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To tero ToiifO reaQmlx6 TO X8£,_"wva TOU 1846 - 1847, oe '_uav lnox~ noV & .I.l1ae~ 81X8 ma ~8xa{}a(!lo8£ 'r;l, a(!Xe, Tfj{; xa£vov(!£a, fOV lOTO(!",fj, '" olxovop,£xfj, avd),1J1Jl1J'. (1) To OVOT1Jp,a TWV olxovop,£xwv aVf£pa08wv #] ~ if) £)' 0 0 ° p l a ffj~ a {} ), £ 0 T 1] f a s, fOU n(!OVVTOV, nov p,o),£, n(!2v ano ),[ro 81X6 lX~0{}8i, fOV l~W08 f~V 8vxa,eta v· avmTTv~6£ 'r;2, a(!Xe~ TOV, dvnfaooovfa, 1"£, of2, Me8' -rov av{}ewnov nov, ano TOf8, {}ana£(!V6 p,£a ~eXWe£Of~ {}e07J avap,60a OfOV~ raUov, ooo,al'ore, Tfj, lnolii, TOV. • Ano Ton .nov of ~vo TOV, elxav OVC1Jf~08£, oro IIa(!lo£, nlaf8£a, ovxva &UX6(!6' vVlU', TO ovvolo TWV olxovop,'xwv n(!opl1Jp,a'fWV, of xaTev{}vvoe£~ TOV, ~ep,ax(!a£vav &loEva xal ne(!£OOOTe(!o.
To P,Pllo TOU ll(!ovvdw l~e£lv6 ncb, TOV, xw(!£Ce x,ola, p"d lI.yepv(!WT1J apvooo;. '0 Mel(!~ ~ev ~TaV ~vvafo vel ownao8£. '0
1. 'H 'A e A lOT '11 TaT ii s <I> I A 0 a 0 cp I as ypacpT'flKE aTa rcxAAlm KI ~KS6eI1KE aTclc 1847, aTO TTaplal, a1t" TOil A. Frank, 6Sbs PlcreM 69 Kat aTIS Bp~o.Aes a1t" TOv C' G. Vogler, MaySaA'Ilviis 2. MeTacppaC7TTJKE aTcX repllOOlIKcX a1t" 'TOil A. MmpllaTaill Kal KcXPA Kaou"rOl<V Kal ~KSOeI1Ke aTcX 1885 &1r' TO !31!3AI01rC.,;\eio 'ToO IOalaAS111l0KpaTlKOO KOllllaTOS Tiis repf.lavlas IlE TOOTOII TOil 1t'pOAOYO ToO "Evyt<EAS. "Yo-repa a1t" TO 1847 !3yi'jKE aTcX rcxAAlKcX IIIcX Se\iTEPI1 IKSO~ aTcX 1898 teat IIIcX TplTTJ aTa 1908, aTG naplal, a1t" TOil ~KSoTIKO olKo Giard Ked Briere.
MlcX TttaPTTJ IKSoaTJ Iytye a1t" TOil Marcel Giard.
To &v'T1TU1r0 Tiis • A6110TT)TOIS "Ti'js <l>IAoaocplas ToO McXp~ 11' lI:lAa TOU 131j3A1a. 1t'OV 66~KE &1r' Tis 8vO K6pES TOV.""" Aaoupa AacpcXpYK Kal T';II 'EAeolloopa Aveling aTO repllavlKo IOalaAlaTlKO KOlllla, yta II' cm~crel 11<1 IlE Ta 13113Ala TOO "EvyKEAS, T'; f3a~ ylcX IltcX 13113A10- eflKT) TOO KOlll1aTOS, ~xel JlEPIIds lilop6ooaeiS I.I~ Tb XePI TOO avyypacpea. A(rris 01 SIop6oocreiS Iylllav aTtl" TSAeuTaia raAAIKt'I ~K6o~ alf' T';Y 6rrola Iytve tt Il&T6.cppGl~.
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Mae~ lmpepalwoe 7:~11 arUl7:eeV7:1] T01h1] dtaoTao1] a7:~11 ana1l- 7:1]01] nov ldwoe 07:011 IIeov1I7:o1l.
To Oo61IOAO 7:ij~ xemxij~ wv Mae~ rta TOV IIeovv7:oV, Peloxe- 7:at ovvonuxa 07:0 l1e{}eo nov avac}1]poouo6eTat oav naeae7:1]pa 07:0 dAO~ TOV ptPAlov xa2 nov c}1]pOOtEo67:1]xe rta :reW7:1] cpoea (]7:0 «~o 0 t a A c} 1J pox e a 7: 1]" 7:0V BEeOALVOV, 7:Eo6X1] 16, 17 xa2 18. TovTO o7:a{}1J,a 7:0 povac}txo l1e{}eo nov ereatpe 6 MaeE 0' aVTo 7:0 cpo6AAO. Mta xt lxd1]J.w{)1]y.av 0lec}o" TaV7:0XeOva of neoona{}Ete~ TOV !P01l 2{Jar7:oee "a 7:f}ap"Eet 7:~V lcp1]peelc}a o7:a "vpef}'II1]uxa "al cpeovdaeXtxa 'IIeea, aVarXa07:"XaPE va dtaxotpovpt c}1]pOOW 7:~ OV'IIEeraOLa pa~, plaa oe AlrE~ pc}opade~.
TovTO 7:0 lero, lXEt 7:Wea rta 7:~ Teouavla pta onuaola nov 6 MaeE dev 7:~" neOpAetpe not«, nw~ {}a p.:n;oeovoe va EleEt ;7lW~ X7:V;7lW"Ta~ 7: OJ' IIeovv7:oJ', x7:v:rovoe 7:av7:0xeOva 7:0 Ef c}WAO 7:WV o1]peet'llw" ~7:elp.:n;ee~ (aeetPtOTW"), 7:0 PO'llTpnefl.- 7:0V~ ;7l0V c}e r'llwetCe oilTe x(1v 7:' (J'IIopa 7:0V ;
Aev elvat dw <5 Tono~ "a l:rex7:a{)w :ravw Olir, ooXlo1] :rov {maexet avapeoa 07:0 MaeE xa2 07:0 PO'llT p:ree7:0V~. ea Pew 006,,xoua T~'II evxatela 'lid 7:0 xapw. 'Edw gJ7:avu va el;7lw nw~ lhav <5 POVTpnEe7:0V~ Xa7:1]rOf}ei TO" Mae~ ;7lW~ 7:0" «lXAEtpE» xal «7:<h, lXpeTaAAeo67:1]'Y.e ;7l0Ao6, xwel~ ,'a a,'acp1eEt OTO KEcpaAaw 7:OV» 7:0 lero 7:0V: ~VPPOA~ 07:~ r"W01] xAn., acpfrvnat va naeaove{}ei oe pul ouxotpavtla ;7l0V p;7l0eEi va lE1Jr1]{)ei pO'llaxa an· 7:1}v xax~ tpvXtx~ c}ta{)e01] nov elvai cpvotx~ oe ptd naearvwet-oplv1] peraAolf,vta xal an' 7:~ XTV;7l1]7:1} I1rVOta 7:0V I'td {Joa rt"O'llWt l~w an' 7:~V Ilocooo!« xt lc}talTEea 07:~V olxo"optx~ xal ooota).toux~ cptAO).OrLa. Tooo TOVTE~ of XaT1]roetE~ Boo xal 7:0 lero TOV PO'll7:pnee7:0V~ nov avacpeeape, c}A" lneoav n07:e o7:a paTta 7:0V MaeE. Ae'll ~Eeee xtnoxa "ta 7:0 PO"TpnEe7:0V~, lEo" ane 7:1~ 7:eei~ Sozialen Brie£e (~OOtaAtouxe~ lmOTO).e~) xal paAtow, OV7:e Xt avd~ axopa, ae xappta neetn7:Wo1] ne2" an' rd 1858 ~ 1859.
IIto paotpo~ elves 6 loxvetopO~ 7:0V POVTp;7lee7:0V~ oe 7:0VTE~ 7:1~ lmoTOU~, ;7lW~ a"axaAvtpe 7:1} «ovv{}e7:tx~ aEla» TOV
II(!oVV7:ov. Ma xa2 neUt tOV xaxov xolaxeve7:al nt07:l!vov7:a, ncb, elva: 6 n(!anO' nov 7:~V avaxalv'ljJe. "Ono»; xa2 vava" to l(!'Yo I'a, 7:0V x(!tnxa(!u l'aC2 1'8 7:0V II(!ovV7:oV xt mho 1" ava'YxaC u va Bnexw{}w Myo navw a7:o «{)el'eltaxo» oVY'Y(!a I'l'a7:ax, xov : Zur Erkwnntnis unserer staatsesithschaftichen Zustoende (.Evl'pol~ a7:~ yvwa'Y) .,;ij, olxovol'txij, ~, xa7:aa7:ao1}')' 1842, 7:oVA.alta7:0 aTo pa{}l'o nova' aV7:o n(!odtay(!atpet TOV lJ(!ovvrov, xa{}cb, xal 7:0V X0I'I'0VVt0l'0 ala Bai"dtyx, nov TO" ne(!d'1.u xt aV7:.ov, liv xt aavveid1}w .
.E7:0 pa{} 1'0 nov 6 av'YX(!OVO, aomalta 1'0', onota 7:o.a1} x, liv 'lU, n(!Oe(!lerat an' 7:~V aanx~ noltux~ oixovoula, avvdte7:a& oTeva, aledov anoxluauxa, 1'8 7:~ {}ew(!la 'Yta T~V a~la TOV Ptxa(!v7:o.
01 dvo n(!OTaaU, nov 6 PtxaeV7:0 a7:a 1817 paCu odv atpeT1}ela yta 'r:l, • A. e X E, 7: 0 v 10 :n:cb, ~ d~ia :n:ov lxu xa{}e BI':n:OeeVl'a :n:eoadwelCe7:at d:n:oxluouxa xal I'OVO dn' 7:~V noa07:1}7:a e(!yaaia~ :n:ov x(!wfCerat yta 7:~V :n:aea'Yw'Y~ 7:0V xal 20 :n:cb~ 7:0 :n:eoi"ov dn' 7:0 avvolo 7:ij~ xotVWVtxij~ e(!yaola~ I'ot(!aCnm dval'eaa a7:2~ 7:(!ei, 7:a~u" 7:0V~ yaWX7:~I'0ve~ (lyyua n(!ooodo~ - 'Yato:n:eoaodo'J, 7:0V~ xetpaJ..atox!!au, (He(!do~J xal 10V~ Beyate~ (I'ta{}o~J, aV7:8~ 01 c5vo :n:e07:aaet', d:n:' 7:0 1821 xtola~, ldwaav a7:~v • A.yyA.la, dtpoel'~ yta (Jootalta7:txa aVf.'3teeaal'ara. MeJ..e7:~{}'Y)xav 1'8 7:oao pa{)o~ xa2 Toa1} dtavyeta :n:ov TOV7:1} ~ tptJ..oloyia, :n:ov elvm aledov TWea xal'EV1} xa2 :n:ov 0 Mae~ T~V elxe a8 l'eyaJ..o pa{}l'o dvaxalv'IjJu, 158 I':n:oeeae va ~ene(!aaui cb~ T~V lxdoa1} TOV .K e tp a J.. a i 0 v. ed ~aval'tJ..~aovl'e yt' aVTo IAtav aJ..J..1} tpo(!a. "Oio» 0 PovTI':n:ee7:0V~ lpyaCe, aTa 1842, d:n:' T~ dtx~ TaV :n:J..evea, aVI':n:eeaal'a7:a aoataJ..tauxa dn' T2, n(!aTaau~ nov dvatpeeovmt :n:a(!a:n:avw, ~mv alyovea TOTe, 'Ytd Eva reel'avo, eva a1}l'avuxo pifl'a, I'a afJlo d8v ~mv dvaxalv'IjJ1} na(!a I'0vaxa yta T~ Teouav!«, '0 Mae~ c5elxvu noao A.lyo vewTeetal'o elle I'td TE-r:Ota ltpael'oy~ Tij, {}ew(!la, TOV PtxaeVTO 07:0V neOVV7:0V, :n:ov xt aVTo, {motpeee d:n:o I'ta :n:aeOl'ota tpavTaoiwa1}.
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e"OnotOO(hj1fOTS llSt, 10To) "al T~V naeal't~(}~, OllOf} I'B T~ "&Vf}(11) 'fij, no).m~ij, ol~ovoJAla, OT1JV • Arrl£a, "81' p.3IO(}si "d l'1Jv ~e(}£t ,"h, 8).0. Ol8t50V 01 ooo,altod, avrij, Tij, lW~, n(}O'f8tvaV, ob},acpo(}s, lnolE" T1JV I ~ , (1 W T t ~ 1J (t51Jl. oooio» A&OTt"1J) lcpa(}l'or~ Tij, (}SW(}t~ TOV PueaeVTO. 8a p.3IOeovoal's ,,' dvatpEeOVp,8 OTOV Kvew II(!OvvTov T1JV II 0 l t T , ~ 1J 0 l~ 0 v 0 I' t a TOV Xometv, 1822, 1:0V OViltal' TOp.3loQV elesv"a navw oTl, dele, 1:ij, ~aravol'fj, TOV nlovTov nov va oVl'palA.st nSetooOTSeO OT1JV av{}ewmv1) SV1:vXla», 1827, Toil T "Evrp,oVT' ell e a ~ 'J t ~ ~, • H {} t ~ 1J xal n 0 l t 1: t ~ 1J 0 l ~ 0 v oJ." a», 1828, ~ln., ~ln. ~al {}a p.3Io(}ovoal's va n(}OOTEOOVI'S 1:EOOS(}S' osU"s, d~0l'a ~ln. ~ln. 8' a(}~soloill's v' acp~oovl'B "a I'tA.~oSt tva, ~rrA.O' ~oI'I'OVVtOT~', IS Mnealii, 010 Mtoloro l(}ro TOV: ('.A c5 t ~ l S , (JT1JV ' E (} r a a t a ~aJ, '.A n 0 ~ a T a(111' a (1) 1:fj, l (} r a a t o s.) A1JVT' 1839. Kal I'0vaxa Ta anoonaop,aTa an' TO l(}ro Toil Mneruv, ano~lslovv, I'ta ~al ~al~, T1JV neOTS(}atOT1)Ta nOV "ts~"t~si POVlp.3lB(}TOV,.
'E~slv1)v- T1JV lnox~, <5 Mae~ "81' slxs p.7rsi a~0l'a OTO avarVWOT~etO Toli «B(}navvtxoil Movoslov». "E~w an' TL' PtPA.to(}ij~B' Toil IIa(}towil ~al TWV Bev~s).).Wv, l~w an' Ta ptplla I'ov ~al I'Set~a 4noonaOl'aTa 1'0 v , nov "tapaas 0' Eva 1:a~l"t nov ~aval's l'aCl 01:1JV • ArrUa, TO ~aloxal(}t Toil 1845 xal noo 1'@IlT1)OS l~1) p"ol'a"s" "81' slxs "tapaost naea p,ovaxa Ta p,pl£a now p.3IO(}OilOB va n(}ol'1){}svlsi OTO MavTOSOTS(}. 'H cp.).OA.orla, lotntW, nov rt' avr1J I'tUi.I'S, "8V ~Ta" xofJolov TOOO aneOotlf} 6XStVf}" Tr{lI ns(}lo"o, 800 p.3Io(}si vavat a~I'B(}a. ".Av waTaoo 1p.etvB arVWOTf} OTO POVTp.3I8(}TOV" aVlo ocp8lA.nat anoxA.stonxa O-TQ nw, 0 POVTp.n-S(}TOV, ~lav tva, OTBvoxEcpalo, II(}Waoo,. El"at <5 n(}arl'aTl"o, {JSI'BA.tWT1J, 1:oil sl",xa II(}woot~oil ooota).t- 0J.WV Hal aav TETOtO, ~a{},s(}w{}fJ~s.
·{)OTOa.o, aH6p,a Hal 01:1Jv noA.VaranfJI'EVf} TOV Ilqosoota, o PO"1:p.3IS(}TOV, "EV 81'SWS n(}ocpvA.arp.EV~. ITa 18591H"0{}1)~8 oro Bs(}oUvo TO n(}WTO ptPllo Ti'j, K e t T , H fj , T fj, II 0 A. tX , ;, fj, 0 l H 0 V 0 I' t a, Toil Ma(}~. B(}lOHst ~avEva, 1~8i ,-
dva,ueoa o'r:l~ dvnA.orte~ noV n(}opaA.av 01 ()lxovo,uoA.OrOt lvav-na 01'0 Ptxa(}VTO, oa ()eVTe(}1] avuA.Orta OT~ oeA.. 40.
«'" A.v ~ aVTa.uaxnx~ &eta noV lXet tva n(}OrOV, elva: 'l01] ,u8 'f0X(}OVO l(}ra(Jta~ nov ne(}texeTat o' atho, ~ aVTaA.A.aXnX~ Mta pta~ l(}raot,u1]~ ,u£(}at; elvat 'l01] ,ue TO n(}OrOV Ti1~ l(}raota~. Aomov aA.1]Devet TO aVTtDeTo» Ie o1],uetooo1]: «TOVT1] ~ avnA.orta noV n(}o/JA.~D1]xe an' ToV~ olxovo,uoA.6rov~ lvavna 01'0 PiXa(}VTO, ~avan(}o/JA.~D1]xe a(}rOT8(}a an' ToV~ oootaA.tod~. Mta xt ~ Deoo(}1]nx~ ax(}t/Jeta T17~ qJO(},uOVA.a~ ~Tav {moDenx~, ~ n(}axnxt} xaT1]rO(}~&1]xe 8n /J(}loxs-rat 0' avdqJao1],ue Tt} &eoo(}la xa2 xaA.eaav T~V aonx~ xotvoovta va PraA.U n(}axnxa TO ov,une(}ao,ua noV elva» ,unA.er,u£vo OT~ &eoo(}1]nx~ a(}x~. Me(}txol !'IrrA.Ot oootaA.to-rEt;, TOVA.aXLOTO ,u' aVTO TO v01],ua, lOT(}e1paV T~ qJO(},uOVA.a rttl T~V av-raA.A.a"nx~ a~ta 'lOU Ptxa(}VTO, lvavna OT~V lIoA.mx~ Otxovoula»; M' aVT~ Tt} o1],uelooo1] <5 aVllrvw(JT1]~ na(}ane,unna, OT~V • A. 0 A. LOT 1] l' a l' 17 ~ 4J, A. ° 0 0- qJ tat; 'lOU Ma(}~, nov TOTe /J(}LOXO-raV axo,ua navTou oTa P'/JlwnooUia.
"Hxa» A.omov a(}xera euxoA.o oro PovT,une(}rOV~, va ne,oTe;: xt <5 'l()LO~ rta TO xa-ranooo ~Tav n(}ar,uanxa veoore(}to,uo~ of .dvaxaA.v1pe,~ TOV oTa 1842. Ma avd, r" avro, ()ev navu va T2~ ()taA.aA.ei xa2 va r2~ mOT8V8t, 1'000 aOVrX(}tTe~, nov ()Av .nae, OUTS r,a ,u,a onr,ut} oro ,uvalo rov nw~ x, <5 -A.lta(}~ &a ,uno(}ovoe va PraA.8t <5lo,uovaxo~ Ta ov,une(}ao,uara 'lovan' TO P,,,a(}vro, 1'000 xala 800 XL IS r()w~ IS povr,une(}rov~. A.vro elva» Mvvaro I '0 Ma(}~ TOV «[xA.e1pe» - avrov nov IS r(),o~ IS Ma(}~ 'lOU n(}ooqJe(}e -"aDe (),evxoA.vv01] va n8torei nw~ noA.v n(}2v an' avrov~, Tovra Ta ov,une(}ao,ua-ra, TovUx,oro ,ue Tt} XOVT(}Oxo,u,uev'1J ,uO(}qJ~ noV lxovv axo,ua 01'0 Povr,une(}rov~, elxav x,OA.a~ ()taTvnoo&ei or~v ·A.rrMa•
°H mo anA.17 ooo,al,onx~ lqJa(},uor~ T17~ Deoo(}ta~ TOO Ps:lCa(}VTO, elva, xetv1] noV ()woa,us na(}ana'JIoo. IA .na(}a nolJ.e~ ne(}tmwoet~ <5()~r1]oe oe na(}ar1](}~oet~ .na'JIoo O'f~V 1r(}OeMV0'l xal T~ qJvo1] T17~ fJice(}~la~, noV ~ene(}vouve noA.v 'fa Puea(}"ro.
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To l'e5to axe'~oo" ovp.{Jalvet xal OTO POV7:p.neewv;, l~ov nov p.eoa: oe. TothY) T~ d£lha~fJ ldeoov, dev divet nod 7:lno7:8 nov va p.~v elncM}fJxe x,ola", TovMxtOTO TO l'c5to xala xal nelv an· aVTov, ~ dta7:1}nwo~ TOV lx,et ax6p.a Ta l' c5ta la-{}fJ nov elXe xal xelvfJ 7:0071 neOxa7:0Xwv 7:OV. ,,1exeTat Tk olxovofltY.,e" xaTfJ')'oele,,: leyaola, xecpalato, MEa, 07:~V avene~ee')'aoTfJ flOecp~ nov TOV Tk p.nadwoave ot olxovop.olo')'ot, T~ p.oecp~ nov neooexet T~V lmcpaveta TOV" xwek va leevvaet TO neetexoflevo. "Exm, oXt 1'0- vaXa lp.nodil;.et 7:071 lavTo TOV va XefJotflonOt~Oet xaDe fl600 ,)"a va 7:1" avan7:1}~et Boo nolove« neetooOteeo nUeta - aVTlDew flA 7:0 Mae~ nov ')'ta neWtfJ cpoea E/Jrale xan an' avte; T1; neOTaoet", nov ~ava()fJp.ootevtfJxav nolle" cpoee" Moo xt Ufjvw tlooeea xeovia - flO. nalevet TO deOflo nov naet tSloi"ota OT~V Ovwnta, lJnw" D' anodet~ovp.e.
'H nalto7:8efJ lcpaefloy~ Tfj; {}ewela" tOV PtxaeV7:0, noV delxvet OTOV" lerate;' ncb; TO ovvolo Tfj; xOtvwvtxfj; naea')'wrfj;, nov elvac dtxo TOV; dfJp.tOve,),fJp.a, TOV; av~xet rtatl aVTol elva« 0% nearp.auxol dfJp.tOverol TOV, tSdfJrei tS16rota OTOV xop» p.OVVtop.o. Ma xt aVt~ ,.'lJnw; fla; xavet tS Ma.e~ va. TO neool~ovfle, elva: xa{}aea laDsp.lV1J p.tlwvw; olxovouix«, rLUtl elva" p.ta a:nlfj lcpaep.o')'~ Tfj; ~{Jtxfj; OTrJl' oixovoula, ~vp.cpwva p.e 'lOV; VOfloV; tfj; aonxfj; olxovouloe, TO p.s')'alv7:eea p.leo; a:n'lel neoi"ovw dev av~xet 07:0V; ee,),a7:e; nov TO. d7Jp.tOve')'fJoav. "Av lomov novp.e :avTo elvtu lJ.dtxo, aVlo dev nee::net va ylvera«, avto dev lxet xap.p.ta oXeofJ p.e T~V otxovopla. Aep.e p.ovaxa ncb; avto 7:0 olxovop.'xo rerovo", {Jetoxetat a' avdcpaofJ p.e TO ~{"xo p.a; aio{}7Jp.a. NO. ')'ta'll tS Mae~ de {}eflo.twoe ::note Tk xouuovv,oTtxe; TOV c5texdtx~oet; ::navw a' aV7:o, ,ua mo nolv navw ot~". ava')'xao7:tx~ xataeesvo7J 7:0V xecpalatoxealtxov 7:eo::nov na{!a')'w,),fj;, :nov neayp.a'lOnotsiwt xaTw an' TO. p.ana fla; xaDe p.eea ~lo xal mo nolv. ' .Aexeiw' va ::nsi ncb; ~ v:neea~{a d7Jp.tOvel'eiTat a::no anl~ew7:fJ le')'aola: aV7:o elvai Eva xa{}rx.eo xt anlo ')'8-')'0710;. ·!Jorooo, exeivo nov p.noeei VaVaL neea rta ::neea laDs}Abo ano olxovop.,xfJ lJ.notpfJ, p.::nogs;: vava, ax6fla OW07:0 an'
T~V IJ.Jf01pf} Tij~ Jfayxoop.ta~ IOToela~. "A'll 'f0 l]fhxo arO{Jf}p.a 'fij~ p.aC a~ {Jeweei Eva olxovop.txO yeyovo~, {):rew~ I1..lloT e 'f~ ~ov.1e{a x,,2 TO'll Uay~ea:reo~top.o, oav {Mtxo, av'fo ~el'X.vu :rech~ aVTo TC>. r~w TO yeyovo~ elva« p.ta lmplwof}: :rew~ II.1.1a olxovoptxa yeyovom ~f}p.wveyfJ{)f}xav :reov Xaef} o" aVTa TO :reeO)TO xa-ravTf}oe avv1torpoeo xa2 ~ev poeei va v:reooTf}e'X'fEi. Illoco, .1omov, a:re' T~V Tvmx~ olxovop.tx~ avaxelpua, poeei va xevpnat lJla :reo.1v :reeayp.anxo olxovop.txO :reeetexop.evo. eliTav I1.TO:reO va l:reexTa~ {)ovp.e ~w :reaea:refea :reaval O'f~ o:reov~atOTf}m xa2 T~V iOToeta Tij~ {}ewelac; yta T~V v:reeea~la.
M:reoeovp.e o'xop.a va pya.1ovp.e xt 1J..1.1a ovp.1teeaop.am a:re' 'f~ {Jewela yta T~V Mla TOV Ptxaevro xa2 TO xavap.e. <R Mia 'fWV lp.:reOeevp.O.Twv 1teoo~to!!lCera, a:re' 'f~V leyaola :reov O,:reatTEirat yuz T~V :reaeaywyfJ TOV~, <QOTOOO, avaxa.1v:rtlovp.e :rech~ oe 'fOVTOV TO'll 1tOvf}eo xoop.o Ta lp.:reoeevp.ara ayoeaCovmt f} :reaea-,- 1tavw f} 1taeaXaTw a:re' T~V a~la TOV~ xa2 xwel~ va v:reaexet UJw, wrw xt a:re.1ij 0XEOf} p.e Tk ~ta'Xvp.avoet~ TOV ovvaywvtop.ov. Ka{)ch~ TO :reOOOOTO XEe~OV~ [Xet p.taV loxve~ Taof} va ~taTaef}-{Jei oro r ~w l:re{:ree~o yta {);,ov~ TOV~ xerpa)..atO'XeaTE~, oi Ttp.e~ 'fWV lp.:reOeevp.aTwv TelVOVV va l.1aTTwoovv T~V MIa Eeyaola~ p.e T~V :reaefp.paof} 'fij~ :reeoorpoeii, xal Tij~ CfJTf}01]~. Ma d) no-. OOOTO XEe~OV~ v1to.1oylC erat ov p.rpwva pe TO ovvo.1txO xerpa.1ato :reov Xe1]0tp.o:reOteiTat oe p.ta ptop.1]xavtx~ lxp.eTa).ev01]. Mo.1aTaVla, 'Xa{)ch~ p.foa oe ~vo ~tarpoeenxov~ pwp.f}xavtxov~ x.1&~ov~ fJ lTfJota :reaeaywy~ poeei va lvowp.aTwoe, roe~ :re006T1]'feq leyaolaq, va :reaeOVot&ou t51].1. ioeq Mleq x, 6 p.to{)Oq uato-. eei va slvai 'ff) it5w {;1p1}).0~ OTOVq dvo aVTov~ xUt50Vq, Ta xerp(Uata 1tOV PeloxovTat oe xlv1]o1] p.:reoeovv va ylvovv xat ovxva ylvovia» dt:re).&ota f} Tem.1&ota OTOV eva f} OTOV 11..1).0'1' x).a~o, IS "op.or; Tijq a~{aq Toii Ptx&eV'fO, {):rew~ IS r dwq IS Ptx&eVTO TO, a"ax&.1V1pe xto.1aq, PeloxETat oe aVTlrpaof} p.e TO vop.o 106Tf}'faq TOV :reOOOOTOV xfe~ovq. Of Av Ta :reeoi'6vTa TWV dvo pwp.f}xavtxwv x.1&dwv :reov)'1]{}oiiv OT~V a~{a TOVq, 'fa :reooOo'faxEedovq de'll p:reoeoiiv vavat 7:(1 rdta. Ma xt ilv axop.a Ta :reOaOOTa xfe~ovq_
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12
elva: iaa, ~d nf}o("o"ra ~wv !5va fJtOft't1xavtxWv xladwv <5e)' nov_ ...ttOii"Tal, na,,~oii xal navra, a~~" Mta TOV~. "Exovpe loma" ltJw ptdv avrlqJaa1J, ptdv avn"opla avapeaa aTOv~ dvo olxovoptxOV~ "opov~. 'H nf}axTt"~ lva1J IJt"eTa,t avpqJwva pe ~o PiXaf}YTO (xeqJ. 10 lIJaqJ. 4 xal 5) xavovty.d {}:Tref} Toii noaoarov 'Xef}&ov~, ae fJaf}o~ Tijt; Mta~.
·.Qaroao, IS 'll:{!oa(jtOetapo~ ~ij~ a;lat; TO» Ptxaevw, p' ala Td o).E{}etu i,aeay.r1J(!tauxa rov EXet pta n).evea nov ~ov y.avet aran1JcC arov~ ara1?ov~ pa~ aarov~. Elvai ~ n1eved nov y.avet, p' axa~apaX1J~1J tJvvap1J, Ex"l1Ja1J aro a'i a{}1Jpa IJey.atOavv1J~ ~OVt;. LltxatOavv1'] "at laol1J't:a IJtxatwparwy, va of (jvo "o.iawe~ nov, pe ~~ fJo~{}eu1. TOV~, ~ aart"~ 7:a;1J 7:0V 180v xal 190v aloJVa ij{}eJ.e tId xdaet 7:0 xOtVWVtxO 7:1J~ oly.olJofl1J pa navw ara leelma TWV aIJt"£c:Ov, nov avtaor~7:w), 'Xat 7:WV qJeovlJaextxWV nf}ovoplwv. "OllWt; a:.rroIJBt~E. IS Maf};, la 'll:f}ar pany.o {}epUta nov navw a' aUTa olxolJop~{}1Jy.e xa{}e nO).tTtx~, vopo{}e7:tx?} xat qJt).oaorptx~ ldeo}..oy{a 7:ij~ aVyXf}ov1J~ aarty.ijt; lU;1Jt;, elvcu IS nf}0adtOf}wpot; 7:ijt; Mlat; 7:WV Epnoeevpa7:wv an' 7:fjv ,If}yaala "at 1 fjv eAeln')ef}1J aV7:Ullay~,
.noi: ylveio» avpqJwva pe TOVW 7:0 ltEr{]O Mla~, avapeaa ae xa- 7:0XOVI; p.e raa IJ,xatW,uara. '0 aya{}ot; ciarol;, po).tt; pa{}Et nwt; 7:0 perf}O TWV EpllO(}eVpUlWv elvai ~ Eeyaala, vtw{}et ,'a ll).1']YWV01'ltH pa{}ua 7:a "ala rov ala{}~para, all' rfjv xaxla tvOt; xoapo<' :Teat, naf}aMr.,erat Tvmxa r:OVl1'] TfjV a{}Xl} btxalov, l1.a not: ll{}uypauxa, ae xa{}e any Pft, TfjV netiie» arfjv lixerJ, xw{}k va axoTI?;erat. flav' an' o).ov~ 0 !J.t)~(}OaaTOt;, nov II ciuia If}yoola T01' - T~ auy fl~ pa).taw nov dev elva: (jtY.~ TaV po. TW" Ef}yaTwv TOV ~ TWV naeaYVtWV Tav - XaVet xW'}1Jpe(}tva 6).0£va xat mo no).v TfjV Mla T1Jt; an' TO avvaywvwflo ?:iit; pE.{'a)'1Jt; naeaywyij~ xat TW" P1JXavwv, :Tlav' all' OAOVt; IS ptxQollaeaywr6~, rpTavet va lm{}vfleL q;).oyef}a pta xoivcovl a, onov ~ aVTa).J.ar~ TWV nf}orOV'lWY, avpqJwva pe TfjV MIa leyaalat; nov El01)V, "d elva« neaypauxoTrl':a nUeta xal xwek l~aleea7J. M' d).).a lorta, IS pt,,{!onaeaywrol; avayxu?;erut va Aaxraeaet ptd xotvt»-
vla onov "a pao,i.svEt, anoxi.e,onxa x, <5AoXA'1eWTtXa '''0' po"a~"eo, "01'0' naearwr17' TaW 1pnoeevpQ.Tw", I'a noV "d nsewell;o"Ta, ot oeo, 1xsi,,0, noV xa"ov" anoTBi.eopanxo TOVTO" TO "01'0, ~1]i.a~~ ot ai.i.o, "01'0' noeorwr17' TOO" 1pn,oesvl'a-TOO" xa2 mo ooom:a of "01'0' T17' xspoi.a,oxeanx17, naearoor17'.
"H ofJTonla TOVT1] qe, elEs, noi." paOe,A, ell;e, OT~ oxe1p7J Toii ovxeo"ov l',xeoaoToii - nearpanxoii I} pa"Taonxoii. AVTO ano~s{x"sw, '" an" TO nw,: OTa 1831 ",oi.a" <5 rxeatii a"anTvEe ovo1:1]panxd T~" naeana"oo ovr:onla, nov ~ox,pQ.OT1]"S epneaxro xa2 ~,aM01]x8 xet"1] T~" 1nox~ OT~" • ArrAla, Oswe~Otj"s ad" ~ mo neOOpaT1] ai.~Os,a oTd 1842 ano TO),PO"1:pnSeTOV, OT~ rS(!l'a"ta xa2 o1:d 1846 an' TO" IIeov'lITo" OT~ Talllo: xa2 ~,ax1]eVXT1]XS, a"ol'a oTd 1871, an' TO PO"TpnSeTOV, ad i.vo1] 01:0 xo"'oo","o l;~T1]l'a xa2 ad" noi.'nx~ TOV ~,aO~x1]. • Axopa, oui 1884, OT~" i ~,a oVTonta neooxoi.i.,iTa, ~ a"oi.ov{}ta 8i.oo" 1xslvoo" nov neoonaOoiiv, xaToo an' TO Bvopa Toii PO"TpnSe1:0V', "d 1xpswi.leVT:Oii'll 1:0 ooatai.,opo Toii IIerooo,xot x(!aT:Ov,.
OR "etTtX~ T17, oV-,;onla, av-,;17" lr"'s TOOO 6i.oxi.1]eoope"1] an' -,;0 Mae~, l"a'llua OTOV lleov"To" ", l"a"na OTO rxeaW ("otw TO IIaeaeT1]pa ae. 2 OTO Tei.O' Toii lerov), noV pnoeoo "d nse'Oe'01:W MciJ oe pse,xe, naea-';1]e~Os" navw OT~V Esxooe'o-,;~ poep~ nov vto{}iT1]o, 6 PO)'TpnSe-,;OV, r,a va OSl'si.,woet xa2 )'a lxpeao81 TOVT1] T~), oVTonla.
