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Κ. Μαρξ, Φ. Ένγκελς. Γερμανική ιδεολογία. τ. Α΄ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Κ. Μαρξ, Φ. Ένγκελς. Γερμανική ιδεολογία. τ. Α΄ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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0U~li~oUIlE on alno TO lCElllEVO &IVUl TOU 1859. 'H OtaTU1trocrTJ slvct i;(iii) TCEf)tcrcrorEpo aKP1~OAOY'1Ilf;V'1 xui ~ opoAoyia 1tEPlcrcrOTEPO oruOr.P0ItOtrlIlEV'1 ii.1to o,n crT11 « rEp 11 u V I K T] '10 E 0 A 0 y i a», 1tOD t'jTa\' ypallllEvll Ssxnrplu XPovla voiplrspu. 0u 1tpocr1taOilcrouIlE zupnxurro vu. OOU!lE Ti aVTl1tPOcrro1tEUOUV aUTt~ of OIU<pOPE~ oro AE~I),,6YI0.

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10

t ii C; <P lAO 0' 0 <P i a C; r 0 U A 1 K U i 0 U to U X E y K E A », Kal aJ1y6- rspc O'ta « X E 1 P 6 y p a <p a to U 1844», 6 Map~ ElXE 110T) O'U!11tEPUVEl on ol VOJ.1lKf:C; O'XEO'ElC; Ka9<i>c; Kat oi KpanKf:C; !10P<Pf:C; of: !11t0J10UV va yivouv K(UaVOT)tf:C; OUtE a1tO !10VEe; rou; OUtE a1tO ti] Ofj9EV YEV1Ki) i:~EAl~T) tOU aV9POO1tlVOU 1tVEU!1atOC;, aAM &XOUV aVtieEta ti.; pii;Ee; roo; J.1EO'a O'tOUe; UAlKOUe; opoue; ti'jc; i;roi'jc;. To 1844 6 Map!; J.11AOUO'E UKOJ.1a ti) YAroO'O'a 'tOU cI>oouEpJ.11tax. MEO'a O''ti] « rEp J.1 U V t lC i] 'I 0 E 0- A 0 y i a» OEiXVEt ta opta autOU 'tOU UAtO''ti'j <PtAOO'O<pOU. 'Evw Ku.tE~aO'E rov liv9pro1to a1tO 'tOV oopuvo O'ti] yi'j, roO'toO'o of: J.1EAEtUEl tOY npuYJ.1UtlICO liv9pro1to,OT)Aaoi) tOY liv9pro1t0 O'tiC; O'XEO'ElC; tOU J.1f: tOVC; UAAoue; av9pOO1toue;. «'0 cI>oouEpJ.11tax aVa<pEPEtat U1tEp~OAlKa O'ti) q)l)O'T) Kai 0Xl aPKEta O'ti]v 1tOAtnKip>, &iXE ypUIjIEt () Map~ 0" Eva YPuJ.1J.1a tOU O'tOV POUYKE O'tiC; 13 tOU Mcprn 1843 Kat 6 YEYKEAe; apYOtEJ1U 9a 1tapatT)PiJO'Et: «Af: ,.l1topd va J.1iie; 1td ti1tOtE to O'UYKEKP1J.1EVO OUtE yta ti]v 1tpaYJ.1anKi] <pUO'T) , OUtE yta tOY 1tpaYJ.1attKO iiv9pro1to. 'Ana J.11topEi va 1tEpUO'El xuvsk; a1tO tOY a<pT)PT)J.1EVO liv9pro1t0 tOU cI>oouEpJ.11tax O''tOUC; 1tpaYJ.1anKOUc; i;rovtavoue; av9pOO7toue;, J.1oVUxa mav 'tOUC; E~&tUO'El O'ti] opuO'T) roue J.1EO'a crnv Ioroptu, Kat () cI>oouEpJ.17tax apvouvmv va KUVEl Kun rsroto ... » CEYK&A.e;, « A 0 U 0 0 ~ i lC 0 e; cI> 00 U E P - J.17taX Kat to tEA01; ti'je; KAaO'tlCfjC; YEPJ.1aV1Kfjc; <p 1 A 0 0' 0 <p i a e; »).

Aoto alCpt~We; 1tOU ~ui;ouv 0'0. O'tOXO roix; oi Map~ xni "EYKEAe; O'tiJ « rEp J.1 a v t lC i] '1 I) E 0 1..0 y i a» elvoi va J.1EAEtiJO'OUV to i;rovtaVO liv9pro7t0, 01troe; ppiO'KEml J.1EO'a O'ti]v io-ropin xui O'ti]v 1tOAltlICTJ 1. 1:tie; « e E 0' E 1 e; Y tat 0 V cI> 00 U E P J.17t a X», f:1tUVEPXEtat uoullCo1ta aini] iJ tOEa tfje; 1tpalCtlKfje; E1tUvuO'tUnlCfje; opuO'tT)PtOtT)taC; roii dv- 9poo1tou 1t0t.; 9u. anU~El tie; KOlVroVllCf:C; O'uv9fjICEC;, EVW taut6Xpovu 9u. J.1EtUJ.10p<pOOVEt tOY tOto tOY liv9proreo. 1:f: OAT) tOU tiJv 1tOAEJ.11Ki) svnvrtov tOU 1:tiPVEP xni tOU M7tUOUEP, () Mu.p~ i:7tUVEPXEtUl OEKU q>0Pf:C; 7tuvro O'ti)v tOEU Ott 1tPE7tEl vu. apxiO'Et KUVEiC; a1tO ti] J.1EAEtT) tfjc; O'UYICEICplJ.1EVT)e; KOl vrovllCfje; 1tpuYJ.1UnICOtT)tUe;, «tWV EJ.111iEtptKWV O'XEO'EroV» 01troe; AtEl, ytuti UUtf:e; aKpt~we; oi O'XEO'EtC; slvci 1tOU i:~T)youv tie; 1tUpaO'tuO'EtC; tOU ,.muAou ICUt Oxt to aVtieEtO, 01troe; 7ttO'tEUOUV ol to&OAOYO\ 1tOU «yt' UUtOUC; iJ 1l<pT)PT)I.lEVT) tOEU yiVEtal iJ KtVT)tiJptu MvullTJ tfje; lO'topiue; ... &to't 1tOU i] Irrropic 1tEplOpii;Etat O'tiJv io roptu tfjc; q>IAO-

1. «I:t";v 7tpuYJ,1utlK6tTlta tTlC;, ul)'r"; (it oucriu tOU clv9pomou) clvur to crUVOAO trov KOlVroVIKroV crJ(Em:rov «(0tcrEIC; Yl!i tOY <I>ci>iiEPJ,17tUX)), IV).

croq>iw;», Iloptouu : yU1. roi»; NEOXSYKEAlaVOUe;, YU1 tOY M1tpoUVO Mndouep iDlUi repo, {) ~acrtKOe; pOAOe; a1toDiDEtal crnlv «Kprnxn». 'EvVOOUIlE 11' auto rnv KplnKi} trov 'l'EUnKc.ov 1tapacrtllcrEc.ov «roti 'Avepo>1tOU», "Onox; xui oro 1tPOllyouIlEVO i:pyo roue, 'ti}v « 'A Y i a o i K 0 Y EVE I a», 0 Map~ xt 6 vEYKEAe; YEAOlO1tOlOUV Kai eDro 'ti]v 7tE1toiellcrll on ilIa rsrotn «xpmxn» ea ijtav apK&ti} Yla va IlAAUSEl ti}v xoi Vc.oVIKi} xni 7tOAttIKi} 1tpaYllanKOtllta.

nAPArnnKE1: ~YNAMEI1: KAI TPOn01: nAPArnrH1:

O[ q>1A.6crOq>OI, 7tOU E7tlKpivovtal a1tO roi»; Maps xni vEYK&Ae;, i:Kavav Eva Pli,;IKO Xc.oP1crll0 aVUIl&cra cri: TliOAlnKi} oixovoulu xui Icropia, 1:ti}v 7tPci>tll, 1:~PlcrK& KuvEie; ilIa Bsmpin 'tfie; KOlvc.oviae; ~acrtcrllEvll ITuvO) orov KatallEplcrllo '!fie; epyacriae;, aHa all't'i} " Bscoptu ElXE cra. ~ucrll '!11e; '!i}v iDEa tvOe; Homo Economicus (oixovouucoc livepc.o7toe;) ITOU slvrn 1tUVta i:DlOe; Ili: rov tau'!o 'tOU : ayvooucr& ti}v Icroptc '!fie; 7tapayc.oyfie;,

'H io ropiu, a.V'!ieEta, EhE 11i&ptopii,;ov'!av oro XPOVl1CO, stra npoo- 7tueoficr& va. savu~pEL 7ticrc.o a7to ta. 7tOAltlKa. y&yovom i1 'ti}v Klvllcrl") '!rov iD&rov '!O IlEYUAO q>IAocrOq>IKO-epl")crKsunKo eElla EVOe; yiYVEcreul TOU A.6you, '0 Ma.p~ AtE I on {)A.6KAllPll " Icroptu ElX& «uerurpunst. .. cri: Ilta DlaDIKacria avu7t'!u~l")e; tfie; cruV&iDl")crl")e;». «( rEp 11 a v I K 1'1 'I 0 E 0 A 0 y i a » ).

, ApvOUIl&VOl auto to Xc.oPlcrllO, O[ Ma.p~ xni vEYK&Ae; Kael&pci>vouv tie; ~acrtKi:e; ypalllli:e; Illiie; EVt&Aroe; KalvoupYlae; aVtiAll'1'l")e; Yla. ti}v Ioroptu. Tautoxpova crunall~uvouv Il&P1KU ~acrtKu xapuKtl")ptcrnKu tfie; iD&OAoyiae; Y&V1KU.

'0 e7tavacrtUnKOe; xapaKtt\PUe;, 7tuvc.o cro eEc.opl")nKO 7tE8io, tfie; « rEp 11 a v I K ii e; '1 8 E 0 A 0 y i a c » ~picrK&tal AOl7tOV crti} crXEcrl") 7tOU 1:X&1 a.7tOlWtacrtae&1 aVUIl&cra o-ro crUVOAO trov 7tOAttlKroV uerucrx.llllancrllrov (VOIlOl yta 'ti}v iDlOKtllcria, Ilopq>i} tOU KpanKou ~IKaiou, cruYKPOtl")crll trov eevrov) Kal iD&OAOY1KroV IlEtacrXllllancrllrov KUl crti}v ioroplu tfie; 7tapayc.oYiie; trov UA1Krov ayaerov. Auto slvrn to Kae0811Yll'!IKO vfilla ITOU Il7tOP&L, ~&1Clvci>Vtae; a1to ti}v «7tpaYllanKi] ~ucrll», va. KaV&t Ka'!avOllti} ti]v Io-copiu 6AoKAllPlle; tfie; xoivrovluc.

1:i: aVtieEcrll 1tpOe; tOUe; N&O-XEYK&AlaVOUe;, 6 Mup~, KatE~aivovruq «(11t0 tOY oupcvo cr'ti} Yfi», eo. PIXtEL crti} 1l&A.Etll tfie; fcrtopiae; '!wv uvepci>1tc.ov. vOXl Ollc.oe; 1l1iie; {crtopiae; a1tP10PI, 01tOU KUeE E7tOXi} 011. i;~Etai,;OVmv Ili: ~ucrll tie; a1tO'l'Ele; 7tOU ElX,& a1tOKti]crEL " avepc.o1tO-

11

J2

HIm cr'tT]V 1tOpeiu 'tf'j<; E71!6~ev'1<; 1tept600u, 1tpay~u 1tOU Ku'tUA.ijyet vi: ~1t(lcret cr'tT]V io-roptu ~Ul crK01tt~ot"'1'ta 1tOU oev 'tT]V EXet Ka80A.ou. '0 Map~ Ota'tu1trovet 'tT] yOVt~'1 ioea on KtV'1'tijpta ouva~'1 'tfj<; ioroptcc oev elvct f) crKe'l''1, aHa tl1tapayroyi) 'trov av8pro1ttvrov avayKroV:

«'H 1tprot"'1 lcr'toptKT] 1tpa~'1 autrov 'trov ato~rov, 1tOU ta ~exropi~et a1to t"a ~roa, oev slvm on crKeq>'tov'tat, ana on apxi~ouv v« 1tapayouv 'ta J,lecra 'tfj<; ii1tap~ij<; rooc.» (T e p u, '10 e 0 A..).

Au'te<; aKptJ3ro<; of aVaYKe<; a1to'teA.ouv 'tT]V 1t'1YT] troy icr'tOptKroV aA.A.ayrov : « ... Ka8e s1tavacr'tacr'1 Ka8ci><; Kat 'ta a1toteA.ecr~a'ta 01tOU .autT] Ka'taA.ijy&t Ka90pi~ovt"av a1tO autou<; tOU<; opou<; i51tap~'1<; 'trov Uto~rov (Verhaltnisse), 0.11'0 'ti<; uvaYKe<; ... » (T e p u. i 0 e 0 A..).

~E'tcrt f) spyacria Kat oi J,lopq>e<; tf'j<; opyavrocrij<; 't'1<; a1to'teA.ouv {('tT]v 1tpay~anKT] crK'1VT] 'tf'j<; 01..'1<; Ioropinc», 'AHa ol aVaYKe<; 'toli uv9pro1tou oev 1t<IUOUV va aA.A.a~ouv, va ava1ttucrcroVtat, vu otaq>opo- 1tOlOUVtat, Kal aute<; ol aU.uye<; a1tot"eA.ouv tT]V 1t'1YT] 'trov KOtvroVtKroV ~EtacrX'1~attcr~rov .

'H «OOJ,ltl», tl «otap9procr'1» (Gliederung) 'tf'j<; Kotvrovia<; elvai cruvap't'1cr'1 'toli -rP01tOU 1tapayroyij<; 1tOU u1tapxet Ioropucc. "Evuc Ka80- plcr~evo<; -rp01to<; 1tapayroyij<; cruve1tayetat Eva Ka90plcr~evo tP01tO cruvepyacria<; xui, cruve1tro<;, ~l(i. Ka90ptcr~ev'1 ~opq>T] KOtVroVIKrov crxeoscov. 'AA.A.a 6 -rp01to<; 1tapayroyij<; cruvosetat ~e 'tT] q>ucr'1 -rrov 1tapayroyu,rov ouva~eOlv 1tOU EXOUV aVa1t-ruxret a1to 'tT]v 1tpo'1you~ev'1 Ioropiu tfj<; aV9pOl1tOt'1ta<; Ctl EKq>pacr'1 : 1tapayroYIKe<; ouva~el<; 0'1A.rovet ~scra cr-rT] « rep ~ a v t IC T] '1 0 e 0 A. 0 y i a» 'ta spyaA.eta 1tapayOlYf'j<; 1tOll a1t<Iltouv Evav 1teplcrcr6tepo 11 A.lyon:po ~ey6.A.o Kata~eplcr~o -rfj<; epyacria<;).

'0 Map~ Siuxptvet 1toM KaA.C1. 'tT] pij~'1 1tOU a1toteA.ei J,lta rsrotu UVtiA.11'1''1 cre crxscr'1 ~e 'tT] XEYKeA.lavT] q>lA.ocroq>ia, omv ypaq>Et : «Au'tT] iJ avtiA.'1'1''1 -rfj<; icr"COpia<; ... OSV slvm a.vaYlCacr~sv'1 ... va ava~'1- -ret ~tU Ka-r'1yopia J,lscra cre Ka8E 1tepiooo ... » (T E p u, 'I 0 e 0 A.) Kur« -rT] XEYKeA.lavT] avtiA.'1'1''1, lCage 1tepiooo<; avtA.oucre -rT]V EVOt'1tU t'1<; U1tO ~ta lCat'1yopia t') a1tO ~l(lV aPXT] 1tVE1)J,lanlCij, 1tOU q><IlVOJ,lEVIKij -r'1<; U1tA.w<; SICOi]A.Olcr'1 i'jtaV to AiKato, f) 1tOA.mlCi], iJ Bpnoxslu. "H alCo~a KaMtepa, K6.9E 1tEpiooo<; 6pi~ovtav Ehe a1tO J,lla 8P'1crKW'rlKT] apxi]. EitE U1tO ~la vo~tlCT] a.pxi] , lC'tA. 'H av-riA.'1'1''1 -rou Map~ cruvOEEl 'tT]v Icroptu -rwv ICOIVroVtroV ~e -r1'] ~EA.s-r'1 -rwv ScrOl-rEPIKrov ~EtaJ3oAwv roii tP01tOU 1tapayOlyf'j<;.

Mson crtiJv nopaiu tfi<; icrtopucfi<; E~EA.l~T)<;, EPxeral jlui crtlwiJ oxou i] !lOP<PiJ avraA.A.ayrov (ol 1tapayroyucE<; crxtcrel<;) (<1tOU eXel yi vel EVU i:!l1tol>w [dvttxurco'rutvetm] o.1tO !lui xmvoupytu jlOp<piJ 1tOU uvn(j"tOlXet crti<; 1tl0 aVCl1ttuY!ltve<; 1tapayroytKE<; l>uVa!lel<; ... » (T e P !l. "I I> s 0 A..) AutE<; ol o.naYE<; 1tpOKaA.OUV KaOe <popa. KOtVroVtKE<; usrc~0A.i:<; : !lla. xuvoopyiu KOlVroVtKiJ ta~T) epxetat va aVtlKatacrti]cret tiJv 1tuA.uJ. KupiapXT) ta~T). 'R Io-roplu tfi<; xoivovtcc slvrn it Io-roplu tfi<; mi.AT)<; trov ta~erov.

«vEtcrl " xotvoivic E~eAiXtT)Ke 1tavtOte crta. 1tA.aicrta tVO<; o.vrayroVlcr!lOU, tOU o.VrayroVlcr!lOU EA.eUOeprov xni 1>0uA.rov crttlV o.PXalOtT)ta, trov euyevrov Kai trov 1>0uA.01tapolKrov crtO Meoukovu, tfi<; acrnKfi<; ta~T)<; Kai tOU 1tp0A.etClplatOU crttl crUYXPOVT) E1t0X"». (F e p u, '1 I> s 0 A..)

Oi uVOpro1tOl slvci al.XjlaA.rotOl trov 1tapayroYIKrov crxtcrerov 1tOU E!l1tooi~ouv tt)v EA.eUOepl1 o.Va1ttu~i] roue. 'R Epyacria, crttl « rep !l av t K tl '10 eo A. 0 y i a», slvm EKeivT) it opacrtl1plOtT)ta 1tOU E1tl~aA.A.erm crov KaOtva o.1tO tOV Kata!leplcrjlO tfi<; Epyacria<;, U1tO ttl OtcrT) 1tOU KatExel crttlV xotvoivlu. To UtOjlo OEV EXel 1tapa jlla. opacrtT)plornrc 1tepLOptcr!ltVT), o.KprotT)PlClcr!ltVT), !lOV01tA.euPT). rta. va. KarapYTJOel au ttl it KatacrtacrT) 1tpaY!latrov, Yla. va. E1tttpa1tel crtO Uto!lO va. ava- 1ttu~el oA.e<; tOU ti<; iKaVOtl1te<;, Yla. va. E1tltpa1tel it EA.eUOepl1 Spuernptorntu tOU o.vOPO>1tOU (auto 1tOU 6 Ma.p~ to 6VO!la~el Selbstbetatigung), xpela~etat AOl1tOV va. KarapyT)Oel auto 1tOU EOro vostrm cra.v to avtiOeto autij<; tij<; 6AOKAi]procrT)<;: it Epyacria xni crf: crucrxencrjlo !l' ClUti]V, 6 Kata!leplcrjlo<; tij<; Epyacria<; xui it o.tOjllKtl iOLOKtT)cria 1.

, Ana. ClUttl it KatapYT)crT) trov KatavaYKacrjlrov 1tOU ~apai VOI)V 1tavro crta. 1tpaYjlatlKa. uto!la OE Oa. !l1topoucre 1tapa. va. slvm to o.1tOttAeouu tfi<; 1tpaKtlKij<; opacrl1<; trov o.tO!lrov Kai 0Xl jlovaxa tij<; KPltlKij<; rrov ljIeunKrov 1tapacrtacrerov, 01tro<; to 1ticrteuav ol Neo-xeYKeAlavoi. Auto 1tOU 1tpt1tet 1tprota va. o.AA.a.~OUjle I>EV alvei it cruveiol1crT) trov o.vOPO>1trov, aAAa. it KOtVroVlKtl 1tpaYjlatlKOtl1ta o.1tO 01t01) 1tT)ya~et auttl i] crl)veioT)crT).

I. «... crtitv K0J.1J.10UVtcrtucit xowovtc, &tou Ka9tvac;; OEV EXEl l.naV altOKA.Elcrtl1cit crcpaipa opacrtT}pI6tT}tac;;, aA.A.a J.17topEi va tEAE10lt01Eitai orov KA.O:OO ltOU toil ap&crEl, 1'] xotvmvin pu9J.1i~El tit YEV1Kit ltapayrori], ltpaYJ.1a ltOU 0T}J.110UPYEi Yla usvn tit Suvnrorntu va KavO) cri]J.1Epa to Eva ltpaYJ.1a, aiiplO to liA.A.O, va KUVTlYro to npon, vc wapEUo) to alt6YEUJ.1a, va acrxOA.o(jJ.1al J.1E titv xrnvorpootc to tlpclcSu, va KaVO) KpltlKT] J.1Eta to OEiltvo, avaA.oya J.1E tit 0la9&crit J.10U ... » (Tspu. 10&oA..).

14

« ... yui TOV npaKTllCO uhcrLll, ollAal>i] yui rov xouuouvicrrn, TO Sefla slvut vc EnavacrmTlKOnOlijcrEI TOV xoouo nou UmipXEI. va. Kw1tllcrEl xui va. aAAa.~EI npaKTlKa Ti]V KaTucrTacrll Tmv npcYfl(lTrov nou EXEl ~PEi.» (T E I' fl. '1 I> E 0 A.)

"Ovruc AOI1tOV npuxrixoi uAlcrrEe;. oi Map~ xui wEYKEA<; SEAollV va KUVOUV ri]v E1tava.crmcrll, flHLV E1tavucrracrll nou SliXEI ronro I>m TO lO!(llTEPO, on I>E ea. aVTlKamcrrijcrEl, 01tro<; ot 1tpollyouflEVf.<;. ri]v Kuplapxia fllU<; Ta.~ll<; flE Tijv Kuplapxia fllU<; liAAll<;. 'A1tEAWeEprovovTa<; TOV EauT6 rou, TO 1tpOAErapluro a1tEAWeEproVEl 1tpaYflaTlKa. OAE<; Ti<; liHE<; KOI vroVIKE<; rU~El<;.

( ... ol 1tpOAErUplOl, iiv eeAOUV va. E1tl~E~alrocrouv roy Eaut6 tOU; crav atofla, 1tPE1tEI va. Karapyi]crouv rov il>lo tOY 1tpollYOUflEVO opo rfi<; G1tUp~ij<; tOU<;, 1tOU slvm raur6xpovu () 01'0<; OAll<; rfie; xotvovtcc flEX pi ti<; flEPE<; flu<; ... », «... it KOflflouVlcrtlKi] E1tUva.crracrll ... KarapYEt ti]v KUpluPxia oArov tmv ta~Erov Karupyrovm<; ti<; il>IE<; ti<; tU~El<; ... » 1 (T e I' fl. '1 I> E 0 A.)

, Avcxoovruc tijv Ioropiu tmv uvepro1trov, of Ma.p~ Kui "EYKEA<; 8laKpivouv tEcrcrEPE<; ~acrtKou<; crmeflOU<;; 1tOU avncrrOlXouv KUeE <popa crE flla. Kal voupytu 1tpocraPfloyi] tmv 7tapayroY1Kmv crXEcrErov crti<; nupayroY1KE<; I>UVUflEl<; : rijv nproroyovq xotvmviu, tOY apxalo xoouo, ri] <pEOul>apxia, tOY KE<paAalOKpanKo Tp61t0 1tapayroyfi<; 2.

