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ΜΑΡΞ Το εβραϊκό ζήτημα (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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«'0 A6yoe; (m.fjpxe d.viKa8ev, aXI opwC; ndvra j1.e rrj AOYIKtj TOV I-Wprplj. Mnapoiuu: Aomov vd crvvJiaoupc rtjv KprtlKtj pt KdOe poprplj 8UUp1rrlKfjr:; «ai npaKTlKfj<; aoveioqaqe; xai vd dvao~ff,oupe, uiaa dno tic; obceie; popq;er; 'rfie; vrrdpxovaar:; npayuatucotncac; TIj Yl'ljala npayuaTlKOTI1Ta. oav xo oeov Yf.vM8az Kat -rd1KO ttpoopunui tnc; "Oaov drpopa nlv MIa njv 7T:paypaTlK1j (wlj. rtjv nOAlTlKIj xauiataan, dKOJ.lq «a! Kef dno» oiv exe1 olanoTUner auvelo'lrd dno it; O-Oatall(JTlKec; £mtayic;, neptKAeiel (J' oAer:; r k; o-vYXpovc<; poprpir:; rqr:; tti a1t11j..lara rfjr:;

AOY1Kfjr;. Kai oev atauaiii EKCi. 'Yno8er81 naHov T6v .npaypG.w)jit.vo A6yo - ,QAAd aKpIPWr; vt' aVr06 i&ar6r:; npooptauoc; 1:'1e; dVTlrpdaK81 npor; xk; npaYf1arlKee; emolw~elr; tnt; Mi dtpeTlJpia 1:1 (JI)YKPOVC111 aVrtj rfir:; lCOAWKfjr:; rdf,'lr:; pi tov eavTo rl1e;, dvanr6aaerm 1wvrov tl dAtjBeu: rwv KOlVWV1Krov (JXia8WV. "Onax; tl 9PTlcrK&i.a elva:

~ oovown rwv 8eWplJTIKWV dy;ovwv rijr; dv(JpwnoTqtar;. tIm Kat 1j rcOAl'rtKij Ta;11 efValljavVO'll'l raw npatCTIKWV dywvwv. 'H nOAItlKtjraf,11 npayf).drwv. ..lomov, elva/ atn» KaBavro poprplj tnt; - sub specie rei publicae [r1v . rrOA.1T1KtjJ.lOprptjj - .,,If.KqJpa(J.lJ Kd8e KOlVWIIIKOV dywva,! KdOe KOIV(J)V1Kile; civaYKaloTqme; xai dAtjBslae;. EuvenWr:;, L ro vd xavooue ui KaOapd nOAlTlKd Cl1r.rfpara - TIj Jwrpopd MyovXdplJ dvdpeua aro (Jv(Jr'lpa tWY rplwv raf,ewv Kat 1:0 dvunooaomeoux» ovatnua - dvtuceiuevo rfje; KpmKfjr:; ua; Jev anuaivet OIOAOV on f,eneq;rouW

If dtt l}fyovpe la hauteur des principes [tnv dvwtcp6r11Ta rwv dpxwv}. FIaTf ro (Ijr'lj1.(]. avro tKrppd(Sl anAwe; f).i 1tOA1UKrl opoAoyia Ttl olarpopd civdpeaa attiv Kvptapxfa rof) dv[Jpwnou «ai TIjV Kupmpxfa rfje; droptKfjr:; ic5lOKTlJafac;."Apa it KpmK1j aXI uovo unopei dUd «a! empdJ.Aercr vd eiaxwp,yael aui npo{JJ..tjpara aurd (nov it (JKiWl1 rwv anAoi'KwlI aomuAlarwv ,(J,ewpe.i rcOAU «axdnso« T11C;). 'H KaTdJe,f,'l TfjC; vnepoxfjc; toii dvtmpooamumxoo auattiuaioc: at axi(JlJ pi ro aV(Jr'1pa rwv rdf,8wv, Ka8,ani trjv .KpmKrj &V'IlKdf.Jl€vO 1tpaK'ItKoutVOlO:qJEPOV~ 10<; Yld J.leydAo rpiipa lOU e8vove;. 'E~/)ljIwvovrac; TO dvT11tpOaW1t8UTlKO aoatnua dno TljV nOAmxlj eruj yevuceopivlJ poprplj TOI) «a! npo{3dAAOVr:a.r; njv rcpaypaT.fKlja.lJ~ uaaia nov rrcplKAcfel .. dvaYKd(erlll ravroxpova to Tj1.fjj..lll avro vd f,ercepa(Jc.{ tov eaVTO WU, vtat! 0 (JpfapPor; TOiJ dvunpooconanncos; ovotnuatoc avvenaye1:al Kai r1jv avwKardpYlJcrrj rov».

I:r~ «boyparlK~» dvanTVc;,'7 rfir:; npotaanc ivoc; i&urolJ ooatnuatoc, oAoK A'lPWPCVOV xaikuitoi; at c.ivnrr.apci- 9wll npot; r~v urplarapcv'l npayuaruaunta. 6 Map;:' dvrttsiaaet xupiox. r~v briKalP'l ipunvck: TOU vui to KuOijKov rije; Kpl.'tlKTlS. nov clvat l'aaVAAU!,pdvCI ro(5I;01l eivai, nov {1piaKcral KPVPlJ,tvo piau atnv npaytiarlKOinta toi) elvat. xai va TO dvaKuAvnrlll GXPI{J<iX; uiaa dn:o tk; dl'Tlrpdaw; uurije; rije; npU)IJIUTlKOr'lTa.. 'Etai ~ npaypar.1KOr'lTa. roB nOA.lrlKOfi spdtoix; ptaa aKplfJw. an:6 ric; aVTUpdaeu; '[17r:;. Jcixvcl tii opopo an' ro\! onoio fJo. ~enepaaroull 0XI IlOVO aurtc; dUd «ai to 'IOlO tKcivo uiaa dno rd opld rov: ro n:OAITIKO «piito .. «ato iat»tepix» rije; poprpije; WV» KU( «sub specie rei publicae». 611).aolj sub specie sui. ipsius, iKqJpd(clrorJC; dywl'F.., TiC; dvdYKec;. rir:; d)'~OelCl:; 0Xl uovo ric; rrOAtTlKt<; d).)'d KGi tk; K01VroVtKE<;. '0 Mo.pe, erpraae. A011l0V. an] auvefQ'la'7 rou ycyovotot; on '1 KPlTlK~ rou nOA1!1KoJJ Kparovr.;. nov ,0 'IOIOC; bAOKAr,pwar. ato epyo rou xox« TOU XlYKeA. rov nupbrepljlc aTD KOIVWVIKO MarpOl:;. ar~v K01VW1IK~ «dAri0ClU». o'lAab~ aro oooiauouo ad" blo.ataan rfie; KatdpY'7a'le; tfie; droplKite; lbIOKr'lafa. yevlKd. earw Kat vooouevo adv Ill(i "tIOVOpCpij» l1.noljl'l rou <~olJpav.lal.lOiJ». TBA.Or:;, npoteivet adv «napd&lypa» .. aav «totaitepa» '~rt7pa too nOAlTIKOU xptitooc, CKC.lVO nov elvat dvrffJem to xevtpucotato n:po/lA'lpa nov rov dn:aaxOA.qall, xai ~ipovpf. tuiao Baaavtatnai, bllJ.ablj ro fJipa rite; blarpopac; dvo.J,itau.aro aVar'llla rwv «KOIVW\I1- KWV atpouuitcov» xai TO «avtmpoacotunrtuco» avorf/Jia. I' auro .0 «(1r'7pa», 6'7AaO~ a' aMI] T11v dvrfrpaaf/ tau nOA.ITlKOV xpdtoo; J18 euvTo. onov ro rSAwraio toiito Oiv dneA.wfJepwvcTal anD niv«apx1 rwv K01VWVlKcVV atpcoparwv~> Yla vd npaY/-iarono.rrjaelttlv «dpx~» rou chTln()OaWncvnKoiJ avat11Puror:;, nov 0I1Wr;exe1 pi nOIKiAoVC;

iponov; bw{1Ulfel «ai. ot optouivcc anY/isc;. Kdrl 1r1lposuivo: dna oW{1).eljlel (AX aui TaAA1Klj'Enavdawall). arr,v avrirpao1J aurr, imovoeittu r, IOta r, dpX~. bllAaor, 'I a,pxlj rfir:; «KvpwPxJa_ tau dvfJpciJ77:ov» (xa! rou auvaKOAOV()OV brrJlOKpa!lKoiJ t~wwnalloiJ dttou .". dvtmpoawncvarJexel BvanorcOcT yui va~zarpv),axrei. onwr; <tpouue, atnv epY(IcriCl yui r"v «otvcovio) xaui tit. «KVplUPxiae; rije; aroPIKite; it5ioKr'laia_ » nov BKrppa(eral dno niv «aPXI] rwv KOIVWlI1KWV arpwparw\I» nov aro /laBllo nov dpX/(Cl vdlncxteive: Tllv crrdpKeld tnc; ncpa dna t~v Kuplapx fa rou «ptixoo: «rou avp/ll{Jaapoij,>, at KcfvI'J roii avyxpovov ttoktiucoi) «pdiou; nov «atapvnac TO. Stande. dpXit;eI napdAArJAG. vd elva: «al r, «dpXri nov rde,Dwv>"

'~A v, uetti dn:' aVT~ Trill dvdAva1J roil «KafJ1jKovrOr;» rroll dnoBb:cl 6 Mdp'!, anjv «KpmK~», emarpilfOvpf. attiv npo1JYovpCV'l Kpf01J Yid rov KOPJ10VVlapo. orl eivai «uui ibwir-EP1'J fKo!jAwaf/ rfir; ovpaVlaTlKfic; dpxfjr;, bla(Jpwpiv'le; ana .0 d.vrifJero tnc, rriv droP1K~ MlOKrf/o(a», fJpiaKoupe on " drpf'JP1Jpt.v'7bwASKTlKrj dpOlparOTf/ra iino» b «Koppovvrapoe;» aV(lICClA.€t rr,v«dropIKri iblO«tnaia» ifn:wc; «0 drp'7PI1Ji8VOr:; ampItOVUAIaPOr:; dvuKa.,tei rov arp'7P'7J1CVO vAlapo» elvm6uvatrj trp6aov, yui TO Mdpf,.. b KOPPOVV1aI10e; rou Kalln:e Kaf tOU Nre(apf napovald(eral «POVO adv tva oxpaio lJplO». bl1AaJri napovald(erUl tm{1efJalWTlKa KUI t~ oplapou ativ to aVti9€TO TIle; drOJlIKfir; iOIOKr'laiar; xal, en:otdvwe;. bev lXel adll nep.lexO/-lCvo napa P.OIlO auro to d.vrffJtro rou· «aitoiita yw.rlaUroe; Jev rrpoximret ,ano pld KPlTlK~ rfir:; napooatu; npaypaTlKorl1rar:;. b'lAaori d.nolfvav ivtotuauo TWV dvrupdaewv wi) nOAITlKOV «ptitmx; (n:p6/lAllJIa nov fJewpeiral Morove;; «xvoaiovc; aoatasurdi;» «avdf,1O A.Oyou»), dVTIrpaaewv novp.ovee; miter:; pnopovvvd: napanipljlovv arriv «KO.IVWVIK~ aAfjfJew».

.17

rpwva pi nlv onok: 0 KOI1POVVIOj.lOC; TWII Ka.j1nc Kat Nte(a/J.i ej.lrpavi(ctal mo "pepIKOC; Kat /J.Olla7rAWPOr:;» d.Jra to ooouiuouo tOU tPovple xol toil Ilpouvtov, tl W dxptfJwr:; pili napfJ.!17Pl7a'1 nov ~EKlVa&t ano njv KOII'WV1Ktl KpmKr, yui wi aVAAd(Jm rr,v Kaf)0pll1ttKOtl7ui HyC; mivw at roUr,., Tljv nOAmKrj (lei arpljael va eave; on cfvaz d).170,VO dxPl,(JWC; to aI/riBera. 'AAAa civoi mionc dA.1jOem on, 07rwr:; i5xovpc KloAac; bcavaAd[Jel, dKpl[Jwr; ro rrpoxwP'1jl.a nov dno niv KpltlKrj toii aVYXPovOv'KI,drour:; Ml7ytf arrjv KpmKtl rr;r; avyxpOV'1r; xotvosviac. ntpa ano to ot, siva: auronov [Jp{;(}I}K8 lid rptPVi:! at nepae; f:K 1WV npayp6:twl! 0 Mope" ~rav teal to /lOVO nov unopoioc va xdve: avJiv .ffBeAt vd JOKI/laaei uuiv dpxr, anAd [Je(JalWtlKlj «ai tlJ.IKa dbOKlfll'f Kat Qxptrl'j, on we; eKsiv1] rwv oVromarwv. "Onoo rd.IKd to vtoxouuivto nov tc,et6.{ov/lC ifpxr:ral axcJov va cmf3e[Jaunael tonapdoo~o XdpYf aT,a onolo ,0 ooatauouo; tOU Mdpe, vevviiuu <<E1!1- atnuovncot;», Kampxljv fJi. ttlv EVVOIa rou «avn-ooroniottxaii». npiv dx0Wf KaBlepwB8i xai bu{3efJatwOei uav oootasiauoc yelilKd.

>AAAa elva: KalPOr:; va aaxoA'10ouj1C Jd trjv !:f,trau'1 toii a'1j1aVTlKOrepOv ano tii ypa<pta tOU Mo.p~. nov 017j1.oa.le6r'1KaV ani r,aAAo-YEPj.lCLVlKQ XPOVlKa. TO 'E~pCLllC6 ~ti'tll~a no», napa' tr, aovtouia tou, Xap'1 an] anuaaia rwv aUj.1nepaawlTwv xai f)UOp.I'/!lKWV tau «arOJ(r~ae(I)v aev ptwpef va BewP'1Bel adv eva <ctA)'d·rJaovo~ onuaaku; ypmPTa» r~c; veapife; IjAIKiae; TQil </nAoaorpou, a)'Ad a:noreAef i!vav ano rQve; ooauuntxotepoo; ataBfJovc; r~e; a.vdn!ve'1e; r~c; aldlJlT/r; TQV.

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Lro aitnuc nOAlTlKije; xe1pa({JirfJafJe;rwv ejJpafwv 0 Mtuiooep tinavtoiiae on tcavelc oui vepuavuai KpatfJ Jiv 11mv nOA.lTIKa xe1parpenlpivoe; Ylarf '1 ()pr;(JKWClKIj 'rpva'l toB XPlaTlaV(KOV xpaioix; an' rlj uui uspui, «at toi) tjJpafov, an' rrjv dAAfj, Ka{}larovv Mvvarr} rlj xetpa({JeTfJa71' 0 ejJpafoc; &V unopei va t;'lrljael ana ro Xplottavucd tcptitot; xe1pa({Jirl](J'l doo napauive: tppaioc;" o'lAaolj f,tvoc; anevavTI ato spdtoc: TN dvrf(}eafJ elvar~ inouivox; ()P'l(JKWtlKfjr; rpvafJc;, xai unopei va U;,aAelqJ{}ef

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nov extl anuaaia elva! va ivtomoxci ~ Olafpopa I1tTac.,6 nOAIUKfit:; Kat dV()pW7rllll1r:; xelpmperl1al1r:; «ai Iia dnotca- . Avrp{}cl nwc; slvtu note dUliaro ro xpatoc va xtlpaq>ereitat nOAITlKd xwpir:; tti aropa vd xerparpe.wuvral dv()pwmva. AOioavp{Jaiw:'I,. tc.,17ye'io Mdp(, anj Aapnpr, dvaAva17 nov 1ft5'1 Yllwpl(oupe. xai nor) npoc: t5ltuKoAVval1 toii dvayvwar'1 dvaq>ipou/le dxoun ilia rpopd. DWor, ro avyxpovo daTlKO xpdtoc, to ,oAoKA'1pwllivo Kparoe;. oraKpivcl rr, b11l .. toata; tOeanj. Ka()oA1KIj poprpr, rife; (wfie; rov. dno rljv iOIWTlKlj, VAlia]. iOwhep'1 otoia rife; (wfie; [cOV dTOPWV, drptjvovrar; va vr.pia:r:aral rrA.al aTr, O'1JiOmQ. iOeard 'WOoAIKrj. (w1j ToD xptitocc, ilia (wtj iC>IWHKIj, oiotaatua: aTOIl/aTlK1j. toii a v()pwnorJ.

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'0 ivtotuauoc avroD toii otaxwplafloD Tij _ atpaipoi; rile; o"floa1ae;. aAAa c1nAwc; TV7rlKije;. KaOoAIKoTllrae;. cbro rov IOIWriKO atOfllaflo. nov bpa, anf aVYXPOVIJ aaw(11 «oivcovia «ai atd xpiitoi; tnc; (peiAlara. bpa. odv Tr)..1jP'1r; olaxwplapOe; aKPlfJWe; pt.ra~v K01VCl.w(a<; Kat Kpatou9 bO"YEI TO Map~, Jdyo napanipo; at filGaVaAvaI? rije; dAIJOlvijr; ouata; rwv «rpVatKWv JIKalwparwv» noo o/aKlJpUXTlJKav dno Tljv danK1j inovdataan. «Tti droits de" homme - ui JIKatwflara toi) dv()pwnov -atrra Ka9caUTa ~exwpf(ovv ano ui droits du citoyen - tsi olKalwpara roD nosit». Iloto _ civai 6 homme ITO'; ~eXwpf(el ano rov citoyen; Kavivtu; d'AAoe; ano TO IlEAO~ tfi<; K01- vwvia<; .rov iOwlToov. Ftati ro flCAOt.; Tijt; xotvoivku; rWII iJlwrwv ollopd(n(}'1 "livOpwnoe;", anAwr;. lJ.vOpevnor;., vtarl rei OrKau.vl'atd TOV OVOJul(oVtal OlKulrollCl-ra .-OU d:v8p6mou. Ilii»; f.~'1yeiraJ roD to TO yeyovor;.; 'Ec;,,,yciral ano flf. aXea1J toi) nOAITlKoiJ «ptumx; J.it T1jV «otvcovia TcOV iOIWTWV. dno T~V ouaia rife; nOAIrlKijr; XClparpCr1Janc». Ta OtKatcOIlCl'l'Cl tOu d:v9pcimou ativ (jlKarwpara roii fif)._ove; rr;e; «otvcovlac rwv IJlwrwv. oiv eivtu napa ui olKalcopara roD «eywlawco;J avOpwnou, ToD avOpwnov nov elvat xwpwf-dvor:; ano rOil £lAAo liv()pwno xai ano Tljv KOrvOUlTa». Avro elvai TO vO'1pa. rcOv JIKau.opaTWV njr; tJ..ev()cpfae; (vd aaKei KaVe!C; GAa aaa Jiv fJJ..6.f/JTOVII ro6~ aAAOU(: e..tw()epfa «WU dvOpwnov aav anopol'wpiv'1( «al avaomAwptll'7r:; aTOV eavTo TIle; uovdooc»). rije; iolO«tnaku; (vd. anoAapfJdvel «avek; a.vOafpem ui ayaBd rov: xwpk;_ aefJ(J.apa arovr:; aA,AOVe; avBpwnovc;, atnv K01IIWvia' «TO OIKuiwpa roD eywlaf.1.0u»), Tijr:; laotntoi; (17 onoia «Jell sivai tinote a).AO dno njv iaoim« T~C; EAEU9€pim;, anwr:; rriv nepIYpd!jl(J.pe nzo ndvw. o'1A.aolj: aHb KeiOe av()pwnoe; Becopeiou at. lao fJa{}po adv uui tsua arJrdpKI1e; uovdoo») Kat. TEA or:;, Tile; docpd),ewr:; «<ij V!jIlaT1J

K01VWVIKlJ eVVOlatije; xotvosvku; rcOv iOlwrcOv, ij evvOIa Tije; aCHuvol·tia~. r, Evvota TOV on 6AOKA'1P1l ij «otvovia vnapx_el povo «ai IlOVO Yla vd tyyviiTm OTO KaOiva ano rei piA'7 tnt; nj owrp~),__a;;'lJ roD npoadmou TOU, rwv arKalOJuduuv TOV xa! rrir:; iOIOKr'1aiar; TOV»). TeAIKd «xaseva dna ui AeyOpeva JIKa1{Vpara. TQD d!,Opwnov oiv c:.entpvii ui dpu: roD tywlmij avBpwnov. rou dvOpwnol) we; J.if.).ovr:; TIle; «otvcavku; rdiv iJrwTwv, O'7AaJr, we; av()pwnov onorpafJ'1YPEVOV OTOV eavro TaU, oro iJIWHKO rov autupipov «at atnv iJIWT1KIj rou a6Baipwia «ai dnoflovOJp6vol)rJ-n:o rljv KOlVOr1JTa. '0 dvOpwnoe; &v ()ewpefT(J.! Ka()oAov, utaa at. toiita ui OlKaU1Jj.WTa, auv peAOe; toii dvlJpw1!lIIoV eMove; - dnevavr!ar; ij lOW '1 (wlj rou eioovr;, .ij·l(Olvwvla. eprpavl(erat aav ifva nsaiaro t.~wreplKo yui Ta (iropa, adv neptoptouo; rije; aPX1KijC; rom; aliroriAemr:;. '0 J.i0VaOIKOr:; Oeopor:; n0l5 ui tcpattu: tvwpiva eivat 17 rpVOIK1j tivaytouotnra; 1/ avdYK1J teal ro iJIWTlKO aouoipov. r, olarpv),_a~lJ rijr:; iJIOKu-,afar:; TOVr:; «at ToD tywlaTlKoD rove; ttpoadrnou».

Kai arpov vnoypapJ.i'(eJ, at pia adfoa nov tvpepc/ KloAae; napa(Jeaape peAerwvrar:; njv Kprnxri -roo OlICCliau, T1j olablKaa.la dnaYKiaTpWa'7e;rijr:; xotvcovku; Ttilv i01WTWV dno r.riv noAITIKrj. npdypa ITOD yiveuu dno njv dame1j tnavdataan navw aTk;ooper:; n/C; rpeovoapKIKr;r:; «otvcovku; 6 Map~ KAeivel TO nptilTO pepor; toii r'ipBpou rov, tii aXeTlKO flt TO npdno ana tti Jvo yparprd toi) Mntiooep nov tc;,CTri(CI. j.d TO xapaKTlJplaj.lO rije; d:v8pffim vrp; X_f,lparpt.r17alJr:;. xipa ana fxeiv'7 r1jv Ka()apa nOAITIK1j: c Kd91': Xf,lpa<pir'1a'7 clvat Errava<popd rou dv(Jpwnlvov KOOPOV, TWII dll(Jpwmvwv axeaBwv orov 18to 'tov (iV9pWTCO. 'H nOAITIKtj x_elparpcT'7a'7 elvoi ~. avaywytj toi) dv(Jpwnov., ano TO Eva f-dpOr;, ·(ITO pOoe; rijr; xotvosvku; TcOV laulJTwv, aro eyo:ncrnKo d:Vg~6PTll"tO dtouo, Kl anD

ro tlAAO, aTOV rrOAl1n, aTO r,B/KO ttpoaomo. Movo dtav o npaYf1a.TIKOC:; arop.lKol; dvBpwnol; c,avareaipvel f1eaa rov rov drp'lPIJf1ivo nOAfr'l xai, otiv dTOf1IKOr.; G.1I(JpwreOI;, (Tn!v fpnelplKIj TOV ((mj, (Tniv dTOf1IKIj TOV spvaaia, ark; aroj.1!KBI; rou axeaeu:;, yiveuu ov nOll d.V111CEl (no doc,;; rou [Gattungswesen], f10VOV orav 0 G.vBpwnor.; tivayvtopi(81 «a! opvavcovet Tir:; .. OIKtt:; rou OVVajiElr.;" aav KOtvorvixe; ouvdpele; KI lfral navel vd xwpl(el dno rov iauto rou Tljl! KOIVWIIIKIj or5vajiIJ pe nj flOPrpfj TI/pro/'.l'tl.Kii<; ovvap'1e; - rare flOVO a).01cil1JPOW8r.a1 r, avf)pwnlVIJ Xelparp8T'1G'1.

