yla TO p6AO tQv OUV6lK6:tCilV. "Av aUTO TfOU ntoreocv 01 TfIO noAAol ooola).lOtte;~tav Ii'AfJ9ELO, OTLOTJ).. of aul;.fJoue; IJIOSQV nou enccrtonocv 01 tpy6:tEe; tKIJT]OEvll';;ovTav coT6IJaTO ...t tllv aO/;.TJoT]TQV HIlQv, T6TE Ta ouvOLK6:Ta ob Ba dxav TfpayIJaTIKa xcvevc v6T]lJo. '0 Map/;. TfOU 6:VtlTfPOoc::.TfEUETn Fecucvia oTO rEVIKO 1:UIJ~OU).IO 'tfle; 6.LESvoOe;, nceeeeenoe. XCilptC;IlEy6:).TJ tTfLTUxla, vii tVloXUOEl Tllv tv6TTJta TOO K61JIlaTOC; Kat vc /;.EKoBapl· OEl tie; !6he; yupCil O:TfOto auvoLKaALOll6, IJEOa ode; ypalllJte; reo. 'Apy6upa, TO 1900, 6 rEplJavOe; ooolaAOTJlJoKp6:tT]C; fJyttTJC; Mdll' mA, IJL).c::.vTae;Yl' a~T1'!v tllVTfEpl060 fAEye: \I: To K61JIJa nlOTEUE TfG:le; Ta ouv6lK6:ta Xpu6:I';;OVtGtv YLa va 6lEUKOAuvouv Til OTpaTo).oyla 6:v6:IJEoa crcoc tpy6:uC; YUl AOyopLaOlla tfle; 1:ooLaAol1lloKpadac;. no).Aot 000laA6TJIJOKp6:nc; UTfEoTf)pll;av til ouvouo;aAlotlKIl Klv'lOT] ...6vo Yl' aUTO TO 01(0Tf6. 'AK6IJa KOt tye;:, f~AETfa ,,,~,, dgl'1 Ta ouvOlK6:Ta K6:tCil 6:TfO aUtO to nplolJQ ». 1:t lSn 6:41opoOoE TnV TfOAltLKfJ. 1'1 tTfLKPOttOtEPTJ aTfo\jlT} ueo c OTa rEPllovlKo1:oola).lOTLKO KlvT}lJa,~tOv I5n 01 ouvOlKaAlOtlKte; tvc::.OEle; Bo: EnpEnE va O:Tf04lUYouv tt'lv noAL' TlKIl op6:OT( oo:v opyavwoEU:, 01 tpy6:tEe; 6",Cile; '1100 Ii'vflKav a' autte; -72-
'a h:ps'lt'e va elYal (.IU.l1 'too I.00laA.611(.1oKpa'tu(oO 'Epya'tlKOO K6(.1(.Ia't04;. Ah etYOl A.Ol'lt'~Y 'It'splepyo 't6 yr.YOVOt; &tl Oatepa a'lt'~ 't6000<: _eplOpla(.lOOt; 'ta yep(.laYlKa ouv6lK6:'ta O'r)(.IelColoav'It'0).0 (.IlKpl\ 'It'p6060. T~ 1877 ottflpxay 25 6).et; Kl' &A.e, iv&0'8l, at 1:9YlKI\ KA.I(.IaKa (.II:SO. 000 (.ItAl1, 611).. 2,50)0 'toO OUYOA.lKOO6:p19(.100 'tillY plO(.l11xavlKGlY !p. yatQv. Ta (.IeyaA.utepa OUy6lKa'ta ~'tav 'tGly Ka1tYepyatQv (.It 8.100 (.It).l1. tQy 'tu'lt'oyp6:cJlColV(.It 5.500. tth (u).oupyQy (.II: 5.100 Kat tQy 6pyatGlv (.IEtaA.A.OU (.It 4.400. I.I: 'It'oU.oo, KA.a60u,. 6lv 61rilpxav Ka90· ).ou OUV6lKa).la'tld, ~DvaYQ0'8l" ·O(.lCol, 6:K6(.1a Kal a6tl\ 1) (.IlKpl\ 'It'p60· 60, ota(.l6:tl1oE, &'taY, Ootepa a'lt'O 6u~ a'lt'6'1t'elpe, 'It'00 lylVOY Kata 'tf\!:; l;Col~, 'toO Kall;ep fOU).ltA.(.IOU I 'tOv M6:10 Kat t~V 'IOUYlO toO 1878, 1) KuIUpV11O'r) IJrI'IcJllOE tOO, 6l0~l1tOU, 6:VtlaOalOA.LOtlKotX; y6(.1ou, Kat IOEoe tKtO, veueu 6A.6K)..11Po t~ O'OOlaA.LOtlKO K1Yl1(.1a.- t60'0 to K6(.1(.1a 600 Kat 'ta OUy6lKcha. (.It &).0 'It'00 to K1v11(.1a6lv elxe I(a(.l(.lla OXtO'r) (.II: 'E1'iv6:'It'6'1t'Elpa. '0 J\aOOaA.LO(.lO, I(.IElYE ~, t~ dA.o, (.Il6:OXE66v 6:'It'OKA.ElOtlKa vepJ.laYlKI\ t6:O'r) (doa otO tpyatlKO Klv11(.1a. '0'lt'0601 tOU PPIOKOY' eev 6:va(.leoa O'tOO, tpy6:tI!, fep(.layla" til, A6otpla, Kat tOO, fep(.Iayoot; (.Ietav6:otE, eetc 'EvCo)(.Ieve, nO).l'tde,. X6:P11 a' a6too, 1) hl6paO'r) toO J\oaO'aA.lO'(.IOO ~tOV loxupl\ ata 6:(.IeplKaYlKa ouwlK6:ta lb, 't~ 1870. 01 J\aaaaA.lKot 'It'ot! 6ev 1tpooXQPl1oay hla11(.1a O'tl\y _pQtl1 Ale9y~. 8:v Ka.1 tl\v 6'1t'eotflpLi;aY Kata K6:'It'OlO YEVlK6 tp6'11Q.
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'0 npOUV'tOVl0(.l6, (.IE tl\ cngecte 'It'OU 16lYE atl\v olKovo(.llKI\ covepveete Kat tflv 6:A.).l1).ol3oflOua 6:v6:(.Ieoa otOO, 'py6:tE" l1talpYE I:XOplKI\ O!orJ 6:'IIevav'tl otO ouv6IKa).LO(.I6. '0 npOUvtOY 'IIa).ou.j1e hay· etcv t~V ouwlK6:tColY Kal 6:'IIepyloKIl, K(v11O'r), atl\ raUla Kal to BtA.YLO Kat (.Il!tEcJlEpe tOY 6:yQva tOU (.Ieaa Otl\v [6la tl\ Ale9v~. I.ta 'It'pOta t11, O'Uyt6PlO 01 Map(latt, U'lt'0XPEQOrpcav ve Kat01tOA.E(.It,· oouv 't6: O:pV11tlKa otOlxeia, 'It'00 Ka't06IKal;aY 'tl\y 'It'o).mKl\ 6p6:0'r), 'tl\y 6:'IIEpyla, Kat ~'tav 6:vd9no: otO OK't6:ColpO. I.'t6 'It'pGl'tO O'UYt6PlO _00 IYlVE orli fEYEU11 't~ 1866, 't6 oXt6lO 'tQy npOUvtOVlotQy Yla 'tl\ 611(.1loupyla (.Il6:, Tpa'llEl;a, 6:Hl1Aopoi\8Ela" KEp6loe 'tl\y 6'11oa"tt!Pl(11 't* 'IIA.ELO~la,. Auo xp6Yla apy6npo 'to 'tplto OUyt6PlO 't~, A.E.E. - BpU(e).A.E" 1868 - ~ft4!ll;e (.Ilay a'll6cJ1oO'r) YlO: 'tnv o:va'lt''tu(l1 'tGly OXEO'eColvo(I(OYO(.llK~' O'Uyepyoolo, ay6:lll!oa otOUc; I:py6:tI!,. I.'t0 cuyt6PlO 't~, BaO'l).l!la, &(.ICo), -1869 - ot Map(lotl:, 'IIbuxaY VO: KO' 'ta'tpo'llQO'ouv 'tou, npOUY'tOYlO'tE,: 'H ~leOYI\, ul09hl1oE OPlOtlKO: Iva 'IIp6ypa(.l(.lo 'II0U np6pAET(e tl\v !OvlKo1toll1O'r) tGly I:pYOOtoa{GlY Kal til, y~" tl\v 6:v6:'IItu(l1 nOA.ltLK~' 6p6:~, toO ouv6lKaAlOll00 Kat anepYlaKf'I, KIVl1CJT]'.Kat paall;6tay otl\y 'IIPOOT(tlKl\ t* 6:VO' tP01lil, eeo Ka'lt'ltaA.lO'(.IOO. 01 (.IlKpoaatot npOUY1'OVlotE" IxaO'aY 6:K6(.10 nepLOa6tEpo to KOpO, tOU, (d tl\ xpl!Co)l(oma KuplQtepl1, Tp6:'It'et;6:, tOU, Ot~ nOplOl. to 1869. Mla 6A.).11 apYl)'tlKI\ t6:O'r). 'II0U OUtl\ tl\ cJlopa npoEPxovtav 6:no t6: 6:plotep6:, t(.l'll66ll;e 'tl\'v 6:v6:'IItU~l1 toO OUV6lKaA.lO(.lOO: Ot MnA.aY·
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KLatt c. 'a o:px'1y6 c r coc Mn:AavK(, @:va" ~EUpOVO" t~ .. tn:avOO'taO''1'' 1;00 1846 atfjpl1;E ~AE" 1;OU d.. tAn:(OE" O'tTlY &l'EO''1 t(EYEpO''1' lLtv O'Ul"(,)VOOO'E AOLn:OVO'tiJv 1tpOO1t'tLKn 1;~" ~a9I-lLa(a .. O:YO:1t1;U('1" .a.v O'uvoLKo.Co)V. 'Apy6te.pa iJ 'toa'1 athn 1tpoaava'toA(at'1KE 1tpo ... 0Y Map(Lallo Kat tvc::.e'1KE l'a1;( 1;OU. nap' ~AE" aut! .. d .. O:vaataA'tIK! .. tttlopo:aEl", 1;0 aUyOIKO:.a O:Ya1t1;uO'O'OV'tavxet ol o1tEpyiE" atiJfaAAia, 'tn lLavia Kat 'to BEAYIO ttoAAa1tAaaIO:1;oY'tay. Ol KUfJEpVfjO'EI" 1;1 O:v'tllluc::.1tli;av .. IlE OKA'1PO: l'E'tpa, O'K6'tCo)vav 'tou" tpYOTE" Kat ,UAOKl1;av XIAIOOE" dAAOU", "0· nCo)" napa'tT)pEi 6 Kp(1;O'KU', .. iJ .1.LE9yT\ hal(E .. cecusetc p6AO:t O''tnv t1tEKtaOT) .00 aUYOLKaALO''tIKOOKIVfjlJa1;O", 1:'t0 npa.'ta XP6Yla ot 61l0:' OE.. 1;a.V tpyata.y nee 1tO:AEUaY, Aeyovtay • tvc::.aEL" oYtio'taO''1''. Kat ucve 0'1;0 1867 ot1;aaYKapooE", npa.'toL O:1t' ~AOU" 1;OU" tpya1;6l'EvoU", XP'1aIIl01tot'10a'l YLO 'tiJy lvCo)O'fj1;OU" 'to OYolla • OUVOIKO:'tO:t (ccuerete. cyudlcat, Trade-union) . .L'tt .. napallovt c e00 faAA01lpCo)O'O'IKOO noAtIlOU 'toO 1870, 61t~pxav 0"t0 nap(OL 70 O'UvoLKO'ta' Kat a! 6M· KA'1P'1 1;iJfaAAla 1;0: IlEAT) 't~ .. lLlE9voO .. l,eavav 1tEpi1tOU rt .. 200.000'. 'Ioxupo a'tfjpLYl'a 1;~" .1..E.E. ~'tcv t( dAAOU .0 tpya'tLKo K(VT)lla 1;00 BEAylou. '0 raAAottpCo)OO'LKO" 1I6Ael'0" dpXLaE crt .. 19 'louA(~u 1870. ME' 0'0' a! 6 tfJOOIlO:OE", ~ oIE,eapIlEVT] l(ouO'La .00 Na1tOA ..cvxc 1;00 I" dxe O'uv1;pL~ei• .Ltl .. 4 1:elt"tEIl~p(OU, 6 yaAAIKo" Aao .. O:VhPEIJlE'tT\V lLEUUpT) AU'tOKpa'tOp(o. Kat tYKaelopUO'E 'tiJ .6.T)IlOKpada. 1:d c 15 ~pouapLou eeo 1871 oL lpyou c r 00 naplaLoO, t(aYPICo)l'!vol ano 'tnv ttpoooala 1;a.V oYTLOpaO"tLK~Y ~YE'ta.V 't~, .6.'1lloKpada c. encvcccemccv. Kal YLa VO: ccccov 'tiJv n6AfJ 'tou" 01tO 1;iJ YEPIlQYIKiJ Kat 1;1\ yaAAIKiI O:vdopaa'1. 0'1l'L06pYT)oay 1;TlVKOllllo.jva. nap61l01E" n:poO'· 1I0:9ELE", O:AAO:XCo)pt tTtl'tux(a, .. I!YLYaV Kat a! 6:AAE" 1t6AEL" Kal XCo)' pLa a! 6A6KAT)P'1 .iI ranla. 'H KOl'1l06va 0"t09'1KE .0 ttpa.tO O'tnV 'IO'.opla ttapOoELYl'a 6,· K'ta'topLa .. 