'H 1tOAEfllKi] I>lutU1trocrll tmv upxmv roii Icropucot UAlcrflou EIVUl ),la. tOY Ma.p~ xni tOY wE)'KEA<;, it EUKalpia va. ava1ttu~ouv ti<; avnAij\jlEt<; tOU<; 1tPO<; 1tOIKiAE<; KurweuvcrEI<;. dE flu<; Sivoov floVUXu flla. 9Eropia tOU xpuronc, cra.v op)'avou Kum1tiEcrll<; crta XEpta tfi<; xupiupXll<; ta.~ ll<;, U1tocrrll pi~ouv ijoll ti] eEcrll on «ro 1tpOAEraptUtO O<PElAEl avaYKacrnKa. va. apxicrEI a1to ti]v Kata.Krllcrll tfi<; 1tOAttlKfj<; E~oucria<;».

l. 0a 1tapa'T]pi]crElKavEt<:; otlmlvrw<;; ol Mapl; xui -EYKE1..<;; OEV I;EKa9api~ouv Ka901..ou ,0 mil<;; 9a yiVEl aim1 1'l t1tavucrracrT]. 'H xivncn rfj<;; lcroptuc 1l0la~El va 1tapuYEl ro Iivri9E,o rT]<;; ... xni vii tl;acpaviCEl ihcrt ri]v QvricpacrT]. Avri] 1'l 9EWpia TOG xouuooviouoo ooyxporctrm uKolla, w<;; Eva ucpoc, IlE XEYKE1..lavov<;; opou<;;.

2. Avri] i] ypalllllKi] 1tEPLOOlK01toiT]crT] 1tOV 1tpOKU1trEl a1to Illa ypalllllKi] t1tiO"T]<;; 1tpOOOO 'wv 1tapaywYlKwV OUVUIlEWV elvm aKolla 1..iyo crXT]llaTtKi] .• Apvorepn, 6 Mapl; Kl 0 -EYKE1..<;; 9a I;EKa9apicrouv Ott lO"XUEl XOVOPlKU Ilovuxa YUt ,i] OUtlKi] EvpW1tT]. To 1859, crov 1tp01..oyo ,fj<;; ((l:ulll301..fj<;; rrrnv KptnKT] rfj<;; 1t01..lTlKfj<;; 01- xovoutac» xni crE XElpoypacpa 1tOV OE Snuootsurrpcnv 00"0 ~OUo"E, 6 Mapl; 9a avacptPEl svcv iiA.A.oV ,P01tO 1tapaywyfj<;; : rov acrtaTlKO rpono 1tapaywyfj<;;. Kai 91i upXicrEl va tov IlE1..EtUEl.

, ApXi~ouv va SEXepcrOOvouv TO E~a<po~ Tfl~ 1toA.l1"1Kfl~ oixovouiuc, 1tOU Tilv av1"tA.a~~uvov-rat oxt O'av Til geO)Pll1"tKil ~MT1'] yevtlcrov Ka't1']yoptrov, aA.A.a. O'av avuA.uO'1'] TroV 1tpay~anKrov l0'1"OptKroV Kat 1tpoO'O)pwrov av9pOO1ttvO)v O'xEO'eO)v. :EK1aypa<pouv, 01t0)~ Til <pavTu~oVTat, Tilv KO~J.lOUVtO'1"tKil xoivovtc : ~ta xowrovln 01tOU ol liv9po)1tot 90. XP1']O'l~01tOlOUV O'Ove101']Ta 1"OU~ aVnKetJ.leVtKOU~ OtKOVO~lKOU~ vouoix, 01tOU 9a Kuplapxouv 1tuvO) O'Tt~ 1tapayO)ytKI';~ O'XEO'et~ aVTt va KuplapxoUVTat a1t' aUTE~, aVTt va 'tt~ geO)pouv Yla ~UOT1']PlOO~El~ Kat U1tEp~anJCf:~ 1)uVUJ.lEl~.

AUTO TO O'llJ.leio 1"OU~ MllYEi va seKa9apiO'ouv 'tt~ aVtlA.T)'I'el~ 1"OU~ Yla Tilv 1tal~Eia, 'tilv TEXVlll, va oplcouv 'til ·yA.OOO'O'a «1tOU slvct 1) 1tpaK1"tKT), . .. 1tpay~anKil O'uvei~1']O'1']».

TO EPrO :EYNEllflN EllANA:ET ATflN

"Orcv ypu<pouv 'tilv «'1 ~ E 0 A. 0 y i a», ol Map~ Kat WEYKEA.~ ~£v a1tEU9UVOVTa1 O''tilv 1tpaYJ.la'ttK6't1']-ra J.lOVUXa 0" au'tou~ 1tOU e1tlKpivouv ('tOU~ NEO-XEYKEA.taVOU~ Kat 'tOU~ «aA.1']91VOU~» O'OO'laA.tO''tE~, 11 'tOU~ O)1ta~OU~ 'tOU~) :

«Af:v eixa~e J.lf: xuvsvuv 'tP01tOV 'tilv 1tpogeO'1'] va KUVOU~E YVo)O"ta O'TOV KOO'~O 'trov e1tt0''t1']~6vO)v ~ovuxa, 9a ypU\jIEt 0 wEYKEA.~ 'to 1885, 'ta Kawoupyta e1tlO''t1']~OVtKa O'UJ.l1t&puO'J.la-ra, 01tOU Eixa~E KaTaA.T)~Et, eK9E'tovTU~ ru O'f: 6YKOO~et~ EpyaO'ie~. 'Avrlflatu, ELxaJ.le i1~1'] K1 ol ~UO J.la~ J.l1tEi ~a9E1a 0''t0 1tOA.tnKO xlvnuu, EiXaJ.lE Cl1ta~ou~ 0'£ J.lOp<pO)~EVOU~ KUKA.OU~, i~lai'tEpa O''til 1)u'ttKil Fsppnvia, xni 1toA.M~ E1ta<pf:~ ~f: 'to 6pyavo)~Evo 1tp0A.e-raplu'tO.

El xa~E 'to Ka9flKov va ~OOO'OU~E ~l(i E1t10''t1'] ~OVlKil ~uO'1'] O'Ti~ i~Ee~ ~a~, aUu, ~f:V T)TaV yta J.lii~ A.tyo'tepo O'1']J.laVnKO va KEp~iO'OU~E 'to 1tP0A.E-raptU'tO 'tfl~ El)POO1tll~ Kat KupiO)~ 'tfl~ rEp~avia~ J.lf: 'to J.lEpO~ 'trov 1tE1tOt9T)O'EOOV ~a~». «(I:u~~oA.il O'Tilv ioroplu 'tfl~ ~Ev(()O'1']~ 'trov K0J.lJ.l0UV10''troV»).

M T)1t(()~ il~1'] O'T1lV elO'ay(()yil O'Tilv « Kpmxn 'tfl~ ct>lA.oO'o<pia~ 'tOu At1caiou 'tOu XEYKEA.», ~£v dXE U1toO''t1']pi~Et () Map/; Til 9EO'1'] on O'av aPX1l «il ge(()pia E1tiO'll~ yivE'ta1 J.lla UA.tKil ~uvaJ.l1'], a1tO Til crtlYJ.lil 1tOU KamKTT)O'El 'tt~ J.lU~E~»; 'H « rEp J.l a v i x il 'I ~ s 0 A. 0 y i u » slvcr AOl1tOV 'to Epyo «O'UVE1troV» E1tavaO''tU'trov. 'Axo ~ro E1tiO'll~ 1tl1yu~et

I. BMm; « rEp I! a v 1 1C iJ '1 I) E 0 A. 0 y i a», III • AyLOC; Mu!;, 2. 'OpvcVUJ<j11 'tfjc; epyacriac;.

15

16

Xropic; aJ.1<ptJ3oAia 'Ii &1tUVacrtatlKt) asia atytou tOU tpyOll 11iOU of 13ucrtKEc; rou iOEec; EXOllV &1u13A.Tjgei crtt) ouipKela xpovrov crf; &KUtOllllupla av- 9pOl1tOllC;.

l:tO oeiYrepo IlEPO~, of Maps Kat YEYKeA.c; Of;V Ktll1tOUV 1tla tOue; q>lA.6croq>Olle;, aA.A.a roi»; Fepunvouc geropTjtlKOUe; 1tOU aUtOa1tOKaA.OUVtal crocrtahcrtf;e; ayvoroVtae; ta 1tavta yuJ. to crocrlaA.lcrllO Kat 1tOV. avti va secrTjKrocrollV tOue; Fepucvouq 1tp0A.etaplOlle;, ant va Sll1tVt)crOllV to YEpJ.laVlKO A.ao a1tO t1) VapKTj rou, 'tOV a1tOKOllli~OllV KT]PlJO"crOVtcLe; roo Eva crocrtaA.lcrJ.l0 alcr911llatlKo Kat 1tOA.UA.0YO, 1tOU of; ll1topet crt 'ti1tote va aA.A.a.Sel t1)v EKlletaA.A.&llO"Tj, 1tOU 9ulla 'tlle; &Ival autOe; () A.aOe;, oute va 'tOU orocrel tte; EA.&llgepiee; 1tOU 'tou aPVOUVtal to. aq>eVtlKa rou. Aero], dxrrooo, of geropT]tlKOt oi;v 1taUOllV va icrxllpi1;ovtal on EvcrapKrovollV t1) uovn q>lAocrOq>lKTJ Kat 1toA.ltlKTJ «UA.ijgela» tOu cromaA.lcrIlOU. ' A11iO Oro 1tpOEPxetal Kat f) EKq>pacrll «{1A.119lVoc; cromaAtcrIlOe;» 1tOU tt) OteKOtKOUV Kat 100U yiVetal crtya-crlya, Katro a1tO tt)v 1tEVVa 'tOU Maps, Evae; opoe; crKro1ttlK6e;.

Ol uspuce; lOEee;, 1tOU IlOA.te; aVaq>Epalle, 1toM U1tEXOllV a1tO to vu.

EsavtAouv tOY aq>90vo 1tA.OUtO ti'\c; «'10 eo A. 0 y i a c ». ~ AC; crllJ.l&u.ooooue 13tacrtlKa lleptKee; a v a 1t 't use t e; gellatrov iOlaitepa A.all1tpEC; :

J.lta ouvroun f:mcrK01tTjcrll ti'\e; apxaiae; &A.ATjVtKfje; q>lAocroq>iae;, J.lta J.lEA.Etll ti'\e; yaAA.tKi'\e; f:1tavacrtacrTjC; (9a crllJ.l&trocrollllE to 9allJ.lacrll0 tOU MapS yta tOY l:atv-Zucrt Kat tOY Po13ecrmEpo), IlIU. EKgecrll 'trov comaA.tcrtlKroV geroptrov ti'\e; f:1tOxi'\c; (oi crllyypaq>ete; a1toKa9tcrtouv l.<>taitepa tOUe; yaHOlle; crocrlaA.tcrtf;e; ZatV-l:tIlOV, <l>OllPtE, Kall1tE, KtA.., 1tOU tOUe; oDcrq>T]IlOUV of «aATj9lVOt» crocrtaA.tcrJ.loi). l:ou 1tpoKaA.ei 1tavtote EK- 1tAllSll 'to oui13acrlla tOu 1tA.f]90lle; troy seKa9aprov yvrocrerov 1tOU of MapS Kat YEYKeA.e; &IXav iiOll U1tOKtf]cret cre rooo 1t01KiA.eC; 1tepIOXEe;.

MA TYIHll:EIl: nOY EINAI AKOMA Al:A<l>EIl:

l:tt) owlhKacria tfje; Olallopq>rocrT]e; tOU {crtOPIKOU UA.tcrIlOU Kat tfje; llapStcrtlKi'\C; q>tA.ocroq>iae;, 1tOU uvaq>Epalle 1tlO 1tavro, 11 « rep Il u V t K tl '10 e 0 A. 0 y i a» crlllletrovet IltaV U1toq>acrlcrtlKTJ crtlYllll, IllaV UA119lVtl E1tlcrtllJ.l0A.OytK1) Pt)Sl1 1tOU 't1)v uvayvropi1;et 6 lOWe; 6 Maps. ' A1toteA.!;.i ucrq>aMi>c; tOY t01tO tvoe; 1tepacrJ.latOe;, 1tOU crta9T]KE Ierropucc IlTJ uvacrtpEljftJ.lO. 'H q>tAOcrOq>tKTJ 1tpo13A.llllatlKTJ crta xpovta ti'\e; VeOtlltae; tou Maps f:saptlrovtav crteva U1tO tt)v «KAacrlKTJ yepllaVtKt) q>tA.ocroq>ia« (Knvr, XEYKeA., <l>rouepll1tax). 3eKlvroVtac; tTJV KpttlKTJ 'trov «yeVtKrov q>tAocrOq>tKroV 13acrerov» tTjC;, Kat O;(t ma uovo troy 1l0Pq>rov tllC; 11 troy

iowin;pwv a\)VE1tElroV rnc, 6 Map~ Kat 6 YEYKEA.e; ll1taivouv an) Spouo 1tOD 11 A.OYlKi] LOO DOTlY!:l orov xupio»; llap~taIlO, Ilt Ttl Ot1tA.i] LOU auvUpepUlaTl at E1tlO"Ti]IlTl Tfje; Icropu«; Kat crt qnA.oaoq>ia (olaA.EKnXoe; Kat io-ropixoc UA.taIlOe;).

0a ~LUV waToao A.aeEIlEVo va q>avLUaLOullE Ilta TELOIa pi]~TI aa Illa unaYtl EiK6vae; aTo eEaTpo. 'AKpl~roe; E1tEIOtl npoxsrnn Yla Ilta 1tpaYllanKtl Irrropiu, 1tOD aTtlV nopslu Tile; 0lllllOuPyi]GTlKaV 1tpaYllanxa Yla 1tPWTTI oop« ol KatvouPyu;e; EVVOlEe; 1tOD ~EpOUjll: a1tO TO'tE, ilIa rsrotu pi]~TI elvut aintl KaeEUUTtl aVaYKaaLtKa Ilta ()laOIKucrta, Ilt Tie; OIUOOXtKEe; TTle; aLlYllte; Kat 'ttl XpovoAoyia 'tile; 1tOD EKTEivELUt at 1tOna xp6vIa. "Om»; oi:v 1tEpviillE a1tO 'ttl Ilta IlEpa cr'ttlV t'inTl U1tO £vav 'tP01tO 1tapaYUlyfje; cr' £vav iiA.A.ov cr'ttlv Io-roplu TroV KOIVUlVlJ«J>V crXTlllancrllrov, hm UKpt~roe; otv m:pviillE uno 'ttl Ilta IlEpa cr'ttlV anTI (crull1tUle; Ilf: IllaV «U1tOTOIlTl unaYtl») U1tO Ilta eEUlpia crttlV t'iA.)d1 crTtlV irrtopin TroV eEUlPTltlKrov crXTlllancrllrov, ana rooo crTtl Ilta m;pi1ttUlaTl oao Kat crttlV iinll U1tUPXOUV 1l0pq>te; 1tEpucrllaLOe;, 1tOU £XEl O"llllacria va tie; avaA.ucroullE 1.

EUKoA.a llaVtEUEI KavEie; on it « rEp 11 a v t K il '1 0 E 0 A. 0 Y i a» 1tapOUmUsEl ~EXUlpIcrtte; oucrKOA.1Ee; o-ro olu~acrlla Kat rnv UVclA.UcrTl, i;~ ahiae; c1.Kpl~roe;, tfje; 6ptaKfje; tTle; KaTucrLUcrTle;, crTO cnusto uKpI~roe; onoo 1l1t0POUIlE va uvaKaA.u'l'0UIlE tilv anaYil Tfje; 1tpO~A.llllanKfje;. n paYllaLtKU, 1tp6KEITUl Yla Eva KEiIlEVO 1tOU elvat IlCplKte; q>opte; Otq>opouusvo o-ro rOto rou TO ypulllla. To 1tpuYlla au'to OUTE TuxalO elver, oiirs U1tOtCA.El KaKowxo crq>UA.lla, KUeE t'iA.A.0. Elvm Illa aA.Tlelvil Io-roPlKT] uvaYKat6Tllta. 'Acrq>aA.roe;, ea EK1tA.ayd KavEie; ano 'tilv E~atpEttxi] q>povTioa Yla A.oYtKil cruvoxil Kat Yla aKPt~oA.oyia o-ro eEUlPTlttKo YPU'l'lIlO t(iw Map~ Kat YEYKEA.e;. 'Ana autil it aKPl~OA.oyia oEcrIlEUEtat uno ttl XPi]crll TroV yvwm;Ulv, tOU A.E~lA.6ylOU xai trov tP01t(J)v a1tOOEl~lle; nOD uzopobouv rors va ola~ELOuv.

'H «T E p 11 a v'i K tl '10 E 0 A. 0 Y i a» rrapoucruiSEI to 7tapclOO~o, Ott Iliie; npootpepei Illa 1tEpiA.TI'I'TI, Ilta cruveEcrTl YVWcrEOlV 1tOU otv EXOUV uKolla napaxeEl crtilv aVa1t'tUYIlEVTl E7tlcrtTlIlOVIKTJ roue Ilopq>il (a.utO ea slvut ~acrtKa to E-I'YO LOU «K E q> a A. a i 0 U»). ' A7tOtEb,Ei 'tilv rcpoxnta~OA.tl tfje; yvwcrTle;, npoKata~oA.il eappaJ.ta ana Kat pt'l'0KivOUVTI. '0 Icropucoc UA.IcrIlOe; tOU Map~ dvat aKOlla, jlE IltaV 6ptcrjltvTl EVVOta,

1. BAE1U: nclVCll cr' aim) 'to BElla, E. Bottigelli : Genese du socialisme scientirique - Ed. Sociales, Paris, 1967.

2

17

18

IllU xuruoxsuf a1tptOpt. '0 vEYKEA.e;, ~avaota~u1;;ovtae;, 'to 1888, 'to xEtpoypacpo 'tOD 1tPW'tOU ~EPOU<; 'tfie; «'[ 0 s 0 A. 0 y i a e;», ota1ttO"'twvEt 6 rOtoe; «noco EA.A.t1tEt:; i'jtaV elKOI1U ol rots yvwaEte; ~a:; a"[i]v OiKOVO~tKi] Ioroptu». ("EYKEA.:;, « A 0 o 0 0 ~ i K 0:; <l> w U E P ~ 1t a X » ).

ft' au"[o aKpt~roe;, 'to Kd~EVO 'tfi:; « I" E P ~ fJ. V t 1C fi e; 'I 0 S 0 A. 0- y i a c » ~pia1CEtat a' Eva &1:00e; aam90De; irropponinq elVu;.tEaa a' au'to 1tOD "[0 ~EpOU~E onv 1tapEA.90v xui a' aino nOD 'to ~EPOU~S aa ~UOV. wOxt, 01tWe; 'to d1tav ~EPt1Ct'::; cpopt':e; ~t': EV"[EA.ro:; ~T)xaVt1CO rporto, ~tae; aata90De; irropponinq ava~Eaa at': ~ta ~opcpi{ 1Cat a' Eva 1tEPtEXO~EVO 1tOD slvm «(lvncpan1Ca» avu~EO"a LOU:;, aA.A.a. ava~Eaa at': OUO aT)~aaiEe; 1tOD ~ae; E7tt"[PE1tEt Otap1Croe; va. ouunspntvooue "[0 ypa~~a 'tOD ~t~A.iou, uvuA.oya ~t': "[0 uv aVa1;;T)'toD~E E1CEt ~Eaa, ~t': f:1tt'tuXia, "[0 « K E <p U - A. a to» 1tOD ~ae; slvci 1tla yvwa'Co, 1'1 'ti]v a1Co~a 1;;wv'Cavi{ <ptA.oao<pia tile; aA.A.o'tpiwaT)e;.

H ENNOIA THI: I~EOAOnAI:

AiHi{ "[i{ Ot<pOpOU~EVT) EVVOta 9a. til ~pOD~E eiOtKU ati{vavuA.uO"T) 1Cai rov 6pta~0 tile; iOEOA.oyiae;. '0 Map~ 1Cai 6 VEy1CEA.e; auna~~avouv tT)V i&EOA.oyia allV Eva aua'tT)~a ~t': auvoXT) «('Y1tfipxE ~ta E~a1tUtT)O"T) OXt uovo O"'tie; anav"[ijaEte; ('trov YEp~avrov iOEOA.OyWV) ana xni atte; lOtEe; 'tie; f:pw'tijaEte; roue». - VEy1CEA.e; « A 0 u 0 0 ~ i 1C 0:; <l> W U E P - ~ 1t a X »}, 1tOD ot': OT)~toupYEitat uno ~tav f:A.W9Epia. 'tile; aLO~t1Cfje; a1CE'l'T)e;, uA.A.a slvm 1Ca.'ta.va.Y1Ca.an1CT) roe; 1tpOe; 'tel lho~a.. Aino au~~a.ivEl yta.'tt it lOta. it iOEOA.oyia. elvor Eva.e; 'tU1tOe; aXEO"Ewv a.vu~Eaa at': av9pro- 1tOUe; 1tOD uVij1CouV at': ~ta «1COtVWVl1CT) oo~ij». 'E~a.pnE'ta.t a1to rou; opoue; 'tile; 1CUpta.PXia.e; ~tae; 1Ca.90pta~EVT):; 'ta~T)e;.

'H 1Cupia.PXll iOEOA.oyia. O"'tT)V xotvrovlo slvut it iOEOA.oyia. 'tfie; 1Cupia.PXT)e; ta~T)e;, Yla.'ti it 1Cupta.pXia. ~lae; 'tu~T)e; a'tT)pi1;;stal 1tUVW a'tT)v uva.Y1Ca.ia. 'l'woa.ia9T)aT) Ott uvtt1tpOaW1tEUEt 'ta. O"U~<pEpovm 6A.61CA.llpT)e; 'tile; xowrovlcc. To O"ua'tT)~a 'tfie; iOEOA.oyia.e;, 1'1 a1Co~a., 01tW<; 'to AiEt 6 Map~, 'tile; «1ta.pa.ywyfje; 'tfie; auvdoT)aT)e;», slvct A.Ot1tOV Eva.e; ~llxavla~Oe; 'ta.utoXpova. 1Ca.mVOT)aT)e; 1Ca.i 1tapa.voT)O"T)e; 1"ile; lmapxouaa.e; 1Ca.'tao·maT)e; 1tpa.y~a'twv, Evae; ~T)xa.vla~Oe; 1C01 VWVL1Cile; 'l'woa.ia9T)aT)e;, uvn1CEl~EVt1Ca uvaY1Ca.io:;. 'H yOVl~O'tT)'ta. a.utou tOD 6pla~oD 'tfie; iOEOA.oyiae; jlpia1CEmt O"tO on Yla 1tpw'tT) <popa. a1Cla.'Ypa.<pEi 'tT)v t':aw"[Ept1Ci{ aXE aT) 1tOD EVWVEl 'to 1tpO~A.T)~a. tile; yvwaT)e; (xni tile; avnKEl~EvL1CO'tT)1iUe; 'tTl:;) ~t'; 'to 1tpO~A.T)~a. tfie; Icropioc tfje; xowoivtcc.

'Ana 1tMl a' aU'tt':e; 'tie; EvoEi~Ele;, auva.V'ta~E E1tiaT)<;, 01tWe; cpa.i-

VETUI, Illa. 9Ewpia roii 1tapaA.0You il tfi<; a1tatT)A.fi<; cpuO'T)<; 'tfi<; iowA.oyia<;. "Erot, a.cpOU jla<; 1tEt on i] iOwA.oyia EXEt jlovaxa 10'tOPlKil u1tap~T), 6 Ma.p~ KataA.i)YEt va ypaljlEt on i] IOwA.oyia (i] cptA.oO'ocpia, i] 9pT)O'KEia, KtA..) Of:V EXEI Ioroptu 1: 9a 1tpt1tEt u' auto va EVVOiJO'OUJl£ on Of:V EX£t autOvojlT) Ic'roptu, XPT)O'tJlO1t01£1 cruxva OtatU1tC.OO'£I<; 1tou' cpui VOVlUl va a1toKu910'touV aVajlEcru O'tOU<; UA.IKOU<; opoi»; jlla<; f:1tOx'fi<; xui to E1tOIK006jlT)Jlu Y£VIKa Jlla. JlT)XUVIKil O'xtO'T). Elrs 1tPOxsrrut A.oyou xapT) Yla til Y£PJlUVIKil CPIA.oO'ocpia 2, £it£ Yla tilv xovnuvn il91K1l 3, il tOV ivn~lvtOuUA.IO'JlO tou ~tipv£p 4, ouvcvrdus Jltcra O'f: ~a9£l(1 KalvoupYI£<; Yla tilv E1tOxi) roue aVaA.UO'£I<;, 1tOU OlatT)pouv uKOJla KUt O'1ljl£pu JlEYaA.T) YOVIJlO-rT)ta Yla tilv KpltlKil io ropiu troy io£rov, OlatUmoO'£I<; EE,UlP£tlKa. EK1tA.T)KtlKf:<; Jlla Kat 1t£PltXOUV jlovaxu !1'l v t£A.1Kil E~aptT) O'T) tfi<; ((O'uvEiOT)O'T)<;» a1to til ((~wil». 'Ana, uv i] CPUIVOJl£VIKil a1toA.utT) uirrovoutu troy IOWA.oYlrov ElVUI 1tpaYjlatlKa a1tatT)A.i], Kat Mv 1l KpltlKil jlla<; tttolU<; auta1tatT)<; elvat Jlui a1to ti<; ~uO't1(f:<; O'UV£IO'CPOPf:<; tOU {O'tOPIKOU UA.tO'jlOU, 'ta. E~Ulp£tlKa Tt£piTtA.oKU Ttpo~A.iJJlatU 'troY O'XtO'£wv avaJl£O'a O'f: ~aO'T) Kat E1tOIKo06jlT)uu, 'troY EcrWt£PIKroV VOjlWV ouip9pwO'T)<; KUt JlEtUO'XT)JlatlO'jlou troy iOWA.oytrov a1tUI'touV jlla.V avaA.uO'T) 1t£ptO'O'Ot£PO 1tpow9T)jltVT) a1to autf:<; 1tOU O'UVUV'tOUJl£ jl£ptlCf:<; cpope<; O'til « r £ p Jl a v I K il '10 £ 0- A. 0 Y i U», finwO't£ 6 Ma.p~ Kat 6 "£YK£A.<; EXOUV apyot£pa E1taV£tA.T)jlJltva E1tavcA.9£1 0" UUta ta ~T)ti]JlatU.