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to(;" ~eKaOapf(cl to vonua tfie;; Jrarvnw(J1fr; nov ACEI on to «ancien regime alvot 'to KpUq>O KOUcrOUpt. rof cruyxpOVOU KPCXtOU<;»: pia «avapV1W',,, TWV rpeovJapX1Kwv (lUvO'1KWV 17ra", (Jui" Kritik, " yaJ.AIKfj BOVAt] rwv I(lWV ato ovvraypa rou']a. EvvcnQ)(;, " aVlOorr,ta nov oro ancien regime tivai nOAtnKfj, (Jvvcxf(erm «at oro avyxpovo Kparoc; no» oAoKA1jpwat: njl! nOAlTIKtj XClparpctnan, «ai aXI uovo pc til poprptj TWV Ka()avro n:OAIfIKWV KaraAom:wv rr;e; dVlaorr,rar;, tin:w, r, BOVA/j rWI! '{(JWII, nov dJ.AW(Jrc Karavrrf(Je an:o too: yaAAOVC; «n:oAmKtj ,tlll(ja/.ilvor'lra». dAM pc nil' mo p.I(o(Jnaawoj IIOP(fJlj rr;r; KOIVWVIKfir; «a! dv(}pwnllll1 _ d 1'100 tnra , . "Q(JO Yla rtj Fepuavia nov Jev OAOKAtlPWOC aKoPfJ oiit» rJjv noAmKlj XCiparpir1f(JI1, ro Ka()carwe;; inc, «lilac; dvaxpoVlopoe;, pia oJ..orpdvep1f dvrirpaa'l pc ycvnai dvavvounouiva di;uvparc, 1/ P'1Jawvor'7rarou ancien regime eKTefJclpcVI] atti iaitta (fAoV rou KO(JPQI), rpavra(cral dxopa ndx; nroteoo otov tWJ"ro TOO Kai ac!lwvEI dna rOil KO(J/LO vd rpallTd(cTat to ib,o». 'AKo),oufJEI eva reapd&qpa obcovoutxoti xapaKrf{pa;' i/«axi;(JfJ rr;r; PIOPfJXaviar;. taD «oauoo roD reA-ourov vevoai; pe rov reoJ..mKo KO(JPO.» «KcrpaAaIWOce; repofiA.'1pa tWI! VCWI! Kalpwv», A.t.lvEral anj Ftpuavia pt Tllv CVVOlQ roD npoatateunauoti rile;; «t.{jIlIKr;r; OIKOVOuku;» toii <P .. Aiat: Kai toiito dto» ui oitcovouoai np0'1Y/it va Kparl1lc!Dytfpovral evtillrra at Kd(-k /LOp<pr;r; OiKOVO/LIK1j Jca-pw(J'1. <Pua-IKa JEv unopci vd yivs: nOAu ov(tjr'la'1 tuivoi (J' auree;. reov Yla Hill wpa Jell elvat napa POliO reoAv vrponaJ..tc; aixper; roD Mapt. npoc; eva MafPoc; ato onoto Jtv Kvprapxci o.xoPrJ, «at io onoto j.UJA..1C; txopa apxi(el va peAcrei.el auatnuaincd (ra naptotvd terpdJ,a j.le dnootuiaua fa oltcovouku; nave ano ro <PAE{3dP11 1844 we; ric; dpXtc; rfir; ereopeV'Ir; XPOVIUC;' clvat avvCTCWC; xatotuvd r;;e;; eptpdv.l(J'1r; toii TCUXOVr; rwv XPOVIKOOV).

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'AvTfOera. 6 Mdp!; yui r~v dJpa tlatiyer KpmKic;avarpopic;, atti ouo peullara iinou {JUne/ va oWlpeira! 6 yl:ppaVlKor::; rpIAd.wBtplaIIOr;. To Eva, nov TO dnoKaJ.el «npaxtuco nOAlTlKO xouua», ollAaJIj ro pop.aVTtKo-rpIAeJ.eUOl:po Kfvnua. no» lfxci rljv npoiAwarj wv anj Nia Tcpuavia, tinanei, «a! OX' aJ1Ka. T.IjV «apvlWIJ r.fjc; f{J,Aoaorpfae;.» dA),d oil' unopci to tOtO vd TIjV emtdf.ael yurti neptOp[(etal vd «'[fir; yvpf(er rtill 7rAdn7» «ai vd TrjV KUrl]YopE'./, xwpie; va rljv vno{Ja).)"cl ai KpmKr,: « 'A~'cVvcn; vd yive: to c,l:Kiv1]IW dno 1tpay~anKa o:n:tpll·ara ~rofjr;. f,cxviin; op.wC; tube; ro npaypanKo onipua (wife; wv yepuavucoi:

AaoD clxC ovtpcaoe: die; tcaoa utao. ato xpnvlo rou. Kovtosoyiic: E06ir; 8tv Il1tOPEt-tE va KcnapytlOEte ttl <j>tAocro<pia 8ixwr; vd ttl ~€tatp&\jIET6 of. 1tpay~anKornru». Ileptaootzpo evJta.rpepov napovara(el JIl6. flile; ft dvarpopd (no aUo psiuu». ro ,,(JewPIJT1KO nOA1TIKO KOp..ua», brfAa(5rj '[Ij xeYKEAravrj'Aplarepci:«.[TO 'iJIO aQldAua. d,Ud &vno'tptq>ovtar; rove; avvuAearie;. Eneac Kat ro OEroprynKo noJ.mKo KOppa. nov opparal dna rrj rp/Ao(Jorpfa. Erov TWPIVO dywva. Jill c{J),crrc napa IlOVO TOV KP1"tlKO aywva t"lis q>lAooo<piac; evciv'"Cla OtOV yepunvuco xocuo, xai Jell roD nipaae ano rov vov on dKo-

ua «a! ft npoyeviatepn rplAoaorpfa d vmcei oi. raVTO 10V «oauo xa! OTt elva! 11, i&an7 Eatco, OWl1tArlPwcrr\ TOU. 'Evd: «ptitnoe KP'UKr, ataon anivavTl aroll aVThraA.o TOU, rpepOl]Ke pe prj KplTlKO tpono npoc; TOV lauro TOU, yiat] ~eKfv1Jae ano tk; 1tpOlJ1to8tow; n7. rplAooorpfae; «a! eire atatuitnat: ani. Joap{;va nopiapaTG T1JC; CITe napoualaaeadv dueaa aln]pam tcai noplauata, ainjpara «ai noploj1ara nopueva dno aAAov, u' o},o nor) aura - all vnoOiaovj.te tuic elvai oped =unopoov vd burwXOovv. aVTfOeTa, uovo pf. TrjV apVlloTj tfie; j.l.tXPl 1:wpa <PIAOOO<pias. Tfje; rplAoaorpiac; we; rprAoaorpiar;,. 'Emrpv),aaaopaate vd ochaovpc pia nep/yparpr, avroD toii KOllfiaroe;. To {JaolK6 rou eAdrrwfla unopei vd aovouaaie; Ole;- t~rlr;: 1tiOt"EUE O'tlll1topOi)oa vallEtatpf.IjIEl 'ttl <plAOcrO<ptu crt :n:paYJ.lat"tK01:Tjta 8(xror; va 'trlV K(l'tapyrl(JEl».

'0 avayvd)arf/C; Vd ext, KloAac; anueuban: orr 0 M6.p~ ~avamavel na)d {Jill TO jJ.orf{Jo Tfir; &MepYJe; LI]pclW(J11r; ~rrj Ararpl{Jrj. 'AHa slvtu QlValKO va exovv dno ron: a.ud~el nOAAee; iJb;r;,. Kata KVPIO A.oyo ft «JIQAeKTlKr/» dv'[mapaOwlJ pnaf,6 ,,(JetIKfie; rpr?coaorpiar;,~~ «a! «rpIACAcMJepov «ouuaioc» vRoXOJpef flnpoaui atnv [;owTep1K11 eKe/VI] roii 'fOtOV rov rpl).eAevOeplapov. T~V d'v"cmapaOc(J1J perac,u «npoxtucoi» noAlTl.KoD xouuaroc «a! {<OewP1JTI- KOU». '0 Mdpe,. Aomov, btl' taive: tiui njv rlj.I.~ Tfie; pVrJPoveval]C;; aTo avvT1Jp1JTlKO (JTO!XefO. Kl auro dval ano).vra «oxavonro .. Katti t5t6repo A6yo, 17 «npaKHK1 dvaTponrj r;;e;- (plAoaorpiar;", o1]AaJljro Kil!YJILG onov ft (plAoaorpia apvefral rov Koapo xai npoanaiiei vd rOll npooapuooet npot; eaUn]v. nov o.vTmp0(JWRwe ron: TO .(Jvpntpa.apa nov b Mape, Me/xve xat« fJaOoc;; OTt &xo- taV, avayvwpi(eral aUra TO 'f(j1O aav «venopxic, (Jav KPlTlKO uovo antvavrI arol' KOaj.l.O aAAa 15x, «an£vavrr a' aun] viII IJla», xai roirto YWTi «Mv eX61 naparIJP~(Ju

lU!X; r, we; TOn; ({nA.oaO(pia avtjlm atov KOtJ/10 aUTO». 'EKdll1J nov !tlV enoxr, rfje; AlaTplpfk~rav /10VO PIa. npopJ..1J/1anKr, evotnra KOUfJ.OU xai <pIAoao<pfae;, npooptouivn vd r5eXTel eva draAeKrlKO pijYfJ.a, IcAn., usaa un6 0- )'OKAl1P'l rr,v dvdrrrv~'l TOO Mope, elk; ali'ro ro amuio, erlve a<pcT1JPlaK" aIaniaUJ)u1J nov j.ia.e; errlrperrel vd dvayvcoptoouue vjv «fJeOA.OYIKrj» /1ovoj.it.pem .fje; OW/1apTDpku; =. 'AplaTepiJ.e;, r, onoia rr;;paYld aVdYKe.;; rfi.;; <p1A.ouorplae; «avdYKec; napuiv»; o.n6 o.A.Aov», a1JJ..at5" dno r6V xoauo, drro Tljv iatopia, EU/1rrepaapaTiKd. r, ttpoo.nT1KIj rife; «f.(;a}.clI/l1Je;», ;1 Ka).vupa TOU «e,enepaa/1arae;» rije; «CP1AO(}orpiar;, ativ rplA.oaorpfac;». Erov reJ..euralo raVTO opo Jtv /1nopofJW; vd j.ir, t5ouj.ie WI dvarptpera1 r, «OAIK,,» tcai «a6uipK1]C; rplAoaorpia» If r, rplA..oao<pfa nov «KaraA.r,yel UTOV eavTo T11t;» r6)v Xpovwv rfjr; A wrpIPiJc;, a/U.datv unoposue muroxpova va /1" JOV/18 xal ric; npOKarapoA.te, rfjr; (<-yePflavIKijc; i&oAoyfar;» Kai,reA1Ku. rrj rplAouorpf~ nov 8eAti flovdxa va «xatavanae: rov KOa/1o». Kai j.la(' fJ.' aura, 0 Mape. eKrppat;,el Klolar; rr,v npo(}Wl1 va eTum:per/l.el (Jro (<7rolmKo (}eWP1JTlKO KO/1/1a», np&.ypa nov (}d xdve: tiE !1iv 'AYla olKoytvEta «a! rrj FspunviKJ1 iOwA-oria. Btpala, to «eiuevo nov owpaaatie (xaBd»; Ifai rol.nol1evo) napooouiietar OXOJ..l'l f.i7!AtY/1i.vo ,(].£ dCPl1PI'j/1EVee; Kat XeYKeA..lavf(ouaec; Ola).eKUKee; OlUTUnwasu; Kai ai.v unopotn/e va nOV/..ie ndx; It «npaKTlKrj dvarponr,» extlMw tYKaraAeillJtl oAoreAa njl! npwr" ['Ie; «rplAoaorp,lKrj,> it <dOeoloYIKrj» poprprj yui va tuipe: oplanKa rriv 1tArjPl1 evvOia rije; dvaTponije;rwv vrpUJTapcv~v auv()fJKwv /1t rr,v evvOlar;;e; VA10rlKfjC; dvrfAl1l1Jl1r; rl'je; latopiac: KI aOT6 ytati, dKPIPWC;, 2:eineldKOPfJ ij j' It .. la ~ PriU~,,!T~' T~, dVTI.,,'i''K. J~),aM ~ dvayvwplU~ T~, , :a'lE.!!:!!,fo;; TfJC; 0IKOV0/11KI'je; naPCJ::Lwyfjc; 71:avw arfc;dAA£~ tK aa£lr; rfjc; iuwelKijc;, (wj£ 'AAAd eivoi tnio.1'fe; tUrj-

.38

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Kai va nov <prdaallc aro «eiuevo nov arpopiJ. apwa ujll rro},mK,j cp/Aoaorpio. wu XtYKc;}..: « 'H KpmKrl rfjr; vspuovud'i<; qllAoooq>ia<; 'tOU KpaLOu<; KUt lOU L1\KalOU, 11015 /1t rOil XiyKd nijpc Trjll mo avve1T.fj. Hi" 1T.16 1T.AOVata I("af OplaTlKr/ JtanJnwarj T'lC;. elva: toao r, KPITIKrj dvdA.V017 toi) avyxpovov «pdtooc; Kat rile; ouvaipois; It' avr6 npaypatIKon7rae;, /Joo xai r, dnocpaa1OTlK17 apllfWrf OAOKA.'lpn; rfir; rrpofJyovpevfJr; :~lOpq)"fj<; tfi<; YEPI1UVtlCf\<; 1tOAl'"tlKfj<; 1(a( vOlllKi)<; O"uvEiOT] (HI<;, nov" tuo iie.oX'1. It 1[[6 Ka()oA1Krj «ai dVI)VJwpiv'l at E:1ClO'trllltJ CKcppamj tn; clvai dKplf3we; " Ko.8a.pa 8sroPl11"lKrl ((JtAoO"o<pio tou tJ.tKatOu. "Av auiiln«: olJvav; uovo OTl? Tepuavia '7 Ka(}apd OcwplJrI1aj f{JlAoaorpia wu A ucaioo; aOrrj '1 G.fPI7- PflIlCVI'j. nA'10WpIK~ O"t6X(lO"T] Yla TO (J"VYXPOIlO «pdtoc. 71:015 It npaY/1artK6nlrcl r'le; nopouive, eva cneKclva - all Kat toiito ro ImeXelva unopei va /3piOKeTm ano It])! aAAI? pepld raIT Pnvov - dvtiatpoipo; ~ yappaVlKtl 1I017t1K~ eixova WU ovyXpovov «ptitooc; nov «tiver d.rpaipealJ rou rcpaYllanKou G.lIfJpwnou ardlJ1]KC ovvarlj /1t tlj aCfpd r'7C; pOllaxa leaf ar6v pa(}/10 nov ro 7010 ro avyxpovo «ptitoc «tive: arpafpC(J17 IOU rcpaypanKou dvOpwnou, if lxavonotei pt rpavraaTlKO /10VO rpono rov o.pno avOpwno. Erov rouia Tilc; nOAlTIKije;, of yepuavo! cxovv oxee'tel ixtivo nov aAAol Xao! iixovv KdJ.LEl. 'H Fepuavi« Ijrav ~ 9EWPl1WCtl (JuvdSl1O"'" rovc;. 'H a<pafpeal7 «a! ir iJm:,pollJla !1je; aK£IIJ.'lC; T.I]C; aVJi{3dol(av tuivta pt rov /..i0\l6nAcvpo xapaKrrjpa xoi njv xatonepotnra rije; npay-

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one ano rov onoio npsxe! va XelpacpeT'1()el 0 dv()pw7lor; elvtu 8K8ivoc;, rile; 8KjLtraJ..Awaf/e; dvOpwnov dno dvf)pwno.

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bvvapewv. KI auro en{(J1]r:; -av l:f,alpe(Jovpe. qJV(J1Ko., ro Kt::q>O:/V(llQ - (Jo. {3pe.fT1711 avanwe1 erov 0-'0 MIlVlq>e(J'W. Ihav (Jd (JVYKeKp.l/1evOnOII'/(Jei«nOla fdlOKt'1(Jia» (Jl(onev- 81 va Kampy~(Jf.l 0 K0/1/10VV/(Jpor;: ox~ to aCP1]P1]/1eIlO OfKalO .7WV ~ a(JtlK~ raf,1] eXtl K10Aar; Karapy1jcm dno nf (J!l),J11 nov qJrtlVel artl olablKaa.ia Tije; KamraAWTlKfjr; (Jv(J(J(iJpwa1]r; nov alwr8Aef ram:oxpova Kat .blab.1Ka(Jia, anaJ..Aorpi(J)(J'1r:; trov Karw tepco v, {3lOTEXVIKWV xamyoPI{i)v,K.An., (U.M nfv IJwKT'1aia EKe!vrlnovl:f,apT,[i.ral .~ iJm ,ano rov arcoKA8I(JPO tIn' o7tolao1jnore MIOKr.1J(Jla, f.m{JA1]j1evO atov p1 dato, (Jrov nposstcpto.

"Oao Yla Tllv KaraA1]!;,1], npenelvd a1]W1WaOVj1J3 r1v . tJr.aVelA'1Pj1iv1] avv&(J1] P8 ro rJ>oveppnax (Homo hornini deus) Kat r1jv G.pOl/3aI6rrrrar7fr:; npaYj1aronobW1J( rfjr:; qnAoaorpiac; Kaftijc; tf,dJ..81!JI1JC; roiJ nposetapuitoo: 'R 'lOla ij eVVOia roU nposstapaito» vevvtiou, Aomov, aTO Mapf,aav pui. .8'vvOla, paAla!a. miv ij qJ1AOfJoqma18vvola. rfir:; f{JlAo(Jorplac; 8Ksivl}C; nov .(J·vvreAe(J8 r1 OlKrl 'tll~ npaKrlK1] dvarpon" Yla va yivet rnavaaranK1j Becopia; ()swpfa roD j1eraaXl1pauapoD ToD xoouo».

EYMBOAH ETO EBPAi'Ko' ZHTHMA

I. Mn:poOvo Mnriousp. Td Appalled C1r:I'fJ.la, Mn:pdouvo~dlYK,. 1843.

2. MnpoOvo Mndousp, 'H iKuv6r'lT:a uliv GI'fJ1f.Plllr'i:JlJkppa/mv Kat XPIGuavli!v va yillovv tJ..erJOepOl .. EiKOGI£vatpvHa d:nAr1v 'EJperia.. 'EKM8T)K& un:6 T6v r.cE6pYK XEp~ey", Zupixn !CaL Blvrsprooo, 1843, o. 56-71.

M1tPOUVO Mrrdouep, 1',6 tppo.l'lco (11Tt/J1o., Mn:pdouvo~dIYK, 1843..

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(dill imdpXel ark; 'Evandvc; Iloincie; oiit: Opl7C1Kda roD «patouc. oiite dvayvwpra/1t.vl] Opf"I(JKda rftc; rrJ.no¥"l({Jiar;:. oiitt: vTCI:POXI7 ev6e; Opl1(JKr:rJ/1aroc; mivw a' eva /iJ.i"o. To Kpatoe elva I ~svo npot; 6J..a ra {)PIJC1KCV/1ara» (O, de Beaumont, Marie ou l' esclavage aux Etats-Unis etc., Ilnpior 1835,

c. 214). 'YJtapxouv JltlAlota .I-IEPLKU POP£LOClj1EPlKUvlKa KpaTT] OltOU «.6 .I"vvraypa OEII kn:rpaAAel tk; (JP1JoK£unKEC;Oo(,aaiec; «a! "iv dOK1J01J iliaC; Aatpefar; oall cpo yui llOAJ<IKd. npovo/ilQ,) (mo'low, 0. 225).. Kt OJ.HOC;, «atli; ~Evwp{;vee; JIoAluHer; 081' J[/O!EVOUV ndx; §lIar;ti~prJOKOr; dIJ(JPW1WC, pnopsi lIa efvalcv-npor; (iv()pwJtoc;» (Gto low, 0. 224) ..

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K I O!1WC;, ri rrOAt nKrl KaTo.pYllall -rfjc; CI."tOp.tKfjC;

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• '0 Map~ o.V(lq>Epr:ral cro ~l~li.o toU 1. Hamilton, 01 (fvOpcunot «a! rd ~Ol] UTIlI! ·AflepIK1. anll ygpf.!ClVIKfl ~K8oa~ ron: Die Menschen lind die Sitten in der Vereinigten Staaten von Nardamerica, TOIlOr; 1. MavXUll1, 1834, a. 146.

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xwplard OTOlXdu, TO KpcltO~ ouyxpotsirm otiv KO· 90AIKOt11ta.

To tSAUO nOALLuco KpatOC; aivm, ano TtlV ,{Ot.ll TrlV oocto tou, ~ (coft .tOU d.vSpcimou O'all eMout:;, at dvri· Ot0'7f 118 ttlV UAlKrl tOU ~(!)tl. ''OA£e; oi npojjnoSeasl~ Cllhilc; tfje; EyrolattKfjc; sroil~t~m(QAouSouv vcl6m:ip. xouv e~co dno tit otpuipn tOO KpOTOUe;, orriv «otviovia tWV iOlwtwv [in der burgerlichen Geseilschafr"], dAAo oriv iOlotlltse; Tile; xoivcovim; troy {OlW'troV. 'Exsi CSnou to nOA1'tlKO KpatO~ ~XSI q>taoel TllV CtAT}SlVd &'va7tTUnl£Vl1 IlOPCPrl tau, 6 clvepronoc; BtaYEt 0Xl d· 1!AroC;attl CfKt\jlll, atrl ,ouvsiol]oTJ, dna aTTI'v npay· uatncotnt«, O'tTl (wri·, flui. Ol7tA.Tl - j:J.trlV tn:oup<iVlO. Kat ilia yt11Vll - ~ro'Tl, ttl ~,roTj ,IlEoa attl'v nOAltIKll KOI110't'lm, 01tiOU i:KollAWVE"tllll oriv «otvdtrp:a, Ka{ t~ soon Ilsaa Cfnjv «otvtovia rcOv Mlwrwv, onou op/i ouv Mu.vt'lr:; (ivOpcorrot:;, PH7t£t TOUe; clAAOUC; &.v9pcOnouc; cdv ~tCfO, U1to~1~a~SI tOV eUOLO rou at 11£00 Kat Y{VE't'at movi ~evoov SUVaI1Effiv. To n:OAlttKO Kocito~

• '0 opoc; burgerliche Gesetlschaft - yaUlK'll. societe civile &yYAllea civil society=« ltapolJOla~tt ,.miv iOtaCouoa oummAia onlv l!).)..l1V1Ky] I!-I&fa<ppaol'] TOU: Ga. !-IltOPOi\oE v· lmooo8ti btCtl{PI.~W,:;, /h:0lCa8apo. "'t:U!-IOAOY1Kl'] ri!toljll1, j.lt rov opo •. <clG'tllC11 KOI:vrov{a", av otv Ulti'jP;(:E mUfOtO Glll.1aCHoAoYIICO OUpOpOIJI-I£VO: QGtllCTl xoivevto, GTf\v fptxoooa c7lwaai.a til':;, dval'i) ICEIPaAalOKpaT11C1l xoivovtn, 1'! xoivevtc {)nou tnucpatEi ,; aO'ttlC11 tci~l1 (societe bourgeoise)' O'uvcillQ OJlroe; o'1llC1ivEl - omue; crriv 1l'POKEIIlEvll 7ttpbrtOJO'l1 - TtlV KOlvOJvla TWV npawa'tlKooV Ih61lOJv, roc; 101(1)rlKWV npocrron:rov IlE tOue; UhoteA.&i~ O'IC01l'OUe; KC1i OUI-IIP&POVta. 'toue; 0'& a.vtln.apci8Eo'lllt fO «TtO).,I.1:1KO .. pato.:;" onou 6 Civ8proTtoe; £lVC11 t6 "IPQV't'a(l1'lKO iJ&Ml':;» IlI.ae; M6tTlTa.:;. In"j yaAA'K1'j KQi 11'1,v a:yyA.1Kll 'YAroCOQ'; OUiKP10'TI &tva I O'aql1"je; JlETCl~U nov A.t~EroV civil Kal citoyen (citizen). IIpotll-lllo(lJ,t£ hot, ytll 1:T1V onoIPuy11j auyXUOEOJV. v· 01toorocroul.1£ (Jta~nllVI.IC,a. t1'1vbiirgerliche Gesellschaft I-IE tTjv «aKOIJlIjITl" ciH6:1tA.'l,OIEOtCPTl 'OTO V0'lIlClT1K6neplEx0f!.ev6 t'l~ i!KlPpaO'll «xotvcavta. rwv it5,WtWV ...

~_ 'Eo& fl& '[liv EVVOlCl 'touiJH .. ouC; Tfic; KOlV(JJvia~ Tooy IO!(JJ.TWV. U 'Eo& j.I& HlvEvvOl.a. tOU J1E) .. ooc; TOu 1CO/..tTl.KOU Kp<itOllC;.

ra -wf.) 'iOlOU roe 7rOlmKofj tcptitooc. 'H 8wq>opd aVa~le(Hl orov ElpfioKo Qv8p(J)n:o Kai rov n:oAltll ElVOI r;1 Ol(lq>opaava!-lso:a crov EjLln:OpO Kai TOV nOAl Till. d:vajLleo:a o-rov YIll9Kr~l.wva Kal rov noAlTll. d:V<l.IlS01l 0''t6 (wvmvo awj.w KOl. TOV lroAir'1. 'H d:vTlq>acrl] OTI;V 6n:ola. Pp(OKEtal 6 8pfiuKoe; dVElP(J)1COC;; Iltrov n:OAlHK6 av8p(J)n:o., slvrn ij. 'iow d:vrf<po,oTj OT~,V 6· xoto i~pioKe'tol 6 bourgeois !JIB TOV citoyen, Ko.frd J1.EAOt; 'fie; xoworvlcc T(1W i.8IWTroV~1t: T~V rro),lrlfoj ACO lIrij tou.

Aln:l1 .rj ytltvTj m5YKpouoll OT~V 6n:ola n;AtKO (iV<x'YE'tm TO tppalKO ~rllTJIl'a,. ni' 0X£OTj rof n:O.Al'tl!Cou KpaTOut; !-It ric;; n:POU1'[08EOElC;; TaU, E\Te m:l'tEC;; ElVctl UAIKa crtolxeia, 01'[WC;; r'j uTolllKrj iOLOK1TjO'ia KTA., stre n:VEU!-IatLKa, om::r)C;; ij J.!Opq>(J)O'll Kai ~. 8Pllcxaio; n'j O'6YKpOUCill otrrl1 avaJ1ecro 0'10 }'[;!'I/i..·O auurptpov Koi TO iJlO.>rl.K6 avprpcpOII,to axiu!-Ia IlEta~u TaU 7ro).rnKofJ xparoo; Kal tfjt; xotvcovku; nvv iJIWT{VV, at)'r£c;; ric;; £YKOa!-ltEC; d.v'tl6tow;, 6 Mn:a.oveptie; o:q>rjvst vd Ijq>hnavn:u, tyro, xdvet n:OA61lIKl1' &Va.vna Otti OPllGKWTlKrj rotx EKq>paO'Il.