1;00 1tpOAE'tapLo1;ou. "AY Kat oL tpyO:u c, oh dxav 'tiJv 1IAIL' OtjlTJ,la O''tiJv KUfJtPYfJOT).61lCo)"6A6KAT)pO .0 KlYT)lla 0Ia1l0't11;6'tav a1to 1;0 lpyanKo nvenue. 1:0 O''1l'ai::r: dXE 'tiJy K6KKLV'1 OT)l'ala 1;a.y 'pya' .a.v Kal iJ 1tPOO1t1;IKfj1;OU~1;ay 6 0'00'laALO'l'6 .. , To a'tolXElO 1I0U 11t1' Kpa'toOae. o:plBllfJ'tIKO a1;flvku~tpYfJO''1. ~tav ol M1tAaYKla'tE c. Ol Map' (Lad .. , O:1t01;EAoOO'av IlLO IlEtO$'1,la nee o:oKoOO'E (O'xuPiJ t1tlopaO'T). 'H .6.LeBYfj. , cmv o:pxiJ atlIlfJo6AEtpE VO: IlTl yLVEI iJ tn:avO:O''taa'1 0'1;0 Flo. pLaL yLad 'tTl BECo)poOaE Ka'taOIKaO'IlEY'1' "YOtEpa 61lCo)"~1;av eTXE ttLa 0T)l'IOUPY'l9Ei ~ K01l1l06va, 't~ .. 1Ip60',EPE 6A'1 'fJ ... iJv U1IOO'tfjPI(T). Beeetvevcc .. 'tiJv eetce 1tOU ~ya(vEL a1l0 eoeev 'to IlEyOAO aYcOlva, 6 Mo:p( l!ypa$E gve 0:110 1;0: 1ILO ''1IlLOl'tva ~LfJAla rcu •• OY • 'EI-I,6AI0 n6AEl'0 O"tilv raAALa ». 'H KOIll-l06Ya 8:v Kat ob fJo:oTa(E ttapa 1-16yoOU61lLaU Il~ye .. ,~ .. 1;1 28 Maiou, .. 1IaAE60vTa .. OOIOK01ta at O'UYBflKE" O'KAT)pOOtl-l,uAlou n:OAEI-I0U, 1tpaYlla1;01to('1O'E O''1l-1aVTLKO I!pyo oeev 'toIlEO' 't~ .. tpyaTLK~" vcueaectc .. Kat 't~ .. 1IpOAE'taplaK~" 6pyoyCo)OT)'" KaeLEpCo)OE1;ily apXTl 1;00 XCo)PIOl'Oi}'t~ .. LKKAT)oLa.. a1l0 'to KP01;O", O:Y'tlKa'tEO"t'10E 'tov 'taK'
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l:~an:O.uoe ayplO fHc.JylJ.0 evcvncv tQv l'l)IEtQv Kat tQv tpyatQv eco un:eo'"l'lpL~av tl'lv K0IJ.IJ.0uva. '0 rKaAALq.t, gonLAe Oto lKteAeO'tLKo an:60n:aolJ.a I.IEtO: tl'lv KataOtoAl'l 'tfte; bon:A'le; evrtcrcenc. tOUAO:XL' oro 30.000 Ilpya~6IJ.EVOUe;, av&pEC;, yuvaiKEC; Kat n:aL&LO:.-AAAOL 45.000 ouveAnq>6l'JOav Kal 6:n:' «ercoc 15.000 neplrtou &oAoq>OVn61lKav, ~aoa· v[061lKav. q>uAaKloS'lKav f\ t~op[oSIlKav ot q>oj3,epo:V'lOLO:- KO:npya. XLAL6:6ee; O:v9pwn:c.Jv tKn:atp[oSIlKav Kat I!q>uyav YLO: rnv 'AYYA[a, tl'lv 'EAj3,et[a Kal16La[tEpa 'tIC;'Evwlltvec; nOAL'tEiEC;. "OAec; of Ilpyal"lKte; opyavwoeLe; ttSIlKav tKtOe; vcucu Kal &LaAUSllKav, l.Ia~1 I.It a6tte; Kat 01 6j..10:6EC; reo Flpevvecv. To yaAAlKo n:poA€tapL6:to o:n:oKeq>aA[oSIl' xe. O( tpyo:ue; at 6AOV rev K60(-l0 ~US[06'lKav oto n:EvSOe;yta t1')v '"P0I.IEP" a6tl'l Ka'taOtpoq>n· napO: tiC; q>oj3,Epee; o:n:~AeLec; 'tQv tpya'tQv Otn 6L6:pKELa tfjc; Fl«PlOLVftC;K0I.IIJ.0uvac; Kal 'tQv 6lWYI.IQv rrce 6-KoAoUSlloav, 'to yaAALKo n:poAuaplO:tO, o:tpOlllltO Kal O:Katoj3,A'l'tO, 0't6-61lKe ypf!yopa n:aAl OtO: n:66la rou Kal n:fjPE tvEP)ItJ'tlKO: 'tl'l Stall rcu uece OtOUC; 'ta~LKOUe; O:yQveC;. Lt au't1\ tl'lv n:Ep(060 n ~Lo(-l'lxav(a cvc nrocoo rcv 6PI.I'l'tLK6- Ot" raAA[a. 'AVOIJ.EOa ore 1860 Kal 1881 6 OpLS(-IOC; tQv tpyatG}v ece IlePLOlOO 6l1tAamo:o'tllKe n:ap6:AAIlAa Ilt 'tnv tn:tKtao'l tG}v tpyootaolwv. 'H raA).(a glJ.n:aLve m6- Oto pu61.10 'tfje; l.Iey6-A'1e;j3,LO(-l'lxavlKfje; n:apayc.Jyfjc;. Of tpyo:nc; ypnyopa ~6:ASIlKav ve cncocuv rnv • Ka't6:01:ao'1 n:oALopKlac;., n:ou l'l KUj3,tpV'lo'1 &La1:'1poOoE ~c; 1:0 1876. 'H n:pc::,1:'l1:0Ue; 6-vtl6paOTj, tK&'lAc::,61lKE Kal t&Q 1.1£ 61llJ.loupyla £v~OEWV q>LA(ae;Kal 1:1'1 O:AAIlAoj3,of!SELae;. rpf!yopa 6j..1c.Je; apXloav v6- 16puoV1:aL n:paY(-la'tlKO: GUv6LKO:1:a Kat va 6pyavc::,vOV1:aL 01 n:pQue; O:n:Epylee;. '0 61lIJ.OKpOt'1e;&'lI.I0OlOypO:q>OC; Mn:apj..ln:apt, (-It 1:nV Un:OOtitPL~'l 1:00 ra(-lj3,ttta, apXLoE ve 6pyavc::,vEl OUOt'1l.1aUKa 1:0Ue;tpyo:UC; IJ.toa at tpya'tlKec; tvG..OW:;. Tho LEe;TlPOOn:o:SUEe;~1:av OUlJ.q>c.JVEe; (-1£tl'l XapaKt'1PLO'tlKn 6-0nKn q>LAEAEUSEP'1 OAL1:LKf!,nou 6-OKoOoav QpLO(-l£' n VOL I(Eq>aAaloKpo:nc; flt oKono ve o:nOK1:l'l0ouv I!AEYXO no:vw OtO: OUv6LKOta, (-ILO:Kat ~E,epav 6n of tpyO:1:ec; 6n:c.J06f!n01:E SO: to: eve6lopyovc.Jvav. 'H tpyaTLK" n:OALtlKl'l '100 MnaplJ.napt ~tav KIlPUYl.ltvll tvavdov tQv 6:nepYLG}v Kal UTtl!:p tfjc; KOlVc.JVLKftC; Elpf!vlle;. ~1:0 (-IuaE,u 6(-1c.JC; 01 tpy6:1:€C; aPXloav vc opyavc::,vOVtal. npQ1:a 01 1:unoypoq>oL, u01:epa ct l.Iap(-lap6-6EC;, 01 XPUOOX60L, 01 tpyonC; 6tp(-la1:0c;, ot l.I'lxavlKo(, ct uq>avtoupyol, 01 XUtEe; Kat n:o).).ol anOL. To 1875, 6:vaq>tpEL 6 Lefranc un:f!Pxav ~&Il 135 tp· yanKte; evcceic. To 1876 n:paYlJ.a1:0n:olf!6'1Ke 01:0 naplol to npQ1:o yevlKo tpyauKo ouvE6plO 1:fte; ra).).[al,;, I.It OUflflE1:0Xn 360 6-vnn:poccncv. 110U tK11poownoOoav 1.100.000 tpyouC; - fltAIl tQv GUV6lKOtc.JV, t&lv ouvualpL0IJ.Qv Kat 1:Qv tv~OEc.JV 6:AA'lAoj3,on6Elac;. AU1:o 6tv ~tav n:apo: ha npOKa1:apKtlKO j3,fj(-la. To ouvt&plO n:EPl6plOE 1:IC;aU~Il1:i)aELC;tOU at 6l6-q>OpEC; (-lEoE<; tpya1:lKic; a 6lEK&lKiloELe;, nou ElXav oxtail !-It 1:0 6lKa(c.Jl.la toO auv€1:aLpl~EoSal, StCT) tG}V tpya'tpl~v 01" j3,lOfl'lxav[a, t:6: npoj3,AillJ.a1:a 1:Qv l.Ia81lt:€u6IJ.EVc.JV, t:te; KonEpat:[~EC;, de; TponE(Ee; 6-AAIlAo~oilS€lac;, 1:1\v evnnpoownEuOTj 1:Qv tpya"tQvO'tl'l Bou).f! KAn. To OUVt&plO lIXl 1J.6vo6h laEoE YEvLKc::,npa npO~AnlJ.a1:a 1:00 tpyanKoO KlVnl.la1:0e;, O:AA6: f4l1:a-
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oU,,611~aAI01l0e; n:p066wOE 0'1lla"TII~O: otilv'ltaAla Kato: Til &L6:pKEIa Tfle; 6cu6EK6:XPO"'1e; (CUfle; tfle; dLE9,,00e; 'E"QOECilC; 'Epya(ol1tvCUV. !:-de; n:pOon6:9Elte; tOU ~l1CUe;V' r\van:Tux9Ei Kat yO: OTEpLc::,OEL dXE ve n:aAaIIJlEL liE 6uo (oxupte; tx9plKEe; 'ta~lK&· 6uv6:IlEIe;, n:06606xeccv l1toa ode; t6lE\:: rou 'tte; ypal1lJEe; xet 'to" tl1n:66l(a" ,,0: n:po' XCilpnOEI. 01 6uo aude; KaTao'tpEn:'tlKEe; 11IKpoaO"tlKte; 'IO:OELe; cvnn:poocun:E60,,'tav 6:n:o TO" Ma'tolvl Kal'to" Mn:aKouvl"_ '0 rKLOU(tn:n:E Ma'to["lljTav, ~n:cue; 6:"a'lltpal1E O'tOOXE'tlKO KE'll6:Aalo,~vae; l1Eoaioe; 6:0tOe; &'11l0Kp6:t'1e; l')yt't'1e; Kal ~pcua\:: tfle; 'En:av6:O"tacrt]e; TOO 1848. "16puOE l1lO:" ~vcucrt] tpyo'tQ" TO 1841 uecc OTO: nxctc,c t"00 61KOO 'IOU «K61111at"0e; 'tfle; Necc 'ITaAlae; •. 'En:EXdp'10E OO"tEpa ,,0: Kuplapx'flOeL trcvo Oto haAlKo tp),atlKO KlvTJj.la ~e;'tQ 1871, 6n:61:E 'fl hlppo'fl TOU ouv'tpl'llt'1KE K6:TCil6:n:0 'ttc; ou,,&uaOj.ltVEe; B:v 6XL tVLaTEe;, n:POOn:6:9EIEC; 'tfle; Map~lo'tlKfle; Koi Mn:aKouvlKfle; 6:'Y'tLn:oAluUcrt]e;. '0 MaTo!vl, 'lllA660~0C; Kal tn:l9E'tlKOe; Ka9c::,C; lj'to", 60KI1100E "a KupLapx'flOEL pecc otil" i&la TI')" 1'1 dlE9vfl. "EO"tELAE OO:V n:POO(')n:LK6 TOU 6:n:EO'[aAl1tvo TO" BOA'll o'[ilv l&pUTIKI') OUV&I6:olCEIJlTJ d.E.E. 'tfle; a'to Aevetve 'to 1864 tq.06l6:(0"T6:e; '10" lit ha l!AoKATJPCilj.lho n:p6ypoj.lj.la YLO:Til "ta 6py6:vCil0'1_ To 6:0tlKO auto n:p6ypa!Jj.la lj'tav 0't0: paolK6: TOU enuerc allolO Ilt tKEivo n:06 EtXE 4It"I6:~EI 6 Mamivi Yla 'tilv "E· vcuo'1 'tQv 'haAQv tpyaTQ" Kat oTTJpl(ovta" ot"1'I" au'tan:6:'t'1 T'k; ee~IKfle; covecvcctcc. AU'tEe; ~!Jcue; ct 6:v'tEpyat"IKte; Kat"aO'taTLKEe; apxlC; an:opp!4I9'1Ka" 6:n:o 't06e; ouvtopoUC;, tvQ 6:"'t19E'to uI09E't'fl9'1KE TO n:p6· ypa!Jj.lo toO KapA Mo:p~ n:06 paol(o,,'[av crev Ta~IKl! ayc::,,,o. Ml a6T1'I t"ilvfina o'tal16:TTJOavKat 016n:Epq,laAEe; n:POO1t6:9EIEe; TOO MOTalvL va KuplapxfloEl usee oTilv 1'1 dlE9vfl_ '0 Mam!"L n:t9avE TO 1872. ''OJ.lCile; TO Klv'1l16: t"OU &lO't'flP'10E YIO:6:pKU6: 6:K6j.10 Xp6"LO, 't1'lv apxua'l TOU tn:IPP01'l n:6:,,(') ot"a vEapo: f'taAIKa ouv&IKaTa.