I. «... Stv umipXEL it 1tapal1lKpij Ioropic toil «XPLcrtLavLcrl1oil» KaL «. .. oi 1tOLKiA.Ee; 110p<pte; 1tOll it aVt{A.TlIVi] roo 1tliPE crt SUi<pOpEe; E1t0XEe; ... dxav onv 1tTlyi] roue aitiEe; EvtEA.Oie; EI11tElpIKEe;, 1tOll ~E<PEUYOIlV am) Ku9E E1tiSpacrTl 9PTlcrKElltLKoil 1tVEUl1atOe;».

2. (I... it YEPl1aVIKij <pIA.ocro<pia slvm Eva 1tP010V tlie; I1IKpoacrtLKlie; SOl1lie; tfie; Fspuuviaq».

«Aurn» it «avtiA.TlIVTl ,OOlie;» KaL I1UA.Lcrta it Slacrtp&~A.OOI1EVTl tEtOla uvtiA.TlIVTl trov <pIA.OcrO<poov I11tOpoilcrav 1tpo<pavroe; va 1tPOcrSLOPlcrtoilv 110vuxa a1to tijv 1tpaYl1atIKi] roue '001') ... »

3. «'H KatacrtacrTl tlie; rEPl1aviae; oro tEA.Oe; 'toil 1tEpacrI1EVOIl allbva (1801l) avtLKa9p&1tti'Hal OA.OKA.TlPOOtLKU crtijv « K p 1 t 1 K ij toil 1t p a K t 1 K 0 il A orOil)) toil Kcvr»,

4. (I. .. YUl. .. hav (myypa<pEa 1tOU SEv EX&l ~y&i a1to to Bspos.tvo ... 1tOU 01..0 roo to l:UI11tav EKt&ivEtal a1to to Moal11tit IlEXPl to Ko1tEvIK ... slvur aCJ<paMic; aVa1to<p&llKtO ... , liv SOKll1acrEl tijv aVaYKTl va UJ(E<pt&i, va 1tap&1 autij it crKEIVTl ilIa tP01tij E~icrOIl a<PTlPTlI1EvTl lIE autov KaL tijv iSla tOil tijv ii1tap~Tl)).

«Aeroc (0 l:tiPVEp) EXEl 110VaXa I1lav a~ia, ... Ott a1totEA.&i tijv EK<ppacrTl trov crTlI1&Plvrov I1IKpoacrtrov ... )).

19

20

<1>pOvti1;ovrae; va UVTltaxrouv oTie; 9EroPT)O'lUKI':e; 9EropiEe; tWV I'sp~uv&v «lcSWA.OyroV», ol Maps xni "EyK£A.e; a1toSivouv uurv i)1tEp~ohKU U1tOKA.ElO'tlKij O'lwuO'iu 0'£ 6PlO'~EVEe; oixovouucs; uitil:e;. Elver UA.i]{lElU moe; omv ol O'uyypucpEie; tfje; « 'I cS f: ., .0 y i U e;» A.EVE Yla tijv ESEYI:PO'T) t&V fEpIlUV&V svuvrlov 'LOU Nunoxsovtn, to 1813, on rnv 1tPOl((tA.SO'UV iJ &A.A.El\jlT) tfje; 1;ux,upT)e; Kui roii KUCPI': 1tOU 1tpOEKU\jIf: U1tO tOV Tt1tElproTlKO a1tOKA.ElO'~O, ~1t0pOU~E va 9EropijO'OU~E on 1tpOKEI tal ESW Yla U1tA.O UO'tEtO'~O ~i: X,UpUKti]pu 1tOA.E~IKfje;:Orav 9iyouv to 1tPO~A.T)~U tfje; TEx,VT)e;, of. Maps xui "EYK£A.e; 1tUpUt1']pouv cSIKllLOA.O'Y1']~EVU, xooo iJ TEx,vT) xui 6 KUA.A.lttx,VT)e; EsupnEvral U7tO roi«; 1tOA.l'tlKOUe; Kui oIKOVO~lIKOUe; OpODe; tfje; E1tox,fje; 'LOUe;. 'Ev rcurou; 1'0 1tUp6.cSElY~U 1tOl. rrupUOEtOtJV, O'UYKEKpl~EVU tOU 'Opurtou Bepvs rtou X,P1']O'lIlO1tOLOUO'£ «vevpouc» Yla va 1;wypucpiO'El tOUe; ~EyUA.OUe; tOU 1tOA.E~tKOU<; 1tiVClKI:e;, cSEV ElVUl aPKEtO Yla va UVUO'KEUUO'tEi i] iOEa tOU l:tipw:p on ta ~EyaA.U tpyu TEx,vT)e; S1']~LOupyouvml uO'cpUA.&e; a1tO ~EyaA.ocpufj Utalla. Kui 7tOlOe; Ou. tOA.~OUO'E vu. 100x,uplO'tEi on iJ 9P1']O'KEiu cSl':v 1tUi1;£1 ltla KuvEva pOA.O O'tO ltp0A.Erapluro, EltElcS1'] ol 1tEPlO'tUO'EIe; EX0tlV U1tO KUlPO KUtUO'tPE\jIEl, croi«; 1tPO}.EtUptoUe;, tie; 9PT)O'KEUtlKi:e; nupuo ruO'f.le;. Kuru rov icSLO rpono, () 1tapuKu't(J) aCPOplO'~Oe;: «0 ES U}.A.otJo O'E OA.OUe; roi«; A.CWUe;, tijv 1tl:lO'~Utro~EVT) 1tpOO'KOA.A.rjO'T) O'tie; C9VlKI':C; uvnA.ij\jl£It; tij ouvavrdue mCl ~ovux,a ornv uO'nKij ruS1'] Kui oroix; O'tJY"tpucp£ie; rrp;», cSE cpaiVEtlll vu. EXEl E1tl~E~Ulro9Ei altO tijv lO'tOPIKij ESi:A.t~1'],

Aim':e; oi cSlUtu1tCOO'l:le; cSl': OU 1tPE1tEt v« ~ae; CK1tI.ijaO'ouv. Irij « F r. p~ U V t K ij or b I: 0 A. 0 Y i a», ol MupS xni -EYKEA.e; cSIUK1']PUO'O'ouv : «Il ptJtEt «VU. ucpi()OU~E KUta ~i:poe; tij cptA.oO'ocpiu» ... Kui vu. upXiO'ou~E tij ~EA.Er1'] tfje; 1tpUY~UtlKorT)rae; O'U O'UVT)910'~tVOl UV9pu)1tOll). ·A}.A.&. 11 IlEA.Et1'] ,fie; 7tPUYIlUtlKOtT)rae; ElVUl EpyO IlcyUA.T)e; \)1tOJlOvfje;. Tinorc cSl': OU Il1tOpOUO'E vc UVTlKUruO'tijO'El autijv tijv 1tPUKtlKij 1t0t; ~ui OEO'1'] Yla rov <1>WliEPIl1tuX, 'rijv KUVEl KPLtijplO rfje; UA.i]9EtUe;. Tupi1;ovrae; tijv 1tA.urT) O'tijv emptopt cptA.OO'OCPtKij 9E(OPT)0'1'], of. Mu.pS Kai "EYKEA.e; IlOA.te; 1tOU upx,i1;ouv 'rij Il&A.EtT) mJtfjC; tfje; 1tpuy~unKotT)tue;, ltOU Ou. rfje; acptEPWO'OUV tij t,;roij roue, "Exouv OlatU7tWO'Et O'tij « I' E I' - ~ U V· L K 1'] 'I cS E 0 A. 0 Y i a» apx.i:e; i:pEUvae; xni Epll1']vEiae;, i:x,ouv OEiSEt 1'0 cSpOIlO. Ol allcpLO'~T)ri]O'lIlEe; OtU'rU1tWO'Ete; 'LOUe; 1tPOEpx,oVrat x.ropie; allcpt~oA.ia a1tO to YEyovoe; Ott O'tij cpuma tfje; 1tOA.ElltKfje;, EX,OUV KU1troe; 1tpOtPESEt O'i: O'X.EO'T) Ili: 1'0 a1tO'rEA.EO'IlU Ull'r&V 'r6.)v· EpEUV&V. MEpnci:e; cpOpEe;, slvur avallcpi~oA.o on E1tE'rPE\jIUV O'tOV EUU'rO roue; va KUptEUtEi U1tO lOY Ev90umaO'~0 tfje; 1tOA.ElltKfje; roue,

MIA OPOAOrIA OXI AKOMA I:T A8EPOnOIHMENH

I:tiJv «'10 E 0 A. 0 Y i a», of Map~ xui vEYKEA.~ XPllo"l~01tOtoUV ,.ua KalvoupYla 6poA.oyia, 1t00 OEV slvor uKo~a O"taeEp01tOlll~EVlll Kai ea (moO"tEi O"ll~aVtlKE~ ~ta130A.E~, Kupiw~ O"ta 1;llttl~ata tii~ IloxmKii~ Obcovoutcc, O"ta xnromvd tOU~ Epya.

v EXOU~E uvaq>EpEl ti)v uO"aq>Ela tii~ EvvOla~ tii~ EpyaO"ia~. 'Evro 6 Map~ XPllo"l~01tOlEi tOV opo (<1tapaywYlKE~ oUVa~l~» - iiv Kai ~E ~la O"ll~aO"ia O"Uxva O"tEVi) - XPllm~01tOlEi ~ovaxa O"1taVla ti)v EKq>paO"ll «1tapaywYlKE~ O"XEo"El~» 1t00 upyOtEpa ea tii~ KavEl roco ~EYaA.11 XPtlO"ll. Ttc KOlVWVlKE~ O"XEo"El~ O"E ~la OEOO~Vn E1tOXtl, ti) oo~i) tii~ xotvorviuc, ti~ OllA.WVEl ~E ti~ A.E~El~ Verkehr, Verkehrsform, Verkehrsmittel, 1tOO ti~ ~Etaq>paO"a~E ti~ mo 1tOA.A.E~ q>OPE~ "Echange", "Mode d'Echange" 2, KtA.. AE q>aiVEtal 1t~ of iOEE~ 1t00 KaA.U1ttOuV auroi of OPOl ea ~1topouO"av va Uq>O~OlWeOUV a.1tA.a Kai ~OVO O"tOV opo «1tapaywytKE~ O"XEo"El~», Etm 01tW~ E~q>avi1;Etal O"tO « K E q> a A. a l 0 » Myou xapll.

'0 Map~ ~a~ A.tEl U1tO ti)v upxi) KlOA.at; tii~ «rEp~aVlKii~ 'IOEOA.oyia~», Ott tl 1tapayooyi) slvrn «~la 0l1t)..i) O"XEO"ll», U1tO ti) ~ui J.lEpla J.llU O"XEO"ll 1tPO~ ti) q>uO"11, Kl U1tO ti)v iiA.A.11 J.lla O"XtO"11 «KOlVWVlKtl». ' A1Co ti) J.lUL 1tA.EUpa Eva~ rpoxo; EpyaO"ia~ (Eva 13toJ.lllxaVlKo O"taOlo), a1to tiJv (lAAll Eva~ tU1tO~ O"XEO"EWV ava~O"a O"tOO~ aVepW1COU~, 1t00 KaeOpi1;EtUl altO tOV tP01tO EpyaO"ia~. npaYJ.la 1t00 EXEl O"<lv a1tOtEA.EO"J.la tl uvtlatOlxia tOu tvo~ Kai tOU UA.A.OU va slvm J.lla KaeOplO"J.lEV11 J.lOpq>i) tOD KataJ.lEplo"~OU tii~ EpyaO"ia~. Auti) tl «KOLVwVlKi)) O"XEO"ll EIval auto 1tOU 6 Map~ to OllA.WVEl, ti~ 1tlO 1[Ot.t.E~ q>OPE~, O"ti) « rEp J.l av l K 11 '1 0 E 0 A. 0 Y i a » J.lE ti)v EKq>paO"ll «smxoworvlu» (Verkehr) trov uvepc.i)1tWV UVaJ.lEO"a roue. VEtO"i, tl i.OlWtlKi) xorvrevtu (Societe civile) trov OiKOV0J.l0A.0ywv, 1t00 KaA.U1ttEl ti)v 1tEptoXtl tii~ «1[paYJ.latllcii~ oi.KovoJ.llKil~ 13aO"11~», 6pi1;EtUl O"av «tl J.lOpq>i) trov aVtat.t.ayrov (it J.lOpq>i) E1tlKolv(Ovia~ - Verkehrsform), 1[00 Kaeopi1;Etal U1[O ti~ ()7tapxouo"E~ 1tapaywYlKE~ OUVaJ.lEl~ O"E oAa ta {O"toPlKa O"taoul. " Kai 1[00 ti~ xueopi1;El J.lE ti) o"Elpa roix; ... » ~H uKoJ.la, 6 KOJ.lJ.lOUVlo"J.lO~ 6pi1;Etal O"av

I. '0 Map!; 5IEUKpIV[~El A.oyou XclpT] on XPT]O'lIlO1tOIEI €5& 'tOY opo (((zA.A.o'tpimo n», 1tOll €1t'aVa.A.aIlj3Q:voV'tav cruxva J.LEaa a'ta « X E I P 0 Y P a Ql a» 'tOU 1844, Yla «vc 1tapallElVEI 1') i:KOEatl Ila<; Ka'taVOT]'tiJ a'toll<; QlIA.OaOQlOu<;>l.

2. «'Av'taA.A.aYtlJl, «'tP01to<; aV'taA.A.ayftC;>l. 1:'tiJv &A.A.T]VIKiJ IlETclQlpaa'1 'ta a1tO- 5roaallf. Ill; 't1<; A.t!;El<; «€1tIKOlvmvia», «'tP01tOC; €1tlKOlVOlvia<;>l. (1:.'t.Il.).

21

22

i] cruvElbTl'n'lnapaywyi], uno roi«; lbtoU~ "COU~ uv9pci)1tou~, I.ua~ Kal voupyta~ «Verkehrsform» xui nuv UAIKWV tTl~ oprov. BAtnOUJlE on (, opo~ nutpverui Jlt 1"TJV nOAD YEVlKTJ crTJJlacria 1"ii~ ((crXEcrTJ~ npo~ 1"OV iiU.ov».

r1"O YPuJlJla '"COu npo~ 1"OV 'AVVEVKWq>, cr1"i~ 28 ~EKEJl~piou 1846- iipa cruYXPovo Jlt 1"TJ « rEp Jl a v l K TJ 'I b E 0 A 0 Y i a » - (, Mupl; ypUq>EI cr1"a yaAAIKu :

(( ... Yla va. JlTJ xucrouv "COU~ xupnoi»; tou nOAnlcrJlOU, ol iiv9pw1t01 slvoi uvaYKacrJlEVOI, uno rTJ crnYJlTJ nOD 0 rporcoq i;nIKOlVwvia~ 1 roix; btv a.vncrtolXEI 1tla. O"1:i~ napaywYlKt~ bUVUJlEI~ nOD i:xouv nE1"UXEI, vu UAAUl;ouv OAE~ ri~ napabOO"laKE~ "COU~ KOIV())vIKt~ JlOpq>E~.

Ilmpvm £bW rTJ AtI;TJ £1tlKOlVWvia Jlt 1"TJV mo YEVIKi] Evvoia, 01tW~ AEJlE ((YEpJlaVIKu: Verkehr 2».

rTJJlEIWVOUJlE 1"OrE JlHl bl1tATJ blaq>opu Jlt 1"TJV uniATJ\jITJ noiJ i!1tupXEI oro ( K E q> U A a I 0 ».

Flpdrro, 1"0 £nl7tEbO 1"WV KOIVWVIKWV crXEcrEwV, JlEcra O"'"CTJv OlKOVOuiu, Uq>0JlOIWVEtal iiJlEcra (crt uvriq>acrTJ Jlt 1"TJ JlEAAOVnKTJ 9Ewpia tou ( K E q> a A a i 0 U ») oro £ninEbo rwv unaAAaywv. AilTo~ slvm (, AOYO~ nOD iJ f.JlnOpIKTJ uVLUAAaYTJ (Handel, Austausch) Jl1tOPEI va. EJlq>uvlcr1"EI cru JlHl dblKTJ nEpin1"wcrTJ, nOD xapaKrTJpi~EI opiousvc ioropucu o rnblU 1"ii~ xotvcoviuc, tou bEcrJlOU UAATJA.E~UP1"TJcrTJ~ nOD EXEI U1tOKamcrta9EI uno 1"TJV napuywYTJ UVUJlEcra 0"1:0D~ a.v9pwnou~.

Kuru bEurEpo AOYO, EnEral on iJ UAIKTJ a.vaYKalorTJm 1"WV 1(01 vwVIKWV crXEcrEwv, crt crXEcrTJ npo~ 1"a. c'iroJlu, nOD «Karw9uvw) ri] 9EATJcrTJ Kai 1"TJV rropsln 1"ii~ a.v9pwnorTJm~, bt crXEri~E1"at Jlt Ti] q>ucrTJ roue cru oucr quu. rXETi~E!u1 Jlf; 1"0 yqovo~ on ol crX.EcrEI~ uvmUaYii~, uni9ETa npo~ OAE~ Ti~ iiUE~ xui KU1"U Eva YEVlKO rporro. iJ Spuor nPIOLTJ!U 1"ii~ napaywYii~, ouvsnuyovrm rTJ JlEcroAa~TJcrTJ aicr911Twv uvnKEqlEvwv (n1. nporovru rii~ Epyacria~, ru EJlnOpEUJlara). ·01tW~ Jla~ 1"0 E~TJYEI 0 Mup~ cr'tTJ cruVEXEta "COU KEIJlEVOU, iJ Epyacria bWTTJpd 1tUVtoTE, a.KoJla xui cr1"OV KamJlEplcrJlO 1"ii~ Epyacria~ nOD crnpwxvETal w~ 1"11. uKpa, Eva xapaKTi]pa q>uO"IK6. Kai uno TTJ crnYJlTJ JlUAlcrm 1tOD iJ Icroptu EXEI blaAucrEI Ku9E JlOpq>TJ «npootomxdiv» crXEcrE(!)V nvu.-

LTO yaAAIKo TOU aUTO K£i~£vo 0 Mup1; XPll<n~01tOld EMi Ti] 1..£1;11 «cornmerce» (L Til)

2 Fouuuurn aX£TlKU ~i: TO ({KECjJUAalO)), crTie; Fdiuons Sociales, Flupio i

1964

usou crnt ci1;o 1-111 , 10 JlOVO 1tOU EKUVE 1l1llV va q>UVEl KUAl)1EPU 6 KU1UVUYKUcrllKO~ xupmc111 pu~ nuv 1tUpUyroY1KWV crXEcrEroV, 1tOU EVcrUPKroVOVlUI cr111V UA1Kil Jlopq>il (Dingliche Gestalt) lOU Xpi]JlUl0~. AU10~ sivut 6 AOYo~ 1tOU f] crXEcrTJ aV1Ilnuyfj~, f] crUVI>EOJlEVTJ Jlt lil q>ucrTJ lWV 1tUpuyroY1KWV I>UVUJlEroV JlEcrO lOU KU1IlJlEPlcrJlOU lfj~ Epyucriu~, tJlq>uvi(pill 1IlUl0XPOVU ouv 10 U1tOI>EtYJlU xui crav f] 1tTJYil oArov lWV uAArov KOI VroV1KWV crXEcrEroV : ElVUl 1tPUYJlUlIKU, it 1tTJYil Ku9E 1tpuYJlUllK61TJlU~ lWV I>IUq>OproV Jlopq>WV «smxorvcovicc;» 1'1 «1tUpuyroyfj~».

eo. Jl1tOpOUcrE KUVEi~ va JlEAEli]crEt Jlt rov ll>tO .p01tO .ilv EVVOLU lOU KU1IlJlEPlcrJlOU lfj~ Epyucriu~, JUOU elver, crnl « I" .: p Jl a v t K i) 'I I> E 0 1.0 Y i a» Jlla EVVOtU 1tOAU YEVtKi]. 1:' UUli)V aKP1~W~ ~picrKE1Ilt f] 1tTJYil lfj~ I>luipEcrTJ~ lfj~ KOI vroviu~ crt aV1IlyroVlcrllKt~ lUSE1~, UUli) aKpt~W~ YEVVUEI EVU 1tOAU1tAOKO crUcrlTJJlU crXEcrEroV aVUJlEcrU G10U~ uv9pro1tou~. OihE i] EVVOlU UU111, OU1E i] EVVOlU lfj~ tpyucria~ I>tv KUAU1t10UV aKpl~w~ li~ iI>EE~ 1tOU 9a SUVU~pOUJlE apyolEpU KUlro a1t' uulOU~ lOU~ opou~.

nUpOJl01U, 01llV 6 Maps ypUq>Et «Jlopq>il il>lOK1TJcriu~», 1tPE1tEt va tvvoOUJlE lilv EKq>PUcrTJ UUli) Jlt lilv mo 1tAUlla crTJJlucriu: 1tpUKllKa f] EVV01U UUlil icrol>uvuJlEl Jlt .ilv EVVOtU .fj~ OiKOVOJllKfj~ 1>0Jlfj~ cr' EVU I>E80JlEVO lU1tO xotvcoviuc,

ENA EPrO ME KAnOIE1: ~YLANAAOrIEL

'H « rEp Jl a v I K il '1 I> E 0 A 0 y i U », Elm 01tro~ JlaC; 1tupOumU!,;Elilt cri]W:PU, slvrn EVu EPYO Jlt KU1t01E~ l>ucruvuAoyiE~. Tilv EK9EcrTJ .wv apxwv «(<I>rouEPJl1tUX») .ilv aKoAou9Er Jlla 1tOAU EK1E1IlJlEVTJ 1tOAEJllKi]. Auro .0 KElJlEVO 1tOU ~picrKE1Ilt o ro KEV1PO EXEl 1IlUl0XPOVU xapaKli]pn up9pou t1tl9EroPTJcrTJ~ Kui tsi]YTJcrTJ~ KE1JlEVroV .• Ap9po t1tl9EroPTJcrTJ~ Jll; .ilv EVVOtU on, Yla 10V L.ipVEp A.6you XUpTJ, 1tPOKEl1Ul oro ~u90~ Yla Jlla AE1tlOAOYTJJlEVTJ EK9EcrTJ lOU ~1~Aiou lOU «'0 M 0 v U I> I K 0 ~ K U t f] i I> t 0 K. TJ c i U lOU». 'Esi]YTJcrTJ KE1J.lEVroV, Jlla xni ol Maps KUt 'EYKEA~ 1tupu9houv 1tOAAa Xropiu Kai 10. U1tO~anOUV crt JllaV uucr.TJpi) !,pt1tKi], 1tOU ~U!,;Et crl; crU!,;i]lTJcrTJ xui 10 ~a.Oo~ Kui lil Jlopq>i]. KPl1lKi], ~E~Ut"fl AUIl1tPi], cruxva YEJlU1TJ 6PJlil- 1'] apx.il IOU KEq>uAuiou 1tOU civei aq>lcproJli:vo crov Fxpuv El VUI Eva unol>cl YJlu ESU1tVTJ~ xni aKpl~oAOYTJJlEVTJ~ KPt1tKii~ KE1Jli:VroV - una 1tOll lmOq>i:pEl crt optousve; JlEPlt~ a1tO lil crXEllKil axproJliu lWV !Cpl VOJlEVCl)V KE1Jli:VroV i'j a1tO 10 YEyov6~ on I>t yvmpi/,;OUJlE uU1:a 10. i:pyu. Ilotoc YVropi/,;El cri]JlEPU 10. i:pyu lOU Mnnouep, Kui xupio»; TOU rKpUV i'jlOU Ap, KOUAI-IUV 1tOU dvo-

23

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A.UOV'tUt, KOJlJlanU~ovrat Kai xpivovrm, 1tOnl';~ q>opl';~ AE~Tj 1tpO~ A.E~Tj~ Kni JlUA.tcr'tU, o.vaq>optKa. Jll'; rov ~ripvEp 1tOll ro KUPto 1:pyo rou E1taVEK- 069TjKE rEA.wraia crl'; yaA.1.tKi] JlErUq>pacrTj, 1tOt6~ slvci auro~ 1tOll Oa. a1tacrxoA.oUvrav Jll'; ri]v rUOE a.1t0JlOVroJlEVTj Otaru1trocrTj 1tOU it JlT]oaJltv6rTjru rT]~ KrumlEt crra Jluna uK6Jla Kai KElVOU 1tOU Oa i19EA.E va ll1tEpacr1ticrEt ri] crK&'VT] aurou rou cruyypaq>Ea; rUl. va ydOto1tOtitcrEt roue avn1t(iA.ou~ rou, {) Mup~ 1tapa9ErEt xui ~ava1tapaOErEt JlEXpt KOPEcrJlOU rT]v raOE EKq>pa.crTj, ri]v raOE q>pucrT] roii M1tUOUEP i1 rou ~ripvEp, 1tOU slvei rEA.Elro~ o.,toYUJlVroJlEVTj 0.1t0 Ku9E vonun, slvui aA.it9Eta. Auri] it E1taVUA.T]'VT] oTjJltoupYEI 1t0A.A.E~ q>opl';~ Jlta. KO)JllKT: i':vru1trocrT] UVUA.On Jl' auri] 1tOU 1tEruxai VEL 6 PaJl1tEA.ai KUVOV'tU~ ouootopsuosu; A.t~EroV. '0 Ma.p~ Kl 6 wEYKEA.~ KOnaVE otapK<'i><; 1tuparcroulCA.ta crrou~ M1tuOUEp xui ~ripVEp : dvat«OartpE~ rii~ EKKA.Tjcria~», slvui «Aov Klx&rE~» 1'1 «~uvrcrot» ~ai. Jlui.tcrra «~ Aytot ~uvrcrot» 1'1 «~ Aytot Mu~». lUJlpaivEl rocrr6cro aurl';~ ol o.rtA.EtrorE~ E1taVaA.it'VEt~ va EXOUV Kun ro xoupuonxo, Kl auro~ 6 xouuunuouavoc crxoA.tacrJlo~ v« cr1tU~Et ro EVotaq>tpov.