·Onoo, TO qovps nsi: 6 PO"TpnSeTOV, ~eXSTa, T2, olseo)'op,,,e, a"Tli.~1f'et, T17' naea~oa1]' I'e 1:~V mo-,;~ poePTJ nov -,;oii Tk psw~w(J'av8 of ol"o"opoi.oro,. Liev xavet oilTS T~" staeal""e~ neoonaOsta vd 1:k 1nai.1]{}svos,. n· av-,;o", ~ Mla slva,«~ noooT'x~ lx-';[l'1]o1] l"o, nearp.a1:o, oxs1:,xd p.e ai.i.a, P8 p.BTeO T~" 1"-';[1'1]01] aV1:~». TOVTO, 0 1Ux,oTa OTBeSO', TO i.'r01:SeO, oe'op.o, pii' ~l"s, TO noi.v nOAv p,a" Mea r,a TO T£ tpalveia« ,,&va, nd"oo "a1:oo ~ a~ta, pd ~8), Uet ano).v-ca xinota r,a TO Tl elva: ~ a~la. • A)'U, p,a "at TOVTO, 0 oe'op.O, elva« ~).o '" 0;'0 an' 80a pnoesi vd p.-a, nsi 0 PO"TpnSeTOV~ ",d
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T1]V a,la, xaTala{Jalvovp.B .7lW!: avaC1JTau Eva pbeo a,la!: [,w ·d.7l· T1]V a,ta. • Acpoii rvelCBt OT1]V 1:1JX1J, xwel!: Ta'f), divet OTf]V '~la xenm'/!: )Cal T1]11 aVTaAla)CTt)Cf] a,ta, eXaTC) p.OeCPB!:, p.£ .)cBtVf) T1] M}v(J.p.f) acpaleeof)!: .7l0V {)avp.aCet a.7lBeaVW & )c • ., AvTOA.cp BarXVB(!, IS POvTp..7le(!Tov!: xaTalnrBt OTO OVp..7lBeaO,ua ~w!: ~EV {maexBt .7learp.a1:£'Xo p.£TeO Til!: a,la!: 'Xal .7lW!: .7lebru va .7leetoetoToiip.e 0' tva p.BTeO .7laea.7lavtoTO ([~w a.7l' a'lhtl ~ov {maexovv). Toiiw TO pBTeO Da p..7l0(!OiiOB vavat ~ leraola, 'WOTOOO p.ovaxa OT1]V .7leQl.7lTWOf) .7l0V DO. r£VoTav avraUarf] ·dvap.eoa O£ .7leoi'oVTI% a.7lo ioe!: .7l000Tf)Te!: leraola!:, Biu ~ .7lBel.7lUoof) elva« UBTOta )CaD' lavTf]" eiTe lxov,' .7laeet TO. p.BTea .. ~OV 1:1]v l'aocpa.tlCov". • A,ta '" leraola pBVOVV ETO' xwel!:
Tf]V .7lagap.t'Xef] .7learp.a1:£'X1] 0XB0f), p.' Blo .7l0V <Uaxeeo TO .7leiiho )cBcpa1ato 'XaTama"nat vd p.a.!: lEf)r~OBi mu.; )Cal r,aTl Ta lp..7loeevp.aw c'XoorlCovv leraola .. xal p.ovo leraola.
"H leraola .7la[everat, a)Cop.a p.td cpoea, P.E Tf] p.oecpf] .7l0V T~ OVVaVTo.p.e OTOV!: 01'Xovop.o10rov!:. Kt OilTB 'Xiiv mho. rtaTl /-,' ·810 .7l0V av~cpBeOVWt t5vo 10rta rttl Tf] c)tacpoea OTf]V lVTaO?] Til!: ·leyaola!:, ~ leraola .7laeOVOtaCeTat p.£ .7l01V revt'Xo T(}O.7l0 odv "a1:£ .7l0V «'Xoo.,;{Ce, ... , .7l0V elva: ~f)lac)1] p.BTeO ~la" ,0c)BveTat -dev eO~BveTat, ovp.cpwva p.£ TO P.BOO lJeo TWV op.a.tmv xOtVWVtXWV OVv,c}f)'XWV~ .. Av 01 .7laearwyol ~oc)evovv ~B'Xa p.Bee~ yta va cpTta,ovv .7leOi·&vTa .7l0V p..7loeoiiv va )CaTaO'XBvaOToiiv O£ p.ta "uea IJ Eot5evovv p.ovaxa p.ta rttl TOV f ~tO 0'XO.7l0, iiv xe'l0tp.o.7lotoiiv Ta )CalvTeea IJ Ta xet(!OTBea lerd.1Bia, iiv ~taDBTovv TO xeOVo 'l:i7' ~ov1e&a., TOV, yttl vd 'XaTao'Xevaoovv aVTt'XeluBva a.7laeat- 1:f)1:a "o",wvt'Xd IJ OT1]" a.7latTovp.BV'YJ 'Xotvwvt'Xa .7l000Tf)Ta; I1v ipTtaxVovv aV1:£'Xelp.eva .7l0V ~£v C1JTtOiivTat 'XaDolov, eiTE avTt'Xe[p.Bva .7loV C'YJTtoiivw, .7leetOoOTSeO I} ltroTeeo a.7l· 800 elva: dvar'Xf) - rtd 81a ToVW c)8 rlvna, loro,: ~ leraota elva» ~ .eeraala, TO .7leoiOv ·a.7lo p.u);" fOf) leraota .7leB.7let v· aVTaU&Ce- 1:at p.8 .7leoi'ov ana p.tdv ~llf) io'YJ leraola. "0 POVTp..7leeTOV!:, .:rov 08 'XaDe ~.tlf) neetnTWaf), 'siu EenlTYjc)e, eiTe 8X" elva, .:raVTa 11:otp.o, .."tl ovvraX-lBi P.E T1]V lDv,'X~ ~.7l0'lj}f) 'Xal va lE£-
'taaet Tk axeau~ TWV anop.ovwpiVWV naeaywyw" an' T~ ySV'''~ ~OtvWV"'~ axoma, Am» T' ano!psvys, 8Aa TOVTa P.6 !popo. Kat 'to ano!psvys, "ovo xat p.ovo y,aTt an' T~V neW'tfJ aea~a TOV p,PUov TOV, Teapas, <5MSra,a aT~v oVTonta TOV yeap.p.aT.'OV (p.nov) ieyaata~ xat y,aTl xa{}s avalvafJ Ti7~ ieyaala~ adv naeaYOvTa nov ~fJp.tove'{si Mta, {}aanSeVB aTo ~eop.o TOV a~BneeaaTa ip.no~,a. To 8VaTtXrO TOV POVTp.nSeTOV~ aTa{}fJxB ~w afJp.avTtxd mo ~vvaTo an' T~V a!pateBTtx~ TOV ~vvap.'1, nov ~6V p.n0eovp.B vd T~V avaxalv'IjJovp.s OTOV POVTp.nSeTOV~, y,art TOV xaeaxTfJetCBt - li~ TO novp.B aTd nBTaXTd -1j mo !pavse~ !pTWXBta I~Bwv.
To neeaap.a. aT~v oi,.,;onia yivBTa, P.6 p.,d Taxv~axTvloveria. m «~,aTa~sl~» (8sap.ot) nov ~a{}oeiCovv T~V avralJ.ay~ TWV ip.noesvp.aTwv avp.!pwva p.e T~V Mta ieyaaia~, ad v' axoMV{}OVV tvav anolVTo. xavova, ~6V naeOvataCovv xap.p.ld ~vaxoA.£a. "Olo, of allo, OVTOmar6~ aVTi7~ Ti7~ TaafJ~' an' TOV rxealii W~ TOV IleovvTov, paaavlCovTal r,d vd ins~BeyaaTovv I'd xotvwv,xd pi-cea nov neenBl vd neayp.aTono,~aovv mhov TO axono. Ileoana{}ovv Tovlax,aTO vd lvaovv TO ol~ovop.'xO neoplfJp.a dno olxovop.'xov~ ~(!op.ov~, XaefJ aT~ ~e&a1J TOV ~aTolOV ip.noesvp.aTwv nov T' avwllaCs,. r,d TO POVTp.nSeTOtJ§:, rlnow ~6V elva« mo <inlo. Idv xaU~ newaao~, anBv{}vvsTa, aTo "eaTo~. ., Eva avay~aaTtxo ~,awy p.a Ti7~ i~ovata~ in,p&lls, T~ p.BTaef!v{}p.,a1J'
"Eto« lo,nov «n(!oa"'OetCsTa,,. nBTvXfJp.eva, 1j a~la, p.d lJXt ~, 1j n(!OT seatoTfJTa yui TOVTOV TOV n(!oa"'Oeta p.O nov ~'sx(),'fOVaB <5 POVTp.nSeTOV~. • A vd{}sw , <5 nieaW xa{)w~ ~, <5 Mneatv - avap.saa ae nollov~ allov~ - y,d nolv ~,aaT'iJp.a ~al avxva netV an' TO POVTp.nS(!TOV~, llByav xal ~avalsyav ~aTa ~oeo T~V i ",a axe'IjJ1J: na(!axalovaav svAaIJtxa vd nae{}ovv 'ta piTea exsiva nov, Xae1J a' avro, Td ep.nO(!Svp.aTa ()~ aVTalUCovwv navw, nae' 8la Ta ip.no",a, p.6vo aVp.qlwva p.6 't~v Mia ieyaata~ nov aVTlneoawnsvqvv.
Mtd ~al 'to X(!aTO' 6santaBl 8'ta, T~V a~la - 'tovlaxtaTO y,d
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t"a "ue~ dn' Td neOro"Ta, rtaTt & PO"T!l3UJeTOVft elva« ueT~t6qJeO"aft - {JaCet a8 ~v~lorpoela TO reap.p.ano TOV leraalaft son bon de travail, TO neo~aTa{Jallet aTOVft {Jtop.~xa"OVft ~StpaA.a£OHeaTSft Hat TOUTO£ n).:YJeowov" p.' atiTd 'COVft leranft. Of lera'Cllft dr0e&Cov" TO't"S Td neo;:O"Ta P.8 't"d reap.p.ana leraa£aft nov nijea" ~t 1mTeenov" ITa, "d ~a"ae{}e£ TO xaeTO"op.,ap.a a't"~" drpe't"'YJela TOV. Iloao {}avp.aa£a, rl"eTa£ aVTO p.ii~ TO p.a{}al"e, & i6toft & PO"Tp.neeTOV~:
«"Oao r£d TO 6SVTeeO TOUTO" 15eo, 6d neTvxovp.S T~ 6£aT~1J noV dna'TBi waTe Ij {Je{Ja£w"u"1J na"w aTO reap.p.ano ~la, "d {Jela~sTa£ nearp.an~d a8 Hvxlorpoela, 1mTeeno"'taft "d nale"s, reap.p.ano p.o"axa I5nowft naea6l"et d1'YJ6t"d neo;:o", Ila"w aTo reap.p.aTio {}d a'YJp.suh"llTa£ P.8 d.'xel{Je£a Ij noaoT'YJTa leraolalt nov xeS£aaT'YJHs r£d "d r£"et TO neo;:o", "Onoio: naea6l"e, neol'o", nov aXel 6vo p.eeelt 60vle£a, nale"e£ reap.p.ano nov elva« a'YJp.e£w"u,,'YJ c6vo p.eeeft ... '0 ()evTSeOft 15eoft {}d nearp.aTono£'YJ{}ei d"arHaanHd P.8 T~" ma't"~ T~e'YJa'YJ aV1:ov TOU Ha"o"a aT~" lH6oo'YJ. Ivp.rpw"a P.8 't"~" vno{)sa~ p.alt, Ij dl'YJ{}~"~ ~la TW" dra6w" {JelaH8'J:at a' d"alor1a P.8 T~" noaoT'YJTa leraolaft nov Xee£aoT'YJHs "d : r1"otJ" Hat TOVT'YJ Ij nooo't"'YJTa leraalaft IXe£ od p.eTeO, T~ ()£aleea'YJ 'lOU xeo"ov noV Xee£aoT'YJxe. "Ono£oft naea()l"e£ t"a neoro", nov r£d "d fPT£a'l,Tsi 'l,eSraaT'YJHa" 6vo "ueSft 60vle,a, HaTarpee"e£ "d 'lOU {Je{Ja,w6e'E oihe neetooOTeeO o~Te ltroTeeo dn' a/no nov naee6wae nearp.at'tHa. K£ dxop.a xa6roft aVTOft p.o"axa nale"e£ p.£d TeTo£a {Je{Jalwo'YJ nroft I'l,et {Jals. nearpanxd t"a neoro" 08 xvxlorpoela, elva» TO i6,0 alroveo nroft" Mta,,, xa'Careap."u,,'YJ na"w 0'C0 reap.p.ano, elva« Zxa,,~ "d n1'YJeox1Il£ T~" xot"w"la. ·O'Ca" <5 xa"o"alt aVTOIt lrpaepooni xala, 8ao x, 11'1' t?el~aov" "d nA.a'Cv"ov" T~ orpaiea 'lOU xaTal-'eetOpoV OT~" leraala, TO n 0 a 0 6 , a t? e 0 £ P. 'YJ It dE t IX ft neene, "d"a, dxe'{JWft Loo P.8 'Co no 0 0 {J e {J a £ wI-' e " 'YJ It d Eta,: Kal xa{}roft TO nooo /Je/Jatw"u"'YJft d~laft d"a, dxe£/JWft TO nooo 'Cijft d"ar"we£al-'e"'YJft ,,£d nl1Jewl-'~ d~l~, Ij ~la TOV'C'YJ neens, d"arxaanxd ,,' d"alv{)ei aT~ 6£a{)eatp.'YJ
Mla. ., Eeo: 8AS~ oi dnatr~ost~ lxa"onocoii"Tat xt n lxxa{)a(}to'YJ elva: oroo'Cr/,> (od. 166, 16i).
"Av (D~ Ta ufJ(}a & pov'Cp.nS(}'Cov~ s!xs T~" SV7:Vxla"a qmlost nOAv d(}ra p,A -ck d"axaAvV'St~ 'COV, TOV'C'YJ T~ qJo(}a TOVAaXto'Co, &~ll,;et "a 'Coii o."ar"ro(}{oovp,s xanota n(}ro'CoTvnta: xavsk an' 'Cov~ &"unaAov~ 'Cov ~Av slxs 'COAp,fJost va {)woSt 0'C~" d"o'YJ'C'YJ oinonia 'Coii r(}ap,p.a'Ciov l(},'aota~ TOV'C'YJ 'C~ qJo(}p,a, T~" dnAoi"xa natdtao'Ctx'YJ, 'C~" o.A'YJ0t"a nop,s(}avtx~ {)IJ.Asra. Mta xal rta xa{)s r(}ap,p.ano l(}raola~ na(}adl"s'Cat E"a d,'uxslp,s"o o.n{o'COtX'YJ~ Mla~ xal xa"i"a o."T"es{p,s"o d~la~ ~A" na(}aM"sTat ma na(}a p,o"axa ft' Eva o.,,'C{o'CotXo r(}ap,p,ano, d"arxaouxa 'Co nooo nov avun(}ooronsvov" 'Ca r(}ap,p,aTta, XaAVn7:8'Cat p,A 'Co nooo noV a,,'Ctn(}ooronsvovv 'C. o."nxslp,s"a M{a~. ·0 AOra(}taop,o~ rl"S7:at r.w(}l~ "a p,i"et 'Co na(}ap,tx(}o ~nOAotno, elva: oroo'Co~ !D~ 'Co IJsV'CS(}OAsn'CO 1J0VA8t(i~ xal dA" vna(}xst a"w7:8(}o~ vnaAJ.'YJJ.o~ o'Co d'YJp,ooto xaueio, 000 xt liv aoneloavs 'Ca p,aAAta 'Cov 0'C~ dovAua, noV "a p.no(}si "a p(}si o" avdw TO na(}ap,tx(}o AU{)O~. T{ "a no{)~oovp,s nto nOAv i
I'C~ o'YJp'S(}t1·~ xSqJaJ.atox(}anxfJ xowowla, xa{)s xstpaAatoxea'C'YJ~ {Jtop,~xa"o~ na(}UrSt ovp,qJwva p,B 'C~ {}sA'YJofJ rou, o,n {HASt, onw~ {)iASt xt 000 {)aSt. ·H nooo'C'YJ'Ca noV anat'Csi'Cat xot"wvtXU, p,i"et rt' aVlov tva ar"WOlO p,8rS{}0~ xt ar"osi Tn" noto'l'YJ7:a 7:(OV avuxup,i"rov nov l,;'YJuoiivwt 8nro~ xal Tn" nooo'C'YJ'lU 'lov~. Ks,vo noV o~p.t~(}a IJA p,no(}s, ya ~o{)si OTn" arO(}a a(}xs'la r(}~rO(}a, p,no(}si Ya n(}00qJ8(}SWt av(}to na(}anu"ro o.n' Tn l,;fJ'C'YJO'YJ. ·!JO'lOOO, tp'lUVSt va lxavonotsi, xovToa OT(}a{Ju, Tn l,;~'C'YJo'YJ xal rSvtxa ~ naearrorn (}v{}p,ll,;swt 7:8A",a p,A {Juo'1 'C. aY'ltxstueva nov exovy l,;fJ'l'YJo'YJ. I1w~ n(}arp,a'lonotsi'Cat ~ ovftqJt).{ro0'YJ aiJ'Cij~ 'Cij~ a"dqJao'YJ~ i MA TO OVyarrovtop,6. Kal nw~ qJ'lU"OVp,S as 'lOV'l'YJ Tn AVO'YJ i • AnAOVOTa'Ca. PtXVOYTa~ xUTro an' Tny a~la l(}raola~ 'COv~, 'la lp,no(}svltaw noV dA" ~odsvovmt, SiTS rta 'Cn" not6'l'YJ'lu 'COV~ si7:8 rta 'CnY nooo'l'YJ'lU TOV~, ItB Tny 'Cro(}Wn xaulom0'YJ l,;fJ'l'YJO'YJ~ an' 'lnV «oivowla, xuvo"w~ itA 'Coiho" TO" nA&rto 'l{!ono 'lOV~ naearwrov~ va ytwoOVY nw~ eqJua~a" &A6-
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'lEAa o.'X,e'YJara avTt"elp,l!:va ~ n(h~ l'X,ovv !pnaeet neetaaevovp,ev'YJ o.'X,e'YJaT'YJ noa6T'YJw an' aVTa. ' Ano TOVTO {Jyaivovv t5vo neaypasa :
IIewTO : . .nw~ Ot at5ta"o.ne~ £"Teone~ aTI~ np,e~ TWV £p,.noeevp,aU1Jv, ae a'X,ea'YJ p,e Ttlv Mia TOV~, elva: 0 anaeah'YJTo~ oeo~ .nov p,6vo an' aVTOV ~ Mia TWV £p,noeevp,au1Jv p,noeei. va t5taT'YJeeiwt (va v.nae'X,Et). M6vo p,e ·d~ t5ta"vp,avaet~ TOV ovvayoivtap,ov "at "aTa ovve.nEta TWV np,rov TWV £p,nOeevp,aTwv, neayuaconoteira: 0 v6p,0~ Tij~ Mla~ aT~v ep,.noeevp,an"~ .naeaywy~ "at ylveio: neayJ-taTt,,6T'YJW 0 neoot5toetap,o~ Tij~ Mla~ an' TOV "OtVWVt"a avay"aio 'X,(l6vo eeyaala~. IIw~ ~ p,oerp~ .naeaawa'YJ~ Tij~ Mla~, .nw~ ~ up.~ ['X,Et, "aTa yevt"o "av6va, p,ta oA6reAa t5tarpoeeTt"~ o"P'YJ, an' T~V OlJ1'YJ .nov q>aveeroVEt, aVTo elvai Eva Tv'X,aio .neetaTaTt"o "at .nov avp.{JalvEt p.e TI~ suo .nOAU~ "otvwvt"e~ a'X,eaet~. IIoAv av'X,va, 0 {JaatAta~ Alyo p.otaCet p.e T~ p.ovae'X,la nov avnneoaw.neVEt.
Mfaa ae p.ta xoivowla .naeaywywv, .nov aVWAAaCovv TO. £p,.nOeevp,aTa .TOV~, TO va &t.Aovp,e va .neoat5toelaovp,e T~V Mla a.n' TO xe6vo £eyaaia~, anayoeevovw~ ad) avvaywvtap.o v' ano"awaT'llaet aVTov TOV neoat5tOetap,o Tij~ aela~, aT~ p.ovat5t"~ p,oerpf] .nov p,.noeei va ylvEt, emt5eroVTa~ .navw otl« Ttp,e~, elva» aa va t5el'X,vovp.e .nro~, TOvAa'X,taTO a' aVTo TOV Top,ea, enn:ee.neTat ~ avv'YJ&tap,ev'YJ oVTOm"~ .naeayvroeta'YJ TWV oZ"ovop.t"WV v6p.wv •
.det~TeeO: '0 avvaywvtap,6~, .neayp,a7.0notrovw~ TO v6p,0 Tij~ aela~ aT~v ep..noeevp.an"~ naeaywy~, ae p,ta "otvwvla naeaywywv .nov aVWAAaCOVV TO. ep..nOeevp.aTa TOV~, &ep,eAtrovu, p,' aVT6, .",at "aTw a.no Oetap.evov~ oeov~, T~ p.6v'YJ Tae'YJ "at T~ p.6v'YJ oeyavwa'YJ .nov elva: t5vvaTe~ aT~v "Otvwvt"~ .naeaywy~. M6vo a.n' TO .neatp,o ~ TO ave{Jaap,a aTI~ np,e~ TWV .neOr6VTWV oi a.nop.ovwp,evot .naeaywYOt £p,.nOeevp,aTwv p.a&alvovv, OT~V "ap,.novea TOV~, ano .nota .neoi6vTa "at ae .nOta .noa6T'YJTa l'X,Et avay,,'YJ ~ xotvowla, MOAawvw, TOVTOV rata rata TO eV&p.taT~ &eAet va "awey~aet ~ oVTo.nla, nov TO p.eeo~ T'YJ~ .nalevEt 0 P6vp..neeTOV~. Kal aav TOV ewTfip,e .nOta Byyv'YJa'YJ l'X,ovp.e .nw~
~e i?d naeaxu;i naed ~ noa6'lfJ1:a nov xeua(;eTat ano ~a{}e neoi'6v, nw~ ~e {}d p,a~ lelVlet OVT:t a1:aet 01he ~eea~, EVW ~ ~axae1J ano na1:(;aeta {}d neetaaevet ~al {}d nl1Jp,p,vel(;ovp,e a1:o natoxooivonvevua, 3'C(h~ ~e (Hlxovp,e md llletVl1J ano navT:tl6- vta "td I'd a~enaaovp,e 1:~ yvp,vta p,a~, EVQ) {}d nl1JUalvovv ~a1:d bW1:opp,veta 1:d ~ovp,md ytd awfJea~a - 0 P6v1:p,3teewV~ Uetap,fJtxd 1:6Te pli~ ~el'X,'u 1:01' neelcp1Jpo loyaetaap,6 1:0V nov avp,tpcova p,' avrov Oetae lva awa1:o mawnot1Juxo ytd ~a{}e ll1:ea ~&xae1J nov neetaaevet, ytd ~aUe fJaeE).t olv6nvevp,a nov ~ev .ayoea(;ewt, YUI ~a{}e aXe1Jatp,Onol1JTo ~ovpnl ~vl6w~, loya'etaap,o~ nov elvai «awa1:o~" nov «r~avonotei ole~ 7:l~ avay~e!:, ~al nova' avrov ~ ExxaUaeta1J elvat awanl». "Onoio« ~ev '7:0 mar:evet, bAY lXet naed v' anevUvvUei arov x, X .. , TOV aVW1:eeO Tap,ta~O imall1Jlo wv ~1Jp,oalov xeeov~ ar~v Iloueoavla, nov l~haae 1:0 loyaetaapo ~al 1:01' fJe~xe awa1:o ~al p,noeovp,e va TOV i?eweovpe n(b~ M aratJ.1J~e not]: {mev{}vvo~ ovr:e ytd lva latJ.or; awv~ wp,ta~ov~ wv loyaetaap,ovr;.
"Ar; ~ovp,e 1:Wea llyo 1:~V acpeleta nov p,' avr~ 0 P6v1:p,neeTOVr; lUlu I'd ~amey~aet 1:k fJwP1J'Xavtxe~ ~t Ep,nOet~er; ~e{oete , p,8 1:~ fJo~{}eta 1:~~ ovwnla~ rou, ' Ano 1:6r:e nov ~ ep,3toeevftaux~ naea,'Oly~ n~ee 1:k ~taaTaaetr; 1:~r; nay~6ap,ta~ ayoelir;, ano lvav ~aTa~lvap,o aV1:~~ 1:ijr; ayoelir;, ano p,td Ep,3tOetx~ ~elar;, anoxar:aara[ver:at ~ laoeeonlo. avap,eaa a1:ovr; anop,ovwp.evovr; naeaywYoVr;, noV naeayovv ytd ~t~6 1:0V~ loyaetaap,o, ~al a1:~v ayoea, nov yt' avr~v naeayovv, p,d nov ~e" ~e(!ovv 1:~ (;~r1Ja1J, navw - ~aTw, ae noa6r'11:a ~al not6n'}Ta (1).
1) TOVACtxUnO a\ml -liTav 1'1 KCX'T6:O"1'cxaT') oos TCx 'l"EAEV'l"cxicx TOVTCX Xp6vlcx' 'ATfo T6TE TfOV 1'1 'AyyAlo. X6:VEI OAOEIICX Kcxl mplaa6'l"Epo TO 110- VOTf(.OAIO C'TI'}v Tfcxyt<6aI1ICX ayop6:, aTf' Ttl C1UI.IIlETOxtl TfjS fcxAAlcxS. TfjS rEpJ.l.CXIIlcxS Kcxl TfPOTf6:v'l"Co:lV TfjS 'AIlEPIKfjS, 0"1'0 SlEeveS ~IlTf6PIO, ~VCXs KCXIVOVPYIOS Tp6TfOs laoppoTflcxs CPCXCVETCXI TfooS Tf6:e1 v' aTfoKCX'TcxO"1'cx6Ei. "H TfEploSos TfjS yevIKfjs EVT')IlEpICXS TfOV TfCXpOVal~E'l"CXI rrplv &n' Tis KplaelS Se SCx TfCXpOval6:~ETcxI ylCx Tf6:V'l"CX. KI O:V cxVT~ gAEITfE, IIICx Xp6vlcx cTrcxalll6- TT)TCX, Il' ~ACXcppeS SlcxKVIl6:lIaelS, 6cS:Tav 1'1 KCXVOVIKtl KCX'T6:O"1'cxaT') TfjS aliyxpoVT')S 13101lT')Xavlcxs. (~T')I1. -EvYKEAs).
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.. Av TVXOV lpno{)[aovp,e TO avva,),wvtap,o 'I'd "ap,et 1:0V, anop,o~wp,Svov, naea')'w')'ov, 'I'd" p,a-{}ovv Tf/v "aTaamo1] Tij, a,),oea, an' T' aVEPaap,a 1} TO nEatp,O 1:WV up,WV, 1:0V, a1:eaPcbvovp,e <UOTl!la. Nd "aTev{Jvvovp,e 1:1]'1' lpnoeevp.aWt1] naea')'w')'1] lTat nov 01 naea')'w')'ol 'I'd p~ pnoeo:;;v va ~eeovv xlnoxa ')'td T~V "a- 1:aawa1] Tij, a,),oea" nov ')'t' ai'JT~ naea')'ovv, elvac ad 'I'd {Je{Jovlte 'I'd ')'taTebpovp,e 1:l, "etae" p,' Eva 1;e6no nov "t 0 ')'ta- 1:eO' Eisenhart #d pnoeovae 'I'd 1;1]Abpet TO P6VTpnee1;OV,.
Kawlapatvovfte1:cbea ')'taTl 0 P6np,neeTOV, neoadwel1;et 1:~V Mla TWV lp,nOeevp,aTwv an' 1:~V naeaywy~, liv "t' wOT6ao avayvwel1;et dta<poeeu"ov~ pa{}p,ov~ a1:~v lvma1] leraolq.,. "Av avaewu6Tav ')'tad "at nw~ ~ le')'aala d1]p,wveysi a~Ea "at ae aVVEXeta T~V neoodwel1;et "at 1;~ p,eTeaet, (J(1pmve aT~v ava,),"ala "Otvwvt"d leyaala, ava,),,,ala ')'td 1;0 ~eXWeta1:o neor6v, 1:6ao oe aXEo1] p,e T' (1Ala neor6vm TO:;; ;:dwv e;:dov~, Boo "at ae aXeo1] p,e 1;~ (Jvvo'lt"~ no067:1]Ta nov anatuimt "otvwvt"a.
eapwve a7:o ne6ph]pa: nw~ neoaaep,61;e7:CJ.t ~ naea')'w')'~ 7:WV aJlOp,OVWp,evwv naea')'wywv a7:~ avvo).t"~ "OtVWVt"17 1;fJ7:1]a1] "at 7:6u~ OAa"ee1] ~ ofJ,TOnEa 1:0V {}d. "amv7:ovoe advVa1;1]. TovT1] 1:~ poea .nga,),p,au"d.: neodp1]oe 'I'd. "avet apaleeo1]: E"ave apalee01] TOV neoPU/pa1:o~ :lTOV Eneene 'I'd. AVoet.
"A~ Ef!{}ovp,e dAO~ aTo a1]p,eio nov 0 Povp,neel0V~ p,a~ neoapeeet tU1]t?u·d. ,,/Ju 'XatVOve')'w, (]1;0 a1]peio nov 1:0'1' ~excoel1;et an' {J).ovs TOV~ nOAvaeU? p,ov~ ovvaMApov~ 1:0V a1:~v oeyavwa1] Tij~ aVTa).,ta')'ij~ pe 7:d. ')'eap,p,aua le,),aotaq, KaOe naea')'wyo~ nebw 'I'd. naEe"et o).ay-ee1] r"" Mla E(!')'aolaq nov lxu-7:o neoi'6v 1:0V, Ikivca o" afJro 8).ot TOVq elvai avp,pwvot, an' 1:0'1' r"ealii W~ 1:0'1' II(!oVVl6v. Ka{)6).ov, Uet aV1:l{}em 0 P6VTpneeTOVq. OR p,ta{}w1;~ leyaala "t ~ lxp,e1:a).).evafJ T1]~ avvexl1;ov1:at.
IIewt.a neW7:CJ. dev pnoeei 'I'd. {maf!let "otvWVt"7J "a1:aama1] nov a' afJr~ 'I'd. p,noeei 0 leya1;6p,evoq, 'I'd. nalevet oU"ee1] 1:~V Mla nov EXet TO neoi'ov 1:0V ')'td. 1:~ dt"fJ TOV "amVaAW01]. Td. Eooda TlOV naea,),ovmt neenet 'I'd. P01]t?fJaovv p,to. aeteo. {m1]eeoEeq, ol"ovop,t"o. liXt naea')'w')'t"l~
pa dnaeal-r:fJT£~. nehlet lotnov va ovvrfJefJ{}o;'v ra neoowna nov rl~ lxulovv. Aiho elva: dlfJ{hvo rta Boo {}a Xeal1]oet 0 afJpeetVO~ X(l.TapeetOpO~ rfi~ 8eraala~, IA pta «oivowla noV reVtxa f] naearwrtxfJ leyaola {)arav {moxeeoJ7:txn, xotvwvla nov pnoeei xavsva~ va r~ «cpavwarei» f] naearne'}OfJ de odxemt. eapeve a"opa f] dvar"fJ rta Eva ovoaweevpsvo xotvcoVtxO ano{)epanxo xecpalato xal TOU~ of le~'au~, d'f}A.ad~ olo~ o "00 po;, {)axrzv or~ xa7:0X~ xal rta XenofJ TOV oA.axeeO ro neoi'ov roue, I!a "al')e anopovwpsvo~ leyarfJ~ (Jev 17' anola{Jatve (UaxeeO TO lTeoi'ov ri7~ 8eraala~ TOV •
• H ovvrnefJofJ rwv olxovoptxa oxt nrzeaywrtxWv vnfJeeotwv dn' ro neorov ri7~ 8eraola~ dey naealelcprfJ"e an' TOV~ aA.lov~ o(,To:rrtare~ rov reapparlov 8eyaola~, "Dorooo &cpnvovv TOV~ leyare~ va neay/wronotnOOvv ol idtot rl~ "earnoet~ 1'1' a(,rov TO oxono, &xolov{)wvw~ 8dw T~ avvrJ{)toptv'fJ drJpo"ea7:tx~ poda, lvw 0 Povrp,neeTOV~_ nov oA.a"eerJ f] "OtVw"t"n rov peTaeeV{}ptorJ TOV 1842 elvai "oppsvfJ lTa,'w ala x,'aeta TOV newootxoV Xea7:0v~ lxel vrJ~ Ti7~ llTOxfi~, T' &cpnvet 81a or~v xelarJ rfi~ reacpetoxearta~, nov "a{)oetr,et avsxxA.fJrfl (XVetae'Xtxa) rfJ pee{~a rov lel'alrJ navw oro neorov rfi~ i dta~ TOl1 Tlj~ leyaola~ "al TOV ro dcpn,'et pe TMrJ, FvyeVtxa !
"Enetra, f] lyyeta neooodo~ "al ro "sedo~ nesnet ,'a l~axolov{}noovv va c)taTfJeOvVrat. llerz)'p-anx&, of yatoxTnpove~ xt of {JtopnXavot xecpalatoxearer; l"uA.ovv oeto,ulve; J.etToveyle~, xotvwvtxa 'lenatpe~ "al pdA.toTa anaealrrJre~, li,- xal ae per&lo {Ja{)po oxt naeal'Wrt"e~ olxovo,ut"d, xal nalovouv 0' aJlul,uaYPIl tva eldo~ a"rtpto{}{a~, n(l0fJodo "al ;dedo; - avdlrJ'lfJrJ noV del' elvtu xa{}olov xatvoveyta, &"opa "al C'Ta 1842. T'ta va nov,ue T~ &lnl?eta, nalevovJl 0n/teea naf!a no,ua rta TO ).{ro nov xdvovve Xt &exera aOXfJpa paltow. Ma 0 POJlrplTeerov~ lXet &v&r"fJ ano pta neovoptovxa ra~fJ, rovJ.aXtoro yta rd nevwxoata lexopella xeOvta, xt &xopa "al TO nooooxo Tlj~ vna(l~ta~, rta va lxcpeaorw ooxnsi, nesnet va tJtan7erJ{}ei, pd xOJel~ va fl1l.0eei v' aV~fJ{}ei. '0 PovrflneQ7:0v; d8'lETat od orJflef!tvo nooooto rfi~
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22
{mae~ta~ 2000]0. AVTO {)a nei nw~, rta IUa peea c)oVAllt(i~ c)w(Jexa (OeWV, 6 eeraT1]~ c)ev {ja naeet (JeAdo rta c)wc)exa wee~. aAAa pova'X,a rta TEaaeee~ wee~, xt axopa nro~ ~ Mta nov naearewt peaa oite vnOAotne~ Dxrro wee~ va neenet va pOteaaui avapeaa aro ratoxr~pova xal aTov xupaAatoxeaT'Yj. Td reappaua eeraata~ TOU PovTpneeTOV~ elva« niea rta neea 1pevTtxa, po. ne1net velvat xaveva~ rpeovc)aeXtxO~ l(JtoXT~T'Yj~ art}v IIopeeavta rta va rpavTaarei nro~ {)a fJetaxOTav eerame~ Ta~'Yj nov {ja avprpwvovae va c)oVAeVet c)w(Jexa wee~ rta va nateveL reap,uaTto leyaata~ rta daae!!e~ wee~ ... Av perarpeaaet «avel~ Tl" Taxv(JaxTvAoveyte~ Tfj~ xerpaAato'Xeanxij~ naeaywyfj~ ae TOVr1] T~V anAoi'''~ rAwaaa, nov naeOvataCeTat aav 6AOrpaveeYJ xAe1pta, Tore T~V xaveL a(Jvvar1]. K<l{Je reappano nov (Jlvet aTOv eeraT1] {jaTav pta apefJ1] neOleA'Yja1] rta avraeala xai {ja upw!!torav avprpwva pe T~V na(!ar(!arpo 110 TOV naevixov 'Xw(Jtxa Tfj~ re(!~avtxfj~ aVrOX(!al ooiac, LJev neenet vliXEt c)ei xavel~ aAAo n(!OAera(!tclro l~w ano xeivo a' lIla xlfjpa lvo~ XW(!taT1] IIope(!avoiJ evnar(!t(J'Yj, n(!OAera(!taTo pe(!oxapauae1](Jwv, n(!arpaUXa axe30v ae c)ovAela, nov fJaatAeVet TO ~VAO xal TO paar£rtO, nov OAa TO. (Jpo(!rpa xo(!lrata TGV 'X,OJ(!toV av~xovv aro 'X,a(!ept TOV Xa(}tTWpevov TOV~ arpevr'Yj, rta va rpavraaT.ei nro~ pno(!ei va xapet na(!opote~ neoafJoAe~ aTov~ e!!rare,. MOAaTavTa oE avvr1]e'YjTtXot pa~ elva: oE mo peya40t lnavaaTare~ pa~.
Ma 11'1' of e(!rare~ elva« a(!XeTa xaAofJoAot rUl ,'a uelvovv eVlaetar'Yjpevot nro~ evw (JovAe1pav aXA'Yj!!a (Jw(Jexa rtOpaT£~ wee~, aT~ n(!arpUuxor'Yjra (JovAe1pav povaxa riaaeee~, TOre {ja TOV~ eyyv'Yjf}ovv, aav iivrapotfJ~, nro~ o" OAOV~ TOV~ alwve~ TO pot(!a(Jt TOV~ a110 TO neoi'ov Tfj~ i(Jta~ TOV~ Tfj, e(!raata~ c)e {ja neaet XalW an' TO eva Tello. Ir~v n(!arpaTt'X01'YjTa, a{)fO elva» ad va :7TalCur; TO (J)eono Tfjr; peJ.AOVTtxfjr; 'Xotvwvtar; ae pta nat(Jtx~ T(!ovpnba. LJev MlCet 10'1' xono va ~oC)bpovpe aa'Xona OVle pta U~'Yj md navw ae TOVTO TO C~T'Yjpa. KaTa avvenEta, OAO OAO TO xaLvOVerto, nov neoarpe(!et <5 P6VTpne(!TOV~ al~v oV'ronla TWV r(!appaTtwv e(!raalaf;, elva« nat(Jtaauxo xal nOAv XaTWTe(!O an'
l'd l(}Ya l'aW :no),vaet{}p,wp ap1"t:naJ.aw TOV, :nelp 'Xa{}cb~ '" v(]'J:eea a:n' avrop.