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1.l.La~KOLVCIlV[O~,'ltOU 90 j3ooU:;'OV1'OVO'l'OV c ~).,Elj9EPO OUVEtOLPLO!.lO:, l'~V ~pYOtQv IlEOO oe &U~~OpE~6pyovc::,oEL~ 0).,).,'1).,0fk,1'JgeLO~. .6:vtla ge0'1lSIlCll~ !.It 'I6v npOUV1'OV 6 M'ltOKOOVLV &!v 'It{OtEUe lStL il KOlVCIlvtc ll'ltopoOoe Oly6:. Ol.y6: v6: 6:)")"Of;El !.It tnV U'ltO!.lOVl"ltLKnKat OUOt'1' IJ.0UKI'\ oUYKp61''10'1 1'ttOLCIlV 'ltOpOyCllYLK~V opYOVc;:,OECIlV. 'Y'ltEOtt)pli;,e lSu 1J.6vo Ile 'Iilv lvo'ltA.'1 l:f;tYEpa'1 ~tOV &UVOtO va K01'OOtpo~et to Kp6:tO~ Kat v6: 6:VO{f;EL 6 &p61J.0~ yU% 1'il VEO KOLVCIlV{O. '0 M'ltOKOU' VLV, lS'ltCll~ Kat 6 &6:oKOA.6~ tOU 0 Flpeuvrev, dXE 'ltoM 90A.t~ [&EE~ YL6: 1'0 p6A.0 'If\~ I:PyO'ILKf\~ 1'6:f;'1~ Kat yt6: tOV 1'Of;lKO 6:yc::,vo. revLKIt: 'ltpOOOVO'(6).,LCe tnv 'lt6:A.'1 'IOU OXl KOta 'If\~ KO'ltL'Io).,L..,.nKf\~ 'I6:f;'1~, OU6: Ka1'6: 1'00 Kp6:tOU~ Kat 'If\~ 9p'10lCdo~. "Hrcv 6:&Lo)"A.aKTO~ ev'(('ltOAO~ Tf\~ 'ltOA.L'lLKf\~&poOT)~ tQv I:pYOtQv Kat aecccece lSn lSAa '10 'ltOAl'tLKa K6(-1IJato 1'Qv I:pYO'tQv 6:'ltOl'EA.oOOOV KOtOO'l'PO~LK£~ &uv6:IlEl~. ·OA.6KA.lJP'1t'j geCllpio Kat il 'IOK'tLKI'J1'(\U j3oolCov'tov O'tn O~O).,EPl'\ 'ltpoO'lt6geo'1 lS'IL 1'1 'ltP0).,ETOPLOKI'\ ~'ltov6:01'00'1, l'tOl 90A.6: lS'ltCll~TnV etxe OU)")"6:j3EL,~'IOV KO'IL 'ltOU 90 YLv6Tove ypl'Jyopo OtO allEoo Il£).,· AOV. 'H yevLKI'J 'IOU ou'tn «creceovcn rev l~EPE haL 6:VO'lt6~EUK'ta ee OU)'KPOUOT)(-1£ 'IOUe;Mopf;lO'l'£e; O'l"V 'ho).,[o 6:A.A.aKOt ot lSA.o'IOV K60(-lo. ML6: 6:'lt0 1'1~ 6f;UtEPE~ &lO~CIlVIEe; 6:V6:(-IEOO crcoc 6:VOPXLKOUe; '100 M'ltOKOUVLV KOt 01'OV npoUVTOV lj1'OV xc t 'to 'ltp6j3A.'11J.0'100 GUVfnKO).,LO!.lOO.'0 npOUV'tOV, lS1tCll~et50(-lE npo'1you(-IeVO, I:X9PEUOVl'OV 6:vOlX1'6: Tte; 6:nEpY[Ec;','10 Klv1'](-IOYL6: 1'ilv 1:A.6:T'tCllO'11'f\C; I:pYO'tLKf\e; ilIJE' po~ Kol yevlK6: Ta (&LO 't6: OUV5LK6:1'0. 9ECIlPOOOE TO OUV5tKO).,L01J.0 cev '10 ~UOlKO tXOpo 'IQv OUVE'tOLPlO'tLKQV6pYOVc::,OECIlV6:)"A.1']A0j30t'j· 9ELO~ nco unEOtt)pli;,E, Kol ot Outte;tou rtc OKt"'El~&£v lnE~l'Enpoy· llanKa K096A.oU If;CIl. "Eve 6:no 1'6: j300lKO Ko9I'JKOVtO 1'~V OUV&tK6:· 'ICIlV, 15Loil'Epo cmv norpl&o ece npOUV1'OVlOIJOO 1'n rOA.A.lo, ~'IOV vO rccxtceuv 1'I'\v I:ntppol'\ OU1'oO TOO 6:vrOYCllVlonKOO KLVil!.lOTO~. '0 MnoKouvLV 6:no tl'\v a).,).,1']!.IEPLa 6:voYKo09'1Ke v6: &EXtei rl:)e; lvo OT)IJEio, TnV 6:VOYK1'] toO OUV5lKrtA.lO'ILKOO 6:yc;:,VO. geCllpoOOE 'It~ 6:nepyIEe; ocv (-IlKpte; I:f;E)'tpOELe;, ccv npOK01'0pKrLKte; 6:ljJl(-lOx[Ee;Yl6: 'tn (-IEy6:A.1'] EVlKn fvon).,1'] tf;tYEPO'1 n06 9a~EpvE 1'OUe;I:py6:ree; - f( Y KO'la 1'1'\6lKt) TOU ~pOOEO).,OY{O \1 'to ).,00:' - 01'nV KOpU~I'\ tf\e; KOLVCIl' VLKf\e;lepopxioe;. 1:ro np6ypolJ(-I6: 1'OU C1']tOOOEc'tnv nop6:6001'] tf\e; yf\e; O'l'OUe;6:yponKou~ OUVEtOLPLO(-lOU~ YLO v6: Tnv KO).,).,LEpyOOV eerct Kat 'tilv 'ltop6:500T} 1'00 KE~O)"olou xct lS).,CIlV 1'Qv IJ.EOCllVnopoYCllyf\e; OtOue; j3l01J'1XOVlKOUe;OUVETOLpLo!l0Ue;TQV I:PYOTQV:'.·O Aol;6~OKU nopo't1']pEi OXE'lLKa clSn t5~ 6 MnoKouvLV !K~p6:i;,eL KL6).,0e;'In oKtIjJ'1 'If\e; nop6:&oo'1~ 'I~V tmXElpt)OECIlV ot I:pyOtlKOUe; OUVUOlpLO(-lOUe; np6:ylJ.O nco eweeexece 6:py6TEpo '11'\136:0'1yLa lS).,ee;lIe; 9ECIlp[e~1'~V ' rO).,).,CIlV, 'lonovQv Kol'ltoA.Qv 6:VOPXLKQV «et 6:voPXO·OUV5LKOA.L· OtQv:.,' Tn yevLKil OU1'n 16to 'II'\v etXE lS!.ICIle; 6:vOn1'Uf;el nO).,'16upo 0 -OOUEV crnv 'Ayy).,{o-lSnCllC; E(6olJ.e 0'l'0 40 KE:p6:)"OlO. Me lS).,o nee 6 MnoKouvLV utceeeccce '10 ouv6LKo).,L01J.6 K01'6: xcncrc &LK6 1'OU Tp6no, il yEVLKI'J1'OU lS!.ICIle; ypolJ.!.Iil fpXOV'IOV ce ev'I{OEOT} (-It Tn 51']IJLOUpylo yEpOO OUV&lKO).,LO'tLKOO KLVt)lJ01'Oe;.'0 6:VOP' XLKOe; 06'10e; j3ooLC6TOV 'ltEPLOo61'EPO ccev a690PIJ'1'1LO(-lO 'IQv !.I0' I;Qv Kol 'Iilv 6pyoVCIl1'LKn 6:noK£v'tpCll0'l, nopa emv 6:V6:YK'1 Tf\~ 6py6:·
_79_
ve.)OT]~ xet 'tfl~ nEl9apxla~. 'H no).nll<fl rou ve onp~xvEI 'ta ouvfll' 1<00'tao'tTlV €v01t).TlI:~EYEpOTl ot 1<0:9E 6uva'tTl EUl<alpla, £1.I1t661I:;,E o£ rexeurctc O:vO:).uC1T! 'tTl 6TlIJ.loupyia OUV6lI<0:'t(.,)V nO:ve.) o£ UYlEi~ ~O:' ow;. MEoa o£ Bub xp6vla ct 'Jrcxct Mnal<ouvll<o\ eveqrcv n6:ve.) o:n6 t~flv'ta TOnll<£~ i!~EyEPOEI~. Ol 0TllJ.aV'tlI<~TEpE~ 6:no aut!e;: ll'tav 01 U,EytpoEIe;: rcc 1868 «ct 1874 1tOll nvlYTll<av 0't0 clue 6:no 'tTlV I<U' ~tpvTlO'Tl. 'H 'tuXOBle.)I<'tlI<Tl au'tTl no).ml<Tl hELVE ve IJ.Eta'tpEljJEl to: ha).ll<O: OUvBll<o:ta o£ o:vapXll<€e;: OUVe.)IlO'tII<£'~61l0:BEe;:. nap' 6).a au'ta 61J.Co)~ Mnal<ouvlv 6 6:oI<Tl:JE orJlJav'tlI<Tl hl~ pOTl n6:vCo) o'to vecce ttail.I1<6 OUV61I<a).lo't11<0 I<IVTllJ.a. AUTO lyLVE ~aOll<O: Yla'tl 6tav llp9E 6 tBlo~ OTTlV 'ha)'la, T'lX~pa ~ploK6'tav Ot1'lv "CE).ll<flq,o:oTl IJIBe;: llal<p6xpovTl~ nopl6Bou l:1tavaotanl<G}v 6:y~vCo)Y YLa 'tflv £9vll<fl O:vE~ap'trJola. 01 1J.6:I:;,E~ dXav Bty 0:1<6IJ.a ~El<a9apl0lJtvo tpyaTI1<6 Ta~LI<6 np6ypalJlJ.a. '0 Mnal<ouvlv l<a't6p9e.)YE t~ 6:).).ou va n).a'talvEI excevc 'tflV tnlppon rcu YLa'tl <t:ll'tav-l:l1tCo)e;: HEI 6 AoI:;,6q,0I<u-6:v9pCo)1t0e;: ICa, Tan).TlI<Tll<fje;: I:VEpYrJnI<6'tTlta~ set IJ! TEp6:0TlE~ 6pyavCo)'tll<t~ Il<ayo, 'trJTE, ». ArJlJlOUPYllOE IJla YEPfl 61J.0:6a yUpe.) rou xet XPTloLlJonolrJOE tflV 'Ita).la OO:V IJ.IO: 6:no tte;: I<UPL~'tEPE~ ~O:OEL, tOU, Yla VO: 1tO:PEI ono tOV l).EYX6 'tOU 'tflV ilYEola 'tfje;: 1Tl~ AlE9voO,.
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01 'Irexct tpYO:tE~ ot1'lv npoon6:9E10: 'toue;: VO: l<aTa1to).E!-'nOOUy 'flV I: rtlppo1'l 'toO Ma'tolvL «ct o't1'lv 6:nEyvCo)olJ.tVTln6:).Tl 'tOU," havTlov 'tG}v l<a'tanIEO'tLI<Glv flE'tPCo)vTGlV tpyd6o'tGlv I<al TOO I<p6:tOU~, 6p),6:vCo)eov TO 1871lva ou).).oyo IJ.t TO 6vo!-,a «il Fascio Opcraic». l:,Tlv ilye· ola rou ~p[ol<ov'tav IJ.ETa(u 6:)').Co)v xct 01 'Av'tpta K60ta «ct Kap).o Ka~ltpo. 'H opy6:vCo)O'T') au'tTl lltav lva~ «l:u)')'oyo~ av'tlotaolle;:» oav au'toue;: nco 6:van'tuooov'tav od, Aanvll<£e;: xG}pee;: 0' tKEivo T6 wpoouvBll<a).LOtll(6, npo· 1<0!-'lJan1<6 0,6:610 6:v6:1t'tuE.Tle;:TOO I:pyaTll<oD I<lvnllatO,. 'H vee au'tfl 6py6:vCo)oTl ll<av£ t6 1tpGlTO 'tTlC: ouve6plo ,0 1872, tvc XP6vo flu6: 'tn 6Lo:onaO'T') noo 1tpOI<6:AEOE6 MaTolvl. TTlv hOXTl tKdvl'1 ol Mapt;LoTt~ dXav iA.6:xuJ'[Tl BUvalJl'1 O'TnV '(Ta· ).[a I<L' hOI iI T'lYEola TOO I<lvl'\lJ.atoe;: rreccee otOu, Mnal<ouvll<ouc;:, nOll Mv 6:PYI'10av ve tBpuoouv ,TlV '(ta).ll<1'I 'OIJ0aTtov6(a 'tfle;: tHe9voO,. l:'tflv 6:pXTl iI 6py6:vCo)C1T! pooX~pl'10£ n 0,6 rEVl1<6 l:UIJ~OU).IO tfle;: 1Tle;: I£9voO, A o'to Aov6lvo-nou ~pIO'l<ov'tav un6 T1'IV l<a9061'\· YI'1O'Tl OO K6:p)' Mo:pt;-O'uvTo!-,a T 61J.Co)~ lYlv£ 6 6:l<poYCo)vlato, )'190~ O'tTlV 6:v'tlna).Tl 6py6:vCo)O'I'1nou teccce 6 Mnal<OUvlv. To 1869 unflpxav 771 tpya"CLd, 6pyavc::.oElC;: &).Co)v 'tGlv d8Qv otflV 'Irextc'. Kcrta'to 1870 -80 01 6pyavc::.oEI~ ronco c l:u).).oyCo>v aV'tLO''to:oECol,» I<UPI6:PXI'10av IJ.tO'a o'to 6pyavCo)IJ.EvO l'a).LI<6 1I'lvTlfla. 01 l:U).).OYOI l<a90BflYT}oav no).).£, o:nEpyle~ «ct 6:).).Ee;:tK611A.~O'EIC;: ,G}v ipyaTa,v. 'An6 autou, cevecpe 90: ~En1'16000'av 'ta O'UvBll<O:Ta I<at TO l:ooLaA,IOtLI<O K61J.1Ja. To npG},o O'uvi)II<O:'tO, nou BLa't'Jpn911l<e 6:PI<UO l<alpO, ll'tav 'tGlv Tunoyp6:~Cilv (1872). l:'tflv 6:PXfl Bty ll'tav 1 Gualtieri: c To ~QyanxO xlYIJI'G ari!v 'haMa', a. 79, N. 'Y~ 19i&.
-80-
napo: ~UO: hayye).!laUkil I!vc.xJ'l, O'uv'to!la lS!lCo)e;; ttflpe OUV61Ka).10'tLKiI !lOpcpn. ~ApXIO'av O:k6!la ve lIapOUO'l6:l;ov'tal O'lYO:'O'IYO: kat 6).).a ouv61K6:'ta. TO: 't01'UKO: I:pya'tLkO: OUIoIf)06ALa l6pu9rptav 'to 1872, A~'til ~'tav iI yevlKTI Ka'taO''taO'Tl ece l1:a).IKoO I:pyatlKOO KlvfUJ.atoe;; 'tilv hoxil 1I0U 61aM9'1KE iI npQ't'l .1.LE9vTle;; 1876). (
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Ol havaO'Ta'tLKl:e;; U;,EytpO'EIe;; o'tTlv 'Icwcvtc 'to: xp6vla 1808, 1820. 1834, 1854 Kat 1873' K6:.\mpav ,.0: ,.p[a 'thap'ta "00 190u ctcvc. 01 o:yG:lvEe;;eeret evevnccconeocv, O'e xov'tpte;; ypa!l!J.Ee;;, "to: 61acpopa 0't6:6La 't~e;; 6:O''tLk00'l!J.oKpatLk~e;; hav6:o,.aO'Tle;; 1106 t!)al;a ecv O:!lEOa aln'l!J.a"ta: NO: 6Iilif;EL 'toue;; r 6:Uoue;; hLopo!J.Ete;;, yO: rocK[O'eL "tTl 66va!J.'1 'tG:lv eevevcv yaLoK't'l!J.6vU)v Kal 't~e;; a1l6).u't'le;; !J.O· vapX[ae;;. yO: 6:cpaLptoel a1l0 't1'lv Ka80ALKTI 'EKK).'l0[a 'to: repeenc K'tn!la't6: 't'le;; Kat ve ka'toxupiliO'eL 'tTlv 1I0).L'tlKTI I:f;ouo[a 't~e;; 6:c:rtlkf\e;; 't6:f;'le;;. M' tvc Myo ve 6:vo[f;eL O'Tilv 'Ienevtc 'to 6p6!J.o Yla 'tilv kaTtL"ta).LO''tLKTI 6:v6:lI'tUf;'1, 01 6L6:cpOpEe;;6:otLde;; ElIavaO"(ande;; rrpcc1I6:8ELEC;dXav lS!J.U)e;; !J.EPLKTIJ.ov6:Xa tllLTux[a, ! ~1')!J.av'tLKil ~'tav iI np606oe;; 'tflc; I3Lo!J.l')xav(ae;; !J.uaf;u 1850 Kal 1870. TO KUpL~'tEpO f)L0!J.l')xavLKO KEv'tpo ~tav iI BapkE).~v'l, lSTtou ol 'Iencvct ipy6:ne;; 6:yU)v[l;ovTav OK).I')PO: evevnc at" !)6:p!)ap'l xere1I1eO''l 'tG}v Kalllta).IO'TG}v Kat cpEou6apxG:lV tKIlE'ta)'AEu'tGIV 'toue;;, 'a -EVYKE).C; 6:ITEK6:).EOE 't'fl BapKE).ilivl') e til !J.EyaA6tEP'l lpyoO'TaO'Lak" 116),1'),fie; 'lollav[ae;;. 1tOU o:vacptpEL ot'flv lO"top[a 't'lC; lIEPLO'0'6tEpOJJe;;ayCJ· VEe;; 660cppaY!l6:'tCo)v, 6:1t0 6110La6nllon a).).1') 116),'1 ceov k6o!J.o:t, Ol 'tcnevct Epy6:tEe; 6:'1100 lOCo)oav K6:~U) 6:110 "tilv 6:vE).!'l't'l "polloKpada 'tfle; KUl3tpvTjO'I')C;1I0).).te;; O'K).'1pte; .... :XEc;J~lICo)e;; Tav i) !J.Ey6:).'1 YEVlk" 6 ~ O:lIEpy[a 40.000 EpyatCJv toO 1855, 0:1I60'rtaO'av nALKO: 'to 6LKa[Co)lla ve lopuO'ouv Ouv6Lkina.' AutO dXE 00: O'uvETtELa ve llEya).iliO'EL ypi). vopa to O'uvoIKaAlO''TLKOk[v'llla 0''t0: t1l6 .... va Xp6vla. 'a Dutt AtEL 0XE' E 'tIKO: IhL ,.0 1873 U1tflpxav O''t'flv'IO'Ttav(a 537 Ev~O'ELe;;Kat 270 ,.OllLKEe;; 6IloO'1tov6(Ee;; llt 300.000 fJt).'l' O( llL0'8ot Kat ol O'UV9f1KEe;; 60uAetB:e;; 'tCJv 'Icncvcv Epya'tCJv ~tav ot TpaYlKO: Xa!J.'l).O: tTt(TtE6a. 'H EpyatlK" "t6:f;'1 lSllU)e;; 1a1'[vtoVtav 6 6:1t0 'tilv 6:Yu)VLOtIKiI 616:8EO''1 yO: "to: Ka).u'tEpEUO'EI. 'H np~,1') .1.1E8vllc; hcalf;E O:1tocpaO'LO''tLKOp6).0 at" 6'lllloupy(a toO 100xupoO O'uv6IKa).IO'tLKOO Klvl'llla'toc; ,ftc; 1tEpL600u EKElVI')e;;'t60'0 ot"V 'IO'TCav(a, lSoo Kat OTIl ra)'Ma, 'I'ta).[a, Bt'\Ylo, noptoya).).[a. 'OHav61a, nO).Ci)v[a Kat 610:cpOpEe;;a).).Ee;; xGlpEe;;. Ol ilv£tEe;; 't'lC; Kat ct 6pyavCi),.tc; 't'1C; j3p(O'kOVtaV O',.nv 1tP~t'l ypallfJn lS).U)v 'tGlv QlIEPYlG}V Kat TGlV 6:y~VCt:lV 1tOU havav 01 EpyanC; 0" au'ttc; de; xGlpEe;; vlO: va xexcreceocecv T[C; cpplKtte; O'UV8f1KEC;EpyaO'[ae; 1100 ETCLKpa'toOO'av. '0 M1'[aKOOVlv, 1'[00 dXE 'to j3aolKO «evrcc 6paO''lC; TOU O'de;;Aa· nVlKtc; xG}pEe;, ETtLaO'Evpnvopa 9tO'ELe;;l£oa O'lO [O'1taVlKO K[vll .... . .1.lv l a ---I.-Mo.(l~ _t ·Evyx.d,~: -ta lnuV<lGf(l.01J Gti]v'lGna,v(a. G. 19, 81, 211. N. ·yo(lX'11939. 2. R. Barreau : .'0 G"wllI(ll'GsW'>Gti]v 'lanav((I.. G. 12. TO'UAov1;'119M.