TtA.o~ ro toto ro crxtoto rou Epyoll, 1tOU crXErr~Erat Jlf: rou; opou~ rfie; ytVT]crt1~ rou, osv elvui 1toM tKaV01tOtT]nK6. 0a OOUJlE mo KUtro on uuro 1tOll a1tOrEA.Ei O"llJlEpa ro 1tp&ro roo Jltpo~, 6 «<l>U)[.<"PJl1taX», ypuq>rTjKE 1tOA.A.O~ JlfiVE~ ucrrEpa ano TO KEVTptKO JlEPO~, Tn (,~UVOOO rfj~ AEt\jlia~». '0 avayvfficrTT]~ otapu~El A.OlnOv 1tp&ra Ti] 9tcrTj, xo.i ucrTl:pa TO <pffincrJlu rTj~ Jlf: 1tapaoElYJlara. 'AA.1.a. JlEcra crra. EnE~TjYTJJlaTlKa 1tapaodYJlara ~avappicrKoUJlE, 1tpo<pav&e;, xni JlEptKf:e; q>opt~ Jlt TUUr6crTjJlE~ ota'tU1tfficrEt~, 6ptcrJ.1EVE~ totE:; 1tOll EXOllV &KrEOEi crri] 9tcrT]. Aurt~ ol OWTEPEUOUcrE~ EA.A.El'VEt~ E~T]youvral OXt uovo a1tO Tie; cuvOfjKE~ 1tOU smxpurotiouv Karu Ti] ytVVTjcrTj TOU EpyOU, ana Kai ano rnv noA.1.a1tA.i) Spuornptornrc rwv Map~ xui vEYKEA.~ KaTa ri]v Enoxi] 1tOU ypuq>Erat TO Epyo: 1tpocr1taOOUv va. Cf\)O"1tEtpfficrOtlv roi»; xouuoovicrec crl'; 6A.6KA.TJPT] Ti]V Eupffi1tTj (OTjJltoupYTjcrav Yla ro oxono autO JlHi.v «'E1tlTP01tT] o.1.A.T])"oypaq>ia~»), 1tpocrnaOouv r,:;A.1Ka va i:vwcrouv yupro 0.1t0 JlEPtKf:~ crTtPEE~ o.pxt<; "CO c1tavacrranKo Ki\.·TjJlU, xni aKPtP&~ Yla va o.1ta"A.u~OUV ti] crUVElOTjcrTj lWV xouuoovto nov U1tO ri~ 'VEOOatcrO~crEt~ Kai ri~ 'VEUOOU1tOKPtcriE~ ouvracooov tijv «T 0 C 0 A. 0 y i a», 1taipvovra~ raur6xpova Enal~i] Jlf: roue ~EVOU:; crOO"LaA.tcrrE~. roy Flpouvrov o ro Tlnpirn , TOV XUPVEU oro Aovolvo. Me OUO ,,6ym it «'10 E 0- A. 0 y i a» YEvvltrat mya myu, Jltcra crri] JluXTj Yla vn ro nOUJlE ErO"l.

, Ana auri:~ oi crKll';~ rovi~ovrat xupicx; ano TO YEYOVO:; on oi:

otaetWUJlf: cri]J.1f:pa 1tapu Eva ICdJ.1f:vO Urf:At~, 1tOU EXP J.1ElVf:l crru ~acrtKa tOU crTJJlf:La m:";v ICarucrracrTJ &VO~ Xf:lpOypa<pou.

H rENEEH TH~ 'TEPMANIKH~ I~EOAOnA~"

Irov 1tPOAOYO crrie; « °A 1t 0 IC a A ()\I' f: t e; Y t u r"; 0 I K TJ r W v 4 K 0 Jl Jl 0 U V t cr r w v c r ..; v K 0 A 00 v i a », 6 ~EyICf:Ae;, ro 1885, iJ1tf.veuJltcrf: on :

«Orav EmcrICE<peTJICa rov Map~, ICaru ro ICaAoKaipt rou 1844, <pavTJICf: Ott ~ptcrICoJlacrrav crf: 1tA11 PTJ cruJl<poovia crf: OAf:e; rie; 1tf:ptoXE; rfje; ef:oopiae; xui U1tO rots XJ:JOVoAoYf:Ltat i] cruvf:pyacria Jlae;. "Ora v ~ava~pf:ei]ICaJlf: crrie; BpU~EAAf:e;, r";v livot~TJ roii 1845, 6 Mup~ ElXf: KtOAae; uvrAi]crf:t U1tO aurf:e; rl~ ~ucrf:te; J.1tuV UAlcrnIC"; ef:oopia rfje; icrropiae; 1tOU Tjrav 6AOKAT]pooJ.1EVTJ ork; ~acrtICEe; rT]e; ypaJlJ.1f:e; ICai Kata1ttacrri]ICaJlf: J.1f: ro KaefjKOv vu C1tf:~f:pyacrrouJlf: crrie; Af:1troJlEpf:tf:e;, xui 1tpOe; rie; mo ola<popf:ttKf:<; KarEUeuvcrf:te;, rov rpono crICE\jIT]e; 1tOU 1tpocr<para ElxaJ.1f: U1t01(ri]crW).

'H covepvcotc roue; crr";v 1tpaYJlanKOrT]ra of: XpovoAoyouvrav uKpt~we; U1tO r";v «'10 e 0 A 0 y i a». "Otnv 6 ~EyICf:Ae; i:PXf:rat oro Flupiot ro 1844, EXf:t ICtOAae; 0TJJ.10crtf:ucrf:l crru «raAAo-Yf:pJ.1avtICu XpOVlICU» Eva «~XEOto Jltne; Kpt'ttICfje; 'tfje; 1tOAlttICfje; oixovouiuc», 1tOU 1tpOICaAf:cs 'ti]v 1tpocroxi] LOU Mup~ (6 'tf:AEU'taLoe; eu 't"; uvnuoveuost 1:7tlltVf:nKU 1toAi,f:e; <pOpEe; cr'tu ypuJlJlaru 'tOU xui J.1aAtcrra crro « K f: <p a A at 0 ») crE crTJJ.1f:Lo 1tOU, u<pou 't"; ota~ucrf:t, eu PlXL€L oro 8ta~acrJ.1a OIICOVOJltICWV £pyoov. '0 ~EyIC€Ae;, U1tO ri]v liUT] ueptn, iicrr€pa a1tO JlUI 8wJlovi] OUO Xpovoov 1t€pi1tou crr";v ' AyyAia, ypa<pf:t 't";v « K a r a c r a cr T] r fj e; t pya S 0 J.1 € V T] e; r a ~ T] e; o r 11 v 'A Y Y A i a», rcou eu 8TJJlocrtEUrf:L 'to KaAoICaipl 'tou 1845 crr"; A€l\jlia, a1tO rov tK86rTJ "Orro Biyxuvr. Ol OlICOVOJltICEe; 'tOU yvwcr€te; slvot 1tpo<pavwe; mo f:ICrf:taJ.1EV€e; a1tO o,n 'tou Mup~. ~EXEi J.1UIV liJl€crTJ EJ.11tf:tpia YUI r"; cruYXPOVTJ K€<paAalOKparia. Oi J.1EYaAf:e; cruSTJ'ti]cr€le; 1tOU Kavouv UVUJ.1Ecru LOUe;, roue; 1tEieouv YUl ri]v ruuror qtu rwv a1tO\jlf:WV roue; 1tavw crru 1tf:ptacrorf:pa STJri]J.1a'ta 1tOU E~€rU~ouv. ' A1to<pacri~ouv tors vu 8TJJl0crtE\jIOUV J.1a~i J.1iU unpocroupu: ri]v « K p t r 1 IC"; t fj e; K P t t t IC fj e; K P i r 1 IC fj e;. 'E v a vrio v r w v M 1t P 0 U v 0 M 1t a 0 U f: pICa iIi a», 1tOU 6 Mup!; ea 'tfje; 8Wcrf:l apyo't€pa 'tOY ri rAo « 'A y i a 0 tIC 0 Y E v € 1 a». r pa<pouv 'tOY 1tPOAOYO 'tTJe; xui Jlotpa~Ovtai 'ta K€<paAUla. '0 VEyIC€Ae; ypa<pf:l «ro J.1EpOe; rou» npo rob <PUY€l a1tO ro Ilupim : J.1ia 8f:ICap1U crf:Ai8&;

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UUVOAtKU, EVoo 6 Map~ 90. aCjloO"tw9EL Jl{;Xpt ro 'r{;AOe; 'rOD NO{;Jl~PIl Jll; 'r11 mJvm~1l 'tOD 8tKOD 'rOU Jl{;pOue; 1tOD 8toYKcOVEmt O"tya.-mya Jl{;xpt 1tOD yivEmt Eva EPYO E1tt~Alln1CO. rta. 'r11 uuvm~1l aU'r11 () Mu.p~ XPllmJl01tOtEL Eva Jl{;poe; 'roov UIlJlEtcOUEcOV 'rOU ('ra « X E t P 0 Y P a Cjl a r 0 D 1844» Kupiwe;). To EPYO EK86911KE u'ra 'r{;All 'rOD <I>AE~uPll u'r11 <I>paYKCjloup'rll·

~n'1v « 'A y i a 0 i K 0 Y (; VEt a», of Map~ Kat ~EYKEAe; oxozsucv va. xurupphpouv 'rie; 9EWpiEe; 'rOD M1tPODVO M1tUOUEP 1tOD i19EAE va PAETtEt U'rODe; «EK1tPOUc01tou<; 'rOD 1tVEuJla'rO<;» roix; CjlOpELe; 'rfje; lo ropiuq, tvoo iJ «Jlu~a» oi:v elvat 1tapa. iJ a8pav11<; UA.ll 'rfje; lU'rOptKfj<; 8ta8IKauiae;. 'Evavrlov autfje; 'rfje; 9Ewpiae; 'roov EA.it, Kat E1tiulle; svnvrtov tfje; i8{;u<; on uovn tile; f] KptnK11 CjlIA.ouoCjlia apKoDuE Yla va UAAU~Et n'1v nopsic 'roov 1tpaYJlutwv, of Map~ Kai ~EYKEA.<; 90. E1taVaAU~O\)V 'rOY 1tOAEJlO Iltua u'r11v « '1 8 E 0 A 0 y i a »,

~'rie; apxi:e; tOD 'A1tpiA.ll 1845, 6 ~EYKf:Ae; ~ava~piUKEt rov Mu.p~ uti<; BpU~{;nE<; a1tou 6 8EU'rEpOe; dXE i:YKamum9EL uU'rEpa UltO to OtcO~tllO 'rOU U1tO ro Ilupkn utie; 3 tOD Fsvcpn. ~uvExi~ovm<; tie; JlEA.{;'rEe; 1tOD dXE uPXiUEt uutf:{)a U1tO 'r11v EK80ull tooV « I" a A. A 0 - Y E pJl U V I K 00 V X P 0 V t K 00 v », 6 Map~ TjtUv UKOJlIl U1t0PPOCjlIlJlEVOe; Jll'; t11v npoerouiutou IlUtfj<; tfje; «Kpmxrp; 'rfje; 1tOA.tnKfj<; Kilt tfje; oixovoutuc» - EK86'rll yt' aun'1v dXE i1811 ~PEt. Oi OUO CjliAOt uK6ltwav, t~ iino\), va 0llJlomb!'ouv ul'; uuvEpyuuill Jll'; tOY MOsEe; XE<;, Jlta «BI~A.109f]Kl1 tooV mo U~tOA.oywv ~EVWV UOO"tIlA.tUtoovn, a1tOU I':7tp6KEI'rO va 1tapoumaUtODV ra EPYIl 'roov JlEyUA.WV OUt01tIUtooV, Jll'; KptnKE; siouywyi:e; Klli Ul1JlElcOUEle;. Auto 'to £~A.E1taV ouv Eva JlEUO Yla vu Ka1UltOAEJll]UO\)V tie; CjlAuapiEe; 'roov Fepucvov uuyypa<pEwv, tWV ~tutV xni rKpUV, iOlllltEpa, 1tOD iuXupi~ovmv on £K9EWUV 'tiC; uomaAlu'ttKE<; IOEES, tvoo dxav JltaV enEA"; YVcOUll Yl' aurEC; ft 'rie; YEAoloypaCjlODUaV f;vuuvdbll'tU.

Tov '{OUAIO - Auyouuto 1845, oi Map~ Kat "EYKEA.<; EmXElpODV Jlast EVil tU~i81 o rnv 'AyyAia 1tOD EXEI Ul1JlaVtlKa altO'tEA.EUJlam. '0 "EYKEA.<; ftEld.E, aUCjlaA.w<;, va. f.XEt 6 CjliAoC; 'tOU JltaV iiJlEUl1 tJl1tElpia tfie; mo aVU1tTUYJlEVIle; KECjluAalOKpUtlKfje; XcOpUC;, 1tOD 6 i8lO<; dXE yvwpiUE't Yla Suo 1tEpi1tOU XPOVIU. To ElEaJlU mv tpyoumuiwv xui TOD o.yYAtKoi'l 1tPOAEtIlPIUtOU U1tOtEAODuE UU,O KaElEUutO EVu t~UtpEn KO Jlu- 9llJla 1tpaYW1rwv Yla Evav iiv9pw1to 1tOV tpxomv a1tO Jlta xrupa, 01tOU f] tpYU'ttKi] tU~l1 utie; 1tOAEte; a1tOtEA.ODVtUV aKOJla ~UUIKa a1tO JlIKPOV<; XEtPOt{;XVEe; xui a7tou f] JlEyUA.l1 ~lOJll1xuvia ~ptUKOtaV aKOJla Utli 1tpwm tl1e; OEIM ~l]JlUtU.

Ol E7tU<j>f:<; 7tOU ,.mOpEO'UV va a1tOKL11O'ouv JlE 1'0. JlEATl1'i'j<; ctEvcooTl<; nov AiKUlO>V», 7tOU ~piO'KOV't'UV O'f: KU1'aO'1'UO'Tl KpiO'Tl<;, LOU<; E7tEtO'UV, aO'CPUAro<;, va OWO'OUV E1tiO'Tl<; Jluiv E7tlO'1'TlJlOVtKT] ~aO'Tl O'1'ie; aVnATl'JlEle; 1'OUe;. TIaV1'o>e; OJlO><;, JlE 'to YUPlO'JlO a7t' uu'tO 'to 'tu~iot, xo i <huv ota~uO'uv 'to. lip9pu 7tOAEJllKi'je; 7tOU OTlJlOO'iE\j1UV ol M7taOUEp Kui l:1'iPVEP O'1'T]V rpurqvmtn E7tl8EWPTlO'Tl 'tOU BiYKUV't, 1'O'tE UKpt~roe; u7tocpuO'i~ouv va 1'EAEtWO'OUV Jlf: 1'OV i.vn~tv1'OUUA,tO'JlO KUt 'tOY avuPXtO'JlO 1'rov 1tUAlrov LOUe; ouvodomoprov KUt va EK8EO'OUV Jlf: 'tT]V EUKUtpiu UU'tT] 'tTJV UAtO''t'lKT] 1'OU<; 9Eo>piu yta 'tT]V Ioroptu, To l:E7t'tEJl~PTl Ku'tU7ttavov't'Ut Jlf: 'tTJ OOUAEta xnt, E7tEtOT] JlE't'U~U 'toue; a7tOKUA,OUV roi»; M7taOUEp KUt l:'tiPVEP «Ilurspe; 'ti'j<; EKKATlO'iu<;», xui, 1tUP&'A,ATlAU ulnot oi rsA.EU'tuiot 0TlJl0<J'lEUOUV 1'0. lip9pu 'tou<; O'1'T] A&t\j1iu, 't'l'tA,ocpopouv 1'T]V 1tOAEJltKT] LOU<; UVUO'KEUT] «'H l:uvoooe; 'ti'je; AEt\j1iue;».

M7tOPEi va uVUPO>1'Tl8Ei KUVete; ytu'tt 6 Map~, 1tOU elXE iloTl «EK1'EA.EO'Et» 'tOY M7taOUEp O'1'TJV « 'A Y i U 0 i K 0 Y EVE t U», 'to. ~a~Et Kui 1taAt Jl' unrov 'tOY O'UYYPUCPEU 7tOU 'tOY ElXE iloTl <J'1'ptJlW~Et 7tOAU liO'XTlJlu. 'H &~T]YTJO'Tl slvui on 'to CPUAAO uu'to 'ti'je; E7tl9EWpllO'Tle; 'tot> BiYKUV"t tj'tuv o,n xpEta~ov'tuv, yta va OtEyEipCt Kui 7taAt 'tT]V 7tOAeJltKtl1'OU EJl- 7tVEUO'Tl·

TIEptEiX& 7tpro'tU-7tpro'tU EVU JlUKPO lip9po LOU M7tpOUVO M1taOUEp Jlf: 1'OV 1'ltAO «XUPUK'tTlPtO''t'lKa 'tOU Aouoo~iKOU <DWUEPJl7tUX» 07tOU b O'UYYPUCPEU<;, <J'1'Tl Pt~OJlEVOe; JlaAtO''tU O'f: U7toO'7taO'Jlu'tu 7tUpJlEVU a7tO OEU'tEPO XEPt, XUpUK1'T]Pt~E 'toue; O'uyypucpEie; 'ti'je; « 'A y i U e; 0 i K 0- Y EVE t U e; » 0'0. «OoYJlUnKOUe; cpo>UEPJl7tUXtKOUe;». Ol Map~ KUt ~EYKEA,e; 7tOU VOJlt~Uv O'tl etXUV KU1'UO''tPE\j1Et 'tT]V «Kprnxn», Of:V l1'tuv O''tT]V npuYJlU'tlK01'Tl't'U, EA,EYE 6 Mnnoosp, 7tUpa 0TlJllOUPYT]JlU1'U 1'i'je; «Kprrucfic». 'H ~E~uiO>O'Tl UU1'T] l1'tuv 'tELOtU'1tOU of: Jl7tOPOUO'E va JlT]V 7tPOKUAEO'Et tTJV liJlEO'Tl u7tav1'TlO'Tl 1'rov EVOtUCPEPOJlEVO>V! 'AJlf:O'O><; vO'n.pu EPX0'tUV EVu liA,AO lip9po : «Oi xpvrucoi LOU l:'tiPVEP» 07tOU 6 'tEAEU'tUioe; U7tOO'1'T]Pt~E 10 ~t~Aio 'tOU « '0 M 0 v a 0 t K 0 <; K a i tl i 0 t 0 K r Tl 0' i U t 0 U». "Erot oi ouo 7taAlOt EJl\j1UXO>1'f:e; 'ti'je; OJl<1ou<; 'troY «' A1tEAEU9EPO>V» ~uva~piO'KOV1'aV 11iAat-7tA<1t, EVO>JlEvOt UltO 'tOY iOEUA,tO''tlKO 'tOU<; U7tOK! JlEVlO'JlO, uAAa E7tiO'Tl<; U7tO 'tTJV KOtvT] 'tOU<; Ex9po'tTl'tu 7tpo<; 'to O'oO'taA.tO'Jlo. Kui OJlo>e; 'ti 7tEpiEPYTl EVO>O'Tl! l:1'O ioto 'to lip8po 'tOU M1taOUEP, 6 l:1'ipvEp Jl7tOPOUO'E va ~pEi Jlta ~UO'tKT] KPt't'lKT] 'tOU EPYOU 'tOU.

AU1'a Ku9Eau'ta 'to. OUO lip9pa, (iv E~UlptO'OUJlE 'tT]V u1tav'tTlO'Tl LOU M7t<10UEP O'1'T]V « 'A Y i a 0 i K 0 Y EVE t a», Of:V dxuv Jlta rsroin O'Tl!luO'ia WO'1'E va slvor avaYKuia Kat f:7telYOUO'U Jlui amiV't'T]O'Tl 0" uim!.

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, A/"Au, crnlv 1tpaYI1UWCOtllTU, 1tapa ti~ E1tL<pUAaSEI~ xui rk; aVnpPT)crEt:; lhu<poprov. nuroi oi cruyypu<pEi~ £~plcrKav I1laV <'>P1crI1EVll a1tT)Xllcrll crtOU~ YEpl1aVOU~ olavOOt)I1EVOU~ nou aVa~lltOucrav ilIa 1l0ptpit avn1toAitwcrll~ o-rov 1tPO>crtKO a1t01.umpX1crI10. Tic; OiKE~, 1tOU EtpEpav crl': avtiOEcrll tOY Mncoosp 11f: tiC; apxl':~ tfi~ AOyoKplcria~, tiC; 1tapaKO- 1.0UOllcrE 111': crUI11taOEla <'> tpIAEAt::UOEPO~ tU1tO~ 1tOV E~).E1tE cr' nurov tOY cruyypatpEa, XaPll crnv KpltlKT) tOU Yla to. EGaYYEl"la, EVUV EK- 1tpocrO>1tO tOU YEpl1aVIKOU OpOOAOY1crllOU. "Oco yU1. tOY iVtl~IVtOUUAtouo tOU l.:tiPVEP, tOY Bscopououv crl': <'>PlcrI1EVOU~ ucrtlKOD~ KtllCAOUC;, 01t0>C; xni oroi»; (JOO"laAlcrttKOU~ KUKAOU~ 1, cru I1IU <i1tOtEA.Ecrl1atlKiJ crUI1~OA.iJ crtitv aVtt1tOAltwcrll. l.:tOV ayrovu 1tOD OIESayaVE tors of MapS xui ·EYKEA~, 1tOD it1twOuvoVtUV aKOl1a KatU Eva I1EyaAo I1EPOC; orou; olavoouI1EVOU~, "ri a.vacrKwi] autrov trov tpAuap0A.0Ylro\" ~.l1tOpOucrE acrtpaAro~, va 1tapOUcrta~EtUl orrv 1tPO>WPXIKT).

nOAAA KE<l>AAAIA AEInOYN ...