Ttd T~P l:nox,~ :nov lX(JO{}f)'Xll 'Co Zur Erkenntniss 'Xd. 'Cov PoP'Cp,:nee'Cov~ ~rap pepata of)p,apuxo ptP)'(o. N' axo),ov{}f}oet 'C~ {}ewela 'Cov Pt'XaeVTO o" avr~ 'C~P 'XaT:tvl}vPof), ~'Cap p,td aeXf}:noV l(Jtpe {mooxeoet~. "Ap 'Xal 'Co leyo TOV POP'Cp,:neeTOV~ o'C&'{}rJxe pewT:lletO p,o~ p,opax,a ytd 1'0P l' (Jto 'Xal ytti 'C~ Feouavia, WOTOOO qmJ.vet yel'txd o'Co l'(Jto V1pO~ p,A 'Xeipo :nov sqnaoap of xa),VT:teOt "Ayy),ot :neo(Jeop,ol 'COV. Md avro (JAp ~'Cap n?ed p,td aex~ - :nov ~ {}ewela (JAp p.:noeovoe va lJ.:nlCet :neayp,aux~ 6JqJaeta :naed a:no p,ul 'XaT:Ompf}, {}ep,e),ta'Xf}, xe':' 'Ctx~ eeyaola. '!Jo'Cooo, TovrrJ ~ lU),t;f) omp,a'Caet l(J(i) ytal't, a:n" 'C~P aex,f}, 0 PoP'Cp,:nee'Cov~ OTeeqJet 'C~v ava:nTv;f) 'Cov Pt'Xaepro 0" aUf) xaT ev,? vvof) 'C~P xaT ev{}vP0f) 'Cfj~ oinonla«, "A:no TOV'Cf) 'C~ ouy p,f} I xapemt ~ :neov:n6{}e0rJ ytd Xo.l? e xetUxf}: ~ (j"e;ae'Cf)ola. '0 POPlp,neeT:OV~ leyaorf)xe a:no 'Core p," Eva o'Xo:no :nov lpa),e a:no :nelp: eytpe 0 olxopop,o),oyo~ :nov apf}xet oA p,td oetop,epf)' 'Caof). Mtd xt &e:naX'Cf)'Xll ano 'C~P oVT:O:nla rov, a:nox),e{ll' o'Cop lav'Co T:OV xaOe (Jvva'Co'CfJT:a ytd lmaTrJflovtx~ :neoo(Jo. • A:no 'Cd 1842 w~ 'Co {}aparo 'Cov, a'CetrpoyvelCet !leoa o'Cov l'(Jto 'Xv'X),o, apap,ao&.et 'Ck l' (Jte~ lMe~ :nov elxe xto),a~ eXqJeaoet el'T:ll v:no(Je{;et o'Cd :ne0rJyov!lepa seya T:OV. Nu/){}et :ncb~ 'COP :naeaYPWetoa», Peloxet ;7lcb~ rop ),f}o'Cll1pap I ep';' (JAp v:nijexe xlnoxa pd 1'0V 'X)'bl'ovv, xal oro d),o~, p,d OXt x,wek oxo:no, aepttra, pd :naea(Jex,'Cei ncb~ oro pa{}o~ (JAp elx,e W07:000 ava'Xa),v1pet 7:l:nom :nov pd !l~P elx,e apmw),vqJ{}ei xto),a~ e(J(i) xai :no),vp xateo.
Elpat OXe(J/jp apwqJe),o pd :na!2ar.f)ef}oet 'Xapei~ :ncb~ 08 'COVTO 'Co seyo ~ y).(i)ooa (JAp elva» ap&'),0YfJ p," e'XelprJ 'COV «K e qJ &.), a t 0 v». '0 oVY7'eaqJea~ !.u),aet &x0!la o" avro ytd eeyaola odp lp.:no(!ev/-lfl, ytd ayoed 'Xal ytd :nov),fJ!la leyau'Xfj~ (JvpaP,fJ~.
Idp ovp,:n),f}(!w,ua :neood{}'YJxe 08 'C01hf) 7:~P E'X(JOO'f) : 1) Mtd :ne(!t'Xo:nf} a:n' 'Co leyo 'Cov Mde; (<<K e ' 'C t 'X ~ l' ij ~ II 0- ), t 7: t X ij ~ 0 l'X 0 pop, l a ~», 1859) ox,eu'Xf}!lA l'~P :n(!W7:rJ oVTo:nla ytd 'Ca y(!ap,p,aua leyao{a~ TOV TCcbp rx(!alV xai 2)
23
24
'0 loros; 'lOti Md()~ r,d T~V «' EleVf}e()'YJ aVTallar~», loros; :nov b,cp(JJv~{}'YJxe ra,u,xd (}Tis; B()v~e)'l$," (1847) xal :noV av~xe, ClT~V i c)ta :ne()toc)o l~e).,~'YJS; TOV Clvi'/'()acpea lJ:n(JJs; x, ~ «' A ,,) A , 0- l' 'YJ T a».
AovMvo, 25 ·Ox,.,iJp()'YJ 1884.
~PEIAEPIKOl: ENrKEAl:
lIP 0 A 0 'r 02'
ITH AEYTEPH rEPMANIKH EKAOIH
nd T~ c)e{JTe{}'YJ TOVT'YJ re()p.av'x~ lxc)o(J'YJ, (}o. :n()O(JTE(J(JJ uovaxa :noos; T (} 0 V 0 P. a TOV Xo;mavs; ((Je).. 64) :n()e:net v· avu"aTa(JTaDei p.e T' ovop.a TOV Xodgskin "al :noos; fJ f]p.e()op.'YJvla TOV l()rov TOV rovt).,ap. Top.11,(Jov (ic)ta (Je)'lc)a) elva, 1821 "al OX' 1827. "ET(J', f] p,p).tor()acp,x~ ootpla TOV x. xa{}'YJr'YJTOV ., AVTOV. J.lUvrre() lhll;ovp.e. 11,00," DO. Zxavo:no''YJDei.
Aovdlvo. 29 TOV Ma()T'YJ 1892
4). E.
H A8AIOTHTA THl: <l>IAOI:O<l>IAl:
IIPOAorOI
'0 x. lleovvToP £Xu ff}V ihvxla pd elva» ldtalteea naoaypwetop,e"Of: Off}V Evew:n'YJ. Iff} Ta)')'la EXet fO dtxalwp,a vd elva» xaxof: olxopop,ol6Y0f:, ytafl :neev&u ytd xalof: I'eep,avof: rpt1600rpof:. Irf} Teopavl«, EXet TO dtxalwp,a pd elvai XaXOf: rp'l600rpOf: ytaTl :neep&et odp lpaf: a:no TOVf: 1ft0 yeeOVf: r&llovf: olxovop,016yovf:. 'Epeif:, p,8 Tf}V ldt6f'YJf&' p,af: vd eluaose TaVT6xeopa yeep,aJ'Of: xal olxopop,016Y0f:, {}e1fJoap,e pd (}tap,aeTVe'YJ{}ovp,e lv&.vua 0' aVfO TO dm10 1&.0 Of: •
• 0 avayp(oor'YJf: {}d xawl&,pet, :nWf:, p,eoa 08 TOVT'YJ Tf}V ax&etOT'YJ dov1et&, xeetaoT'YJxe 01lxvd pd :naeaTfJoovp,e Tf}P xetUxf} TOV x. lleovpr6v, ytd pd x&.vovp,e xetUxf} Tijf: yeep,aptxijf: qn1oaotplos: xal pd dwoovp,e wVl6xeopa a:n6'1peu; :napw Olf}P :noltnXf} olxoropla,
Bev,ellef:, 15 'lovp'YJ 1847
KAPA MAPS
To [eyo TOV x, lleovpdJP (}ep elvtu dnlti xa2 p,6po tva (}oxlp,to :no1trtxijf: olxovop,laf:, Eva oVP'YJ{}topipo p,p1lo. Elvat B l P 1 ° c : «MVoTfJeta», «Mvonxd denaYp,Eva an' Tf}P ayxaltd TOV {}eov», «·A:noxa1v"Puf:». Tlnoxo: d8 1elnet Mm. Md xa{}Wf: OT2f: p,Eeef: uoe, 01 neorpijref: p,e1enovpwt 1ft0 evovvel(}'YJTa :naed 01 ap,v'YJTOt (1vY'Yearpeif:, :nee;net xalvreea pd deXTei 0 dvayvwol'Yjf: vd nee&oe, p,aCl p,af: ano Tf}V ayov'YJ xa2 OXOTetVf} ooplo:
Tijf: «Tevloeox», y,d vd fnpw{}ei aey6Teea, p,aCl p,8 TOV x. IIeovvr6v, odf: al{}eetef: xal y6ptp,ef: :neetox8f: TOV -60:n e eo ° o i a 1 t (J P, ° v [Kolca, Proudhon, «<P t 1 ° o ° rp l a T ij , • A {} l , 6 T 'Yj T a !,;», lle610yo~, Ot!to 111, Iwed 20).
KE<PAAAIO npOTO
MIA En I ITHMON I KH ANAKA/\ YLlJH
§ 1.- 'AvTf8cG'I Tiic; af;iac; xpI\G'IC; Kal Tijc; aYTallaKTIKiic; af;fac;
«'H IKCXV6TT)Ta 1TOV ~OV\l 6"Aa Ta 1Tpoi6VTa. etTE CPVO'IKc% elveXl. EiTE j3loll1')xaI/IKeX. va XP1')a1IleUoV\l a-ni O'VIIT1'!PT)C1T) TOV av6pOO1TOV. 6voll&~eTal ISlaiTEpa 0: ~ (a X p 1'1 0' 1') s. "H IKav6TTjTa 1TOV ~XOVV v' &vTa"AAeX~ovTal TO el/a ~ TO a"A"Ao. 0: v T a "A "A a K T I K TJ 0: ~ ( a .•. nwS 'Ii o:~la xpf}O'TJS Y{I/ETal aVTa"A"AaKTIKi) a~{a j •• 'H Y~VI/1')O'1') Tf'jS IStaS Tfis (&VTa"A"AaKTIKf'js) a~{as SEv ~~ETeXC1TT)Ke &1T' TOVS clxovcue"A6yovS u' O:PKETTJ 1TpoaoXf}. • A~{~el Yla llaS va crra60vilE ~BW. Mia "AOI1TOV xol aveXllEaa err' eXvTIKe{IJ€Va 1TOV ~oo av&YKTJ. el/aS 1ToM !l,Ey&AOS apl61los Be j3p{C1KETal Il~O'a crn'! cpua1'). 1Tapa O'E Illl<pi) 1Too6TT)Ta 1\ 1<1 aK61la BE ~p{C1KETal Ka66"Aov. a"ayKeX~ollal va j30T)6i}O'oo 0"Ti)1/ 1TapaYWYTJ croTOU 1TOV !loCi AE{ml Kat l<a6oos SEv Il1TOpW va KaTa1Tlacrr(;.) !lE T6aa 1TpaYllaTa, 6 a 1T pOT e { v 00 a' &"A"AO\)S &11- 6pc.:movs. O'Vvepy<XTES 1l0V OTis Slacpopes "AelTovpy{es va 1l0V 1To.paXOOpT}O'ovv Eva IJ~POS a1T' Ta 1Tpoi6VTa TOVS 0''' a v T eX A "A a y Il a IlE TO SIK6 1l0V» (npoVVT6v. T61l. los. KEep. II).
'O 1<. npOVVTOV ~XEI O'K01TO va llaS t~1')yT}O'el. 1Tpll/ a1T' 6"Aa.
Tti SI1TM cpuO'1') ,;;S a~{as. «T ti B 1 eX K pia 1') 1.1 ~ 0' a aT ti \J 0: ~ ( a». TTJV K{VT)C1T) 1TOV Kavel T'l')v a~{a XpT}O'TJS. &VTa"A"ACXKT1K'I\ O:~{a. 'EvSlacp~pel I/a crra60ulle Ila~i ~ TOV K. npOV\lTOV 0" croTt;V T'l')v 1Tpa~1') lleTOVO'{CA>O'TJS. Na TtWS 6"A0t<A1')PcA>VETat 'Ii 1T~1l O'UJJepoova I.IE TO avyypaep~a Ilas.
-Evas 1TO"AV Iley~os apl61los &no npoi6VTa 6~ ~p{O'l<&TaI ",~O'a aTti epuO'TJ. ~p{O'KeTal OTti PIOIl11xcxv{a. 'Y1TOeane 1T00s ot
28
aVclyKes ~ETrEPVOW Tf}V CXUT6~aTl1 cpvall(11 "napo:yooy';. '0 O:Vepcunos aVo:yt<a~ETCXl va KaTCXcpliyEI aT'; !'101l11XCXV1K11 ncxpcxycuy';. Tt elVCXl TOv-n, 'Ii !,IO~l1xav(cx aT';V \/1T6eea" Toii K. IlpovvT6v; nOla elval 'Ii KCXTO:YCUY'; T11S; "Evas ~6vos &vePOOlTOS, nov ata60vETcxl Tf}V avayKl1 Y1Cx evcx noAV ~EyaAov ap16~0 alTO npayucrrc, «5~v ~lTopei va KCXTcxmcxaTEi Il~ T6aa lTpay~aTO:». rIa va lKO:VOlT0111600v T60ES avaYKES npOOlT06STEl va 1To:pO:XTOiiv TOOO: 1Tpay~aTa - 6ev \/1Tapxovve 1Tpoi6vTCX xooplS 1Tapaycuyti. ria va 1To:pO:XTOiiv T6aa 1Tpay~aTO: S~ CPTOVOW va j30T}eTjaow OTi}V no:paycuy,; TOVS Ta xePlO: ~VOS ~ovaxo: OvepOOlTOV • • A1T' Til aT1Y~';, AOl1T6v, 1TOV \/1T06heTE 1TOOS j30116avE CTTf}V 1T0:po:ycuy1') lTEplaa6Tepo: alT' Ta XSPlO: ~VOS Ovepoorrov, cpOVTcxaTtiKaTE Kl6AO:S ~lav oM:KepT} lTO:PO:Ycuy,;, lTOV !,o:a(~ETO:l 1TavOO aTOV KO:Ta~eplallO Tiis ~pyaalo:s. "Erm, 'Ii aVOYKT}, OlTCUS T';V \/1T0- ehEl 0 K. Flpovvrev, 1TpoOlT06STEl ~OvaxT} TT}S OAOKEPO TOV KO:Ta~Epla~o Tt;S ~pyo:alo:~. BavoVTO:S aav npoOlT66eall TOV KCXTO:~epla~o Tiis spyo:alo:s, gXETe T11V aVTO:AAO:Y11 Ko:l, KO:Ta avVSlTElO:, Tilv aVTO:AAO:KT1K'; ~lo:. .. Av glT0:1PVE hal Tilv a~lo:, glTpEm va cpCXVTo:aTEi alTO ~IOS apxiis Tf}V civTaAAOKTlK11 a~(o:.
Ma 0 K. npOVVTOV ayarraEl mo 1TOAV va KaVEl 'JO yvpo . .. As TOV OKOAov6,;aOVIlE a' oAes TOV Tis neplaTpocpSS, YlcX va ~avo:yvplaoVIJe aT11V acpET11plo: TOV. '0 K. npOVVTOV Asel: raa V~ !'yoo alT' T11V KaTaaTO:a.1) ClTOV 0 K0:6SVO:S no:payEl ~EXOOplaTa Ko:I Yla va cpTaacu aTf}v&VT~Ao:yi), «arrevevvo~O:l» «aTOVS evvEpya.ES ~OV aTls SlacpopES AE1TOVpylES». "Exoo AOl1TOV eyoo avvepya.ES, 1TOV CAOI TOVS !3pbKOVTCXl a~ 61acpopes· AElTOvpyles, xooplS Yl' aliTov TO A6yo, eyoo Kl CAOI 01 &AAOI - 1Tav-r0: aV~CPOOvo: ~e Tf}v Orr66eaT} Toii K. npOVVTOV- va npo01T0:6oii~E va !,yoO~e a1T' T11V alTo~ovcu~S\IT} Kl eAaXlaTCX KOlVCUV1K11 KaTaaTaa" T(;.)V Po!'avaoovoov. ·OAo: j3ps61lKCXV: ol avvepya.ES KI 01 61acpopES AelTovpyies, 0 KCXTa~epla~os Tt;S epyo:a{o:s Kl Tj a\ITO:AAay11 1TOV CXUTOS sm!30AAE1. "As avvo\jJ{aOVJ.IE: "Exoo avayKES 1TOV 6E~eAloovovTal lTavoo aTOV KOTO:~EplaIlO Tt;S epyo:a{as Ko:I aT11V &VTo:AAo:y';. 'Y1T06hoVTO:S ToiiTES Tis avaYKES 0 K. Ilpou- 1IT6v, 1T10veTCXl VCXxEl 1TpoOlTo6saEl T1')v aVTO:AACryT), T11V aVTO:AAO:KT1K11 a~(o:, T11V oopo: 1TOV gXEl ialO: - ialO: aKOlTO «va 1TpOOS~El T11 YSVVl1a,; T11S ~~ ~Eyo:MTEPl1 npoaoxi} a1T' TOllS aAAOVS olKOVC~OA6yovs».
'0 K. npOVVTOV 6a ll1TopoiiaE, TO iS10 KCXA&, v· aVTlaTps\I'El T1')v Ta~T) TOOV 1TPO:Y~cXTOOV, xoopls v' aVTlaTps\I'El Yl' o:VTO Ko:I Tf}v op66Tl1TO: aTa av~1TepaallaTa TOV. rIa va e~l1y,;aEl T11V
aIlTCXAACX1<Tl1<'; a~fcx, XpSI0~E'TCXl 'T1)V mcxAAayi}. ria va e~l1Y';erel 'T';V aV'TcxAAay,;, XpSI0~S'TCXl 6 KCX'TCXIlSPI0"1..l0S 'Tfis epycxO"{as. ria va ~~l1Y"O"SI TOV KCX'TCXIlEPI0"1l0 "';;s ~pycxO"{cxs XPEIO~STCXl 'TIS &v&y1<ES 1TOV a1TCXl'TOUV 'TOV 1<CX'TCXIlEPIO'IlO 'Tt;S ~pyaO'{cxs. ria veX e~l1yi}o"EI TOUTSS 'TIS aVcXYKES, 1TpElTEI veX 'TIS «~11T06EO'SI», O:v 1<cxi Sev 'TIS apvlhal, aVT{6E'Tcx lIe TO 1Tp6;"'0 a~ic"IlCX 1TOV ~XEl 6 1<. npOVV'TOV O"TOV 1Tp6AOy6 'TOV: «Na Vrr06hoVllE 'TO 6Eo, elVCXI O"av veX 'TOV apvI6IlaO"TE». (np6AOyOS, O'EA{5cx 1).
nWS 6 K. Flpovvrcv, 1TOV YI' alJTov 6 1<CXTCXIlSPIO"Il0S 'Tt;S epycxO"{as \/lToTf6sTal 1TOOS elvcxl YVOOO'T6S, 1<CX'TCXmcXvETCXl s5w va e~1)yi}O'EI T1)V aV'TCXAAaKTI1(1) a~{cx, 1TOV slvcxl 1T&V'TCX yl' av'TOV 6 ayvoocrtOS ;
«·Evas &V6pOO1TOS» 1TOEI «va 1TpOTE{VEI 0"' aAAOVS av6poo- 1TOVS, 'TOVS O"Vvspy&Tes 'TOV o"TIS SlcXCPOPES ASlTovpyfES», va 1TPCXYI..lCXT01TOll'jO'OVV 'T';V aVTcxAAay1) 1<cxl va KOIlOVV SICtKPIO'l1 avollEO'cx O"T1)V &~{cx xpi}O"1)S Kal T';V aV'TCXAACX1<'TIKTj a~{cx. Me 'TO va 1TCXpal5EXTouv TOVTl1 'T'; SIOKPIO'fl, 1TOV TOVS 1TPO'Te!VEI, 01 cruvspyo'TES 5ev ocpl1O"CXV O"TOV 1<. npOUV'TOV OAAl1 «CPPOVT{SCX», 1TCXpa 1l0V&xCX va MI'EI yvooO"l1 Yla 'TOVTO TO YEyov6S, veX 1TCXPCXTl1P';O"El, va «O'1)IlElooO"EI» O"TO b. 0 K { 11 Ion 0 A 1 'T 1 1< fl sOl K 0- V 0 11 { cx S 'TOU «'1'1) YEVVl1O'fl 'Tfls !5ecxs Tfls Cx~{as)}. 'QO'T60'0, XPooO"TaEI 1TOVTCX 0"' EllaS, veX lIas ~~l1yi}o"EI 'T1) «yevv1)O'fl» a\rrfls Tfls 1TPOV1T66sO"1)S, va lIas mi. 'TEAOS 1TOV'TooV, 1TWS m;"'os 0 110- va51Kos av6poo1ToS, CXUTOS 6 P0l'lvO'oovas, O"KCXPCP{O"'T1)KE ~CXCPVIKeX 'T';V !Secx va 1<OVEI «O"TOVS cruVEPYOTSS 'TOU» ilia 1TPOTCXO"1) TOU Y v 00 0" '1' 0 U EiSous Kal 1TWS ol cruVEpy&TES 'TOU 'Tit SeX'T1)KCXV xwpiS 1<O:1l1l1eXV CxV'T{PP1)OTJ.
'0 K. npOUV'TOV Se Il1TCX{VEI O'E TOVTES 'TIS YEVVECXAOY11<ES AE- 1T'TOIlEpms. b.fvsl 1l0VcXXCX O"'TO yeyovos Tfls CxV'TCXAAcxyfls KOTI O"eXv iO"TOPIKO xapcxKTi]pa, 1TCXpOUO'IO~OVTOS 'TO IlE 'Tit 1l0pcpit IllaS Kiv1)O"1)S, 1TOV 6eX 'Tf}V EKCXVE Evas 'TpiToS, 1TpOO'1Tcx6ooVTCXS va 1TpCXyIlCXT01TOI1]O"el Tf}V aV'To:AAcxy1].
Na Eva 5EiYlla alT' Tf}V «iO"TOPIKTj KcxlmplypcxcplKit lle6050)} TOO K. Ilpovvrov, 1TOV CPCXVEpooVEI IllaV eO"XCXTT) mplcpp6vl1O"T) YICx 'Tf}V «iO"TOPIKf} 1<CXl1TEplypacpIKf} IlE60So» TOU "Avrcu ~1J16 Kcxl 'TOU PIKOpVTO.
'H aVTcxAAaytl EXEI 'Ttl SIK'; 'T1)S lo'rople. nEpCXo"E a1To S10- cpopes CPCxO"SI S.
I'T061)KE IIICx ETTOX1], 01TOOS O'TO I..lEO"CX{ooVCX, 1TOV Sev aV'TCXAAcx~6TCXV 1TCXpeX 1l0VCxXCX'T0 1TEP{O"O"EIlCX, 'TO 1TAE6vcxOllcx Tfls 1Tapcxyooyfls a1T' 'TtlV KaTO:VCxAoo(1).
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30
IT061lKS oK61la ilia hTOX';, 1TOV 0Xl 1l0vaxa TO 1Tep{aaella, pa 6"Aa Ta 1Tpoi6VTa, 6"ACxi<ep1l 'Ii j3101l1lxaV1Ktl 1Tapayooy,;, rrepvovae aTO EIl1T6pl0 1<1 OTTOV 6AOKepll it 1TapaYOOYtl E~apT16Tav a1T' Tf}V oVTa"A"Aay';. TTOO5 va E~lly,;aovIlE Tf} Be<1TEpll TOVTll cpoall Tf)S eXvTa"A"Aayf)s - TtlV EIl1TOP1Kf} a~{a cnf} Seu-rEp,,; T1lS t)vvall1l (o-ro TETpexyooVO) ;
'0 K. TTpOVVTOV ea elXE yO: !JOS BooaEI ET011l1l Tf}V eXTTCxvT1la1l: 'Y1Toe~aTE TTOOS Evas &v6POO1TOS «1T pOT e 1 v E a' CiJI."Aovs eXv6POOTTOVS, TOVS avvepyexTES TOV aTis BI6:CPOPES AEITOVPy{es, va vlfJooaow TtlV EIl1TOP1Kf} eX~{a C'Tf} BeVTEp,; TT]S SVVallll.
'Hp6E TS"AOS E1TOX';, TTOV 6"Aa, eXK61la Ka1 KEiva 1TOV Ta Bscopovacxv ot O:V6POO1TOI aav eXva1Ta"A"AoTp{ooTa (TTOV BEV Il1TOPOVV va TTOVAlleOVV), Eywcxv aVT1Ke{IlEVO oVTa"A"Aay;;s, CxvT1KE{IlEVO <xtaxpoK~p5E1CXS Ka1 IlTTopovaav va 1TOVA1l6ovv. Elval it E1TOXf} 1TOV oK61la Ka1 KEiva Ta 1Tp6:YI-ICXTa 1TOV 005 TO: TOTe ll1Topovacxv VO: lleTaS060vv, Ila 1TOTE v' oVTcx"AAaXTovv ao:v EIl1Topevlla, va .so60vv 1-10: 1TOTE va 1TOV"A1leOVv, v' aTTOXT1leOVV 1-10: TTOTS v' eXyopaC'TOVv - eXpe&';, eXYeXTTll, YVOOllll, E1T1aT';llll, C'VvE!51la1l, t<"A1T. - 1i ~1TOXf} TSAOS, TTOV o"Aa 1T~paacxv aTO EI-I1TOpl0. Elval "Ii E1TOXf} Tf)S YEV1K;;S 8lacp6opos, T;;S 1TaYKoalllas ayopCX1TOOAlla{as, i'I Yla va Ill~";aOVllE IlE TOVS opOVS Tf)S 1T0"A1T1Kf)S OiKOVOllias, 1'\ E1TOXf} 1TOV K6:& Ti, ,,61KO il cpvalK6, IllO: Kl eylvE EIl1TOP1KTt a~{a, cpepVETal C'Tf}V eXyopo: Yla Va EKT11l1leei aTi}v rnc eXKpl(30- t){Kalll eX~{a TOV.
'0 K. np04VTOV ea elXE ET011-11l Tf}V eX1TCxvT1la1l: ·Y1T06e· TETE 1TOOS eva 1Tp6aOO1T0 «1T pOT E i VEL a' o:"AAa 1Tp6aOO1Ta, 'TOVS avvEpy6:TES TOV aTls 816:cpOpES AELTOVPY{ES» Va Kovovva Tf}V OpETi}, TOV epOOTa, t<"A1T. EIl1TOplKf} eX~{a Ka1 v' eXvEj36:aovv 'Tf}V eXvTa"A"AaKTIKf} eX~{a aTtlV Tp{T1l xed TE"AEvTa{a TllS SUVall1l.
To (3"AE1TEI 1<avE{S. 'H taTOP1Kf) Kal mplypacpn<f} lle60Sos 'TOV K. Ilpouvrcv, elval Ka"Af} Yla 6"Aa, eXvTaTToKp{vETal o' oAa, Ka1 Ta E~llyel 6Aa. Io:v 1Tp6KE1Tal 1TP01TCxvTOOV va E~lly,;ael krro- 1l1Ka «Tf} yEAlVllC'Tl 1l10S OtKovOlllK;;S lSeas», w06hEI Evav o:v- 6POO1T0 1TOV 1TPOTe{VEl a' &"A"AoVS OVepOO1TOVS, TOVS avvepy6:TES 'TOV C'TIS S10CPOPES AE1TOVPY{ES, va 1TpaYllaT01T01,;aovv TOUTll Tf}V 1Tp6:~1l Tfj) YSVVllallS Kl o"Aa Et1TOOellKCXV.
, A1TO 800 Kal 1Tepa, SExollaaTe Tf} «yslIV'T)all» T;;S &VTcx"A"ACXKT11<i)s eX~{as aa Ilia 1Tp6:~ll TEAEIOOIlw". .!lev eX1TollevEI Toopa napa va eK6eaovllE Tf} axsa1l eXvTaA"AaKT1Ki)s o~{as IlE Tf}V eX~ia xp';allS. "As eXKovaovlle TOV K. Ilpovvrcv:
«Ot OlKovollo"A6YOI EKallav 1ToM KaAa yO: Toviaovv TO 51-
WAC XOpCXK"T';PO 'ri\s a~los. MeX KEillO 1TOV S~v a1ToSooaavs IJ~ T';V iSIO aocp,;vsIO, elvol Tt &v-rlCPaTIK'; CPVO'T) T1lS. 'ESoo apxll;sl Tt KpITIKf) 1l0S... !lEII slvol apKETO vex XOpOK'Tl1plael Kavels-r,;v 1<aT01TAl1KTIK'; TOVTflIl aVTI6eO'T) 1TOV vTTapxel &valleao aT';V a~lo xpijaT)S KOt cr-r,;v allTOAAaKTIKtl Cx~lo, 1TOV ol O[KOVOIlOMYOI 0'U1lr,610'OV vex Il';V Ttl j3MTTOVV 1TOPeX aav KCxTl 1TOAV chrM:
WPETTEI vex SSI~OVIlE 1TOOS Tt VTIOTI6EIlEvl1 TO\rrrj O:TTMT1lTO KPVI3EI EVo 1306v, IlVaT';PIO TTOV a' cxVTO XpEOS IlOS elVOl vex SIEIO'SUO'oVIlE ... rIO: vO: 1l1AijaovIle Il~ TEXVIKOVS opOVS, Tt a~lo XP';O'flS 1<ot Tt &vTOAAOKTIK'; a~lo EIIIOI aVTlaTpocpo &vCxAOYES 1i 1110: Il~ T';V O:AAl1».
~Av KaTaAal30IlE 1<OAeX -r,; O'KE\I'T) TOV K. Ilcovvrcv, va TO:
TEaaEpo O'T)lleio 1TOV O'1<01TeVel v· a1TOKaToO'Tijael:
1) 'H a~io xpijO'flS Kl Tt aVTOAA01<TI1<f) Cx~lo, a1TOTeAOVV «KOT01TAT)1<TIKtl aVTI6EO'l1», Sl1ll10VPYOOv CxVTI6saT).
2) CH a~lo XP';O'T)S 1<1 Tt &v-rOAAOKT1K'; a~lo, elvol aVTI<rrpocpo &vaAoyes Tt 1110 lIE T';V aMl1, j3p{O'1<OIlTOI a' aVTicpoO'T). 3) Ol OiKOVOIlOMYOI S~V elSov KO\ BEV yvooplaav OOTE TtlV 0:v-r{6EO'fl, Ov..E Tf)" allTicpoal1.
4) 'H 1<pIT1Kf) TOV 1<. Flpovvrov apX{~El a1T' TO TEAOS.
Kt EIlEis TO iBlo 6' apX10'ovIle a1T' TO TEAOS. Ked yleX v· &1ToAAa~ovIlE TOVS oiKovolloMyovS &1T' Tis 1<OTT)yopfES TOV 1<. npOVVTOV, 6' o:cp,;aovlle vex 1l1Aijaovv SVO O'lTovBoiol oiKoVOIlOMYOI.
'0 LlallovT{: «To EIl1T6pIO TeX ~XEl VTIOicl~EI OAO aT';V avT{6EO'l1 1TOV \J1TapXEl avallEO'o aTtlV a~{o XP';O'l1S Kol T';V avTOAAaKT1K'; a~{o». (MeAhes, TOIlO, II, a. 162, ~KS. Bpv~eAAoov).
'0 l\oov-repIIToA: «rEV1KCx, 6 e6vIKos 1TAOVTOS, (1) a~lo xp,;O'l1S) EAOTTOOVETOI aT';v avoAoyfo 1TOV aV~6vovTol ol aTolllKES WEP10VO'{ES lIE TtlV OV~l1O'l1 TfjS EIl1TOP1Kfis a~{os. Kcl aTO llE"TpO 1TOV ToOTes Soo mplopll;ov-rOl IlE Ttl lleiooal1 olhfis -rfis a~los, 61TPOOTOS (6 e6vlKos 1TAOVTOS) aV~olvel yevlKcl». (<<"EpEVVES rrevco aT'; cpvO'l1 xed T';V KaTayOOYf) TOO e6V1KOV 1TAOVTOV», IlSTacpp. a1T' TO Aopl;oVTiA xed Aal3o{l;, Flcpkn, 1808).
'0 LlallovTi 6EIlEA{ooae Tf) 1300'1Kij TOV 6Eooplo, rrevco aT';V &vT16eal1 aVclllEO'o O"Tf)v O:~{o xpijO'T)S Koi TtlV aVTOAMxK'T1K'; O:~{o, 1TOV aVllcpoova 11' aVT';, 'Ii lle{ooO'T) TOV EIO'oBTIIlOTOS alvoa avaAoYl1 lIE T';V oO~T)O'l1 TfjS 1TOpOyOOyfjS.
'0 l\ooVTEPVTOA 6elleAlooO'E TO O'UaTl1lla TOV 1TCxvOO aT';V aVT{aTpocpTJ &vOAOY{O 1TOV EXOVV TeX Bvo eU>l1 a~los Kl Tt 6EOOp{o TOV i'jTOV -rooo YVOOaTf) aTOV K01PO TOU P1KapVTO, 1TOV 6,
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PIKapVTO ll'Tl'OpOOaE va IlIi\aEI yl a\rrit aav YICX KcTn rreetyvOOOTO.
«Ivyx~OVTCXS 'Tis IS~ES ~1l1TOPIKT) a~la Kl 6cya6a (~Ia XPTtaT)S) laxupla'TT)Kav 1TChS i\IYOO'TEVOV'T(xc; 'TT)V 1Too6'TT)'Ta a'Tl" 'Ta 'TI'pcXylla'Ta 'TI'OV Elva I OcvaYKaia, xpi]a1lla Kl EVxaplO"Ta O"'T'I) ~(.\)Tt, ll'Tl'opoOaav v' aV~aovv 'TC>V 'TI'AOv-rO». (PiKapVTO, «' ApX~s noi\I'TIKTlS OIKOVOlliCXS» IlETa<ppaaT) KovO"T6cV'Talo, Il~ aT)IlEIOOO'E1S 'ToO IaIO, naplO'I, 1835, T6IJOS II, KEep. «fla 'TT)V a~{a Kat 'TOV 'TI'i\oOTo)>>.
·01TOOS eiSaIJE, ol 0IKOVOIl0i\6yol SICXJ<p{VavE, nplv 6cTr' 'TOV K. npOVV'T6v, TO j3cx6V IlUO"Ti]pIO 'TTlS Ocv'T{6eO'T)S Kai 'Tfls 6cV'T{epaO'T)S. "'As SoOlle 'Toopa, 'TI'OOS ~11yei 6 K. npoVV'T6v, Il~ 'TT) aelpa 'TOU, '1'00'1'0 'TO lluO"TftPlo 1i0000Epa 6cTr' 'TOVS otKovoIl0i\6yovS.
'H aV'Tai\i\aK'T1KTt a~{a ~vOs 'TI'poi6V'ToS, 'TI'E<P'TEI O"TO Ilhpo'Tl'ov 'it 'TI'poaepopa cxO~OcvE'Tal Kl 'it ~Tt'TT)O'T) 'TI'apall~vel 'it iSla. M' l!iJJ...a i\6Yla, Cao mo cS:<p60vo elval eva 1Tpoiov 0' ~. 0' X E a 11 IlS '1' T) ~ Tt 'T T) 0' T), 'T60'0 mo XallT)AT) elval 'it aV'Tai\i\CXl<'TIKTt 'TOU a~{a xed 'Ii 'TlllTt 'TOV. ' AV'T{O"Tpoepa: 00'0 1TIO IllKpT) elval 'it 'TI'poaepopa a~ ax~O'T) Il~ 'TT) ~Tt'T11O'T'), '1'60'0 mo \AvrlM Elval 'it &VTai\i\aK'T1Kf} a~la ii 'it 'TJIlT) 'ToO 'TI'poa<pep6Ilevov 'TI'poi6V'ToS. M' &i\i\a MYla, 000 1TIO O"TI'aVla Elval Ta 'TI'poaepEp6llEVa 'TI'poi6V'Ta, O'~ ax~O'T') Il~ TT) ~Tt'T1la11, 'T6ao mo aKPlj3a Elval. CH aV'TaAi\aKTIKT) a~{a wos 'TI'poi6V'Tos ~~apTlhal 6cTr' TT)V a<p60v{a 'TOU ii 'TT) O"TI'avt6'TT)TOc 'TOU, Ila 'TI'aVTar as ax~O'T) IlS 'TT) ~Tt'TT)O'T'). cY1ToS~O"TE ~ooS eva 'TI'poiov elval 1TapanOcvoo a1To O"TI'OcvlO, llovaS1Ko O"TO EiSos TOV, e'&i\eya: aUTO 'TO llovaS1KO 'TI'poiov 6aval 'TI'apanavoo arro &<p6oVO, Sa mplaO'eVEI, <Xv S~V ~T)'Tlhal. ' AV'Tt Yl' aUTo VTr06EO"TE ~va 'TI'poiov 1TOV 'TI'apcXyE'Tal a' ~a'Toj.lllvpla. To 1Tpoiov cxOTO 6iS:val 'TI'6cV'Ta O"TI'aVIO <Xv S~V <p'TOcvel va KaAVqJEI 'TTt ~i]'T1l0'T), (Xv ST)AaST) ~T)'TI~1'al 'TI'apa 'TI'oAV.