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ciPY'lOE yO: I<UPlOPXr,Oe.l no:v(o) 0't0 10novll<0 'tlJ.i'ltJ.O'tfj~ lH£evoO~. rrcu ~'tOV anO 'ta npG)'to Kolloxup6't£po 'ttJ.TtIJ.O'to 0' oun'! t1'lv Opy6vwo'l. 1:'t1'lv np(o)'ton6po OUV6LO:OI<f:i.I''ltli~ .d.E.E. 0't0 Aov6lvo 'to la64 iAOPE ' tJ.tpo~ «et bo~ 'Ionovo~ .PYO:'t'l~' 1:£ lSAO 'to: !n6IJ.EVO ouve6plo 1\ 10novLI<il o:v'tLnpoowndo f!nol~e. Ol'tIJDV'tLI<O p6AO. 1:'t0 6l00t'lIJ.O trcu f!l;'lol! 1\ .dlEeVt,~, 01 tJ.Op~lO'te~ EtJ.ELVOV &I~ 'to 'teAO~ IlELOl.jl'l'tIcr.. "Orcv I!:YLVE T'l6lQOnaO'l 'tli~ .dlEevoO~ 'to 1872 1'I10novLKil '01J.00n:ov510 l1POOxwpl10E 0't6 MnoKouvLV set IJ.EXPL ot,tJ.Epo uno:PXouv QK61lo £VtOVE~ tJ.noKOUVLl<t~ 'to:OEl~ e' au't1'l 't1'l xwpo. MuO: 'tT'l 6Lo:onaCT], T'I6PYO:vwo'l Kat T'I'taKTLKil ceo Mn("tKouvw tJ.l1fjKOV oe OKAl1P1'I60KLtJ.001a IJ.E't1'lV tnovo:o'toOT) reo 1873. To <DEI!POUO:pLO (1)'(00 toO !!tOU~, T'I'Icncvtc I!PLOKOtoV l!uelollEV'l O£ IJ.lO:nOALtlKl'I Kpl0'l not) hOLtJ.0l;6tave. o:nO l<olp6. 'EKEivE~ tt~ iltJ.tpE~ t)nEl!aAE ~(J(jIVlI<O: nopal't'loT] 6 I!OOLA'lO:~ 'Aueveec. rL' corev 6"EVyKEA~ !!AEYE XOPOKTT)PlO'tLKO: lStl ~'tov 0 tJ.6vo~ ~oOlAl1O:~ not) xoTEl!l1KE nOTe OE O:nEpyla. 01 aO'tLKE~ 6UVO:\..IEL~iI<\..IUaAAEU't'lI<OV oUTilv 'tilv EUVO'(Kil nEploto0'l, nopolJ.tpLOOV t1'l lJ.0voPxla Kat tYKO' el6puoov TO 6'lIJ.OKPOtlKO noAll"W\..Ia. 'H Kul!epvl10r, TOU~ 8\..1w~ ~'tOV o:v1oxup'l I<al onopo:l;ovtov o:nO tOWUPLKE~ 6La(jl(O)V!E<;, tOL &lOtE to E .dEI<£\..II!PLO TOO 1874 01 \..IovoPXLKol TT'lV o:vhpElI'ov Kat havtCjlEpav 'tOU~ Boup~wvou<; OtO ep6vo. 'PHTOV CjlOVEp6, lSn(o)~ 'tOV!!;;EL 0 "EvyKe.A~, lSn r, 'tcncvtc 6tv ~TOV 0:1<6\..1'l ltIPLIJ.'l YLO: TO 00010AlO\..l6. Ot tpyO:tE~ !!XOVTa<; \..IEyO:AE<; 6:6uvotJ.iE~ OTilv 6pyo:v(o)o'l, OtO np6ypatJ.\..Ia Kol OTilv ilye.olo'tou<; 6ty eo: nuuxaLvav nod vo: neceov OTO: XEpLa TOU<;Tilv QOtLKil tnovo:o'to0'l Kat VO: TT'lv tJ.uotpell'ouv O£ npoAETOPLOKr,. KO:tc.l o:no d~ t)no:pxouol!~ ouveflKI!<; to KaAuupo not) Elxov yO: KO:VOUV~tOV VO: O:Y(O)VUTtoOV YLO: 'to 6uvO:tJ.(o)\..I0 TfI~ O:OtLKfI<; 6'l\..lOKpotla<;, YLO:T1'Iv 1<0'tO:Kt'l0'l 'tG)v TtOAL'tLKG)V rove 6LKOLc.ltJ.O:T(O)V YLO: 'to K'tIOLIJ.0 TG)V Kat 6lKQV TOU~ 6pYOVWOE(o)V. '0 6-ptJ.'ltLK6~ MnOKOUVLV, lSlJ.(o)e;, OUTE VO: 6:KOUOEL"eEAE YL' outilv Tl'Iv no)..ml<il 6poot'lpl6't'lTa. 'H O:AAOY1'ITfI<; 1J.0p(jlfl<; OO ncxrreoget TO~ O:nO tJ.ovapx!o O£ 6'l1J.01<pa'tla 6EV ElxE KOto: 'til yVQIJ.'l tou I<OtJ.w \..ILO:V o:f;io YLO:T1'Iv tpya"tLKil 'to:~'l' KO:AEO£ AomOv TOU<;tpy6:"tE<; VO: KO:VOUV o:noxil OTt<; yEVlKt<; tKAOy£~ TOO 'AnpLAiou, anO ti<; 6noiE~ npof\Age " 'EeVOouveAEUOI1 Kol T'IO:Otll<il 6'l\..lOKpatLKT'I KU~epV'loT], ThoLO TtOt)·~TOV. 'H TaKtlKil aUTT'I o:n080:PPUVE TOU<; tpyCr."tE<; Kat nOAAot o:nO OI)'(OU<; nfjyov OTO: TU(jIAQ Kat I.jlt,(jILOOVotle; tKAoye~. '0 MTtal<OuvLV d:PXLOEve TtpOUOL\..IO:!;;Eltl'lv encvccrcen cco. To oXt6L6 teo np6~AETtE lSn to KOAOKaipL TOO1873 8d:IlTtOLVE tIJ.TtPO~ \..ILO:J.EyO:A'l YEVLI<T'IQTtEpyio O£ O:PKUO: o:nO 'to: nLO 0'l\..l0vnKO: xevI tpc. 01 tpyo:u:e; lStJ.(o)~ 'tlie; BOPI<I!AWVOe;, 6'l).,o61'1 tlie; 116AI1<; IJ.ET1'IV o:noq,aoLOtLK1'I OlJlJ.aolo lSTtc.l<; tEL 6 "EVYKE).,e;,tteptuevev A !!VOTt).,'l tTt!· eEOT) Kat Yl' ouTO Stv nflpov IJ.tpoe; 0't0 O:TtEPYLOKO Klv'l\..l0' '0 O:YQ' VO~ ~TOV AOlnOv 1<0'ta6lKOOlJ.evo<; o:nO 'tilv Ttpwt'l OtLy~Jl'l. 1:tO •AA' KOK TtOU ~TOV tJ.LO:tpyoOtooLOl<il n6).,'l tJ.£ 30.000 tpyO:tE<; neernco. KOeQ<; Kat oe O:A).,O ~LO\..ll1XOVLKO:<ivTpO f!YlVOV 'tonlKEe; o:nEpylE<; I nou lS\..I(o)~ ltVlYl1KOV OTO al\..lo 6:no Tilv Ku~epv'lo'l' 1:tO tJ.uof;u 01 IJ.nol<ouvLl<ol ilYEUe;, l1uwv'to<; cev O:XP'lOTO~6poe; TI<; O:VtlnOAlTLKE<; apx£<; nou 6LOl<1'Ipuooov, ouvEpyo:!;;ovTav IJ.Eoa ot \..IEyQA'l 16EOAOYLI<il
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O'UYXlaJ'}-!Ji 1""V O:O'1:lK" t6:~'1 Kat lnalpyav tupoe; Kat O'de; 1"OTUK!e; KupepY1'!c:me;. T6 UAlK6 O:nad.AeO'!Ja ~tav v6: Katatpo1t(,l9aOv 0'1 tp· y6:ne; Kat v6: 6laAugel 1"6 IO'navl.lC6 t!J~!Ja t~e; npQtlle; .l\le9vaOe; !Ja(;t !Je 1"6 veap6 O'uv6lKaAlQ'tIK6 KtvT(!Ja. Kp(vavtae; lSAIlVach"v t"V nepr1thela 6 ~EvYKeAe; napa1"'1pel !J£ 61lK1"lK6tllta lStl «!J£ !Jlet: M~'1 0'1 !J1taKOUvLKot O'1:"V 'IO'nav(a !JB:e; l6(,lO'av ha et:~edpaO'tc !J6:91l!Ja Ylet: t6 nQe; 6 £ v npenel vet: Ket:vel KavEle; !Jui' Anavet:O'taaJ'}».
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XCo>PLOtOU, IlIKPOU, K>"';PCU" Kai IlE IlEya>"utEpE, lHOtCo>tIKE, OIEUKO>"UVcere. To 1d52 I) KufU.pvt'JOfJ dXE aK61la Otl)v KatOX'; tl'],1.300.000.000 nH9pa Yfl, Kal uno>"oYIl;6tov 6tl IlE to pu91l0 noo npoXColpoOOE to llolpoOIlO t* Yfl,,9a XPEIOl;6vtov 500 t.l, 900 XP6vlo YLa ve 'tEAEIW' cec. '0 aywva, YLa tl) yfl ~tOV 0 j300LKO, Myo, noo Iq>EPEtOU, 1010' KtfltE, aypoKfl']uatColv tG::lv .6utLKG::IVnOALtELG::Iv,al'tIIlEtColnOU,IlE tou, OOUAOKtfltE, rrou ~9E>"av va apllol;.ouv til Yfl, YIO 0lK6 rove >..oyapla· a1l6. '0 aywva, Yla tl'lv iAE69l!pl'] Yfl Kopu~9fJKE IlE tnv 1jJf)¢lLafJ toO nEpl¢ll']llOU e vopco Homestead _ to 1862. '0 vOIlO, oOtO, XOPfJyoOal! V..Eu9Epa tvcv KAflpo 160 n>..t9po KanLEpYf)aLllfJ, Yfl, ce K09E I!.vav rrou avaAaj3awE tTlV onoXPEColOfJva tilv KO>">"LEpyf)aELhi 5 xp6vla, l;c::,vtac: 6 [010, ere KtfjllO tOU KaL KaVOVta, auYXpo v a c:::.PIOIlEvE" l>"0XLatE, ~>"tLt:;;'ou,. "Hrcv KOta to' ¢laLvollEvO I) npaYllatonoll']O'T'j toO 1l0Kp6xpovou 5VELpOU t&lv ~pyatG::lv Kol t&lv ¢ltColXG::IvaYPotG'>v' I) IlEYOAUtEPfJ nopoxc::,pfJafJ 1I0U KEpOloav O"tl)v havoataafJ '100 1861 - 1865. 01 ol']lloKpatLKt, aUVEnELI!, lSIlCol" toO 10topiKoO aOtoO veuco, fxouv npop>..fJ9El Ilt Un:Epj30>"LKO tp6l1o.nplv tho 'tilv 1jJf)¢lla'; 'tOU, 6:110 'tl, TlIlEPE, 1I0U I) 'A!lEpLKTllitov aKoll1'] a1l0LKlo, 01 &OU>"OKtfjte, Kal 01 onEKou>"avn, 'toO Boppa: dxav 6:pnal;.El npoa'tll!, tK'toaEI, tfjt;; OfJ1l6OLa, YfI, «ct 0 v61l0t;; Homestead OEv OtOllo'tl']aE d, >..1!1']>..aall!( tG::l IlEY0>"Co>v v OUtG::lv oIKonEo0¢l0yCo>V. '0 XaKEp >"hl 6't1 to 1890 brcv to Ill!yaAUtEpo IlEPO, tfjt;; Kuj3epvl']tlKflt;; yfl, EIXE KL6>..at;;pctpecret. I!lxav 009El ce aKt';1l0vEt;; 48.225736 1IH9po, lvG::l I) yfl 1I0U dxav K>"EIjJEL uevexec ttaLpElEt;; alOfJPOOPOIlCo>V 01 Ii'tav reccecec eopt, lIEpLaa6tEPfJ'. 01 IlIKpol K>"l']poOX':1llIflpav ta Xl!lponpo 0YPOK'tfj. j.tata. KL' 60'0 Yla eeoc EAl!u9I!PColIlEvOU, NEYPOU, coect otv 1Iflpav aXI!Qov rtwcre. 'VnoPXEL ilia axo>"il aa'tG::lv 0iKovolloA6yCo>v «ct la'toplKG::Iv nOll 10xupll;uol Otl I) l>.."ueEPfJ yfj ata auvopa npot;; 'tit;; l!.uttKtt;; nO>"Lretec ewcrexece Illav al;.LoAoy'l j3a>..j3loo 6:a¢la>"Elat;; YlO 'tTlV xa>..6:· pColOI'] fl, tpYO'tLKflc; ouoapE:oKl!lac; at!, 'AVatOALKE, nOAltI!lE,. t no>..· >"UOPL91l0LtpYOtEc;, >..tVE, lIf1yav lIPOC; to' OUtlKa vc 1IOpOUV ¢ltfJvT) yfj. ano 'tl)v a'll'OLKlaKl'l 6:Kolla hox'; ... AAATJ OIlCol, 0XOAT) tpt:uvfJ'tG)v un:OO"tfJptl;EL Ott 01 10LOKtflUt;; 6:ypoKt'llla'tColv ~tOV aPXLKa 6AOI 6:yp6· ut;; Kol lStt to 'tal;.Elol npot;; 'tl'l l!.ool'] K09'::::', «ct 6 allapaltl']'toc; tEXVIKO, ~I;.OltALOIl6, ten aypOKtf)llatO" encwccce nOAu nl!pLo06npa XPf)llato altO oaa IlltOPOOOE va 0la9EoEL 6 EpyatfJ,' <H a>"';9Ela j3pIOKE'tOI 6:VOIlEOO ad, ouo autE, a1l0$EIC; . .6tv 01l0pXEL all¢llj3o>..ta Ott 6:pKE'toi tpyatEe;, 10lalupa a",unav'tpol. lIflYoV npot;; 't6: OUt\KO: Kal Ka'top9Coloav IlE oLa¢lopo IlEOO va lt6:pouv atilv Katoxil tOUe; 0'T'j' llaVtLKOUC; K>..';POUC; Ka>"ALEpyf)oLIlI']t;; )'11" Ka9c:::., Kal O:OtlKa olKOnEoa. rLad, lSnColC; Ulloypallllll;1!1 0 I!)G::IAKVEp,\lOtI) vEa xc::,pa 01 xowot tpydl· eec IlnopoOoav va Kepoloouv apKUO: XP';Il0'ta IlEOO a' tvc XP6vo yL<i vc dVOI OE 9Eal'] VO: cvcceccov ta Oy06v'ta It>''E9pa tOUC;, ~vG::l 01 dOIKEUIlEvOI tpy6:u, Kai 01 OOOKO>"OL,1I0U litav lIepLl;f)'tl']tOL Otl) .6.uOTJ j.tllopoOaav VO: npoXColp';oou v no>"u nlO yp';yopa OtTlV 6:yopo: toO Ktn-
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MO).Le;:oX'Il-'a"'(lot11Ke i1.6.1E9v"e;:"EVQoTj 'Epyal;ouEv{')v, cl 1IEpLOOOUpEe;: I!pyande;: 6pyavQoEle;: ot 0).0 rev K6oll0 1IpooXcilP11oav 0' au"'(nv, !v13 O).).Ee;: &Lat'lpoOoav 4'1).lde;: OXtoele;: l-'al;l t'le;:. 'H 'E9vLK" "Ev{,)011 'Epya"'(13v &h 0:1IOU).000E '~alpEO'l o· cotev rev xcveve. To 1IvEOlla "'(fie;:&LE9voOe;: 0).).'l).eyy611e;: ~"'((W 1I0AU i;{,)v"'(avo I-'toa otl)v E.E.E., KuplCile;:, YLatl otle;: ypal-'I-'te;: t'le;: PploKOVtaV 110).).01 XaptLOtt<:, Tlo).).ol 'Ip).av&ol t9vlK10"tte;:, Tlp60'llUYEe;: tfle;: YEpl-'avIKfle;: tTlavaotaOT}e;: '100 1848 Kal d).oe;:. opKEtol rO).).OL t~6P10'l01 6:y{,)vIOtte;: tfle;; IlePLOIVfle;: KOI-'IlOuvae;:. '0 l:O:I-'0ue). rK6I-'TlEpe;:ypa4'ov"'(ae;: Y10:to tpyatlKo K(V'll-'a tfle;: N. 'Y6pK11e;:,y6p6) ode;: o:pxte;: "'(001870 l).EyE: c'YTlflpxav tpu9poX("'({,)vee;: toO rapL~a).&'l,repllavol II oapav"'(aoK"'(oP'lOEe;:., 'Eyy).ti;01 xapnotte;:, av9p{')1IOL I-'t I-'Eyo).ee;: $uxte;: «et UI.j1'lHe;:apXte;:, 'Ita).ol Kap(J.TlOVOpOI, 'Ip).avool, .6.avol, A60'lplaKol Kal P13000L 'TlavaatatEe;: •. ' 'H 'E9vLK" "Ev{,)OT} 'Epyal;ollEv{')v 01l{')e;: Kal ta ppE'IaVVLKa OUWLK6;'Ia, hOla'lltpov"'(av I&La(upa Yla "'(" .6..E.E. Ylatl ,,ge).e ve otal-'att,oEL",(O 1I).11PIl6pLolla"'(fIe;: XQpae;: O:TlO~tvoue;: c'IItTjvoue;:. t~a· 9).1{,)I-'EvOUe;:tpyaue;:. 'H uTl6geo11 aut" dXE Ka"'(aV'I-noel 1Ipayl-'anK~ TI).11VI) 'I~V hoX" tKdv11' To l;1'it11lla 'Ifle;: 1IPOOXGlP'l0'le;: otl) .6..E.E. oui;'lt1'i9TjKE Ot"V 1IPQtTj ouvt).EUO'l tfle;: E.E.E. to 1866, aHa &h t1lapKoOoe 6 xpovoe;: Kal "'(0: XP'lllatLKO: I-'toa YLO:t"V a1l00'(0).1'] O:Vtl'IIPOOQ1IOU Ot1'] .6.1e9vfl. To i;t,t'll-'a 1-'1IflKe 1Io).).ee;: 4'opte;: ot oui;t,"'(TjOT}0'10: l(at01llv6: ouvtopla. I:tO l:Ll(ayo "'(0 1867, 01 ovnTlp60{,)TlOL 1IepLop(' crrpccv va ceetxcuv !!va xaipEtLOI-'O a).).'l).eyy6'1e;:. To OUVt&pLO '100 1869 ot1'] ¢ll).a&t).4'ela, Il' 0).0 TlOU &tv 1IflPE a1l6'11a011 va 1Ipoox{,)pt,· OEL ot1'] .6..E.E .• 10uL).e hal' dr:vn1lp60{')Tlo otO OUVt&pIO "'(fie;: .6.1e9voOe;: ot" Baol).Ela 'Ifle;: 'E).pulae;:. '0 dr:vtmp60{,)1I0e;: autOe;; ~tav 6 A. KallEp6v, tKOOtT'(e;:'Ifle;: ''II'll-'lp(oae;: e'O l:uv-nyopoe;: tG)v'Epyai;0l-'t1 ~cilb"'Q: .MIU'"Iyldn.votx.oYOl'lIrTjX(lL
i. Upo\ld rxOJUlIIX' 0.61, N. 'Y6QX1) 19110.