To crXEOIO tOUC;, 1taVto>C;, of: ouvcvrnos ti]v 6110tpO>Vll E1tlOOKll1acria trov tpiAO>V tOUC;. "Evuc uv9pw1t0C; crav tOY BEIVtEI1EYEP, 1tOU OEO>POUcrE auti] ti]v KpltLKi] uvaYKaia, YVO>crt01tOIEi (HOV Maps, cr' eva ypal1l1a tOU tfi~ 14ll~ tOU MUll toii 1846, ti] crUI11taOEla 1tOD ouvuvrobv oi l.:tipYEp, M1taOUEp xui POUYKE, xui 1tpOcr9EtEI Ott «YEVIKU (maPXEt oucrapEcrKEta 1tOD savapxicratE I1ta. rsrotn 1tOAEl1tKT]». 'Ev rourou; ol OUO O"uyypatpEi~ Eotvav I1EyaA11 crlll1acria cr' auti] rnv «rcxronotnon trov Aoyaplacrl1roV» 0Xl 110VO 111': ti]v 1taAla tOUC; tpIAOcrOtpIKi] cruVElOllcrll, UA.A.a. xui 111': to YEpl1avlKO crocrtaA.1crl1o. '0 Maps ESllYEital 1tavo> cr' au'to to crlll1Eio cr' Eva ypal1l1a tOU 1tPOC; tOY £K06tll roo B. AEcrKE, tiJv 1 TJ AuyoucrtOU tOU 1846. AUto~ <'> n:AwtUioC; ElXE KataYYElAEI ti] crul1~aO"TJ 1tOU ElXE (l1t0ypUIjIEI I1E tOY MapS yU1. t11 o11l1ocriEIjITJ tOU ~1~A.iou tOU « K p i r I K i] r fi C; 1t 0 A I r I K fi ~ 0 i K 0 V 0 11 i a C; », Xropi~ Ul1tpl~OAla E1tEIOi] 6 KatPO~ 1tEPVOUcrE x(Opi~ va ~AE1tEI va. EPXStul to XElPOypatpo. :Eti]v U1taVtllcrT) tOU, <'> Maps ESTJYEi ytati OEroPTJcrE KaAO va. ava~UAsI ti] cruvtaSTJ tOU EPYOU 1tOD crXEoia~E:

I. '0 rowe; 6 ·EYKf:Ae;. uO"tf:pa alto Eva ouipaO"lla tOU PlPAiou « '0 M 0 v c 0 1- K 6 e; K a i it {o 10K t 11 0" i a t 0 U)), £IXf: EVtUltCOOlaO"tEi ltoM f:UVOIKa. r llva ypall~a tOU O"tOV Map!; O"tle; 19 - II - 1844, xloreue 1[(0<; t'\tav ouvatov va. «dvttorpueobv» ol 9f:roptf:c; tOU I:tipvf:p Kat va pyouv alto 000 KOIlIlOUVIO"tlKEe; aVtlAtlljlf:I<;. To tlt6~vo ypalllla (20 - I - 1845) oEiXVf:1 nOll Otl it altaVtllO"l1 tOU Map!;, 1t0ll elvm O"tlllcpa xaj.i£vll , tOV £IXf: 6011y1)0"f:1 0"£ ilia !tIO O"COOtij EKttllllO"l1 toov ItpaYllatrov.

«'E9EroPllcra 1toM cnuuvnxo npiv U1tO ti] 9EttKi] EK9Ecrll trov U1tO'l'EroV ~OU va 1tpollYl19Ei Eva EPYO 1tOA.E~tKfj<; EvavTLov Tfj<; 1taA.10- rsprp; YEp~avtKfj<; eptA.ocroepia<; Kai tOU &<; tropa YEp~avlKou comaA.tcr~ou. Auto slvcr uvaYKaio yta va npoerouiuoret to YEp~av1Ko KOLVO Y1a ti]v ii1tO'l'll 1tOU lmocrtll pit;ro crti]v oixovoutc ~OU, 1tOD slvui ola~EtptKa avti9f.tll 1tpo<; ti] ~EXPt rropu YEp~avtKi] bttcrtTJ~ll». CEpya Map~ - ~EYKEA.<;, T. 27, oo. 448 - 449, Dietz, BEPOA.ivo 1963).

'0 Map~ EKptVE A.Ol1tOV avaYKaio va Ka90picrEL Oll~Ocrta ti] eplA.OcrOeptKTJ TOU 9Ecrll 1Cai Ti]V a.VtLA.ll'l'TJ tOU Yla TO crocrtaA.tcr~o 1tPOtOU crtPE'I'Et Ti]V E1ti9EcrTJ TOU Evavtiov trov 9EroPllttKrov Tf'I<; 1tOA.ttlKf'I<; oixovoutac. ~EOtVE A.Ot1tOV, yta tEA.EUtaia Xropi<; a.~epl~oA.ia epopa, ti]v zporeputornrn crti] epLA.ocrO<pLa, cro qltA.OcrOepLKO npoefnopiouo tf'l<; crtacrll<; tOU. Xropic a~epl~oA.ia to EPYO 1tOU EtOl~at;oVtav oi;v dXE a1tOKA.ElcrttKa xapaKtTJpa 1tOA.E~tKf'I<;, uA.A.a 1tEPtEixE E1ticrll<; ~lav EK9Ecrll trov 9EroptroV TOU Map~.

'H EK9Ecrll auti] OEV 1tpO~A.E1tOVtaV oro a.PXlKO crXEOto Tii<; «EuvoOOU tf'l<; AEt'l'ia<;». ' AA.A.a YPTJyopa of. OUO epiA.OL 9a 1tPE1tEL va EVlrocrav niv uvaYKatOtllTa tll<;. Kni to tOto TO 9E~a roi»; E1tE~aA.E tiJ ~opepl'J Tfj<; 1tapoucriacr11<; TOU. ~01tro<; aKPl~ro<; 9EA.aVE va ~EKa9apicrouv Ti<; SiuepOPE<; rotx; crXEttKa ~E wu<; M1taOUEp xni l:tiPVEP, Eml E1tPE1tE Kal va npoo Stoptoouv tiJ 9Ecrll rooc a1tEVaVtt crov <l>rouEp~1tax. llprota-1tprota, Ylati Elxav 1CatllyoP119Ei on slvcr «ooy~anKoi eprouEp~1taXlKOi», 1tpanla nOD Yla Evav npoosxruco avayvrocrtll tjtav ijoll epavEpa A.a9E~EVo a1to rors 1tOD EK06911KE " « 'A Y i a 0 i K 0 Y EVE t a». "Y crspu, olOtl 6 <l>roiiEp~1tax tjtav 1tapoA.a aut a 6 uovoc 1tOD ElXE ouveicespet Katt to 9EttKO yta to ~E1tEpacr~a tOU XEYKEA.lavlcr~oU. "Etot to KEepaA.ato yta tOY <l>roiiEp~1tax OEV EXEt ~E xnvsvc tP01tO tOY TOVO 1tOA.E~lKii<; Kal to ounpuco xapaKtTJpa tf'l<; a.va1ttU~l1<; 1tOU aepopil tOU<; M1taOUEp xai l:tiPVEp. ' Aetspdrvenn ~aA.tcrTa ~acrtKa crti]v EK9Ecrll trov a.Pxrov tOU Ioropncoo UA.tcr~ou Kai 'Ii Kpttt1CiJ tOU <l>roiiEp~1tax ~EtatpE1tEtat ~ilA.A.oV crE ~t(iv a1tOKaTacrmcrll TOU EPYOU wi) ~OVOU epl/.OcrOepOU 1tOD EXEt «tOuA.axtcrtO a1tOtEA.EcrEt ~ta 1tpOOOO».

'0 1tproto<; TO~O<; tf'l<; « rEp ~ a v t 1C f'I <; '10 E 0 A. 0 y i a <;» 1tEplEiXE A.ot1tOV tpia ~Pll, aUa to 1tprotO a1t' aina, KaTa TiJV 6~0A.oyia tOD ~EYKEA.<;, E~EtVE liVOA.01CA.TJprotO. 'H 1Catacrtacrll TOU XElp6ypaepou E7tttPE1tEt va crKEeptEi 1CaVEl<; ott aoto to 1CEepaA.ato OEV to EepEPE ~at;i tOU crti] Fepuavtu 6 BtlVtE~yep ~at;i ~E to u1t6A.ot1t0 tOD 1tprotO\}

29

:10

"t0110U O!aV, 7tPO~ 'to. 'tEA.T] 'tOD 'A7tpiA.T] i'l ri~ uPX;f;~ 'tOD MaT] 1846, i:rrFcrrpE'I'E CHT] BEcmpuAiu I1t 'tT]v 7tPOSEO'T] va EKOOO'EL 'to EPYO.

, AUa TjOT] O'"tT]v E7t0XT] 07tOU of Map~ xui ~EYKEA.~ Eypucpav 'tOY 1tPOA.oyo 'tOU, OT]A.UOT] KU"ta "to. 'tEA.T] 'tOU 1845, 'to EPYO &IXE mipEL O'T]ucvrucorspec oLuO''t(iO'EL~.

Fpceoov 7tpuYI1UnKu: «'0 7tpa)'to~ 't0110e; uu'tfje; 'tfje; EKOOO'l1e; O'lCO- 1tEUEL ... », OLU'tU7t(J)O'T] 7tOD O'uVE7taYE'tuL EVu OEU't&PO 't0110. Kni oro ypal1l1u 'tOU orov AEO'KE, 'tOY AuyouO''tO 1846, 6 Mup~ KUVEL uvstu YLU ouo 't0110ue; 7tOD hotl1USEL YLU ElCOOO'T], EVro 'tuu'tOXpovu O'T]I1ELWVEL on ~ 7tOA.EI1LKT] KU'tWSUVE"tUL svcvriov 'tfj.; YEPI1UVLKfj~ CPLA.oO'ocpiue; xui 'tOD YEPI1UVlKOD O'oO'lUA.lO'l1oD. ~E'tO'L 'to EPYO 7tOD 7tpO~A.E7tOVmV UPXLKU O'u 111U E~T]YTJO'T] I1t roix; Mndousp xni 1:'tiPVEP E7tEK'tUSllKE O't 111u 7t0A.EI11KT] Evuv'tiov 'trov OLUCPOP(J)V 7tpocpll'trov 'tOD Y&PI1UVlKOD O'0<J'1UA.tO'I10D. rV(J)pisoul1& O'T]I1EPU rpin KECPUA.UlU uu'tOu 'tOD OEU'tEPOU rouoo 7tOD uvul1cpi~oA.u So. E7tPE7tE va 7liEPLEXEl 7tEV'tE.

'0 lowe; 6 7tpro'toe; 't0110e; OEV 7tEPlOpisov!av, uO'cpUA.roe;, O''ta rplu KEcpUA.U1U 7tOD 01USE'tOUI1E. Mla xni slvm uCPlEp(J)I1EVOe; O''tT]v KPl'tlKT] 'tf\e; CPlA.oO'ocpiue;, so. E7tP&7tE va 7tEP1A.UI1~UVEl E7tiO'T]e; EVU KECPUA.UW rrOA.EI11Kf\e; {;vuv'tiov 'tOU ~ Apvoxv« PODYKE, 7tOD ~EpOUI1E O't 7toO'T] OlUO'!aO'T] &IXE EPS&l I1t roi»; Map~ Kui MO~Ee; XEe;, U<J"tEPU U7tO "tT] OT]- 110O'iwO'T] 'trov « r u A. A. 0 - Y & P 11 u V 1 K ro v X p 0 V 1 K ro v ».

'0 PODYKE 0T]110O'iwO'E, O''ta 'tEA. 11 'tOD AEKEI1~Pll 1845, I1la O'uUoYT] UVUI1VT]O'E(J)V I1t 'tOY 'tlrA.O « A U 0 x p 0 V 1 U 0' r 0 n U p i 0' 1» 7tOD 7tEP1EiXE 'tie; mo /;EOlUV'tp07tEe; OlUO''tPE~A.WO'Ele; Kui 011A.11"tllplWO&le; EmSEO'Ele; Evuv'tiov 'tOD Map~ xni Kupi(J)e; Evuv'tiov 'tOD XEe;. '0 'tEA.&\)!aLoe; ~piO'KOV!aV O'rie; BpU~EUEe; o'tuv 0T]110<J'1EU'tllKE 'to ~l~A.io xni U7tUV't11O'E I1t I1la unpoooupu 7tOD 6 Map~ OEX'tT]KE va "tT]v EVO'(J)I1U'tW- 0'&1 O''tT] « rEp 11 u V 1 K i) '1 0 E 0 A. 0 Y i u ». 1:'tT] O'UVEXElU, E7liElOT] 'to ~l~A.io otv EKOioov'tUv, 6 XEe;, 7tOD EVuv'tiOV roo O'UVEXlSE 6 POUYKE tie; EmSEO'Ele; 'tOU, ~T]'tT]crE U7tO 'tOY Mup~ va 'tOD EmO''tpE'I'El 'to XE1- poypucpo. (7tP~A.. «Xec 7tpOe; Mup~», 'AA.A.11A.oypucpiu 'tOD MO~Ee; XEe;, EKoocrT] Silberner, XUYT] 1952, 0'. 164).' 1:"tT]v U7tuv'tT]crT] 'tOU 'tf\e; 27-28 'tOD'loUA.ll 1846, () Mup~ 'tOY O'ul1~OUA.WE va 'to ~T]'tT]O'El U7tO 'tOY NrcVlEA.e; cr'tT]v Koxrovin, Ylu'ti ~PlcrKO'tUV O''tu XEpta 'tOU.

TEA.O~, ui'no~ 6 't0110e; E7tPOKE1'tO E7ticrlle; vu 7tEP1EXEl EVu «AOK[- 1110 crXEnKu I1t 'to EYKA.'lI1U», 'tOD K.I. Bernays, 7tUA.lOD U7tEUSUVOU ouvruxrn 'tOD « 'EI17t poe; » (Vorwarts) 'tOD nUpl<J'10D (rrpuYl1u 7tOD 'tOD <J'1:0[XlO'E Suo l1f\vEe; CPIJA.UKT]). ' AUu 6 'tEA.w'tULoe; ST]'tT]O'E E7tiO'l1e; 'to

XElp6ypacp6 rou am) rov Mup~, <J"'Ci<; 16 roli ~E1tr£J.l~pll 1846, J.lE a1tor£A.Eal1a vu 11T) ~piaKEmt ourE Kt aim) "Co KEcpUA.alO ore KElI1EVO "Cf\<; « '1 0 EO A. 0 y i 0.<;» 1tOU Ota9£toUI1E. wE"CO"t "Co ~t~A.io dXE aXEOtaa"CEl apXIKa aav 1tpaYl1attKO aUA.A.oytKO EPYO.

To OEl)"CEPO J.1Epo<; "Coli Kl:tJ.l£VOU "Cll<; «'I 0 EO A. 0 y i 0.<;» 1tOU yvroptSOUI1E elvat acptEprol1£VO aE I1ta KptttKT) toli «uA.TJ9tvoli» aomaA.tal1oli Kai rwv J.lUanKO-aOmaA.ta"CtKwv cpavmalwv toli I1p. Kouxunv, Kat EOW m1.A.t, ii I)TJI1oa1waTJ UKPt~W<; EPYrov t) auHoywv EI17tVwal1£vrov a1t' auro "Co Ka!VOUPYIO aomaA.tattKO 1tvElil1a aru911KE ii EUKatpia "Cll<; a1tuvrllai)<; "Coli Map~ Kat "Coli WEYKEA.<;.

Kurd rov Auyouaro t) ~E7tr£I1~PTJ roli 1845, 0 f:K06rll<; A£aKE dXE OTJI100"lEUaEt Eva EPYO "Coli KapA. rKpUV J.lE rov "ChA.o « T 0 a 0 a t 0.A. I a t I K 0 K i v TJ 11 a a t tl r a A. A. i a Kat r o B i: A Y t 0, r p u 11- 11 a r a Kat J.l E A. £ "C I: <;», EKO. A£aKE, Nrcpucrur, 1845). '0 rKpUV OEV 1l"Cav i:iyvroaro<; Yla rov Map~ Kat rov wEYKEA.<;. "Htcv apXlaUVTuKrTJ<; a"Ctlv « 'E a 1t E P t V T) 'E cp TJ 11 E P i I) a » toli MuvvXal11 rtlv E1t0Xtl1tOU 6 Map~ otEu9uVE "CtlV «'E cp TJ 11 E P I I) a t 0 li Pi) v 0 U », Kat &IXE I)cilaEt a' auro ro cpUA.A.O J.lta ptSOa1taa"CtKtl KarEu9uvaTJ J.lE U1t~r£A.EaJ.la va rov I)tcil~ouv U1tO rtl BuI)TJ. ~rtlv Koxeovic yvcilptaE rov M6sE<; XE<; xui rov WEYKEA.<; Kat Ka"C£cpUYE varEpa o-ro Flupirn 01tOU ouvuvrobos rov Kuune, rta rov Ilpouvrov, uHa Kat yta rov Mup~, ro ~t~A.io ron YUt ro yaA.A.tKO KOtVroVtKO KlVTJl1a I)EV lirav 1tapa I1ta A.0yoKA.01t1a J.lE A.oyorEXVtKE<; a~tcilaEt<; U1tO otacp6pou<; auyypacpEl<;, tOtalrEpa roi»; PEUI.11tW Kat AOUl M1tA.uv, 1tOU 6 rKpUV "Coli dXE A.TJar£'I'Et rtlv «'I a t or W v 11 £ K a E r W v ». « Tc X p 0 V I K a "C f\ <; P TJ v a v i a <; y t a t T) v K 0 t V ro v t K T) 11 Era p p U 9 11 tall » 1tOU OTJl1omEu"CTJKaV o-ro r£A.o<; roii KaA.OKa!plOli roli 1845, E1t1aTJ<; oro Nmpuornr, 1tEptElxav E~ i:iA.A.OU Eva J.lEyUA.O a.p9po roli K. rKpUV: «Floxrnxn xui aomaA.tal1o<;». at «BpU~EHtavoi» (07tro<; QVOI1USEt roi»; Map~ xni wEYKEA.<; 6 rKpUV artlv aUTJA.oypacpia roo) I)Ev dxav I1EyUA.TJ EKril1TJall a' auro ro 1tp6aro7to. EIxav ill)l1 E7ttKpi VEL ra. «N £ a ' A v i: K I) 0 "C a.» roo (Neue Anekdota).

• To cpuHo uuro rwv « X p o V t K W V "C 11 <; P 11 v u v i 0.<; », oro 61toio &IXE a.A.A.roarE ouvspjuorst Kat {) Map~ xui {) MasE<; Xcc, EOtVE Eva novcpcuc auroli toli ouromxof aoalUA.taJloli 1tOU a1t£ppt1ttE tthpc 6 Ma.p~. ~uvI)EaI1Evo<; 11f: ric; iI)WA.tanKf:<; 1t).wpf:<; "Cll<; cptA.oaocpia<; roli <l>ciluEPJl1tax, a aomaA.tal1o<; auroc; il9EA.E va. cYKawari]aEt Eva xpnroc; 1tOV va. avta.1toKpivEWt aric; uvaYKEC; roli «a.v9pcil1tou», 110vaolKoli

31

32

xprrnptou xui ~OVaOLKOU ~EtPOU Ka9& 1tOA.LtLKfie;. l:t ~La E1tOxiJ 01tOU 6 Maps xui 6 ~EYK&A.e; dx,av 11011 q>taa&L atllv UVtlA.l1\j1T] roo; YLa ti]v ta~LKi] oo~i] tfie; xorvorvluc xni 01tOU EvoLaq>EpOVtaV va oroaouv o-ro 1tP0A.&taPLato ti] auv&iol1al1 tou Irrropucoti rou p0A.OU, aiJti] i] q>A.uapia 1tOU T'j9LKOA.oyoUa& aopLata E1tPOK&Lto va toUe; q>av&L OX,L uovo S£- 1t&paa~EVl1 UA.A.a xni E1tLKivouvl1. 'Eom 6q>&lA.&taL KL iJ a1toq>acrll roue va apx,iaouv tOY 1tOA.&~O a' eva O&Ut&PO tO~O tfie; « r & p ~ a v 1 K fi e; '10 & 0 A. 0 Y i a e; » - (autOe; elvnt tropa 6 titA.Oe; rou) - E1tial1e; Evavrlov autmv tmv aocrtaA.LatLKmV 9&ropLmv xni tmv 1tp01tayavOLatmv TOUe;.

Mt ti]v &uKatpia auti] 9a S&KO\jlOUV E1tial1e; ~t to oaxmpto nxo xouuooviouo evoe; BaLtA.LYK, 1tOU Evavtiov rou E1tLtE911K& ~ ~lUlOrrrru 6 MapS, atie; 30 tOu Maptl1 1846, aE ~La auv£opiaal1 tfie; Kou~OUVLatLKfie; 'E1tL tpo1tfie; , AA.A.l1A.oypaq>iae;.

'0 O&lJt£pOe; tO~Oe; 1t&PlEX,&L crll~&pa ~ovaX,a rplu K&q>aA.aW UPl- 9~11~va I, IV xni V. TO. K&q>aA.ala II xni III A.&l1tOUV xni xcvsve atOlX&LO ot ~ae; E1tLtPE1t&L va 1tOU~& at 1tOLa 9E~at(1 Tjtav Uq>L£pro~Eva, oro Y&VLKO ax,EOto. To 1tpmto K&q>aAato aax,oA&Ltat ~t ti] q>lAoaoq>ia tou «aA119Lvou» aocrtaALa~ou, to rcrapro ~t tOY tP01tO tOU v« ypaq>&L ti]v Icroplu. To 1tE~1ttO, Uq>L&pro~Evo crov ~p. rK&OPYK Kous.unv a1to to XOAataLV, EX,&L ouv unonTAo: eei] xpoonraiu tou UA110lvou aocrtaAla~oij».

~ix,roe; ti]v «'10 & 0 A 0 y i a», to ovouc aiJtou tou tUX,OOlroKTT] 9a dx,& t&A&lroe; sqaat&t, Katax,rovLaa~tvo atOUe; q>aKEAAoue; tfie; aatuvo~iae; tou MEtt!:pvLX" tfie; a1toiae; lmfjps& 1tA.l1poq>optoOOtl1e;. 'AAM ati]v 1tpa'Y~atLKOtl1ta, a EKt£A£ari]e; Eom otv TitaV OUt£ a Maps OUt& 6 ~EYK&Ae;, aUa a Mosr.e; Xcc, "EX,£L ai]~£pa a1toO&Lx,t&I on autOe; slvm nou &IX,& ypa\jl&L nuro to xeiusvo xui nou ~aALata UnOtEA&a& taroe; to npmTo K£q>aAato 1tOU auvtax,911K& ano aA6KAT]po aUTO to O&llt£pO tO~O 1. "Oncx; EYLV& ~E tOY npmto tO~O, Etcrt KL a b&lJT£pOe; autOe; tO~Oe; &ix.& AOL1tOV ax,&bLaat£i n:ALKu ouv Eva aUAAoYLKo EPYO, xui btv slvut to hyot&po aaT&Lo a1to oAT] ailTi] ti]v lmo9£al1, OtL evae; ano tOUe; KpLtLKOUe; tOu «aA1191VOU» aocrtaAla~ou slvrn a MOs&e; Xte; 7tOU to tOto tOU to EPYO &Ix,& En:LKpL9£L m:i]v «'10 £ 0 A 0 Y i (! », ouv aVtL1tpoaron&UtLKO tOu aOcrtaALa~ou autou!

I. l:XI:'tlKcl Ill: 'tti cruvl:praO"ia 'toO M. XI:C; O"'tti «T I: p Il a v 1 K ti 'I I) I: 0 I.. or i a» pAlmI: 'to ap9po 'toO W. Monke : «Moses Hess und die Deutsche Ideologic» 0'1:0 Ann a I i 1963, 0".0". 438 - 509.