ToChes 'TiS aATt6etes, 'Tts axeSov, 6a i\EyaIlE, KOIVO'T01T{es, xpelaOTT)Ke wO"T6ao va ~avaypOcq.toVlle 500, Yla va I<alloulle I<a'Tavo11Ta 'Ta lluO"Tftpla 'ToO K. TTpoVV'T6v.
«"E'Tal, &t<oi\ov6ooV'TCXS TOV'TT) 'TT)V &pXTt, 00s 'Tis TeAeVTaies 'TT)S avv~'TI'Eles, 6&<p'Tave Kav~vas OTO mo i\OY1YO O'ullmpaalla 'ToO I<OOIlOU, 1T00s 'Ta 1TpcXylla'Ta, Tl'OV 1i xpi]O'T) 'TOUS elval Ocvayl<a{a 1<1 1'1 'TI'O(J6'TT)'TOc 'TOUS cS:O'OOa'TT), 'TI'~1TE1 veX IlT)V EXOVV Kalllliav a~{a, Woo ~eiva 'TI'OV 'Ii XPT)a11l6'TT)'Ta 'TOUS elval Il11SalllvT) Kl Tt O"TI'av16TT)'Ta 'TOUS 1TOi\v lley6i\T), EXOW
Tl~ft &vEKT{~TlT1'). na va OAOKATlPoo6Ei " &~l1xav(a, " 1TpaKT1Kft Sev ~1TlTP~1TEI Ko66Aou CX\iTES Tis vrrepl3oAES: 'A1T' T1l ~Ia ~epla, Kav~va av6poo1Tlvo 1TPOIOV Se 6a ~1TOpOOO'E 1TOTe va cpTaO'EI TO C!X,TEIPO 0'6 ~eYE6os. 'A1T' TftV &AATl, Ta mo O'1TCxvla 1TpaY~aTa, ~xovv o:vaYKTl OOS KaTl'OIO l3ae~o 6avcxI XPtlcTllla, YlaTI &AA1OOS 5~, 6a EIxcxv 6A6TEAa KCX~I.l1aV O:~la. 'H &~Ia XPtlCTl1S KI " aVTaAACXKT1Kft o:~'a, ~evouv A01- T1'OV 6A6TEACX eXAuO'05ellEvss " ~Ia I1E TTtV &AAl1, ~. 6AO 1TOU, 0:11" TItV i51a TOUS Tft CPVO'I1, ~XOVV &51aKoTl'a TTtV TeXO'l1 v· &Trot<ll.Elouv " ~la TftV &1I.Al1». (t61l0S los O'EA. 39).
Tl elval Keivo T1'OU cpepVSl TO ~ExelA10'lla O'Tf)v &1111xav1a TOO K. npOVVTOV; 'A1TAovaTaTa yunl ~exaO'E TTt Cf]nlO1J Kat troos eva T1'paYlla 6a Il1TOPOVO'E VaVal O'TI'aVl0 i'l o:cp6ovo, &vaAoya IlE TO 1306110 1TOV ~TlTleTcxl. Mia Kl " ~i)Tl1O'T) IlTl'fjKE O'TftV T1'CxvTa, TavTI~el TftV O:VTaAAaKT1K~ &~Ia lIE Tft o1wvt6T1JTa Kol Tftv o:~la XPtlO'1'l5 IlE T1}v acp{}ovla. npayllaT1Ka, MyOVTas 1T005 Ta T1'paYllaTa «rrco " XPl1O'llloTl1-ra TOUS elvcxl 1l115a~1vT) KI " o:nmJt611JTll TOUS :noAv PI!:ya.l1J, ~xovv TI~ft ave,,-rlp'f}T'f}», Aesl a-rrAOVO'TaTa T1'OOs " &~(a O'T1}v O:VTaMay1') slval !l6vo " O'TI'CXV10TTlTa. «2T1'CXVIOTl1Ta 1TOAV lleYCxAl1 Kcxl XPl1O'I!loT1')Ta 1l1'lSalllvT)>> Elval " Kcx6cxPTt 0'1TCXV10Tl1Ta• «TIIlTt &veKTI~l'lTTl» elval TO &vc.:>Tepo eplO Tfls O:VTCXAACXKTIKfjS &~(as, Elval " &Toq)ta, Ka6cxpTt O:VTaAAaKT1Kft O:~la. Toos SUO a\rrous 6pouS TOUS ~~lO'C~>VEl. • AVTaAAaKT1KTt AOlTl'OV o:~la Kal O'lTaVI0T1')Ta, Elval ePOI lO'o5vVCX1l01. <l>TavoVTas O'E TOOTeS Tis Taxa «&t<pOTaTES O'U~rrelES», 0 K. npOVVTOV, ~eO'KETI'~ETal T1'payllaT1Ka T1'OOS ~O'TI'poo~e O'Ta O:Kpa 6Xl TeX T1'p6:y~aTa, Ila TOUs epOUS 11'011 Ta ~Kcppa~ouv Kl ~5&; KavEl TrEP10'0'OTEPO ~1T15El~11 Pl1TOPIKfjs T1'apa AOY1Kf)S. 'Avayvoopl~El Tis T1'pOOTES TOU v1T06sO'elS 0" 6ATl TOUS TIt YVIlVOTflTa, ~OO 1TIO'TEVel T1'00s &vCXKaAu~e KO:tVOVPY1ES O'Vv~1TEles. X6:PTl d'TTtV iSla !le6050, TrEwxa(VSI va TQVTlaEl TftV &~(a XPtlO'TlS lIe TTtV Ka6CXPft O:cp60v(a.
'AcpoO ~~IO'OOO'E T1}v aVTaAACXKTIKTt o:~{a Kat T1} O'1TCXV16T1')TCX, T1}V &~Ia XPtlO'l1~ Kal T1}V &cp60vla, 0 K. npOVVTOV T1'apa~EvevETcn trOAV 1TOU 5E I3plO'KEl OOTE T1}v O:~{CX XPtlCTl1S O'TTt 0'1TaV10T1')To Kat TTtV CeVTCXAACXKT1KTt o:~lcx, oOTe T1}v O:UTaAACXKT1KTt O:~(cx cm;v o:cp60v(a xed aT1}v ~Ia XPtlO'T)S. BA~TI'oVTas 1TOOS 1') 1TpaKTIK1} Sev O:VayvOOpl~El Ka6oAou TOOTES Tis O:KPOTl'lTES, SEV Il1TOPEi ma va 1<CxveI 51acpopET1Ka, 1Tapa vex 1flO'Tsqm UTO IlVUTi)P10. rl' miTov
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v-rrapxe1 aVS1<T{~TlTTI a~{a, Y1o.Tl S~V \lTTapxOU\l ayopcxoTES Kat TET010VS S~ ea ~pei 1TOT~, 6ao 1<aVS1 acpa{PE01l Tt;S l;';TTlCTTlS.
• A1T' TftV aMTI ~ep1a, ,; acpeov(a TOU 1<. Ilpovvrov, ~ola~el aa vava1 1<elTl a\rr6~aTo. Zexvae1 6A6"UAa 1TOOS \11TapxOVv avepOO1TOI 1TOV Tf} 6T11.l10vPYow Kcxt 1TOOS awcpepel a' aVTOVS va ~ft xavovv 1ToTEs aTr' Ta ~elTla TOVS Tft l;';TTloTl. Ll1cxcpopeT1Ka 1TooS ea ~Tropouae va A~e1 0 1<. Ilpouvrov, 1TOOS Ta 1Tp6y~CXTa TrOV Elval 1ToM xp,;al~cx 1Tprnsl va ~p{aKOVTCXI a~ 1ToM ~IKPES TI~ES i'I 1<1 aK6~a va IlftV 1<0aT{l;ovv T{TrOTa; 'AVTiElsTa, ea1TpETre va ovu- 1TEpavEI, TrOOS o:v eeAov~e v' aVE!3600V~E TitV TI~';, TitV O:VTaAAaKTIKft a~ia, 1Tpem1 va rrsproptcovus Titv acpElovia, Titv rrcpayooyit 1ToAv Xp,;aIIlOOV TTpaYllaToov.
Ol 1TaA10i clllTTEAovpyo\ aTit r aAAia, \11TOCTT1ipl~CXV eva v6~0 TTOV aTTay6pevE TO cpv-rElla I<CXlVOVPYlOOV O:~mAloov. Ol 'OAAov60l 1<CX(YOVTas Ta ll1TaXCXp1Ka Tiis 'Ao{as 1<al ~Eppl~cbvovTcxS T\S 1l0axoycxpOVq>aAA1~S 0TTj MOAUK, i\eeAav aTrAouaTaTa va 1Tepioplcovv TftV acpeov(cx Yla v' ave~aoovv Titv clvTCXAAaKTI1<ft a~{a. I' OAmpov TO ~Eaa{oova, mp10p{l;oVTas ~e v61l0vs TOV ap1ellO TooV aUllTEXVOO\l- 1TOV ~TTOpOUoS v' &naaxoAei 0 l<aee apXI~aaTopas, mp10pil;oVTas Ta EpYaAsia TTOV ll1Topouae va XP1lal~OTT01ei, EvepyoOacxv aVllcpoova ~e TOUTTI TftV iSlcx O:PX';' (KolTa~E "Avrspcov e'Latoola fOt; 'E/-lnoe[ov»).
'Acpou mxpovaicxae"tftv acpeov{a oov TftV a~{a xp,;a1lS xed Tt} aTTOVloTTlTa aw clvTaAAaf<Tll<it a~(a, - T{TToTa mo EVKOAO aTr' TO v' aTrOSe{~EI 1TOOS ,; acpeov{a 1<1 ,; O1TCXVl6TTlTa elval &VTiaTpocpa aVaAoyes - 0 K. npOVVTOV To.VTi~el Titll a~{a XPtlCJ1lS ~e Tf}V :neo(J(pOed. 1<a\ Tt)V &VTcxAACXl<TI1<ft o:~ia ~E Tt) C~frJGrJ. r lCX va 1<6VEI Tf}V O:VT{eECJ1l &K61la mo ~eKaeapTI, 1<cXve1 ~Iav VTrOl<aTaaTaCJ1l (:3al;oVTas aTit e~aTl TOU opov «UVfaAla"nx~ MEa» TOV 6po «Mfa l'Xrlp.rJGrJ~» (valeur d' opinion). Na AOITTOV TTOV 1TeXAl cxAAcx~e OTi~o KI EXOVllS an' Tt) ~la ~epla rnl XPTlal~6TT1Ta (Titv a~iov XP';OTIS, Tt)V 1TpOacpOpa) 1<1 O:1T' Tt)J; CXAATI Titv EKT{IlTla" - (TitV civTaAAaKT1Kt) o:~ia, Tt) l;';TTlaTl). nOlos ea av~cplAlcbaEI TOUTES T\S Svo SU\la~E1S 1TOV ElvCXl O:VTieETES it ilia ~~ Tt)V aAATI; noos ea Tis 1<alJov~s va av~CPOOVtloOVV; ea ~TTopovacx~E, TOVACxx1aTO, v' a1To6Ei~oVIlE TTOO) UTTapXSI evcx a1l~Eio aVy1<P1CTTlS ava~Eaa TOUS ;
« Bej3alcx, ~Ecpoovi~EI 6 1<. n povvrov, cy TTapXE1 EVCX aTlIlEio:
MO elval Tt EAeli6ep1l EKT{Il1la1l.cH TI~it 1TOV ea TTpOKUIjiEI aTTo
TOUTTl T"II TrCU% c:Xvalleacx CrT"V Trpoa<popa Ka\ TTj l;flTT'lal1. c:Xvalleaa aT" XPTlalll6TT'1TCX Ka\ T"V ac-rtIJTlaTl. S~II 6a elllal ,; ~<ppaal1 Tfj5 alOOlllCXS SlKCXIOalivTls».
'0 K. npOVIITOII E~CXKOhOVesi II' c:XllaTrTVaaEl TOVnJ T"II &11- 'T{eEO'1'} :
«Me Tf)V IS16TTJTa 1l0V aOIl V.Ev{)e(Jo<; &yO{}a(JT~~ EKT1- 1100 c:XTr' Tilll c:XvayKTl 1l0V, Kp{VCA) c:XTr' Tf}V KOTaAr."MTTjTO TrOll EXEl TO c:XIIT1Ke{IlEIIO, OTr' TT)V Tlllf} TrOll ,'Ulw va Sooac.> Yl' aVT6. 'ATr' TT)II CXr..A" j.1Spla, IJ.E Tnll ISt6TTjTel aov aav f).ev{) e(Jo~ naeaywy6~, elom o<pevTTlS aTa piaa "aTEei'a(Jla~ KCX\ KaTaavvSTrEla, gXE1S TO SlKCX{CA)j.1CX va j.1ElWaS1S Ta g~oSel cov». (T61l0s los, aeA. 42).
Kal 1<06005 ,; ~ftTT'la11 1\ ,; c:XVTOAAaKTtKn c:X~{a TavT{l;ETal pe TT)II EKT{j.111aTl, 6 K. npOVIITOII CPTOIIEl va rrst :
«' ATrOSe{XTT'lKE TrOOS ,; EASV6epTJ EKT(j.111a11 TOO c:Xv6pOOTrOU elllal KE{II11 TrOll SIVSl c:XcpoPIlT! Yla Tf}V c:XIITi6ea11 c:XllaIlEO'CX O'TT!v c:X~{a xp,;a11S KCXt TfJII c:XVTaAAaKT1KT) c:X~{a. n&S r..ollETat TOUTTl ,; c:XvT{6eO'1'}, Illa Kat 6a ~~aKOhOVesi va \/TrelPXSl it EAeu6ep'l EKT{IlTJaTl ; Kei TrOOS va T1i eValelaOVllS aUTft, xc.>pts va evalaaoVlls TOVAeXxlCTTO TOil CXVepOOTrO; (T6IJ.OS los, asA. 51).
"ETal Se ll1TopoOlle va cpTaaovllE ae KOVElla &tr'OT~MOl1a. 'yTrapXSlllla TraA" avallsaa ae SVO SwallelS, hal lIa TrOOIlS. aaVllllE-rpes, avelllSaa aTTj XPfta" Kal T"V EKT{Il11all, avellleaa O'TOV !AeV6epo ayopaO'Tfl KCX\ TOil EAev6spo TrapayCA)y6.
"As SOUIlS Ta Trpayll<XTa c:XTrO Alyo mo KOVTa.
CH 'It'poa<popa Sell c:XVTlTrpOaCA)1TEVSl c:XTrOKr..ElaT1KO: TT] XPTlo'll16TIlTa. ,; l;ftT11aTl Sev avTITrpOaCA)TreVel c:XTrOKASlaTIKeX TfJ\I eKT{Il11aT}. 'EKEi\loS TrOll Z;11Tele1, Sell Trpoacpepel TO iS10 Kl aUTOs ~IIOt KcXn010 Trp0'iov 1\ TO c:XvTlTrpOaOO1TEVT1KO aVllj30AO Yla 6AO 'Ta Trpo'i6I1TCX, TO XP;')IlCX, Ka\ 1fpoa<P~POVTelS TO, Sell eXvTnrpoO'c.>- 1TeVel, alllJcpoollcx IlE TO\l K. npOV\IT611, Tn XP11alIl6T11Ta i\ TTJ" ~{a XPt'\aIlS;
'ATro IlI00II m" 'TI'AEVpci, aUTOs 'TI'OIl 'TI'poaCP~pSl, Sell Z;,,-
35
36
TCxeI TO iSIO eva onOIOST}1TOTE rrpotev i'I TO OOlTlnpOO'OOlTEVTIKO aVll~OAO Yla OAa Ta npO'ioVTa; Ked S~ ylvsTal ~Tal 0 OVTInpoO'oonos TTlS EKTlllllO'TlS, Tiis o~las EKTIllllO'TlS i'I Ti'\S O:VTcxAAaKTIKi'\S o~las;
'H 'fJTflO'Tl elval TavTOXPova Kat npoO'q>opO:. 'H npoO'q>opa elval TavT0xpova Kat ,r,TllCTll. "Eret, 1) OVTI6EO'll TOU K. llpovvTOV, TavTl~OVTas ci1TACi TTjV npoO'cpopa Kat TTj ~r,TllO'Tl, TTj ilia ~ Tn XPfJCTIl Kai Tnv aAAll Il~ TTjV ~KTlllllO'll, Se aTflpf~eTal napa as ilIa IlnoO'IKll Oq>alpEO'll.
'EKeivo nov 0 K. npOVVTOV avolla'El o:~la Xpr,O'llS, CXAAot OiKovolloA6YOl TO avoIlO:'ovv, aAAo TOO'O BIKaloAoYlllleva, &~Ia ~TIllllallS. S' ovacpepovlle Ilovaxa TOV ~ TOpTS ( «Ma{h, uaxa noltrtxijf; Ol,!ovop.laf;'H, Ilepkn, 1823, 0'. 88 Kat 89).
~ullq>oova Il' aVTOV, 6vOlla~OVTal dvayxEf;, T' o:vT1Ke{lleVa 1TOV ala6av6llaaTE ;:TtV O:vayKll TOVS. 'Ovolla~oVTal o~les, T' O:vT1Keilleva nov TOVS S{voVlle o~la. To lleyaA\rrepo llepOS &rr' T' O:vT1Ke{lleVa @Xovv a~ia, 1l0VO Kat 1l0VO YlaTi IKaVOlTOIOW 6:vclyKES, nov YEVVIOVV"t:al orr' TtlV EKTI!.1llCTll. 'H EKTIllllO"ll axeT1Ka IlE Tis &VclyKES Ilas urropst v' oAM,el, ytaTI ti XPllallloTflTa TOOV O:vT1KElllevoov, nov BEV EKcppa~Et napa ilia oxeall 11' aVTa T' o:vTIKellleva, urrcpel Kl aUTTj TO iSIO v' O:AAa~EI. KI aVTES aKolla 01 q>valKES Q:vaYKES 6:AM,ovv O:StCxKona. llPC:XYllcxT1Ka, TI nOlK1AIa BEV vrrapxsl o:vCxlleaa aT' O:VT1KelIlEva nov XPllO'lllEVOVV aa l3ao"lK1] TpOcpi) aTovs BICxcpopovS Aaous!
'H nCxAll BEV ElTIKpaTei ma o:vallEaa enn Xpnall Kat Ttlv EKTIllllall: ylveTal aVCxlleaa O'TfJV ~I..I1TOpIK1i &~Ia nov 'llTCxe1 EKEivOS nov npoaq>epEl xed O'TnV ElllTOP1K-Q a~{a nov npoacpepel aVToS nov 'llTCxeI. 'H aVTaAAaKTIKn a~{a TOV lTP010VTOS slver, K&eE cpopa, TO O:lTOTeAEalla &rr' aVTES Tis O:VTlq>CXT1KES EKTlllnaelS.
Ie TeAeVTa{a ov6:Avall, ti npoacpopex Kl ti ~nTllO'll cpaVEpwvow TfJV napayooyi) Kai TnV KaTaVCxAooall, Ila TnV napayooy.q xed TTjV KaTaVCxAooO"ll nov 6elleA1WVOVTal lTCxVOO O'TiS aTolllKES &vTcxAAayes.
To npololl nov npoacpepETal, Bev elvcxl TO xpr,aHlO Ka6' bUTO. '0 KaTavaAooTTjs elval Kelvos nov ElTI[3el3alwvEI TT) XPllO'JI.lOTllTa TOV. Kt chc:xv O:KOl-la TOU ovayvooplaovllE Tf}V IBIOTllTCX" vavat Xpnll1llo, BEV elval OlTOKAelO'TIKa TO XPr,O'lIlO. Meaa aTiw 1Topeia Ti'\S napayooyf\s oVTaAACxxTf1KE Il' OAa Ta lTapaYOOYIKa ~~oBa, OlTWS 01 npooTES vAes, 01 1l1,:r601 TOOV epyaT&v KTA. npay-
37
llCXTa 1TOV eI\lal 6"Aa TOUS EIl'Tl'OPIKES eX~fes. To 'TI'poiov i\omov 1Topaerrofvel erra Il(XTla Toii 'TI'apayooyoO, e\la 11'00'0 O:1TO EIl1TO.pIKES eX~fes. 'EKei\lo 1TOV 'TI'poacpspel 6 'TI'opayooy6s, Sev alvcn 110- vo:xa XPT]alIlO civnKEllle\lO, J.,l' o.K61l0 Kal 'TI'PO'TI'CXVTOOV, eI\lot EJ.,l1TOPIK1t eX~{a.
°00'0 yl<X Tn ~f}TT'la1'h Se 6av,01 eX1ToTe"AeaIlCXT1Kf}, 'TI'apa Il~ T~lV 6po \laxel errn SI66Eaf} T1'\S IJsaa civTa"Ai\ayfis. A\rra Ta iSta Ta J.lsaa elvol 1Tpo'i6VTo, EIl1TOP1KES O:~les.
~TTjV 1TpOalPOpa Kal Trl ~f}TTlaf\ I3pf01<oVJ.,le, "Aom6\1, &1T' Tn IlI<X IlEpta eva 'TI'pOIOV 'TI'OV K6O'Tlae ~1l1TOptKES 6~fES Kol T1)V 6\1OyK1') \la nou"A1')6ei. 'An' TI)v aAA1'\ J.lEpIO:, IlsC'o nov K6aTtaav ~llnOptKES o:~iES KO\ Triv ~'TI'l6uIlI0 Tfis &yopas.
'0 KCXTcxvai\OOTT]S SEll eI\lot neplaC'6'TEpo Ei\ev6epos &1T TOV 'TI'opoyooy6. 'H SKTIJ.,l1'\af} TOU 130C'f~ETOI erra IlsC'o 'TI'OV SIa6hEt 1<ai aTls eXVO:yKES TOU, TO: J.,lsC'a OJ.,lc.>S Kt ol o:vOyKes 'TI'poaSlopl~ov-ral O:1T' T~V KOIVOOVtKT] TOU 6sC'1') 'TI'OV Kt Cx\lTn neXi\1 ~~apTlbat (rn' 6"A0:l<epll 7"V K01\lOOV1KT] OPyO:VOOC'1'). MaAlerra. '0 spy6:'T1'\S 1TOV eXyopo:~et nCXT6:'Tes KI 1i na"Ai\oKfSa nov o:yopo:~et VTov7si\es, 'O:Koi\ou6ilve Kl 6 evas Kl 6 (!i)\}.,os Tn O')(ET1KT] TOU Ka6s\las EKT(- 111'\0'1'). 'QaT6ao 1i SlalPopa aT"v EKT(J.lTla'; TOVS E~1'\yeiTal 0:11" 'Tn StolPopa Tils 6sC'TlS 'TI'OV KaTEx0uv IlsC'o aT"V KOt\lOO\l(a, Sta'<P0pa nov Kt aUTn alvct TO 'TI'p0'jOV T11S KOI\lOOVIKi'\S opyavOOC'1')S.
'OAO:KEPO TO avaT1'\lla TooV O:\layKOOV alvcn 6e1lE"Atoo1lS\lO no:voo aT~v EKTIJ.,llla1') ii 1TCxVOO a' oi\6:KeP1') Tn\l oPyo:vooa1') Tfis 1Tapoyc.>y11S; Tis rne nOA"AES 1P0pe<:, ol CxvOyKES ~E1T1')yO~OU\l ,o"A6tata em' TnV napayooy" ii 0:1T0 J.,lta KaTo:erraaf\ npaYllo-rOO\I 1TOV l3aa(~ETOl err"v 1Tapoyooyf}. To naYK6aJ.,l10 EJ.,l'Tl'6plO KU"AoEl, erro C'V\loi\6 TOU O')(eS6\1, 0Xl 'TI'OVOO aT1S civ0YKES Tfis 6TOlllKi'\S KCXTOVO:AOOa1'\S o:"Ai\a T11S 1Tapayooyfis. "Erm, Yla \la Sta"As~ovlle Eva a"Ai\o napoSetYJ.la, ti 6VOyK1') 1TOV EXEl 1i KOlvc.>v(a yta C'wl3oi\aloypo:<povs SEv v'TI'06rnt eva 0plallsvo 6erriKo SIKalo, nov SEv slvm 'TI'apa EKlPpaaTl IltO:S optallS\lf\S 6V6:'TI'TU~TlS Tfis IStoKTT)alos, STl"AoS" Tfis 'TI'apayooyfis; '0 K. llPOVVTOV 130~el TOV si\ev6Epo a:YO(!aOTf] 6\ITIKPV aTO\l e"Aru6epo na(!aywyo. Lllvel OTOV Eva KOl errov aA"Ao iSt6TTlTes ~eK06apa lleTalPvC'IKES. Mrro -rO\l KO\lEI va "Aset:
«' AnoSeiXTflKE 1TOOS 1i EAeV6epTl EKT(J.,l1'\C'1') TOO &vepc.:mou :sl\lal KelvTl 'TI'OV SIVEt eX<P0Pllrl Yla T~\I O:VT(6eC'fl o:vO:lleaa aT~v 6 ~(o XPT]C'1')S xed T IIv oVTai\"AOKTIK~ 6 ~Ia».
38
·0 1TCxpayOOyos, an' T~ (TTlY~~ nov ~q)Tlo~e rrpotevr« ~eacx ae Illa kOIVOOV{O nov 6e~6Alc.:,veTOI navoo aTOV l<aTo~epla~o Tfislpyoa{os Koi aTlS OOrrcxMayeS, (oVril elvol t; \m'o6sCJT) TOO 1<. Ilpowrov), elvol ovoYl<oalleVOS va novMel. ·0 K. npOVVTOV KcXVSI TOV nopayooyo 6 CPEIITII<O aTa lleaO nopoyooYfis. 'QaToao ea av~CPOOv1lael ~o~( 1l0S noos Sev l~OPTIOVvTOI e-rr' TI'II lAEV6sp1'l lKT{~1'Ia1'l Ta ~eO'o TOV nopayooyfjs. KI 61<01l0' TOVTO Ta nopoyooYll<a llEao, Elvol, aTO IlEyoA\nepo Ilepos TOVS, rrpotevr« nov Ta npOll1'l6eVEToi 0 rr' g~oo 1<01 aT" avyxpoVTJ nopayooYri Sev elvol Ka60AOV EAEV6EPOS va nopaye\ T~V noaOT1'ITo nov SSAsI. "O 0'1'IIleplVos pv61l0s 6VcXnTv~1'IS TOOV nOPaYooYll<OOV SWcXllEOOII -rOV onoxpeoovet va nopcXyEI ae Thoto ii Tholo KA{IlOIS~. !l.EV CPTavEI aTOV k. Ilpowrov nov ga~T\O'E 0:11" -r,; ax,eO'Tl -rfis rrpoccpopas kO\ TfjS ~ftTTlCJT)S Ta aToIXEio nov YI' CX\iTa IlIMaollE. nplv ano A{yO. Inpc.:,xvEI TJ1V o:cpo(peO'Tl aTa TEAEVTOi~ TTlS 0PIO, avYXOOVeVOVTOS OAOVS TOUs nopayooyovs (1' tva p,6vo nopoyooy6, OAOVS TOVS 1<0TOVOAOOTes (1' Eva p,6vo I<cn:OVaAooT1) kol Tono- 6eTEi TJ1 aVyt<povO'Tl o:vcXlleao ae TOOTo Ta Svo X11l0lpl1<a rrpeC7oono. Ma aTOll npaYlloTlkO kOO'IlO, Ta npcXyllaTO y(VOVTOt S10- cpOpeTlkcX. '0 avvayoovla~os avcXllE(10 ae l<E(vovs nov npoacpepow 1<1 6 avvayOOVI(1IlOs &vcX~eacx ae I<E(VOVS nov ~1'ITOVv, o:nomow o:vCxykoio aToIXEio Tfis ncXA1'IS o:vcXlle(1o aTOVS cXyoporns 1<0\ aTous nOVA1'ITes, nov o:n OUTO ~yo(vel ti EllnOpII(1) O:~{O.
'Acpoii ~ypo\fle Ta nopayooYlka g~oSo 1<0i TO O'WayOOVIC7~0, 6 K. np~VVTOV urropai IlE OA1'I TOV T';V avEaT\ va nepIKo\jJEI we; TOV nopoAoYlallO T'; cp6PllOVAO Tfis npo(1cpop5s ~ol -rfis. l; 1lTTlCJT)S.
«'H npoacpopa Kl " ~ftTTl(11'1, AeEt, Sev elvot TlnoT' aAAo o:no Svo TVTTlkES 1l0PCPES (formes ceremonielles) nov XP1'l(1I~EVOVV Yla va cpovEpc.:,aovv T1)V O:~{o XP1l0'1'IS, koi TT)II O:VTaAAOKTIK1) O:~(O 1<01 npOI<OAOOV TJ1 C1VIlCPli\(ooaft -rOVS. Elvol ol Svo ftAeKTpll<ol nOAOI, nov t; C1V(1Xhlaft TOVS npenel vanopayel TO TeAll<O CPOIVOIlEVO nov 6vOlla~eTOt CwraAAoyi}», (-rOlloS los, aEA. 49 xed 50).
Ia va AEet noos" eXvTaAAay,; Sev elvol 1Topa ilia «TVTTl- 1(1) ~opCPft», nov cpepvel (1' Enocp1) TOV 1<0TavoAooT11 IlE TO O:VTII<E(IlEVO Tfjs 1<0Tovai\ooa1lS. Ia va AeEI 11'OOS 6AsS ol OlkOVOlllKES ~e(1eIS Elvot «TV1TIKeS ~OPCPES» nov no('ovv POAO ~ealToov. "H npO(1cpopa KI " ~ftT1'Ia1'l Elvol axeaets III as SOallEVTJS no-
payooyf\s, SllA. OOTE mplaaOTEpO OOTE AlyOTEPO, ol lXTO~It<ES aVTaAAay~s.
II: Tl avll{O'TaTal hal OAll 1'} 81aAEKT1K11 TOO K. npOUVTOV aTf)V nOA1T1K~ Olsovoule ; ITO va 1i'lT0KaTaO'T~aEl Tf)V a~{a XP~O"T}S xed ~v clvTaAACXKT1Kf) &~{a, Tf)V lTpoacpopa Kai Ti') ~T)Tllall, Il' EvvOles acpalpe~EVES Kl eXvTlcpaTl~S, OlTOOS It CTlTOV10T1)Ta Kl It acp60v(a, It XPT')alIlOTT')Ta KI It ~KT{~llall, [va.v lTapayooyo KI [vav KaTaVaAOOT1), lTOV elval KI ol 8uo TOUS hm6'r:e~ "Cij~ Uf.V{)f.(}1J~ Exrl/1I101Jr; (awq>oov{as). Ked lTOV i\6eAe va KaTaA1)~el ;
~TO va lTpOeT01~aaEI TOV TPOlTO va ~lTaael apyoTEpa gva alT' TO aTOlxeia lTOV elXE lTapa~ep{ael, "Cd l~o~a :na(}arrorij~ ouv T~ OVI"?Wtj avalleaa aTT!V a~{a XP1)O"llS Ka1 TT}V eXVTaAAaKT1- KT} a~{a. "Eret, aTo Ilema TOU, TO e~08a lTapayooyns, lTpoaSlOpi~ovv Tf) avv6eTIKf) 11 auaTaTIKT! a~{a.
§ 2.-'H CJuCJTaTIKIa ii CJUV8UIKia G\ia
({'H a~ia (e~lTOplKf)) elval TO aYKoov6:pl aTO OIKOVOIlIKO olK066~T)~a». 'H «avaTaTIKf)) a~ia Elval TO aYKoov6:pl aTO eNO"TT')~a TOOV O!KOVO~IKOOV aVTlcpaaeoov.
T{ elval Aomov ooiTT} It «ovora7:tx~ a~la» lTOV &1TOTEMi OAT) Kl OAll TT}V clvaKQAv'¥ll TOU K. npOVVTOV O"TTjv lTOA1T1Kf) olxovouix ;
'H lTllYf) Tns a~{as yleX Eva lTpCty~a, ~la Kl &vayvoop{O"TllKE 1') Xpllo"l~6TllTa TOU, elval It epyaa{a. To ~hpo Tf\s epyaaias elval 6 Xpovos. 'H O"XeT1KT} a~{a Trov lTPOiOVTOOV rtpocSlop{~ETal alT' TO Xp6vo Tf\S epyaa{as lTOV xpel6:aTllKE va rrcPOXTOUV. 'H Tl~T} elval It vOlllallaT1Kf) EKq>paall Tns aXET1Kns a~{as ~vos lTPOiOVTOS. TeAOS, It ovotaux~ &~(a EVOS lTpoi6VTOS elvcn CX1TAOVO'TaTO ti a~{a lTOV arroTEAeiTal &n' TO XP6vo Tn) epyaO"{as lTOV evaOO~aTooe"KE a' OOJTo.
To i810 OlTOOS 6 "Avreu ~~16 eXvaKCtAUl.Pe TOV xarap.f.(}top.o "Cij~ E(}rao[a~, eTal KI 6 K. npOVVTOV laxup{~ETal lTOOS clvaKaAlJ\jJE Tf) <covaw7:txI7 MEa». !lev elval TOVTO lT~pa yleX lTspa «Karl lTpOOTCtKOVaTO», lleX lTPElTEl elTians va O"VllcpooVT}aOv~E lTOOS T{· 1TOTa TO 1TpOOTaKOUO"TO 8ev li'lTapXEl ae Ka~llleXv &vaKCtAU'¥ll TnS OIKOVOIlIKnS e1TlaT1)~l1S. '0 K. npOVVTOV, 1TOV vOloo6el OAll TT} allllaa{a TnS ElTlv611ai}S TOU, yvpeUEl 00016ao va ~ETplaael TT}V &~ia TllS
39
40
«ylCX va I<Q6r)aV)(aO'EI TOV &vCXYVOOOTl'l O)(ETlI(a J,lS Tis ~IOOaE1S TOV Yla 1TpcNTOTV1I'la 1<ai Yla va OUJ,lCP1A1OO6Ei ~ Ta 1TVeVJ,laTa, 1TOV n SelMa TOVS Ta Kavel ~AaxlOTa va ruvooOv Tis l<alVOVPY1ES {SeES:'.
Ma aTO I'aeJ,lO 1TOV VrrOaTTlpf~El Mivo 1TOV 1<c:x6EvCXS &n' TOUs 1I'poS p6J,lOVS TOV Vrro07,;pl~e Yla Tilv b<TfJ,l11al'l TTiS a~las, 6 1<. npOVVTCV avayl<a~e"l'al va 6J,lOAoy,;ael J,leyaA6cpooVQ 1I'OOS a' oVrov a V';KeI n 1T10 IJEy&A11 J,lEp(Sa a1T' aVra, 'Ii lJep(Sa TOO ?\lOVTapIOO.
«Tt'! avv6ETI1<t'! {Sea Tfis a~(as Tilv eIxe aVT1A11cpTei a6plOTa 6 ·AvTaJ,l IJ,l{6 ... Ma TOUT" n (Sea Yla Tt'!V a~la OTc:X6r)Ke 6A6TEAa Slalo611TI1<t'! aTOV 'A. IJ,l{6: 00076ao 1') 1<Olvoov(a SEv aAAa~el Tis avv,;6Eles T11S mOTEVOVTOS as Slalo6';0'E1S: 1TE(6eTal 1J0Vc:Xxa 61T' Tt'! SVvOJ,ll'l TooV yeyOVOTOOV. "E1TPE1I'E 'Ii &v-rlVOJ,l{a vaxE ~1<cppaaTei J,lS mo a!a6r)To 1<al 1<a6apo Tp61TO: 6 B. Ia{O oT66r)I<E 6 1<VPIOS ~PJ.l11vetmis TT)S».