,,' AKpl.~&<; ti, P<icrTJ tfj~ uoivcaviox; nUl' Mlwrd'Jl',r'J dvciYKll rrou E~aG(pah.i~Sl Ti)V {brap~i) tTlC; KUI KUTOxupciJlll:, ntll dllaY~aJ6r"rd tT]~, EK8'tt£l TTlV 6,7tap~i) rTJ~ crt ouveX,dC; KIV8uvous' olcuTJpeI IlEcrC! Illt; Eva a"t"OlX£Io avaoqHlAE,WC;; Kui yevva TO. 81UPK,WC; EVU.I...AOcro6.W:vo €Kelvo IlIYIl.Cl q)TWXMat; Kal 1tA.OUtOU, 8VOeWt; KU{glll"lI..leplUC;, ysvv(i: YEVlKOte.

prt ttlV a01a8£IO:» (0'. 8). .

"AC; oujxplvouu» 6AOKA 11 po to KEq>aA.(HO «'H KOl\I(J)Vla tooV IOlWToov» (a. 8-9) nou EXEloUVtax8el: (JIJ!-I<P(J)va ~t TiC; ~amK.fc;; 'Ypa!..l~€C; Tfie; eYEAwvflC; ernA.oao<pi.o.c;;wu .1.lKOiou. Triv xorvorvin -rrov i01WtroV aT~:v ,d:vd8smltnc; ~t ro rrOAltlKO KpaTOC;, 6 Mna-

Oll!-l1t6pt<ptperm 1tpOe; TTlV xoivovtc 1rov i·ol(J)'twv t~ioou 1tVEU~anKa., onwe; Kl 6 oupcvoc n:poe; TTl yll· BpIGKErol crriv lOln aV'd8Ean !-I' autliv Kat Tr'jV urrspvuctt .!..lB tOV loLO 1p6n:o,on:roC; r; HpT]GKEia u- 1tEPVIKli tn orevorntu "to\) l'TllVOll KOO~OU; 011AO:Orl ll1t0XPE(J)VO!-lEVO, Kt alno, v· avacyvwp{aEl ~ava rriv xorvreviu tooy iOl(J)Trov,. vd triv an:OKamOTnOEIKai vd On:OTO'YEi a' U1hnv. '0 av8pmnoc;, J,lEGa cHrlvm6 KOV'[lWj tOU n:paYllatlK()-cT] tn, IlEoa cn:liv xowcevfn TroV tOI(J)tooV, £IVa! Eva. YTltvo ov. 'Eow, orroll EXEI 'Yla TOV saut6 roo Ka.( 'Vla, tOUc;aAAouc;; triv o~ia n:payJ1a.'ttKOi) a.roJ100, slvalEva 1f!f.(JilKO omvousvo, • An:Evavt{ac;;, .!..lEoa ot6 KpatOC;, orrou 6 Civ9p(J)1'[oC; 'avuyvc:opt~Etm oriv Eva ov 1WU o.VrlKS1 (no av8pwmvo dooC;;, dVaL to c:pavraonKo !-ItAoS ~laC; ITAaaJ,la1:lKfjc; aVE~tA:aYKTT]C; s~ouoi!ac;,. 1:OU EXOUV ap1t6~Elt"V rrpayllanKrl aTOIll.KTl !OU t;rolimi rov ytllLOO.v J.!t J .. udv t~(J)1CpaYJ1atlKn OlKOUJ1EVIKOTllta.

'H oUYKpouall, orriv 61'[oi.(1 :~pi(JK&tal 6 avep(J)n:oc;,aavcma06c;; J1laC; l8roinpr{r; HpllaKeiac;, Ilt tOV eauto rou odv nOAl-tTj Kai.jLlE roue; dAAOlJe;av6pron:oue; oriv Il€All tfje; KOIVOtllrae;,.a..v6.Y6tOl orrjv lYKoaj.UQ Ola01WGT] !-IEta~u taU rrOAtrlKofJ Kpa.'Wuc; Kui lils tcotvcavku; nDv io/wu'iJV. fui rov livEi'p(J)1'[o odv !lEAOC; aurfje; rfj.;; KotVIDViae; "n t;ror'j .I!ltoa 0'10 KPa.WC;; oEV dvat n:apd sn:il.paoT] l1npoaKmpll E~aipE0l1 uno rrjv ouata Kat tov xcvovu», Bt~ma. 6 bourgeois", 01'[(J)e; Kl 6 €~po:ioC;, !..lOVO -n:xvl"l'ta ~€VEl otTl: O'<paipatfje; t;roile; Toli Kpa.tOUe;, to low on:(J)e; Kt. 6 dtoyen** uovo rExvllHl IlEVEl t~palot; ii bourgeois .. Alhtl oll(J)e;n 1'[A.aO't6'tT]Ta 8Ev elvor rtpoommxr], Elvat li 7[AaaToT'1-

OUEp "CTjV uvayvroplSEl <.0<; d.vaYKaia~ yw.tt avayvropiSEt uvaYKaio 'to nOA.rnKO KPUtoC;.

'H 1[O},ITlKrj Xelpaq:lIh11Gll <1nO'tEA.El ampaA.&c; ueyaA.ll n:poooo. 'QG'tOGO, Mv €ivaI n 1:EA.w'tai.a !lopqni tii<; avElpO)1ttV""<;X,Elpa:qH~"tll0"e; YEVlKO:, dVa:l OJ..lO)<; f! tEA.w-cala !lOp<pr\ "tije; dv8p<imlVlle; XEtpa<pE"tllGll<; I-lEGa (no !lEXPl rcopu naYKOG!lLO (JUGTtWa. 'EVVOE\1at noo<; I-llA.iiJ..l6 tB& 'Yui npaY!la'tlKT). npaK"CtKr\ X,elpa<pt-

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GKEia, £Kron:{~OV1a<; "t11V lin:o to 0l1j..lOmo f1 Ixnto <no iOlronKo 6.iKaLO. 'H 8PllGlCELa Bev elvui nl:U 1'0 n:V€UJ..la TOU KparOVr;, on:OtJ & a.v8pron:or,; - Eotro Kat rtsptoprousvu, iOlO)!Op<pa Kat of; .!llaV tOlahEpll ooulpu _ ouunepupspstut onv !lEA.O<; wO <1vElPW1tlVOU eiooue; ornv tmKotvrovia 'tou IJE a.A.AOUe; av8pomoue;' &'Ylve to n:vElJJ..l.a 'tfje; «oivcovku; rwv it5!wrwv, 'tfj!e; o<paipae; 'tou t:yrolOIJOU, tOU no?€f.lov OAWV lvavrfov OAWV, f1r.v dvat n:ta n ouota 'ttie; KOlv6rl1mr;, UAAa 1'\ ouoia 'tfie; (narpopo.r;, "EytVS n EK<ppaoT] WU XWPUJf.l0iJ 'tOU dv- 8pwnou dn:o rriv KOlv6rrrra "COo, U1tO tOV ~auto'tOu Kat. lin:o 1:0Ue; UA.AOUe; dv8pcimoue; - on:ro<; t;1:av arrjv npwr6yov1] /moxrj, Elvm 'UKOlJa j.IlOVO n dC:PllPll1lBVl1l 6- J..loA.oyia toO Hhai'tEpoo n:upaA.o'YlGJ..lou,'tfje; dtof..llk~r; iJlOrponiar;, tfj<; av(Jmpeaiac;. '0 a1:EAeu'tl1We; KULaKEPlJaWJ!lOe; tile; 9p11oKEiae; o'tTj popua • A!lEPtKtll AX. 1:i'je; oivEl KtOA_ac; t~Wr:ep.1Kd TtlJ..lOp<Prl !llae; Ka8apo. ato!l1.KfjC; Uno8EoTl<;."EXEl n:E'taX;tEl crnv Kat11- 'Yopia ,rov iOtrottKWV OUllq>EPOV1roV xui ~~OP10'tEi cdv KOlVO'ttKr\ 6vTQ-tll"CU &.no triv xotvorrrru. ~ Ae; J..ltl 'YE.A tOJ..l.aG1'E Q.J..lro<; 0)<; npo<; Ta 0 pta tile; nOAt'tt Kfj<; XElpa<pthll0T)<;. '0 &txaoJ..lOe; .00 <1v9pwn:ouof. oYf~l6- (JIO tivOPOJ7rO Kat at iOuiJTI1 tiv(JPW1tO, iI pcmro7rI(J'l

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"H Oraa7raall tOU dv8pomou GE ~ppuio KUt 06- n:OA.l't11, of. nPOTEOtaVl11 KUt of. noAt't11. of. Bpfioxo c'iv9prono Kal of: TtOAl"Cll - au'trl n oUlonaoTlOEv ELVaL ~va \jfEIJU lvanla OTtlV Uho'tll'tO.tOu noAl.1:Tl, otv sivm nupO:Kall\jfll 'tfj<; rrOAl'ttKi'jC; XEtpac:pf;'tllo11C;, elvu

1j Mia 1j 7rOAmKrj XerparpenW'l, elvm 6 nosttucoc; rponor; XUPuq>f:lllO"lle; <1no tTj 9PllOKElo. BEpata, 0' f:noXE<; an:O\) TO n:OA.tt:tKO xpdroc YEVVlE"CUt piena on:o 'tllV xotvcovio TroV iOlrot,roV ({)e; n:OAlTtKO xpdroc, orrou

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blOKTT]oiac;, OA.WV TroV Ot01XelWV Tfic; «otveovicc TroV ibHtHroV, IlE 1T]V lOla avaYKat6Tl1Ta nou K1 6 rr6AEJ.10C; "t"dEU.oVEl J.1e T~Y eip11Vl1.

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To AeyoJJ£vo xptOnavlKo Kpa1"Oe; aivrn to ci"z:cAC. xpriroc, xui " XPlOnaV1Ktl 9pl1<JKEia tou XPll<Hf,.lEUEI oriv oAodrjpwOIJ Kat ecv Ko.Oo.riau,! nic; a,.rtAeuj~ TOU.. Tt' au.6, i) ·8Pll<JKda. -rau y{vnm Ka-ravci:YK'l1 eva uiao, Kai TO xplanaVlKO Kp6:tOC;; £iv<l.l. TO Kpa'to~ Tfie; !J7rOKplu{a\;. 'YrraPX8l J.lEyctAll 8w<popa dvdusou OTtlV n:epin-rwoll rrou TO apTlo xpdroq, ).oyw 'tou EAanrol1u-roc;; n00 ~p Ioxertn <JTtlV Ka8oA1Ktl ooo fa TOU KpciTOUC;;, Aoyapla~£l .r) 8pT]OKs{a oriv J.lla ana .i<; rrpourr08tGEl<; TOU, Kat GT"V rrEpirrtw<Jl1 nov "to IlJl apTio KPUW<;, AOYW 'Wu tA.UT-rrof,.la"TOe; noupp{OKeTUt l1£oa OTTlV IJw.Ireprt unapStl rou w<; i:AUT!WIl'OTlKOO xpdrouc, Kl1PUOOel O.el1£AlO tOU Ttl 8PllGK8io: .. l:TrlV .eA.EV"tCIia aUTr) nEpintwol1 .~ 9p110Ks(a ytV8TOl d.n:)..rjc; nOAl'IlKrj. l:.tlv npcirrl"] m:p(mwoll ouveptovstrn " !tbW " aTf.Aeta tfj<; apnae; rroAIT1KJlr.; psoa <JTrj 8Pl1- OKEtO. T6 AeyOIlEVO xplGnOV1KO Kpa1O<; xp6la~e·tal TTl XPlonavlKtl Elpll<JKEia yta vd OUI1rrAllPw8er ativ «ptitoc .. To OT]110KpatlKO xpdroc, TO rrpO:Yf,.laTlKO xpdTO<;, otv xpEla~E1"at Ttl 8PllOKEla Yla triv nOAtnKTl TOU apTiw(Jn. Mnopst, ~l6:AW"tC1, v' arrOonaG1:ettin:o trj 8Pll0KE1,a., Ylo-ri !-leoa o' aU10 "£0 KpaWe; ·11 uv9promvn Paoll·tfjC; 8Pll0KBio<; n:paYl1a"£UWETUl f,.ltEYKOcjuorposro. To AEYOI1CVO XPlotlavlKo xpdroc, drrsvcvrtoc, (JuJ.11teplc:pepCtal 1tOAmKa rrpoq 'ttl 8pT]<JKda xo i 8PT]<JKEUtlKa rrpoc;; rriv 1tOAtTlKrj. ~Av E~flV.EAisel <pOlVOJ.lEV1Ka "tie; KpanKsc;; J.lOp<pte;, E~ioou E~EV"tEAi~Et c:palV0I1EV1KU Kai TTl Bpnoxstu.

Tui vd c'5ta<Ja<Pl1V{OOUI16 rriv uv-ri8EOll aO"tr) , de; ESEta.<JOUW: tn 8oJ..lrj wu xpwnavlKoi) xpdroi»; 'OU MrraOUEP, bOJ.1rl noonpoexuve uno rriv aVTlA.ll\vl1 Yla. TO xptcrnavo-yepJ..laVlKO Kpcitoe;.

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o:rroSei!;ouvro uovvaro .~ tflV al'I)7WpC;ia £v6~ XPlUUaVI!Wu Kpa.tOUt;, ~O:t; ltapE1tE:~\jfav nOAU uUlva ota Pflra.EKSlv(l tooO EUnnE:AlOU, 11:06 to [rmptvo] xpdroc OX' pOl'O or." (lIi':oAou8ei, aAAa oure KGi unopet nott: 1" dKOAovOljr1f:{, f.J(ro~ all .oam [ouv IKpd:1"O~] va t5wAu8si P.!'T<:Aw.;». ,,'naroao, to ~l1rTJI.HI SEv MVE.ral tooo E:{\KOA[l, Tt (malLOUV Aomov roorc .6 Euayyelu;:u 0,n:oq>8{;·Yllara; Triv u11:ep<fJUOlKrj 0.0- rcmcipvll0t],rt\v u1Ioro.ytl ottjv au9evrla Ti'i~ . AnoKaAlJ'1'11<;, rTjv o'ltol·HIKpuvull (ino to xpdroc, trjv KOTci.PYTJOIl riiJveYKoo~H(J)V uXEoewv. Mahora., DACl routa Tei ii.1talt!::i IW( nlltpaYJJ.aTOltOlSi T6 XPlOtHIVlKO xpdtoc. "EX6! a<fJOIlolrooel ro nlleiipG roD Evayye.A.fov, Kal dv8Ev to arroStS!':I. IlSta lOla AOyUl rrouto EK<fJpa~SltO Euo:yyelLO, aut6 OlJj.i~o:iYEI tlIEI.Orj EKtpp<i,E:L 1ODto ro lIYE.i)l-laaf. KpatlKEc,; JlOP\pE<;, 0llAoorj of: Ilopcpec,; 1tOU dv KO:I1 Elval ltapj.lEVE:c,; ano tTl I;;wlj TOUKpatouc,; Kal. ano rooro tOV 1(0UJlO, wot600 tpUlYOIlEvlK<i uno~(l8j.lI~ovra.t lleOa. OEtOUTI1 TTl tlPlluKEUtlKTl dv<iltAaoTJ 1tOO 6cpelAouv va l11l0UTOUV. To XPIUtHIVIKOKp<itOc; ElVal 111 alIo,.uiKpUVUll arro T,6 KP(itO~., rroD yui vd ltpaYJlat01tOl T]9Ei, JlEtaXElpl~Et:Ul ri<; Kp(nlK6~j-topcps<:;" (cr. 55).

·cileuS6vovl'(l1 U1[O TijVTOXl'), 1[OUOla.Kp(voV'tGU .IlE1'a~U l'OUe;U1[O "to. UUIlq>EPCVl"(l, 'ta i.ou:du:pa n:a911 Kat TIC; n:pO.A.r1I.jJSIC; '1:OUe; Kat A.a~uivouv roe; npovouio TtlV n,3EW v' an:cJ,loVooYOVWL 001. IlEV dna TCUe;; clA.A.CU;;;, K11. (0, 56),

'0 'iome;; b Mmiouep Atel 6.101'00:0:

«'H KplTlKn, a.vSE:v npOK!mm vci elvut 'tlltOta ,tl1U,Q1tupa 8PllUK6lu, OSV :j.mopEi va dvat ltOAtTtK;l, oltm~ Kat. TO Ka91i.pl.Oj.lU tmV' tUOUK<lAlruV, UV rrpOKUl'at vd XPT]OL~LE081 YUl TljV ult6HEOTJ ni~ 'EKKAT)oia<;, {ltv j-tlIOPE'i' vci 8aropfT'Wl Hella rrou dcpopa 1'6 VOlKOKUPlO» (cr. 108),

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'0 xropl!:OIJ.oC; 1[OU «n:VEvllato<; 1'00 EuaY'¥eALOUn an:o TO «YPO:lllla. to\) EuaneA.icu» slvct !lta .a.VrtOpI7- (JKeVUKrj 1tpa~'1. T6 K.patot; 11:000 Pd~et 1'6 EuansA.lo va J;uA.a£1 IJ·E 1[6 ypalllJll tfie; n:CAtttKfjC; - 1t00 OLa(jJSpel «no to ypaj,llJ·a TOU 'Arlcu nveullatcc; - ola.- 1tpOnel .1l1dv lepcouAia, o.v 0Xl an:o tr\v av8pffimvTl oxomd, t'OUAUXIU'tO 'ano Ttl OlKrl1:0U, Tr1 BpncxsuttKrl oxomd. L1'O Kpd:wC; nov avayv())pi~el'tov Xpl" onaVLoJ10 miv tOVU1tEPTa'tO KaVQva 1:0U, 1:l1 Bi~AC Gav tOV Xdptll "tau, Sa npE11'El v' dVH1tapa8E-rCUJ,iE Tn ..l.6yta tfjc; 'Ariae;; rpaq)fjt;, ytat'l t1 rpOiq>tl slvm ,(iyta IlEXPl K,llt GttlV Knee '1:11<; AE~l1. To KPClTOC; atn:o, 011'00<; Kat.td dv8pOmIva atcoimiota !tou mivoo tcu<; 01[llPt~etal, 1tEq>telO"E !luiv 60UVTiPti- KO:l,an:o tTlV an:O\jlfl Til;;;; 8Pl')U'KEutlKl1C; uuveiOTlO"l1t;, dVU1tEPPA.11tTt - tivdq>aul'), 01'UV 'to rrapu1tSIJI.jJO\)J.I!E 0' h:etva 'ta

stut &1l,EO'O, IlErOY oupavo, IlE tov ,€Iso. ot. OXSm:lt; nou KUplapxOUV EOW elvci nKOlla OX8m:l~ niamc, 'E- 1t0IlEVWt;, to flPl1lO'KWUKO 1tVBUIlOOEYEXCl yiVEla.KOIla It.p,aYIJI·atll('1i ~1'KOO')llO.

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~mtl. elvar fl'pfioKO orov ~o.8Jl.6 rroun 9p'fJnKeta dvm

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prrrd tOU EuaYY€AIOll nou to low «OXt .IlOVO ,8Ev ,QKOAou8.8t, aAA..d ovre .Kai uxopei I" O.KOAo.vOljacl,. cKr6c; av f)iA.C1. otiv 1\paror;, vd bWAVOci 0J10TcA'(l'>, Ked ytatl BEV BUtt 1:0 KpdtlOt;tnVltAr]IPl1 TOll oldA.lJorr: To ~i8LO Btv I-IL1t0pEi VdOWO'€l dltaV'tllall oihs 0'1:0V eauto tOU oure atOUe; dU.oue;. Mrrpocrta (nrj JIKri !aU GUVciJI7Gl.7, to trriallJlO xptanaVtKo Kpawc; slvot Eva xpeor; noo lit h:nA'fjpwarjtOUelVOl aVE<plK1'11h KOt 1l0VO '¥w06j,.lEVO crov '(oto rov Eauro 1'OU Jl1topsi va ,~E~atWaEr tflV npa'lP(ltlKOr'lra '[fit; ()1tap~ t\C; TOU KaI yt' aOtd '1tapaj,.lEVSl Tt'(xvta,. 'YI.d t6v 'tow tOV tauto rou, aV1:lICEl!JEVO dj.t.qJl.pOAtae;, Eva ,d:!~t~mo npoi~An.!JanKo dV'tlK.€iIJ,EVO. 'H xprnxr] €X8t S1t0f,.lEVWt; 1ttpa "(ui 1tEpa 3iKlO, Ot«V Kavsl to KpciwC; nou emKaA€irtn 1'~ m:~AO va xavSt ta. AOytKa. rou, hOt WO'1'E vd lJi·nv ~tPEl rnd to, 'iow o.v elVOl .!ltd rpa.vwa{wG.lltl Ilta rcpa'lpaw((iTrtra,lhm W(J,,[E 'iJ 1tpoatuxta troVC'IKOaplWl1 O'Konwv '[QU, n06 1;1 8pll(JKda 1'0U~ XPl1O'IIlSU€l Yla KaAulllla, vel ne<pt'Et at IltdvaAU1:Tj (JU1'KPOUOl1 Ill: 1'r]VEVtlIlOTll<OtfjC; (Jp170KevrIKr,'c; 1:0U auvsl()Tjalle;. 1'111 'tliv ortoiu iI 9pl1aKda tj,.l.<paVl.~£tal odv 6 0'1<:onoc; tlOll KOaJ.lOu. To Kpcito~ auro ll1!opEi vd A~np.O).eEi an6 TO, SaaHf.ptKOrou pac-avo uovo o.v yiVSl 6 Aoxia( "fie; KafloAl1(ijt; 'EKKAllcrla<;. 'Anevavtl 0' mltli tTl!V 'EKKAlla{a 1tOU aVaKllPUXV€L ttlV KoO'"nKnt~ouo{a ,01K6 tlle; Unn'pEtlKO 5pyavo., to xpdroc dVUl dv{oxupo, ,dVtO'xuPTJ " Koap'Klj e~oucr(a, nou ,ota1'dvstcu chi dvm n KUpluPx{,a rof HpllO'KWtUcoG 1tVEUj,.l.Cl"[Oe;.

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I:-rtlv 'tEA€lIl SlllloKpa.Tia, ti, lOla ij epllOKEU'WCrl Kat OCOA.OYlKrl UUV€iOllUll EI€WP€hUl TOUO mo 9PllO'KeunKrl Kat TOO'O mo 9COA.OYlKrl, 000 1t€PIUOOT€PO CPUiV€Tal ott OtEP€ltat ano noAltlKtlUll'j.lauia, dno YrllVOUe; oxonouc, on sivci ure09€01l ,(OU j.llctdv9pwnou rev£vj.latoC;, EK<ppacrT) 'tTic; Otavor,.nKije; U1"EVOTT)- 1"a<;, rrpoi:ov Tfie:; auSulpEcriac; KaL Ttie:; <pav'tamorrA.l1~iac;, OUO re€plcru6u:po alvei rrpaYJ.laUKa ,.na e;WKOUJll') ~wtl· '0' xptcrnavlUIlOe; <pTaVEl tS& rriv rrpuxriKrjEK'i!ppaOllTOU OLKOUJ.lEVtKOU ElPT)·UKWtlKOU voriun'toe; TOU, YlaTi UUYKEvTproVEl Tie; rrOlKlA.OTpom:e; KO- 0IlOavTlA.Tl \VElC; T~ Ilta rrA.al U1"Tjv UA.AT) - j.lE Trj JJOP~rl TOU xplOnaVluj.I.o;)- K1 (iK:oJ.la 1tEplUOO'tePO, Ylan rrpo~OA.A.St O'TOtiC; (fA.A.OUe; aXl "trlv anaitnUT) vd slvm xptcr:navoi, aAA.O uovo 'trlv a1tal"tllOT) v' dvnyvwpi~olJV Trl 9plluKEia YEVlKtl, j.I.ldv O'1tOl,aOrlrroTE 9pnuKELai (rcP~A, 1"0 KElj.lEVO 'tau Mmouov n:06 nupo-

SEuall& mo mivw). 'H OplloKEunK~ ouvel8nOll KO.A,· f,mCi orov rrA.OUTO -:cfjc; 9PTJO'KcunKfje; aVTi9ecrTj~ Kat "(ije; ElpllUKCU'ttKi1e; nOlKtA.O!Jopcpiae;.