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XOI'V(l)VI~') tC1'cOQjo'lcilv E.nA .•. XQOVLG tm~~ X(li 'QY<ltt'llilv liyUw(Ov.,
-91-
V6lV» 1I0U avt>..aj3E CHa1lpaYl-ianUOEI(; Yla vc o'(al-la'(t,ooov 01 Kapaj3u~~'(G:lv a1lEPY001lao'(G:lv, 1I0U crexvcvrev Kage >"Iyo O'Tl~ 'EV6ll1tvE~ no>"l'tEiE~. 1::'(0 ouvt5plo '(~~ E.E.E. 'to t8700ul;;'1Tt,9'1KE Via 1110'aK6Wl ~opa TO l;;ijTTll-la T~~ 1IPOOXWP'10'1~ o'tl'! .1IE9vr,. 'H cocre TfI~ a1l6~OTJ~1I0U n6:p9'1KE U>"IKa ~'tav lSn: «t, 'E9vIKfl -EV6lo'l 'Epyal;;ol1tvQv 6Ia6'1>"WVEI TI'!V 6:1I050Xn TG:lV 6:pXG:lv '(fI~ .1IE9voO~ "Ev6lOTJ~ 'Epyal;;ol1tV6lV Kal ccvrcuc 1Ip61(EITai ve 1IPOOX6lpt,OEI OTI'!V {)py6:vc.xJ'1 autt,». ~0J.l6l~ 'to 1869 1It9avE {) t,yh'1~ 'tfl~ E.E.E. Out>">"lal1 I:6>"j3L(;. To rEVIKO I:ul1j306>"Io Tf)~ l:J.f.E. lOTEI>"E T6: ou>..>..un'1'tt,pl6: -rou O'TiJv E. E. E. Kal 6 '51O~ 6 MopE, tl(41p6:O'T'l1(1! I1t I1Eya>..'1 tK'tII1'1OTJYla TO 1Ip60Q1I0 eco ' Al-IEplKavoO ouv!)IKa>"IOTr, 'H 6:1Iw>"Ela aUTiJ t~a09tV'lOE '(0 KlvI"}lJa TfI, npooxwpl"}OTJ~ OTiJ .11E9vfl, ce OTJJ.lEio ~O"f£ alhn TE>"IKa vc 11T1lVEL 1I0d.' '0 tpyaHKo, y OI1Q~ T6Tto~ TfI~ tn0xfI~. 6'11100lEUE TO' vrcxcopevrc Kal YV6lO'T01l0l0001! 1t>"anla otTlV alJEplKaVUtl'! tpya'tlKI'! '(6:~'l d~ ano~aOEI, Kat Tt~ tVtpYELE~ TfI, npw't'l' l:J.LE9voO,. I:'ll1aV'tlKTI ~Tav, ot lS,TL 6:~opoOoE Ti, OXtOEL~ I1E tTl .l:J.IE9vli, Ii 16putlKI'! ouvf:AEUOT) 'tfl~ 'E9vLKfI, "Evccnc 'EYXpwl1QV 'Epyal;;0I1t'Y6lv TO 1869. 'H 6py6:vQ0'l a6TiJ 6:1IE~aOlOI! vc otd>"El avtl'Rp60Qno T'1~, TOV 1:t>">"a Mapttv oto oovt6plo Tfle;: .l:J.IE9voO~ nou ElXE 6pUJTEi va ylvEL OTO nOplOL TO 1870 Kat 1I0U U>"LKa 6:vaj3>..t,91"}I(E YLad ElXE ~E' onccer OTO l1uaE,u {) ra>">"01lPQOOIKO, 1I6>"EIl0~. 01 Ntypol litav 1I0AU Ka>..a n>"'1po~opl"}l1tvoL YLa TiJ .l:J.IE9vl'! xot 51aT'1pOOOav 4IL>"IKE, axtOEI, llal;;1 trl~, YLatl e1xav 151:dupa tl(Tll-'ilOEI 'tTl llaX'1TlKI'! 9t011 noo Elxav 1IapEI {) MapE, xct 6 ·EVYKE>"e;:Yla TiJV Katapy'1O"TJ tfle;: 50U>"Ela~, 0,(1'1516:pKEla TOO tl1416>"LOU1I0>..tI10U.
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napa 'tl~ tE,alpuIKte;:-np6l'tonopLaKt.e;: aput~ t'l~' 01l6l~ fj'(av t, U1l00'(t,PI~I"} TfI, 5LE9voO~ tpyaTIK~~ hO't'1Ta" " 1Ia>,,'1T'1e;: la '(0 6Kt6:Y QPO, Yla Ta 5LKalwilata TG:lV tpyaTplG:lv K.T.>"., t, E.E.E. unt~EpE 6:no 1I0>"M, !6Eo>"oYIKE~ Kai opyaVQnKE~ 6:5uvaIlIE,. 01 t,ytue;: T'l~' Yla vc lliJv 1I5:IlE llaKpu6:, 1111>..tXT'1Kavltoa OtnV 1Iayl5a T004lTI"}VOOXpt,I llaTo~ 't~e;: t1l0XflC;: tKElV'1~: 6La't'1poOoav TI'!V aUTa1l6:T'1 OTl 90' 13£>"· 'tl6lV6TaV pll;;IKa t, 9to'1 tG:lv tpyaTG:lv ltv " Ku13tpV'1011 1I>"'l1l116pLl;;E TnV ayop6: I1E «1Ip6:0IVO xap'(ov61110lla ». (Greenbacks)." .l:J.tv Kam· >"6:l3aLvav lin hOI 6 'tlIlO:PI91l0, 90: avt~alvE ce' a1lp60na Olf1T)Ilt po9110 1I0>"u Tax6tEpo 6:11' lSn 90' 11110poOoav 1I0TE vc 'tOV napaKo· >"ou9ijoouv 01 1110901TG:lv tpyaTG:lv. -EVa I1Ey6:>..O Iltpo~ TfI~ l;;Q,(IK6· T'1ta~ 'tfle;: E.E.E. E,05E6t'1KE o'to l(uv'1Y'1tO autfl~ 't~e;: O[KOVOI1LKfI~ ~EV6:I('1" 'H E.E.E., lSn6l, a>">"QOU xet 011lEpIOOOUPE, tpyanl(t., ecveVQOEl, tKElv'1~ TfI~ 1IEP1650u, a4lltpQOE IlEy6:>"o I1tpo, rev ttpcort«9ELG:lv T'l~ otl'!v o:vamuE,'1 TG:lV napay6lVIKG:lv «ct Ka'tava>"Q'tIKG:lv ouvETalplOI1G:1V. Auto 04lEI>"ovTav otl~ a6Ta1l6:tE~ 1I0U T6TE Kuplap· I Steklofl: ~'I(lfoQio 1:11; ourrT]; ~~!e-voii; c. 198 - 8. O ~ 2. Ti)v l-l~ l~iVY) ,,'nl;l.o~olilof'aov.t~E.n.A. laQu~60lldQ~o_,j a !"I:).n,Qd "C~ -limy w:tmJU\va ~ :tQcia~vo 1:0«0,,0. -92-
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xoOoav, On DElI UTtflPXE tinoe; op6j.l0e; O:Tt'ccrev yui: 'In XELpaCJIt'IJlaJ'j 'Ifle I:pyonKfle; 'I6:E;'le;. 01 OUVE'IOtpLOflOI aTt6'1uxov 0:4100 TtpGho a1topp6CJ1'loav ha flEy6:AO j.ltpoe; 'IG}v UALKG}V fltOQV Kat 'Ifle; j.loX'lTLK6'1'l· 'tae; TG}V OUvOLK6:TQV. 'H E E.E. DElI dXE O:K6j.la oloaX'tEi 6:TtO'tn 8taJ'j 'toO M6:p~ crev .'ENe1fl~elO A6ro» '"fie; A.E.E., 8'1L 01 ouvuolptOflol lvG} £TvaL TtOAUtLJlEe;'IO~IKte; tpyanKte; . opyav~oEle;, 8flQe; j.l~ «cvevc 'tp6Tto OEv flTtOPOOv 6:TtO fl6v£C; 'IOUe; vc O,£U8EP~OOUV 'toue; tpy6:TEe;. To ~aoLKo Ka8f1Kov 'IGlv tpyo'tGlv, 'tovll;£ 6 M6:p~, £TVOL ve neceuv 0'10: XtPlO 'IOUe; 'tnv TtOALTtKn t~ouo[a. ntpo aTt' aUT6, " Clfl£aJ'j Topu0'l OUV£TOLptOflG}v 1tPEtt£L ve elver 6:Pfl06Lo't'l'la hoe; ~EXQPlOtOO ouvUaLpLOTLKOO KLvijfla'tOe; Kat 6El1 Ttpt1tEl va y[V€TOL K£VTPLKOKo8f1· KOV 'tGlv OUV6IK6:'tQV. 'H 1tpOOTt6:8£Lo Tfle; E.E.E. vc [6pUOEL taVLKO KOflj.lo 'tfle; tpya. 'ILKfle; T6:~'le; ~TOV tvo TOAfl'lPO ~flflo 1tpOe; TnV 6:1t£).,£u8tpQ0T] 'IGlv I:p' ya'tGlv O:TtO'Ia O:OtLKO:1tO).,LTlKO: EO[.l.6.. 9HTav 8flQe; Ttp6Qpo Kat 6b 6 j.l1tOpoOo£ ve 1tUUX£L. 01 d6LK£UfltvOl 'pyane; Kat 01 "yhEe; TOUe;Db TO doav fl~ KOAO flaTl Kat Y£VLKa YUPQ O:Tt' OIJTO 'to 8tfla, uTtflpxav TtOnte; 6loCJIQvl£e; «ct t1tlKPOTOOO£ fl£y6:).,'l 06YXLaJ'j. Ol tpyoTIK~e; fl6:· I;Ee; OEv ~TOV 6:K6j.lo Ko86).,ou O:TtoYOT]tEUj.lEv£e;aTtO TO: fl£y6:).,a K6...• gc rc Kat 16LOlupo aTtO TO 0'lflOKPOTLK6. ~o~opn 6:6uvofllo Tfle; E.E.E. ~'IOV 6:K6flO ,,€n£UIJT] yepoO t8VIKOO Kae06'lYT]TlKOO opy6:vOU. 'H A£I'lOUpylo Tfle; opy6:VQo!'le; 'IT]e; oe: t8VLKI'I KMflOKO t~oOCJIa).,Ll;o'lov oXE66v O:1tOK).,£LonKa fl~ TO: hll' OLa ouvtopLa, 'H E.E.E. 6Ev ~Tav AOLTtOVO~ 8tOT] ve OIVEL ouveXfl Ka806!'1y'l0'l'l OTO VEOPO tpyaTIKo K1v'lj.la. ~~ ouvouaoflo Ilt 8).,Ee;'lIe; 1tpoT]y06flEVEe; O:OUvafli£e;. I'Il'Iy£olo 1t£Aoyc.>flEvT] Ko8@e; ~Tav fltoa ot OXtOIO o:ypOUKG}V flETappu8flloEQV, OUV£TOlPlOtLI(Glv t~OPfl!'lOEQV «ct XP'lflaTLKG}v 1tA'l8QPLonKG}v «).,60EQ."., dx£ 'tnv'l6.oT] ve rtcpcpexet ~oolKa OUV6lKOAlO'lLKO: l;'ltijlloTa, 8TtQe; ~Tav " oUYKp6't'l0T] tpya· 'tLKGlV tV~O£QV Kat" Koeooi)y'lO'l 6:TtEPYIOKGlv 6:Y~VQv. To O:Ttod· AEOflO ~Tav ve 6:Ttooup800v 6:1t0 'tl'lv E.E.E. flla'fll6:, 01 ol6:CJI0pEe; eo t vLKte; hOYYE).,flanKte; opyav~O€Le; y6pQ 6:1t0 '10 1870 • 71, hal It>on " (OLa " E.E.E. yp!'lyopo ve flapal;~o£L. ~'IO OUVt6pLO '100 1872 @CJI'1a' ocv flOVO 76:vn1tp60c.>1t0L. Au'to ~'tov 'to 'It)"oe; 'Ifle; 'E8vLKfle; ~EvQ' 0'T]e; 'Epyal;ofltVQv. '0 ¢l6VEP ouvotJ'll;EL j.lE 'ta TtOpOK6:'tQ 'tl'lv tcrcctc TOO 0'lflavn· KOO OUTOO KlV1iflO'toe;: «nopo: '11'1 OUVTOflT] I;Q1'I TT]e;" 'E8vLKn "EVQaJ'j 'Epyal;oflEvQV UTtflP~E CJT]flavTtKO~ ot08tJoe; o'lnv 6:v6:1tTU~T]'100 epeplKOVlKOO tpya'tll(oO KLvnfla'lOe;. Etx£ a1tOKpUO'TOA).,~oEt 'lIe; TtLO£1t£l. youo£e; tpyanKte; OLEK6LK1'IaeLe; Tfle; 1t£pLOOOU tKEiVT]e; Kal j.1~ de; 6La· CJIQnOnK~e; TtpOO1t0:8elte; 't'le; ~0!'l8T]0£ o'tl'l OUOTtElp6:lO'l'l'tGlv tpya'lGlv 8).,ou't00 l8voue; YUPQ en' aUTEe; 'tIe; 6LEKoLK!'IoELe;.9H'IOV 6:TtO tl~ TtpG}TEe; pyav~oEle; 6 a' 8).,ov '10 KOOtJO TtOU1;1'I'IT]oov taT] Tt).,T]PQtJnYLa to'l 60U).,ELa ot 8,n 6:41opoOOE tie; tpy6:'tplEe; Kat TtOU fCJI'taoav VO:6Q· ccuv 0' oude; all.olla «ct !'IYEnde; eeceic. "Hrcv " 1tP~'I'l t8VLKI'I I:p. yonKn 6flOOTtov61a OTnV 'AflEpLKI'I TtOU KOA06tXtT]KE Ntypoue; evn1tpOO~TtOue;. To TtpGlTO 6:flEpLKavLKo tpyO'tLKO oGltJo TtOU 6:0KOOO£ toxupn tmppon OtnV 01J6.0lYK'tQV «ct 1t[eI;E tl'lv Ku~tPVT]O'I'IYla 'Il'I6T]' IlLOUpylo 'YTtoupyEiou 'Epyaolae;. T6vLo£ 'tl'lv av6:YKT] va tAo'tTQ800v 01 WpEe; 60UAElO,e; «c l ouv£py6.0't'lKE flt 'lIe; 'tOTtLKEe; Kat 'tie; 0(.10'
-93-
cmOy6laKl!, 'l(o).tttd, 6:pXe, yt6: tily 6ptowo:iI Ka9LEp(,)0T)toO 6Kta61· pou. npooayat6).LOI! tl, 'l(pOon6:9EtE, t'l' otil ~EA.d(,)o'l t11, 6:6tK'I, vo(.1091!0(a,. KatanOA.Ej.1'101! till' 'l(apavoj.1la '1(00 fytv£ I-LE till' Kata'l(l~n1')OTJ tflc; y~C; 6:'I(6tl~hatpEil!e; otS'IpoSP0I-L(,)v Kal 6:'I(alt'lOE v6: j.10LpaOtOO\l m6 ).a6 t6: S'I1-L60La KtTJl-Lata. 'H E.E.E. £TXE o:vaYVColpLOt£t 6:'1(6 tilv 11') .6.tl!9vil ecv O:VtL'I(POO(')'I(EUt"LKiI 6pyo:v(')oTJ dle; O:I-LEptKaVLK~C;tpyQ"CtK~C;t6:~TJe;. BOTJ9TJOEot"ilv "(SpUO'l t"omK&lv tpyanKG:lv KO(JI-LO:t"(,)V eetc nO).LtEiEe; Kal t'l(EXElPTJOI! ve ISPUOEt t"6 'l(p<"o 'E9vLK6 'EpyatlK6 KOj.1j.1a otilv tcrcctc ron O:j.1EpLKavLKoO tpyattKOO KtVT'jl-Latoc;XI'.