Na oAOeT011J11 'Ii krropic Yla Tt'!V aVaKaAVIjITl TTiS avv6eTl- 1<Tis a~{as: aTOV ., AVTaJ.l IJ,lle 1') a6plOTTl Sla{ael'laT), OTO T~. M1I'. Ia{O 'Ii aVT1VOJ,l(a, OTOV K. npOVVTOV 'Ii OVV1OTwaa 1<at «avaTaTl!<';» aA1'j6ela. Kal Yla va J,lt'!v TOV 1TapE~l'ly,;aEl I<avevas: 6).01 01 O:AAOI10!KOVOJ,l0A6Y01, &n' TOV Ia(O wS -ro" Flpouvrov, SSV ~Kavav T(1TOT' &AAO 1Tapa va aTP1CPOyvp{~ovv J,leaa aTT)V TPOXla TTiS aVT1VOJ,l{CXS.
« Elval a1T{aTEVTO 1TooS T6001 O:V6POO1T01 J,lS J,lVaAO 1TapaSepvovv aap6:vTa xp6vla Toopa, ~v6vTla os J,lla T600 emA'; {Sea. Ma 6XI. 'H ovyxet01] tooV Mtoov :neayp.atolwtEitat aav va p..qv {mfjexe avap.eoa tOV!;; xavEva o1]p.eio ovyxet- 01]!;; xa2 XOJ(ll!;; p.ovatJa p.it(!OV: va T( anocpa010al1 va <nrcaTl'lp(~oUV &vr(1<PV 1<1 ~aVTla a' 6Aovs oE olxovop.o).6yo£ toti 190v oldwa, &v-rl v' Oyt<cxAlaaovv Ttlv ~1I'avaOTaTll<t'! 6Eoop(a TTiS {aem,Tas. Tl 6a 1I'oOV yl' a\rro ol J,lETayevEaTEPOI;» (TOJ,l. los, aeA. 68).
Ol IJETayeveOTepol, 1TOV ot cxVTOUs T600 ~acpvl1<a gOTPE\jJE TO A6yo 6 1<. npOWTOV e' apx(aovv va 6vJ,loovoW 1Tc:XvOO a-r,;
XpovoAoy(a. e' avapOOTl1eOOVE avOYKOO'TIKa: i::.ev elvol Aomov OiKOVOlloMyol TOO 190u aicl>va 6 PIKapVTo KI " axo\f) TOU; To cnJO'Tl1l.1a TOO PIKO:PVTO, 1TOV SIaTV1Tcl>vei ,."V 6:pX'l)
(mOOS " 0XeTIKn a~'o T(;)V ~1l1TOpEVll&Tc.>V ~~apTIETal boKASIO'TIKCx a1TC) TnV 1TOO'OT1')Ta ~pyaa(as 1TOV xpelaO'T1')KE YICX TitV 1Tapayooyi) TOUS»
aVO:YETai O'TCx 1817»
'0 PIKapVTo elvci 6 6PXl1YOS 6AclKEP115 axoAfi5, 'Tt'OV KVplaPXEi aT';V 'AYYA(a a1To TnV rnoxn Tii5 noAlVOpec.>O'11S Kat SOO&.
'H eSoop(a TOO Pu<:apVTO rupIAaj3alVEI p6>lloAsa, aVSAEl1 TO, 6MKEpl1 Tti oVyXPO\l1l 6:aTIKn Ta~l1· «T{ eo: 1TOOv YI' OUTO ol J.lETaySVSO'TSpOI;» !le eo: 1TOOV 'Tt'00s 6 K. npOWTOV Sev il~sps 1<0- e6\OU TO PU(O:PVTO, YIOTl I.IIMSI YI' aUTOV, IJ.IAaSI 1Tapo 1ToM YI' aUTOII, ~avO:YUPVO:SI 1TallTa 0" aUTOV xcl KaTOAf)YSI VO: 'Tt'si 1T00s aUTO elvol «KuKEcl>lIa5». ~ Av 'Tt'OTe 01 IlETaYSIIEO'TSPOI avaKOTooeOOV a' aUTO: eo et'Tt'oOV iO'oos 'Tt'OO5 6 K. npOVVTOV 6:1T0 cpo~o Ilf)TTooS 'Tt'pOKaASaSI T1)V &yYAocpoj3la 1'0011 avaYVOOO'TOOV TOU, 1TpOT{IlTlO'S 110: ylvEI 6 VrrEv6vvos MioT1')S TooV ISEooII TOO PII<O:PVTO. ·O'Tt'OOS Kal vaval, 01 IlETayellEO'TepOI eo: j3poOv 1Tapa 1TOAV OrrAO'iK6, TrooS 6 ~. npOWTOV (3AE1TE1 aav dTTOVaaTQTlkn eSoop{a TOO IlSAAOVTOS» aVro 'Tt'OV 6 PIKapVTO 6:116TrTV~s rnlO'Tl1- 1l0VIKa aall Tft eEc.>p{O Tiis O'TlIlSPlvfjs KOilloovla5, TfjS 6:O'TIKfjS KOIlloov{as Kal 1TOOS, Yla 1''; AVO'l1 Tfj5 &V1'IIIOIl'o:s 6:v6:llsaa O',-ft XPl1O'I1J.6T1')Ta Kol TnV aVTaAAaKTIK'I) a~{a, 1TolpVEI ~Ksivo 1TOV 6 PIKO:PVTO KI 1') axo\f) TOU, 1ToMv Kalpo 1Tplv a1T' aUTOV, TO 1Tapoua{oaav 0'011 Tftll ~1TI0'T1')1l01lIKft CPOPIlOUAa (O'VVTay,;) Ill00S 1l0vaxa 1TAeVpCiS Tfiv aVTIIIOl.lla5, Tfis aVTaAAaKTIKfi5 a~{as. '0)0'1'60'0, as acpf)O'OUllE ylO: 'Tt'O:VTa TOVS IlETayevEO'TEpouS a1'ft1l 1T&VTa KI as OVYKP{vovlle TOil K. npOVVTOV Ile TOV 1TpOKaTOXO VOU PIKO:PVTO. Na IlSPIKCx 6:1TOO'TTaO'llaTa oUTOO TOO avyypacpsa 'Tt'OV TrEpIAa~a{vow O'VVO'Tt'TIKCx Tft 6eoop{a TOU, axSTIKCx IlE Tftv 6:~{a.
«!lev elvol " XPTlO'IIlOT1')TO TO IJhpo yICx,-ftV aVTaMal<TIK'I) a~{a, av KI OUT'; Elval b6\VTa 6:vayKofa (TOil. I, O'EA. 3, • Aer.e, til' floAmxil' Ol"ovop.{a, KA1T. IJ.ETacppoO'!.1Evo 6:1T' 1" &yYAIKCx a1T' TOil KovO'T<lVTO'lO, noplcll 1835).
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«To 1TpcXy~aTa, ~lCX KI avayvoop(~oVTal aa xpf}al~a Kcx6' ~CJVTa (alT' Tilv ISla TOUS T1'! cpva1')) , tta(pvovv Tt'lV allTaAAaKTIKf) TOUS a~(a alTO Suo 1T1')y~S, an' T1} O"TtaVIOT1')TcX TOUS KI em' T1'!v avayKa{a 1TOaOT1')Ta epyaa(as Yla v' &noXT1')60UII. 'YnCxpxouv 11"pay~aTa 1TOV 'Ii a~(a TOUS S~v e~apTt Tat 1Tapa ~6vo an' T1'! O"TtavtoT1')T6: TOUS. Mia Kat Ka~lJla epyaa{a 5~ l11Topei v' aU~~ael Tilv 1TOaOT1')Ta, t1 a~ia TOUS 5~ urroosl \la KCXT~!3el a1T' Tit lJeyaAVTep1') a<p60- v(a TOUS. Tsroic elval T' aYCxAI1CXTa ii ol 1TOAllTt~OI rrlvoKE" KATr. AUTit t1 a~(a e~apTthal IJOVa51Ka an' Tis rrvsv~aTtl<ts tKav6T1')TES, TO yOUO"Ta Kat TO KaTTp(TaIO EKelVWv 1TOV AaxTapCille v' emox-n;aovv T~Tota aVTIKe{~eva. (rou, I, aeA. 4 xed 5).
»'QO"Toao, aUTa T' aVTIKe(~eva, Sev alTO eAouv lTapa ~ICX eACxXIO"Tl1 TrOaoTTJTa OTT' TO e~lTOpeVIlCXTa TTOV elval 'Ka61')~EPIVa a' aVTaAAayfl. ITO IlEyaAVTEpo apl61lo, T' aVTM<e{Ileva lTOV AOXTapcxllE \I' alTOXT1)aOUIlE, ilia KI elva I KapTTOS Ti'is f3tO~1')xav(as, IllTopoUIlE va Ta lTOAAaTTAaalCxaOUIJE 0Xl ~ovCxxa ae ilia xoopa, ~a as lTOAAES, ae (3a6110 lTOV elval axe50v aSvvCXTo va 5laypa\jJOUIlE Ta apia, KI oaes <popes 6a 6eAf}aOVllE va XP1')aIIlOTTOIf}aOUl.\E TT, (310~l1xav(a lTOV elval avayKa(a yl~ va Ta S1')llloupyflaou~e. (aEA. 5, TOil. los
» °0 rev Aomov ~IAOU~E Yla e~1TOpeVJ.laTa, Yla T1'!v &VTaAAaKTIKf) TOUS a~{a Kat Yla Tis apXEs lTOV pue~i~OUII T1'! axeTIKf} TOUS Tll1fl, eXOVlle On' 0\1'1') lias eKeiva ~Ov~a Ta ellTrOpeVl1aro 1TOV 'Ii TToaOT1')TCx TOUS urropel v' au~TJ6ei aTr' Tfl !3loll11xallla TOU av6pC:mou, IT,JU'; rrcpcycoyfl TOUS ev6appVllETai em' TO O"Vllayoovlallo Kat 5e ovvcvTOeI kcMlla fIlTroBIO». (r. los, a. 5.)
'0 PIKcXPVTO 6va<pepel TOil' A. III (6, 1TOV aVIl<poova u' aUTOV <mpoa510plaE IlE !Jsyalf} &1ef!({Jua T1'!v TrpWTapXIKT, 11"1')Yf} K&ee alrtaAAaKTll<fiS a~{as» (KE<p. 5, TOil. los TOU IJ.l(6). Kat 1Tpoa6rnl:
«·OTt, TEToia elvat aTfJV lTpayllaTIK6T1')Ta, 'Ii f3aa1') Ti'is maAAaKTIKfis a~(as OAWV TooV TTpaYllcXToov (S1')Aa5f} 6 XpovOS Tf\S epyoa{as) u' e~o{pEa1') EKeiva TTOli ,; !310J.ll1xavla TooV cXv6pc.;)TTWV 5e J.llTopei va Ta lTOA:-OlTAa:n6:asl 6t:Alllla-
T1Ka, MO elval ~va 6eOOPl'lT1KO O11llelo lTOV EXe1 lTOAV I.lEyaAl'l al'lllaoia aTf}V lTOAITIKtl OIKovollfa: YlaTt 8ev Vnap. Xel lTT'lYtl alT' OlTOV va ~E1Tl'lS1ioave T60a AcX6rj KI &no OlTOV veX yewi)6T'1KQV T600 Slaq>OpETIKe~ YVoo!lES Il~oa oe TOUTt') TtlV ~1TlaT1iIlT'l, 000 Tj a6plaTT'I KI ~AcXxlaTa 6:t<PI~6- AOYll Evvoia lTOV Sfvovv OTf} ~1'l Mfa» (a. 9, 1~ -rou.),
»Mla Kat KEivo lTOV pv6llf~el Tt1V al1TaAAOKTIKTt a~fa ~VOS lTPcXyllaTOS elval f} lTocr6TllTa ~pyacrias lTOV ~"croollaTOOs"KE a' aUT6, ~yafvel TO avlllT~paalla lTOOS KcX6e aO~lla" aTtl" lTocr6Tl'lTa ~pyao{as lTpSlTEI v' aV~';OEI &vayKaOT1Ka TtlV a~fa TOO aVTIKelll~vou lTOV a' aUTo XPllal!lOlTOI1is"Ke, Kat TO iSIO Ka6e lleiooaT'l Tf\S ~pyaaias lTpSlTEI va O\aTTooael Tt1V TIIlTJ TOV» (aeA. 9, T61l. 1~).
« 1. TIoos Kclee q>opa, XPl'laillOlT01Ei &"AAO Ilhpo YUl Tt1v a~fa Kat 0X1 Tf}V epyaaia, cxMOTe Tf}V a~fa TOO aTapIOO, aAAoTE Tt1v lTOa6TflTa ~pyaa{os lTOV urropei v· ayopaael ~va 1Tpay!la, KTA.» (TOil. los, a. 9 Kat 10).
«2. noos ~VOO lTapaSSXTT'lKE xoop\s rnlq>uAa~T'I Tf}V apxTJ. lTeplopf~el ooOT6ao TtlV ecpoplloYTJ TT'lS aTf}v lTpooT6yoVT) KI &ve~sAIKTT'llTplv c rr' TtlV aVa1TTU~l'l TooV Texvc;)v) KaT6.aTaa.., Tf\S KOlvcA>v{as, lTOV 1jTav rrplv alTO Tt1 avaaoopeva.., TOO KEq>aAafou Kal TtlV ISIOKTl'l'J"fa Tf\S yf\S.» (TOil. los, aeA. 21).
'0 PIKclPI1TO 6:yoovl~ETal v' &lToSel~el lTOOS Tj ISloKTfla{a Tf\s yf\s, Sl'lA. ti eyyelos lTp6aoS~, (yalolTp6aoSos) 8e ea IllTopoOae v' aAAcl~El Tt1v axeTIKtl 6:~fa TooV elllTOpEWclTOOV Ka1 lTOOS f} ovaaoopeval'l TOO KEcpaAalou e~aaKel ilia Slaj3aTIKtl Ka1 Tai\QVTeu6IlEVT) SpaC11'l lTOvOO aTlS O"XET1KSS a~fes lTOV lTpOa810- pf,ol1Tal &n' Ttl avYKPITlKtl lTOa6TllTa ~pyaa(as lTOO XPT)all.lQlTOltls"KE Yla Tf}V lTapoyooYTJ TOUS. ria veX VlToOTl'lpl~el TOUTll Ttl 6S011, SlaTVlTOOVel T1]V mpicpT}llT} eEwpfa TOV Yla TtlV EYYU') lTp6aoSo (ycnorrpccoso), aVOAVet TO KEq>clAaIO xed KaTaAtlyel. as TEAeVTalov &v6:AUaT}, va Ilf} j3piaKet 1TIeX a' CliTo T(lTOTe aAAo napa avaaoopeVIlEVT} epyaafa. • Avcrr-rvcosi KaT61T1 ~.uav OAC:J.KEpT} 6eoop(a YI<:X TO IllaeO KO\ TO Ksp80S Ka\ anoSefXVEl noos 0 1l1a6os Kol TO KSpSOS exovv Ttl 81K'; TOUS KfVT}al'l OTO avej3acrlla
43
xed "TO 1TEClIJ,.IO, a' &v-rlaTpOcpO Myo "TO ~va J,.IE T' 6.A"AO, xoopis va trrl1pe6:~OW"T'!) axeTlK1) cX~la TOV 1TpOi6v-ros.·0 PIKCxPv-rO SEv 1Tapaj3Aerrel T1)V hr{SpaO'l1 1TOV J,.I1TOpOVV vaxOW 1TOvOO O'T'!)V .avaA0YIK1) a~{a TooV 1Tpoi6v-roov, 1) O'VO'aoopEVU11 TOV KEcpa"Aa{ov, 1't Slacpopa O'T'!) CPVU11 TooV Kecpa"Aa{oov (O'Tcx6epa Kai KVK"AOCPOplaKa Kecpa"Aala) Kcx600s Kal TO 1TOO'OO'TO TooV J,.I10'6ooV. Airra elvat J,.Io"AIO'Ta Ta j3aO'l1(a 1Tpo~"AT}Il<X'Ta 1TOV a1Taax0"Aoiiv TO Pl- 1<Cxpv-ro.
«K66e oh<ovoJ,.lla aT1'\v epyaO'{a, "AEel, K<X'Tej3o~el 1T&vTa T'!) O'XeTIK1) Cx~{a ~VOS ~1l1TOpeVIl<X'TOS, efTe,; OIKOVOllia av-r1) O'T1)pl~ETal O'T1)V ~pyaO'{a T1)V a1To:pa{TT)"t'T) Yla va KaTaO'KevaO'TEi TO iSIO TO av-rIKelIlEVO, ehe KaAVTEpa aT1)pl~eTal O'Tf)V epyaa{a T'!)V avayKcxla Yla va O'X1)llaTIO'TEi TO Kecp6:"Aalo 1TOV XPl1alJ,.101ToiEiTal O'S TOUT1) T'!)V 1Tapayooyrp>. (T. los, a. 48). «KaTa O'VvE1TEla oao eva J,.IEpoKollaTo ea' E~a- 1<o"AovSfJaEI va Slvel iSla 1To:roTT)Ta \flapl aTOV Eva KI iSla rrccorrrre KVVijYl O'TOV O:AAO, TO 1TpayJ,.laT1KO rrococ-ro O'Tts cXv-r{O'TOIXES TillES cXvTaA"Aayf)s 6a IlEVEI mXVTa TO iSIO, (lTTOla Kl av elva1 'Ii J,.IeTaj3o"A1) O'TOVS J.llO'SOVs Kat O'TO KEPaOS Kat rrop' o"Aa T' Cx1TOTE"AEO'llaTa TTiS O'VO'aoop~voT)S TOV KEcpaAo{ov». (T. los, aeA. 32). «9EoopijO'allE TTjV epyaaia O'clV ,.0 6EJ,.IEAIO Tfis 6.~ias TooV 01lTU<EI J,.IEVOOV· S(OOpijO'oJ.l· "T1)V 1T00'6TT)Ta ~pyoafas, TTjV a\ioyKafa Yla T1)V TiapayooyfJ ,.ovs, O'av TOV Kavova 1TOV 1TpoaSlop!~el Tis O:VT{O'TOIXES 1To0'6T1)TEs TooV EJ.l1TOpeVJ,.lCrroov 1TOV TTpErrEI v' eXVTa"AAayovv J.I' 6.AAa, Ila Sev eiXallE O'K01TO v' apV1l60VJ.lE 1TWs V1TOPXEI Kcmola TUxa{a Kat 1TapoSIK,!) 01T01<AI0'1l OTTO TOV"T1) Tilv apXlt(1) I(al 'rrpaYIl<X'T1K1) TIJ,.Itl» (T61l. los, a. 105). cc'E;.tEivo -nov Kavov{~EI, O'e TeAEVTala eXVaAVO'll, Tis TIJ.lES TooV 1TpayJ,.ICxTOOV elvCXl T0: E~oSa 1Tapayooyf\s KI OXI, 01TOOS laxvp{~OVTal O'Vxv6:,,; ava"Aoy{a eXvoJ,.lEO'a O'Tf}V 1TpOO'IfOpa xed T1) ~fJ"t'T)all.» (T. 20s O'e"A. 253).
, '0 "A6pSOS !\ooVTEpVTaA eIxe o:va1TiV~EI Tis 1TapaA"AayES ,.f\s o:vTa"A"AaKTIKf)S o:~{as aVlllj>OOVa IlE .0 VOJ,.lO Tf)S 1Tp0O'cpopCiS 1(al Tf)s ~';TT)U11S i't Tf)S O'1Tavl6TT)Tas Kat Tf)s a<p60vias ae axEaT) PE T'!) ~';"t'T)aT). IVJ,.Icpoova Il' airrov 1') o:~{a EVOS 1TPCxYJ.lOTOS J,.I1TOpei v· OV~T)6Ei Otav "AlyOO'TEVEI'; 1Toa6T1)TCx TOV ii O'O:V aV~1)6Ei 1) -~';T1)afJ TOV. M1TOpEi va J,.IElOO6ei 6vaAoya J,.IE 'tf\V OV~llO'1) tf)s 7T00'6'!1)TT)TCxS 'tOV i't J,.IE "tTlV J,.IElooO'1) 1f)S ~ijtT)O'T)S. "Eror 1't a~{a
~1I0S 1TPOYI-lCXTOS urropst v' OAAa~el &7r' T1)V ~1T(SpCXO''Tl 1TOV eXO'KOVV 6X'TOO SlacpOpeTIKES ahles. ' A1T' a\rrES ol 'TeO'aepes ~cpap- 1-l6~0V'Tal O"TO iS10 'TO 1TpOYlla Kl 01 clAAeS'T£O'O'epES O"TO xpTilla 1\ aE OTTOIO C:.AAO EIl1T6pEUlla XP'TlO'lIlEUEl O'av ~hpo 'TTis eX~(cxS 'TOU.
No 1i O:lIaO'KEVf} 'TOU PIKapIITo:
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Elvoa cmi\ovcrTCXTa TO epyo Tf\S atiYXPOI111S !3tOIlT)xavfas.
ITO alJ"rOIlCXTO (llT)xaVtKO) epyaCYT1;pt, t'l OOVASta EVOS epYclTTI oev ~exoop{~et ma aE ThroTa axeoov em' Tn oovi\eta EVOS aAi\ov epyclTTI: 01 epyaTss oE Il1TOpOUV ma va XOOptaTOVV &valleTa~v TOVS 1Tapa llovCx)(a IlE TQv 1Toa6TTlTa XPOVOV 1TOV oovi\svovv. 'QcrToao, TOVTTI t'l iTOaOTtKn Otacpopa yfveTat aiTo Iltav 6ptallEvT) aiTO\llTl Kat iTOtOTtKT], crTO !3a6llo 1TOV 6 XPOVOS iTOV ~ooevSTat crTr)V epyaafa, e~apTtha1, ooS eva IlEPOS, erno aiTfss Ka6apa Vi\lKES, OiTOOS 'Ii cpvatKt'l Otcl1TAaCfT), 'Ii 'lii\lKia, TO cpvi\o 1<1 ooS eva IlEPOS cmo aiTfss ,;61KES, Ka6apa apI111T1KES, 01TOOS 'Ii ViTolJovi), t'l 6:1Tcl6e1a, 'Ii clKpf!3e1a. TEi\os. av ViTclpXet 1T010TIKn olacpopa crTfl oovi\sla TOOV epyCXTwv, 'Ii olacpopa atlT11 elvot, TO 1TOi\V .1TOAV, 1TOtOTT)Ta Tils TSAevTafas 1T016TTlTas, OEV elval l<a6oi\ov ~eXOOplcrTll SiotKOTTlTa. Ncl 1TOla elval, aE Tsi\evToia avai\VCfT), ,; KaTclaTaaTl aTn oVYXpovT) !3IOIlTlxavia. '0 K. fTpovvTOV, aTTlpf~SI TTjv «e~laOOTIKT]» TOV 1Ti\avT) , 1TOV aKOiTEVS1 va TllV 1TpaYIlCXTo1Toli}asl aE 1TaYK6alJla t<i\flJaKa «o-ro IJEAi\OV», 1TCXVOO ae TOUTT) Tf)V ia6TTlTa 1TOU 1TpaYlJaT01T01T]eT)KS Ktoi\as em' TnV av-rolJaTT} (~T1xavIKn) epyaaia.
eOi\a Ta E~laooTIKa aVIJ1TEpclalJCXTa 1TOV !3YCx~el 6 K. fTpoVIITOV ern' T'l) 6eoopfa TOU PIKapvTo, aTTlpi~OVTal rrovco 0' Eva 6eIJeAlaKO i\cl6OS. '0 K. Ilpovvrov IJ1TSpOeVel TTJV a~ia TOOV EIJ1TOPSVllclTOOV, Tn IlSTPT)IlEVT) IlE TnV 1Toa6TT)Ta Epyaaias 1TOV evOOOIlCXT6leT)KS a' av-rcl, !-IE TrW cl~fa TWV ElliTopsvllaToov T'l) IJSTPTlIJEVT) lJe T1lV «a~[a Tli~ eeyaa[a~». "Av ll1TopOVaalJe va EVOOaOVIJe TOUS ovo O\/TOVS Tp61TOVS IJhpT)oTlS TTlS a~ias TWV EIJ1TOpeVlJclTOOV, 0' Eva IJOva01Ko Tp61TO, ea IJ1TOpOVaalJe va 1TOUIJS xooplS ot&!<plaT) : t'l axST1K1) cl~{a 1TOV EXe1 Eva ell1T6peVIJa, 01TOIO Kat vo:val, IlETp1ETat lJe T1)V 1Toa6TT)Ta epyaafas 1TOU EvaOOlJaTOOe"KS 0' alJ"r6. "H Kai\vTEpa: lleTpIETa1 IJE T1:JV 1ToaoTTlTa epyaaias 1TOV 'Ii iota elval lKav1) va TO ayopaael. "H aK61la KaAVTepa:
IlETplETal IlE T1)V 1ToaOTT)Ta epyaa{as 1TOV ti i01a elvat {KaVn va TO aiTOxTi)ael. Ma CPVOIKO hot 1TpS1TEt vO:val. 'H a~icx TfjS epyaafas oe 60 '!l1TopOUae VO XPTlatllsvasl ao IJSTPO ytO T'l)V a~icx, mo 1TOAV a1T' oao t'l a~fa Kci6e aAi\ov EIl1TOpevlJcxTos. MeplKo 1TapaoeiYIlCXTa awal apKeTo vo e~T1yT]aOvv, rno Kai\6:, atlTO nov si1TalJs rrcporrcvco.
"Av eva 11001 aTclpt K6aTl~e OUO lJepOKclllaTcx aVTl Y10 gva Ilovclxa, eexxe TO omMalo a1T' Trill apXIKT] TOV a~ia. 'Ai\Acl OE ea:!3a~e aE CfVvai\i\ay'l) TT] omMa1a 1TOOOTTlTCX epya-
alas, Yl<XTl TO eva 1J601 O'Tapl oe eaxs mpla0'6TEpes epE1TTtlds ova{ES em' OO'ES elxe 'TTpo-n;Tspa. "ETO't, ti a~la TOU O'TaplOU 1TOV I.IETp1')&r,KE !.IE TT)V 1Toa6T1'lTa epyaO'{aS 1TOV XPTlO'lI.lOlt'Ol1')&r,KE O'TT)V 1Tcxpayooyr" ea Ol1TAa:O'ta~6Tav. "Av OlJooS IJETp1)6ei, ehs IJE TTJV 1T00'6T1'lTa epyaa{as It'OV IJ1TOpEi v' eXyopaael, eiTE ~ Ti.Jv 1Toa6TT}Ta epyaO'las 1TOV IJ1TOpEi 1.1' aUT'll v' &yopaO'TEi o~ ea ol1TAaO'ta~6Tav Ka66AOV. • ATra 1J1cXv &AA1) IJEpta, 001 ti iOla epyaO'{a Ef3ya~c Ta omAeXO'tO pouXa &no 1Tp{V, ti O'XET1KT) &~{a TOOV pO\lxooV 6&mcpTE aTO I.It0'6. 'QO'T60'0, TOVTT} ti Ol1TAaO'la TrOa6T1'lTCX poVx,oov, oe 6a IJlt'OPOUO'E, yt' cxVrev TO Myo, y' &rr(~(lTr,O'el lJovci)(a TT) 1J10'T) Tro0'6T1)Ta epyoO'{as 1'1 ti iOla 1ToO'6TT}Ta epyaa{as oe ea IJ1TOpOUO'E v· &nOtTT,O'Et Ttl omAaO'ta It'00'6T1)Ta poUxoov•
rtaTl ti I.ItO'T) 1To0'6T1'lTa &no Ta poUXa TrOV 1TapO:yEl 6 epyciT1)S !.IEO'o O'TT)V iOla epyaO'llJTI lJepa, ea e~CXKOAov6ouae va TOU Trpoa<pepel 1T6:vTa TT)Y iOla e~vTr1)ph1)O'1) 15m_os Kal 1Tp{y.
"ETO't, TO va 1TpOO'OtOp{~OVIJE TT) C1XET1KT) &~{o TaW elA1TOPEWCcTOOV I.IE TT)V &~Ia TfjS epyaa{as, Elval aVTI6eTo IJE T'I'}V 0[· KOVOlJtKn 1TpaYIA<XTtK6T1)Ta. Elver aa va KtVoVlJaO'Ts lJeO'a 0" eva <pauAo KVKAo, O'a va 1TpoO'Otopi~OVIJE T'I'} axET1KT) &~(a crUlJcpoova lAe 1J1cXv aAA1) O")(ET1KT) a~{a, TrOV Kt aVT'l'} IJE TT) O'slpa T1)S EXEl 6:vayK1) va 1TpOaOtOplO'TEi.
fl.E XoopaEt 6:l.Icpt~oA{a TrWS 6 K. TIpoVVTov IJmporuEl Ta OVO J-lhpa: TO IJETPO TOU XP6vov epyaO'{as, TrOV Elvat &vayKaiOS Yla T1]V 1TapayooyT) Eves 1Tpo'i6VTos Kal TO IJhpo TfjS a~{as TfjS epyaO'{os. «'H epyaO'{a K6:6E &vepcimov, AEEt, IJ1TOpEi v· ayopo:O'sl TTjV 6:~ia 1TOV EXEl !.IEaa T1)S». "Erer, crUl.lcpoova lJe TOV TIpovvT6v, I.Ita aplO'lJeV1) Tro0'6T1'lTa epyaO'{as, 1TOV eVO'OOIJ<XTcl>vETal 0" eva rrpotcv, laoOVvalJEi I.IE T'I'}V aIJ01~T) TOU epy6:TT}, S1)AaS'I'} ~ Tl'}v a~{a TfjS epyaalas. '0 is lOS 6:K61Ja Myos TOU FmTpemn va IJmpOEVEI Ta E~OOO Trapayooyfjs IJE TOUs 1J10'60vS.
«Tl elvai 0 p.to{}6~; Elvai Ttl l~o~a na(!aywyfj~ -lOt; OTa(!toV ".A.n., elvai d.xi(!ta ~ up.fj ,,&'{}e n(!&.yp.a7:0~.»
«'0 p.to{}o~ elvai ~ OXiorJ &vaAoyla~ reVv OTOtXelwv nov ovv{}hovv TOV nAovw».
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T{ etvc:n 6 j.lla60S; Elval II ~~{cx Ti)s Apycxa{cxs.
'0 - AVTClCI.1 Ij.l16 1Tcx{pvel aa .wrpo Tiis ~~f<xs &AAon: TCw &I1ayl<ato xp6\JO Tfis Apycxa{as Yla T1')v napay(.l)y11 wOs 41.111'0- pe6J1crrcs, mOTe onlV ~{a Tfis ipyaa{as. '0 P1K~PVTO ~ea~. -mxas MO "to ~~os l<cXvoVTCXS 6~o¢vlilpll onl 5vaava~oy{a c!Iv&I.leao: en TO<rrOVS TOUs Svo 'TpO'lt'OVS l.1iTp1'}CJ1'W. '0 K. IlpowTOV I.'EY~O'ITo(t'\a~ Tb~aeOS TOO -AVTaj.I Ij.I{6, TCX\IT{~OVTas Ta suo nplxy~cx, 11'011 6 c5:~~os TeX elX6 1.10vaxa cwrl1Tapa6easl'
·0 1<. npOVVTOV Wa~1lTael Iva I.l£TPO Tfis OX6T1Kiis &~(<XS ~ Aj.lnopEVl.1cXToov, Yla va I3pel nOla elval Tt aooaTf) &v~oy{cx a1'O 1.101¢61 11'0\1 1Tprnsl vc5:){ow ol ApyenES aTa 1Tpo"(6vTa, ft, "," mcx MYla, Yla va 1TpoaS10p{ael T1') OXeT1K11 ~{a TfjS ~pycxa{as. rIa va Ka60p{ael TO I-\ETpO Tfjs OXeTIKiis &~{as TOOV ip'ft'Opevl1a-rc.>v, S~ I.l1TOpeY veX cpaVTaaT81 T{nOTCX K~v-rEpO em' TO va Scl>cnl O'cXu la08wcxl.10 j.llO:S 0plaj.lw"s 1Toa6T1)T<XS ~pya~ alas, 6~o TO rrooe ~' ora 1TpoY6VTa 1TOV cxlml 61lj.llOVpY1lae, 1t'p«yI.1CX TroV l.1as &vayKa~el va \rrr06eaovl16 1T00s 6MI<epll ,; K01- vtA>v{a lrrroTS~lTal 6!1ro &v6pW1TOVS 'ITOV SOVMVOW 01 iS101 Kat watpvovv j.ua6b TO t810 TOUS TO 1Tpoi6v. "YaTEPCX, 6eoopei Trpay. j.lQ'I'lKa c:rcXv laoSwcxl.1cx Ta I.1spoK6:j.I<XTa 1TOV 1Ta{pvouv ol 81&cpOPOl Apyan:S. M~ Svo MYla, &va~t'\-ral!l TO j.I£Tp6 Tiis OX6~ T1Kiis &~{as TroV EI.11TOpsVIJenOOv Yla va (3pai T1')v 'lC7Tj &1-\011311 T&;V ApyefrQ)v Kat 1TCX{PVS\ a<Xv Kenl SOal-\EVO Kat 1TMpla K16~as &1r08elYIJ~ T1')v laoT1)Ta aTOVS j.lla60VS, yleX vex naEl va (3pei' -n'l OXST1K11 ~~(X TOOV EI.11TopEVI.1a-rOOV. T{ wipoX1"l SIaA&t<TIKT) I
«0 0 ~ClW x. 01 0IHO'JI0l401oyo, nov TO'JI &"OA.o{){}1'joav, ne6IJt~o" n~ atpoii fJ l'~'(l fJ eeyaala, elva, &'JITt,,8lP.EVo. ~"Tll4fJ(}~ 9111(JJ' Jlal "dtJs uAAo lp.noeevl-'a, Od nstpto,l-'li 06 tpavlo "{),,lo (1)1 l~" no.te'Pap.s ad" aex~ ,,0.2 61'jl-'to'V(tJ'Q aitta (not1'jn"o alno) 7:i]f: MEaf:. Of ol"o'JI0I-'0loyot aino£. iif: I-'0v t:nt7:eB1pOV'JI 'JId 7:0 nw, a3T06et~av p,8 tOVtO UateeT'''~ an~oaeEla. Aeyew" nWf: fJ leyaola dElCet lJXt 7:000 odv ~oeevp,a fJ l~,a, p,' an' 7:~'JI l1no'lfl1'j TW'JIMtw'JI nob vnot?e7:ovl-'e nw~ neetexet 6vval-'t"d I-'EOa 7:1'jf:. OR &E£a ti]f: teyaa{af: elva, I-',d' elxo"tx~ (ovl-'pokxi}) lxq;eao1'j, p,td neoeEocp).1'jo1'j 7:i]' aidaf: an:' 7:0 anodle0l-'a. Elvai l'JIaf: u{)OOf: I 01lOJf: '" fJ n a e a y OJ Y , ,,0 T. 1'j T a tati " 13 tp a - ~ a t o v. OR teyaola naeayet, to "t;tpdlwo MiCet ••• M' e'JIa lllemnxo oxi]l-'a )'E'JIe, fJ Mia 7:11f: egyaaiaf: •• °H ee),aaia
IhU1)~ '" " elev~egla ... elvai Eva dO!UOl;O '" dn(]oo<5tOeto'lo n(}ay!,a, an" t~V r<5ta 'l~ qJv(J'YJ rov, wi noV wotooo 'Ha{}oglCerat notoTt'Ha an' ro avu'Hel!'evo 'l1J~, <5fJla<5~ !,e'la'l(}lnewt 08 neay!'awxo'l'YJ'la !,8 'l0 n&loi'ov.
»Ma nota " dvay'H'YJ va em!'Evov!'e; , Ano 'lo'le noV 6 ol;(o)lo",oloyo~ (lJtafJiio7:e 6 x, DeovV'lov) dllaCet 'lo 15vo!'a 'lWV aVnX8t!'EvwV vera rerum vocabura ('l~v al'YJ{}tv1J ovo-
, -. l ,}. ,. 1" 2..11 '
uaoia 'lwv aV7:w.et!' vow}, ouasove: olwn1JAa 'l1Jv aovvauia
tov xu1 naeu!'eelt.u 'l0 ULUO». (IIeovv'lov TO!'. 1, oel, 188).