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'Eusk; A.OL1TOV (iEV Atlle, orrwC; 6 Mndousp, O'TOUe; t!3paioue;: 'Ecstc Stv unopslre vd XElpaq>ETl1ElSlT& rtoA.lttKa OlXW':; vc XElpa<pEtT]8EhE pl~lKci.dno rov iouoal:u,J.lO, 'EJ.lgiC; TOUe; A.tj.l£ aVTi9ETa: tm:torj urropstrc vd XEtpa<pE'tl)9s1TE n:OA.HIKa oixwe; v' arrapvl1tkh& 0- A.6n:A.a Koi oixw~ aV!i<paoll TOV loUOatOJ.lO, Yl' CtlJ!O ti 'iSta 1) rroAmKJl XDparpCrlJ(JJ7 (iEV dvat ti dv()pwITlvlJ XElpa<pETllull. "Av €UEI~ oi £~paiOL eUETE vd XSlpa<psTTj8EttE nOA.tTlKO, .8ixws va XElpaq>S1"1l8El1"S oi ,((hol oriv aV8pW1tOl, atrr6 O'llj.laivEl on ti tilllt£A.Eta Kal ti dvt{cpaoT) otv j3piO'KOVtal J.lOVO uscn uac;, j3piuKoV!al J.lEOa o rriv oeaia Kat orriv xatnvopki Tfje; ITOA.ItrKfjC; XElpa<ptTllollS' "Av etcre KA.E1UJ.ltVOl JJtoa ci: rourn rriv xntrryopic, crTjj.la{vEl on crUj.lI..lETtxsn; ani YEVIKTl u1tomYTl, "Omoc TO xpdror; [liepyrJ (Jvj1rpwva fie T6 Euayy{;),.10 <hay, J.l' OA.O 1tOU slvm xpdroc, UUJ.lm:plq>tpsrrn xptcrTlaVtKa rtpoc tOV Eppaio, ihm Kt 6 tl3paioc;

hll:pyJ:i (JI)j.(fj1WI'Cl pI. nil' .rroAIt.1l(fl Ot(lV. av KolEppa.ioc;, arraLTEl 8IKCI.lWI.wro 1tOAITl"I.

~ A v OjLlroc; 6 av6pa)'nor;. av 'mit!~po.ioC;, unopst vri Y{VEI 1tOA.l tucd Xl::I.pa.q>e.nwEvoe;. va Aa.pEI OlKo.lwllClra 1tOAlrl1. ton! IlTWPEI ,dpay!.: v' aXOlrtioSt Koi va Aa~EI rei AByOjLlEVo. ,()JI(ClIWIUZra roD dl'Opwrrov; '0 Mndousp to apl'U;rClI auto.

"ME tOV nilO rpono 6 XPlonav6s we; XPIOtlaVOt; oev unopsl vd n.apaxwprjcrel dv9pcbmvn 8umlcbjLlotlX» (cr. 19, 20).

«To ~l'jtI11P(I dvm, a.v 6 E~po:loC; odv rtnoc; ... 811Anorj 6 t· ~pa'ioc; n.Oli 6 'iblOC; dva.yvwp'i~El on elV(]!I. dva.YKu.0I:lE:VOt; alto 1'rjv lStC! ttjv Qucri!CI touvd ~ei (rt ,ai.oovtu drr0j.16vwcrlfl dreo 1'OUC; aAAouc;. dV!ll [KaVne; vel: SEXtd rci.k.'I!Oo},.IKa OlifaUC)!fUra wi) tll'0pW7WVKai vd ta napaoqtl:l y[(i toUe; tinO\)~.

,,'H iota YICi '[(i8IKa!OOj..lOm rou ,dv8pooreotl dV(lICOAI)<p811- ICE yux ,01,1 xplOtlaVIKO K6o~1O ~16AlC;'[6v nEpao~lEvo ai,rovC!. LiEV e:lVQI ~I-I.<pu'nl orov av8pwlJo. dvtlOeta KCltuKt119nKE f.l!ovo orov dyro,vCl.l:vuvuaorle;loropHcEC; ltapaMOSle; j.t{; tic; ,onol:l:<; dvutpd·q>TJKI: roc; rcbpll 6av9pmn:ot;. "Eroi, "Cr.l avs'pwlUV'C! SIKalW!-lC!'tCl Mv elvci (5ropo Ti'je; qlucrlle;, Stv dvat I-IUI ltPOiK!l Tfie; j'[p011YOUj!JI~VfijC; Icroptoq, dAAU to lbta8AO tou o:yebva Evr.ivnQ otriv tUXTJ ti'j<; y{;vv11lol11<; 1\1 cva.vtlu crTa ltPOVOJllCl, noun loropiu areo y~vHi crtysvui a.lpllOS KA.llPO~Olll6: JlEXPI. rwpa, ElvQlro d.rWtEA.WI-I.Cl tile; ].lOP<PWOI1)t; K'Ili ].l7tOpEI vo. t6: KorEXEl ].lOVO OltOlOC; to: EX!>l Kepolosl K18ytVI: a~LOe; "II.' uU"co.

»Mnopet Aomov6 ~ppaiot; vci ta n:cipslonlv KCltOX~ tau: uOcrovKC11PO Elva.l £~paioc;. ~ 1tEplOpl.Oj.tEVfj oucrla nco TOV Kavel appaio Oa.repem:l vei 1(sp<iiosl trj vlKll Kar6: tris av9pd>ltI 1,111<; Quainc; !tau tOV OUVEOEE unoxpewTIKaoeiv avOpol1Io Jll; TOUe; UAAOU<; dvOpcbrrouc;, nptltEl vdtov drro!lovebOl:l d1t6tou~ !-It; {;~puiouC;. ME tOvTll r~v arco].lovwGT) oEiXVEl Otl tl lOHIln:PI1 oeeto nQU tOV Kavel .tPpolo, elvci tl dATJ8lVtl Kill U\jIl.O"Cll ouoiarou, Jlrepoc; O'HljV 6n:oia l'J ouoi.a TOU dv9pcbn:ou ltptn:I:L vd un:OXWprjcrEl.

'O tiv9pronoe;. Ka.ra. rov Mndouep. 1tPf:1tEL vd HumoOEl rO«.Tr:poI'6plO njr;. niatnc» yui. va~mopt()El vii Aa~El td. Ka9oA.lKa av8pWJtlVaOlKlllwllata. "Ae; pi~OUIlE .~ua ltawi o tri AqollEva 8~KmWllat'Cl TOU dvSpumou Kal l .. uihotCl ora OIKC1ld)~aTl1 TOU a.v9p.6:l7tou ~t r riv (lIJ8eVHKli roue; uopor], I1t tti 1l0pq>ti 'TrOV EXOUV T[(iPEl 0' tt.,:dvo!Jr:;, nov r ' aVllKdAmf/av, rQue; I~OPEWIl!l!':ptKaVOUC;I(,a( TOOe; yeiHoue;! 'Evueper, "'COUto. tn OlKClU:OlllltCl tou av9pw1tou &tVlll noAn,IKa oliCotlWIl(Ha, OtKmwlla.tI1 1tOO a01(OUVtlll J.lOVO otie; KOlVWVtKE~ OXBOW; .IlE tOve; aA,l-ou;:;; 'H (J1!j.lf.ll:'WX1j onlY KOI110r.'Ita, KCll 1l00AlGrn O'ttiv 1[O),./[/l(lj KOWOtl1"tCl, GTO «ptixot; ,a1totd.,El t6 m:pLExollEv6 t.oue;, 'Ellni1nouv onl,Y 1(11- rnyoplo tiie; noAlfl.l(ljc; /:.AcvOcpfac;, erriv I(Cltllyopla nov OIKaIWttdm.)lJ roD nOAh". nov IlE K,aVSN,a rpono, 01tWe; e'ioaJ,lE,O£V l£pou1toElMouv rtiv '&VClVtlq>anKti Kilt 8EHKrl Karapynoll tfjc; ElpnOKEi.ac;,~1tOlltvwC; o{hc tVOEX0j.lEVCl roO tOUOa(OlloG. MtVEl vii KOl,!O:~OUjLl.E ro al-AO j.lf:pOC; troy IhKatroj.la.rwv roG dv9pomou, tli droits de r homme* o rdv Sa8.1l0 TWU ~EXrop(~OlJV &1£0 rli droits du citoyen**.

Ltti, OElPO: aur&v TroV OLKClIWIlO:TWV PpiOKEto:t ~ eAw9gpia tfiC; otJvtlSnonc;, .0 ono::alwlla v' dOKEi KaVEle; 61tota8r\nOtE Aotpeia. To npovouto rifr:; rcI(JT'7c; avoyvwpl~€tal pTjrd EhEme; Oll(u.fwlla roii a..l'OpW7ro!J, E'ftE we; O'VV€1tEL'aEV6e; olKal.wll·uTOC;, 'tfje; €:Aw6epiae;.

.dl(J.IOjplJt:,11 nul' c51KQUVjlarWl' roil dl.OpciJrroll «a! roi1rro)Jtll.

• L\lKUUIl!1Cna -roD .av(lpwrcou, * ... AIKo.u:llllo.'tU 'toUltOAi.tn'·

[79 t, ap9po ) 0: «Kcvsvm; SEv 1tpbtEl va ~voXAEiml yui Ti~ YVW[.lEC; tOU,iiKO~la Kai. tiC; 9PllOKEUTlKEc;, -, LtO TI.I1i[.la ItOU LuvlUYflUtOC; tOU [791 KatOXUpwVE'tO.l me; ou(uiWIlU lOU dVSpWTCOU: ,,'H eA.WSepia at' v KOSe dvSpw1t0 v' d(JKEl III 8Prta:I\'WtlK1 A.arpr.ia TtOU dO)[(isetCtl>"

'H taK1puc,'1 rw\' i5IKalwparwv rou dvOpwJT:oV, KtA.. 1793, opepo 7, n£PlA.UIlPaVl:l ora OlKalOOllatu tOU 6.v9pwrrou: «ttlV HeU9EPll OOK11011 TWV A.atpElwv». Elver yvwOtO on .ot .oxtall 1l,E; to olicalw~La v(i Ol.ClSil5el 6 KaHtvue; 011[.lOOIU tiC; OKt'l'El~ Kal tic; YVWIlI:C; rou, va o YKEVtPWVl:lCll Iolt aAA.OU~, vei dOKEi. "tri A(l'[pEi.a TOU, dvaq>epetat O,Kolla KUl roiito: ., 'H dVOYKT]! va ola.KllPuJ(tOi)v m'rca la (5m:a/cvpam ltPOu1r06t·n:l Eite t1'\vltapouoia EllE tliV 7tpooq>aT11 ava.I-IV11011 wi) Oe07tOnalloi)>>. nppA.. to I.uvtaYl1uTOu [795, tl.I1'Wo; XlV, ap9po 354.

Ir5vra)lp.a r;;c; fIcI1ov),,(Javiac;, Cip6po 9, 7tapayp. 3: ,,~OA.Ol ol (iV6pro7t01 tAapav ano n\ q>U011 to o'ltap6:ypcu'{t0 i5IKaflvua vd AUtPEUOUV tOV navwOUvCI[.lO OU!A.<prova. !At tiC; uTCayopE1JaEl~ tfic; cruveiOl1oT\c; roucxct KavEvae; Stv jmopsl V6Ill).la. vd t~avaYKaaTEt v' dlCoA.ou9ria£l, vri oucrtt\.oEl ~ vd 1l1tOOTllPi~£llto.pa tTl StAlla1'\ TOU KU[.ltcl. AaTpdu ii 9Pl1- aKEuuKO AetTO\)PYll[.l(l. KUJ.lul Iiv9poom V11 t~oualu 8ev unopet, at KalHa 1tEpi1ftrooll, va e1rE[.lpaivEl ord CTlTTlll(lTU OUVElOll0llC; leal va .tA£YX£1 Tie; ~UVaIJIHC; "tfic; 'l'Uxfj~,,·

Er5l1ra.J'/IU wi) NlorJ-XapVI,6.lp., apElpa 5 !COl 6: •.• MEPIKO: cino TO: CPUOlKa OlKalWllaT(l elvai ano tn <pUOI1 roo; livaq>o.i.peru, ,(I.att 'tilton; Stv unopst va slvci lO'a~IO roue. l:' aura aUYI(UtaAtyovtCIl Ta OIKaU:O[.l.a.ta tfie; 01:Jv£l.OfjGllC;" (Beaumont. 0.71., 0'. 213 214).

'Ano 'trjv evvOlu "SlKCUrojjO:tU tau av9pffinou» b8V ouvdyerct 1(u90/...0 on fJ 9pT]OK£iu elver aouJ,l~iPao'tT] J.lE Ta btKUtcUJ,lUTU 'tau av8pwnou, dVTte£1'U (no. blKUU;)J.lU'tu UUt,aOl)YKUto,AEYEIUltWPU to tm<aiw,"La. vd elvtu «avek; 0p7]aK8V0j.1I'.VOr:; J.lE 6nOtOVbrj7tO'tE rpono,

v' aOlCEt ttl Autpdu til~ IbtuLTEpT]!e; 8PTliOKtlUC; tou. To npovoino rfir:; rr.la!'7r; dvut~vu KaO'oAIKo O.1Ku.iwfla TOf) avO'pwrrou.

Tel droits de I.' ,homme - ta bUWIWj.l.U't1l 'tOU dv- 9pcbnou - aUrd Ka(}wvui. ~EX(Qp(souv drto 'ta droits du citoyen - ta OtKUlffillUtU to- nOAltT]. Tloioc slvoi 6 homme nov ;EXWptsetano tOV citoyen: Kcvsvnq aAAOe; ,ano 'to j.1tAOC; !fir; «otvcovku; n:vv MUJ)T('iJv. Furri to J.lEAOC; 'tile; KOt vwv{u~ troy ibtwtrov oVOj.la~&TCtl «avepwno~",. b.nAooc; (iv9pooltoe;, YLa.tt 'ra01KGlwll·Ctr,a tOU OVOlld~ovtuL olKauJ)j.1ara toii avf}pwTtou. n&~ t~TJye'itat rouro TO yeyov6~~ 'E~T]Y£lTatdno 'rl 0XEOll toO TCOAITllCOU KpatOUC; jjETtlV KOlvwvia iooV iOlro!,rov, dno TrlV oooia'tilc; nOAtnKil~ XE1PU<phT]crT]~.

Ilpiv dn' OAU OlamOtCOVOIJ.IlE 'to YEyov6~ on 'Hi Aeyoj..lEVU olKalwflara roO dvOpwrrou,ra droits de l' homme, ot olaKpIO'TJ ano 'to. droits du citoyen 88V etvoi 'tinon: aAAo napa TO. blKUtWJ.lata TOU peA.OVe; Tije; «atvcovku; rwv Mlw~r.Wv,OTlIvUO" 'itO£) tYW10Tll ,&.v9pcbrtou, 'tOU XroPlolltVQU &no rov dvepro1ro KUt rriv K01- vornrc. To mo pl~OOnnOtl1(o :Euvwyj..lU, to. :Euvtayj..lu tOU i 793,ava<ptpEt:

AIaK1pv~rr rwv &,Kalwp.arwv rou dv()pwn.ov «a! rou Tr:o)"hrr: ~Apepo 2. "Tn o l.KUl'cO[.latu. uu'ta, KIA. (tli !plJOlKa Ka.i drmpaypCITCta lilK(llOOIJ(lIU) elvoi: 1'l taointa. it tJ..evOepfa. it cia:q}(iJ.cla. it iOIOKTrJofa».

:Et 'ti OUVIO'tatUl ~ tJ..w()epfa;

~Apepo 6. ,,<H thueepla elVCI.lto StKairojla 1I'OU avrj KEl orov Qvflprono vd KC1Vet KaeEtl. 11'011 oltv pA.6:<ptel td81KUlOOucro TOU clAA.OU",

"H, (Jtl~'q:)(!)va IlE 't'rj .6.laKtlP1!)~"I1 TroV OIKClIW~ai(j)V TOG dv8pO:ntolJ TOU 1791:

,,'H &A.EU8Ep{a ouvloml!Xl OTOVO. ,.mopd KU\lEl~ vciKa~ VEt Ka.8£T( 1touotv~A.ci(pTEl TOvilA.A.o».

'H EA8u8e:pi.,a elY(U Enop.evwc; T6oIKaic.o~Cl vd KO:V81 KO.( vo. d.GKd Kave:lC; Ka88ti.nOtl otv ~.Aa!pTEI t:6v!lAAo .. Td opta, nou ~ltcrO tOUC; 6 Ka8tvae; ~1topsi vd xrvsltm dCfJl1fwm YIO rov UAAO, KaeOptsOVmt ~E vouo, 011:00<; t'o. opla nou xoopit;ouv ou6 xwpci!pw. Ka8opit;oVta.l~' EVO.!.ppciXt"l1 .. J1p6KEI.Tat yta rriv EAw8e:p(a.wu avepwrtou roe; ~ovcioac; ,ano~Ovw~E:V"l1C; Ka(aJtOTpa~TiIYJ.ltv"l1'C; orov sauto t"l1e;. natf 6 s~pllioC;Eivo.L Kord 1'6y M nciooe:p. aviKavoc; va M,PSl ta,orKatW!-l(HO. 'IOU dv- 8pw1tou: ,,'OaovKlllp6 eivm e~paloc;, t'J nsproprouevn ouoia, nov t6Y Kovel t!~palo, nptmn vd K8poim:.l ni VlKllKllto. tfie; dv8pcil1tlVllC; ouoiac; 11:0U T6v ouveoE!::

U11:0XPEO:)tlKo. OIlV UVepW1tO J..lEtouC; GAAOUC; civ8:pwnoue;, n:pt1tEl. vd: rov a1to~ovro(JSl an6 TOUe; !1T1 sppalouc;». To olKo.iol)la OJ.lWC; 100 Ot.v9pwreol) crriv EAEU9Epi.a atv pO'Oi~STOI OT~OUVOEOll TaU av9pro1to1!) J.lE .• ov ,Civ8pomo. OtAAaa.v-rf8sra oujv &.1t0j..l.6vWOll tOU ,&v8pw1tou an6 tOV av8pwno. ElvOI TO JIKafwpa OlrrnC;

~ . ...__.,.- .;(.. ._.

Tille; a3Q,6vroO!lt; .. ~Kalo)j,la. 1_QU..1rcplP.PJJ1JJ.li.J[,~

KAElOj.l.EVOU o'rov tmJto tou c:h'oIlOU.

~IlKnI(tl XPrJ.all 'toli o lKIlHOJ.lClroc;_ rou ~v8prorroo O1:tlV _Q..eu8eplo stVCllU, OE 1'6 OlKClIO:)(l tou &V:'ep(hn:ou ernv dTo!J.IKII ljjIOKTI;].1li~

rt rt cruy10taral to olKaiwJ.la. raG av8pfimou O'trlV aTOJ,llKT1 iOWK't11olO:

~Ap(Jpo 16 (Iuvra:YIl.Cl. TOU 1793):., TOOlicairop,Ct ti'j~ 1610- «tnck»; ElVal t6 OlKIl(OOIlIl reDo o.vrjKEl OTOV KaH& 1tOAlt11l v' dnot..'!lIlPciV&1 K(ll vei 010:9tr&1 K.ata tlllI bt.IOvjJ.[a roo td

ayaBd tall, T,1i E.(JoM tou.tou~ Kaprrouc; tfjc; tpyaoiac; TOU Iwi nic; 'CPlAEPY(o;C; roo».

T601KUlWIJ.!a IOU dv8p6mou 'OTnV dlO~'IKtl {OlOK4tllala. elVat 6reolltvwc; t6 OlKOtWJ.la v' (mOA(lp.~avu K(!d va Ot1l8tTEl. nlv xsptouotc TOU uu8a{pEta (a son gre, Kata tTlV tm8ulllawu) Kal dVE~6pT11ra ureo rriv KOl voivie, to OlKCtiooJ.lCttfjc; iOlOl<ptAElCte;. 'Exstvn 1i a10 nc i';Ae.uOEpio, onw EtOUtn PljO tTI~otEAOUV ttl l3aO'l1_!_fic; ~lVrov{ac; taW iOlWtrov. Aotfj KclVEl t6v KaeE a.v8pw1to va.~p(O'KEl atev ano avBpanro ott t riv npaypa.rw(JfJ, aAAa d.vti8'€tIl. rov (jJpayli6 ctl1'jc; tAEU8epio.e; 'IOU. 'O:otooo, OUlKIlPU(j(jCl 1tPLV alt' oAa toorKctlO:)~a tau av8pw1tou «v' a.reoAIlJ.lpaVEl KUi. vd blo.8tTE1, KGTa. nil! enlf}vpla. TOU,ra. ,ayoEh:i TOU, ra 800M 101J, toU~ KapreOU~tne; tpyuo!:Ct~tOU Kai. 1fie; q>lAepy{ue; rou»,

Mevouv aKo~a rd un.,a OlIWlwJ.lawroi3&v8pwreou,

r) lOotTITa Kcd t'J aa<pO:A£la.

'H lo6r:qra - to& j..l.E 1"T1V ltOAltLKtl. 1'"I1C; OTwaota - My sivut "CilIOTE <lIlAO an6 'ttlv t06TlltO tnC; tAEugePl.a'c;, onroe; rriv m;plypa.\jIUj.l.E m6 navro, Oll:AOO'tl: on 6 !CaSe o.veproJto~ ElEo:)PEtta.l.of..~ioo ~uello odv I .. no 1.E'tlU a.orapK"I1,~ !-IOVabO. To !UVtctYIl(l1:0U 1.795 OlUrU1tro,vEl 1"6v 6PIOJ.110 mhnc; 1fje; la6tT)ta<;, OUJ.lI:pWVO .!-IE ttl. 0"11- J.loaia. "11e;. ,roc; t~iie;·:

"ApOpo 3 (l:uVtuYIl.Il. TOO 1795): .. 'H (06'ffJtll ouvioTa~t:a1 ot6 ott 6 v61l0~ EiV<ll 6 Hho'.; yui IOA.OUC;., eh& CJtllV ltI30o't'u"tEuel e1t£ <'itav "tlllropei""

Kat. n uo!paASl!l;

'''ApOpo 8 (l:OYtflWIl. 100 1.793): «'H ,QO(PUA.£ICt cruV(OtU"tCll o't'tlV1tpootaoialtou ltUpSXEI. ·it KOl.vmvLct O'ToKa8tv(X 01[6

9'3

La~EA.l1 T% y~6: T~ ,8L(l.<puAa~l"J TOU rrpoool1tOO tau, TaW OlKUlOOllatrov 1:OU lcal ttlC; iOlOKtl"Joi.ac; tau».

'H dO"tpdAEm dvcu i] {hjH.cr'!l"J KOl.VWVlKrl EvvOla Tfie; KOLVrovi~e; TroV l.OWlT,rov,i] £VVOLa tfie; dmvvoJ1.iac;, i! EVVOIa toG Ott OAOKAT]Pf] i] xoiveviu imapXEt JlOVO Kcd JlOVO yui Va Eyyuiitat aLO KaEltva ano ia JlEA. f] tT)t; trlOta<pUA.a~f] iOU npocdmourou, iWVOlK('1lWjl(hwv iOU Kat tfi~ i.olOKiT)aiar;; rou, MaTrlV EVVota a\hrl 0 XtYKEA OVOjlei1;.El trlV KOlV()wia trov lOtootwv «KpatOr;; Ti'je; .d..veiYKllC; Kat ti'jt; VOf]<JT]t;" ..

Xdpn crtrlV EVVOUI tfit; aO'<pUA.EICll;, i] xorvevtc Stv U\lfWYEtCU rmvoi areo rov t.YWlO',llo. 'H aa<peiA.Ela sivct avr((lETU ,0 txtyyuo autou 1:OU tyu)LalloG.

LuvEmwc;. KavEva ano tei AEyo!JEva OlK!ll(OJlara 'toG dv('rpili7OOU oEv ~EreEpVa 'ta apm TOG Eyo.)tGTfj av9pwnou, tau av9pwnou c.O~ Il_EAQUt; ifl· KOlV.fOvia.; trov lStwtwv, .8T] A~~roe; chajlou O:noTpaPllygtvo-;:;-cr.r6v taUTo TOU, O''t6 t01W1:lKO rou dUI.U;pEpov Kai crTrlV iSu))tlKr] rou CLu9alpwia Kat arcOIlOVmJlEVOU an:o trlV xotvotrtru. '0 av8pm"n:0t; bav 9Ewpc:tral Ka90Aou, )lEoa at ,outa 't6 SlKatwJ.l.utu,ad.v J.l.6A.0~ TOG dv9pro- 1tt~OU £'loa\.)(; - cin:EvavTiuc; 1'1 'tom i] i;ootl tou s'(oou.;, n xorvrovtc, EIl<pavi1;E'tUl cdv tvo 1tAo:falOl;~mtEplKo Yln rei u'Wjlu, cdv neptopiouoq Ti'jC; dPxu(fjC; <:oue; autotD,ua.;. '0 J.l.0VaOtKOc; SWfloC; nou La KpULaEl tvWjJEva6Ivul ti <pucrtKrl avaYKutotT]'CU, it dyaYKn KO:t to [SUOnKa crull<p·epov, ti 3ta<:p,UAct~f] l'fjc; i010Ktllcria<;; roix Kat taU EYOJtdtlKOU roucnpoodreou ..