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nOAITEIE:E
"Orcv t6 YEVLK6 OUI-L~OUA.tO ll.E.E. tYKataot0:9TJKE ot"ilNEa tf1e; 'Y6pK'I, t!papj.161;;0vt"ae; d'lv O:'I(oq,ao'l toO ouvESplou tf1C; XO:YTJC; t6 1872, T'J 'E9vLKl'l "Ev(,)0TJ 'Epyal;;0I-LEv(,)v ETXE 1-L6A.te; rere o~T'jOEt 6:'1(6 t6 'l(POOKT'jvtOtoO tpyattKOO KLVTJj.1atOe; eetc 'EV(,)j.1EVEe;no).ttEiEC;. 'H 6Lo:Au0'l t"fle; E.E.E. ~tav oo~apil 6nt090Sp0j.1TJoTJ yta t6 vEap6 O:j.1E· ptKaVLKo oUvStKaA.LOtLK6 K1v'll-La. 01 coveneiec autfle; tfl, ~"ttae; Eytvcv 6:K61-La tVt"Ov61tEpEe; I-LE t6 ~EO'l(aoj.1a tfle; j3a9Etue; o{KOVOj.1tKflC; Kp(OTJC; cn 1873, eco evcerctcce e O)'6KA.TJPO tal' KanLtaAtotlKO K6· OI-LOot"a btOj.1Eva XP6vta. Autt'll'l O{KOVOj.1tKiI ato:ppWOTJ 9PUj.1j.1O:HOE K to: OUVSLKO:ta. '0 :rO:I-L0UEA.K6j.1nEpe; A.EEI On Ev&l to 1873 to: OUV, r 61K6:ta o:pL91-L000av OuvoAIKa 300.000 I-LE).TJ, 1878 6 o:pt91-L0e; u,oe; to a I!TXE 'HEOEt oto: 50.000. To rEVtKO :tul-L~ouAto tfle; ll.E.E. dXE t1\v tSpa tOU otilv 'l(6).TJ "tflc; Necc 'V6PKTJC;.rEVLK6, rpaj.1l-LatEae; tOU ~tav reee 6 (£I. :t6pYKE. T6: I-LEATJ tlie; .6..E E. ode; 'EV(,)!l£VEe; rloxreetec ~tav Kupl(,)e; atoj.1a YLati 'l(oAu AlYEe; ecvcvcce« e:Txav STJ},61oEI aj.1EOIl OUj.1j.1EtOXtl. To: j.1ap~LOtlK6: tTJe;j.1t}.·11OtO tEtpO:Xpovo SL6:oTTJj.1aeco T'J ~Spa die; tUE9voOe; j3ploK6Tav oTilv 'Aj.1EPLKTJ, v ~Entpaoav M Kata naccv macvetTJta eeoc 15.000. 'Vnfjpxav KAo:SOI tfle; .6..E E. otil NEa 'V6pKIl, t"6 l:tKO:YO, t"o MI).oULlKIl, to Ectvr . Aou'(e; «cecc xct ot d:A),a ~t0I-LTJXavLKO: xevecc. 'H 6pyo:vwoTJ ~aoll;;o""[av Kupl(,)e; crcoc ~EVOYEVVTJIlEvOUe; j.1Et"avO:oue; : O:v6:j.1EOO:oue 01 F'epuevot tpYO:t"EC;~tav to mo r 6:'I(oq,aoLOttKO ot"otXEio." 'H .6.tE9vilC; nflpE I:vEpy6 j.1EpOe; t"ilv 6:VO:'I(TU~TJ&lv O{KOVOj.1IKG:lv o t Kal 'l(OA.It"LKG:lv :YLlV(,)V t"G:lv tpyat"G:lv. Ka90SflYTlOE to OUA.).attlPIO Yla O t6 6Kt"0:(')PO noo fYIVE OTT! NEa 'V6PKTJ ""[1\v 1'1 'OKt(')j3plou 1871, ttpo~o:AAovtae; tiTl(')C; j.1ae; AEEI 6 rK6j.1'1(Epe;.t6 'l(aATJo j.1aXIlt"IKo ouv9TJj.1a t&lv xaptlot&lv: jJ E{P'lVtK6: dv I-L'I(OPOOI-LE, t1\ ~Ia dv xpEtaot"Ei». j.1E Kl!vtplK1\ 9EO'T]I-LEoa otilv tKSi).(,)0TJ ElXE, YIO: npLltTJ !popa oTilv Epya""[IKiI terccrc tfle; Necc 'V6pKTJe;, j.1la 6:vt"tTlpoo(')TlEIa Ntyp(')v tpya· t&lv.' 01 .6.LE9vtO'tte; 6py6:v(,)oav E'I(IO''1e;TnV 10TOPLKl'l tKSTJA(,)O''l ""[G:lv 6:vEPY(,)V ot"1\v wxcvetc T61-L'I(Klvtlie; Necc 'VOpKTJe; ode; 13 "lcvoucplou ""[001874. 'H tKST'j).(,)0TJ autil to'aKlot"'1KE I-LE6:'I(O:V9p(')'I(Ee;0:0't"U.
1. <l>O'l'tQ: c'lo"(o,,'o. 10iiiQVo.uxou x,VTjI'(Il"O; li~E.nA o ~"(. I, 0.i31. 2. jehlueter . c'H ~.dh>i;orilv 'AI'I!Q'x!j~ N. :YoQXl] 1880. 3. Tl;. Kol'I'o.~, ,'I010Q'0. "((i)v o.,HQ.X«V.x(i)v ~1O"l]XO,.'x(i)v ho.'(>I!.(i)v ~ "(. 9, 852. Kl.!jtlela'lll" 1910.
(I.
-94-
vOj.lLd .. j.lt60oe ... TholOL 6y~ve .. lYLvav, 06 OLaj.laptup(a, Kata rev auv6'1K~V ne(va .. nco tn:LKpatOOaav Kal at 4).).8 .. n:6).el". TO: altl\· j.lata t~v 6VEPYCo)V6cpopoOaav tnv 6vaKoUcpLm'! rcu .. Kal oou).eLa .. at 0l]j.l60La lpya. '0 rK6j.1n:ep .. 6vaq,tpeL ota an0j.lv'lj.loveuj.lat6 tou 6n c tl .. !Jt> pe .. tKetve c yup<iJ ate: 1870 ".6.le6v" .. KuplapxoOae n6vCo) ere tpyanKo Klv'lj.la tfl .. Nee .. 'V6pK'I". 'H [tha 1'1 n:6).I] tfl c Nta .. 'V6pK'I", np6a· Sue, ~tav "KOlt(oa toO alJePLKaVLKOO tpyatLKOO KlvI'U.lato .... 'E( ctrtc .. ti1 .. n:O).l1lKi1.. 6VCo:Iplj.l6tT]ta.. ecv tpyatG:lv, i'I .o.Le9vi'l.. atl .. 'EvCo:Il.leve noM-tete .. dxe .. ptpaLa VO: na).a(IJIeL IJt (6eo).oy(e .. exSpLKe.. n:po.. to: oUlJcpepovta ti1.. tpyatlKi1.. to:('1". ML6 6n' all· te .. ~tav " (6eo).oy(a toO aatlKoO cpl).e).eu6epLalJ.00, woo eTXe npOKa' Uoel j.l10: Olll.lavTLKi'I oL6an:aOlJ ati'lv 6py6:vCo)al] to 1871, Kat dxe 0'lI.lLoupY1'!aeL j.llO:V avaTapaxi'l eec ouvex(anp(e 0' 6),'1 tnv n:ep(060 noo " .o.LeSvi'l. PploK6tav . aTi'I Nee 'Y6PKI]. 'H xeLp6tepl] 61.lCo:l" La' 6 an:aa'l n:POK).I\STJKe 6n:0 TOO ).aaaa).IKOU", noo ecececcv .. (axupi'l tmp· pon 6vO:I.leaa cecc .. rePI.lQvoo" geeeveeee .. tpy6:te .. xet KaT6:!fIepav va 0'll.lloupyf!aouv 6pKetl't aUYXI0l] j.lt TI.. q,avTaaLt1lau .. Tou"YLa tOY \I aLoepevLo veuc t~v j.l.la6G:1v» Kal Tn eeccro 6tl eTvaL t6xa n:l!pu:t1\ " auvoLKahlOTLKl't opO:OlJ. O( j.l.ap(Latt c 6VTIl.leTt1lmaav 6:n:oq>aalatlKQ: 6)'ou .. aUTOU" reo .. evnnexcu c- 'AKoupaaTa T6vLr;av trccc 6napa(· mrc elver ta auvthKO:To. aT1\v n:6:)''1 YlO: tic; O(KOVOj.lLKt. 6LeK6lK1'Iaeu; . Kal n6ao xpel6:I;ovtaL YIO: vO: o(vouv T1\ l.lal;lK1\ p6:OlJ ere tpyatLKo K6!Jl.la. '0 rK6!Jn:£pc;, nou tKdvTJ T1\v hox1\ ~Tav lvac; pLI;o01taatLKo .. auvolKahlatilc; 1'IyEt'lC;, ~PE I.lEpO" a' aut6v tOV 6yt1lva, eee n).eupo tQv !Jap(LOtG:lV. TehLKa" npt1ltT] .6LE9vfJC;, oi!:v 1Jn:6pEae va 6:vd(el O'tlC; tOCo)tEpLKeC; La).lO:xec; Kat 6laMS'1Ke tOV 'Iou).'1 toO 1876 O'TiI ¢ll' 6 ).a6t).q,ela. • 'H OI6:).UO'T]npQta tflC; 'ESVLKfjC; 'EpyatLKfjc; "El"C,laT]C;xet uatepa tf'lc; .o.LeSvoOc;"EvCo)O'TJC; 'Epyal;o!JtvCo:lv, €oCo)oetilv Ivtun:Co:Ia'l 6n to 61.lE· plKavLK6 tpyatlKO K(V'l!Ja a'l!Je(Co:IaEoopapi'l un:oXt1lPTJa'l. K6:tCo)6j.1Co:1" 6:n:'auto:ta 6:PV'lTLKO:q,aLv6!Jeva evcmccccvrcv KawoupYLa peuj.l.ata nou aKo).ou6000av IJt covewecc til yevLK1\ ypa!J).ll'l o:v660u ten tpya· tLKOO KLvr,l.latOC; atnv Eupt1ln:'l. Auta ~tav n:pQta·npQta,n n:apatttpa 6py6:vCo)OlJ Kat 6vo:n:tu(T] tQv a!JeplKavLKQv auvO.K6:tCo)V, UOTEpa r, Y6puOT)".nB.. l.lap(latLKf'lc; opy6:vCo:lOT)C; t6VIKiI KA.(l.laKa I.le ti'l 6rWLoup· at y(a toO ~oala).latLKOO 'EpyatLKOOK 61.lj.latoc; to 1876 Kai tE)'OC;, " paSI.lLala 6v6:n:tu('1tQv c'In:n:otQv tflC; 'Epyaa(a ..» (Kuights~f Labour) "lLBC;6py6VCo)o'lC; nco (opu9'lKe ati'l ¢ll).a6t).cpeLa to 1869 Kal gece at ).Iya XP6vla O:nott).eae tilv nLO ).laX'ltLKiI Katti'lv n:lO l.lal;LKiI tpya· nKn lVCo:lO"I] toO K6al.l0U.
-95-
Xl.