EISCXIl! 1TOOS 6 1<. npOVV'TO\l 1<00161 'T';V &~{<X 'Tf!s ~py~((tS ,.1'1 «51'\~lovpyo cLl'T{a» (1TOtT)'TII<O at'Tlo) Tiis &~I(XS 'TOOII 1TpoiOy.. TOOV, o~ 01'\llel0 1TOV, oVll'Pe.)VO Il~ TT)V &rr0'¥1'\ 'TOV, IS !'tO~O~, 11T(0'111l0 aVOlla 1i\s «Q;~{as 'TiiS ~pyao{as», crnoTwi 6:dpt<X TT)V 'ttllTt I<aee 1TP&YIlCX'TOS. Na YloTl 'TOV 'Tapa'el 1't &vTlAoyla TOO Ia{O. M~O"cx CTnw ~pycrO"{a - ~l.lnOpEWCX, 1TOV .lvCXI ilia 'PptXT1l npaYllaTIK6TT)'Ta, CX\i-ros Se I3AS1Te1 napa ilia ypcxllllCX'T1Jdi !AAeI\jJT). "OAmp1'), AOI1TOII, 1't O"T)llePIvT) 1<0Ivc.>lIla, 'TTOV Elvc:lI eelJeAlc.>Il~V1') 'TTave.) CTT1'lv ~pyaO"la - ~Ilnopevllcx, 6eIlEAIOOVE'Tal crno 500 I<al nepa, 'TTOI1')'Tl1<ij 6:Se{q:, O"e ilia OV1J130All<'; ~K'PpaO"1').
e~hEI 1't 1<0IVc.>V{~ «va ~a'Pcxv{O"el OACX 'TO &rO'TTa» 'TTOV TT) I3cxO"cxvl'oVII; "E! hOI1TOV I "As ~~acpav{O"el TOVS I<CXI<01')XOUS opovs. "As 6:AM~el yhoor:rr:ra. Kcxl Yla va 'TO l<<<Tcxcp~pel aUTO, S~V ~xel napo v' crnevevv6ei O"TTtV 'AKaS1')Il{a Yla va Tiis l;T)-rl)r:re1 ilia l<alllovpYla EKSOC'T) 'ToO Ae~IKOV TTlS. ~vllcpoova 11' oha or:ra etScx~ 'TTap<X'TTCtvoo, llaS elval eUKoAo vo KCX'TaACx[3oVlle Ylcx'Tl 6 K. Ilpowrov, 0"' evcx oVyypa~1J<X 'TTOAI'Tll<fjS OtKOVOIJ{CXS, 6:vC:XYKCxO"'T1')l<e va l<avSI IlCXl<pOOKeAEiS Sla'Tpll3es 'TTCxllc.> O"TTW ~'TVIlOAoy{a KI aAha Il~P1') Tiis ypa~lJaTIKfis. "E'Tr:rI, CP'TCxveI O"TO O"1')lJeio va OV~T)'TCxel 1.1' ~lll3p{6ela 'T';V nalJ'TTCxAalT) 'TTpO~AeVO"T) TOO servus (800i\os) crn' 'Tel servare (Sovi\eVoo). AV-res 01 CPIAOhOYI~ 51aTptl3es EXOVll I.lla l3a6ela Ewola, IJIOV ~O"OOTePll<n ewola YICX TOV K. Ilpovvrev, 6:'TTO'TEAOOv oVO"laO"Tll<O Il~POS <hr' 'TTtIl hnxelp1')lJaToi\oyla 'ToO 1<. Flpeovrev,
"H ~pyaO"la, 1't ~pyCX'Tll(1) SVvallT) , ilia Kal novAlhal KI o:yopCx~eTcxl, elval ~lln6peVlla onoos Kal KCxee &AAO 11l'TT6pevl.la KI eX!I, O"VlIaK6A0v6a, 6:vTo:AACXK'TIKn &~{a. Ma 1i 6:~lcx Tiis ~pycxO"{aS, il 1i epyaO"{a O"OV ~1l'TTOpeVllCX, Sw ~llcpaV{~eTal 1<0:60AOV O"av Titv &~Ia 'ToO O"TCXPIOO il TO O'TCxpl, 'TTOV, <Xv 1<1 elval ~1J'TT6- peVlla, XP1')O"lllevEI 0"0\1 'Tpocpi].
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'H ~pyaala <((l~!~E1» 1TSpIOa6TSpO 1\ ]\Iy6TSpO &v6Aoya ~S TnV ~p{[3ela 1\ ~S Tn q>T1ivsta 1TOV exovII 'Ta Tp6q>llJa, &\Iahoya IJs T1)V lTpoacpopa xed 'Tn ~i)T1101) epYaT1KOOV xeploov 1TOV VnapXS1, os TO{iTOV 1\ 0' el<eillOV TO [3cx61J0 I<hlT. MlT. 'AlT' TtiV &rro'¥'1 T;;S 1T016T1)Tas, SEll 'lTpOaSlop{~e'Tai ~ovcXxa ..; ~pyaa{a crrr' 'TO O:VT1KeilJevo, lJa xed TO O:VTtl<S{~evo lTp005top{~S'Tal TO iSlO &1r' 'Tf}V elStKf} 1T016T1)Ta 'Tf\s Epyaa1as.
'H ~pyaa{a, 1.1Ia I<al lTovAthal 1<1 &yopa~e'Tal, elvat ..; iSta e~lTOpeulJa. rlaT! TtlV &yopa~ovv; «rta 'Tis o:~{es lTOV UlTOeETovv 1T00s Meivel 5VVaIJIKa IJsoa 'Tl1S». Ma oa MlJe lTOOS I<crrrOIO lTPcXylJa elvat ~1J1TOpewa, Sev lTpOKelTo.l lTIa Yla TO C'l<01T0 lTOV T' &yopa~ovv, 51)Aa5f} Yla Tf} XP1101IJO'T1)Ta lTOV eSAOVV va [3yahow &n' aliTo, yta TO lTOOS 6ShOW va TO XPT'louionomcovv. Elval ElJlT6pev~a aav O:VT1Ke!~EVO C'VllcxMayTlS. ·OAOt ol C'VhAoytOIJOl 'TOU K. npOVVTOV mptOp!~OVTCXt as 'TOUTO 5&: ..; ~pyao{cx Sev o:yop6:~eTat aav O:VTIl<ellJevo howo yta KaTCl:VaAOOOl1. "OXt, 'Ttiv ayopo:~ovv aav lTapo:yooyll<o epYo:AEio, amos e' &yop6~ave IJla IJ1)Xcnni. Iav eJ.11T6pevlJ6:, ..; epyaala Exel <;X~{cx Kai Sev lTapayet. '0 1<. npOVVTOV ea IJTropovas va mi 'TO - iSlo ~ta xapa, mbs Sev elvat 1<cx66AOV EIJTr6peVIJcx, o:cpou KCX6e ~lJlT6peulJa o:yopa~ETat 1J0vaxa Yla va XP1)OtlJeVaEI oe KelTl xed lTOTE aav EIJ1T6pevlJa 1<cx6' ~O:V'To.
Msrpccvrcs 'T1)V O:~{cx TOOV EIJTrOpeVIJO:roov ~E 'Ttiv EPYCXO!CX, o K. npOW'TOV Slata6cXveTal &6plC'Ta TrOOS elval 0:5vvcx'T0, IJE TOUTO TO iSIO ~E'TpO, va lTCXpo:yvoop{ael 'TO yeyovoS TrOOS IJla 1<1 ..; epycxa{cx eXEt &~{cx, alvei epycxalcx - ~IJTr6pevlJcx. LltalOeo:veTcxt lTOOS .' exVTO O'1)lJa{vEI chi lTcxpaSex6lJaO"Ts oav lTpay~cxTll<ti KCX\ KCXVOVtl<f} TIlJn TTlS CXIJEO'1)S epyaa{as TO l<aTOOTCXTO aplO ~laeOU, 1T00s cx\rr0 O'1)lJcx{vel OTt Trapa5Ex6lJaO"TS TTj C'1)IJEPIVt1 KCXTaC'TCX01) 'Tf\s KOIVOOV!as. 'AKP1(300S, Yla va ~ecpvyel 0 1<. n POVVTOV O:lTO 'TOUTO TO uoipctc aVlJlTspCXOIJO: KaVet IJETa[30At1 xed lTpocpcxa!~E'TCXI lTOOS ..; epyaa!o: CEv elvat eIJTr6pev~cx, lTOOS Se IllTopei v&xet ~!a. %exvael lTOOS lTTlPE 0 iS10S yta IJhpo 'Tf}V a~{cx TTlS ~pycxofcxs, ~exllcXel lTOOS OAclKePO 'TO aVC"T1)IJO: 'TOV O"T1)pi~ETCXl lTcXvc.> aTTjv Epycxoia-EIJTr6pEV~CX, TraVOO O"Tf}V epycxoio: lTOV O:IITCXAhO:~ETat, lTOV TrOVAtETCXI Kl o:yopa~E'TCX1, lTOV O:AAcX~E'Tal ~ lTpo'(6VTa I<AlT., lTcXvOO OTf}V epyaoia 'TSAOS lTOV sival CclJso1) lT1)yfJ etaoSt1~aTOS Yla TOV epYO:Tl1. Ta ~sxvcXet c5ACX.
ria va owaEt TO aVC'T1)lJa 'TOV, SSXE'Tal va eUOlaC'E1 O· CXUTO Ta 6SIJSAta TOV.
En propter vitam vivendi perdere causas! (Ked yu:x va ~,;aEl xavEl TO Myo Yla va ~Ei).
¢TavOVIJE Tc.OpCX 0"' Evav KawovpY10 rrpoO"SloplaJ.10 TfjS «avora·rtidj~ MEar;».
«' H a~la elvai I] a X t a 1] 'r fj r; a val 0 'Y [ a r; TWV :7Qoi'6v'rwI' :nov OV)!tH.rovv TO)! :n,1.0VTO».
'"As rrapo:T1')p';O"OVIJE TrpWTa - TrPWTCX TrOOS i] O:rrA'; AE~ll «axETl1<'; 11 aVTaAAaKT1K'; a~fcx» <pepvEl aTO VOU T';V ioecx KaTrOlas O"XeO"T)S rroo aVlJ<poovcx J.1' aUT';v Ta rrpotovrc aVTcxAAa~OVTCI 0:1J01!3a1a. Me TO va SWO"EI Kavevas O"E TOVTT) T'; O")(eO"T) T' ovolJa «O")(eO"T) avcxAoyfas» SEV aAAa~El O"E TiTrOTa T'; O")(ET1Kf) Ce~icx Trapo: IJOvaxa o"T';V EK<ppcxaT). M';TE i] VrroTillT)O"ll lJijTE i] VmpTlllT)aT) TfjS Ce~icxs EVOS rrp0"i6VToS BEV KOTaaTpe<pOvv T';V i010T1')Ta rroo EXEl TO rrpolov a\rrO va !3p{aKETCXl O"E IJlav «O"XeoT) CevaAoyicxs», OTrOICX Kl exv elval cxVTij, IlE T' O:AAa rrpo'i6VTa TrOV O")(T)IJCXTI~oVVE TOV TrAOUTo.
Frcrt Aomov mhos 0 KalVovpY10S opes, rroll Be <pepVEl KCXlJlJla KalvovpYla !Sea;
'H «O"xsaT) o:vcxAoylo:S» IJO:S KaVEl va O"KEq>T6IJaO"TE TrOAAES aMES OiKOVOIJ1KES O"xeO"E1S, OTrOOS ,; avcxAoyfa TfjS rrapayooyfjs, 'Ii O"OOO"T'; CevaAoyla o:vaIJEO"a o"T';V rrpootpope Kat aT'; ~';TT)en, KTA. Kl 0 K. npOVVTOV TO o"KSq>TT)KE 01.' mhO: olcavrrc.OVOVTas TOUTT) T'; olSaKT1KTj rrapa<ppaO"T) TfjS o:yopaO"T1Kfjs o:~ias valeur venale.
npooT' O:Tr' oAa, O:<pou 'Ii O"XET1K'; o:~ia TWV rrpctovrcov rrpooolopi~eTcxl Cerr' T'; o"VYKPITIKf) Tro0"6TT)Ta TfjS epycxO"ias rrou XPT)· alIJOlT01,;6T)KE ylO: T';V rrapo:yooy,; TOU Ka6evos alT' alha, 'Ii O"XsO"T) o:vcxAoylcxS E<pCXPIJOO"IJSV1') aE TOUTT) T';V eiolK'; mpiTrTwO"T), O"T)IJaiV€1 T'; axET1K'; Tro0"6TT)Ta TooV TrPO'i6VToov rrou IJTrOpOVV va TrapaXTOUv IJsaa O"E OOO"IJEVO XP6vo Kat rrov, Yl' aUTO TO Myo, aVTaAAa~ovTal.
'"As OOVIJE Tl O"vlJlTepaO"IJa !3yaSEl 0 K. npOVVTOV CeTrO TOVTT) T'; vxsO"T) cXvcxAoy{as.
"OAos 6 K60"IJos ~SpEI TrOOS oTav ~ rrpootpcpe Kl ~ ~';T11O"T) !3pfaKOVTal ae lccpporrtc, 'Ii aXET1K'; Ce~icx, rrov EXEl OTr0100,;rroTE rrpotov, TrpOO"B10P1~ETCXl aJ<pl!3ws CelT' TT)V TrOcr6TT)TCX epyaO"la'i rroo eVO"OOlJaTW6T)KE a' a\/T6. 'H 0XET1Kf) OT)-
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~aStl 'TOVTl1 a~ia lKCPP~ Tti o"){~CTI'\ av~oy{cxs, aKpll3oo~ IlE 'TO v611lla 1t'OV 'Tfjs Sooaalls 1t'apCX1TCxvOO. cO K. npOUV'TOV ava'TprnSI TIi aSlpa 1t'oV EXOUV 'TO: 1t'peXyjl(;X'Ta· 'APXiC"Ts, ASSI, yO: IlS'TpCi'Te Tti O"){S'TIKtl a~{a ~oS 1t'poi6v-rOS pE TtlV 1t'oa6'TTJ'Ta ~pyc;xa{cxs 1t'OV EXel ~VaOOIla'TOOeei a' miTo Ka1 'T6'TS fI 1t'poacpopa Kl ti Z;,;'TTJO'TJ ea laoppo1l'1')aouv 'TO 8{X~ l!iJ\A0. cH 1t'apayooytl e' avTlC"TOIx,;ael IlE TtlV Ka'TavaAOOaT), 'TO 1t'poiov ea elval 1t'OOrTa av'T~M~lllo. cH 'TpeXOVIlEVTl 'TIll'; 'TOU ea ~cppaZ;el Ile aKp{!3ela Tti aOOO"'l"l') 'TOU a~ia. 'Avrl yO: mi llaZ;i Il' 6~ov 'TOV K6a1-10: O'Tav Kavel K~OV Kalp6, ~yaivel 1t'OAVs K6all05 rreptrrcero, 6 K. Ilpouv'TOV j3yaZ;sl nepi1t'aTo 'TOV K6aIJ0 'TOU 'YIO: va Il1t'Op~ael va 'TOV ~e~looael mhs 0 KOOpOS elval KaA6s.
'EKEivo nov 0 K. npOUV'TOV Seoopel aav 'TO &1rO'TsAealla Tiis &yOpCXcrrlKfi~ ~{as, 'Tfis 1t'pOa510plallMlS a priori (~'TooV 1t'ponpoov) &1r' 'TO xp6vo ~pyaa{as, ea lJ1t'opovae veX SlKaloAoY1'l6et 1l0Vaxa Il' wa v61l0 1t'OV urropsl va 81a'TV1TOOeei eTal:
T a 1t'poi6v-ra e' av'TaA~a~O\I'Tal &1r0 SOO 'Ka1 1t'~pc;x aKpl!3oos avciAoya lJe TO Xp6vo ~pyaa{as nov KOC"T{aavs. "Onoio; Kl av elval fI &va~oy{a avcXlleacx C"TtlV 1t'poacpopa Kai Ttl Z;ft'TTJO'TJ, Tt av-raMaytl 'TooV ~lJnOpeUllaToov Sa yiveTal navTa aa vaxav 1t'apc:xx6ei avaAoya IlE TTj Z;';'TTJO'TJ. "As 1t'apel 6 K. npOUV'TOV 'TtlV ev- 6VVT) veX Slcmmooael Ka1 va cp'Tla~el evav 'Th010 v61J0 Ka\ ea 'Ta 1t'OVlle. "Av &v'TiSeTa, 1t'poCfTTc;x6ftael va 81KaloAoy,;ael Tti 6eoopia TOU 6X1 aa' VOlJo~'Tfl~, Ila aav otKovOll0~6yoS, ea np~1t'Sl v' &1ToSei~el 1t'r,hs 0 XeOI'O!; 1t'OV xpE16~eTal Yla va Sl1lltOUpYl1eei evcx ~1l1t'6peulJa SSiXVSl IlE &Kpij3ela 'TO j3aellO 'Tfjs l!!1']ol,uoT1']ra!; 'TOU, cpavepOOvel Tliv ava~oYIKft 'TOU ax~al1 Ile 'Ttl Z;';TI1aT), Kai, auvaK6~ouSa, IlE 'TO aVvOAO 'TOOV aya6oov. IE 'ToUT" 'TtlV rrspl- 1TTOOO"r), av !va npoiov 1t'ou~l16eiaE faT) 'Tllltl IlE 'Ta E~oSa 'Tfis 1t'apayooyfjs 'TOU, fI 1t'poacpopO: Kt ti Z;ft'TflCTl'\ ea laopponoVv 1t'OOrTa, ytaTi 'Ta g~o8a 1t'apayooyiis 6eoopOV\l'Tal aav EKcppi:xCTl'\ 'TiiS aooa'Tfis ax~O'TJs avalleaa aTt1V 1t'poacpopo: Ka1 'TTj Z;';'TTJC1T].
np~IJCX'T1KcX, 0 K. npou\l'Tov 1t'poO'1t'a6el v' anoSe{~el 1t'005 o Xp6vos Apyaa{as 11'OV xpelcXZ;STCXt Yla va Sl1J.l1ouPYl1eei Eva npo'i6v, 8efXVSl Tti aooCTT1') 'TOU ava~oy{a Ile 'TiS &vcXyKeS, hal nov Ta 1t'10 c5:lJEaa xp';a1J,.lcx 1t'payllaTO' elval Keivo:, 1t'OV fI 1t'apayooyft 'TOUs KOC"T{~St ~ly6'Tepo Xp6vo Kl g'Tat 'TpO:(36:e1 KOP- 86V1. I\JIlcpoovo: ",E 'Ttl 6eoop{a 'TOVTll 1') 1t'apcxyooyTj gC"TOO Kl ~vOs ",6110 &v'T1KEI"'~VOU 1TO~uTeAe{cxs a1t'oSe{xvet Kt 6XCXS 1t'005 ti K01- voov{o: exSt KatpO yO: ~eKoupaZ;eTCXt, 1TpeXylla 1t'OV 'TiiS em'TpS1TE1 va tKav01t'OtftaSI IllaV aV&)'Kl1 1t'OAU'Te~e{o:s.
'0 K. npoWTOV ~p{aK6t 1T~ ti e~01l TOV anOSe{X"ETal J.IOV<Xxll TT)S &n' Tl)V 1TCXpan;PTlO1l 1T~ TO: me) XP";a1IlO: 1TpCxy~o:ra KoaT{~OW Aly6TSpo Xp6110 1TapcxyooyTls. 1T00s ti K01VOi>II(CX apX{~l 1TCnrrCX a1T' T1!V me) eOKOAll xelpoTSXII1KfI 1Tapayooyfl Kat 1TOOS. alYO: - atya :
«xaramaVB'lat p.e 7:1J 'Xet(}07:B'Xy&y.f] naf}a')'wyil cx"nxet,.tEVWV noV xoodCovv nBf}too6u(!o X(}6yo A(}yaolar; xai noV clVftO'lOt'Xovv o· dvWU(}er; ch.ayxBr;».
'0 K. npoUIITOII SCX\1E{'eTat &1T' TOil K· Dunoyer TO 1TapaSSlYJ,la Tf\s 1TpOOT6yoVT)S xelponxV1Ki'\S 1Tapayooy;;S - ovyKOJ,llSfI xap1TOOII. KTTlIIOTpocp{a. KUv..;Yl. &Aleta. KTA. - nov ellfal 1'1 mo &1TM. 1'1 Aly6'TSpo aKpl~Tt xelpOTeXlIlKfI 1TapcxyooYll K(xt 1TOV Il~ 'TOVTTl 6 &vepoonos o:pXlae «TI)II 1TPOO'TT) ~pcx Ti'\s Se\n'epTlS BTlIllovpy{as TOV». 'H npooTT) Il~pa Ti'\s trpcbTT)s TOU STllltovpy{as ~IlIal &cplepOOIl~IITl an) reveCTI'J. nov Ilas t<avet veX ~M"Tl0vlle aTO 1Tp6aOO1T0 TOO geov TOil 1TPc;)TO ~lOIl";XCXIIO TOO 1<60'1lou.
TeX 1TpaYllaTCX y{1I01lTCX1 1TOAV mo SlacpopeTtKeX &n' 60'0 VOIl{~Et 6 K. npoVIIT611. • An' TIlv iSla TI) aTlYllfl noV &pX(~l 6 1TOA1T10'1l6S, ti 1TapayooYtl &pX{~el \1a eelleAl~veTcu neXvoo aTOll &v'Tcxyoolllallo nov \nrcXpxel avalleaa aTeX Ka6eaToo'Ta, O'TeX KpcXTT), aTis TcX~elS, T~AOS, c:X1TeXvOO aTOll &lITcxyoovlallO 1TOV 61t'cXPXe1 &vaIlEO'cx aT" avaaoopeVIl~ll '~pycxa{cx KCXt Tl)v 6:IlEO'T) ~pycxO'{a. XOi>pis 6:vTayoovlallo SEll lrrrcXpxel 1Tp6oSOS. A(rrov 'TO v61l0 &1<0- AoV6T)ae 6 nOA1TIallos iaalJE TiS Il~PES IlCXS. "QS 'TeX O'1iIlEpa, 01 1TapCXY(A)Y1KSS SWallEtS aVCX'TTTVaaOVTal XcXP1'1 a~ TOO'To TO xaeeO'TOOS ToO aVTCXYOOVlalloO TooV Ta~soov. NeX Mile Toopa, 1T00s 01 (bI6poo1T01 IlnopoOaav veX KCXTCX1T1CXaTOOII YleX veX STlllloupY1'!aow 1Tpoi6VTCX avooTSPTlS KCXTT)YOp{CXs, ~IOllllxav{es 1Tto 1TOAVTrAoKCSt YloTt etXCXII tKcxvo1TOl1l6ei 01 &vayKE$ 6A(A)v TooV ~pycx~6IlEVoov, 1ltval aeX va ~ycX~oVIJs a1T' T1) 11~CTI'J TOV OvTCXYOOVtO'l.lO TooV 'TcX~EOOV Kat v' avaTp~novlle 6MKSPTl Tl)V to'TOptK1! ~~~At~Tl. Elvat aa veX ~AOVlle lIeX nOVIlS, 1TOOS aTOV KatpO 1TOV ~cxa{AevCX\l 01 POi>Iloiol aVTOKPcXTOpSS, ll1TopOOas Kat Tpecp6TCxv 6:cp601lcx 6 poollcxiKOs Aa6s, ~1TE1S1! gTpSCPCXV al1~pllES ~aa as TSXVT)T~S Afllve~, ~ avv~~alvs 6MTSAa TO 6:VT{6ETo. '0 POOllcxikOs Aaos 5~ 1 . .t1TopoOae oOTe \lJOOllt v' ayopaael, Avoo ot POOllcxiol &ptCTrOkp<hES EtXav apKETOVS SouAOUS YleX veX TOUs p(xvovv TpoCPll O'Tis O'I.\~PVES.
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·H TlllT) TOOV Tpo<plllOOV &vSI3CdVSl axe50v 051aKOTra, EVoo tl TlllT] TOOV O:VTII<EII.lEVOOV xelp0TeXV1CXS 1<cxi TOOV OVT1KEII.U\VOOV TrOAVTEAelcxs TrE<PTEI axsSOV OSlclKOTrCX. napTS 1<1 a\rrT]V OKOIlCX TT)V OYPOTII<i) TrCXpCXYOOY';: Ta TrIO 6:T!"apalTl1Tcx TrPcXyIlCXTCX, aTrOOS TO OTapl, TO 1<pEas, 1<TA. EXOVV IlEYOAES TillES •• AVTiSSTCX, TO j.lTrOllrrclKl, tl ~axap11, 0 1<CX<PES KiA. TrEcpTOVV 051clKOTrO, IlE 1<CXTOTrA111<TI1<T) ovaAoyicx .• A1<OI.lCX Kl 6:vOIlEO"CX O"'TO: 1<CX6CXUTO cpcxyooO"Ij.lCX, OO"cx O:VtlKOVV O"Ti)v KaT1lyoplcx TrOAV,.EAElas, aTrOOs ol eXyKIVOPES, Ta O"TrCXPOyyICX KTA. SIVCXl O"tlllSpa CJXETIKO: CPT11VO,.EPCX 01T' TO: CPcxywO"llla TrPOOTl1S OVcXyKl1S. ~TTjv ETr0X'; 1l0S elVOl TrIO E<iKOAO va TrOpox6ei ,.0 TrEplTIO 1Topa TO ovcxYKoio. TEAOS O"S SlOCPOPES to"TOP1KES E1TOXES, ol CxIlOIj3oiES O"XEO"E1S O"Tls TIllES jljToV 0XI l.lov6)(a SlCXCPOPETlKES, Ila KI CxVT{6ETES. ~. aAO TO IlEO"aloovo, T' CxYPOT1KO: Trp010VTa jlj,.ov O")(ET1Ka <PT1lVoTEpa 6:T!"' Ta XElpO,.EXVI1<a rrpotevrc. ~nl oVYXPOV1l E1Toxi] ElvOl OVT10"TpOCPOOS oVOAoya, (O"VIl(3alvEI fVTEAOOS TO O:vTi6ETO). MtlTrOOS AlyOO"TE\j.IE Toxa Yl' mho tl XP11O"lllo"11Ta TOOV ayPOTl1<OOV TrPOiOVTOOV em' TOV 1<alpo TOU I.lEO"aloova ;
'H XPtlO"11 TOOV' 7tPOiOVTOOV 1<aeOpl~ETal OTrO Tis 1<OlVOOVI1<ES avv6fjKES TrOU (3piO"KOVTCXl ol KaTavoAooTEs. Kal ol iSlES TOUTES K01VOOVI1<ES O"vv6fiKES, OTl1PI~OVTal O"TOV Ta~lKo O:VTayoovIO"llo.
To IlTraj.lTraKl, ol TrOT(lTES Kai Ta OlV01TVEVIlOTW511 elval CxVT1KEIllEVCX 1fis rno K01Vfis XptlO"1ls. Ol 1TOTOTeS ecpEpav Tis X01- paSES (TT] XEAOOV10). To 1..\11'0llTrOKl EK"TOTrlO"E O"S IlEYOAO (3a61..\0 TO Alvapl 1<ai TO llaAAI, av xed TO 1l0AAIVO 1<ai TO AIVO EXOVV O"E TrOAAES TrEP1TrTWo"EIS IlEyaA\I'TEp11 XP11O"llloT11TO, .. OKollo Kl OTrO VylE1VT] arro\j.l11. TEAOS, Ta 0IvOTrvEVI..\OT00511 ETTl(3A,;611KOV O"S O")(SO"l1 IJE TTj IlTrvpa Kai,.o KpaO"i, Il' aAo 1TOV, 0"0: 6PETrTlI<T) ovO"ia, Ta OiV01TVEVllaT00511 6:vayvoop{~oVTal, yEV1Ko, O"a 511Al1- ";P10. Tou KclKOV, OMKEpOV cxloova TrOAE\j.IOV ol KVj3EpV';O"EIS BlCxVTla aTO EvpooTraiKO omo.·H olxovouto E1TI(3Atl611KE. AVTT) eSOOO"E SIOTCXYES O"TTjv KOTovaAooO"l1.
rlOT{ AOlTrOV,.O IlTrCXIl1TclKI, 1i 1TOT(lTCX Kat TO: OiVOTrVEVlla,.00511 v&val TO: K{V11TPO Tfis OOTIKfis KOlvoovlas; rlaT! xpEla~ETal AlYOTEPl1 SOVAsla Yla Ti)v Trapayooyi) TOVS Kl EXOVV, YI' miTOV "0 AOYO, "TrIO Xall11AES TillES. rlOTi,.o KCXTooTaTo aplo TIIlfis 6:TrocpaO"I~El Yla TO OVOOTOTO OPIO Tfis KaTavOAooO"11S; MT)v TV)(ov aUTo yiVETal YIOTI T' CxVTIKE{IlEVa cxVTa EXOW 01TOAVTl1 XP11O"llloT1lTa, exow KAsIO"IlEV1l IlEO"a TOVS "T] XP11O"llloT11Ta, EXOVV XPl1O"I1l6T1lTa O"Cxv TrpayllOTO TrOU CxVTIO"TOIXOUV IlE TOV 1TIO OOCPEAlllO Tp6Tro O"Tls 6:vCxyKES TaU epyoT'I1 O"av OvSPOOTrOV
K1 eX1 TOO av6poolTou aa ~pychT}; "Oxl! AVro Y{V:Tal Ylcrrl ~~O'a O'e ~la K01voov{a, eeIJE~\lOOIJM, lTavoo crn'tv d{}).uhrJ1:a, Ta mo d:eAla 1Tpoi6VTa gxovv 1.I01paia TO lTpOV6~lO va ~~PETOVv TOVS 1TEP10'0'6TEpOUS.
Na AEIJE Toopa, 1TOOS Ta 1Tp6:y~crra 11"OV ~OVVE ~EYaA\rrEP" KcrravCxAOOO'll, Ylcrrl elV<Xl Ta mo CPT1'Jv6:, gxovv Y1' miTo ~EyaA\rrep" XP110'1~6T1'JTa, elva1 aa va M~E 1TOOS'; T60'o 1TAaTElcX 816:800'1'J aTa olvo1TVEu~crroo8", 1TOV ocpE{AETal crrT! <pTllvTt TOUS lTapayooyf), Elva1 ,; 1TIO 1TE10'T1Kt1 a11"6SE1~" Yla n1 Xp"O't~6T11- TeX TOUS.
Elval O'a va ASlJe O'TOV 1TPOAETeXP10 1Tc::,S ol 1TaTeXTes TOV OO<pEAOVv 1TeplO'0'6TEPO &1To TO KpSas. Elvat aa va 8ex6~<XO'TE n1V KaTeXaT<XO'1'J 1TOV WeXPXEl o-ftl.lEpcx. Elvat O'a va K6:vou~E, TSAOS, lJa~i l.Ie TOV K. Ilooovrov, Tf)V a11"OAoy{a ~las KOLVOOV{as xoopls va -rltv KO:TaAa!3alvoUIJE.
~e 1J1a I.IEAAOVTtKt1 KOlvoov{a, lTOV 6 Ta~lKos OVTayooVtO'I.I0S SaxE lT6:\vEI, lTOV Se ea wi'\pxav ma TeX~EtS, ,; XPf)O'11 Oe ea 1Tpo0'8top1~6Tav ma O1T' TO ;muin:aw O{!W TOO Xp6vou lTapayooYfis, l.Ia 6 Xp6voS KOlvoovlK'i'\S lT6:payooyfis 1TOV S' a<ptEpoov6- Tav aTa OleX<pOp<X aVTtKEII.IEVa, ea 1Tpoa8topl~6Tav an' TO 13061.10 T'i'\s KOLVOOV1Kfis TOUS XP110'1~6T11Tas.
~ As ~avayvp{O'OUI.IE O'T;; S~O'1'J TOO K. n poVVT6v. • A1T' -n1 0'T1YIJt1lTOV 6 Xp6vOS T'i'\S epyaO'{as, 6 wayt<aios Yla n1V 1TapayooYt1 EVos eXvTtKEtI.lEVOU, oEv EK<PpeX~El Ko66AOU TO !3aS~o T'i'\S XPllO'tI.l6T11TeXS TOU, ,; eXVTaAAaKTtKf) ~(a TOO iS10U miToO &vrtKE1- IJEvOV, 1Tpocr010P10'1.IEVll 01T0 Ta rrplv an' TO Xp6vo epycxO'{cxS lTOV EXEl EVO'OOl.lcrroo6ei 0" a\rr6, oe ea I.I1TOpScrEt 1TOTS va puSI.I{- 0'E1 Tf) O'oocrn't axEO'1'l &veX~EO'a O'TTjv 1TpOO'<pOpa xed Tf) ~';T11- O'1'l, S"AaOf) n1 axSO'1'J avaAoy{as, lJe n1V eVVOIa lTOV T'i'\S o{vet, yta Tf)V oopa, 6 K. Ilpovvrov. Tt1 «axSO'1'J &vaAoylas» aveXl.IEaa crn'tv lTpoO'<popa Kai -n1 ~f)Tllcr11 11 Tf)V «WexA0Y1Kf) 1To0'6TTlTa» quotite proportionelle 1TOV ~Et Eva 61T0108';1TOTE 1Tpoi6v, &vacpoplKa IJE TO cnJVOAO T'i'\s 1Tapayooy'i'\s, oev -rltv lTpoaStOpl~El Kae6Aou ,; nOVA11o-ft TOU crrT!v Tl~t1 TOOV E~68oov Ti'\s 1Tapayooyi'\s TOU. 'EKEivo lTOV 8E{XVEI O'TOV lTapayooyo O'S nOla 1TOO'6- TTlTa lTPS1TEl va 1Tap6:yE1 eva 6P10'~SVO EIi1T6pEu~a, Yla va n6:pEt cr' aVTeXAAay~a, TOUA6:X1OTO, Ta E~08a 1Tapayooy'i'\s, elval ol btaxvp.a.vaet~ a1:~v :Jl{!oaf(JO{!a. xal 1:~ '~nla'fJ. Kai Kaec::,S ol OtaKV~avaelS a\rrES elval aStcXt<01TEs, Vir6:PXEl TO iS10 xed 1.I1a aSlcXt<01T1'l K{v"O'll O'TOVs Ol6:<pOpOUS KA6:Sovs T'i'\S !310~"Xav{as, ~e Tt1V &v6:All'l'1l Kai -rltv KcrrCxeeO'1'J KE<paAa{oov.
59
cMovaxa 1'ta'cl a'Y/p,SU/JVOvfat f8fOtS~ ~taxvp,a"aSt~, Ta xs(},aAata Ta dta{}iTovv Ioa» Taa Ot~v a v a A 0 l' l a nov xe8taCSTat '" 8X' niea an' aVf17v, 1'ui f~V na(}a1'w1'1j T61V rJw(}'O(}WV ep,nOl}svp,arwv noV sxovv Cf]t:'Y/O'Y/. i.l1a fO aV8- {Jaap,a xal to xari{Jaopa T61V ftp,61V, Ta X81}~'Y/ f} a1Js{JatVOVV navw f} xaTs{Jalvovv xaTw an' 'lO 1'evtxo 'lOV~ enl- 1tS~O, Hal 1'ta TOVTO ta xs(},aMlta n(}OOBAHvOvrat f} anoovgovra, dnn p,ta'J' &l}tOp,E'J''Y/ em'l.sl(}'Y/o'Y/, nov lrvxe 'J'a fJo",tpaoni dno T~ p,ta f} an· t~'J' lJ.)'A'Y/ ano 'lOfifS~ 'll~ ~ta",vp,a'J'oeic,
»" A'J' 1'Vl}toovp,s 'la p,ana o'll" ayo(!e~ T61'J' psyd)'wv noAewv, {)a Mov p,8 nooo xa'J'o'J'txa e(}'o~uiC o'J''lat p,e x&.{)e ).0- r~~ (}'aywOtp,a, l{)'J'txa xal ~E'J'a, O'l~'J' nooOT'Y/Ta noV Xl}staCstat, Bnou: dta(}'oea '" ll'J' na(}ovotdCu ~ Cf]'l'Y/O'Y/ f) ano UUOfl}Onta f} ano YOVO'lO f} an' Tl~ ~ta"vp,a'J'ou~ 'lOV :nA1]I?vap,ov. K: aVfo ovp,{Jatvet ovxva 'l.wel~ 'J'a :n)..'Y/P,fWetCu ~ aroed ana l'J'af' {msl}a(}',')o'J'o e(}'oCJwop,o xal xwek 'J'a {maextt e~ateer.'~~ axel{Jua an" 'l~'J' iMvvap,la TOV e(},oCJtaop,ofi 06 oVY'Xl}to1J p,e T~ Cf]r'Y/o'Y/: (ina 'lOV'lO neenu l,d avp'JT.sl}a'J'ovp,e nch~ ~ a(}x~ noV 'Xaw'J'Ep.u 'lO ·-xs(}'a).aw oe 'Xal')e {JtOp,1]"I.a'J't'Xo xAaCJo, otl« anat'lOvp.B'J'e~ a'Xl}t{J61~ a'J'alO'Yls~, elva: mo ioxv(}~ an' 800 rel,t'Xd TO (mo{}F.'lOv'J'». (Pty.ae'J'fO, rou, 10~, oel: 105 xal 108)
"Av 6 K. IT POVVTOV 1TCXPCXSSXS'Tcxt 1TOOS i} a§lcx TooV rrpot·6VTC. .. W Kcx6opl~eTcxt a1T' TO Xp6vo Tfis epyo:O'(cxS, 1Tprnet TO iStO va 1TcxpcxSexei Kcxt T';V TcxACXVT&VTtl<'; t<itlT)O'T), 1TOV mITt; J..lOvcXxcx Kavet Tf)V epycxO'lcx IJhpo T1lS &~lo:S. a~v V1T<XpXet 1TMpto: a1TOKCXTCXO''TT)IJE\lT) «OX&O'T) avcxAOY(cxS». ~\I w&pXet 1TCXpa IJOVaxo:
J..lleX IdtlT)O'T] 1TOV arrOKCXTCXO'Tcxlvet.