'AltOtEA.El liof] ·cU.vlYfla t6 moe; Evae; AaOe; 1tOU I-lOA.IC; O:PXit;Et v· ci,nEAwHEpwVStal, vd )'KpSflit;El DAOUt; tOUe; <ppaYJ.l06c; aVclflw'a ata olci<popa crtotX6ia tOU, vd 9Sl-1EA.l{OVEl J.l.la noA.1.tlKrl xowdrrjrn ~ 1tWC; EvaS 'tEn-

oc Aaoc;; oto:KllP0acrEl n:,aVT]yuplKa (L1laKljpVC;.'1 TOO 1791) Hl SucaLOJOll tof Bymtcrtfj &v9p6mou. ,,[OUcl1tOuovceuevcu &n:o rov cruvdv8pOJlto tot) Kat rriv KOIVo-tT)tao MUAlam £no:vO:Aupa(vEl t00tT]trl 31aKrlPIJ~1iI ot J.llci O"nnlrl on:ot) J.lOVO i] mo 'i]pmlKrl au't(mapvT]a~ urtopai vd crroaEl ro l::9voe; - Kat yt' au "to dvCtt tTILTa· KTlKO al-rf]I-l.a -. at l:ua O"nYJl'~ onOl) ti euaia oAmv twv couqiepovreiv "[fje; KOlvwvlae; ,rov iOt())TroV n:PE1tEt vd .1l1L61 crriv 1iJlEprjalUSlcita~T] Kai 6 EymLG~L6e; vd tl.lloop£tWI cdv eYKAlwa (L11aK. TWV JIKa{tllp.arwv TaU o.lI()pwnov Kr.A. TOD (793) .. 'Axouu mo at.VIYI-lU1:l.KD y(vStal roirro t6 y£yov6t;, o-cav PUn:OUI-U, on 1i I:;;oon TOU reOAltll, il nOAlrlKI7 KOIVOTl}ra U1(00lj3a(E"tO:l anD 'toue; <popde; tfie; n:oAlnKfjc; XElpa<pStTjcrT)C; crE &1tAO ttiao yta ttl Ota<puAa~l1aUtrov TOOV AEy61lEVWV oumtooJ..lcitrov -coil av9po)1t01.l, on oT]Auorj 6 nOAfnK: 860JPEltat imr)pETf]C; -coD EYWlG,fj dvl3pwnov, o'n it mpaipo: flea-a a't'rjv on:oia 6 (ivepmreoc; crUJ..l1tept<pE.pEt,(ll onv fltA.OC; tfjt; xowornrcc [Gemeinwesenj Bploxerct mo XO:!IlTlAd. drto ttl mpaipa jlEaa. orriv 6n:oia OUJ..lTtEPt<ptps-cm aav J.I..EptKO av, on n';Aoc; otv slvrn 6 ,aVepm1to~ oriv citoyen, ciAAa 6 (iv9pwreoe; aav bcurgeoisvrtoo fll':())p.eiml 6 Ka()o.vro KalCtA1l91VOC; uv8polltoc;.

,,'0 (fl(onor:; KuBE TCOAttl Kl'l!:; EV(J.lOT]!:; dV(ll ~ o.lwpt5Aut;1J tow cpUOlKmv Kat an:apaypuTCtoov OLKatWI.Hhwv roii av9pronou» (AmKriput.Yf rwv JIKalWp.drwv lerA.toi) 1791, ap~po 2). « 'R .1(v{3f.p vrJGYf oU'YKpmeitUL yui va Eyyuuta.l o-tov o.vSPOO1tO ,flv unoAUUoT] ,roY !Pt)O"lK6iV Kal drro:pa.ypu1ttWV OlKaLrol1atWV tot)" (A wKriPUt.17 KT.A. tOU 1793, apOro I).

"Erot, Kat atic; anYll6<; tol) VEHVlKOO OX6JlCL Ev80u<Jlacrlloil 1:f]~, 1tOU KOPU<pcOVEtUt U1tO trl <popa trov YEYOVO-CC:ov, it n:OAltlKtj ~())rl EKOTjAWV&tal oav !iva cr-

nA6 utao, rtou OKOnOe;; TOU Elvat 11 ~ror; nie;; xoivcovicc Troy HitrotOOY. 'H aAr;,8eLa sivct on 11 tJtavacrtanK~ npd~" ~plolCEtal at KaTaq>WPll uvti<pacrll )It trj 9EW~ p (a. tTje;;. 'Evoo AOYOUXapT] .~ umpaAEla Kll PUOOCtat odv eva OlKaiw)la TOU dv9pumou,r') rrapapi.aoll '(0- j.tUOtlK'OU trov t1tlo'(oAillv dvayvwpi~EtOl aVOlXTa odv Kan xcvovixo. 'Evro r'J «arrcploplaHl tAwgepia. TOU Tunou» (L"vvraypa tor) 1793. apOpo 122)elvOl tyyUT])l€VT] ro<; dnopota '{"OU OtKatw~l(lTOe;; roe aV9pumou OTr;V dtO)llK~ n.au9apia, tOU1::oxpova r'J fAe 9Epio aUTr; K(lTOAUeTal 6A.6taAO «YlaTil~ He EJepio TOU Tuno Mv nptm:l vri emTp{metat (>tov EK9ttU ot tclvOuvo ttl OT])l.oOla. EAeu9f:pia» (Po~r.omtppo<; 6 vsdrrspoq, K Olli0/30lJAf:lJrtKrj iatopla rij. Ta).A.lh·17r:;. 'Enavdataanc tillv Buchez KOL Roux, 1"O~lO<; 28, cr. 159). M' aU.a A6Yla, to OlKalW)la TOU dv8pwno OTt1V EAEUgepia nauel vd dvat OlKaiwJ..lo, )lOAIe;; tPXEtat crt ouyKpOUcrT] j..I.t tJ1V rroAlTlI\lj ~wri, tvill O"\Jj.lq>WVCl j.tt trj gewpia, it nOAltt.Kn ~wJ1 sivrn )JOVO TO txtyyuo tillv OIKal.W)latWV tou dy9pomOU,Tillv OlKOlWJ..latWV tod'tOj..lll(oU d.v9pomou, Kl eTcn nptnel vri EYKClTaAe{neta.tj..l6Ale;; eASel crt dvticpaoT] j..lt tOV 01":01[0 tlle;. OT]AaoJ1 j..lEta OtKCllW~taT(l ((ut'a TOU ov8pcimolJ. 'H npa~T] OJ..lwe;; OEV sivat rrapa i] t~aipecrll, EVe!) 11 Eleropia sivoi 6 Kavovae;. 'A"J.a Kl avaKo~w eEA t1crOUJ..l1:: vc eewprjcrO'Uj.lE TJ1V bravacrtanKn '1tpci.~T] oriv Trj crWOtTl StOT] crov Soousvo crUcrXETtO).lO. napaj.l£vEl dKOj..la aAUtoTO a'ivlYj..la: ytaTi crtr; cruveibT]OI1 tillv napayovtOW tfie;; nOAmKfi~ XElpa<pE1;T]crT]e; 6 OUOXE'tI.crp6~ dvnorptcpE't"OI Kal 6 oxoxoc Ej..l<pavlsE1"at we;; l1eOO Kat to ~!too ch~ OKonO~. AllTt1 f) oml.Krj drrcl'tT] 1"fie; ouvdbllcrrj~ rooc ede~(lKOAOueoucr& vd elVaL ndvra to 'iotO alvlYj..lO, dv KOl crriv nepinrmon alJ'trj, Eva

'VUXOAOYU\O, 8EWPll'tlKO alvtypa.

To o:'(vIY)la. AUVETat j..lE arrAO rpono,

'H 1tOAITlKrj XEtpaq>E<l)oT] elvnt Wllt6xpova il ol(i· AVail tfle;; 1taAl.Cie;; xotvcoviuc, nou n:avw tTje; crtllpi~Etm TO dnol;evw).ltvoano tOV Aao KpatO . t1I SE<Jn nK~ Mvaj.tl). 'H nOAlTlKrl ErraVclOtaoT] sivcr 11 £naVaota· OT] tl'je; KOlVWVtae;; tuW iOuJ)rwv.. Floro; ~taV 6 xapaKtrlpae; !fie;; naAla~ KOtv(lIviae;;; Mu): H~T] r,., xapnKT'l1- pi~€t: 11 qu;o vc5apx fa. 'H naAui xorvrovtc TWV l('tWtwv dXE a)lWa rroA.lm:6 xopaKtnpa, Oll/cObJ1 to. crtolxeia Tfie;; swfie,; TOO iOlWtll - A.oyouXaPl1 1'l iOlOKT110l.n, '~ oixovsveio, 6 Tp01tO~ tpyacriac; - clVU\jlwvOvmv at crTOtxeta Tfie;; Kpa.TtKfi~ ~lllfie; ).l€ tTl ~lOpcprj tile;; £~oucri· ac; toO aPXona, 'tOU KOIVlllVtKOU OtpW).lotoe; Kat 'tfie; o VtEXVtae;;. l:' ((utn Trl ).lOPCPli KaOopt~av T~ crXEaTj to- ueuovonisvo» dto).l.ourrpoe; to KparrKO (JIJVOAO, ,811 A.aorjt~v rroAlw...,j rou KatOata0l1. OT]AUOrl 'tYlv KOTacrmOT] XWptoj..lO - Kat dnOKAEtcrJ..loi) dn6 Hi aAAa ouo turucd j..lEpT] 'tfie,; KOlVrovia~. Furrt t1I oPyavrocrll EKetvlle; tije; swfje;; 'toO Aaou Stv ulj1().Jv£!tlv iOloKTl1aia ij rriv tpyaoia ot KOLVroVIKO cr't01X£io.. OAAO c1vti8Eta 6)..OKAtl prove rov XWPIOPO roue drto TO Kpa'tII(O OUVO~ AO Kal tic; opyciv(J)ve crt fOw(tcpc.; KOlvroviEe;; ).lEoa crriv KOI veivin, Kt £!crt O)lWC; ot A!:LToupyiec; Kat ol ouvSfi KEe; Tfi~ ~wfie;. tfje,; xorvrovta; trov tS1WTWV napt).lEvav rnivru 1tOAlnK€c,;, av Kat 1tOAlHKte; f,.ti;; lrj oeoubapXlKrj EVVOta. bT]Aa8ri anEKAetaV 1"0 dtO).lO a1tO to KpanKO OUVOAO, uererpsncv TrjV MmiupfJ oxtaT] t'1'jt; (JUVTExvine; np6e; to KpaTU(O OUVOAO ot ~hKrl "tOU Ka80AIKrl crxtOT] npoe;; trj ~wrj TOU Ic(lOU, on().JC; Kat Trj crUYKEKPlj..ltvll tOU lotrotlKrl Opacrt11pIO'tl)ta Kat xordcrrooT] 'Wi) O'0I-l0U crt Katl'OA.IKrj opnO'tTj.pl.OTT]ta xni KaTOO'tacrl1.LOv ouvsrretu OtlTfjc; tile;; oPyavwcrllC;, ti

xni " rrOA.tilKJl ACl'tOupYlu rYIVE ti Ku80ALKrl "tOU AEHoupy{u.

'nm:ooo, 1') 'TEAetWOl1 tOU lOEaALOIlOUWU xpdroo; 1lWV ouvduo " 'TE)..Eiwol1 toU UA.lOIl0i.) 'Tfie; xoivovic; troy (ot(otrov. 'H d.1toriva.~T1 TOU rrOA.l'U.KOU ~uyoi3l1ra.v ouvallu fl. &1[otiva~1l rrov ,aAuoiowvn:ou KparOUOav SEO,"ltO 1:6EyunOtt!COrrVEU~Hl Tfie; KOtVUlVia; TroV tOl(lJTWV. 'H n:OA.l1:lKJl Xupaq>EtllOll TtTaV tClU'T0XPOVCt ~ XElpaq>tnl0T) Tfje; KOLVWV{ae; tWV lOIUl.WV an:o 'trlv n:OAtltKrl, am) .11V lOla ttlV f.rrfcpa(J'1 Ka1tOlOU KaeOAIKOO m:ptExO~lEVOU.

'H <pEouoa.PXIKJl xotvrovlu EIXE olaAutkr o1:(i OUo trrnxd 'tfic; l~aOTlC; tlle;: OtDV (fv(JP0)71.0 .. 'AAM. OtOV llv8pron:o, '/tou il,tav 1tp,anlUnKa i) :Paol1 tTle;, Oi:OV tyw[(Jnj avf)pwno.

'0 av()pW1COr; autOe;, ,.0 IlEAOe; tlie; xorvoivtcc t&V iOLO.nrov eivoi tropu li ~ao11, " rrpou1t68E011 TOU rroAITlKOiJ KpatOUe;. Kat otiv 'ttno tOV &.vayvwpiSEl TO KpaTOe; o1'a blKatWllata tOU o.v8pW1tQu.

'H EAWeEp La LOU EYUlLOtfi dvOpwrrol) Kal fl dvaYVWPloll aU'tfic; tfie; EAwElcpi.ac; otv ElVaL WO'TOOO n:apu t1 dyayvwploTl .fie; ('CXaAivw!'1t; KtV'l'10T)C; 'trov n:vEullonKwv Ko.{ UA1K,WV orOlXE~roV1tO,() ouvicroiiv to 1tEPU::XOj.lEVO tfie; swfic; TOU.

I'i' auto, 6 dv8po:1TWC; OE:V Cl1tEAWOEpw811KE o.n:o T~ 8pT)OKeio. - EAapE -rrlv EA8u8cp(a 'tfie; 8pT]OK£iae;. llEV am:Aw8Epoo911KE 11n:0 rriv iOtOKt11oia - napE rriv EAWOgpia .fie; iblOKt!)oiac;. /).EV an:EAw8Epw8T]KE an:o rov Eyrot.OJ.lO wu enaYYEAllaTOC; - EAa~E 1r]V ehUeEp(Ct -rou bcayyEAllaToc;.

'H auat aar; rou rrOAIrtKOV Kpdrovr:; Kal fj. Olal..UOTl nie; xotvcivtot; 'trov iotu.l'twV crd aV€~ap''tllta arol1a- 1tOU l'I d:llolpata 0XEoll TOUe; tKtppa~e'tal oro LJiKWO,

KpanKTl ovtornrn, on:we; xnt Ti OUVelbnoll, T} etA Tj011 Kat i) OpaOTT] prornro r~c; KpanK1ic; ovrornrnq, OT] Aaoli i) KaeOAIK~ KpanKrl €~ouoia. tJ..l(paVI.~£1al xntnvaYK11 Kat onv iJw.in:PIJ tm6eso'l tvac; ~EKOP~[tvou an:o tOV Aao t1YEJ..l.Dva Koft,((lvun:Tjp£rwv 1GU.

'H rroAlLlKrj £mvoa'taot'j, n:od avf.1:PE\jIE. atJ1rj .'1 bwn:on Krj s~ouoia Kai VIj1WOe Tic; {moScatte; toU KPO'W\lC; at Un:08toElC; roo A.aou. rtou 6PYOVUlOE 10 n:OAlTl "0 xpdror; oriv KaOoJ.IKlj u1t08Wl1. 0IlAa0rl cdv n:paYllanKo Kp(hoC;. Kataouv'tpnVE avaYKucrnKa oAu rri KOI vruvucri otp<ilpato, OUVLEXVtEC;, ovvaqna, n:povouic, !rou ~tav iocipl0j.!EC; tKtpp6.0EIC; TOG XWptcr~LOU toO AOou dno rriv 1(0[ VOtllta. TOU .• H 1tOAttlKrJ tn:avdoroo n Kanip)"Wt; £tal rov nOAITlKO xopaKr~pa tfic; «oivcovku; H:VI' lc}u.IJ!£:Jl'. E>puIlPO.'t:lO.f: -rtlv xouvmvio; troy iOHJHWV crtri (mAO ouotawca Tlle; J.lEPll. dn:o 10 eva J.lEpOe; o rri titoua KI ano 16 OAAO 01(i (JAIKa «al nvcouatuai arOlxcia 1t0(' dn:01f:AOUV .0 IT€pl€XOpeVo tfje; S(!}~e;. T~ v Lbl{t)tLKr] Kataotaoll Twvdrollwv. 'Anoocoj.lwOC .0 ITOA1'tlKO 1tVEUf.,la n:ou rl'Wv Karu xdrtorov rpono OWlIEA.LOj.lEVO, btetA usvo o-rour; OlO.oopoo; <pauAouc; KUKAOUC; .fic; q>EOuoaPXlKfje; KOlVWviac;' ro ,crUJ..lJ..lci.~EIVE ano ronro to cxopmoua, to eAeuElepwcrE ano TO o.vaKatEj.l.a rou Ill: 111 ~Ulr] twv iOlW.WV KaL to opya.vwm: otiv couipu tfie; KOtVOt!)-rac;, tfic; Ka()oAIKils urr0880T]C; tou Aaou, oriv Kan {SwtCi o.vd;apt11-ro an:o ta {oLa.itEpa SKEiva OTotXEla tfie; ~w~e; twv lOIWTWV. 'H (JVYKCKplp{;l''1 ~wnKr] 8paotl1Plorll'ta Kat oi OUYKtKP1J.lEVEC; ~lOtlKtC; OUVefiKEC; xcrdvrnouv vd exouv aLOj.ll.Ktl J..lOVO <J11j.laoia . .1E:V dn:ou:A.oucrav mo. TrlV Ko.'8oAIKrl oxtot'j LOU d.tOJ.lOU .Il€ TO KPCt-rLKO CJljVOAO. 'H bl1!loola onoOw11 Ko:08au1'11 I::YLVE, avtiOera Ka8oAIK~ (m08so!) rof KaeE a"C6J.lOU,

ASl vd vuil9El iK(lVO~ v' d.Ha~ct, onv vd Uj.l£, TrjV dIIOpwrr.I' Vf1 rpva'7, vti j.lS1CHpt\jlEt t6 KdSc drouo, !tau auto KuSca.ut6 sivar ~vu ttAno Kat !lOVaXlK6 Of..OV at uipo; tv6~ w;yaA.u, tepou oAou, anD to 61toio to arOIlO mum 90 A.o.~ai.vEl, KO.ttl K'01tOlOV tpon-o, trli ~(tlrj Kal to slvm tou, vri (J. nOKataot'rjaEt Tli CPUOLKtl Kat dvt:~optrJ1;TJ (jnup~ 11 ilt !lui WP'Krj «ai JjOrKrj U1fo.P~TJ. Flpsnsr v' CtcpatptOCI (ino rov r'1VOPW7r.o ric; OtKCr:; rov Ovvdp{;/ ,),[(i vd TOU owact aAi.E;c; no' vd tOU dVCH ~tvEC; Kal ltOU vd Il rj ,.l1tOPE:l vti tiC; Xr'1oll..lO- 1fotEiSixros trj ~orjS£la troy (iH().IV» (Contrat Social. liv .. II. Londres 1782, p. 67),

011:m<; Ked 'fJufJoI~aia OXEGT] ni)v uv9pomrov TOU KOlVWVIICOU 01pro~atoe; Tj LOU mvoqnoi) tK<ppaso't'av 01;0 npovoiuo s-: OUVTEAOUVTat at Illd «a! rrill rata Hpd~lJ, 'Odv9pmrroe; o!lmc; cdv ~EAO<; tfje; IColvmvlo<; TroV iSlonrov, 6 p,j-noAn:IKot:; liv9pmreo<;, tf,l.(pavis~;,;m KaWVdYK11 we; 6 rpVOIKOC; av9pmrro<;. TO. atKarw/wra toii dvBpwnov tJ.l<pov(~OVtQl @e; <puCHKa OtKOlWJ.laTa, ICa9ro<; it aVToovvciblJTr/ bpa(JTl'fproTIJTa OUYKEVTproVE"Cal OTrjV Ho),rrrKlj Hp6..¢IJ. 'OtYWl(Jr1jc; liv9proTtoc; dVCll 'to Hu811T1Ko, dTtAro<; nopov a:n:ol-t1"E<J!lU Tfj~ OlUAUIlE-

11e; xotveiviaq, civnKEl~svo 1fje; aWG"I]C; pr:pau)rl]rac;, bWIlEVW<; <pumKo UV1lI(SL~EVO. 'H TCOA/TlKlj inavdateolJ StaAUEt t'rl ~wrj TOU Hhw't'T] OTa cnxrrcrucd t11<; fJSp1], oixmc; vd bWllu(JraTlKOHOlJjoel mJTa 'Hi O"UOtO.l'LICQ J1tP11 oths vd rd ureO~aA.Sl at xprnxri. I:u~1IEPl<p€pEtm npo~ rriv xorvorvic TroV iOL<IHWV, :n:pOC; 10V KOOJ.lO nov avayICrov, rfjc; Epyaolae;, .rov lOlWTLKroV OUJ.l<pEpOVTroV, tou iOtW'UKOU AIKalou, oriv 1tpOe; to Oe/tCAtO tilt; (frrap~ljt; UTe;, oavrrpoc; ~lci repoono9EO'T] reoll OtVEXEl aAA11 ElEJ1EAiWOt] xui Yl' au't'o 'fOV AOYO oriv npoc; rrj qJUfJrK1j PdfJl] ttl],. TtAoe;, 6dv9proTtoc; w~ I1EAo<; 't'fjc; xorvrovic«; TroV iOlwrrov tXEl u~ iu odv KuOavro dv- 9pumoe;, oriv 6 hOmmeOEOtaKPlO1] ,uno TOV citoyen, ywri dVOI 6 li~9prorroc; crriv alOel'lTrl, uro~lI(rj, allw1l unootaarj rou, EVro 6 1tOAlTlKOe; dv9p(()noe; otv dvat reapd 6 a<pT}plWEVOC;, 1EXY'll6~ aVepW7tOr;, 6 dv~ oav dAAm'o lKO,,- "OlKO 1t _ _9,.?umo, '0 npaYllartKOe; CivElpwTto<; avayvmpi.~S1'(l!. uovo G'irl 1l0p<prj 'lOU .tYWI(JUKOfJ drouou, 6 dAIJOrvoc;, CivElpwnoe; ~OVo ani J.lOP<Prl roD a<Pll PT]~EVO citoyen.

'H utpll P11J1Evll U1tOOTaOT] TOU :n:OAtrlKOU av9pw1tou 1IEp1ypatpE1:m oped. drto rov POUG(J(:OulC; E~fj<;: ,,'OltOIO>:; TOAlla v' dvaAci~EI VO 6pyavooaEl &va )...00, ocpti-

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'H 1IOhnKrj XElpaq>ETT]o11 sivm it uvaY(I)yrj TOU clv9p<imou, ano 1'0 Eva uspoq, an) J.lEAOC; tfj~ KOlVo)viae; 1roV iOlW't'WV, cro tYWl(JtlKO dvcl:,dprlJtO ci1:01l0, K1 dTto 10 GAAO, crov 7W}.irl], OTO flSLKO 1tp0(jW1to.

Movo (hav 6 1tpay~,anKoe; U'WI-HKO<; clvElpmreo<; ~ovarealpvEl ~Eoa tOU 10V a<pll PT]J.lsvo rro;d111 xal, oriv UTOJ.lLICOe; clvElpc.o1tOC;, o rriv t",1tElPtKrj tOU s(Orj, Ol:liv U.TOJ1LK'rjTOU Epyaoiu,o'Tl<; a-rO!llKE<; toU Gx.tow;, yivE'talov TCOr) dV1jKCl ato dboe; roo [Gattungswesen], uovo OLaV 6 Civ9pro1t0e; avayvropi1;Et Kat 6pyavwVEL tic; «BtKt<; TOU OUVaJ.lEle;)' oriv «otvoivucic OUVdI1Ele; Kl !hm 1tatlEt vd xmpi~El area rov tau'ta rou Tliv KOLVmvIKt1 Mvaf.111 Ile tli !J.op<prj 'tlic; 1rOAl'rlKi1~ 8Uva!l11~ - J.lOVO t6TE 6AOKAT]PWV€1at it aV9pwTClVT] XEtpa<PE1''l101].

JOO

101

M1tPoijv~ Mndouep, :H bcavotnta. reu" G7JPCP'IIWV t{JpafwlI «a! XpIGTIa.VWV va )'iIlOUIi t:.J..t:UOCPOI (Elsoativa f,OuA.A.a, a. 56-71).

K6:t<.O a1to roiiro rov '[i,[Ao 6 M1taOUEp t~Ctaset <rl 0XE.OT] <fje; iouOaii<ijc; Kat rije; xpwrrav./Kfjr;8pl]aKr./ac; we; OXEOT] xui nov buo 1tpOr; '[fIV xprrucri. 'H OXE.oTJ "tour; 1tpOr; 'r)v KPt"tlKr) dVUL, KCt-ra rov M1taOUEP, 'f) OXtoll tour; «1tp6C; rriv IKuvOTT]tuwu av8pclmou vd Y(VEt HEu{1EpOr;».

To OU~.l1tEpUO~U 'tou Mndousp eivm on:

,,'0 xplcJ'nav6~ Elal va ~£1t.EpacH:l !lOVD ,.ua au8f.{lou, crUYKEKplJ.l·i:va t~ 8PTJOKe:lU rou, )'la v6. KataPy~oEI 'rrl 8PTJOKtia )'EV1Ka» Kai btO).l€vro~ v6. yivEt. tA.Eu8EPOC;, £vw «0 €~paioc; a.1t&vav'[fa~ 1tpi:1tEI. v6. '~EK61j.1&1 0XI !lOVO dn6 trjv f:~palKrj ouafa rou, dna Kl (br6 rriv n.apani:pu £~gAt~l1,trjv T£A.Elroall Tfie; 8PTJOK£iae; tOU - anD J.lUIV t~€A.ISll1tOU TOU filEt VE ~€Vll" (a. 71).