ENA EPrO TIOY EMEINE rIA KAIPO ANEK~OTO

'H m)VtU~Tt tOU O&lm:pou tOJ.l.OU EytV& a1to 'to lCUA.01CUipt tOU 1845 J.l.EXpt to MaTt tOU 1846. :E' &VU ypaJ.l.J.l.u tOU 1tpo<; tOY Map~, crti<; 13 tOU Mun tOU 1846, 6 BEtVt&J.l.Ey&P, 1tOD E<P&P& to X&tpoypu<po crnl Fspuuvin, J.l.tA.a&t YUl 'ti<; 1tpocr1ta9&tE<; ron va ElCo090uv of ouo rouoi. To i:pyo &lX& xropi<; aJ.l.<Pt~oA.iu cruvtuX9&i cr'to cruvoM roo 1tpiv a1to ti<; 15 Auyoucr'tou tOU 1846, a<pou cr' uim) 'tt)v TJJ.1&poJ.l.Ttviu 6 ~EylC&A.<;, 1tOD aVtEYPU'l'& 1tPOcrro1ttlCa to 1ttO J.I.&yaA.o J.l.EpO<; 'ti'ie; « r & p J.I. U V t - K fj e; '1 0 & 0 A. 0 y i u <; », ~UVUEPX&tUt crtO Ilupiot, 01tOU tOY Ecr't&tA.& Ii Kouuooviorucn 'E1tt'tp01til ' AA.A.TtA.oypu<piu<;.

, A1to 01.0 'to epyo, J.l.ovaxu to lC&<paA.uto v tO'u O&u't&POU rouou OTtuooisorrpce tvro soucr& alCOJ.l.U 6 Map~ oro Westphalisches Dampfboot (<pUA.A.U 8 xni 9, 1847). ~t crTtJ.l.ui vet wcrtocro UUtO on of Map~ xni -EYK&A.e; otv ElCUVUV 1tpocr1tl19&t&<; yta va E~ucr<puA.icrouv 'til OTtJ.l.Ocri&ucrij tOU. 'A1to to 1845, eytvuv OtU1tpuYJ.l.Ut&ucr&t<; J.l.t ota<popou<; ElC- 86t&<; J.l.1': til J.I.&crOA.a.~llcrTt tOU XI':<; t'I 'tou BEtVt&J.1I':y&p. TIOA.A.t<; Mcr&t<; aVttJ.l.&tO)1ticr'tTtlCUV, xui J.l.aA.tcr'tu TJ 0TtJ.l.toupyiu J.l.ta<; J.I.&'toXtlC'ij<; Etutpiu<; a1tO 1tpocrro1ttlCOtllt&e; 1tOD cruJ.l.1tu90ucruv tOY xouuooviouo : P. PEJ.I.- 1t&A. xui I. Msvep. ' AA.A.U. lCa9& <popa, of OtU1tpuYJ.l.Ut&ucr&t<; a1totUxuivouv. '0 J.l.ovo<; 1tOD 90. J.l.1tOpoucr& va &lCOrocr&t uu'to to epyo i'j'tuv 6 AEcrlC&, 6 ~t~A.W1troA.ll<; 'tile; Nrupuorur. ' AA.A.a. i'jtUV McrlCOA.O va 'tou sTttiJcrouv va 0llJl0crt&ucr&t 'tt)v lCpt'ttlCil epyrov 1tOD !:lCoioov'tuv a1to tOY OtlCo tOU tlCOOttlCo OilCO. T&A.tlCa, tilv iivot~ll 'tou 1847, ucrt&PU Kt a1tO UA.A.&e; lilCUp1t&<; 1tpocr1ta9&t&<;, of cruyypu<p&i<; EyKUtEA.&t'l'UV TO i:pyo roue «crtt)v 'tpro1C'ttlCt) lCptttlCil tOW 1tOVttlCroV».

'H crTtJl&ptvil ostpd trov lC&<puA.uirov: I. Kprrucf 'trov avnA.iJ'I'&rov tou Aouoo~ilCOU <l>roi.i&PJl1tUx, TI. :Euvoooe; 'tile; A&t'l'iu<;, TIL KapA. Fxpov, otv avncrt01X&i, 01tro<; &tOUJ.l.&, crtil cr&tpa 1tOD eytv& TJ cruv'tu~iJ 1:OUe;. To 1tprotO (<I>roi.i&PJ.l.1tUx), 1tOD slvat liA.A.rocrt& aVUA.OlCA.ijprotO, ypa<p'tlllC& t&A.&u'taio. 0{ Map~ lCui ~EylC&A.<; OOUA.&UUV alC0J.l.U 1tavro cr' uu'to crta 'tEA.ll tOU 1846. Ilicrot cr'til cr&tpa 1tOD uf09E'tllcr& 6 lOWe; 6 Map~ crl': &VU U1tO 'to. t&tpaota rou, 't01t09&tiJcruJ.l.& &1ttlC&<pUA.fje; 'tie; «SEcr&te; ym tOY <l>roi.i&PJ.l.1tUX», 1tOD iiA.A.rocr't&, XPOVOA.oytlCa 1tp0Ttyouv'tat a1tO tt)v lCupiroe; «'10 & 0 A. 0 y i u ». 'Y1tapxouv ouo J.l.OP<PEe; uu'trov 'trov 9Ecr&roV. Tt) utu, 'tou Map~, 'tt)v 1tij puus cra ~acrll 'tile; J.I.&ta<ppucrTte; J.l.ue;, i] liA.A.ll slvot 'tou ~EylC&A.e;, 01tOU UUto<; eX&t dv&t J.I.&ptlCEe; otOp9rocr&t<; u<pou<;, lCUt 'tilv EX&t 0llJ.l.0crt&ucrEt crav 1tupap'tllJ.l.u cr'to epyo ron :

33

34

«Aouool3i1coe; <l>ciluEp~7tax x n i 'to 'teAOe; 'tfie; YEP~ a v t K fi e; K A a rr t 1C fj e; <p tAO rr 0 <p i a e; » (1888). ~EXOU~E npoo- 7ta9i]crEt va. ll7tOOEt1CVUOU~E 'tie; 7tapaAAaYEe; 'tOD 1CEt~eVou 7tOU EXEI 1Ca.VEt () ~Ey1CEAe;.

"Oruv () Ma.p~ AEEt on () ~Ey1CEAe; 1Ct au'toe; u7to<pacrtcrav va. EYICaTaAd'l'oUV «ro xEtpoypa<po 'toue; cr'ti)v 'tpro1Cn1Ci) 1CptnICi) TroV 7tOV'rlICroV)). 7tpe7tEt va. 7tapOU~E 'ti)v E1CcppacrTl au'ti) crTi)V 1CUptoAE~ia TTle;. ~E 810.<pOpEe; ~EptEe;, ICupio><; crov 7tpro'to rouo, Ad7toUV ~Ept1CEe; crEAi8Ee;_ • Ana xropia slvrn <payro~Eva U7tO 'toue; 7tovnICOUe; crE crTl~EIO 7tOU 8f: ~7tOpOUV va. a.7tOICpu1ttoypa<pTl90uv 11 slvrn ucru~l1tAl1Prom. 'E7tE18i) Optcr~EvEe; U1;pe; xpEtacrTTlICE va. U7tOICaTacrm90uv, aUTO 'to enueuoouue W7t09ETffivTae; 'tEe; ~Ecra crE ICa9E'tEe;. To XElpoypaqlO 7tEPtEXEt E~aAAou 7tOAAa. xropia 7tOU EXOUV 8taypa<pEI, &tTE YlaTi of cruyypa<pEle; 8E geATlcrav va. EIC<ppacrouv 'ti)v a 1113 i8Ea, &tTE ytaTi 6 Map~. 07troe; TO EICavE crux vu, XPllcrt~07toi.TlcrE optouevo, xropia crE {ina Epya, o7tomv of 1Ca9ETEe; ypa~~Ee; 8dxvouv yt' nurov, on 'to Xropio dXE tj811 XPTlcrt~o7toITl9Ei. ~EXOU~E 8fficrEt 1Ca9E <popa. crE ll7tocrll~Eirocrll 'to ICd~EVO aUTrov TroV 8taypa~~evrov Xo>pirov, 07troe; E7ticrlle; EXOU~E zupaOEcrEt TiC; cnusuocs«; 'tOD Ma.p~ 11 'tOD ~EyICEAe; 7tOU 'tie; dxav oro 7tEpt9ffipto roue 1. TeAoe; ll7tapxOUv crTO Flupdprnun ~EPt1Ca. cru~7tAll pro~am 7tOU cruv8EOVmt {i~Ecra ~ 'ti)v «' 1 0 E 0 A 0 Y i a». 'AvTi9Em,8E voutouus on E7tPE7tE va. 8Tl~OcrtE'I'OU~E cr' au'tov rov TO~O, 'to 1Cd~EVO 'tOD ~EYICEAe; «Die wahren Sozialisten» (Of UATl9tVoi crocrtahcrTEe; 13A.E7tE, Epya Ma.p~-~EyICEAe;, r. 4, orr, 248 - 290, yEp~. EIC8.) ytaTi rtuPOAO 7tOU crUYYEVEUEt me; 7tpOe; 'to ge~a, ~E rov TO~O II Tfie; «'1 <> E 0 - A oy i a c », diorooo EXEt cruvmx9EI UpyoTEpa (rEvapTle; - ' A7tpiATle; 1847) xni E7tt7tA.EOV slvm xni UcrU~7tAi]proTO.

Buotxri, t'I « rEp ~ a v t 1C i) '1 <> E 0 A 0 y i a» 7tapE~EtVE ~EXPt 'to 1932 cr'ti)v 1Ca'tacr'tacrTl 'tOU XEtpoypa<pou, E1C'tOe; U7t' 'to 1CE<paAalO IV 'too rouon II «(Ka.pA r1CpUV»). ~7ta.vta I3picrICoU~E crE ~EPt1Ca. cruyxpova 7tEpto<>t1Ca, crll~&tfficrEte;, 'tie; mo 7toAMe; <popse; a.VffiVU~Ee;, 7tOU havaAa~l3avouv ~E a.pICETi) ouoiornru 'to a 11 13 Xropio WD EPYOU. To <pUAAO VII 'tfje; E7tt9EffipTlcrlle; Gesellschafts-spiegel (I'svupnc 1846) 7tEPlEXEl ouo crEAi8Ee; (6 - 8) ~s 'ti) XpovoAoyia «BpU~EAAEe; 20 TOD NOEJlI3Pll»,

1. To K&lJ.1&VO 'tfj<;; «'Io&ol..oyia<;;» Kal..l>1t't&t, Y&VtKa, 'tt)v aptcr't&pt) cr'tTtI..TI 'tOD X&tp6ypaq>ou 1tOU ota9&touJ.1&. I:'to O&!;to J.1EpO<;;, 0 Map!; EX&t cruxva 1tpocr9tcr&t 1tapatTjpi]cr&t<;; 1t&ptcrcr6t&po ft I..ty6t&po tKt&taJ.1Ev&~ Kat 1t&ptcrcrOt&PO ft I..tyo't&PO E(jKOM;~ crtt)v a1tOKpU1t'tOypO:q>Tjcri] rooc,

Kui nOD EnavaAa~~avouv ~EPt1CE<; crEAi&E<; 'WU KE<pUAUiou II 'tOU 'touou I (t Ayu»; Mxpoovo»). l:'to npOrlYOU~EVO 'tEtpa&to, ~E tOV r~lO titAO «Nachrichten und notizien» ((l:T]~EtwcrEt<; xni nAT]po<popiE<;») ~picrKOU~E, crti<; crEAi&E<; 93-96, x()}pia nup~Evu ano to KE<paAulO V 'tou rouou II ((L~p. Kouxunv ano 'to X6AcrtatV»). Oi YEp~avoi EK06'tE<; £xpl']crt~onoil']crav, yU1. va EXOUV to EPYO Kui ta &ta<popu KE<paAUta tOU, ano TIl ~ta ~Epta ti<; nupUtl'] pf]crEt<; 1'OU Map~ xui 'tou ~EYKEA<; cro nEpt9wpto TOU XEtp6ypa<pou, Kui ano 'titv (fAAl'] ~lla crl']~Ei()}crl'] TOU Ma.p~ Evavtiov TOU rKpDV nOD tit &l']~ocriE'I'E cr'tit rEp ~ a v t K it -E<pl']~Epi&a 'trov BpU~EAAroV tfi<; 8l']<; TOU 'AnpiAl'] tOU 1847. CEpya M-E, 'to 4, orr. 37-40).

'H « rEp ~ a v t K it '1 () E 0 A 0 y i a» Et,Et 8l']~ocrtEUtEl cr'tit cr'l~EPtVf] tl']<; ~op<pi], yta. npwtl'] <popa. 'to 1932, ~E 'tit opovrldc 'WU 'Ivo nrourou Ma.p~-~EYKEA<;-AEVtV tfi<; M6crxu<;. l:XE80v taUt6Xpovu oi Anvrcour xui MaYEp EIxuv &wcrEt ~ta.v EKOOXf] tl']<; nOD Ol']~OcrtEU- 1'l']KE crtit AEt'l'ia. Autit f] EK80crl'] nEptE1XE navt()}<; 6Plcr~EVU AcieT] avuyV()}crl']<;.

'H ~EtU<ppUcrf] ~u<;, EXEt yiVEt xupinx; ~E pucrl'] to KEi~EVO 'tfi<; YEP~UVtKfi<; EK80crl']<; nOD anOKutucrtu9l']KE (LITO to 'Ivo-nronro 1'OU ~up~tcr~OU-AEVtVtcr~ou wu BEPOAivou xni 011~0(j(EU'tl']KE to 1959.

Ilpoxcrrut Yla 'tit ~OVl']nAf]p'l EK80crll ui,rou 1'OU EPYOU nOD i)1tupXEL cri]~EPU cr'ta YUAAlKU. MEXPl rropu dZ~: OlWOcrtEUtEl ano 'ti<; Editions Sociales ~OVUXu 'to nprow ~EPO<;: {('O ct>wiiEp~nUX». 'E~aAAou, £vro f] EKooXit nOD Ol']~OcrtEUtl']KE ano ti<; Editions costes EOLVE cr()}ma to PUcrtKO nEplExo~EVO 'tou KEl~EVOU 1'rov Ma.p~ Kui ~EYKEA<;, wcr'tocro 8Ev nEplEIXE KU~~la crl']~Ei()}crT], KUVEVU nupup'tl']~a, OEV nupE9EtE KUVEVU ano 1'a x()}pia nOD EIxuv 8luypa'l'El oi cruyypu<PEl<;. Ki aKO~U EIXE ~ucrtcr'tEl crtO YEp~avlKo K~i~EVO nOD EIXE Ol']~OcrtEU1'Et 'to 1932 ano '!OD<; Anvroour xui MaYEp, ano onou OEV EAEln<iV 'ta. M9l'].

eo. nupUtl']pf]crEl KavEi<; on f] olup9p()}crT] xui f] YEVlKit &lUppU- 9~tcrl'] wu nprorou KE<paA.uiou (noD EXEl tjOl'] OT]~OcrtEUtEl ano 'ti<; Editions Sociales ~E tOV 'titA.o 'H « F's p ~ U V lK it '10 E 0 A. 0 Y i U», J1pro- 1'0 ~EPO<; : «ct>wuEp~nUX») EXOUV 01tocr'tEl ~U9ElE<; aA.A.ayE<;. 'H aVUKUA.u'I'l'], 'to 1962, 'tptrov KUtVOupyt()}V <pUA.A.()}V 'WU aPXlKOU XEtpOypU<pou Kui ol EpyucriE<; nOD EKUVUV ol EpEUVl']tE<; 'tou 'Ivo nroorou wu Mnp~lcr~ou-AEVtvtcr~ou 'tfi<; M6crxa<; EnE'tpE'I'UV va KU1'UA.i]~OU~E cr'to ouunEpucr~a on f] 8tuppue~tcrl'] nOD dXE ui09E1'T]9El ro<; rropu 8Ev avnrrwtxoum; (HO aPXtKO XElp6ypu<po xni crtit 8tup9p()}crl'] trov Otu<poP()}V

35

36

J.LEprov TOO. 'H cr&tpa 7t0t> aKOA.OoSi]craJ.LE slvrn aim) 7t0t> 7tpOT&LVaV crTO TEA.ot; TroV epyamrov TOOt; ol cro~t&nKoi ep&OVTJTEt;. (~M7t& 7t(lVo) cr' aOTO TO SEJ.1a Ta « Z TJ T i] J.1 a T a <I> tA.o o 0 <p i a t; », '01CT.-NoEJ.1~p. 1965). To ()tKO J.1at; K&lJ.1&VO 7taipv&t, EVVO&iTat, U7tO'l'TJ TOO Ta K&iJ.1&va 7tot> uvaKaM<pTTJKaV 7tpocr<paTa. Elvm, E7tOJ.1EVO>t;, TO 7tt0 OA.OKA.TJpO>J.1EVO U7tO OA.a ocra ()TJJ.10crL&UTTJKaV rot; Tropa crT1) raA.A.ia.

llpocr7taGi]craJ.LE J.1& crTJJ.1&trocr&Lt; crTO KaTo) J.1EPOt; Tlit; cr&A.l()at;, ()taKptvOJ.1&VEt; U7tO Tit; crTJJ.LEtrocrEtt; TroV croyypa<pErov 7t0t> UKOA.OOSOUVTat U7tO Ta upxtlCll TOOt; (M.E.), va ()rocrOOJ.1E crTOV uvayvrocrTTJ, KaSE <popa 7t0t> J.1Ut; <paVTJK& uvaYKaio E7t&~TJyi]cr&tt; Kai ()tacra<PTJVicrELt;. Kni 07t0>t; EXEL yiVEt J.1& Ta 7tPOTJyouJ.1EVa Epya aUTlit; Tlit; croA.A.oYlit;, ETm Kt aUTO crOVO()&UETat U7tO 7tivaKEt; 7tOU crK07tO EXOOV va ()tEOKOA.UVOOV T1) xpi]crTJ TOO .

.1\& J.1Ut; J.1EVEt 7tapa va EUXaptcrTi]cr00J.1E U7tO T1) J.1ta J.1EpLa OA.oot; TOut; J.1ETa<ppacrT&t; 7tOU xropit; aUTOUt; TO ~t~A.io TOUTO ()& Sa J.17tOpoucr& va ()Ei TO <prot; Tlit; TJJ.1Epat;, xui U7tO T1)V liA.A.TJ J.1Epta, eVTEA.rot; l()taiTEpa, TOUt; 'Enav M7taA.tJ.17tap Kai 'EJ.1iA. M7toTTtsEA.i 7tOU of U7tO()&i~Ett; 'Woe; ~Tav YLa J.1ut; e~!lLpEnKa 7tOMnJ.1Et;.

ZIAMTIEP MTIANTIA (Gilbert Badia)

EIIArorH

(CJtTt p<OCJ1KTt EKOOCJl1 toil 1956)

'0 rouoc aUTOe; 1t&ptEX&t tiJ « r & P ~ a v t K iJ 'I ° & 0 A. 0 "( i a » T&V KapA. Map~ xui <I>p. ~E"(K&A.e; - (rrl~aV'!lKO &p,,(o 1tOU &"(paljlav ~a~t oi lOpUTf;e; toU ~ap~ta~ou to 1845 xui 1846 -Kai to K&t~&VO « , A A. 11 e t v 0 i :[ 0 a t a A. tat f; c » 1tOU to &"(paljl& 6 ~E"(K&A.e; avuusou af; r&VUP11Kai 'AnpiA.11 toU 1847. To T&A.&U'!ULO a1tot&A.&t ouvel&la tf1r « r s p ~ a v l K f1 e; 'I ° s 0 A. 0 "( I a e; ».

Oi « e E a & t e; "( tat 0 v <I> ro i.i & P ~ 1t a X » OT]~ocrt&uov'!Ut ato Ilupcornun aUTou toU rouou 1 af; 060 ~Op<pEe;, atiJv 1tPo.>tOtU1tll, 01to.><; 't"1)v &"(paljl& 6 Map~ TiJV t'iVOt~T] tOo 1845, xni atiJ ~op<piJ 1tOU TOUe; &000- os 6 'E,,(K&A.e; to 1888 oTav "(ta 1tproTT] <popa tie; 0llllOaiwa&. To TlupupTT]~a &niaT]e; n&plEX&l TiJv «' A1tuV't"l1a11 atiJv 'A vn-xpvnxn toU M1tpoUVO Mmrousp» xui aT]~&lroa&te; T&V Map~ xui wE"(K&A.e; 1tUVOl af; ~l1Ti}~aTa (JUVO&OIl&va Ilf; tiJ « r & p ~ a v t K iJ 'I ° & 0 A. 0 "( i a ».

Tc xeiuevc 1tOU clvet aU,,(K&vtpOlIlEva {;o& aVi}Kouv atiJv 1t&piooo 1tOU aVU7ttUaaOvtav () :':1ttatT]llovtKoe; KOIl~OUVta~oe; Kai aV'!l1tpOaOl- 1t&UOI)V Eva a11~aV'!lKO atae~o atiJv {;~EA.t~T] T&V cplA.OaocptK&v Kai 9&OlP11nK&v ~ua&CJ.)v TOU ~ap~tcr'!lKOU K6~~aTOe;. npOT]"(OUVTat XpoVIKU a1tO ta 1tPOlta t&A.&tOle; &pt~a &p,,(a t&V Map~ Kai wE"(K&A.e;.

'0 wE"(KCA.e; ea "(pUIjI&t ap"(6t&pa "(Hl TOUe; aT6xoue; 1tOU &~aA.av auTOe; KI 6 Map~ au'tiJ 'tiJv 1t&piooo : «E1XaJ,1& Tl011Kl ot ou6 ~ae; aVa~lXe&t (Jo~apu a'to 1tOA.l'tlKO Kiv11~a KOol olaeE'!U~& 6pla~vOUe; ()1ta80ue; o-ro uoporouevo K6a~0, &lomi 'n'ie; AU'!lKfje; r&Pllaviae;, Kai 1t0A.A.f;e; t1tacpf;e; lif; TO 6p"(aVOl~EVo 1tflOA.E'!UptU'tO. ElXall& XpEOe; vu oroaOUJ1& J1lUV f;1tlatT]~OvlKiJ ~ua11 ornv ii1toljli} ~ae;, UA.M Tj'!Uv {;~iaou aT]J1avn.1CO "(la ~ae; vu K&p8iaouJ1& to EUpOl1talKO xui 1tp&ta a1t' oA.a 'to ,,(&pJ1avlKO 1tPO/.EtaPlUto a'tie; 1t&1tOtei}a&le; J1ae;». (KUpA. Mup~ Kai <I>p. wE"(K&A.e;, «'E K A. & K r a ~E p "( a », rou, II, M6axa 1958, a. 345, a"("(A.tKiJ &KOOaT]).

1. L' aim,! rnv £A.A.11V1Ktl I::KI)OO"11 ol «9tO"f:l~» 1)11I!OO"U:UOVtat c mv apX11 toO tOJ.lou. BMm, Kai 1tpOA.0Yo O"tit yaA.A.1K1't I::KI)OO"11 toO 1968 (L.t.J.l.).

38

'H VEU braVUCHUTlKtl <ptAOO"o!piu T<1>V Mu,p~ Kai "EYKEAe; 01U110P<pffiOllKE o-rov uyffivu svuvriov ,mv UO"TlKmV Kat I1tKpoao"TlKmv iocoAoytmV, KuOffie; UVU7t't1JO"O"UVE ,tlv UAtO"TlKij rou; KOO"I100EO)piu oi Mup~ xui "EYKEAe; EO",PE\jIUV ,tlV uix'l1tl ,fie; KptnKfie; roo; npiv an' ol.a i:vuvt iov 'tOU UVTlKEtl1EVtKOU iOEUAtO"I10U 'tOU XEYKEA KUt ,OU unoKEll1EVtKOU iowAIO"l1oU ,mv NW-XEYKEAluvmv, nUAui~ov'tUe; svuvrtov 'tOG iOWAI- 0"110U oi Mup~ xui "EYKEAe; unEpu0"1tI~UV rov nupijva ,fie; uAIO"TlKfie; <pIAoO"o<piue; 'tOi) <I>ffiUEPl1nuX, KUt, mmox,povu, EKUVUV ~uOElU UVUAtlO"ll ,fie; (LO"uvEnEtU 'lle;, ,mv oplrov 'lle; KUt ,fie; l1E'tu<puO"lKfie; 'lle;, 'H VEU <ptJ,oO"o<piu ,mv Map~ KUt "EYKEAe; O"UVOUUO"E OtuAEKTlK&e; I1E8000uC; KUt UA.tO"I10 0"' EVu uOtUiPE'tO O"UVOAO ~u~ov'tUe; Emt ,ie; ~Uo"EtC; YHL Kun nOWTlKU KUlVOUpytO - ,0 OtUAEKTlKO VA.tO"I10.