EtScxlle 1TO:PCX1TCXlloo J..l~ 1TOta gV\lOlO: elvcxt O'ooO'TO va J..ltACXlJe ytcX -r,;v «&vO:AOY(CX», O'cX avvrnelcx T1lS ~lcxS 1TOV 1TpoaSIOp('e. TCXI an' TO Xp6vo ~pycxalcxs. ea SOVJ..lE Tcbpcx 1TooS TOUTO TO J..leTPT)IlO: J..l~ TO Xp6vo, 1TOV 6 K. npOVVTOV TO Ae&l «v61J0 Tfis &\10:AOY(cXS» IlSTCXTprneTcxl O'~ v61l0 Tfls CJvoa'J'a).oyla~.
K&6e KO:lvoupytcx e<propeO'T) 1TOV hTtTpE1Tel va 1To:pcxX6ellJEO'cx aE IIIcX oopo: cx\no 1TOV a,s Ta TOOPCX 1Tcxpo:y6TCXV IlEO'CX a~ Suo &pES, plXVEI TtlV TIIl1) a1T' 6Acx Ta 6lJOloyev1l 1Tpo'i6VT~ 1TOV j3piO't<OVTO:I 1JEa0: O"TtlV &yop&. ·0 ovvCXYOO\l1O'l.loS avcxyt<&'EI TOV 'TTCXpcxyooyo va 1TovATi011 TO 1TpoiOv TooV SUO c:,poov o:Tf)V iS1CX
CPTTlIrit Till" Ile TO 1Tpoiov Tfls I.ItaS ~pas. ·0 O'Vvayoovlal.lOs 1Tpayl.laT01TOtei TO v61l0 1TOV, aVllcpoova 1.1' cxVT6v, 1'1 axeTtl<fl &~{a WOS 1Tpoi6VTOS 1Tpoa5top{~eTat &n' TO XP6vo Tfls avayKa{05. yta TItv 1Tapayc.>Ytl TOU ~pyaaias.·O Xp6vos ~pyaa{as 1TOV XP1latl.leUet aa IlETPO Tt;S ~1.I1TOpIKt;S &~ias, y{veTal hal 0 v6l.1os. I.Itas &5tOO<01T1lS vnoTip.'YJa'YJ'O Tt;S ~pya(1{as. 'El.lEiS ea 1TOUI.IE KcXTl 1TapanCxvoo. ea wapxel trrrOT{llllC1fl 6X1 llovCxxa aTa ~1.I1TOpeUllaTa 1TOV epxoVTal aTflV eXyopa, Ila TO iS10 1<at aTa 1Tapayooyt1<a ~pyaAEia l<a1 (1' OAclKEPO epyaaTf)pt. AUTO TO yeyovos TO a"I.IEtoovel 1<161.05 0 PIKCxPVTO A~YOVTas :
«Av~avovta'O ara{)eea t~V evxolta naea)'w71ij'O At710- arevovp.e ara{}eed tlJV Mia nov l'l,oVV p.eetxa nea71p.ara, :nov cpxtair'YJxav neot~teea». (Top.. 20'0, aeA. 58).
·0 Llal.l6t1T1 1TaEt &1<6I.1a mo I.ICXKPICx. B~1Tet TItV 1T1lYfl OAc.>V TOOV &VTlcpCx(1EOOV Tfls aVYXPOV1lS !3toll1lXav{as 1<a1 TOU a\iyXPOVOU EI.l1T6plOU ",eaa ae TOUT" T" «auaTaTlKfl &~{a», 1TOV OVV{aTaTal &1T' TO Xp6vo ~pyaa{as.
«'H ep.nOetx~ Mla, ;.eet, at'YJetCerat navta, ae teAevzola avaAva'YJ, navw (J1:~v noaot'YJta ee71aata'O t~V clva'Yxaia rta va neop.'YJ{}evtei xa'J:d'O to exltp.ovp.evo nearp.a: "at tOVt'YJ ~ noaot'YJra eeraa[a, c5ev elva: "elJ''YJ nOv [Xet xomloe« w'O to. a~p.eea, p.r1. elvac xelv'YJ nov {)d ,,6auCe ano ow xat neea p.e mo reAuOnOt'YJp.eva Ioox; p.eaa. Kt ~ noa6t'YJta avr~, oao xt av elva: c5vaxoAv '110. ixrtp,'YJ{)ei, xavovlCer,at navra matd p.e to avvarWVtap.o ... Ilavw ae tOVt'YJ t~ paa'YJ AOraetaCetat ~ '~t'YJa'YJ tOV novA'YJtfj xt '7 n(!Oacpoea tOV aroeaatfj. '0 n(!WlO'O 00. pepatwaet, iQW,., nW,. to n(!arp.a lOU xoortae c5exa p.eeo;('(ip.ara. M' a'll <> lillo,. suotevet nW,., ano c5w xat :niea, p.no(!ei to i'c5w near ua va reAetWaet p.ovaxa p.e o'l,tW p.eeoxap.ara, xt a,' <> oovovowiap,or; to anoc5el~et avto arap, ,}vo avp.paA;,op.livOV;, tore ~ M[a {)d eAallw{)ei p,ova'l,a ara O'l,tW p.e(!o"ap,ata XKxt ~ rtp.~ tfj,. aroear; {)d neoaa(!p,oatei a' aVt~v. El-v' .q.A~{}eta, nw,. x~ Ot c5vD ovp.pallop,evot xataAapalvovv "aAa :nW,. to n(!arp.p. elva« 'l,e~atp.o, nW,. elva» em{)vp.'YJt-O, nw', 'l,Wei,
6t
62
7:~V bu{}vp.ta /Jev {}d y",,6mv xapp.td llovl17G'fj. Md <> xa- 1'10(]tG p.O~ 7:fj~ 7:tp.fj~ /Je" exEt xap.;ttd GXio'fj ,ue 7:~ X(]'fjGtp.6- 7:'fjm». (Ml3li7:I3~, x.l.l., 7:01-t. loc , G. 267, lx/J. BQv~ellwv).
Elval all~avTIKo va em~efvovlle rrevco ae TOUTO TO cnustc : 1'I'00S miTo 1TOV Ko6opf~El TTJV &~ia Sev eIVOl Ka66AOV 6 Xp6vo-1TOV ~oSe\rrllKE Yla va lTopax6ei Ka1Tolo 1Tpay~a, Ila TO xauo- 7:a7:0 D(]ta TOU Xp6vov 1TOV ll1Topei va SlaTe6ei Yla T1}v rrepcyooy,; TOV. Kat TOOTo TO KOTOOTaTO OP10 TO em(3e(301oovel 6 O'VvayoovlO"lJ6s. <Y1T06EO"eTe Yla ~la 0"T1YIJr, 1T00C; SEV vTTapxe1 ma 'O'VVOYOOV10"~OS KOl yl' cx\rr0 TO Myo, SEV v1Tapxe1 ma Tp61TOS va SlamO"Too6ei TO KaTOOTaTO eplO 7f\S avoYKaios epyoa{os Yla TTJV 1Tapayooyr, EVOS e~1TopeV~OTOS. Tl 6a yfVE1; ~V~<pOOVCX ~E TOV K. IlpoVVT6v, ea elvol apKeTO va Sla6EO"ov~e Yla Tr,V rrepoyccYTJ EVOS avTIKE1~EVOV E~T) c'r>pes epyoO"ias Yla vO){owe TO SIKo{oo~a v' a1T01T,;aOVlle 0" aV7clAAoy~a E~T) <pOpES 1TeplO"a6Tepo aTTo Keivov 1TOV eaxe1 SlOeEO'El Yla Ti)v 1Tapayooyr, TOU fS10V &llTlKE1~EVOV ~oveXxo ~Iav c:>po. <QO"T6ao, av em~EvOVlJe va aTT)pl~6- PCXO"TE O"Tls, O"XEO'EIS Kahls f) KCXKES, &lIT! Yla ~Ia «aXEO'fI avoAoyfoS» exov~E ~la axEO"T) SvO"avoAoyfoS.
<H aSlaK01TT) \rrr07{~llall Tf\S epyaafo:s elVOI ~ov6:xo ~la 1TAeVp6:, ~ovaxa ~la avvE1Tela Tf\C; eKTf~T)oT)S TOOV 1Tpoi6v700V IJE TO Xp6vo epyap-fos. <H VrrEp!30i\lKr, iAjlOOO"T) 0"T1S Tl~ES, ti V1TEP- 1TcxpayOOyr, xed 1TOAAa (fAAO <palv6~eva Tf\S (310~T)XOVIKfjS avapX{OS (3p{aKOVVE T1}V EP~llvE{o TOVS ~Eo"O aE TOUTOV TOV 7p61T0 SKT{~T)O'fIS.
Ma OTOV xpllal~01TOIEiTOl aa ~hpo TfjS a~fcxs, 6 Xp6vos 7f\S epyaafos, ST)j.llOVPYEi 70VAeXxl070 Tr,V &vclA0Yll 1T01KIAicx oTa 1Tpoi6vTCX, 1TOV 760'0 yOT)7EVEl TOV K. Tlpovvrov ;
<OM7eAa TO aV7f6E70. Me OAT) TOV TfJ ~OVOTOV{CX, 70 ~OVO- 1TOOA10 epxeTal ~e Tr, aElpa TOV va 1TAT)I.1~vpfaEl 70V K6aIJ0 ~E 1Tpo'i6vTO. Ki 01TOOS !3i\ElTEl Kai ~Epel OAO$ 6 K6a~os, TO ~OVO- 1TOOAEIO 1TAT)lJlJvpf~El TOV K6o~0 ~E epyoAeia 1TOpayooyf\S. 'AAAa ~ovaxo uspucol !310~T)XO:VlKOi KAaSol, erroos ti !301J!3CXKovpyfcx, 1TPOoSEvovve 1Tapo 1ToM yopya. TOVTT) ti 1Tp60So eXEI oa cpV01KTJ OVVE1TE1CX va 1TE<pTOVVE yopya ol Tl~ES. 01TOOC; 1T.X. 01 Tl~EC; 1TOV EXOVVE Ta IJ1TOIJ1TOKEpa. Ma 00'0 1TE<pTEl 'Ii Tll.1TJ TOU 1J1T01J1T0- KIOU 1TpE1TEl v' aVE!30(VEI, avyKp1T1Ka, 'Ii Tl~TJ TOU A1VOplOU. T( ea y(vel; To IJ1TCXIl1TaKl e' eXvT1KoTOOTf}aEl TO Aivapl. "Erei,
TO AI\10 SIOOXTT}KE OXeSO\1 em' OA11 -n1 B6pSla 'A~SP1KTt. Ki &vr1S vel ~XOVl.le Ttl\1 &vcXA0Y11 1T01K1A{a aTa 'It'poi6\1Ta, exowe -n1 ~alAe{a TOU I.I'1t'ClCI.I'It'aK10U.
TI c('lt'o~a,el arro TO\rTr) Ttl «axeaT} &vaAoylaSi» TI1TOTClC. MeVcX)(ClC f) eUXTJ ~oS TI~IOV &vepOO1TOV, 1TOV i'l6eAe \10: 1T6:payO\1Tal Tel 'It'poi6\1TOC ae ThOles eXvaAoyles, 1TOV \1a ~1TOpOVv va 1TOVA10iiVTal (Je TllllOC TIIlTt. fiavra ol aycx601 &0701 Ka\ ot CP1A&vepc.mOl 01- K0\10IloMYOI eUxaplO710VvTClCl va KclvOV\1 cxVTTj -n1\1 aeooa eVxTt.
~As &cpf}aows \10: IllATtael 6 yepo - Bois - Guillebert:
«OR up,~ TooV ~p,nOe8V,.w.Trov, Uu, :nebru va elva« :navra d v tHo y 1] (proportionne), yta'r:2 p,ovaxa 1mt 1x,011v ain;o TO xaetap,a, :nov Ta "civu va p:noeovv va avvv:nae- 1.0vve y t d v' a v r a AA a a a o v l' a t a e "a l'} 8 o t typ, ~ (va n dt:5ta"o:n1] aVTaUa"WeOT1]W TOV x, IIeOVVTOV) "al va avixo.vTat ap,otpaia TO Eva T~ t:51]pwveyla TOV tl.Uov ... KaDwr;, Aomov, 0 :nAoVTOr; elvac TOVTO TO aaTap,aT1]To ava"aTrop,a a:no tlvOero:no a' tlvDero:no, a:no l:nayyelp,a a" ~:nayreAp,a ".T.A. elva« rpopee~ Tvrp).roa1] V' ava1;1]Ta.p,e T~'" aida Tijr; aD).tOT1]Tar; al).ov, l~ro a:no TO aTap,aT1]p,a Evor; Thowv ~p:noetOV, :nov :neoee'l.eTat a:nQ T~ t:5,aTaea~1J TooV ava).oytoov aTlr; up,er;». (II ear p, n r e t a :n a." 0> a T ~ ep va 1] T o V :n 1 o V T o v .. , l"t:5oa1] Daire).
'"As &Kovaov~ Kl WOC\1 aVn<povo OlKOVO~oMyo:
«"Evar; p,era).or; vop,or; :nov :net:net 'lid ~rpaep,01;eTat aT~" :naeayroy~ elva» 0 ."opor; Tijr; ava).orta~ (the law of proportion), :J'tbv, p,ovaxa aVTor; wr,oeei ."d btaT1]efJau T~ avvexua [continuite] Tijr; a~tar; ... To laodvvap,o :nee:net va elvai ~rrV1]p,evo (garanti) ... "Ola Ta 1Dv1] :neoa:naDfJaave ae btarpoee~ ~:noxir;, pe :noAvaetDp,ovr; "UVovtap,ovr; "t ~p,noflt"Ovr; n8fltOet(Jp,ovr;, va :near p,aTo:nOtfJaovv &}r; tva paD p,o TOVTOV T(~ lOyo Tijr; avaloy£ar;. Ma 0 ~yrotapOr;, 0 ep,rpVTOr; (lTOV tlvOerono, TOJ.' ea:nero~e ."d a."aTee,pu OAO aVTO TO t:5taxavoJ.'tau"o "aOeau.or;. Mta avp,p,8'tet"~ naearo>r~ (proportionate production), elvo: n :nearp,aTo:no£1]a1] oU"ee1]r; Tijr; &lfJUuar; :nov ").8£.,,U ~ ~maTfJp1] Tijr; "o,."roJ.'t"ijr; 01,,0J.'0-
63
ula;», (W. Atkinson, c'Al?lE, IIolm"ii' OlxoJl°ftla,», AOJlt5[vo, 1840, aeA. 170 - 196).
Fuit Troja (mxel ,; Tpole). A\1T11" O"ooaTt1 avaAoyia avcXlJEaaaTt1V TrpoO"cpopa I<ai Ttl '1)TTlaTl, TrOV ~avapxf~oWE va""'" EVxOVTal Toao TroM, iXEl TrcX\jJSl erno 1T0i\1iv Kalpo va \rrrcXpxel. ncXi\looae TrlcX. ITcXe1'lKe SWaTtl 1l0Vaxa crris ~noxes anou Ta IlEO"a 1Tapayooyi\s ilTave mplopIO"IlEva, aTrOV ,; cXVTaAAcxy" KIvloTave Ileaa a' e~alPETll<a 1TEPIOpIO"IlEva apia. Me Ttl ST)IlIOVPyia Tf\S IlEyCxi\TlS ~lo~Tlxavias, " aooan1 a\r"n1 avcxAoy{a cXvayKO:O"TT)KE va ncX\pEI Kat f) 1TCXpayooyi} elVCX1, uorpckr, lin0XPEOOIlEv.., va nEpvo:el, IlEaa O"e Illav 6:SlcXKonTl 5laSoxf} cXno evaAAayes eVT)llepias, KaTanTOOO"T)S, KpfO'T)S, O"TaO"llloTTlTCXS, KawovpYICXS ev..,llEpfas Kl ETO"I ovvexela.
"00"01, anoos 6 Lla~ovTl, 6eAOW va ~avayvpiO"ovve o-ri} 0'00- a.,." 6:vaAoyfa Tiis napayooyf\s, SIaTT)pooVTa~ TavT0XPOVCX Tis TooplvtS ~o:aEl~ Tf\s KOIVOOV{as, slvm O:vTISpCXaTIKoi, 6:cpoii, Yla va elva! avvenEis, nprnEI va 6EA1)0"0UV en{O'T)S va ~avcxcpepow ai\ous TOVS &i\AOUS apovs Tf\s ~IOIlTlxcxvias TOOV nepaallEVOOV E1roxOOv.
Ti SIaTT)POVO"E .,."V napcxyooytl aTiS O"OOaTes 1\ axeSov 0"00- rns a\lcxMyfeS; Tf) SICXTl'lpOVaE 1') ~1)TTlO"T), 1TOV KavOV1~E T"V TrPOO"CPOPcX, TrOV linTlPXE Trpiv erno n1V TrpoacpopO:. 'H TrCXpCXYOOYf) 6:KoAou6ovae 13f\lla TrPOS ~f\~a T"V KaTa\loi\ooaT). 'H IlEycXi\Tl ~IOIlT)xavfa, aVayKaa~Vll 6:TT' Ta iSla TO: epycxAeia TrOV SIa6ETEI va mxpcXYEI aE KAillaKa oAoEva TrIO TrAaTEICx, SE 1l1T0- pei TTla \la TrEPIIlEveI Ttl ~1)TTlO'T). 'H Trapayooyt1 ~pXETal rrplv 6:TTo Ti}v KaTav6:i\OOO'Tl, 1i Trpoacpopa TO"aKl~EI Ttl '1)TTlO'Tl.
ITtl O'Tl~PlviJ KOIVOO\l{a, O"TT) I3lollTlxav{a TrOV ~aa{~ETal TrO:vOO aTlS IS100TIKES cXVTaAi\ayES, f) cXvapxfcx T;;S TrCXpayooyf\s, TrOV elval f) TrT)yt1 TOOT)S a6i\IOTT)TCXS, elVCXl TCXUToxpova f) 1TTlytl Yla I<cX6E TrpooSo.
"ETO"I, EV' aTrO Ta Suo:
"H ~TE Tis aooaTes avai\oy{es TOOV 1TEpcxa~evoov aloo\loo\l IlE Ta TrapayOOYIKO: ~aa Tiis eTr0XTlS Ilas Kai TOTE EiaaaTE cXvTISpaaTlKOs Ila~i Kcxl OVTOlTlO"Tf}S.
"H 6EAeTE T"V 1TPOOSO xoopiS Ti}v avapxfa: TOTE, YIO: va SIaTT)pf}aETE Tis 1TapayooylKES SWcX~IS, eyKaTCXAe{1TETe Tis ISlooTIJdS O:vTaAAayes.
01 ISlooTIKES aVTaAACXYes TalplcX'ouve 1l0\lO:Xa Ill: T-Q IlIKpt1 ~IOIlTlxav{a TOOV TrEpaO"~voov aloovoo\l Kai Ill: TO (TrOPIO"llcX TTlS)
0'"l'1) «O"oocrrT) OOIaAoyia» 1TOV 1TPOKlinTel a-rr' cxV-n1V i\ &t<6~a l<aA\rrepa, ~~ -n; ~eyeXA1l j310~Tlxcxvia Kl c5A1l -n;V &8Au)-r1lTa Kat -n;v avapxia 1TOV T1i avv08wow.
·Y crrepa 6 npo0"810Pl0"1J0s Ti'is 6~icxs a-rro TO Xp6vo Ti'is ~pyaO"ias, 1') cp6pIJOVAa (6 '1'\rrrOS) S1lAa8f}, 1TOV lJas SfVSl 6 1<. npowrov O'clv Tilv 6VayE\l\lTlTllCf} cp6pIJOVAa TOO IJ~AAOVTOS, S~v elvat Aomov 1Tapa 1') ~1TIO"TT}~OVIK'I'} gKcppaC7T\ TOOV oIKovOlJl1~(;jv O-XSO"EOOV Tf\s TOOPI\lfiS KOlvooviCXS, c5noos TO 61TsSel~e 1TaaTpll<c!c I<at aTcxp6Tcx 6 PIKeXPVTO, 1TOAV rrplv 61To TOV 1<. npovVT6v.
Ma TOVAcXxlcrrO, v' cXvflKel aTOV K. npowrov iJ «eetaw'H'lrr. (egalitaire) tcpcxPlJoy'l'} aUT1lS Tf\s cp6pIJOVACXS; Na cpCXVTaO"TT'll<e Taxcx npooTOS aUTOs va IJETcxppv6lJiael T1iv I<OIVOOV{CX IJETalJOPCPOOVOVTCXS OAOVS TOUs &vepoonovs 0" &IJEo"OVS tpy6TeS, 1TOV eXVTaAAeXO'O"OW iaes 1TOa6TT)TES ~pyaO'ias ; Na ElvCXI &K61Ja aUTOs 1TOV KCXTT)y6p1lO'e TOVS 1<01J1J0VIIlcrreS - av-roUs TOVS 6v&pOO'rrovs 1TOV Stv ~SpOWE ypO a-rro 1TOAlTlK'I'} olKovolJia, cxVroUs TOUs «1TelO"IJCXTeXp1lSeS j3AclKes», aUTOUs TOVS «6VS1P01T6AOVS TOO 1Tapa8efO'ov» - TTOOS Sev j3pf}Kcxve rrplv 61To KEfvov, a\rr1'} Til «AVO'T} TOO TTPO(3Af}IJCXTOS TOO TTPOAETOPleXTOV»;
·On010S ElvCXI ~~01KE1OOIJSVOS, gcrroo Kal ~AcXxlO"Ta, IJ~ T1iv K(VTJO"1l T1lS nOAlT1KfjS olKovolJicxs c::m1V 'AYYAia, Se lJ1Topei va IJnv ~SPEI TTOOS OAOI O-XESOII 01 O'OO'lcxAlcrres aVTfis Ti'is X<bpcxs 1TpOTs{vavE, ae 81eXcpopes ~1TOXSs, T1iv t~IO"OOTlt<1'} ~cpaplJoyT) Tf\s plKap\lTlaKfjs 6EOOpicxs. Sa IJ1TOpoVO'aJ.lE \I' &vacpspOV~E aTOV 1<. Ilpovvrev : TT)V «nOA1TIKT) OIKOVO~!a» TOO Hopkins, TO gpyo TOO William Thompson: «An Inquiry in to the Principles of the distribution of wealth, most conducive to human happiness». (MIa gpswcx Yla Tis 'Apxes TfjS KCXT(X\IOIJ1lS TOO 1TAO\rrOV, TToM Xpf}O"IIJT) Yla Tilv &vepOO1Tl"1l eVrvxia), 1827. T.R. Edmonds: «Practical, moral and political Economy». (npaKTIKf}, ,,&IK'I'} Kal TTOA1TlK'I'} olxovoutc) 1828, KA1T., KA1T •• Kl aMES TEO"aepis O"eAiSes KA1T. ea 1TEPIOP1O"TOOIJE v' c5ccp1')aov,", va J.llAf}ael g\las "AYYAcs KOIJIJOW1O'T'I'}s 6 K. Bray. Sa lJeTacpePOV~E Tis KVPl6TEPES mP1KOTTeS 61To TO C7T\~aVT1K6 TOV gpyo : «Labour's wrongs and Labour's remedy» (Te 6:SIKa Tf\s tpyaa!cxs Kal iJ &epa1TE!a TOVS) Leeds, 1839. 11~ ea crraeoOIJE O'~ TOVTO c5cpKETa, 1TpOOTa YlaTi 6 1<. M1TpaiO EIval AAaXlcrra yvoocrros c::m1 raAA!a Kal vO'TEpa mE18T) 1T10'TeV0VIJE 1T00s j3p1')- 1<a~e 0"' cx\rrO TO j31j3Aio TO KAel81 Yla Ta 1TEpaO'lJWa, Ta Tooplva 1<00 Ta lJeAAoV~eva. gpya TOO K. npowr6v.
5
65
eTo f.lovat5",o f.l800 rta va cpraoovf.ls Ot~V (UnD-eta, slvat v· avtt,,(]VOOVf.lS "aTa n(]oowno d~ n(](j)Ts~ aex£~. ~ A~ avaT(]E,OVf.lS f.l0v0f.lta~ OT~V n'Y}r1J an' 8nov fJra[vovv oi it5ts, 01 "vfJS(]VnoSt~. ~ravovra~ eTOt OT1JV aext"~ n(!08lsvo'Y} TOV {}sl-'aTo" {}a fJ(!ovl-'s nw, "a{}s "vfJS(!v'Y}tt"~ fJ[a, "a{}s "Otvwvt"~ "al "vfJs(!vrrrt"~ at5",[a n(!08(!XSTat ano TO "OtVWVt"O OVOT'Y}f.la nov lm,,(!atsi Onf.lS(!a-a nOT 0 {} e a f.l 0 T~~ It5to"T'Y}ota~ onw, slvat onf.lS(!a (the institution of property as it at present exists) "at nw~ lTot, rta va fJalovf.ls, f.lta rta nav'l:a, TE(!I-'a OT~ O'Y}f.lS(!tv~ at5t"ta "al a{}lto'l:'Y}'l:a, n(!8nSt v· d v a 'I: (! 8 tjJ ° v- 1-'8 ovD-sf.l8la 'I:~ O'Y}f.lS(!tV~ "a'l:ao'l:ao1] T ~" "0 t V W V t a c.,; X'I:Vnwv'l:a~ TOV, ol"ov0f.l0l6rov, oro it5to 'l:OV, TO et5acpo, "al f.le 'l:a it5ta 'l:OV, Ta 8nla, {}' anocpvrovf.ls T~V avo'Y}'I:'Y} cplvaela navw OTOV, <5 (! a f.l a 'I: taTe ~ "al TOV, {} S W (! 'Y} 'I: t " 0 V~, noV elva« nana Irotf.l0t va '8CPOV(!V{00vv. Oi ol"ov0f.l0).orOt t5e D-a p.nO(!Soovv "at?-Olov v' dvu,,(!ovOOVV Ta oVf.lns(!aof.la'l:a 8nov cp'l:avovf.ls ef.lsi~ pi TOVt'Y} 'I:~ f.l8{}ot5o, av t5ev d(]V'Y}OOVV8 ~ t5ev ano()o"tf.laoovvs TOVA.aXto'l:O '1:1, avarVW(!tOf.l,SVS, dln{}StS, "al d{}xs" 8nov {}sf.lsluhvoov 'l:a i t5ta 'l:OV~ 'l:a emxet(!~f.laTa. (Mn(!aW, oel.. 17 "a2 41). M o vax a ~ e (! r aa t a () t v 8 t a, i' a (it Is . labour alone which bestows value) ... KaOs t1vO{}wno, £Xet avaf.lcptaMt'Y}'l:o t5t"a[wl-'a .navw oe ~aOs '1:1 nov p,no(!si va 'I:OV n(!0f.l'Y}{}8tjJet ~ Ttf.lta
I.A C 'A ' " , ,- jO 1 -
"'f['YfJo a TOV. nO"'l:wv'l:a, eto: 'l:OV~ "a(!nov~,'I:'Y}' uovil.eta,
'tov, ()ev "a vet "af.lf.lta dt5t,,[a O'l:Ov~ t1).).ov~ av{) (!wnov,. rtaTl ()ev "a'l:ana'l:si "a06lov '1:0 t5t"atwp.a "a{}s allov va lvs(!r~aet 81-'0ta ... "OA.S~ 01 MS8~ rttl ims(!ox~ "a2 rta "a· 'tQnB(!0'l:11Ta, rta '1:0 acpsvu"o "a2 rta TO f.ltoOW'l:O, rsvvwvv'ta, lnBtd~ na(!af.lsl~{}'YJ"av 01 n(!WTS' a(!Xe~ "al rta'l:l oav aVv8nSta p,nfj"s f.l80a O'l:~V MW"'I:'Y}o{a ~ a v t a 6 'I: 'Y} 't a (and to the consequent rise of inequality of possessions). -poov "at{}o {}a ()ta'l:'Y}(!si'l:at TOV'l:'YJ ~ aVtooT'Y}'I:a, {Javat d(5,,)-. vato va EB(!tCW{}OVVB t87:0tS' lt5ss~ ~ v' ava'l:(!anovvs {}s-
opol nov {}8f.lSA.twV.oV'l:at naV£Q o" avd,. To:;; ,,&"ov vnfj(!XB, raaps 'tw(!a, ~ llntda nw, {}a rtat{}sv'l:8i I-'ta "a'l:aotao'YJ dV.,;[{}8t'Y} f.le 't~ cpva'YJ. oav 'tov't'YJ nov f.la, "vfJ8(!Va, "a'taa't(]ecpovta~ t~" a" tOO 't 'YJ 't a noV v sz a (! x s t "al d9't"o"ta~ "a dtat'YJ(!sitat ~ a I t t a -r;;; dvtoo'l:'Y}ta,.
»Ma {}a an.od8t'oV/AB apJ'1~ nw~ ~ "vfJS(!v'YJo'YJ dev elva«
67
ulrla, f'a anoreleaf'a, ncO; !5sv ~1Jf'tov(}ysi, f'a ~1Jf'toV(}ysiwt-f's f'til ue'Y], elva: 1'0 a n 0 l' e l s (J f' a r ij ; -d v t (J 0 r 'Y] 'l a; (J T ~ v l ~ to" 'l 'Y] (J l a (thie offspring 'of inequality of prossessions) "al ncO; ~ avtao'l'Y]w l!5tox1:'Y]a[a; elva« aesXWeta'la !5s~v'Y] f'S ro a'f}f's{!wo xOtvwVtX~ .(Jvat'Y]f'a», (Mn{!alv, ad. 33, 36 xal 37).
»To (Jvat'Y]f'a 'lij; lao'l'Y]'la; BxSt yt' mhov oXt f'ovaxa ra mo f'syala nlsovsx'l~f'am, f'a xal 'l~V mo ava'l'f}e~ ~txato.(JVJl'Y]. K&.f}s tJ.v{}ewno; elv" lJla; xeixo;, lva; x(}ixo; ana(}al'l'Y]to; ar~v dlvat!5a rWJI anordsaf'(hwv, noV eSxtvast ano ,utaV l~ea yta va xara1#st raw; a'l~v naeaywy~ £vo; "of'f'anov moxa;, "Eto«, lnsttJ~ tJsv f'fi; a{!e(Jovv 'l0 f~to; '1'0. tJtarpoga lnayy8).f'ara, tJsv neenet va (Jvf'ns(}avovf's ncO; ~ l{!yalJla 'lOV £vo; neenst va n1'Y]ewvs'lat xa1v'l8(}a ·an' 'l~ tJovl8ta toii tJ.)')'ov. '0 lrpsvf!E7:'Y];, lew an' 'l~ tJt.xat'Y] avraf'0tf3~ 'lOV as xeiif'a, {Ja ()ixsrat navra 'l0 rpO(}O TOV {Javf'U(Jf'0ii ua«, 'lOV {}avf'a(Jf'0ii noV f'ovaxa ~ f's'far .;'orpvta f'noeei va f'fi; ano(Jnaoet ...
»' An' 'l~V l' tJta 'l~ qJva'Y] 'lij; If!yaala; xal 'lij; avra1- .layij; ~ avat'Y]f!~ tJtxawavv'f} anatrsi vtJ.xovv 810t 01 aV1'a1 • . laxts; d)(psl~f'a'la, oXt f'ovaxa a f' 0 t f3 a i a f'a xal r a a. Movaxa tJvo neayf'aw f'no{!oiiJl of tJ.v{}(}wnot va 'l' avmllaCovv dvaf'EmeV 'lOV;: T~V £(}yaa{a "al 'l0 n(1o't'oJl Tij; leyaala;. "Av 01 avra).).aye; ytvovT.aJl f" lJla tJtxato avot1Jf'a, ~ Mla noV {JtJ.xotJJI 8la T' aJl'ltxelf'sva {}d n(}oa~to.(}tCO'laV an' 'la a v vol t X a l' 0 v; 1 e 0 ~ a n a (} ay ta y ij;, K: raE; aelE; {}' aJlwlMCoJltav navta f's ras~ delE;. "Av n.x. eJla; xansMi; f3aCEt f'taV £(}yaatf''Y] f'eea yta va xavet eva xanelo xt lva; 'laay"ae'Y]; f3aCet TOV rtJto .X(}OVO yta va xavet [J1a Csvya(}t nanovrata (f'S 'l~V {mo{Jsa'Y] ncO; ~ n(}dJt'f} lJl1) noV X(}'Y]atf'onowiiv 8X8£ T~V ftJta
.aela) "t av & xanE1a; xt & Taayxa(}1); avra11aeovv avra 'la er~'Y] aJlaf'ETaeV 'lOV;, TO xe(}tJo; noV f3yaCovv an' aura .elvai TaV'lOXeOva af'otf3aio xal Ioo. To n1Eo;,e"T:'Y]~ nOV .f3ralvst xal yta 'lOV; tJvo ano TOV'l'f} t~V aHa1lay~, tJA f'no(1si va ytVEt f'EWVs,('r'Y]f'a yta "aveva 1'0V;, arpoii & "a{Jeva; 'lOV; ltJw(JE 'l~V r.~ta noaol'1Jra l(}yaala; xal 'la t51txa noV X(}1)atf'onot~{}1)xav sfXavs fa'Y] aela. M' av l'VXOV, nav'la aVf'rpwva f'8 T~V newr'Y] f'a; t5no{}sa'f}, 6 xanda; enatf!vs ~ v 0 Csvya(}ta nanovr(Jta avrl yta t" a xane10 -elvo» cpavs(}o ncO; ~ avra).).ay~ {JtJ.rav tJ.~tX'f}.·O xanela"
68
D-o lxAej3e a.n' 'lOV r.a(lyxaefJ p,'a.~ p,Eea~ 150vAe,a. Ki" 11". lxap,e 'l0 il5£O a' OAe~ 'lk aV'laAAaYE~, & xa.nda~ D-1J..na'eV8 yui dovAe,a p,' a Q v X e 6 v 0 V 'l0 .neoi'ov 'lij~ leyaala~ & A a x e e fJ ~ X e 0 v , a. ~ xa.notov IJ.AAov .neof(J(imov. "n~ llJw, axoAov{}~aap,e .navt:a 'lOV'lO 'l0 dVExxAfJ'la al5,xo at1- a'lfJp,a avra)"),,ayi1,": oi leyau," ldwaav a'lov xetpaAa£OXeCl'lfJ T~ 150vAua oAaxeeOV xe6vov, .na[evovra~ a' aV'la)"),,ayp,a 'l~V a~ta ptaov xe6vov. K« fJ avta67:fJW O'lOV .nAOV'lO xal ar~v l~ova[a, .neOEexerat a.no 'lOV1:O (Jw x, 8Xt a.no pta {mo{}eTtX~ av,ao'lfJ'la aTI~ tpvatxe," xal dtavofJ'ltxe~ txav6rfJ'l8~ 'lWV aTopwv. <H av,ao'lfJw 'lWV aVraAA.aywv, fJ d,atpoea 'lWV 'ltp,Wv a'l1Jv ayoea xat aT~v .novAfJafJ povo.'Xa p' lvav oeo p.noee'i va {maexu: va PEVOVV .naV'la ot xetpaAa£OXea'le~ xetpaAatoXea'le~ x' oi ley au," leyau~, - 'lOV'lO' p,a 'la;fJ a.no 'lVeavvov~, lxeivo, p,a 'ltl;fJ a.no ax;"aj3ov~ ... Tov7:fJ fJ avvaAAayq delxvu AOt.nOV oAoxa{}aea, nw~ ot xetpaA.a'OXeau(; x, . ol ldtox'liju~ dev xavQvv liAAO .naea va I5tvovv a'lov leya'lfJ yta 'l~ dOVAeta .nov xavu ae pta {Jdopada, Eva pEeO~ a.n'Tov .nAOV'lO .nov .nijeav 'l~V .neeaapEvfJ {Jdopal5a, dfJA.ad~ dev 'lOV Mvovv 'l l.n 0 r a yta x a 'l t ... <H avvaAA.ayq avapeaa a'lov leya7:fJ xat 'lOV xetpaAa£Ovxo elva« aAfJ{Jtvq xwpmMa. Irqv .neaYPf'l.'ltXO'lfJW, ae X'Ata~e~ .nee'" ouioei«, Mv elva, dn07;' aAAo .naea pta adtaV'leo.nfJ x A e- 1jJ t a lil' xat elvai vopipfJ xAeljJ,a. (Bray, oeA. 45, 48. 49, xat 50).