'0 Mmiouep IlE'[u,[Pf:7tet £"t<Jl £b& 1'0 ~r]nllla n'ir; xgtpCtIp~'IlOT]e; tOOV tj3pa.irov a' eva KaSupa 8pT]aKeUwe6 ~*l1J1Ct. 'H SEO.A.O"(tKrl O:XOAaOnKD-tT]1:a yupro a1t6 .0 noioq EXe:t ~EYUAU'tE:pEr; m€laV01'T]l"Et; vd KEpoiOEt '111 ,.HIKUpt01'T)tU, 0 tj3puior; if 6 XPlanav6r;, ~1tuvaAapu.ivETCtl£&OO at 1l0pqnl O\)f;tlprovT] I1E'tO nVEi)~a tou .11u<proTla~oij: 1tOlOr; ano wur; ouo €tVCtl ltcavotepoc Ylli Xl:lparpirl]a'11; IIpaYllun, Mv '[{SEtUl mri .0 Epcim1lla: 6 iououla~6c; if 0 xplanavla~6c; xeivst rov avSp<.01to £AEU8EPO; aAAa dvricrpoipc: .t xdvsi rov av8p<.01t0 EAEU8EPO - 1) apVTJall tOU iouOo.iollOU if ft apvT)aT] tou xplanavloll.ou;

«Ol f:apaiot, liv etA.OUV vd yivouv UE:U9EPOI. M I npbrE:l v6.

102

lnO,[EIJIOUV orov IPWTlUVlO)lO, &:U .. a crov OtaA.u)lEvO XP1- <HlaVtojJo, o'ni! ,oltlAUIl€Vll 9PflOICelot Y£\l1.Ko., bllA.llorjm;6v bototq>COtlOJ.lO, crtrjv KpltlKrj KUl ta nopioucrd tile; O'trjv tAeu9EpTJ dv9prom6. .. (a. 70).

T6 ~Tl'tlll..la a~aicoA.ouSEi: va dVUl .0 "[t ea npE.nEl Vii 1l'wrevovv oi t~pUtOl, o~!COc; Mv npoxsvrm 1tta yta rov XPlallU\lWIl6, aAAa yui rov OtaADIlEvo XPlanavlO'llo.

'0 M1taOHEp nPOPaAAEl atOUe; f:'~po.ioue; '[tlV ,a·StroOT] va SEKO\jlOUV o:no .1\\1 ouaia "[fie; XPlanaVtKfjc; SpT]aKdac; Ilta o:1;iroaTJ ·1tOU, 01t0l<; Af:et 6 '{bLOt;, OEV

(mopEEt. anD trllvESEAl~l1 '[ile; E~puiKfjC; ouaiac;. .

, A<pou cro tEAOe; WU 'E/3paii<of) (1]njpam(, 6 MrtdOUEP <lvnAr)<p8TlKE rov iouoai:oll6 uovo cdv "'1 xo'V't:poKo~~EVll 8PTJOKEUtlKTl KP1tlKrl ,[OU xpwnaVlO~LOU Kat .ou <lnEoroaE E.Ot , . .I.l·a 8PT]OKW.lKr) «1l0VO» 0'11- uccto, t1t6~EVO t1"tCtV vd npo~AEIj.IEl. Ott Kat 11 XEtpa<pEl"T]aT] troy t~pai())v Sa IlE1:a1:pE1totaV aE ~ua <jHAOcro<ptKo-8EOAOytKl1 npaSTl·

'0 M1taOUEp 1taipVEl rriv iOear~ <llpllPTiIlEVT) oucic 'tOU tppaiou,'tT) Bp."aKeiu'tOll, "(ui OAodrfpl]trlv ouaia 1'OU, I'i' auto Kat IlE 1:0 SiKto tOU aUIl1tEpa{VEt:

.. '0 Ilppalo<; .o&v olv£1 't\1Con: o"<11v o.v9pO>1t6'tll'tCl lhav a1ta~to{ yo. I)sXtEi Ylll tOV tauto tOU tOV 7tepWpLO~£VO rou vouo, {havKa'tapyel 6J...OKJ...l]PO tOV 10UOalaj.!0 TOU" (a. 65).

'H (Jxsal1 IlEta~U tj3pcdrov Kat xptattav&v "(lvEtUl, aUIlq>rova J.l& Ta mo navro, " aKoAou811: 1:0 llovuotK6 .tvot.<l<p&POV 'tOU xplO'navou ytll :L1l XEtpalpetT]aT] TOU cppalou alvm eva yeVtKa. av8poomvo, Eva 8ecoPI1!1KO £VOlUIpE.pOV. '0 iouSui:aIlO~ slvrn Eva u~pta't'lKO yEyov6«; "(La 1'0 8pt;aKO Il(l"tt 'tOU xptanavou. M6A.t«; .6 ~a·tl tOU 1t<lI.jJ,el vd slvm Sp1'iaKo, 'to ye"(ov6r; UUlD 1tCtuet E1tiaT)<; vd slvm O~platl1~o. 'R xeLpaIpE1'T]O'T]

103

rou E~pa:iou, m'rtri KaHwutri, ,Mv dvmOouAEl.U. 'COil XptcrllllVOU.

'OE~patoc;., drrEVavti(l~, 'YlU V· d1tEABuElepwElEt €XEt va 01EK1tEpatroOEl.OXl uovorr] OlKtj rou OOUAf:la, dA,Aa ouvo.J.ta Kuittj oouAeui tou xplcrnuvoil,trlv KpmK.1j toii Ttrpapa:yyd.ov Kat 1:0U Biou rou 'lrwov* K'tA.

·Ej.lEt~1tpOO1taeOUj.lE vaomloou!J.E 'trll 8EOAOl'lKrj otatu1trool1 roD ~l1trl,lJ.alO~. T6 ~rlt11lHI tfl~ tKavo-rll'tae; tou tpputou yta XEtpac:petl1ol1 J.t8t(ltptrretat Yla J.tUt; OtO ~tltTliJ.tU: 1tOlO iOt.a,hEpo K01VWVIKO OTOlXdo rrptrrEl va ~errEpaOtEl yux vd Ka.TUPYl1eEi 0 louoaJ.tjJ.tOt;; I'turl ij IKaVOtl1t(l toO 0TlIiEPl.VOU E,PpO.tou YIO X!-;lpa:<pStl1ol1 eivalq 0XEcrll taU {.ouOai:cr!J.ou rrpo~ trj XElpa:q>ttl1crl1' fOU Ol1liEPIVOU KOo!lou.'H crXtcrlll mJtrj 1tpOKll1ttEl K(ltaVaYKll ,arro 'ttlv IOlaltepill Htoll ;;OU louoa'(O!-1ou crov (11)lEptVO unOOOUA(()!J.EVO KOOjJO.

~A~ KOltO:~OU!JIE tov npa.YllunKo y*vo E~palo' aXl rov aafJpandtiKO t{3paio, orrro~ KO:V!-;l 0 M rrO:OUEP, ,aAAa rov KaOI7f1f.PIVO tppaio.

v A<; l.jJa~OUj1E .6 j1UOTlKO 100 Eppajou aXl j1EOa:Ottj HpllOKEla rou - GAAa ,a<; \jJa~OUj1.E to j1UOtUCO tfle; ,9p110KEla<; !Jl€oa :(JtOV rrpaYJlCl.l:lICO tppaio.

nOLO aivm 'to y1'\tVO pd8po tOU louoaIO")lou; 'H npma,IKtl dvilYKll, to MUVUKO alJj.HpcpOIl.

OOI.a etvCll ·Ii t:YKoO"l-lla. Aatpeiorou tppcdmJ; To /:WroplO. HOIOr; sivm 0 'Yrltvo<; etar; '[Ou; T6 Xpi7l1a.

"E, Aomov! 'H X!-;lpaq>Etl1O"ll alto tol,lnOplO Kai drr.o to xpijj.ta, trrOJlBVWe; dno tovnpcxruco, rrpa:YIl.o· tlKO iouoaiicr!J.o eil fimv ij a.l,hoXElpa!.phlloll Tlie; btoxfl<; j1ac;.

Mia opyilv(:OOll tfi<; KOlvwvi.a<; nou ed Kar:apyouoc tie; 1tpOU1tOetcr!-;t~ TOU t:·I.11tOP{ou, Kat KaTd Ol>VErCBta T~ Suvcrorrrr« 1:0iiEJl.1topLou, ea €KUV£ dMvatll rriv U1tOP~l1 toG tppatolJ. 'H 8p110K8UttKll tOU ouvEiOl101l ed OlaAuotaV ccv chvuxo~ Ka1tVOC; !Jeoa 01:0V rrpctYIJotlKO ~woyovo dspa tfir; KOlvroV{,(le;. ' Ano TI1V UAATj j1Eptd: owv 0 tppoioC; avayvropi~£l (~C; dvioxuPTl aUTJi TJiV rrpaKTlKlj TOU ouOta. KI l:pyas£tal. 'Vld Tr\V f:~dAEl\jJrl t%, rOTE PYOiV!-;1 €~ro drro ro 1!AOlOlOtijC; ,.d:XPI TtOpa E~tAI~JiC; tOU npac; lJiV Ka8apd dvOpciJnlllll Xf.lparptr.lta'1 Kat atp.E!.pETal Evdvna orriv dtcpata npa.KTlldj SKcppaOli1 tile; dvOpro1tlvTle; al'rroaAAOTp(WO"l1<;;·

"Et01, aVaKUAlJ1ttoUj1£OtoV iouoaloj,.lo Eva. KaeOAIKO arJyxpol'o dVW(OlVWVIK6 m:otXElo, noG ota.jJBOOU tfle; [OtOPIKij<; £~.EAt~ll<;, 01tOU ot tppatOl ouvEiPYl1- OIOVj,.lE ,ijAO rrpa~ aun] trlv KOKr] KaTBuOuvoll, sq>mcr.E roc; to roptvo roo UI.f10C;, 0' EVa: u\jJOC; Q.nolJ rrp£rrEI KatavdYKll VdOlOAU8d.

'HXc.1po.rpi:r.qa.'1 rwv tppaiwII,otr]v EoXa'tll Ollj,.looia tllt;, dvm Ii XElpa<pETlloll Tfi<; dv9pro1t6tllTa~ drro tOV lov6ai'Gf-l6* .

«A\J16 slvm OIKrI tOu~ un:6ewTJ: aU'm! ol 10101 eo. Ka8opl(JOUY IrlV TUXl1 TOU~' ~, iampia 01-10)<; Oey d.!p~VE:l vd rriv lcopoi:5E'uQUY» (0. 71).

* '0 Map!; Ext! um:ilVl1trjv artEAw9tprool'] tOIia.VOpW1COUCm6 t6 £l1rtOpIO., ano tr\v t~ouo[a tOU Xprj].lfltOt;. 'H IPl'\crf) tilt; U!;llt; «iouoa[(J)..loc;» (<<Judenlllm») lit njvEwOlCl Ii)~ Kf,p'l3ooKo!dat; ouvl3tEtm E06J. yUl tOV Map~., ].It to yqov6C; Ott (Jtrl Y£PI-'·IlVtKtl yAWCFOO. n HSl']"Jude», b.:t6c; alto tllV .truI10AOYIK1l tile; (JTJllaaia - ,,1;I~palot;». ,,100130\0t;»- XPllO'lj.101tou:i:ta.t Katj.le ttlV EvvoICl TOU«TOKOyt..l)(jlot;»"'U(OXPOKSpOrjt; EJ:!lrOPOC;».

"'EI36J 6 Map~ .EX81 {mOWTJ Td pt~A[a LOU B. Bauer. Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synoptl'ke1', rouoi :1-2, l\l>tWlu. 1841. touo; 3, Mltpaouv(J~alYK. :1'842 Kill. tOU D. Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, ,0j.lOl 1'-2.> TupiYYI1, 1835-.1836. LTa ptfl),_ia 1'OUTQ,aOKE:itlll KpItIKl] Otl] 8prloKtia ano aptcrtepe<; X£yKE:AtIlV£C; gem;IC;.

104

lOS

'0 ~.~patOe;; EXU KLOAae;; XEtpaq>EtlleEi ~£ lou8uIKO rporro.

npU)lan:ta roue Kat to n:SlaXl roue Kal Mv )l1A-iiVE 1tupa YUI roxoi«; Kat KEpOll. -Av ot Ka1tOlO OttYI . .I11 Xo.VOUV alt6 ta I·UlTra tie; {moEltoEte;tOUC;, mho yiVEtat 1l0VO '(ui va xcOoouv T~ )lU1:11TOUe; o1:ie; .lmoOtoEte; TGiV anwv».

,,'0 t~paioe;ltou, AX., o"T~ Btsvvn, dVUl )l6volivEKtOC;. KCl:eopt~el, )l£ 'ttl MVCI:)lll TOU xprj·)lu'We;nov ·81a8EtEI tJ1V 1'l)'Xfl 6MKATjPllc;ti'je; A(noKpaTopiae;. '0 £~paloe;, nOD unops'i vd dVUl B(xwe; 8lKalroJlo.ta O"tO mo )lIKPO yEpJ.HilVlKO KpatOe;, dno<paO'i~€l '(La tie; TUXEO:; Tfjo:; EtipronllO:;· 'EvGi ta O'(J))lo.tela Kai of O"uvn:xvieo:; dvo.t KI..EIO"ta crov t~pato, Tj BEv lOU slvrn aICo)lCl EUVOtKo., l'] tOA.llll tfje; ~lO)lllXoviC!C; ltEptyeAii to neio)lo. 1:mv )lEO'C!t(J)vlKWV EleO')lwv» (Mn. MneOUEP, To f:ppaii<o (rjTIJ/-W a. 114).

'E~aAAOU ij npaK'tlKtl KupLapxia 1:01) {ouOai:ojJ.onrivco crov xpwnavlK6 KOOjJ.O EqrraoE, crri p6pua 'AW:PLKtl, ttl ~ltlol(popo6W:V11, 6)laAr] EKq>paor) .t11<;. etat Tr00 1:0 tOLO .0 Kljpvypa toii Evayydfou, i) Hha ~ xplonaVlKtl OtoaOKUAia £Yl VE Eva. dooe; roo t~1topiau, xo.i (, XPEWK01tr)jJ.€;VOC; E~l1tOpOC; apxis£t ~t TO EuaY')'EAlO omuc; Kl 6 €UayyEAlo'tr]C; 1tOU EXEl 1tAou"dOEI uaxoAEi1::m )l£ TO t!J7tOpLO ..

!ltv np0KQ.I(I1 Yla. )l.€J.wvro~evo YEYOVOc;. 'OtPpuiDe; fXU 'XElpa<pEHl t- j.!t tou,8ai:KOtpOno, ,5Xl uovo yt,ati EXEl rivEl KaTOXO~ "tiiC;Mva·)llle;; TOO Xpr]jJ.·awc;, a.AAa ytaTi TO xpfjpa u' ainov ij3lxme; mhov EXEt yivet. naYKoolllaBUvujJ.ll, xni "to npnxruco nVEU)la "trov eppairov EXel yiVEt TO rrpcxruco 1tVEO~a 'tOW Xptcr'ClUVlK&V Aawv. Ol tppaiOl XElpa<pETrj911Kav tOOO, aao at xplO"navoi exouv yiVEt tj3paiol.

,,'0 Eucr€~tlC; KC!t 7[oAtnKa nEv9EpOC; Ka1"OlKOe; tfle; Neo:o:; 'AnAi.ae; - aVC!<pEpEt Myou XaPTl () ouvrojucto.PXllO:; X6.f,.I1A.tOV - dvC!l Eva dOae; AaoKoovmnou OEV Klavsi tliv 1tctPC!IlIKPrl npOO'ltUHElC! v' anEAwgeproflEi altO to. <plOta noli rov nEplO'<pi.nOlJv. '0 Maf,.l)lwvo.e; elvot ro £10w).0 roor; tOV npOO'1(UV<lV£ aXl J..10VO f..IE: ta XelAla, Ot_Ao. u' 6~€0:; tio:; 8uvo.I1ElO:; 'tau O'cO)lUtOo:; Kat 'tflo:; \fIUxfjt;tovo:;. 'R yf'j 8EV slvoi yt' autoue; rinors (f).AO napa Eva XPllf..lattO"trjPlO xui elvui nElO'f..IE.VOl Ott 8tv CXouv U)w K(ltro a./_Aov npooprouo napa va yivouv nAauOtotEpOl 01£0 'tOue; YeltOVEC; roue, To t)lnOplOEXEl KUPI£\jJEl o).eo:; tio:; O'!<:E:\jJEle;tOuo:; .: ~ Ilv1:anaYll d.VTlKEl.flEV(J)v d.1tOtEAEltli )lOVo.OIKJ1 roix dva\flux~·· "Orov taS10euouv OTlKrovovv, cdv va M)lE, O'tliv 1tAo.tTl1'OUe; rriv

,,'0 dvflpwltoe; rtou !~Atmm E1tl'KE<pa).i'iO:;)llUe; m::paotfjc; ouvooou tEpopxGiv~tav &'pxtKo. EJ.mopoo:;· otav XPEWK01t1lO'€ oro EJ.lnOptO tOU EYIVE KA.l1PIKOo:;· toutoc; () aUoe; ritav crriv apxti lEpta.:;, )lOAtO:; oj.two:; ~pE61lKE O"ta XEpto. 1:0U 6- PLO)lEVO XPll)lOTlKO noeo, napatllO'e tOV a)l~(J)va 'Yto. vo. ptXlET oro EI-I1IOPlO .. I:ta )lana 7tOA.AGiV, to leparuco AE1- IOUpYT])lO dVGl O"watrj tna'YYEA)lattKTl otaOLOOp0f,.l.{a., (Beaumont, d.n. c. 185, 186).

Ka'ta rov Mndousp, l::Xoup.€ va KlaVOUj..LE. jJ.e j:.ttdv dna"tTjA rl KClTa.a'tClGll OTCtV o"tr] 9sropiu Mv dvayvropi~OVtal crov eppaio ta 1tOAHlXa. OlKatcO)lUm, £v(O O'tllV 1tpa~l1 ainoe;; Ko:r£XEl jJ.1a 1t€AWPW OUVUj..lTj Kat aaKE! XovrplKa 'tr]v nOAl tlKtl tOU tmp0r] o'taV aun) WU nspiKo13ewL AraV1Ka Uudenfrage, a. 114).

'H av-ricpaall orriv c1toia ~pioKe'tat 1i npnxrtxr] Mva)ll1 wi) E~paiou ~l€; 'tel 7tOA1"ttKa. tou OlKalcO)laTa, slvm 1"\ dVTi<paall pE'ta~u nOAltlKii~. Kill XPll)lCl'tlKrjC; e~ouatae;; YEVlKcl. 'Evffi 1i npalt"q m:&KEl (SEma m:lvw uno 'ttl OEUTEP11, o rriv 1tpa~ll EXEt yiVEt 6 SOUAOC; Tlle;,

106

107

'0 iouoalallo~ Olll.tIlPtl8TlK£ 7IAcfl (nov XPW'UIlVtaJ-lD 6Xl J-lOVO oriv 8prp:JKEUtlKtl KPl!IKtl TOU xp10flaVWJ-l0U, 0Xl J-lOVO oriv svaapKw,lltV11 &lltpt~oAi« ytatn HpT]aK£UTlKrj ytVVT]OT] "Cou XPlOnaVWj..lOu aAAa s~(crou Kill yurd TO 1[paKTlKo-1:~pcdLKO 1tV£U!lU., ytati 6 iouoatoJ-lOe; olaTT]Prl8T]KE ~u~aa orriv Hha Trj XplanavlKrl xotvmvin Kal .l-laAIOTa rrfjp£Eow n'jv UljflOtll rou ava1t!u~T). '0 Eppai.o~, ffi~ iOlai"r£po J-l{;AO~ Lfje; xoivtovic«; twv iowrrrov, Btv sivrn 1tapa. li lOLaiTEPfl EKOllAWOlj tau lOUOULOI-lOi) .!ltna O"rr)v xotveiviu Tmv iownOlv.

'0 iouoai:al-loe; oHItllPrj811KE 6Xl oro m:tollCt TTis loropico; &XAa XaPll o'{r)v Io ropia.

'H xoivoivla tIDV iotwtrov ysvvii ouvexro~ a1tDta 'tow tll<;ta a'1tAUXVa ,,[OV t:ppalo.

flour 1ljtav t'jKu8uutD Paoll tfje; louoalKfje; 8PllaKElctC;; 'H npaKtlKr] aVaYKll, 0 &YWLOI-lO~.

Ft' auto, 6 I-lOV08elcrl-l0~toU eppaiou dVlll anlv rrpa'),I-lIlTlKOt'Qtll 0 nOA.U8EtajlDc; trov 1tOAA.WVo.vayK&V, 8Va.S 1t:oAu8slaj..l0~ 1tOU aK0l-lumi to arrOxmpT]rripio to KaVEI dvnxeiuevo 'wi} 8e"(KOU V0J10U .. 'H rrpaKflK1j dvciYKtl,O tywlapoc" dVlll n apXll Tfje; KOlllCVviae; nov IbIOJrWV., Kcun:p6P.IlA.E Ka8a.pa odv rsrur, jl.OAlC; t'j KOlVO)Vi.a. trov IOlwTIDv ~Eytvvllm: nA.eplll to rroAl'tlKO xpdroc, '0 eeoC; til~ ttpcxtucii; dvdYKl1r; Kat toi) droj.IlKofJ a.vpq;epovwe; etVIll to xpfjpa.

To xPi'iJ-la elver 0 <pA.OYEPOC; 8£0~ TaU '10 par) 10..., naG unpocrd rouSevunopel va O1:aH£i aAA.OC; 8eoc;. To xpf\.IlU ec.,cu'tsAi/;!;:t OA.ou~ LOu~ 8wue; '(oG &.vOp6mou KUI toli~J1SratptnEl at EjlnOpEUjlll. To XPfjllct sivm TJ .anOc.,EV(OJ1EVTj ano rov avOprono ouaia rfj~ Epyaafae; 'tOU Ka.i "[fje; urrapc..tl<; LOU, KI at'rtrl l'J c.,tvll ouaill rov l;~OUota~Et, KI au'toc; !l\ v npooxuvdet.

108

'0 Oeoe; trov tppu(wv eXEl yiVEt srr[y8LO~ 980t;. 'H cruvaA.A.aYI-l.atlKr) Elvat 6 npaYIl,a.tlKOC; 866t; toGeppa(ou. '0 8EOt; TOU OEV eiVIll napat'j arrarll.Ar) cruvaA.A.a.'Yj..lanKTl· .

'HdvriAYl'lITl Y1;a !ll tpuall, nOll OWjlOPcpoo811KE KCitW dno rriv KUJ.Hapxiu tfjt; a:WIlIKfjC; IOloKtqaia~ Kat LOU xprjl-l'atos, dVGll T] rrpUYJ1atlKrj nepuppovncm, o rrpaK'tTKos t~WtEAlaI-l6; Tlie; tpucrTj(;;, T] onoiu G'n:apXElpt,pma art]v tP:PUlKTl' 8pqcrKEia., aAA.a. uovo aTT'! <puvtctOla..

ME 'toutTj 'tTlV EVVOLa 6 0mlliic; Movrcsp HEmpel atpoPllLO '(6 YEYOVO~

«Oll OAa .• a. TCAclGI.mla £Ylvav iOlOKllloia - ta. ljIapla G1:O vspo, ,0. 11:0uA.[(1 GTOV aEpa, to: qwt(x ani yfj - 6VW Kat .a 11:AUG!.lU"tU 8a. £rrpem: va. elVal Heu9&pa»* .. ·

AlmS 1[00 a'tr)v appaIKrl OpYJaKEla. pplaKETal crt O:tpllPT]IlEVll 1l0p<:p~ - TJ 1tEpLtpp6vT]:all Tile; HEmpla.t;, 'tfje; 'tEXVTJt;, Ti'lC; Icropioc, LOU o:vElpomol) oriv a.lliOaK01[oi} - slvat 'lllpa.YJ.lanK/j. tvovvefJf7T17 G.7IOIj/1J WU xprwaravOpwrrou, it apl::tli LOU. 'H ~iOlll ·TJ· aE~OUaA.lKtl ax£a11, it axtmlUVTPIl Ka.i. yuvlliKIle; KTA .. , yiVE1"(ll dvTLKE.lJ1EVO ayopa1[O)Aqatac;.

. H XlpazPIKr, f::OV1KOTT],TIl wD E~pll[.oU sivm it i::8vtKOtTjTa. TOU £1l1[OPOU, Y6vuca. wG XPl1l.J.aTav8poonou. '0 o:vurrOataTO~ V0J10~ T&V EJ3paiwv .stv elver rrcpd ij 9PllaKSU1:lKr] yeA.OLOYPa.tplaTil~ O:VUTrocr!(ltllC; liOlKO'(l1me; Kilt roD .1.lKU[OU YEVIKa, TOW WlU/\,WI' !lOVO

"'Alto TOV Ai~tA;tO ')tou 60wjlac; Muvmtp tYPO\)ll: 1:vavno. orov AouOTjpo TO .1524: ,,' Avrorapc BqlEAlWjl.£VIl cmoAoy[a Kat areavTT)(Jn (JTllV aBen. KUAo~rowptvll aapKU dree Ttl Bmq..lf)tpYll. It.oU W~ Sl£(JTpa~lptvo TPOltO Ka.l Aa8poxclpia aniv 'Ay,[o. rpCHPtl EXn ~IHlVEt tA~clva rrtv Ta).u[ltWPIl XPI01"lC!VOOlJVIl".

109

teA€'toupyu1w urro Ti~ 6rroie~ 1t'€pLO'tOlX{~€tal 6 KOO'J.!O~ TO- atOlllKOU O'UIl<PtpOVtO~.

Ki tow btiO'T]~ 'Ii U1.jI10'LT] o'XsO'T] 'tou av9pomou sfvm li VOP1K17 oxtO'll;.~!O''X{;:O'Tl, npo~ tou~ vOj.lou~, nou ,BEv ioXuouv Yla, rov ,uv8po)lto 6Xt ytatt. ctv(U VO,I101 tfje; olKfje; roo 9tAT]0'T]~, uAM. YWTL 1Wpro.pxovv Kat Yla,it li napa.~ia·O'rl tOU~ tuuopeiuu ..