Oi (( 0 i: 0" E t e; Y t U ,0 v <I> ro U E P I1n U X,» 'tOU Map~ npollY1l- 0llKUV al1EO"u ano ,tlv EpyuO"iu nuvw O",tl (( rEp 11 U V t K" 'I 0 E 0 /, 0 - y i U ». To 1888 6 "EYKEAe; EypU\jIE ytU Ttl O"lll1uO"iu ,mv ((0EO"EWV». Eivui, EAEYE, ((uvEK,il111,Ee; yta,i anO,EAOUV ,0 npm'tO V'tOKOUI1EVW nou I1EO"u 'tOU ~pio"KE,Ut 6 AUl1npOe; ortopoq ,fie; vtue; KOO"I10eEwpiue;». (KU.pA Map~ Kui <l>p. "EYKEAe;, (( 'E K A E K ,a "E pya », 'Oil. II, MoO"Xa 1958, o"EA.. 359, o.yyA. EKO.).

L,ie; ((0tO"EtC; yta rov <I>ffiuEPl1nuX,» 6 Mup~ o.nOKaAUn,Et ,0 ~UO"IKO EA.a,HWI1U 'tOU UAtO"I10U 'tOU <l>ffiuEPl1nUX xui OAOU ,ou I1EX,pt ,U rorc UA.tO"I10U, Kupiw<; ,tlv naOllTlKtl OEWPllO"lUKij 'tOU <PUO"ll KUt ,"v uouvaIlia 'tOU va O"UAA.U~Et ,,, O"lll1aO"iu 'fi<; EnuvaO"m'tlKfi<; npuK'tlKfie; - xpi'tlKfi<; OPUO"'llPtO'l1'tUe; 'tOU avOpffinou. '0 Map~ 'tOVi~Et rov uno<puO"IO"'tlKO pOA.O ROU nui~Et tlnpaK'tlKtl Spucrnptorntc O","v xuruvonon Kui aA.A.uy" ,OU KOO"I10U. 'H &Vof.Ku'll OtO"l1 - «Ol <ptA.OO"o<pOt EX,OUV 110VOV E ~ 11 Y r, 0" E t rov KOO"I10 11& Otu<popou<; rpoxouc, ,0 ~ij'l1l1u OWOC; slvei va ,OV u A. A. u ~ 0 U 11 E» - slvui E~UlPE'tlKU O"lll1uVTlK" un' au,,, ,tlV ano\jlll. "Eva ana ,u. ~UO"IKa. x'UPUlC'tllPIO"'tlKa. nOt) otuKpivEI ,,, I1UP~to"TlKtl <ptA.oO"o<piu ana OA.E<; 'ti<; npollyoUI1EVE<; <pIA.oO"o<piE<;, l1u~i xui rov npOI1Up~IO"'tlKO UAtO"I10, tK<PpU~E'tUl 111'; nsPtEK'tlKO rpono 0"' uu'ttl 'til OtO"ll, rtou l1ii<; OiVEI ~o>v'tuvu 't"v EVEPYll'tlK" I1E'tUO"Xlll1a'tlO"'tlKtl <puO"ll 'tfi<; OEwpiu<; nou 0lll1LOuPYllO"av oi Ma.p~ Kui YEYKEA.<; KUt 'ttlV o.OluO"nUO"'tll O"UVOEO"ij 'tile; 111'; 't"v E7tavuO"m'tlKtl 7tpaK'tlKr,.

L& o.VTiOEO"ll 11& rov <l>ffiuEPI17tUX, 7tOU E~E'tU~EI 'tOY livOpwno a.!Pllpnuevu, o.VIO"WPIKU, 6 Ma.p~ MEL on O"'t"v 7tpuYl1anKo'tll'ta tl <PUO"l1 'tOu avOpffinou (fI>lVUI 'to O"UVOA.O 'tmv xorvovncov O"X,tO"EWV». '0 Ma.p~

btEK't"!:ivEt £"Ccrt "C11 mpaipa "COU UAtO"JlOU, &o""CE VU O"llJl7tEPlAUPEl "C1']v i:VVOlU "Cfj<; uv9pw7tlvTj<; Kotvrovia<;.

"Ornv 6 Map~ £ypa\jlE "Ct<; «0EO"El<; Yla rov <DwUEP!-11taX» ElXE, 07tro<; AEEt 6 "EYKEA.<;, tjOTj £7tE~Epyao""CEi O""Ca paO"lKU !Tj<; O"TjIlEia "CTJV UAlcr"ClKTJ rou UV"CiATj\jlTj Yla "C1']v Ioroptu. "Onox uvatpEpEt 6 Map~ (Lpy6"CEpa, OtaV 6 "EYKEA<; £tptao"E O""Ci<; Bpll~EnE<; "C1']v iiVOl~Tj "COU 1845, U7totpuO"lO"av va E7tE~EpyaO""Couv Jlat;i "Ci<; U7t6\j1El<; roue. To EKavav au"Co Jlf; "CTJ JlOptpTJ Jltu<; KPl"ClKfj<; "Cfj<; JlE"CaXEYKEAlavfj<; YEpJlaVtKfj<; tptAoO"otpia<;. To U7tO"CEAEO"Jla "Cfj<; KOtvfj<; roue EPyaO"ia<; lltaV i) « I' E pJl a v t K 1'] 'I 0 EO A 0 y i a ». ~EV Ka"CUtpEpav wO""C60"0 va "C1'] OTjJlOO"lEUO"OllV. '0 Map~ £ypa\jlE apy6n:pa: «'EYKataA.El\jlaJlE "Co XEtp6ypatpo O""CTJV "CproKTtK1'] Kpt"ClKTJ "Cow 7tOVTtKmV 7tOAU 7tp69llJla, Ilta xui dXaJlE 7tE"CUXEl rov KUPto 0"K07t6 Jla<; - va ~EKa9apio"OllJlE "Ci<; U7t6\j1El<; Jla<;». (KapA Mupl; Kat <Dp. wEYKEA<;, « 'E K A E K "C a "E pya », "C61l. I, MoO"xa 1958, O"EA. 364, ayyA. £KO.)

'H « rEp Jl a v t K 1'] 'I 0 E 0 A 0 y i a» 1tEPlEXEt £~atpE'ttK1'] utp90- via a~l6Aoyrov 10Emv. Elvm Jltu AaJl7tpTJ EKtppaO"Tj "Cfj<; JlEYUATj<; £7tavuO"TaO"Tj<; 7tOU aih1'] "C1']v E7tOX1'] oAoKAi)proO"av of Map~ Kat "EYKEA<; OTjJltollpywvta<; Jlta yvi)ma £7tlO""CTjJlOVtK1'] 9Eropia 7tOU a.YKaAuit;Et "COU<; vouooc £l;nt~Tj<; "Cfj<; tpUO"Tj<; Kat 'tfj<; Kot vmvluq,

TtJlTjTtK1'] 9EO"Tj 0""C1'] « rEp Jl a v t K 1'] 'I 0 E 0 A 0 Y i a» Ka'tEXEt i) £7tEI;EpyaO"ia 'tOU 10"'tOptKOu UAtO"JlOU, 1tOU of KUptE<; 9EO"Et<; roo ytU 7[pw"CTj tpopa ota'tu7[wvov'tat AE7t'tOIlEpEtaKa O"'to 7tpm'to KEtpUAUlO au"Cou "COU EPYOU.

1:'t1'] « rEp 11 a v t K 1'] 'I 0 E 0 A 0 y i a» UKptpm<;, ol Map~ Kat "EYKEA.<; 7tpOpaAav Kat a.7tEOEl~av 't1'] 9EO"TJ o'tt 'to xoworvuco dvat "Cmv a.v9pw1trov Ka90pit;Et 't1']v xoweivucn roue O"UVElOTjO"Tj Kat EOEt~av 'tOY a.1t0tpaO"lO"TtKO POAO 7tOU 7tait;Et 6 'tp07to<; 7tapayroyfj<; 0"' 6A.0- KATjpTj 't1']v xotvcovucn t;ro1'] 'tmv a.v9pw7[rov. Of 7tto YEVtKOi uv'ttxstusvucoi VOIlOt 1t0U OtE7tOUV 't1']v El;ntSTJ 'tmv 7tapayroytKmV ouvuusrov Kat 'tmv 1tapayroytKmV O"XEO"EroV &K'tE9TjKav yta 1tpw'tTj tpopa 0"'t1'] « rEp 11 a v t K 1'] '1 0 E 0 A. 0 y i a», 7tOU 7tEPtEXEt E7tiO"TJ<; 't1'] O"TJJlaVnKl'J EVVOta 'tmv KOtVroVlKO - OtKOVOJltKmV O"XTJllanO"llmv Kat UvaA.UEt ouvroun "Ca paO"lKa xapaK'tTJptO"'ttKa 'tmv OtaOOXtKmV Io-roPtKmV O""Cabirov. 'QO"'toO"o, yta va OTjA.wO"ouv OptO"IlEVE<; O"TJllaVTtKEe; ~;VVOlE<; "Cfj<; 9Eropia<; 7tOU E7tE~Epyut;ov'tav, of Maps Kat WEYKEA.<; XPTJcnuozotnouv IlEPlKOU<; opooc 0"T1'] « rEp 11 a v t K l'J '10 E 0 A. 0 - y i a» 7tOU roi»; U.V'ttKa'taO"'tTJO"aVE a.pYO'tEpa IlE opOue; 7t0:') EKCPPU-

39

40

~av& alCp1~Sm&pa 'ti<; lCalVOUPY1&<; au't&<; EVVOl&<;. Aoyou xapTJ, ol OPOl Verkehrsmittel (~sO"a &1tllC01VIDvia<;) Verkehrsform (~opq)1'1 i'I 'tP07to<; &1tllC01 vIDviac;) lCat Verkehrsverhaltnisse (crx.SO"&l<; i'I opm &1tllCOlVIDViac;) XPTJO"l~07tOlOl)V'ta1 &oro YUt va. a7tOoIDO"oUV 'ttlv Evvma Produktionsverhaltnisse (O"XSO"&l<; 7tapaYIDYi'j<;). '0 opo<; «~opq>tl iOlOlC'tTJma<;» (form des eigentums) O"'ttlV 7tpay~anlCo'tTJ'ta 7t&PlSX&l 'ttlv Evvma 'tou 1COlVIDVllCO-oi1COVO~l1COU O"XTJ~anO"~ol).

'Aval..Uov'ta<; 'tou<; aVn1C&l~&Vl1COU<; vo~ou<; 'ti'j<; 1C01VIDVl1Ci'j<; &SSAlS11<; ol Ma.PS 1Cai WEy1C&A<; a7tSO&lsaV on 'to 7tOAtnlCO 1Cai iO&OAOYl1CO &7tOl1C006~TJ~a 1Ca6opi~&'tal 't&AllCa. a7to 'ti<; Oi1COVO~l1C&<; O"XSO"&l<; 7tOU {l7tapxouv 0"' fva ()&()O~VO Ieropixo O"'taolO &S£A1.S11<;. '0 POAO<; "COl) 1Cpa'tou<; O"a.v opyavou &souO"ia<; O"'ta. x£pla 'ti'j<; 'taSTJ<; 7tOU 1CUplapx&i O"'ttlV oixovoutn a7to1CaM7t't&'tal O"'ttl « r & P ~ a v t 1C tl 'I () e 0 A 0 y { a» O{ Ma.pS 1Cai WEy1C&A<; o&ixvouv on it 'taSl1Ctl 7taATJ 1Cat of 'taSl1C&<; &7tavaO"'taO"El<; &Ival it 1ClVTJ'titPla ouva~11 mtlv fO"'tOPt1Ctl &S£AtSTJ.

'0 fO'tOPt1CO<; POAO<; 't0l) 7tpOA&'tapta'tou, ~1a. a7to 'ti<; 1CUPl&<; unp~ 10"'tl1C&<; 6£0"&1<;, a.7t01C'ta&t ~la. 7t&Pl&lC'tl1Ctl &7t10"'t11~OVl1Ctl ~aO"TJ o"'ttl {( r & p ~ a v l 1C tl '10 e 0 A 0 Y i a». Of Ma.PS 1Cat WEylC&A<; Mv& Yla. 7tpro'tTJ q>opa. 0"' au'to 'to fpyo on 'to 7tpOA&'tap1aTo 7tp£7t&t va. 1CaTa1CTitO"&t TtlV 7tOAl'tl1Ctl &souma, o'tav ypaq>ouv: «Ka9& 'taSTJ 7tOU a.YIDv{~&'tal Yla. va. &7tllCpaTitO"&t, a1C6~a 1Cl <hay it 1Cuplapxia TTJ<;, ()7tID<; O"u~~a{V&l ~& 'to 7tpOA&TaplaTo, a7talT&i TtlV 1CaTapYTJO"TJ Ti'j<; 7taAtli<; ~opq>f'j<; Tf'j<; xoi vrov{ac; mtlv 6MTTJTa T11<; 1Cai Ti'j<; i01a<; Ti'j<; 1Cuplapx{a<;, 7tP£7tSl 7tp(Oru va. lCaTa1C'tT)O&l Yla. 'tOY £auT6 TTJ<; TtlV 7tOAl'tl1Ctl &SouO"ia». AUTtl it 9£oTJ 7t&P1SX&1 tjOTJ TtlV apXtl Ti'j<; ol1CTa'topia<; TOl) 7tpOA&Tapla'tou 0& O'tOlX&lIDOTJ ~opq>T). e&~&AlIDVOVTac; aUTO TO O"u~7tspao~a of Ma.PS 1Cat wEY1C&A<; O"lClaypaq>Ol)v 'tt<; 1CUPl&<; Oi1COVO~llCS<;, 7tOAl'tl1C&<; 1Cat i()&OAOYllC&<; 7tpol}7t06£0&1<; Yla. TtlV 7tpOA&TaplalCtl &7taVaoTaO"TJ 1Cat o&ixvouv Ttl ~aO"llCtl Olaq>opa. ava~&oa mtlv T&A&UTaia 1Cai OA&<; Ti<; 7tpOTJYOU~v&<; &7taVamaO"&l<;: "On OTJAaOtl it 7tpOA&'tap1a1Ctl &7tavamaO"TJ 1CaTapy&i lCa6& &lC~&TaAA&uO"TJ, EVro <SA.&<; of 7tpOtl'YOI)~&V&<; &7tavaO"TaO"&l<; aV'tl1Ca- 910"TOl)OaV a.7tA.ro<; ~1a. ~opq>tl ElC~&'tan&UO'1<; ~& ~la. liAATJ. I:a.v T&AllC6 TTJC; a.7tOT£A&O~a it 7tpOA&Tap1a1Ctl &7tavama011 1CaTapy&i 'ttlV &souO"{a OAIDV TroV 'tas&rov lCai Ti<; tOl&<; Ti<; TaS&l<;. Of Ma.PS 1Cai WEylC&A<; 7tOU aValCaAU'I'aV TO ~&yaAo Icropixo p6AO Tfj<; lCO~I!OUV10"'tl1Ci'j<; E7tavaO"TaO"TJ<;, ypaq>ouv: «Au'ttl it i'mavaOTao'1 slvut £7tO~£VID<; avaYlCaia 0Xl uovo &7t&l0tl it 1C U pia p X TJ TaS'1 0& ~7top&i va. avaTpa7t&i ~& 67tOlOOT)7tOT& lino Tp67tO, a.AAa &7tio'1C; &7t&l0tl tl TaS11 7tOU TtlV a. v u r p S-

7t & l. 1l0VO aE IlUI E7taVUa'taaT) Il7tOPEI vu 7t&'t"\)XE1 v« a7taAAaY&1 a7tO nlv K()7tPO wu Auy&iou ukovmv 6A.6KA.T)prov Kat va yiV&l iKavi) va OiKOOOJl~a&l EsapXf]<; 'ti)v xotvcovtu».

Oi auyypacp&i'<; cpro'ti1;ouv 't"i<; ahi&<; 7t00 6ol1Youv anlv EJlCPUV1cr11 xui aVU7t't"USl1 'tmv avn9€a&rov aVUIl&aa aE 7tOAl1 Kat XroP10, Kat aVUueou aE OlaVOl1't"lKTt Kat CPUcrlKTt Epyaaia. ~&ixvouv on aU'tE<; ol avncpua&lc; 9a. EsaA&lcp90uv a'tTtv 7topEia wu IlB'taaXl1llanaJlou 't;;<; K01Vroviae; a7tO 'tTtV 7tpOA&'tap1aKTt E7taVua'taal1.

~ A v Kat a' aino 'to spyo ol Ma.PS Kat WEYK&A<; Mv aaXOAOUV't"U1 &i01K<1. JlE 'tTtV aVUAUal1 'tmv 01KOVOll1Kmv ax€aErov. KUVOUV roa'toao 1l1a. a&tpa. a7tO al1llaVnKE<; 7tapa'tT)p~a&l<; 7tOU XPl1crlll&UOUV aa cnusto acp&'tl1piu<; yta. 'tTt llapS1anKTt 7tOAtnKTt OLKOVOllia. ~07tro<; sypa'l'& () tOlO<; () MuPS, f} « rEp Il a v 1 K Tt '1 0 & 0 A 0 y i a» S7tP&7t& «Va 1tPO&roumcei 'to K01VO Yla 1l1a 7tOAlnKTt oixovouiu OlaJl&'tP1Ka aVd9&'tT) 1tpo<; 'tTt Il€XP1 rropu Y&PllaV1KTt E7t1a'tiJIl11»·

°Ava7t'tuaaov'ta<; 'to 01aAEK't"lKO Kat Ioropixo UAlallO O{ MapS Kat WEYK&A<; 0X1 1l0VO Il&'tallopcproaav& p11;1Ka 'tTt cp1Aoaocpia Kat nlv eplll1vBia 't;;<; icroptoc, ana. E7tiaT)<; ES07tA1aaV 'tTtV 7tOAtnKTt OiKOvouin IlE 1l1a. 7tpaYllanKa E7t1a'tl1JlOV1KTt 1l€9000 sp&Uva<;.

M1a Ka9apTt Kat aaCPTt<; aVdAl1'1'l1 Y1a. 'tTtV aVnK&1IlEV1KTJ cpuaT) 'tmv OiKOVOJl1KmV voueov Kat Ka'tl1yop1mv 1tpO~uAAB'ta1 a'tTt « rEp Il av 1 K Tt '1 0 & 0 A 0 y i a». 1:E avd9&al1 1tPO<; 't00<; aa'tOU<; OlKOVOIlOA6you<; 7t00 9&ropouv 'tOU<; oiKOVOIl1KOU<; VOIlOU<; Kat Ka'tl1yopi&<; 't;;<; aa'tlK;;<; Ko\Vrovia<; aav airovlOU<; Kat all&'ta~AiJ'tOU<;, O{ Ma.PS Kat vEYK&A<; ~AE7tOUV a' au'touc; 'tTJ 9BroPl1't"lKTt SKcppaal1 'tmv Ioropucd lCa90- piouevrov Kat 7tpOaKa1prov xotvoivucev ax€aErov. «ralO7tpOaOOOC;, K€P- 00<;. K'tA. au'tE<; oi 1tpaYlla't"lICEC; 1l0PCPEC; u7taPSl1<; 't;;C; a't01l1K;;C; 1010- K'tl1aiac;, slvci K 0 1 V ro v 1 K f: C; a X € a E 1 C; 7tOU avnaW1XOUV a' llva ()p1aJl€VO a'tuolO 7tapayroy;;c;».

wExov't"U<; 7tporo9iJa&1 'tTtV SVV01a 'tmv K01vroV11C0-OlKovoll1Kmv aXl1llanaJlmv. 1tOU slvm roco al1JlaVnKTt Y1a. 'tTJ llapS1anKTt 1tOAtnKTJ oixovouiu, ol auyypacpBi'c; oBixvouv on «ol ax€a&l<; 'tmv a'tOllrov a.vuIlf;au TOU<; aVaCPOP1Ka. Ilf: 'to UAIKO. TO opyuVO. Kat 'to 7tPOIOV Tfj<; EPyaaiu<;)), aAM1;ouv a'ta. OlUCPOPU a'tuo1a T;;C; {a'topIKfj<; ES€A1Sl1C;, Kat on of Ioropixe; 1l0PCPf:<; 101OK'tl1aiuC; - iOlOlC'tT)aia 't;;<; CPUA;;C;. apx.uio., cpBouoapX1KTJ Kat aanKTJ iOlOK'tl1aiu, Y1a va. XPl1crlll07tOl iJaOUIl& WU<; opouC; 7tOU auwi IlE't"UXE1pi1;ovmv EK&i Vl1 'tTJV E7tOXTJOlaO€XOVTa1 f} 1l1a 'tTtV c'inl1. O{ MapS Kat wEYKBA<; cpro'ti1;ouv auri::c.

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tie; 1l0p<pEe; iOWKtllcriae; xui tautoxpova OEiXVOUV til cruvEXEta tije; K01- Vo)V1Kije; E~EA.t~lle; 1tOU EKOllMOVEtat crtO YEyovoe; on KaeE YEVta 1tapaA.a~aiVEt tie; 1tapayO)YtKEe; OUVaIlEte; 1tOU KA.llPovollllcrE U1tO tie; xponYOUIlEVEe; YEvtEe;.

Ol Map~ xui YEYKEA.e; oEixvouv on Eva crUVOA.O 1tapayO)ytKrov crXEcrEO)V (fJ Ilta «1l0p<pi] E1ttKOtVO)viae;»), 1tOU YEvvWUVtat 1tavO) crti] ~acrll troy 1tapaY(OY1Krov OUVallEo)V 1tOU lJ1tapXOUV llu1V OptcrllEVll E7tOx1'], uvncrtotXEi o ' aUtEe; tie; OUVaIlEte; Kai U1tOtEA.Ei Eva V opo Tije; ava- 1ttU~1']e; roue. ~ti] cruvEXEta, rocrTOcrO, yiVEtat <ppaYIlOe; 1tOU EIl1tO~)i~Et ti]v 1tapa1tEpa E~EA.t~ll TroV 1tapayO)ytKrov OUVallEo)V Kui EPXEtUl crE aVTWEcrll 11' aUtE<;. AUTl; it avtieEcrll A.UVETat, otav unuivet (<ati] eEcrll Iltae; 1tPollyoUIlEVlle; Ilop<pfje; E1ttKOtVO)viae;, 1tOU EXEt yiVEt <ppaYllOe;, Ilta xmvoopytn 1l0p<p1'] ... 1tOU v' uvncrtotXEi crtie; mo uVa1ttuYIlEVEe; 1tapayO)YtKEe; ouVaIlEte;». Of Map~ xui YEYKEA.e; oEixvouv on «OA.Ee; of crUYKpoucrEte; crti]v Io-ropiu EXouv Ti]V 1tllYll roue. .. crti]v aV't'ieEcrll avallEcra cr'['ie; 1tapayO)YtKEe; OUVaIlEte; Kai cr'['i] 1l0P<PT) E1t1KOt vO)viaC;» Kai ott au'['i] " aV't'ieEcrll 1tPE1tEt «crE KaeE EUKatpia va ~Ecr1taE1 crE IlU1V E1tavacr'['acrll». AU,[,Ee; ol crllllaV't'lKEe; eEcrw; 1tijpav '['i]v KA.acrlKli rou; 1l0P<PT) o-rov npOA.oyo '['ou sPyou '['ou Map~ « ~ o 11 ~ 0 A. i] cr r i] v K P 1 r 1 K T) r ij e; n 0 A. 1 r t K ij C; 0 i K 0 V 0 11 i a C; » (1859).