OJ EprATE~
KAI H A~TIKH
EnANAHA~H
(1644-1876)
"01tCo)~ d6aIJE 0''(0 1tP~to KEq.a).alo, II O:atlKiI t6:~l1 avoLf;E '16\1 5p6IJo 't11C;npOC; 'tflv If;ouo(a, O'uvtp[~ovta<: t6 auotTJlJu tf1c; 4'£01)5apx(uc; nco KupLapxoOoE ~C; rere. !-It 1.lL0:O'ELpa ~[aLE<: il!nUVQotO:OELC; Kat t9VLKOUC; lIo).lI!jJOUC;. l:'touc;: 6:yG)YE<;;au'touc;, et KUlfLtUALO'ttC; dXav tf)v U1tOo"tf!pLf;l1 ,&Iv tpyatGly Kal tG)v li),} .. cv Kata1tLE~Oj.ltvCo)Y. yLud t"lCl,aYI~ovtav cev U1tEpa01(Lo'ttc; '(Glv O,Eu9EpLG)V teO AaoO. 6:11'· vavta aln IlLOT]'''' rupevvte. Tau't6xpova lSI.lCol<;; 01 II!py6.tI!c;: 1tpOO'Kat 1ta900oQlI yO: tj.lq.avLo'toOV 0'''1:61tOArtLKO npooxflvlO Kat ve 1tpo~a· ).O'U\I ee 6LI(0: '(cue; a1tfll.lQ'ta. 'Ef;u6:C;;olltac; teuc;: II!ttUvaatatlKOUC; 6:yGlVEC; O'1"ilv 1tEplo60 cmo 1:ily auyij tcO Ka1fL'tuALOI.lOO lhC; t6 1:t).O'I; tf1c; npc::,'tT)C; l\tE9voOC; '16 1876, 1talpVOUIJE IHall eteeve yLa 'lilv taf;LK1\ OU\IE[S"0l], 't6 1tp6ypajJlJ,a Kat tnv 6pyav{,)0Tj tile; ~pyatLKfle; ta~1')4; 1tOU evcweueeevrcv. -Ae; ooOIlE lSlJ{')e;'to: 1tp6:YlJa'ta a1t6 1tL6 «cvee, tOu).aXLOtO ode; yEvLKEe;ypalJlJEe; roue.
H ArrAIKH,
H AMEPIKANIKH KAI H rAMIKH
EnANAHA~H
'H 6:0'tlKn t6:~I] Ka'ta4lEpl! IJ£ tnv 1tpono'taV'tLKn IJUapp69IJLOT) rcu 160u a{w\la, ha f3apo Tt).flYjJa ot6v TtL6 (oXup6 ee' lS).oue; tOue; ~Eou6apXLKou<; 9EOIJ06e;: tnv Ka90).LKn tKk).I]o(a. "Oll{,)~, II TIpwtl] VLKI]q,6pa OOtLKn hav6:o'taOT), ~tav II £~EYEpOT) rcn 1579 otic;: K6:'t{,) XG:lPE~. 'A n' autf!v, II ·0).).av6(a f3yfll<E oTtou6a(a Yau'tLKn 66valll]' "Yceeco. 6:1(0).0691]01! ~ jJEya).I] aYY).LKn hayaotaol] TtOU KPO"[I]01! 6:1t0 "[0 1640 ille; ro 16B6 Kat EtXE OO:Y 6:TtO'tE).EOjJa YO Y(YI!L 'Ayy)'la it TIPWtl] KaTtLW).LCTtIKii xwpa erev K60IJO Kat 6 cKup(apxoc; rev 9a).aooG:lv II.' ALHEe; 01 1tpG:l'tEe;encvccrcceic EYLVay Katw 6:TI6 9Pl]01(EutIKO: ouy9f!lJata: "Htcv 't600 'tEp6:otLa tTILppon tfle; Ka90).LKfle; I:KK).'1o(ae; IJEOa otil .Eou6apxla, ~OtE to TtO).L'tIKO Kat 0{KovOIlLK6 TII!PLI!X6IJEVO aut~Y 't~V 6:ywvwVOEV IJTtOPOOoEvO:1tpof3).'l9Et I:vtE).~c;: aYE~o:pt'lta 'H O:YY).LKii t1tav6:otaol] ~'tQv o'til f3ao'l 'tl]e; hae; aywyae; o:valJEoa otlc;: 6:vEPX6IlEVE<; 6UV6:IJELC;: 'toO KaTtLta).LOIJOO Kat tie; SuVOIJI!L~ tfle; .EouOapXla~ 1tOU YKpElJll:ovtav. 'ATtotn JJLa IlEp~a f3pl· cxcvrcv it 6:1(6).utl] Ilovapx(a, ct IJEy6:).OL Mp60L q,Eou66:pxee;, ol 6:~LwlJatOOxoL til~ £KK).I]olae;, Ka9Qe; Kat ct 1t).060LOL EjJTtOPOI. 'A1t6 "[nv 6:).).1] 'to avantuo061lEVO l<e.6:).aLo, ct IJLKp6tEPOL EjJ1tOpOL, et KatW1:EpOL eovevetc - TIOU jJ£ "[nv 6:1t006vgeol] tfle; .EouOapX[ac;: dXav llE'taf3).,,9Et OE 1tpaYllanKoue; KE.a).aLoKp6:'tE~· K't'llJatlEC;: KOL
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• ·Enu''t~u.ll xal KO~V<II,,(a Winter •. -96-
1948.
XP110lIJOTCOlOOoav 0't0: K'tillJa'tO: 'tou,> IJl09Co)'t00,> 'PYO:'te,> - Kat 01 TCAa'tElt,> 1J6:l;E'>'toO TCA119ua1J00: Xe.lpod.XVE'>, IJl09Co)'t01 tpyo:n,> xct 60UAOTC6:PO\KOl."OTCCo)<; Abl 6 -EVYKEA'> «I) O:YYAlKI) havo:o'taol1 reo 170u ctcvc EtVat &IJEOO<;TCp66po1J0,>'t'1'> yaAAlK'1,> iTCavo:a'taOTJ'> reo 1789 D xct «6 Kp6j.1j?eA tv~Ve.l a'to TCp6aCo)TC6 'tOY POj?EOTCLtpO rcu j.1E 'tOY NaTCoAtov'ta D. 'H tTCavo:a'taol1 TCOOK6anaE erev j?aoLAl1a KO:· POAO A' 'to KE!fIO:AL'tOU, d:AElCo)OE 'to 1688 IJE Iva oufli3lj?aofl6 TCOO 16LVE ouol~611 BlKat~fla'ta O"tnv o:vEPX6!-'Evl1 O:O'tlKn 'to:tl1' To TCpoAuapiaKo - Aa·(KO a'tolXEto 0' au'tov 'tOY flEYO:AO 6'y~va, evneccocneocvrcv O:TCO 'too<; «oKa~'tL6:BE'> (diggers) f\ «laoTCe.6Co)'tE,>. (levellers)'. KUPl~'tEpO,> l)yhl1'> i'j'tav 6 Tl;~v AI!-,TCoupu TCOO typa",E O:PKE'tE'>!-,TCpoaoOpE'> OXE'tlKO: fiE 'to tTCavao'tauKo K(vl1f1a. 01 eiocTCE6Co)'tE,>. (Ae.j?EAHpOI) elxav 'tnv OthoTClKn o:v'tiAl1"'l1 lSn 90: !-'TCOpoO· ccv VO: 611f1LOUPYl'joouv !-,LO:KaivoupYla KOlvCo)vla lSTCOU !SAOI 90: i'j'tav (OOL.'AvO:IJEaa art,> KUpl~'tEPE'> BLEKBlKI)OEt'> 'tOU,>,i'j'tav ~ tYKa9(Bpuol1 't'1'> .6.11!-,oKpa'tla,>, ~ Ka9LEpCo)ol1 't'1<; Ka90AlK'1<; "'l1~o~opla,>, i'J TCapa· xwp11011 ypaTC'toO l:uv'to:y!-,a'to<;, n Bl1~uoupy{a evrctoo VOIJ09ULKOO ow!-,a'to,> Kal l'j o:vayvwplol1 TCAl'jpOU,>9P110KEU'tlK'1,> tAEu9Epla<;. Ol AEj?EAAtPOL f~'taoav odlV O:K!-'n 'tfj,> B6vafll1'> Kat 't'1'> hLPP0'1'> 'toue; a'ta XP6vLa 1647·50. 'H TC(e.an roue CioKl1oe ooj?apn tTCI6paO"ll Kat UTCOXPECo)OE 't00e; au'tapXlKOOC; 'iTClI"6u,> (Kaj?aAALtpoU,»' Kat 'too,> O:O'tOU'>"l:'tpOyyuAoKt~aAou,>. VO:TCPOXCo)pl'joouv 0't0 OUIJj?tj?aaliO 'toO 1698.l:'t0 'ttAO,> IJ.E'tl,> flal;lKie; OUAAl'j!pEL,> TCOU EytVaV, 'to K1vl1f10:'tou,> uTCo'tO:X'tl1KEOtn I3la. 'H O:lIEpLKaVtKn tTCavo:otool1 reo 1776 - 83 i'j'tov !-,lO:O:OtiKil !TCa· vo:o'taoi"), TrOU etXE eev KUPLO OKOTCO ouvtphlJEL 'tnv OIKOV0I-UKn Kal vo: TCOAl'tIKn Kuplapxlo 't'1e; 'AYYAlac; 't~v T6pu6Co)V Kat VO: E~aa!flaAlou rev EAEYXO t'1,> o:vEPX611EVl1C;6:!-'EpLKavlK'1'> KE~aAoloKpada,>, 't600 OtnV Kul3tpvl1ol1 occ Kat o'tnv !OCo)tEPtKil O:yopO:. 'H ETCavo:o'taan au'tl) aTCodAEOE 'tnv TCP~'tl1~O:aTJ ho,> O:O'tlKOO tTCavao'to'tiKOO KlVl'jfla'toC; TCOU 'tOY tTC6f1EVO lIl00V ctcvc OO:PCo)OE 'tnv 'AI1EPlKOVlKn -HTCElPO O:TCO'tnVXLM t.")e;rev Kova6a:, Au'tn n naVal1EpiKaVlKil tTCovO:a'toaTJ. liv Kalot TCOAUC;X~PEC; 6Ev IJTC6pEOE VO: t~OUBE'tEPWOEI 6ptOnKO: tilv tTCtppOn TCOU eexeeecv 01 IJEYO:AOIyaLoK'tnllOVE,>, lSIJCo)C; KO'tO:!fIEPEVO: ouvTpl!pEL 0XEBOv 'tIc; O:TCOlKIE'> COO T 6La"tl1poOoav a'lilv'AIJEPlKl'j, Bpeecvvtc , i'J 'iaTravla,,, nop"toyaUlo Kali'JraAAla,TCoo O:TC6K"t110av hal tnV 6:vE~ap"tl1ola roue. LtiC; 'EVCo)lIEVE'> nOAlt"EtEC; el6lK~tEpa, iI ETCovo:ataOl1 I5:vOL~E "to 6p6IJ.o YlO: "tnv 6pfll1uKil 6:vO:TC"tu~l1toO KaTCltaAIC1t"LKOO OUO"tilfla"tOC;. "OTCCo)'> fAEyE 6 AtVlV «6 o:y~voC; 0't1C; O:YYALKt,> O:TCoIK1EC; 't'1c; 'AIJEplk'1C; i'j'lav hac; !-,8.y6:AOC;,TCpawa'llKO: O:TCEAeu9EpCo)ttK6C;, TCpaYflaTlKO: ETCaVOOtO'tlK6C;, TC6AEIJ0,> . D 01 O:TCOlK(EC; a"t"v 'AflEplKn dxav TCpOXCo)pnOEL O:PKETO: OtO 6p6110
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WU tkt"ll"'lfi .• l:fQO)'YlCid ol QQlO",,6nQo( (l:.M.).