'0 touBai:Ko~ IT]O'OU'lLtO'J.!oC;. 6 HhoC; 1t'paK'tlKOC; ll1- OOU1'tlO'I10t; nou 6 Mxdousp PPLO'KEI O'Lo TaAJ.!oU8, sivm li crXtcrll tOU KOOJ.!OU ·IOU &:tOJ.!IKO- 0' ·"HptpOVtOe; f.JE. tOue; vOJ.!Ou~1t'OU rov KujJepllofJv Kat rrou Ii novn Prl KaTaO'1:po:tllYllO"rl rouq elVa.l li avwta"tT] ttXVI1 aUTOU tOU KOcr.f.JOU.

'Omocro1rlrron:, li xivqon autau TOG KOcr.f.IlOU !1f;cra 0't0l)t; VOf..lOUC; TOU dV(ll KatavciYKT] J.!la 8taPKr;~ xcTciPYllcr.ll 'tou vouou,

'0 iou8alO'll0C; Bev !1nOpWE, ano 9EWPlltlKrl (i1t0- 'Vll, v' avan'WX9El nupurtspu, YW1'l Tj uVtlAT]\jIr] roo yui rriv npaKLtKrl avaYKT] alvm a1to 'tr] Q)l)crll TIlt; nsptopiouevn Kai e~aV'tAEiTal crt IlSPlKtC; ypCtJ.!lltC;.

'H 8pT]crKEla tfje; 1tpaKTlKfjc; dvaYKlll~, uno Tr;V Hita tTlv oucr.ia tT]C;, ImopouG.E vappEi rriv t'EAElWO'rl tllt; 0Xl cr..tl 8Ewpia, aAAci. ,f.IlOVO o'ttly 7fpdeIJ, dKPl~roC; btsloli riaAli'BEUl 'tT]e; elvm ri npli~l1·

'0 lOUSCltOf.llOe; Stv J.!.nopoum.; vd 7tAaOEl EVClV KO:lVOUPYLO KOO'f.IlO' f.Il7tOPOUOE f.IlOVO va 'tpa~ll~El orov KUKAO tnt; OtKfj~tOU OpCtOTT]pIon]'ra:e; 'ta. vEa OT]f.Il.lOVPyr]J.!·ClTCl KaL 1'(~ vss; O'xtoeu; tou KOO'f.IlOU, yta"tl Tj npCtKtlK" dvaYKT], nou li AOYlKr] rT]~ dval 'to drouixo oUIl<PtpOV,OUIl1tepttptp€tal 7ta8rrClKa. Kat OtVOleUPUVEWI KatapscrKElO:V" aAM: ,Ilovoadv auvbrew Tfie; 7tPOooeutlKfje; ava.7ttU~11I<; 'troy KOlVWVtKWVcr.uv81lKroV.

'0 louoa.i:O'f.lOC; 'tp'taVEt OtO KOPUtpWf.la. 'tOU ~lE 'tilv 6-

A.OKAr]proO'TJ TTjC; KOlVroVlOC; troy iotWTroV' aAAa t'1 xowoivlc 'trov I01W'(roV 6A.OKAT]pWV6-rO:l f.JOVO Ilcon GTOV xplanulIlKo KOOf.lO. Movo KatW a.rto Tilv KUpLO.pXiu tOU XPIO'1:lClVI91l.0U. 1tOU j:.lE1Cl.'tpsnEl OAt~ Lt.e; li8vl.KEC;. tpUOlKf;C;,li8lKt~, eEO)'PlltlKee; O'XiiO'CIC;OE Kan ra t~wrCplKa yU:l tOV uv8p())1t0, li xotvevtcrov l.oU)J'tcOV f.l7tOP€O'E va XWpU1telTEAelwnKu uno Tr; sWll TOU xpdrooc, vc "o\jl&t OAOUC; roix; ~h;O'f.lovC; 'tou av8pw7tou J.!t TO ctoOt;, va paAEl TOV eywlO'f.Ilo. 'trlV iOtOn:Afi aVaYKT] on; 8£0'T] al)"trov TroV 8wf.l&v ~£ to doo~. va IlEta~6:AEl TOV KoO'IlO TroV liv9po)7twV c' evav KOO'~O KO:TaKSpf.la"tlolltVo)V (.ho~wv 1tOV O''tEKOUY EX9ptKO to eva O:1tEVaVtl 0"(0 (iAAO.

'0 XIRtO'tlUVW,~OC; ~.e1trlOIlcr.E &.no 'tov louooIO'l10.

MGa'tpa1tT]KS Kal n&Xt 'O'~ iouoo:'(ol1o.

'0 xptottClV0C; nrcv crro TT]V o:pXt1 aKOI1Cl 6 8E(r)Pll'tlKi~{()v i>~paioc;, trroj.lEVwt;, 6 t~pCtloC; slvm 6 rrpnxrtKOe; xpIO'tlaVOC;, Ka{ 6 rrpO:KTlKOe; XPlO'TlClV6C; ~avaytve eppaioc;.

'0 xptOnavlo"J.!o~ 1l0VO tpCllVOIl&VLKa dXE ~E1tEpaO'EI rov i.OUoCtlO'Il0. ~HtClV napa 1[OA.U dplaroKparIKof;, napa 7t0MrtV£UIl<l'ttKOC; Yl(i va E~u<pavi:O'&t 'til 'XOVTPOKama. 'tile; 1tp(lK'tlIC·il~ ,QVa.YKT]C; Il& rporro <iAAO lino TTl J.!E1ctpO"lwO'tl 'tT]~ orov oupcvo.

'0 XPtcrtluv,tO'~oc; elver t'1 f.IlETO:PO't())J,!EVT] O'KE\jIT] TOU iOUOO:LO'Il0U, 6 Louoa'(oIlOe; slvat Tj o:yopala cOtpEAlf.lllotllcli £tpaPlloYr] roo XplOTWVlC51l0U, aAAa ti £q>aPJ1oI'll aUTr] J11tOpEOe va yivEl KCt80AtICtl uovo a.tpou 6 XplO'TlavlO'I!Oe;. oriv ihot~T] ma. 8pT]OKSia, dXE 6AOKAT]PWO'Et f)ewprrrlKd t'rlV o:uToa7t0~E\lwcr.'11 [Selbstentfremdung] tOU av8p<i:mol.l cmo rov enure tOU Kui ano Tll ,tpUGTJ·

Movo uO''tEpa a7t' m'no, 6 i.ouoatcr~ot; f.Il1tOPEOE va

110

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qrrricsi OTr]V K090AlKrl KUptOPXio KOt va ~ETaTpe\jlEl tOV aAA01"pl(O~EVO iiv8pumo KOt rriv aA.AOTptc.o~tV'1 <PU(Jll cr& aVTlKEi~IEvo G.na).)tOTfJ1wmlla. [veraussen I ichen] cxnoujouio., nou PpioK'ovtol crE OOUAlK'rl E~apt'1CJl1 drro njv SyU)1(JtlKr) aVaYK'1.alTO ToeprroplO.

'H alTaAA.Otp{W0'1 nov rr.poWa"Cwv [Verausserung] sivm fJ npOK't1Kr] nic; f:~(.E)TtpwoTJC; [Entausserung]". "01TWC; 0 iiv9pwlToC;, DOO xctpo sivm 90~lTw~tvoc; arr6 tTl 8P'10KEio. ~tP£1 vo f:~OVnKetfleVi~El ""Cr}V ouoiu rou, ~tOVO KaVOVtaC; t'1V Eva ¢b'o <pOVTOOTlK6 OV, hat Kat xrrrco anD 1r}V KUPla·PXia rfje; sywlonKfjc; avaYK'le; uxopct va EVEpyd npnxrixd, vd napayet ~l{; npexruco rpono aVtlKEi,.u:va, uovo ehovtae; ta xpotovru KaeWe; Kcd !r} ,opaOt'lPl6T1l!-C0: TaU KClTro anD tliv KUPWPXia tvoe; ~{;vou oVToc;,n:poooioovTlic; TOUe; tTl 0l1!100io EVOC; ~tvou ovroc; - "tOU xpr}j.lO-COC;.

'0 XPlCHIOVlK6c; Eyc.olO"~OC; Tfje; EUS01~Ovioe; onlY OA.OKAllPWj.l{;Vl1 roo npoxtucri, l-leTo~aHETOl KOTovayK'l o rov oupxixo Eyc.otO~16 TOU e~po(ou, fJ OUpaVlO o:vaYK'Tl crt l:rrlYElo, 6 (l1tOKEl~eVtcrj.l6C; crt O:"cO~IlKO oup<ptpov. 'Eusk; f:~l1YOUj.l£ Tr}V KapH:pIKO""CY)Ta taD 1::ppa.iotJ 0Xl .~lt til 8P'lOKtiU TOU. O:AAa, aV'd9ETa, !lE "CTlV o:v8pwmv'1 [3aa'l TfjC; OpYJoK.ciae; !QU. j.lE TTlV npnK"ClK1l aVO:YK'l. PE TOV tywlop6,

'Eoooov ·ft npaypattKTl oocto rou E~paiou pf:oa OTr}V xoivmviu t&v ibwrr{i)v €XEl 1t£TUXEl 'n]v rrpay~aTWOTI, Tr]V briYEw EvOaPKWOr) T'le; of: OiKOU~IEVlKrl

KAi~aKa. " xotvrovic T&V lOlWT&V (:)Ev unopoirce va nsicei tOV Eppaio yux 'TOV tf,w1Cpa}'paTlKD xapClKujpa "Cfjc; 0pJWKWT1Kilc; rou oUO'lac;nou f:K<ppat:el !lKPl P&c; uovo otrl a<paipa t&v !(:)EWV 'tT1Vn:PUKtlKt1 &.va.yK''1. 'En:OPEvroC;, trlV 00oi.u TOU O'l:p.epWOU tppaiou Sty t~ Pp{OKOU~£ O'TTlV Ilevrdrs Xo ii oro TaA~ou5. UAAO tlEO'a OTrlV 'TWPtVrl xoivrovic, aXl GaV O:<P'1P'1~EV'1, !lAAO. ccv Tr]V UljltOTO £~rrElptKrl ouoiu, aXl uovo oriv OtBVOTllTa TOU eJ)pa(ou, O:AAa oriv TTlV tppahK'1 crsv6TTJTa Tile; KOt vevicc.

M6Alc; fJ xorvrovic KatopGwoEl va f:~aAdljlel'nlv tj11CUpIKJj oecie "cou 10 5UIO~OO. rriv KEpOOOK'orria Kat Tic; 1tpou1[08tow; -C'1C;, 6 EJ)paloe; EI6. yivcl Ka."Cl to doul1aro, YlUTl 11 ouvEiOYJOrl TaU ,bEY ea EX!:I TtUX O:.vnKEi~£vo, yunt ft U7tOK&lPEVlKrlJ)a0'1 'wO i.ouoal(J~ou, fJ npaKttKrl O:VaYKTJ, eo. t~avepromotd. Ylu"Cift oUYKPOU(Jll tfjc; O:TO~IKfjc;-a.loel1(J(aKfjc; urtap~TJC; j.lE rriv {j1tap~Y) toO o:vOpwnou oriv j.lf:AOUC; toO o:vOp<o7aYOU BiOQUe; Sa EXEl KaTaPYTJgeL

'H KOIllWI'IKI7 X£lpa<pf:T'lo'l rou 1::l3paiou dVOl i] XClparp{;rIJtJ'l til. tcotvcovia a1CD rdv lovoai'CJpo.

r p;iiprl]·Kf. bo rov Mapl;ulv 41vm~1] IOU 18H. t'I'1IJ(X:rICl'itl]KE oro ItCPIOOIKO DeutschFromosischc Jahrbiicher ro 1844.

• '0 Mcip~ XPTlatl10rrOI£i TO' ~ opouc, Entiiusserung, Entfremdung Kcli, oxcviorepu. Veriiasserung .1Ii; t~V EVVOIa. Tile; "lino~tvwcrll~" ij ,.ar.J .. orpimorp;». 'H Verausserung OIlOO~ 6PIS£HU die, fJ npaKHlCli acrKllcr11 Tfj~ O:AAorp{wcrT)<; (Ko.tUcrl'll<JI'Jc,) .• Ano5rocra~leo.vt[crtOlxa TOU~ TpEi~ opou,;;; (mleH.T)vIKO pi; T[~ M~Eto:;: fSwTtpoocrll. liAAotp(WOll t~ arro1;Evwmj) Ka[ drraUotp[wcrn.

112

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EYMBOAH EYHN KPITIKH rHI: XErKEAIANHE t1>IAOEOcPIAE TOY AIKAIOY

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'HYI7IVr, U1DO:,PSll rfjc; 1tA.aV11<; Exet tKteHEi, J.I..et6: 'tr]V O:VIlOKWr] tfjc; oupavuiC; tl"]C; oratio pro aris et focis+, '0 ,i'iv9pron:oC;, nOll yupeus crti!c:pavtacrnKtln:po.YJ.l.iIl'ttKotlJtatou oupavou Ka1tOlOV um::pdv8pro1to Kat Mv ~pfjKe rrapci ro dV'rlKalJpe'lJ'r1(J{1U rou EUtYCOU roo, OEY eci EXet nl6. 016.060'11 va !}pei J.l.OVO 'ttl OtKtl 'tou tpatvoj.ieV1KI] o,!,y/, 1l0VO tov Ilrl-avOpto1tO,EKet onoo o:vat;llrii Kai 1tPf::n:El vci avut;ll'tci rriv O:A.llHtVtl rou 1tpuYJ.l.unKO't111:I(1·

To pa9po tfjc; a9p'l(JKllC;KPlttKfjc; sivut: b o.v(Jpw-

nor; rpmixvel !Ii (Jpr,mada, i]: HPl"]OKEtU OEY c:pn6.XYEt rov

iivepffi,' no. Kl,O:KOJ.l.a, li HpfJGKEiativm t1.ui)'(o(Juvd- '\

~G!l Kat1i..!._\YronEnoUlllGll'tOu o:vHpcimou nou Stv ) EXElO.KO a KEp.8iGEl 'tov J;,al,n:6 "Cou " noo 1:()V~XEl I (

~, ava ... ,u,~ SJ,.&i' .• '0 G,v(}p',wno<"-:,, .0,"J.l.to,C;,8t.V,' ,.dVUlE,V. a. 0:,<[>11,. :P;;-_). t. I J.l.f:VO QV, rtou J.l.EVEl t;apffiJ.l.EVO E~ffi o:no rov KOGJ.l.O. '0

(ivepffinoC; ElV JJJ., KO(JJ!.PC roU d.l!it.f}.QllWu'''';''CO K ci'to~, II KO'l:VroVia. To KPCitO alita, 1i KOWOO' .. ' '_' ..• Qflci:....

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YOUVTrl 9pllO'K£ia, IUa rivampapptvfJ avvcfJ1]a'l TOD K~~i,-ul,-,1,31a etVOl f;vo:~(ivaarf?aJ1J.1tv~o:. !p.Q£-:-·HlJpllO'KEta sivm it YEVlKrl HEwpia o.th:ou tou KOO'Il00, it tYKOKA.OncnolKrl TOIJE1ttcrtrlJ-tT], it AOYl1Crl roo at A.CtXKrl J-topqrrl,to rrVEUj.latUcO WI) qnA.OnIJO, 6 tv90lJO'UlG1l0C; 'tOU, ti fjOlKrl TOU Kata~({OO'T], Tj rro.VT)YUPlKD tau apTlWO'T], it Ka8oA.lKrl rou ~6aill Yla rraPllYOPla KafolKaLrooill. Eivrn it lpaVmaTlK17 rrpay/.Jo.TWOfl Tfje; uv9pmmvT]C;; ouo(a~, yunt ti. dvBpW1rtll1J ova/a OEV £XEl CtA.TJ9lvTl1tpaYIl.atlKotllTU. '0 tiyrovac;; Kani Tile;; 9p110Keiue;; dVal BrcoJ-ttvwe;; ep.j.lEOa 6 uywvaC; svnvrlov ::rou «oauo» CKeiVQV nov TO rrVEup.aUKO TOU apWI1U slvrn TJ SPllO'Keio..

'H OP1J(JKEVtlKlj ti8A.lOTiIlTa dVO.l taUToxpova it lIappuoryrfi<; npaypartKfjc; dOAlorrrrac; «ai r, Jrap.aprvpia yui TDv 1tpaYj.1o.tlKtl dOA.11.otTJtll. 'H 6pT)oKEla dvat 6 avacrtEvaYIlOe; TOU KaTam€~op.EVOI) n.AUOj.laToC;;,Tj KUpOtU BVOe;; aKClipooll KOoj.lOU,01tWC;; EiVo.l Kat to 1tveUI.IU l.Ila~oixroc;; nVEUJ:1uTlKoTllTa1<unlotuerlle;, 'H SpT]oKeia dvat to omo tOu A.uou.

'H IcatO:PYllO'T] Tile; 9PTJerK£lW; roe;; anar1JAij<; drruxiue;; tou AUOU crllJ-tuivEl ii1whT]er'ltfjc;; npayparrKijr; tOU Eutuxiac;. 'H ,efllai'rlloll 'Tfje;; £yKa.aA.El\jfllC;t,rovo/wOUlOElrl(Jf;WV yui 'l:Tlv K(Uacrwcr" TOll slvrn ·ti dnafrfJOfl tije; eYKaraAeHpfJ<; plar; Kor.auramK nov xpelo.(ual tk; WfVJUI(JBljuEU;.'H KpnlKrltfjc;; epllcrKEiac; dvat EnOJltvex; ~ EpppvaKlj KpmKlj uje:; KOIAdbac; twv oaKpvOJII, rrou qJ())TOOTiIpQvotTJC; dVUl ti ep110KEill.

'H ICplttlcTlEltl ~U6r'JOBl Cf1l0 l'DV aAl)oioa to:

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"Epyo rijr; iaiopku: elVUl €1tOptvroc; - (hav 8a EXEl 1wi ESU<PUVlOTEl 6 nipa ano TllV a,hj()s/a KOOpOr; - v' urroKamo1'ilOEl rriv aA!j8era ro6rov toii xoauo». "Aue- 0'0 if,pyo Tfir; rplAOOolpfac; noo l~pioK€tal crt'Tiv urrll peotc til~ tm::op(ae; - otav Sci eXel ~eO'KE1taordit ({ym ol{l1J tfje; uvElpromvl1<; Ct.ll1:0CtAA.OTpiwOllC; - sivct va ~ecrKErruO'El tfiV CtlJtoUA.A.01:pfwO'T] m:ic; yrflvt:c; jJoplpf;r; tl1C;. 'H Kpl.ttKT\l wuciupuvol) ~eta:rpttw[m, Erell, at KplttKtl tile;; yfje;, ij KpmKrf Tij<; ,OPfloKcfaC; O't. KpmKry roil Atxoioo. fl. KPlT1K~ rife; ()eoAoyfac; at. KpmKr, rite; 7rOAITlKitr; .

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"Av SEAalit va ~EK'IV~OOUliE anD TO 'low TO yepl.IUV1- KO status quo EotW Kat j.lf; tov j.lOVaOl,KO KlltO:A.A.l1- AO rporro, OTJ.A.aStl OPVllTlKU,tOunortA.eo!1a SCi 1tUptJ:1EVE Kai 1£0:1..1. Evm; I1vaXPollwp0C;. ' AK0I.IU Kai.,idpvT]Ofl TOU 1tOA.ltlKO\) ~UC; rtupovror; l~pioKEtCll ilOfl 06v OKE1tUO!1€'VO ,uno 'ttl (H;:OVll YEyov6~ 0'£0 xpOVOVtOVAa1tO tile;; lotoptae; ui)vouyxpovmv AU&V. "AvapvT]EI& TIe; 1tOUOpapLopEves Kotcrioec;. ].lOU .!1€'vouv 1'(0: Al ol

119

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Bpicxovrca Kdrw dna T6 tnfnc150 r11r.; latopiac, PPlOKOVTcn «tiu» ana Kal1t: KPITIKIj,oA/l.a 1tGl.pal1e\'ouv uvLlKE.iIlEVO 'fie; KpI.LlK~C;. onooc; KI b i:YKA TjJJaoriac;, 11:00 :PPlOKc:tat Ko:no cino TO E1tl1tEOO tile; civ9poomot;, nupaJ;Levt:l aVttK.Ei~I£VO tOU o.~plOu.l;to\' aywva £v6:V1::1a at rovrE<;; ttC;;OuvefjK£C;. il KPl.tlKIl3Ev slvm svc rraBoc; tOU E.YK£'tpOAOU, sivrn oeYKecpa),oc; roo 11:oElouC;;. ~t\! &lvo.t. ev.(( avo101llKO vucrspt. dV(1l Eva. ,Ql'[AO. 'AvnKEiJ;LEVO tllC; sivnt 0 txOpor:;, t11'.;, "[('I\! (motooev BeAst v' nvnxnoeoei, O:,A.A.a va .t~OIlTd;(Jtl. rlCl.tt T6 rrvED.1l0 ClurWVtti),v auv9nKwv eX&lO:VtlKPOUOtst. AGrEr;. xa- 9c(lurtc;oi':v orron:louv aVTlKEtj.lEVO ac,lQ. wi tii (JKCfpn::Qm, CtAAo. vndp~f./';&:~lOKoTa<ppov111"£C;; 6ao Keti sxrre<ppOVTlII-IEV£C;;. 'H KPltlK~ KClef;aUT~ DEv XPEld1;£rCll va ~€KCleClplaf.l 'Ttl O"';(£a'l1 TllC; j.lE tOUTO rOUVTlI(£i.J;LEVO, Yl.atl EXEl f1811. ~sK(l9apiO'£t 'roue;; Ao,),aplacrJ,lOuc; t11C; f,l' 'a.llto. ~tv rrapoumo~€'tm 1tla oriv GVtoCJK01IOC; 1tClpO: j.lOVO odv uiao .. To QUO't'ClO'ttKO mi9oC; tl1e;CIVUl 1i a)'all(lKHW'7·, to oootacruco apyo Tl1C;, il .lwmyyrJ.fa.

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120.

1.21

Jet<; OTcpaipe<;., i) l.na1tUVWo'ttl,V a~All, ti yevlKtl iiopaVtl!r; 8uocpopi.u, ii OTEVOIlUGtAUi 1t06 EKcppaserm ~~iO"oti o·tl'\v. IlU1:Qllvll·YVc.OPl.Oll Kat O'''[l1V Clll1:01t1lpayvwpIOTJ, oAUtOlrt'(l KAEIO.IlEvct oro nAalO'lOevOe;; OUO't1tlI·W'tOe;; OUIKUptpvllOTTJ<; 1tOU, ~IDvTar; ano 'tl'\ 'OUVtl'\PllofJ n"ie;; KaElE u8Ato"tll'tae;;,oev dV(lL to 'toto 1tapa .~ dfJAIOrl1W .ell(JapKWp£VfJ at17v Kv/JfpVfJCJ17·

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• Axoun KoiYla tOUe; uUYXPOVOVc;AUOUe;, 6 u.ywvae;; cti}'t(>C; E.vuvna or6 1tSPLOpUJJ.lEVO 1!6P16X0I-I£VO 'too yepj.laVlK.oU status quo stv otBpsitat uno Evlha<pEpov, yunt. ro YEpJ.lUVIKO status quo emOtE/.Bi: rriv aVIJ7iO'KPIT110A..OKAr,PWU11 '(ou ancien r,egime*·"Ko.i to ancien regime elvorro KPVrpO KOIJUOVPI roiJ OI:YXP0I'OU Kparovc; .. '0 O:YIDvae; tVO:VT1Cl oro I'EPllaVlKo 1tOA1TlKO TCClPOV sivm 6 ay,ffivae;; EvavT1ClO1::o rcapEA80vnovouyxpovoov A(lroV, Ka.l oi o.vaJlVrlO"ElC;; auwli ,(OU 1!Clpf.A8ovwc;; E~,aKoAou8oliv o.Ko.Jla va Po.po.ivotlVrrav(O cr' aptOue; wue; ACloue;; .. Elvrn OlOClKLIKO 1'1' o.U'toue;; va. PH1touv to ancien regime 1t011 Ei,;.'IlOE U11:0V ';01t0 toue; 't11V rpaywJia. rou, v6,1ta{~Et ,(IDpa, odv Y6pJlaVlKO tpuvto(Jj..la, tTlV KwpwDfa 1'00. TpaYll<1T Otu8l]KS 'n Ioroptu 1:0U OOOV KCllPO "'tOY 11 cmo aJ,llVTJIlOvEUTWV XPOV(!)V t~ouoia 1:05 KOOJ,llOU, tyro n EAEuflEptai'rrav, uv'ti8EtU., jJ!10 npoceo- 1ttKl'\ tosa, KOvtoAoriic;;, OOOV KUlPO to ancien regime mereue K'l.E'1tPE1tE va. mo'tEUSt OtTl01Kaiooatl rou, "o.OOV Kmpoto ancien regime, me;; {OXUOUOQ 1tClyK'O- 0llla 'td~l1 :rraA(lLpB evavnCl 0' EVUV KO(JI-I.o noo I-IOAle;;

* 'Ertaiaxuvtn KnliSa crtiYIl(l,

'** ToD nllAlOU Ka6Ecrtiiito~, tounpiv lirc·6 rriv 'Erc<lvacrracrn toU 1789 llovapXlIcou Ko6EO"tGrroS crt~ ruHi.a.,

1.22

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YEVVtO.av, U7tfjpxs cln,Q rriv 1tAwpa TOU !-Ita xorruoterr 0 ptK11 , 0Xt1tpocrW1tuctl, 7tAaVf). rt' allTO Kat Tj Ka:tapEVcrr't TOU rl'HlV TpaYtKr1.