0[ Map~ xui "EYKEA.C; E<papllo~ouV a\),[,Ee; '['ie; etcrElC; cr'['i]v aVaA.ucrll '['ou Ka1tltaA.lcrllou. npaYlla'['EuoVTal '['i]v KE<paA.aWKpa'['lKi] xowrovln cra Illa UV'['lKElIlEV1Ka uvaYKaia Kai '['au'['oxpova Icropucc 1tpocrKatPll 1l0p<pi] E1tlKotvO)viac;, Kai U1tooEixvouv O'['l cr' Eva 0PlcrIlEVO cr'['aow E~EA.l~lle; '['roY 1tapaYO)Y1Krov OUVallEo)V it U'['olllKi] lowK'['llcria '['roY !l6- orov 1tapayO)yijc; yivE'['al Evac; uvaYKacrttKoe; <ppaYIl0C; Yl' au'['a, 1tOU ea Ka'['apYlleEi aVa1to<pEuK'['a U11iO '['i]v KOllllouvlcr't'lKi] E1taVacr'['a<11l, Illav E1tavacr'['acrll 1tOU eu <pEPEl '['ie; 1tapaYo)YlKEe; crXEcrEle; crE crull<PO)via IlE tiC; 1tapaYo)YlKEC; OUVaIlEle;.

Mepuce ~acrtKu xapaK'['llPlcrttKU tfjc; IlEA.A.OV'['lKf\e; xouuoovio-nKf\C; xorvorviuq <rKlaypa<pouv'['al IlEcra cr'['i] « rEp 11 a v 1 K T) 'I 0 E 0- A. 0 y i a », "Evo dOlKO xapaK'['IlPlcr,[,llCo au'['f\c; '['f\e; xotvroviur; elver, Ka'['a. roi»; Mup~ Kai YEYKEA.C;, O't'l of. liVepo)1tOl eu XPllcrtll01tol6uV crUVElOll'['a roi»; UV'['lKElIlEVtKOUC; oixovouucoo; VOlloUC;, "flU vu E~acr<paA.icrouv rov SA.EYXO 1tavO) cr'['i]v 1tapayO)y1'], '['i]v uv'['aA.A.ayi] Kai '['iC; K01- vo)VlKEe; roo; crXEcrEte;. Movo crE IllU KOIlIlOUVtcr'['lKi] xoivoivi« ea EXEl KaeE li,[,OIlO '['i]v EUKatpia vu uva1t'['ucrcrE1 '['ie; LKavO't'll,[,Ee; '['OU Kat '['a '['aA.Evta '['OU OA.OKA.llPO)IlEVa Kai KaeOA.lKa.

nOA.A.f:e; paeEtEe; crKE\I'Ete; IlEyaA.11e; cr11llacriae; crE IlUI. crElpa KOtVO>VlKEe; E1ttcr1'iillEe; 1tEPll~XOV't'Ut cr1'ij « rEp Il a v t K ij '1 0 E 0 A. 0 y i a », T' u~ui:>lla1'a 1'l1e;, A.6you Xap11, XP11criIlE\jfaV cra cr11IlEio a<pE1'l1piae; yta 1'ijv E1tE~Epyacria yA.o>crcrOA.oytKroV 1tpOpA.11lla1'O>v Ilscra crE llap~tcr'tlKij ypalllli]· Q[ Map~ Kat vEYKEA.e; oeixvouv O'tl cr1'ijv upxi] 't11e; xui cr1'ijv E~SA.t~i] 't11e; TJ yA.rocrcra crUVOSE't'Ut u.va1t6cr1tacr1'a IlE 1'ijv UA.tKij 1;;o>ij 1'f\e; xotvroviac Kat 1'ijv EpyacrtaKi) OtaotKacria 1'rov uvepro1tO>V. 'E1tlIlSVOUV cr1'i)v u.Otacr1tacr't11 EVO't'l1't'U yA.rocrcrae; Kat UVepro1ttVlle; crKS\jflle; xui K6.vouv 'ti) cr11llaV'tlKi) 1t'apa1'i]Pllcrll 01'1 «i] yA.rocrcra EtVUt i] allEcr11 npuYlla'tlKO't'l1't'U 'tf\e; crKS\jf11e;», 01'1 slvct «1tpaK1'1Ki] ... 1tpaYlla1'1Ka U1tUpxoucra. .. cruvei011cr11»·

'H «T E p Il a v t K iJ '10 E 0 A. 0 y i U» oxt uovo acrKEl: Kpt1'lKl'J cr1'ie; aicrel11'lKEe; U1t6\jfEte; 1'rov Neo-Xeyxextuvdiv, UA.A.a 1tpOpaA.A.Et Kai eEIlEA.trovEt Ilta crEtpa. ~acrtKEe; uPxEe; 'tf\e; llap~tcr1'1Kf\e; aicre111'1Kf\e;, 1tOD oEixvouv 01'1 i] TSXV11 Kai TJ 0l1lltoUPytKiJ 1tpocrO>1ttK6't11'ta 'tOU KaA.A.l- 1'SXV11 E~ap1'1s't'Ut U1tO 1'iJv OtKOVOlltKiJ xui 1tOA.t'ttKiJ 1;;0>i) 1'f\e; xoivcevicc; crE KaeE cr1'aOlO icr'tOptKf\e; E~SA.t~l1e;.

To spyo 1'OU1'O pa1;;Et 'tie; pacrEle; 'tf\e; llap~lcr1'tKf\e; OtaA.EK1'1Kf\e;UA.tcrnKf\e; \jfuX0A.oyiae; E~l1yrov'tae; 'tiJ <pucr11 xui 1'0 p6A.0 'tf\e; crKS\jf11e;, TroV 1tVEUlla1'1Krov a.1tani]crEO>v, 'troY EVOta<pEp6v'tO>v, 'tacrEO>v Kai cruyKtVi]crEO>V 'tOU uvepro1tOU, Kai oeixvov't'Ue; on ol ahiEe; 1tOD Kaeopi1;;ouv 1'ie; uA.A.ayse; roo; xci 'tiJv E~SA.tSi] 1'OUe; pacri1;;ov1'Ut cr'tiJv UA.tKiJ 1;;0>" 1'i'je; xotvcoviuq.

'H E1tE~Epyacria 'ti'je; llapstcrnKf\e; eEo>piae; crUVOSE1'Ut a.SExroptcr'ta IlE 'tiJv Kpt'tlKiJ u.vaA.ucrll 1taA.t0-rEpo>V <ptA.ocrO<ptKroV, xoi VO>VtKroV, 1t'0- A.t1'1KroV, xni oixovouucdiv UVnA.i]\jfEO>v.

Q{ 1toA.UapteIlEe;, cruV1'OIlEe; UA.A.a ~apucri]llav'tEe;, 1tapEKpamne; 1tOD u<popouv 1'iJv Icropto 'tf\e; <plA.ocro<piae;, EXOUV IlEyaA.11 cr1touoat61'l1'ta. nEptA.allPaVOuv 1tOA.U1'1IlEe; EK1'11li]crEle; 'troY uPXaio>v 'EA.A.i]vo>v UA.tcr1'rov <ptA.ocr6<po>v xni 'troY U1t6\jfEO>V 1tOA.A.rov cr'tOXacr'trov 1tOD UVi]KOUV cre Ka1'01ttVEe; 1tEpt600ue;. Of <ptA.ocrO<ptKEe; iOSEe; ota<p6po>v U1tOA.0Yl11'rov 1'fje; acr'ttKfje; xoivrovicq E1ttKpivov't'Ut EV'tova.

'0 yaA.A.tKOe; Kai UyyA.tKoe; OO't01ttKoe; crocrtaA.tcrlloe; Kat KOIlIlCUVtcrllOe; E~E'ta1;;ov1'at KPt1'tKa U1tO 'tT]V a1tO\jf11 1'OU OtaA.EKnKOU Kai IrrroplKOU UA.tcrIlOU.

'H «T' E p Il a v t K iJ '1 0 E 0 A. 0 y i a» 1tEptSXEt E1ticr11e; j.Lui. crEtPV cruV'tOlla crXEOtacrlla't'U 1tavo> cr'tiJv Io-roptu 'tfje; UyyA.tKfje; Kat yaA.A.tKfjc u.crnKf\e; nOA.t'ttKfje; oixovouiuq.

43

44

Ouvo> crtTJ ~U(J"ll 'tow KUP10>V 9EcrEO>V 'tfi.; VEa.; 'tOU'; KocrIl09Eo>pia.:; oi Maps 1Cai YEYKEA.,; OA.OKA.rlProvouv 'tTJV KPl'ttKTt 'trov o.vnA.1l\jlEO>v rof VEOXEYKEA.laVOU Mxpobvo M1tuOUEp, 1tOU tTtV EIxav aPXicrEt cr'tTt\' « 'A y [a 0 i K 0 Y EVE t a». 'A1toKaA.U1ttouv 'tTt 1l1KpoacrnKTt o.vnopaan1Cit q>ucr11 'trov q>1A.ocrOq>IKroV, oixovouucev xci 1COWO>V1OA.0YI1CroV a1t0WEO>V 'tOu VEOXEYKEA.taVOU MaS ~'tiPVEP, EVO'; a1tO 'tOu,; 1tprotOl)'; iOEOA.6YOl)'; 'tOu avaPX1cr1lOU. 'Emxptvovrcc roi«; M1tuOUEp Kai l:'tipYEp, oi Maps Kai YEYKEA.,; {l1tO~UnOl)V crf: KPl't"lKTt 'tTtV OA.11 q>1A.ocroq>ia trov VEOXEYKEA.lavrov, Ka9ro.; xui 'tTJ q>1A.ocroq>ia 'tOU XEYKEA. xui 'tTtv iOEaA.lcrnKTt q>1A.ocroq>ia YEV1KU.

'H avnOpacrnKTJ q>ucr11 'trov 1l1KpoacrnKrov a1tO\jlEO>V 'trov I'spunvrov c1A.119wrov crocrtaA.tcr'trov, 1tOU 1tpo1tayuvotsav iOEE'; 'taS1Kfi.; eip1lV11<; crf: q>1A.tcrtaLKTJ cruvalcr911llanKTt 1l0pq>Tt K11pucrcrov'ta.; 'titv «Ka90- )"IKI1 aYU1t11 'trov av9pro1tO>v», SEcrKE1tUsE'tal cr'tTt « F's p 11 a v 1 1C Tt '10 Eo A. 0 Y i a» Kai oro OOKill1O 'tOU <l>PE10EpiKOU YEYKEA.,; «Ol aA.119tvoi crocrtaA.tcrLE<;». Au'to 'to doo.; 1tpo1tayuvoa.; Tj'tav f:SmpELl1Ca pA.aPEpO xni E1tlKivouvo cr'tTtV 1tpOE1tavacrtanKTt Fepucvtn, 01tOU 6 ayrova.; 'trov J"a'iKrov 0l1lloKpanKrov Ol)VUIlEO>v Evav'tiov 'tOU a1tOA.l)'taPXtcrIlOU Kai rrov q>EOuoapX1Krov crXEcrEO>V Ylvorav £V'tOVO'tEPO<; xui 01(01), E1tl1tpocr9Eru, 6 avraYO>V1crll0,; o.vullEcra cr'to 1tpOA.E'taplu'tO xui 'titv acrnKTt 'tUS11 Ylvorav OA.O xni craq>Ecr'tEpO';. Of MapS Kai "EYKEA.,; £1tlKpivol)v £1ttcr11<; 'tOY f:9V1Klcr1l0 'trov o.A.119wrov crocrtaA.lcrLrov xui 'titv o.A.asovEia roue CL1tEVaVn cr'ta iiA.A.a E9V11.

Movo 'to KEq>UA.atO IV 'tOU OEl)'tEPOl) rouoo 'tfi.; « F's p 11 a v lK fi .; -10 E 0 A. 0 Y i a .;» 0l1llocrlEUt11Ke tvro soucrav ol Maps Kai "EYKEA.,;. Mern 'to 9uvato tOU "EYKEA.,; 'to xetpoypaq>o tfie; « rep 11 a v t K fi .; '10 E 0 A. 0 y i a .; » E1tEcrE crta XEpia 'trov 01t1t0p'tOuvlcrrrov TJye'trov 'tOU Fepucvixon l:ocrtaA.011lloKpanKou Kouucroc, 1tOU of: PtUsov'tav va 'TO Ota9Ecrouv cr'to KOlVO. '0A.6KA.11PO 'to epyo Ilf: 'tit 1l0pq>it 1tOU eq>9acre crf: Ila.; ol1llocrlEu't11Ke Yla 1tProt11 q>opa o.1tO 'to 'Ivcrvroero MapStcrllOu Asvtvicuon 'tfi.; K.E. 'tOU K.K.l:.E. crta YEPllaV1Ka 'to 1932 xni cr'ta poumxu 'to 1933.

INI:TITOYTO MAPSII:MOY - AENINII:MOY THI: KENTPIKH:E snrrronar TOY K.K.I:.E.

KAPI\ MAP:=:

9EIEII riA TON <DO·Y·EPMnAX

1. AD FEUERBACH

I

To XUptO HcX:t't{J)!ta. xci9£ UAta!t0u !tEXpt "twpa. (!ta.~t xa.t 'tOU ~wu£W'Ita.X) £tya.t Iht 'to £~(J)'t£ptXO &'Y'ttX£L!t£YO, Yj 'Itpa.y!ta."ttxo't'YJ'ta., 'to a.la9'YJ"to auna.!t0ciyoY'ta.t !t0YciXa. !tE "tij !t0pc:pij "tOU 'A 'I "t t X e t !t E YOU 1'1 ... ij c;; £ v e p a. a 'YJ C;;, xa.t oXt aa.y a. l a 9 'YJ 't ij !i. 'I 9 P W 7t t 'I 1) o P a. a 't 'YJ P t 0 't 'YJ 't a., aa.y 'It p a. x 't t X Yj, OXt U7tox£t!t£Ytxci. N~ yta.'tt.,j E 'I £ P Y 'YJ 't t X ij 7tAWpa. EX£t cX.Ya.7t'tUX't£L OC7tO "tOY LO£a.AtO!J.O, aE &'Y'tL9£a'YJ 'ItpOC;; 'tOY UAta!to, - &.na. !toYciXa. &'C:P'YJPWEya., yta.'tt 0 LO£(x'AtO!J.OC;; oE yY{J)PL~£t, c:puatxci, 'tijy 7tpa.y!ta."ttxYj, a.la9'YJ"tYJ opa.a"t'YJpto"t'YJ'ta., aoc'l 'tE'tOta.. '0 ~w{)£p!t'Ita.X 9EA£t c7.Y'ttX£L!t£Ya. cx.la9'YJ'tci, 7tOll YOC Ota.Xp(W,N:C7.l 7tpa.y!ta.'ttxa. &'7t0 'ta. &'Y"ttX£L!t£Ya. "tijc;; aXEtJi'YJC;;, &.na. OEY Ef;£"tci~£t 'tYJ'i i:OtC7. .YJy &.y9pw'1tty'YJ opcx.a"t'YJpto't'YJ"tcx. aa.y &. 'I "t t X s t !t £ 'I t X YJ opcx.a"C'YJpt6- ''YJ'ta.. I'i" a.lho a"tijy «0 U a La.. 0 U X P t 0 -: t a. 'I t a!t 0 U» 9£{J)PE~ aa.y cx.u9£y'ttxOC &.y9pwmY'YJ !toYciXa. 'tij 9E{J)P'YJ'ttXYJ opa.a"t'YJpto't'YJ"ta., EYW '11 7tpa.x'ttxij ouAAa.!tociYE"ta.t xa.t 7tpoaotop£~E'tCl.t cX.7t' a.1hby !toYciXa. a"tYJ OP(:)!ttx'YJ louoa."CxYj "t'YJC;; axoYjA{J)a'YJ' I'r' a.~hb OEY Xa.'ta.Aa.Oa.LYEt 'tij awa.aLcx. ,r,; «E'Ita.Ya.a"ta.'ttxijC;;», "tijc;; «7tpa.x'ttxa. xPt'ttxijc;;» opa.a.Y)ptch'YJ"ta.c;;.

II

Tb ~Yj'tWa. ciy !t7tOpEL ya. &''It0009EL a'tijy &.y9pw'1ttY'YJ aXEtJi'YJ !tta. &'y'ttY.Et!tEytXij &'AYj9£ta., OEY E!ya.t ~Yj'tWa. 9E{J)P'YJ'ttxO, &.na. ~Yj'tWa. 'It P 17.X 't t X O. :I:'tYjy 7tpci~'YJ 'ItPE7t£t ya. &''Itoo£lXYEt 0 a.y9p{J)7toc;; 'tijY &'AYj9£ta., O'YJAa.Oij 'tijy 7tpa.y!ta.'ttxo't'YJ'ta. xa.t 'tYj OUYa.!t'YJ, 'tYj !tYj U7tEpOa.'ttXo't'YJ"ta. 't'ijc;; aXEtJi'YJC;; teu- 'R ou~Yj't'YJa'YJ yta. 'tYjy 7tpa.Y!ta.'ttxo't'YJ'ta. 7l 'tYj !tYj 7tpa.y!ta.'ttxo-

46

't7J't~ I1La.~ a'XE47J~, 1tOU e!V~L &1t0110VroI1EV7J &1tO 'tijv 1tP~'X'tL'Xij, ErV~L EVac

x~9~pa. a X 0 A ~ a't L 'X 0 ~ij'tW~'

III

'R !JALa'tL'Xij 9Erop£~, 8'tL OL Iiv9pro1tOL ErV~L 1tpo"Cov't~ 'tOO'll 1tEpLa'tcia£rov 'X~t 'tii~ 1t~L5E£~~, 'X~t B'tL E1t0I1EVro~ OL &Uac.YI1EVOL Iiv9pro1tOL e!vac.L 1tpOtonac. IiUrov 1tEpLatciaErov 'Xac.t 5Lac.cpopE'tL'Xii~ 1tac.L5E£ac.~, I ~ExvciEL 8n Ot ~v- 9pro1tOL ELVac.L &'XPLOoo~ ExeLvoL 1tOU &Uci~ouv 'tt~ 1tEpta'tcio"Et~ 'Xac.!. 8'tt 5

1tac.L5ac.yroyo~ EXEL 'XL ac.u'tO~ &vciY'X7J va. 1tac.L5ac.yroY7JgeL. rt' ac.u'to 'te£veL &vac.- 1tOcpEU'X'tac. va. 5ac.tpEO"EL 'tijv 'XOtvrov£ac. aE 5uo I1Ep7J 1tOU 'to EVac. 'tou~ op£a'Xe'tiXt 1tcivro &1t0 'tijv 'XOLVroV£ac. (A.X' a'tov POI11tEP't "Oeuev) 2.

'R aUl11t'troa7J 'tii~ &)J.ac.Yii~ 'tOO'll 1teptO"'tciO"Erov 'Xac.!. 'tii~ &V9ptll1tLV7J~ 5pac.O"'t7JPLO't7J'tac.~ 1j ac.u'toac.Uac.Yii~ I11tOpeL va. E~E'tac.O"'tEL 'Xac.!. va. 'Xac.'tac.V07J9EL op90-

AOYL'Xa. !J.OvciX~ aa.v E 1t ac. v ac. a 't ac. 't L 'X ij 1tpac.'X'tL'Xij.

IV

'0 ~WOEPI11tac.X ~EjtLvcieL &1t0 'to yEYOVO~ B'tL fJ 9P7Ja'Xe£ac. 'XciVEL 'tOY av9pro1t0 ~EVO 1tpO~ 'to'll Eac.U'tO reu, O'tL 0 'XoO"l1o~ Xrop£CE'tac.L 0"' EVac.V 'XcaW) 9P7J0"'XEU'tL'X0 1tOU 'to'll ExeL 0 Iiv9pro1t0~ O"'t!.~ 1tac.pac.atcio"EL~ 'tou3 'Xac.!. EVac.V 'Xo- 0110 'X0O"!J.L'X04. 'R 50uAELci 'tOU O"Uv£O"'tac.'tac.L atO va. &Vac.AUo"EL 'to 9P7J0"'XEU'tL'X0 xOO"!J.O O"'tijv 'X0O"!J.L'Xij 'tOU ociO"7J. aE OAE1tEL 1tID~ 'XL ;'tac.v OAO'XA7JPWO"EL ac.u'tij 'tijv EPYac.O"£ac., 5E 9a. EXEL &'Xol1ac. 'XciveL 'to Oac.O"L'X05. To yEYOVO~, 57JAac.5ij, O'tL fJ 'XOO"I1L'Xij ociO"7J &1tOO"'lta.'tac.t &1t0 'to'll Eac.U'tO 't7J~ 'Xac.!. O"'tac.IlEP01tOLEL'tac.t a'ta. aUVVECPac., &1to'tEAwnac.~ E'taL EVac. ac.u'tovol1o oac.O"£AeLo, I11tOpeL &'XPLOoo~ va. E~7JY7J9EL 110vciX~ &1t0 'tijv EO"ro'tEpt'Xij 5LciO"'ltae.a7J 'Xac.!. 'tijv EO"ro'tEPL'Xij &',1- 't£cpac.O"7J ac.u'tii~ 'tii~ 'XOO"I1L'Xii~ ocia7J~' IIpE1teL Aomov va. 'Xac.'tac.Acio(1)!J.E 1tpoo't,x a.1t.' I3Aac. ac.u'tij 'tYjv 'tEAEU'tac.£ac. O"'tlJV &n£cpac.aij 't7J~6 YLa. va. 'tlJV E1tac.Vac.O"'tac.'tt'Xo- 1tOLijO"(1)!J.E Uo"'tEpac. 1tpac.'X'tt'Xa. E~ac.AE£cpov'tac.~ 'tlJV &n£cpac.O"7J' 'A1to 'tYj a'tL-

1. To XElpOypacpo roO MopE MEl tow onAwc: I') UAIUTlKI') 6E!I)pia TijC oMayijc TWV nEplOTooEIIlV Kai TijC naloEiac EEXVOEI ...•. '0 - EYKEAC &XEI OIEUKPIVioEI n't OKEljIll·

2. 'H 1pIp6arJ OTl')v naptv6Eoll npaOTt6'lKE one roy -EYKEk.

3. 'H 5EluKlpivIl0rt npoOTf:61lKE ono roy - EYKEAC.

4. '0 - EYKEM: MEl .npaYIJOTIKo-.

5. 'H 'PPOOIl npOOTE61l'KE ana TOV -EYKeAC.

8. To KEilJEVO TOO MopE 66ZEI Tic OUO OUTtc tviPYEIEC OTO iOlo nAOvo.

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1. .raMOYEPllaVIKO XpovrKo.: 'Em6EwPIloll nou &Ko66IlKE povo ilIa !papa aro naplol 6no TOV MOpE Ka.i TOV PoiiYKE TO 1844, nEplEiXE 2' Opt)pa TOU MOpE: «rIa TO 'E6paiKo Z~TllIJO. Koi .~ujJ6o.\~ OT';V 'KPITI1<i) Tije CilIAooO!piae TOO 61- xolou TOO xe:YKEA •. 'Enloqc &VO IJOIKPO op6PO TOO "EYKEAe: .~XtOIO VIae t<plTl'Kije rfic ncMlTIKije Olxovoploc-. 'H tKOOOIl OToV6",OE Aoyw olaqxovlwv vi: TOV PoiiYKE.

2. "Epyo TOO MOpE xol "EYK&Ae nou bKo66IlKE TO 1845. '0 nA~Plle TiTAoc EiIlOI: .'H 'Avlo OiKOytVEIO, Ii KPITI'K~ Tije KplTIKije KPITIKijC. 'EVOVTiov TWV Mnpoiivo MnaOUEP Kai ~ia •.

79

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1. IUVTJJI1I.U:VO:: rlrxoc evoc m:.p:oOtKoii TUN NEO-XEYKE,l,loviilv nou OIEU9UVOVTOV cno TOIJc POOYKE Koi .. EXTEP~,l,Cp 'Koi tKo6611KE OPXI'KO OTr;V n poole 00 «XPOVIKO Tfje XOJ.,l,c- Koi of: OUVi:X'EIO OTr; Iopol1via oo «r~pIIlOVIKO XpoVIKO-. To rEvOp'l1 TOO 1844 anoYOPEUT'I1KE Ii} KUK,l,oq>opio TOO neplOOIKoU c' 6- MKAI1PI1 1'1'] rEp'lJOvia.

2. 'Ynorvlccerm OIOOOXIIKO roue Mn'oouEp, CIlwuE'Pllno'x KO'i ITipVEp.

, Bruno Bauer: Geschichte der Politik. Cultur und Aufklarung des

achtzehnten Jahrhunderts, Charlonttenburg 1843 - 45, Bd 1 - 4.

4. 'E8vIKIOTtKOc UlJVoe TOO N. Mni:pcp.

5. replJovoe 0111l0oloypocpoe Koi no,l,ITI'KOe rfjc OOI<1TEpae.

91

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1. "Eovo TOO Feuerbach Grundsatze der Philosophie der Jukunft.

ZupiXrj Koi Bivrsproop 1843.

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