-97-
'til, Kan:L'taAlO'ttl<Il, OVOTtTUE,'1, liTav E,EO'n:aO'E iI encvccrccn TOO 1776. Kat oh EfvalTtEpiEpyO'tO YEYOVtJ, BtL 01 Ill0'9U1(01 I:pyou" 01 texvlu, Kat 01 q:rrCo:lxotoyp6n, UTtEo'('1PIE,av IlE BAE, TOU, TI, BuvnIlEL, T6v oYQva YLO 'tilv t9VtK" oVEE,apT'1O'la Kat n:OA)..t, ~opt<; ErroL~av ilYUtK6 p6AO, XOP'10T"v TtIEO''lTtOU OO'KoOO'av. 01 KUPL(JtEPE, 6).1' yavwO'Et, eeoc firav 01 II rUlol» Kat 01 II 9U)'atEpE, Tfj, exeoeectcc » ,..ou OTt6 'titv TtPQ'('l IIIlEpa c5:O'K'1O'O'VEP" TtlEO''1 Tt6:VUlan): '(aAavTEU6· Y :.rEva '(llnllaTa d'l, oonKf\, TO~'l" TtOU ~0f300v'(av BTL " I:rrO'voO'TaO''l ~ooLl;;E iTtLKivouva TtpO, TO OpLOTEpa Kat f19EAav va T"V TtouMO'ouv 0'(6v tx9p6. "On:c.), O''lIlELwO'a(.lE KalTtaparrovUl, 01 O'TOIXELWOEL, cvce 'tIKi, 6pyavwoEL, '(f\e: in:oxll" rrllpav E,EK090'PI1 9E0'1 evcvrtov '(wv BpuavvQv. Kat ~UOtKO, 01 tpyal;;6IlEVE, llol;;E, ~Tav aUTE, TtOU EOUlocv Kuplc.), '(0 alila yut vo Kepo'19E1 0 OKA'1ptJ, Tt6AeIlO<; '(11, aVEE,O'p't'lO'la,. Muo '(" viKI1, " OO''(lK" '(oE,'1 - BTtc.), EYLVI!oAAc.)Ote wcvroe havE B,,(l (.ITtOpoOO'I!yLa vO: O'f3nOEt OTt6 t" IlVn!l11 ron )..0'00 rl, AallTtpt, o'1lloKpatLKt, oPXt, Kat urrOOXEO'El, TtOU n:epIEXovTav 0'(" OLO'KnpuE,11 'Ill, 'AveE,ap'('lO'la, toO 1776. "ETOL. 0''('' l:uVtaKtlK" 'EevoouVE)..EU0'l toO 1787, EIlTtOpOI Kat tpyoO'taO'tOPXE" oi VtOL Kuplapxol, Ka'lOptlO'av ha l:uvTaYlla, eco OXt 1l6vo d:~l1vE OUO'LaO'nKO: a9LK'(0 t6 Ktl1vQOE, O'UOTl1(.1a'lf1,oouAda, 'IQv Nevcccv, 0),,),,0: lta).laXc.)poOO'E Kat t)..OXtO'Ta 1l6vo TtO)..L'tLKO OlKalQllata O'TI, 1l00l;;E,tGJv AEuKQv tpya· ~O(.lEVCo:lV. "Ollc.), 01 tpyo:u, I(at 01 oyp6te, napaKOAou90uoav oypuwvc; 'I"V KaTO:OtaO''l Kat OOK'lOav d:tota TtIEO'1, TtOU TtJ KoyKptO'OO unoXpEcil9'lKE t6 1791 va oUlln)..'1Pciloet T6 l:uvraY(.Ia IlE OEKO' OK61l'1 dp9po, 'I6v TtEpl~'lllo Xap'll1 TG)VOLKaLUlllotc.)V. ~ETO'l 01 tpYOtE, Kat 01 oUllllaxol 'IOU" (.I' BAO nou OEv e:lxav O't6 von rove va TtpoXc.)pf)oouv dpa on6 ta BpLa tf\, OOtlKf\, 0'1lloKpatla" TtE'tUxav va OltOOTto, cccv 0n:6 t" VLK'l~6pa IlTtoupl;;oual;;la 'IQv 'Ev. nO)..ltEIQV. Tto)..u nE' ptO'0'6UpE, O'lIlOKpanKt, TtapO'XUlpnO'El, on' B,n 01 "AyY)..Ot tpyal;;6· llevOl or"v 0YYALKit tTtavOO'TaO'I1 toO TtP0'lyoU(.IEVOU alcilva. 'H Y0)..AIK" tn:avOO'TaO''1 '(00 1789 - 94 n:poXcilp'lO'E nOAu ltU~ optO'upa OTtO '("v o(.lEptKaVtK" f 'I"V OyyALK" ewcvccrccq. 'EKtO, orr6 'IOV Aouoo~il(o 160 Kat rnv Map(a 'Avecoeverr«. EOtEtAE ot"v YKLAAorlva TtOAAOU, OK61l11OptO'TOKPOU, - nccccwc. Ka'(oOXEOE Kat OLtAUO'E to ~EOUOO TOU" E9EO'E I:KTO, V61l0U Titv Ka90AlK" tKKA'1OIO', KUVnY'1O'e t" 9P'lOKEia Kat cecoce OAun'1Ta BAa '(a ~EouoapXlKa 1:11' Tt60ta TtOU orexcvrev 0''(6 Op61l0 Til, KaTtL'(aALO'ttKf\, OVOlt'tUE,I1<;. 01 tpyore" ot evcerec Kat ollltKPot (.Iaya~o,(opE" OTtO,(EAEoav Kat OTitv nEp(TtTUlO''l O'utit TI<; ouvOlleL,« KPOUO'U,» tl1, I:Ttavoo'(O'011, Kat Tpa~oOO'av rrOAU TtL6(.IrrpoO''(a on' BO'o 90 fjgeAE II 6:0ttK" '(0E,T]. l:TO IlE'(aE,u 01 6:O'Tot O'KopnoOoO'v Ta TtL6 0'lIlO'YlolYLKO' O'uv9fJ(.Iata YLa va netccov Ttc::" TtOAEUaV YLa Ta O'UIl~EpOvta 6A6KA'lPou TOO AaoO. 'H OlaKflpuE,11 TG)VOIKalc.)IlOtUlV TOO 'Av9pcilltou, elvca !!va cno Ta TtLtJ O'lllaVtlKa KElj.teva tll,6:0tLKI1, O'lIlOKpada, TtOU ypO~'lKav wore ~yonpaBIlUl, OTtO t"v 9'1 eEPlltOcllp (27 'IOUA(OU 1794), liTO'v "Oe~laTtTE' puya '(f\, oonKf\, napotaE,'l<; oVETpetjle 6plottKa to POf3,EO'ltl€PO xct 'tou<; pll;;ooTtaO'tLKOU, 'laKwf3,(voU<; TOU, 01 I:pyou, Kat 01 oyp6u, otv Ktpthoav nta ctncre 6:n6 t"v tnavoO'tao'l. iK'(6, OTtO ~TWXEta Kat tE,a9Aic.)0'11. nOI6: ~'(av '(a npaYllanKo otKatwlla'(a TtOU orr6KT11oav, to
c-
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loeL~e 611EpLf)6rrCOt;v6~0, Le chappelier .00 1791, 110U6:11ay6ptuE. Ko88 KLvTJoTJ LO KaAUttpa ~epoK6:~C1't"aKaL yLO til f)tAtIColO1'ltoO f)LOtLKOO Y !ltl· nEoou. 'E~ aAAOU .0 olKalCol~a ~tlq,ou 1IapaXColptl8TJWt oe ~u); cpOUX.a ucvc 6:vopGlv cpoPOAoyou~EvColv, 110Uoev ~E1ItpVOOoav .0Ut; 50.000 ~Eoa oe tvc OUVOALKO1IAT')eUO~0 24.000.000. "YOtEpa 0:110 .T)v 1It&loTJ toO P0f)E01lLEPOU, 1I0U tKtrPOOCol1l000t .T)v aKpa 6:pt.O''t"tpo tfl, 6:otIKfI, 1Iap6:.a~TJ" f)yflKt 0.0 trPOOKtlVLO 6 Cllpa\oouo: M1ta~1ttq, (F. Babef) - YEVVtle11KE to 1760 - Kat oy(o)· VLO'('1KEoto eivo~a tpyatLKfI, t6:~TJt;. Me .T)v tq,TJ~tploa tOU «To BfI~a toO AaoO» KtlPUXVE eve Eloot; 06tOtrLKOO KO!-l~OUVLO~OOKat wecerccve tOU';: tpy6:n, ve KataA6:f)ouv .ilv tE.ouola ~e t~EyepO'1' To 1tp6ypa~~6: rcu l1p6f)Ae1lE 6:v6:~Eoa ora ana: (I. 1. l:ttp'101'l tGlv 110AltLKGlv oLKaL(o)~6:tColvlSAColV tKELvColV1I0U OEv tKnAoOoav XPtlOL~'1 epvcctc 2. 'E~01lALO~6 .00 AaoD KaL 6:1fI011ALO~6 '(Glv ExepGlv tfl, !tra· v6:o.aoTJt; 3. AoyoKpLola crev Tunc 4. Kat6:pY110'1 toO oLKaLc::,~atO, KA11Povollla, 5. 6fll.lEU011 tfl, nEpLOuolat; tGlv cveewcvccecrcv (Kat lSAColV tGlv teIlTttAI")fi(o)v) 6. 'Y1IOxptCUOTJ 8Ac.:lV .Glv IKavGlv 110AL' .Glv ve EKte},oOv xpnolllTJ tpyaola 7. Eloayc.:lyT) IlTJXavGlv yLO:va 6trAOU' crecret 6 1l6Xeo, tGlv tpya~OIJEVc.:lV 8. "!opUOTJ 0111l6ol(O)vKa.aOtTJ!.l6:· ecv ce KOeE KOLV6t11ta 9. llT')IJLoupyla OUIlf)0UAlCo)vyLO: olKovo~LKil oXeoL01l01l")OO110. ElaaYUlyil 1 evoc AOiKOO oouorf)llatot; EK1taloeu01'I, 11. TP01101l01T')0T')fle: vOlloS~.olae: hOL &0't"E ve 1l1loPOOv lSML 01 rrcpcvec. yot ve IlEtEXOUV cmv tnE~Epyooola rev V61lUlV 12. napaypaq,il .Qv tevLKGlv xpeGlv, KO'tOPYI")OT')t(lQ xPliuatoe: Kat 1J0votrc::,},110T') .00 E~(o)' tEPLKOU tll1toplou ». ~ti, 10 Motou 1796, Tj K:.!f)tpvnoT') oouvtAaf)e rev Ml1alJ1tEq, Kat tilv TjYU_LKf! tou ouaoCt, tT\v treotobo trOU xrvouvtcv va lIapouv ota xepLa roue rev ~Aeyxo KUPfPVl")011e: Atvc l1LO trp(v,.o 1795, ol [OLOL E1Xav 6p)OOVWOOEL !-ILa'.! E~tYEpOl"), 1I0U xtvc EAeL~E vO: 1IUUXtl. vYOtEpO o:nc IlLa- olK'l nee Kpa'tl")Oe ecerc IlflvE" a-PKE't"O[a1l0 '(OU, f!yttE, toO IUVf!UOtOC KatOOOLKaOl11Kav at severe. ~t1e; 28 Matou 1797, to Kecpa-AL100 MlIOf.lllEq, Eneq,te o.ilv YKLAAot!va. Autoe; 6 YEV' VOIOe: aYUlvLoll')c; dXev 6011'if!OEL t1'tv npOAetapLoKT\ u1I6eeoT') trOAU lJaKPU1EPO xct IlE nOAu KoeapwtEP1111P001ltLKn am) «cae 1tP011YOUIJEVO tou, one ~TIaVaoot6:oHC; T~C;'AYYA(Oe:, tlZlv 'EVCU!.lEvColV nOAI't"ELlZlv Kat tfle; ranLa,.1
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'H tnavaotaoT') toO 1848 ~tav IJla yevlKil !1t19E0'1 .00 xcwrtc. ALOIJOO sere cpeou5apxLac;, trOU YKpelJl~6tav Kat avaOt6:t(o)vE .l')v E6pc::,1111 am" t1'1 ilia-V (lKPl") l.>, tT)v anT'). To hLKEvtp6 t11e;~tav tJ F'cxxtc Kat" rEPl.lavLa. 'H tnLopaoij tT'), 8!.lcu,;:611Aw911KEKat otilv 'AyyA(a, 'jcxevstc, 'Icncvrc. 'Ircxtc. nOAc.:lv[a, Pcccrc Kat 110AAe, 6AAe, xQpee;. 'H i1tav6:otaol") 6:noKa,(EO"tT')oe OPIOtlKO: tilv Kuplapx[a toO KOl1LtaAIO!.lOO o.ilv E6pc::.tr11. TO: anOTEAEOlJa.a aUta fYLvav 0.1· oe11tO: aK6IJa Kat OtT) AanvlKT) 'A!.lepIKT) Kat ttc; 'EvCol~Eve, nOAI' 1. Bruhat : c'Io"mQ£CI"l"oilycaUll(OU lQ"('Ilnxoil l(~Yl\fI4tO~., -99wtetee 1937 -1938.
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retec. XOPOKtliPIOtlK6 'tile;: t1tOVO:O'tOOfJe;:, ~tOV 1twe;: ~ tpYOUK~ 't6:I;.'1 ETtOll;.e lleyo;\Utepo p6AO 0' <:IUt~V napo: otle;: 1tPo'1youllevee;: t1t<:lvo· ot6:aue;: 'tfj<; 'AyyAloe;:, 'tQv 'EVLlIJEVLlV nOAltelQv K<:It tf1~ rOAAI<:I<;. Au't6 Oqlet;\UOl ot6 Y2yoVOe;: Btl ~ tnovO:Oto0'1 toO 48 tK5'1Aw9'1Ke a' eve npoXLlpfJlJtvo nlO: at6:510 'toO K<:I1tltoA10jlOO. 'H oUIlJ.1etox~ 'tQv tpyOtQv Ot~v tnavOOt<:l'tlK~ no;\'1 elxe ccv O:1to'ttAeall<:l 't~v 6PIJ'1nK~ 6:v050 'toO auvblKOA10tiKOU KtvfjIJOtOe;:, nco olllJelw9'1KE at noA;\4e;: EupLlnO(KEe;: xQpee;: sxetvc 'to: XP6vla. 'H tnov6:atoo'1 6:PXlaE otil ronla, to Cl>Aef,6:P'1 toO 1848. 'H 1tPOfJYOUIlEVfJ tnavo:a'too'1 'toO 1830 neacve naVLl a'til ytvv'1afj't'1<;' "OnLle;: ;\eel 6 M6:pt;, <d;tv KUPloPxouae 6A6KAfJPfJ ~ Y<:IAA1Kil6:otlKil 't6:t;Tl ueoc cro KoSeo'twe;: 'toOl\oubof,IKouCl>IAI1tnOU, 6:AAO: rfla.p.ieor: 1:7]' pov6:xo; ot tpanel,hec;:, 01« f,aol)"eie;:» ecc IJEyaAefl1t6p10U xct tQv oI5'1p05p6IlLlV. ollblol(tf1ue;: rev O:V9POKLlPUXelLlV KOl 'tQv 500Qv K<:II h<:l lJt:poe;: 'tQv Y010K't'11J6vLlV, nou aUYKt:vTPLlVOV YUPLl roue til AEy6· pEVTl fllxfll'fll")I;/ ,j~"CfH/)I(!rHi(1 ," To1tpoVlJaHKo f,10IlTlXOV1K6 Ke<JlO:;\OIO O:TrOtEAOOO'etllf1IJO 'tf1e;: tTrlalllllle;: O:VtlnoA[uUa'1c; ..... «To 1J1KpOO' OUKO: O'tpWLJatO Ko9we;: xct fl6:ypono, flJelv<:Iv lloKPU6: 6:no 'tilv no;\mKf) tt;Qua[a ». T6 I010 IoXue q.uolKa xct YIO: 'tilv tpY<:ltlKTt 't6:t;Tl, f.loAov6tl r:::util ElXE oTll(wau BAo to f,apoc;: Tf1C:t1tav6:O't<:lO'Tle;: 'H Kat6:a'toall XElpottpeue 500 n),,'1a[al,e to 1848. 'H O'05uo: i\tOV 1tOAU KaKn 't6 1845 «ct 46 Tov tn6f.lEvO XP6vo t;tO'noaE IJIO 01· KOVOIJLKilr.:plofJ 1tOU o:vat[vaE,e 'to j?llOllKO tnlneco rev lJol,Qv. tvQ 'tou't6Xpovo 1tAfj9alvov ta O'K6:vcoAo tfic;: Kul3tpvllOlle;: tou f,OOL;\fJ6' l\ou5013("'ou - <IlIAI-mcu. ~O;\o cote npoaroluocov 'tnv t1tov6:0t00'1. Kol crtc 25 ron Cl>AEI36:PTl, £pyO:tee;: rcu naplO\OU EOtfJO'av 660q,p6:' 01 YIlO'to, f) Kuf,t:pVTlO'Tlnopolt1'l9TlKe KOl IJlO: vac Kup£pvTlaTl O'XfJllatlO't'1KE IJ€ 5u6 tpYOtlKOU<; 6:vnnpoownouc;: atou<; K6;\1tou<; t'1e;:: T6v Po;\}..tv (Ledru Rollin) xct rev Cl>AOKov (Flacon). 'H TrpOO'LlpLViloutn Kul3tpvTlO'llB(O'tol,e ve 6:vOKTlP('f.eL 'tn 0lllloKpatlo,luc; til O'TlYlJn nee 6 f)yh'le;: TQV tpYOtQv P<:IO'lto'(y [Haspail) taece uAeO'lypaq)lKl\ 1tpogeolJlo soe ~pQv YIO: tnv 6:lleOTl tyKa9(BpuO'ft'tTle;:, a1tElAwVtOe;: nw<; 6:;\;\OIQc;: 96: ~0:511;;e tvovtlov Tfle;:KUf,tPVTlafJe;: t'ltlKeq,oAfle;: 20:) 000 6:v9pwnLlv. 'H KU' ~tpvTlO'1 unoxwpfJae xct npiv eeccccov ou6 wpee;:. f) Beurepll rOAAlKil '&fJllOKpodo etxe vevvneet. 'H KOIVOUpY10 KUj?ltpvfJO'Tl tK1tpOaLl1tOUae 6;\6K;\TlPll tilv 6:anKl\ "(6:~Il' 01 KEq,oAaLoKp6:uc;: 1J6ALe;: tE,oa(Jlo:AlooV tnV U;ouO'lo, gewpfJoov 1twe;: ~ tnov6:O'toofJ elxe 6;\oKATlPwO'el eeoc O'l(oltou<; tTle;:Kolnwe;:« 01 aE,lLlael<; 'toO npoAuoplO:'tOU'tOO nOPlO'IOO etv-n ootontKtc;: evcnctec, o'tl<; 61totee;: 1tplnEL vc B09El eve 'tf.AoC; ». «;r' outil 'tn 5f};\LlO'Tl 'tfle;: 1:uVtOK'tlKfj<; 'E9voO'uvt;\euaTle;:. AtEl 6 MopE, ({to 1tpOAUOpl6:'tO toO noplO'lou O:1tO:V't'1O'eIl€ 'tnv l~irep(JlI r<lii • IovvYJ, 'to lJeyoAuupO yeyo· voe;: o'tilv tcrcctc 'tQv tll(JluAILlv noAtllLlv O't!'Jv Eupwn:Tl .'. 'H IlEy6:ATl O'fJIJoO'l<:l<:Iutflc;: tf1C;: tE,tyepo'1<; pplaKEtOt O''to yeyovoc Bn 'to npOAU<:Ipl6:'tO YLa 1tpw'tfJ <Jlopa Opy1:VLlO'E ucvc 'too, E,eK6~v'toc;: 6PLO'tlK6: 6:1t6 'tilv 6:O'tlKil 't6:E,fJ. IllO: Evon;\'l 1tpcO'n6:ge\o vo: Ko'toA6:l3u 'tilv tt;ouolo Yla AoyoptoaIJ6 tOU 1:TOllC;:tolxoue;: 'toO FloPLOIOO yp6:1pfJK<:IV t6: O'uv91'1Il<:l'to: « K6:tCU ft 6:O'tLKn toE,fJ., «I;;1'ItLl f)
1. KclQA Mdo~:
c The
Eighteenth
Brumarre
of Louis Bonaparte)
fl.
29 N.Y.
-100-
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