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Ptoll.llXav(Uc.;, tou xoouou TOO 1tAOU,OU YEVlKa, flt TOV 1t0A.lttK6 KOO)lO, eivm Eva. KE<pUAUU:J)SEe; 1[p6PA11flO ''Ullv veoiv KatproV. :Et rrmcr ~lopqnl TOUW TO 1[POPA.11J,,ta apXlSEl v' o:n:aoxo~Ei TOUe; YEpflavOUe;; ETrl~Oprptl tOW rrp0(JwTeVTlKWV JU(Jj..lwv. TOU alwyopeV[{KOD ovatnuaroc;, rfie;; l3()WKfjC; olsovouicc. 'H TeutOvopavia. EXEI JleTO.<pEp8ei arr6.ov uvElPW1[O O'T'~v UAll Kt srcn eva OJlOP<Po 1[ prol vo 01 fnn01'Ee;~ae;T ou .~rca~ rcunou Kal ol fipwt<;~a<; 'tOO O'ibEPOl) !;u:n;vf)crav nutptrotee;. En,! rEPflUVtaapXlsouv hcrt v· &va.yvwp(~ouv Tr]V KuPtUP" xia TOU .~ovonroAlOu f,lEOa OLr] xwpa, rrapaxmpwvrttc; TOU L11v KVPWPXfa (lTO U"WrcPIKO .. :Etr] Fepuuvin, E:n;o~tV{()e;, hOtflci.~ovml tOOpa v' O:PXloouv u' EKEIVO 11:00 OTrl. raAAIa Kat T'rjV 'AyyAia hOlJla~ovTC:n va TEAElOOcrouv. 'H naAui mirna KaTaoTacrl], f:vavn<I aniv ortofn ol xropEe; aUTtr; ~p{oKOVr(n crt ElEmpf)tlK'rj e~tYEpcrll Kai. nou UKOJlU T11v ,avExov.at 1l0VO 01tWC; &'vtXEtalJWVEiC; 'tic; uAuaioee;, xmpEtLsEtat ot11 Tspucvto oriv to YAUKox<ipuflaEvOe; Of,lOprpou Jl&AAOVTOC;, 1[00 aKOJla Stv .OApa. KaAU-ICaA.a va '1tepcicrEt cmo rriv reavo6pya* 8gwpia onlv mo aVEA£l1tll Ttpa~Tj. 'Ev& to 1[poIlAl1)lU O't11 [aAUa Kat Tr)V 'AYYAfa slvot: 'E()Vl.K1j oltcovoula fl Kvpwpxfa rife; aTOj1IKfjc; ldlOKTlwfac; real/ill (Jro l!f)1I0C;. Etrl ra.AAia Kat 'tr)v 'AyyAia, Enofl£vme;, ~7taiVEl 'TO ~r1'1:f)pU va KatapY1l8El TO p.ovom:!JAto, noo EXt1 rrpoxwPr1cr8ll ro<; .it; 'TtAwruiEe; TOU crUV£1[Elce;' 0't11 Fspucvin J-lnaiVEl 'to S'r1t11Jl,a vd rcpoXWP11crE1 to JlOVon:OOAlO rot; Ti<; teAeutalEC;; roo ,O'uv8nElce;. 'EKd, rcpoKEt'tat Yla Mcrll, 88& !-LOAle; npoxsrrrn Yla O'uY-

* AOY01lO.iyvlO !!I.t ttl U~'1 listige (Theorie) =nClvotipyo: ((')e:ropla) -anoto ouataan"o List = novTlPut 'YnalVlWoc; yui t~v xtvllal1l'[OO Ka800TlYOU0'6 6 OiKOVOI.WA.6yoC; Friedrich List imtp nov npoctcrsun KGiV OUO'flillV.

124

125

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Ell'tuXWC; .EIJIElC; oi 1'EpJ1o.voi OEV d,.HlO'tE oKugeC; .. "Orro»; ol apxai01 Aaol ~ouoav tftv npolcropie tOUC;J1Ea~ cpavmOla, OTrl uu oAoyra, WI Kt J1eiC; of YEp"i.lavo{ srJoalJle 'tTJ Ol~C; .lleAAOV1:tKrl tcrtopia IJIEOa o-rri OK£W , aTir rplAOaOf{J(a:'EIlEi~ El}lcto'tB 0 qnAoaOf{JIKOi Ol'JyXPOVOl TOU rrepovroc OlX'ffiC; va ElJ1ame oi iatotnxoi too aUYXPov01, 'H YEpj.laVlKtl CPIAOcoetu dvat fJ lt5earljnpofXraal1 't;;e; YBpJ.laVIK;;C; to-rop(ae;. "Otnv f:1t0J1EVWe; dvrt 1'lO to oeuvres tncompietes= tfje; 1tpaYj.lauKi'\e; Ioropir«; J1ae; t1nKp{vouIlB. 'tci «tcatiiAoma» tfje; iOEa'tfje; Icroptcc, Ttl <Pt~oooq>i.a., tote ij

KpttlKr)l-Ia~ ~pioKe'tal KUto:J1BOtc; 'trov ~l1tl1J1Il"tWV ltci 'ea 6n:otu 10 ncpov AEEl: that is the question*. All'tO

1to.U ota rrpo.'l1Y~Eva Eevll sivm fiOTJ npaKtlKIj Pr)~11 tIE tiC;; ouyxpovec;; OUy9fjKEC;; 'tOU xpdrouc, Ot~ Fepunvio o1t'OUtiinE~ouvOiiKc:t; aK6.J1U otira Kllvumipxo1UV Eivcu npiv dn' DAu KPITlKIj PTl~l1 }lE ttl CPI~OOOCPtKri av'tav6.KAaoll ao'twv 'tWV ouv€ll1K&V.

'H Yf.PJ1aV1KIj rplAoaorpia TOU .d txaiou «ai LOD xpdtoix; dvat TJ .1l6vTj YepjJavlKri toro pia 1tOU PpiOKE"CU1 O'tO 1010 trrim:oo JJE to bnlanuo ouYXPOVO nnpov .. Tt' atn6, o yepj.l.aVIKOe; Aa6e; O<peiAEI vri um:pvIKrl0et a6trJ 'tT1V OVUpejJEVTJ roo tcropto J1a~i }lE tic; Oll}l€PLVEC;; ouv9fjK€C;; tOU Kai va urrO~OAEt crriv KPlnKrJ 0X1 uovo au'tt\ tic; 'tCOPIVEt;; OUV9ijKEC;, aU.a (JuvaJ1u. Kal trlV acprlPllJlEV11 OUVEXtotl roue, T6 J!EH.ov Stv j.l1topEi va 1tSPIOpiotet oih€ orriv a~ol1 apvlloTJ 'twv 1tpaYlla1'tKWV VOj.llKWV Kat Kpa'tlKrov oUVe11KWV tOU oOn: O'Tr]V ,aJ1EOrJ1tpaYJ.ilo't'ffiO'TJtrov 10Eatwv V0J11Krov Kat xpurtKrov ouv911KWV tOU, ytnd rriv UJ1EOll: apVll0Tj aU'tffiv "twv ouv911Krov tr]V EXEt ijOl1 o'tiC;; tOEat'Ee; roo ouvOi'\KEC;; Kat rriv aJl€Ol1 rrpa'YIJo''t'ffi0ll trov tOEatrov tou ouv911KWV n'tvEXEI ijoTi 0XEMv 'arptiaci ntaco KOl.tO~o.Vtac; tOUC;; YEl'tOVlKOOC; rou Aaoue; .. rt'atJ'to, !lEt6 OiKlO tOU, to npaxtuco 1(OAl1'tKO xouuc o'ttl I'epuovio a~l(OVBt rriv apvl'/f.1'1 rfie; rplAoaorpiac;.

To ocpoAJ1a rou Bev ouvtcrutut cr' aut'r)'tr)v a~i(t)oTj aAA.Q ero on crta.l-la'toEt 0' all'trJv xmp{c; OOtE oo~apci. vd trJv1tpaYllatrovEt, obre v6. I-l1tOPE\. vd 'trlV 1tpaYIJUtroOEt. 1110'1'EUB1 0't1 So EK1tAll prooet aU'tr) ttlV apvll,- 011, yupvrovtac; 'tiC;; 1tAatEt; on, CPIAooocpia Kat I-I0UP-

* '0 McXp~ 6:xEl UlI'O'Vl1 TOt) rov QltA.600QlO • Avaxapol, 11'0' f)TaV OK:u6l'j<; nlvlCa.to:ywytl !Cal 1tOU ol ·EA.A.l1v£~, oU~l(poova ~ Ttl ,~,apTl)pia tOU .6.wytVl'j AaEJYtlOu.,.OU'Y!Ca:t€,t.£~av O'tllv 611a3a t6Jv tcpta oocp6Jv T1i~·Ena3a~.

** To auUJJ1tAPjpwra epya.

• NO. TrOlO siva: ro ,ljrfJJ.la- fi 'q>pchr'l dlt6 TOV 1l.£plq>111J10 jJov6- AOrO 'tou '. A~Ae't: "NO. ~Ei "avEtt; l'j vel .1-1'1 ~ei., va nOlo elvar ro (Ijr'1J.1aJ»

126

127

JIouptl;;ovrct(; JIE uvaoTjKw, .. uh/o Te) KStpO:Al IJSPlKt~ opYtOl1tVf;~ I(a.i KOt.VOt01tSC; cp,paOSlc;·yt' .au"t'rlV, 'H O'T£vorntu tou optSOVtei rou f:KOTjAm.vStm 01:0 on Mv OUYKcn:ald':yn ni, qll.Aocroc.pi.a oute Kav crov KUKAO Tile; ycppall.1Kij<; 1tpaYl1artKD'tTjta.c; ijKai tTltpavtasstat 0- AOTEA.1l Karw ano 1l1yep~l.ovIKrln:pO.KtIKrl 'Kai <lrro TiC; gewpisc; 1iOU 'trlV U1tllPeTOUV... ' A~t(:oven vii: riVEt to ~s'K(vru,l(l &.n:o npaYWH/Ka axspuai« (wij<;,. ~eXV(i"tE 0IlWC; nmc; TO rrpaYI'l·aUKO 01ttpJ.:l.a swne; tOU YSPllavlKOl) AOOl) elxs cpl.n:proOSlroe; rwpa .IlEoa oro Kpavio tOU. KovroAoyfie;: eaEfr; Jiv unopeice vd Karapy.~aerc ni qnAoaorp.la £5lxw<; vd nj pErarpBrpere at. 1tpaYiJaT/«otnra:

Lto'iotO oc.paJ.j..la, aAAci. dllrlarpi'(povrar; roue; cuvrsAEO't'te;, Em:ae Kat to BeWplJrlKO 1tOhnKO K!OIl .. IlO, nou Opj..la.tcu {mo 't" q)tAoooc.pia.

Lrov rwpt.vo a.ywvll, Sty E~AS1tS napa 1l0VO rov xpmr» aywva.r:fjr; rpIAoaocpia<; tl,dvua aroll ycppavlKo taiauo, Kal. Stv "tou 1tEpam; <lno rov voGan CtKolla Kal. TI! 1tpoyevEo'tepTl '(j>lAoaocpia. aVrlKEt OE "coI)'to tOV K6oJ,lo Kai. ·(Sit slvct l'j, U)Ea.'tij Eono, (Jupn)o7Pwal'j rou, 'Evm KptitI]oe KpeUKrJ onioll anevavtto'tov ovdna,A6 tOU, cpEp9f] KE liE 1.:111 KPL'tlKO rpono 1tp6C; TOV eau'tO tou,.yw-ri ~6KiY110E an:o -ric; llpDiJ'TloB§(JClC; rftc;; CPIAOCJ:Ocpia.; Kat 6~irE o-rallarTloS o'ta OOOIiEva 1tOpiolla-ra t11<; sfts '1tClpouoia.os oav nllsaa altrJl1a-ra. Kat no:piOllata, ,alulll·ara Kat 1tOpiOllam 1tapll8Va ano ftAI.OU,. 11' ·01.0 1tOU auta - dv 6n:09too1JJ,l.s 1troC; slvot opea - .IlVtOpobv va tmA.ex90liv, CtV'ti9E"tD., !-IOVO ,Iltrtjv apv.f/a.1'/ rflr; ptxpr ubpa qnAD(JDrpfac;, '[fie; q:n.Aoooc.p·ta.e; roe; c.plA.OOOc.pia~.'EmcpuAo.ooollo.cn:s va limO-OllllS J,lla m:plypa<ptj aUToD 'tOu K61l].!.atoC;. T6~acrlKo rou tAaHillIlOIl1t0PSl va ,ouvo\lllotd .roc;e~fic;;: niateoe Or.1 p7tOpDVaC va

j1,eraTpCl.flC1 VI rplAoaoqda at npaypfJ.rlKOr1'/'W. .Jixwc;vd njl! Kampyrjaci.

'H Kpt 1:lKrJl :rlie;; yePl1aV7Kijr:; cpIAoGorpfac; rov KpdrDUe; KGf toii A1KaJDu, nm) IlE rov XtYKSA 1ti\ps rl']v mOouvs1tfj,. 'ttl v m61!AOUO UI K(Xi OPlO"ttKtj OtaT'l)nOlO" "C11'<;. dvattooo ill KpmKTl: avaluoq 'tOU OISyXpovouKpa.tOuc; Ko.i~ Ti'j:C; ouvatpoue; 11' auto '1tpaYllatlKOrTlTac;. 000 Kat 'i1 o:nocpaOlOtrKD dpV110f] OAOKAllPlle; "Cfie; npoTlYOUIlEVl1e; j1Dprpijr:; tflr; ycp~W\llKf/r; 7tOAmKijC; «ai 1I0j1IKf/C; avve{01'/C1.f/<;, nou il 1tlOE~Oxrh Tj. mo Ka90klKtl xui aVU'V<.OlltVTl ot C7tl(lr~P1'/6KcppaoTl HIt; sivut aKplproc; Tli Ka().apa OcwPl1flKI'j ({nAoaorp{a roD A txaiou: ~Av oTa9T]K.e ouvan'l uovo m~ rS;P!lavia 'n KaHapa flEroPIl"tlK1ltplAoooc.plu tOU ll..lKaiou, aurfl il .aq>1l PTlIJJtVl), nA T]HroPl.Ktl: aroxaoll lui "to cruYXpovo KP(l:rO~,1tOU nllpayw:rtlKo-rrl1:a tl1<; 1tapap.EvE.t Eva tnEKELVCl - dv KUl .OUTO 1'0 tn:EKElva IIi1tOpei vd ;~piOKEt'()l a1[O 1'r1v dAATj !-IEptd "Coli Pijlvau - avdorpoou, li YBp/Ja11.lK1l VOfl1:lKrl sixovn TOU O\>YXPOVOU Kplhoue;, not> KCtVEl ac.paipeo1j rou rrpo..y;..wrIKof} d.vOpdr nov, 01:a8I]K£ ouvatfl )IE "'tr]oE.lpaTrt<;1l0VaxCl Kat. oT6v i~aellO n06 to '(Olo to o6yxpovo Kpa1'o<; !CaVEl acpa.(pE01j'toU npaypauKDiJdv6pomo1;), i1 'lKavon:olel !-IE <pavta.omco uovorponorov aprw o.v9p<.Ono ... L:rov rouen "Cfie; nOhttKfie;, ol yepllClvoi. SXow (JKerpre.nKdvo n06 UAAOl AClOl. EXOUV Kapet. 'H rEpJ,laviCl~'tav it ,fJeWP'1rtK1l aUllt.ft517rJ11 10U<;, 'Hac.paipsoll Kat n unspoVto Tii,<;OK&l.jIllC; "CTjC;Ou.IiPciSl~av ml.vta IlE rov !-IOV01tAEUPO XUpaKTTlPCl Kat 1:Tlv Karw'tEpOtT]!ta lfic; npGlY!-Ion'KO"CTP:d.c,; "Cll<;. "Av Aomov to status qUD rou ycppa.v.lKoV KpaTlKoiJ (J.u(JulPfJ.r:or; £Kcppa~El TrJlV 61..0- KAijproOTl 'tau ancien regime -aUTO toaYKa61 .. cr.ij ·oaplCCl "COU ouyXpovou KPCi1:0UC; - •• 0 status quo "Cfie,;

128

129

yepf.,laIlIKfjc; em(Hljprr; YUl. TO KparoC;£ICq>pa.t;cL. rov GlloA..odljpmw xupuKrljpa roD (JVYXPOIIOV «paiooc, tllV EA.attroJ.lOTtKOtT]'tU LOU '(OLOU tou opyuvio] .. wli rou.

'Hihl ,tO~ urrO(pacrl<JtlICO~ av'ti1tUAO~ 1:fj~ rrporlYOtJ- !lEVll<;; !lOpqnl<;; tfie;; yepflav1Kijc; nOA.l TtlCfj<;; cruvsioT]O'lle;;, li KpmKr] tfie;; c:l<l'llPT]!1·tvll<;; (j)lAocro<ptae;;tou ll..IKUiou 'tEAElroVEl 0X1 crov ea.Uto tT]e;; c:lAAd O'E npo{JJ..rjpara nov l'UI 1:r] AVO'T] roue urrapX£l eva !lOVO ).1£:0'0: 'il npaKrlJoj.

Mrruivst to eprotll!1u: unopsl 'f) Fepuovfu va <ptacrEL crE ].lLa rrpalCtlKr] a la hauteur des principes", OT]AUOr] O'E j..llaV f.navdaTaal1, nou eo. rriv aVE~a~€l 6Xl !..lOVO CI1:o erri(J'IflO tnfncoo trov auyxpovOlV e8v{i)v, c:lA.Aa. o ro GvrJpwmllo vIjiOC;, nou aa sivct -roaj.lEOO IJ.t:Uov UUtWV tWV e8vwv;

To 011:AO Tfie;; KplttKfje;; Stv j..lrropd~e.~mu v' aVrtKUrCl.O"TrlO"El rriv KpmlCTl 'twv oTCAmv, il UAIK~ Mva!JlfJ TCpErr£l v'ava'tpam;r (bro W .. tK11 ouvalJ.T], OJ..lOle;; Kat fl ElEropia yiW:Tal UAIKTl OUvaJ.lT] J.l.OA.le;; KaTaK'tllCJ£L tic; J.lut;.EC;. 'H 8cropia sivcn lKUVn va KaTUKt~O'€l ttc; Ila~€<;; 1l0AU; a11:o3d~El ad hcmlnem=", Kal U1tOO€lXVEl ad hominem, JlOA1<;; 'YiVEt Plt;oO"1tucrnKrl. NO. dO'm Pl.t;oO'1taO'nKoc; O'lllJoiVEl va mUVEi\C; to npanlO. dreo tn pit;a. 'H pit;a OJ..lWC; yta rov uv8pro1t0 elver 6101OC; 6 dv8proTCOC;. <l>UVEPt1 ure6SEl~1l 1"OU Plt;OO'Jta.dtlOlloi} tfiC; YEPllavlKfjc; HEW Pl(l(; , E11:0IJtVroc; tnt; npaKTtKfic; tllt; tvepYllTtKOTT]'tUt;, ElVUl 1"0 ~EKivllj.Jo. t11<;; un6 !nV aTCocpuO"lO"tlKr1, (;}tTlK~ Kato.pYllO'T] 'tfit; OpT]O'KsiCl.e;;. 'H KpmKn tfie;; 8pT]O'Kdac; 'tEAElrovEl j.Ji': 't11 SLoudKaAlu

(hL b lill()pm7rOC; siva: T6 VIjiJaTO all vui rOll iivOpw7T.O,ErrOj.JEvWt; j..ltr11v KGT17J10pIK1j 1!poaTay~ p' dllGrpanOuI' [fAce; 01 O:XF.(Jw;, oreou 6 .civ8pwTCOt; sivrn eva tC(TCElVOJ~l.tvo,ure080LJAro~tvo, EYKatUA.EllllJ£VO, Kumq>povE.Jl£vo OV, ax,taw::; TCOU cav j.JTCOPOUV vc elKOVIO'roUV KUAOtepa napa j.lE 't11V uVO:<pC!)VllO'll Ev6<;; yo.A.AOU Jlnpo<; ot j.Jta O'XEola1;6j.Jevl1 <popOA.oy(u Imi Troy O!CUA.wv: KOKO- 1l01pO oKuAla! 0{;;.AOUV va O'ae;; IlE.raXElpi.1;ovtat oriv dv8pci)JtouC;!

'AKOj.lH Kal Ioropucd, t1 8eWPlltlKrl XELpa<ptrfJO'll EXEl uidv dOlKti rcpuKHKn O"llJlQ.O'ia yui tn I'epuovtc. To e1taVaaTaTIKO 1topeA8ov 'tfic; 1.Ep).:luVlm; sivm TCpa.'YJlUtl OEWprrt1K6, dvm t1 MEWp6E1lJ.ldT]. "Onox; t6tE ~ E1tavaO"tad11 apXlO'E j.JEO'o.<Jro JlUaAO -rou KaJ..oycpov, IhGl Kat toopo: CtPXi.~€L j.JEO'U oro j.luaAO 'tOU qJlJ..Orwrpov.

'0 AovO'lPOr; VtKl1O'E Pi':PULU HI ,oouAda ano tVAaBeta, 'YlaTi£~UAE O'TTl 8i':0'1l 'tT]t; lr] OOIJAElaarrO ncnoiO,.,o'l. :EuVtPlljlc tT]V lTlO"t:fj o rriv au8Ev,{la yUHt a.n:OKo.ta<HllGE TllV auHEv'tiu '{iie; niaTfjt;. METthpElj!e '(oue;; 1tOrraoEt; OE A.UlKOUC; 'Yluti j.JETcitPE\VE tOlls A.o.'(K00e;; ci: nUlTaOE<;; .• A 1tEA8u8tproCJE tovav8pw1t0 ano ~W1.?PlKrj Hpl}O"KEUtlKotllJY., 'Y-l«Tl EK_(ly£ t ' epfJGKEUTlKO'tl1'tCl va rivel t1 soorrepixornrc tOU CtvOpw-

- TCOU. Xnpa<patnO"€ to crwJla &1t6T[c;a~n"tf

Ci. U<JO ,eaf. rJlv xop ta-:-- --

"1\'"V-O·J.1~b-1EF'O''t 1;00tav:_lO'j..l0C;OE v 11 t a Vf) O"Old'trl MO'T], 11mv 11 aroO'r11 ·wre08ttllO'll tou npopA.r]Jl{l1o<;. 'Exsivo n00 XPEl(l~OtaV tropa Stv llwv ma 6 uy6wac; toli A.alKOl! E.vuvtiov wu cc;m an' avrav nanii, aA.Aa 6 ~yrova<;; tOU E.VUVtLOV wi) OIKOi5 TO!) F.owrepl1(o[J ttanii, 'tfic; OlKi'j<;; tOU narcaoiaTlK1]£. rpvCJ1]c;. Kt av fl. rcPOTf.crdvtucn ].lBtatPOTCrl troy Yf.P!lavrov Aui:K&V 0'£ rrundSE<;; XElpacp€tllO"E rou; Ao.tKOU<;; rra1tf.C;, 3ljAObn T06<;

'" I:T6 (\\IIOt; tOOv &·Pxruv.

*. Argumentum ad hominem - trrll.cipI1J.la rrpoi; rov all8pamo. 1;8&: bn:u:iPTJ).Ia KO'.II.J.£YO ord )lhpa tfj<; Kato:y6.,crl1~ tOu GlJYK8Kpt· j.U;VOlJ d.v8pWHOU (d:vayvtbcrtTJ. (It.;pom:fj KTA.l.

130

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'OOtoOO, jJt6. KE<paAalwOl1e; OUOKOA.la 'PaivEmt va OpOwvETal Evavt'ta crt. l.na pl(IKrj 'YEPJ.laV1Krj E1taVaotomq ..

Of En:avao't6.uElC; 8XOUV, npaYJ.lan, uvaYKll uno Eva 17.aOytrIKO (J'tOlXElo, ano jJla V}..IKrj fl6.O'lj. 'H OEropia npaYJ.la'(wvETat rnrvrn 0' Eva Aao J..lOVO (nov paO).lo nou slvrn " npaYJ.la'tWOl1 'trov o:vaYKrov tOU. :Enjv 1teA.ropUl oUloraof) (lVcijJEoa otie;. anaLTTlOEle; tfie:; yEpllaV1KfjC; OKf:Ijlf)e; Kat tic; O:1tat.tr)OElC; Tne; yepl-lavlKfic; 1tpa)'t1a'tlK(:>trrrae; avtlOTOlxet apayt n lOta 0la01:a0l1 'd'jC; xowcoviec '(ilv totro'Hilv IJE to Kp6.tO<; Kal. I-l£ TTiV 'lOla; Oi 8.EroprrrlKE<; aVaYKEr;; 'Ela YlYOUV apaye Qlleall rrpa.K'tlKte; &'vaYKec;; 6.tv d.pKEi ti OKt.ljIl1 vd TElVEl 1tpOC;

132

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ΜΑΡΞ Το εβραϊκό ζήτημα (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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