» To xEedo~ TOV peaaCovw de {}a suupe« .nore velvat CfJpta y,a fOV leycl'lfJ - w~ Ta 'lore nov ol avraAA.aye~ avapea a O'lOVC; avp{JaAAopevov~ va elvai iae~. Kt ot aVWAA.aye~ de p.noeovv va elva, ioe~ oao l5,aoTfJpa fJ «owowia. elva, xwetOp,EVfJ avapeaa ae xecpaAa£OXea'le~ xal.. .naeaywrov~ xt ol 'leAevwiot Covv a.n' 'l~ 150vAua 'lOV~ lvw ol. .newTOt tpouoxdwovv a.n' 'l0 xEedo~ .nov {JraCovv a.n' avrr,., r~ 150vAeta ...
.. Elvat ~exa{}aeo, avvex,Cu 0 x, M.neaW, .nw~ 'lOU xaxov DO. tp'lla;eTe 'l~ puJ. t} 'l~V lLAAfJ p,oecp~ d,axvj3EeVfJafJ~ ... 'lOU x&xov Oa xaveTe 'XfJevypa'la, lv ovopa'll 'lij~. lJ{}txij~ 'Xal 'lij~ adeetp'xij~ aya.nfJ~... < H apotj3atOTfJW elva, aovpj3t{Jao'lfJ pe 'l~V aVtaOTfJW 'lWV avra)"),,aywv. '0 xevtpo~ lXTeO~ .nov pa.~ xa'laTeWU elva« fJ avta6TfJw l'WV avw)"),,arwv, rta'll aVT~ elva, fJ .nfJY~ ~ij~ avtao'lfJw~ 'lij~ ldtoxl'fJata~». (Bray, ad. 51 'Xat 52)..
69
»"H neoae'X,Ttxf] fleUu7 wv m~onoil uat Ti'j~ &noaToli'j~ 'Ti'j~ xotvwv[a~ floil Mvet TO (Jtxa[wfla ,'a (3'1alw TO aVflne- 1Jaafla, nw~ o'X,t flovaxa oAm ol av{)ewnot l1eEnet va leyaCOVTat 'Ita vaxovv eTat Tf] (Jv,'afl'Y} v' IlPwl.MCovv aUd xal nd)~ I:ae~ M[e~ neEnet v' avwllaaao"Tat fle I:ae~ Mle~. 'Axofla, xa{)w~ TO UEe(JO~ wv evo~ (Jev neEnet va elva, C'Y}flta yta TOV allo, ~ a~ta neel1et va l1eoa(JtOelCerm an' Ta l~o(Ja naeaywyi'j~. EI:(Jafle (oar6ao, sub«, flEaa aro aYJfleetVO XOtvwvo!C) xa{}earw~, TO ,de(Jo~ rou xetpalatOxQaT'Y} xat wv nlovatov elvai navra C'Y}flta 'lOU, leyar'Y} - nw~ TO anoreleafla aUla eexewt aav aval'xaanxf] xt avan6- 'tpllVxr'Y} auvisieu: xat nd)~ £5 tprwxo~ naea(J[vewt £5l6rela oro lAeo~ 'lOU nlovatov, ae xa{}e floerpf] CJtaxv{3Eev'Y}aYJ~, .oaov xateo Uaxolov{)ei va {mag'X,et ~ avta6r'Y}w rwv avwUaywv - xat m.h~ I} la6r'Y}w rwv livra}.}.aywv flir.oeei va l~aarpaltatei flovaxa a' Eva XOtvwvtxO xa{}earw~ nov .ava'lvwetCet Tf]" xa{}oltx6r'Y}w Tij~ le'laatOl; ... "II la6r'Y}w TWV avrallaywv {}axave va neeaaet my a atya 0 nlouw~ .an' rd 'X,Eeta rwv a'Y}fleetVW" xerpaAatOxgaTwV ara XEgta Ti'j~ leyartxij~ Ta~'Y}~». (Bray a • .54 xat 55).
»"Oaov xatgo {}d laxvel aUlD TO avar'Y}fla Ti'j~ avtaor'Y}w~ TWV avwAlaywv, ol naeaywyot19o.vat navra roao tprw'X,ot, Toao afla{)ei~, Toao nagwpoerWflevot fle c5ovleta, oao elvac xat rwga, aXOfla xt li v {) a x a T a e y 0 ii v T a v '0 A a Tar e l YJ, 0 l 'Y} oi x v fJ e e v YJ r t x 0 1 tp 6- e 0 t... Mova'X,a flta £5lox;'YJQwt!xf] a}.}.a'lf] aro avar'Y}fta {maexet, ~ elaa'lwYf] Ti'j~ la6rYJra~ Ti'j~ 19yaa[a~ xal TroV avwA.A.a'lwv. AUff] flnOeei va xalvteghpf.t TOVIYJ Tf]V xaTaaraaYJ xal va l~aarpa}.[af.t arov~ avl'}gdmov~ a}.YJ{}tvf] la6- T'Y}W ala (Jtxatwflaw, .. 4>ravf.t va xavovv flta ngoana{}8ta oi naga),wyot - xal flovaxa an' aurov~ n(!enf.t va 'I[Vf.t xtl{}e l1(!OamWeta 'Ita rf]v I: (Jta 10V~ If] oan I'}(!la - xt oi .alval(Je~ {Jd osuioovv 'Ita navra... .rd oxono«, ~ noltTtxf] laor'Y}w elva: n}.avYJ, elvai fla}.tara nAav'Y} xal aa ,dao».
»Me Tf]V laol'Y}w rwv avw}.}.aycov, ro XEe(JO!; Toii evo~ CJe flnoeei vdvat CYJfua rou aUov : ywrl xa{}e avwUayf] CJev elvai ma nagd flta (in}.f] ft s r .e (3 t fJ a a 1) leyaala~ xat n}.ovrov, (JAvanatui xaflflu119vala. "Eun , xchw ana .eva XOtvwvtxO avar'Y}fla, nov {3aafCewt navw aTf]v la6r'Y}Ta TWV avwAla'lwv £5 naQay(J)yo~ {}a flnogEaet v' ano'X,T~ae,
70
axofla xai .nlovfo, fle ff]," a.noTapl£volj wv. Ma & .nlovfO~ TOV DdJ'at.?lta TO OVOOW(}WpE.VO .n(}OrOV 'tij~ rcSta~ fOV fij~ E(}yaola~. Ba p.nO(}£i V· aVTal).a;Et TOV .nlovfo fOV Ii va TOV Xa(}(OEt O· li.uov~. Ma {)a wv elveu achivaTO va uelve« .nloVoto~ yta eva xa.noto fl£yulo cSU10T1Jfla, flta xal Da .natp£t va E(}yaC£Tat. Me f~V l06f1JTa ofk avmllayl~, & .nlovTO~ xavEt f~ 01Jfl£(}t,,1j TOV cSvvafl1J ". a"aVUh"£Tab xai v· ava.na(}ayaY£Tat flo"o~ fOV: cSev {)li. fl.nO(}£i.?lta "a ytOfl[OEt TO x£"O .nov {)lixEt cS1JptOV(}yljOEt fJ xam"alwo1J. T'uul , li" cSev a"a.na(}ar._{}£i a.no tYJv E(}yaola, & .nlOVTO~ oa" xam"alwD£i flta q;o(}a, elvai xaflEvo~ rta .na"m~ Avro .nov 6"opaCovfl£ uv(}a x l (} cS 1J xal C 1J fl [ s ~ cSev {}a fl.nO(}E.OEt .?lta ,'a {ma(}X£t Of 0 "a{)£oTW~ TOO" rowv aVTallayoo". '0 .na(}aywyo~ xt & cSta"ofl{(J~ ,9li.nat(},,£ f~V r cSta aflotfJ~ x(Ji fO ov"oltxo .nOOO fij~ E(}y(Jola~ fOV~ (Ja X(}1Jo[fl£v£ ,'ta fOV l1(}OOcSto(}topo ffj~ a;la~ xa{) e .n(J(}ayoflEVOV a"ftX£tpEvOV, .nov (Jaq;l(J)'£ aT" cStaDE01J fOV xam"alwffj •.•
» • H a(}x~ fij~ lOOf1JTa~ roov &"Tallayw" l1(}I.n£I, lom6".
O.n· f~" r cSta r1J~ f~ q;V01J, 7 a c5d1Jyljo£t af~" xa{)oltx.q, E(}yaola». (Ml1(}aW, o£l. 70, 88,89, 92xai 109).
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71
fmoeloEt "a qn:aoEt exei ~ xoivowla, p: o).e~ T'YJ~ r;~ {mee(JoU~ xa; flo o).e~ T1)~ Tk Tel).).e~, yta"a TO" :naeaT~oet xa-r6:nt" xt aih6", :n).ovota oe :neo06"Ta xa; Xaeloflam :noV elvai 01 Cwnxo; oeot wv ovol~paro~ xOWOXT'YJfloov"1)~7;. (M:nealv, OeA. 136).
»·O).axee'YJ TOVl1) ~ "["1)01) lJe {}' a:natwvlie :naea T~ ov"eeyao[a pe TfJV a:n).ovoue1) floeqJ~ T1)~ ••• TfJ" d~la Toii :neoi"6"w~ Oa TfJ" :neoolJUJetCa", oe xa{}e :neeloTao1), Ta l~olJa :naeaywyij~ xt ioe~ a~le~ {}' d"w).).aCo"Ta" :na"Ta fle i oe~ Mte~. 'A:no lJvo :ne60w:na, :nov TO E"a {}i1xe lJov)'bpet &Uxe(1) {JlJopalJa xa; TO (1).).0 fltOfJ {JlJopalJa, TO :neWTO (}li:nate"e lJt:n).fJ dflot{J~ d:n' TO lillo. Ma WVT1) TfJ" :naea-. :na,,[ota :n).1)eWPfJ lJe" {}a TfJ" l:nate"e & E"a~ oe {Jaeo~ TO;; liUov: ~ C1)flta :nOV {}a :na{)at"e & u).evwio~ lJe" {}li:neqJTe pe xa"l"a Te6:nO :na"w orov :neWTO. K6.{}e :ne60w:no ()' d"Ta).).aCe TO flto{}o :nOV (}li:nate"e droptxa pe d"nxelfle"a Tij~ ilJta~ d~[a~ fle TO flto{}6 rov. Kal oe xaflflui :neel:nTW01), TO xeelJo~ :nOV {}a :neaYflaw:nowvoe E"a~ li"Oew:no~ ~ flta {Jwfl1)'1.a,,[a lJe" {}liw" C1)flta yta xa:noto" Cil).o li"{}ew:no ~ yta xa:now" liUo" x).alJo Tij~ {Jtop1)'1.a"la~. 'R l:eyao[a x6.{}e ch6flOV {JliTa" TO fl 0 " a lJ t X 0 fll TeO yta Ta xl(}lJ1) xa; Ti~ C1)p[e~ TOV •••
» ... 'A:n' Ta xe"Tetxa xa; ro:ntxd loyt0117eta, {Ja :neoolJW(}tC6Ta" 1] :n006T1)Ta TW" lJtacp6ew" antxetpe"w" :nOV {J' a:nam5voe ~ xaTa"alwo1) xa{)w~ xt ~ 0xeTtxfj a~la xu{}e a"nxelfle"ov oe ovyxet077 fle T' lil).a (10" det{) pO TW" leyaTw" :nOV :n(}l:net"a '1.(1)0tpo:not1){}OV" OWV~ lJtaqJoeov~ x).alJov~ leyao[a~), pe pta U~1), x&{)e TI :nOV lXEt o'1.lo1) fle TfJ" 'Xot"W"txfJ :naeaywYfJ xa; lJta"ofl~. Tui E"a l{}"o~. 01 l(}yao[e~ ai'JTe~ {}a ylvovxav flea a oe T600 ).[710 xe6,,0 xa; 'fle T601) evxo).{a fl' 001) y["o"mt ploa OTO 01)peet,,0 ovoT1)pa oe pta" llJtwltxn Emteela ... Td liTOpa {}a O'1.1)flanCa" olxo'l'evtte~, of olxoye"ete~ XOW6T1)TE~, o:nw~ OTO 01)wet"o oVol1)pa ... Ae {}d xameyo;;oa" lipeoa OVTE xa; Tn" xaTU"oPfJ TOV :ni..1)1?VOpOV Ol~" 11.0).1) 'Xa; OT~" v:nat{Jeo, flO olo :nOV elvai xax6. Meoa oe T6'lJT1) T~" «oivowla [avveuuetofl6), xu{}e aTOflo {}a Uaxolov{}ovoe "a xaleeTUt T~ ).evTEeta :nOV lxEt uvea "d ovyxe"T(}W"et :n).ovw 000 TOV aeloei xal Twea "d '1.(1)Otflo:notei aVTO" TO" :nlOVTO o:nw~ TO;; o.eloet ... ~d "d ).lpe, ~ xou'w,,[a pa~ {}d yl"Et ptd fleyal1) fleTOXtx~ ETWeeEa, xapwpe"1) a11.(, ci:ne(}t6etOTO aet{} pO flt-
72
~e(h EeE~ p.etO'l.,t~e~ ltateei B~, nov OlB~ tOV~ lerat; 0'l'1a', :naearov'l' ,ct a'l'taJ.J.at;ov'l' ta :neoi"6vta TOV~, :na'l'w arq /3aa'YJ tif~ mo dlBta~ la6t'YJta~ ••• To ~at'l'OVerto p.a~ ~OtVlUvt~O aV(H'YJp.a P.BtO'l.,t~wv ltateetwv, :nov dev elva« :naea ,uta :na· ea'l.,We'YJa'YJ atf] a'YJp.BetVf] «ocvosvla, rta 'l'a rptaaovp.B atov ~op.p.ovVtap.o, t1lttel:net t~V avvv:nae~'YJ tif~ at 0 p. t ~ if ~ l d t 0 ~ T 'YJ a l a ~ tWV :neoi"6'1'twv !1e t~V ~ot'l'o~t'YJp.oav'I''YJ tW'l' naearwyt"W'l' dV'l'ap.ew'l', l~aetll t~'I' tV'l.'YJ ~a1}B atop.ov a:n" T~V l'dta tOV T~ ~eaaT'YJet6t1JTa ~at toil di'l'et rao P.BeldtO a" ala Ta nlBovE:XT~p.aTa :nov Mvet ~ rpva1J ~t ~ :ne60do~ TWV TBXVW'I'. Me TO'l' Te6:nO auto, p.:noeBi va trpaep.oaui at~v «owowla, 8:nw~ elva: a~p.Bea, "at 'l'a 'l~V :neOBtotp.&.aet rta p.BtarBvlaTEeB~ allart~». (M:neaW, ael. 158, 160, 162, 168, 194 "at 199).
~ev gxovlJe 1TIcX, 1TCXpa: v' cl."1TcxvTf}aouIlE Il~ ~dycx A6YICX crrov 1(, M1Tpcx{O, 1TOV xooplS va: SeAoulle xcl aTO neialJcx IlCXS, a1ToSE{xveTcxl 1TOOS VrroaKEAlae TOV K. Ilpouvrov, 1J6vo 1TOV 0 K. M1TpcxiO, xoopls va 6eAel va: 1Tei TO aTEpvo i\6yo aTTjv avSpoo- 1T6T1'lTCX, TIpOTE{vel 1l0vaXCX Ta Ilhpcx 1TOV 1TlO'TeV,;1 1TOOS elvcxl KcxAa Yla: ilIa: IlETCX!3CXTIKT} nep{060 avallEO'CX crrT} O'1'}IlEPIVT} KOIvoov{CX Kcxl TO Kcx6eaTOOS Tfls KOIVOKT11llocrVVTJS.
MIa oopcx epycxa{cxs TOU nhpov cXvTcxAM,eTcxl !le ilIa: oopcx ~pycxa{a:s TOU ncxVAOU. Na TO SE!lEAICXKO a~{oo!lcx TOU K. M1TpCX{O.
"As V1TOeeaoWE 1TOOS 6 nhpoS EXEI lJ1TpOO'Ta TOU S006eKcx d)pes 60VAela KI 6 na:\iAoS !lovcXXCX E~11: 6 nhpoS 6ev Sa: !lTTOpeO'el"T6Te v· aVTcxAM~el lie TOV ncxuAo 1TCXpa: Ilovaxcx e~TJ d)PES j.l' e~11 wpes. ·0 nhpos SaXE1 Yl' cxVTOV TO i\6yo e~TJ wpes 1TEp{O'O'evlJcx. T{ 6a Tis KcXvel CXVTeS Tls ~ wpes 60UMlO:S ;
"H 6ev 6a: Tis KaVEI Ti1TOTCX, SaXEI 60VAE\I'EI 611Acx61'),' e~TJ d)peS aTa: xcxllevcx, il KO:A\ITEPCX Sa: Ka:6f}ael a1TPCXYOS Tls aAMS !_~11 wpeS Yla: va: pSEi ae Iccppcrrtc; il aK61lCX KCXA\ITEPCX, Kl a:\rrO elvCXI TO TEAevTCXio 1TOV TOU !level, 6a: 600O'et crrov ncx\iAo TOUTES Tls e~11 d)pes 1TOV 6ev ~epet T{ va Tis Kavel rnc,
-ETal crro TEAOS TOU AOYCXPlcxaIlOO, T{ 6O:XEl KEp6{aet TTCXpCX- 1TcXVe.) 6 nhpos a1T' TOV TIa:\iAo i TWpes epyo:a{a:s i "OXt. eaxel KEp6{O'EI !lOVclXCX wpeS avaTTcxua11S. e avcxYKcxcrrei va: TE!lneAtaasl ~11 wpEs. Ked Yla va: IJTTopeI Kcxveis lJeao: aTTJV KcxlvoVpytCX KOIVOOV{CX, OXt !lovaxcx va: xcx{peTcxl TOVTO TO KCXtVOVPYIO 6IKCX{OOIlCX aTTJV TelJneAla Ila: Kcxl va TO !3p{O'KEI ae ST}!101TpcxO'{cx, 6a 1Tpe-
"lTSl TOVTTl 1i 1<olvc..)Via va ~plO1<E\ Ttl ~SycxAVTSPl1 eVTVX1cx TI'ls <TTtlV TelllTeAla. Kcxl 6a 1Tpenel 1i 4pycxaicx va Ttl ~cxPdivel Crew &AuaiScx 1TOV lTpE1TSl va T..,V ~e<popT006ei 01TOOS 01T~. Kt &K6IlU, Yla va ~a:vap60Ulls CTTO 1TcxpaSsly~a Il~, 'rTphrSl va SoOIlS av miTes ol c'bpss &va1TCXUaT}S, lTOV 1<EpSlae 0 nhpos chr' TOV nc;xOAO, i'jTav 1TPexyIlOTI1<O Kep60S! Ma 0Xl. '0 naOAOS, 80UAeVOl1TCXS 1l0' vaxcx E~ c'bpss, <pTavSl ~E ~la KCXVOVI1<tl Kal pU61l1cr~vl1 SOUASla O'TO anoTEi\scrllcx lTOV 6 mTpOS TO 1TETUXaivel ~E 1TSP10'cr6TEPl1 SovAsla. '0 1<a6EVCXS 6a 6EASI vaval naOAos. Sa Sl1Il10UPYl16ei O'UI1exyOOVtcr~os 1T010S va 1Tapel Tt1 6ecrl1 TOO naVAOU, O'Uvexyoo~cr~os TElllTEA10:S.
"E AOl1T6v! TI Ilas EXEl SOOcr'll 1i &VTcxAAexyTj iaoov 1TOO'0Tf}"TOOV epyacricxs; ·YlTEPlTCXPexyooy.';, VlTOTi IA1l on, 1T6:PCX1TCXVicrlCX epyaaicx 1TOV T..,V &KOAou6ei &vEpyicx, TEi\oS, OiKovolllKES axEcre1S ,crav a\rrES 1TOV ~AE1TOUIlE va ~1TlKpCXTOiiv IlEcrCX crT'll O'T)~eplv", 1<01l100vlcx, E~OO &1T' TO auvcxyOOVlcr~o crT1lV epyacricx.
Ma OX1, YEA16IlcxcrTE. 'Y1TapXEl Ctt<61lcx EVCXS Tp61TOS Yla va 0'006Ei ti KOlvoovfcx TooV nhpoov xed ncxVi\oov. '0 nhpoS 6a <paEI OAOll6vcxxos TO 1TP0'iOV chr' Tis E~l1 &peS epycxcricxs lTOV TOO 1TEplcraeVoUl1. Ma &1T' TTj crT1YllTj 1TOV SEV Exel ma epyaaia v' &VTaAAa~El Yla v' &lTOKn;ael 1TpO'i6v, Sev exel 1Tla oliTe xed rropeyooy'" Yla v' &vTaAM:~El. "Erei ohl1 1i v1T66eO'T) Yla !.Ila K01VOOvia 6E!.IEAloollEVl1 1Tavoo crT..,V O:VTCXAi\exyTj Kal aTOV KCXTCXllEP10'Ilo Tf)s ~pycxcrlas 6&tte<pTE. 'H icr6TTlTCX TooV &I1Tai\AayooV 6a 1l1T0- ~OiicrE va a006Ei a1T' TO i610 TO yeyovos 1TOOS 01 <lvTcxAi\ayeS MlTCXUCXV va \11T6:PXouv: 6 navAos Kl 6 nhpos 6crnECPTCXI1 crT..,V t<cxTaaTacrl1 TOO P0!31VcrOOVCX.
~Av Vtt06EO'OUIle Aomov 1TOOS OACX Ta IJEAT} Tf\S K.0ll100viCXS Elval allEcrcx epya~6IlE\lOl, ti &VTcxi\Aay'" 6Ivallecrcx cre IcreS 1TOcr6- TT}TES oopoov epyaaicxS ElvCXl Il1TOpETTt Ilovaxcx IlE TOV OpO va 0'UllcpooVT)6ouv &1T' Ta rrplv ol c'bpss 1TOV 1Tpe1TEl va XPl1crlIlOlT01T}~ouv O'Tl1V lTapcxyooyTj TooV VA1Kool1 &ycx6oov. Mia TET01CX OIlOOS auVCXAACXY1:t &pV1ETCXl TTjV O:TOlllK1:t &vTcxAAexyf).
ITO i610 Ctt<61lCX O'UIl1TEPCXO'IlCX 6a <p6acrouIlE, av 1T6:poulle crexv &q>ETTlp1a 0Xl 1Tla TnV KCXTCXVOIl'" TooV 1TPOlOI1TOOV 1TOV exow Sl11l10upY116ei, !.leX TTjV 1Tp6:~T} Tf\S 1Tapexyooyf\S. IT.., IlEyaAl1 13101l11xcxvla, 6 nhpoS Sev 'elvcxl Ka66Aou ei\ev6Epos va Kaaopicrel 6 i810S TO Xp6vo Tfis epycxcrlcxS TOU. ftcnl " epycxcricx TOU TIhpou Sev elvcxl TI1TOTCX xooP1S Tn O'UI1Spo~ OAOOV TooV nhpoov 1<1 6AooV TooV naVAOOv 1TOV O:1TOTeAOVV TO epycxcrr1'lpl. AUTO e~l1- yei 1ToM KaAa T1'IV 1rE10'llCXTaplKll &l1TfaTaO'T) '!taU 'li'p6~cxi\CXI1 ol
73
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"AYYAol gl.l1rOPOI OTO VO/-lO "ui TO d£HaWeO. "H~Epav nOAV 1(cxAa noos,; napCX)(oopllO'11 01 yvvCXiKES 1«(X\ Ta 1TalSla va SOUAevouv Suo oopeS Aly6Tepo, ea gcpepve TO iS10 1(cx\ ilia eAcrrrooOll TOU. Xp6vou epycxo{as Yla TOVS &vrpeS. Elval IlEoa OTT! CPVO'T) TfjS lley6:AllS (3l01l1lxav{as va elval 6 Xp6vos TfjS epycxo{as ioos Yla 6AOUS. AUTO nov elval oflllepcx TO anOTEAEolla TOO KecpaAafou 1<0\ TOO avvcxyooVIOIlOO avallEoa OTOVS epy6:Tes 6avcxl cxOP10, av 1<CXTOXUpOOaETe '1'11 axeO'T) TfjS epyaoias aVT{1(pU OTO KEcp6:ACX10, TO yeyoVOS Illas OVVCXAACXYi'iS, (3cxoIOIlEVllS navoo oTn axEO'T) TOO avv6Aou TooV napcxyooYI1(ooV SVV6:IlEooV IlE TO OVVOAO TooV avcxyKooV nov \rrrapxovv.
, AAAa ilia m01CX OVVcxAACXY1't elval ..; KCXTCXS(1(l1 Tfis ISlooTI' 1(i'is 6:vTaAAayi'is KCX\ v6: nov ~avacpT6:oCXIlE OTO npOOTO IlCXS avll1TepcxoIlCX.
~T1tV 6:pxft, 8~v \11T6:PXEl 6:vTCXAAcxyTj 1Tpoi6VTooV, Ila &VTcx"AAayn epyaoloov 1TOV OVIlj36:AAOUV Yla va y{vel ..; napcxy~yft. , An' TOV Tp6no 6:vTcxAACXYi'iS TooV 1TCXpcxyooY1KooV SUVallEooV e~cxpTlhcxl Kl 6 Tp6nos ancxMcxyfjs TooV 1Tpo·i6VTooV. r eV1I<a..; 1l0pcpTj aVTcxAAayi'is TooV rrpotovrcov, aVT1OTolXEi OTQ IlOpcpTj TfjS 1TCXpayooyfjs. ' AAA6:~ETe Tl1V TEAEVTa(cx Ka\ oa avVE1TEICX' 6a j3pe6el aAACXYIlE"1l Kl'''; npcbT11. BAenoulle 6:K6IJa, IlEoa OTTjv IOTOp{CX 'l'i'is KOlVooV(CXS, va pv6llf~eTCXl 6 Tp6nos nov aVTaAAa~oVTal Ta npoi6VTa oVllcpoova IlS -rov T.p6no nov napayoVTal. 'H ISIOO'1'11(11 av'l'aAA<XyTj aVT10T01Xei en(OllS 0' EV<XV Ka6opi0llEVO Tp61TO napcxyooyi'is, nov 6 i810s 1T6:Al eIval Vrrev6uvos Yla TOV Ta~u<o·
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'0 1<. Mnpa(O cpTlavel a1T' T11v avwmlT1j TOO T{IlIOU aOTOO TO Mavtxo nov i\6e"Ae va 1TPCXYIlCXT01TOlt1ael. =eKa6cxpf~OVTas T11V ISlooT1K11 aVTaAAayft, ~cxAacppOOVOVTas TTlV a1TO 1(ci6e &VTcxyooV1OTIKO OT01Xeio nov j3p(aKel a' a\JTft. nlOTeVel
11'005 avCXKcxAVrrTel J,llclV «U&oamx1j» ax~C11"), 1T0V ,,6eAe va T'i\v ~cpap!l60el onlY KOLVoovla.
'0 K. MlTpalO S~ j3AEml 11'005 1') ~~10ooT1K" TO<m, OX~OTI, TOVTO TO a:Jlap.oerpOJTtXO l~ero&~ (ideal correctif) 1T0V flew va ~cpapJ,l60el OTOV KOOJ,lO, S~v elvcxl TllTOT' mo lTapa 1') maVOKAaOT) TOU OT)J,lepLVoU KOO!lOU KCXt 1T00S eTval, Yl' CXlhov Tb. Myo, oA6TeAa &SVvCXTO va &vaavyt<poTT)6ei 1'! K01VOOV{CX 11'00700 oe !lUX j3aC11") 1T0V elval J,lovaxa 0 ~oopaio~v05 TT)S i01(lOS. l:To I3CXeJ,lo 1T0V 0 101(105 ~cxvaylvETa1 oooJ,la, ylveTa1 OAOcpavEPO 11'005 TO Ooo!lCX a\rr6, J,laKPla &n' TO vaval 1'! 6velpeJ,l~VT) !lETcxJ,l6pcpooCTll, elval TO :neayp.anxo orop.a Tiis KOLVoovicxs (I).
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To &O';J,llKat TO XPuoacpl elva1 AOl1TOV 01 lTpOOTes ~cpcxpJ,loyes Tfis «avOTCXT1Kfis a~ias» ... 011'005 Tf) aVv6eae, 011'005 gKCXJ,le Tit· aUOTaof) TT)S 0 K. Tlpovvrov, Kal Ka600s 0 K. npOVVTOV O"VVlcrra Tis &~iES TooV lTpoi6VTOOV Kcxeopi~oVTas TES &n' Ti) OVyt<P1' TIKi) 1T0a6TT)Ta ~pyao{as 1T0V gXEl a,aOOIlCX'Too6el 0' CXIh1i, TO J,l6vo 1T0V eTXE va KOO7el -ljTCXV v' &1ToSe{~E1 1T00s ol p. e 'l a {J oJ. e c 1T0V OT)J.lEl00VOVTcn OTi)v &~Icx TOU xpuaou Kat &pyupou, ~~T)YOWTal lTaVTa J,l~ Tis J,leTCXI30A~S OTO Xp6vo ~pycxoias 1T0V xpela~ETal Y10: va lTCXPCXXTOUv. '0 K. npOVVTOV Sev TO mcpTETCX1. Cl\rr6, S~V !llMel Yla TO xpvaacplKCll TO &cn;J,l1, aav ~1l1l'0PEUJ,lCX'TCX. MIMel Yl' a\rra 1J0VcXxCX aa VOJ,l{allCX'Ta.
·OAT) TOU ti AOY1Kf), O:v V1I'apxe1 AOYIKf), rnKETal OTO va Kpuj3el TCXXUSCXKTVAOUPY1Ka Ti)v lS16TT)TCX 1T0V gxow TO xpvaacpl.
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«0 H eexwetoTfJ ).UToveyta nov ~ xe~o'Y} lXet a'Pay'Pweloet OTti no).vnp,a p,ew).).a 'Pa le'Y}otp,evov'P oa p,eoaCo'PTe; OTO ep,nOetO, elva: 'Xat9aea ovp,f3aTt'X~. To eo).o aVTo {}od p,noeof}(Je 'Pa TO'P eltn).'Y}ewoet, row; Bxt 'Xal 10ao f30).t'Xa, pa TO rdto avbe'PTtlta, Ita I 'Xa{}e li).).o epnoewpa: of 01,,0- 'Pop,o).oyot TO nueadil,O'PWt xal TO a'Pacpeeov'P no).U; cpOeef; od'P naeaduyp,a. nOtO; elviu ).omo'P 15 ).oyo; yt' a1JT'fJ T'fJ ye'Ptx'fJ neoTip,'Y}O?] 1l0V M'Pewt oTd pEw).).a 'Pd xe'Y}0tp,etJOV'P ·od 'Pop,top,a, xal llW; ee?]ytiwt aVT'fJ ~ e1dtxoT?]w TW'P ).uToveytw'P nov lx.et TO xefjp,a, eldtxoT'Y}Ta nov de'P f3eloxet to a'Pa).oyo T?]; p,eoa OT'fJ'P no).tTtxfJ olxovoula ; ••. Elva« .).otnO'P t5v'PaTo 'P' a n ° ~ a T a a T ~ a ° 11 P, e T 'fJ a e t !! d
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Bo~ovTas ET(n TO 'T}TTJlla, 6 K. npoU\IT6v \nr66eae Kl6i\as TO 'I'Op,Lop,a. To 1TpooTO ~ooTT)lla nov 6&rrpe1Te va ~Cxi\el Q'TO\l' ~CXVT6 TOV, elval veX IlOeel YlaT(, Il~O'a O'TIS OOrrai\i\ay~s, 61Toos. y(vO\ITal O'T}~pa, avaYI<CxaTT)Kav va E~aTOlllKE\jJOV\l, CXS 1TOVlle,. Tf)v a\ITai\i\CXKTIKT.l eX~{a, S111l10VPYOO\IT<;lS eva eiS1KO 1l~0'0 OOrrcxll.i\ayfis. To V61l10'ila Ssv elval 1TpCxylla, elval KOIVOOVIK11 0')(~0'f'l. rtaTi" vOIlIO'llaTIKfJ 0')(~0'11 elval 1TapayooYIKfJ O')(EO'f'l, 01TOOS KCxee d:i\i\Tl OIKOVOIlIKfJ O'X~O'Tl, 6noos 6 l<aTerllEPIO'IlOs Too",epyoov, KTi\. ; ~Av 6 K. Ilpcvvrcv elxe El<Tlllf)ael O'OOO'TeX a\rtTt TfJ ax~O'Tl, s~v 6d:I3i\me O'TO v61l10'ila IlleX E~a{peO'f'l, eva Il~POS anoO'1TaO'Il~vo ano ilIa aelpa 1TOV elval d:yvOOO'T11 11 1Tphrel va ~avaI3pe6ei.
e' civayvoopl~e, a\IT{6eTa, 1T00s" O')(EO'f'l TOVTT) elv' evasKpiKOS. Kol 1TOOS O'av Thol0S 6 KpiKOS a\rros elval O'cpIXToSellEvOS 11' oi\11 TfJV ai\vO'{Scx TooV d:i\i\oov O'x~O'eoov, Kai 1T00s" axea11 TOVTT) ciVTIO'TOIxei 0" eva 6plall~vo Tp61TO 1Tapayooyfis, T60'o 60'0 xed " cXTollIKn &vTCXi\i\ayT}. T( Kavel a\rr6s; nlCxvel Kcxi &noO'1Ta TO v61l10'ila Cx1TO TO aVvoi\o TOV O'Tllleplvov Tp6lTOV napayooyfis, Yla va TO Kavel apy6TEpa TO 1TPOOTO !lSi\oS IllaS cpCXVTaO'TIKfiS O'elpaS 1TOV lT~1TEl va ~ava~pe6Ei.
MIa Kl civayvoop(O'TT)Ke" OvCxyKT] Yla eva ISlalTepo Il~O'O ciVTai\i\ayfis, S11i\." civCxyK11 TOV vOIl{allaTOS, TO 'T}TT)lla Ssv elval ma va ~TlyT}O'OVlle YlaTi TOUT11" ISlaiTep11 lI.elTovpy{a 1TEpaae O'TO XPVO'CxCPl Kai O'TO aaT}1l1 Kl 0X1 as KCxee d:i\i\o Elln6- psvlla. TOVTO Soo elval SeVTep11S O'f'lllaa{as ~T}TT)lla, 1TOV S~v' ~~11YEiTal ma IlE TfJV c:Xi\vO'{Scx TooV 1TapayooYIKooV ax~O'EOOV, &Ai\' a1TO Tis elSIKES CPVO'IKES IS16TT)TES nov exovve TO xpvO'acpl' K~i TO eXcnllll O'av vi\Tl. "Av, aVllcpoova Il' oi\a TOVTCX, as TOVTT). T1'\v 1Tep{1TTOOO'f'l, 01 OiKovolloi\6YOI «l3yfiKav ~oo Cx1TO TfJV 1TEP10XfJ Tfis E1T1O'T1}IlTlS, (Xv KCxvave CPVO'lKT), Il11XavIKT}, to'Top{a, KTA.», OlTOOS TOVS KCXTTlyopei 6 K. Ilpowrev, MO TO KCxvCXVS YlaTi eTO'l E1Tpme va KCxvovve. To ~T}TTlIlO: SEll aVT}Kel 1Tla aT1'\v 1Tep10XfJ Tfis noi\lTIKfis OiKOVOIl{O:S.
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Tev OIKOVO~lKO i\6yo, TrOV, SlKcxIOi\OY1WEVCX, KCXVEVCXS Sev ~H)e Kcxl KCXVEVCXS S~v KCXTai\cxf3e, TOV elSE, TOV KCXTaAcxj3e xed TOV 'lTcxp6:Sooae aniv VO'TEpOCPll~{cx 6 K. Ilpovvrov.
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"Av, Il~ ToOTa TO: MYla, 6 K. npOUVTOV 6ei\"ae va Tret 11'00s TO xpvaacpl Kat TO &af)1l1 elval ~~TrOpeV~aTa, TrOV 6 &Trapcx{TTlTOS Yla Tf)v 11'apayooyft TOUS Xp6vOS ylVTJKE voop{Tepa yvooaTOs «rrO TO XpOVO 11'apayooyfis 11'OV xpela~eTal YIO: 6i\a T' cS:i\i\a
-El1nOpeVI1CXTa, 6&TCXVE Kl a:VTO I1UX aK6J.,la ano TiS \11T06~aelS nov sIval T6CTO np66vJ.,los VO: XCXp{CTEt CTTOVS &va:yvooCTTes TOV. -Av 6Ei\cxJ.,le vo: 1TlCXcrrOUJ.,lE ano TOv-n, -n1V 1TCXTptCXpXlI<n 1Toi\VJ.,la6elcx, eo: i\Eyal1e CTTOV K. npOVVTOV 1TOOS Y{VTlKe 1TPOOTCX npooTcx yvcoCTTOS 6 Xp6vos 6 cmCXpCX{T1lTOS ytO: Tr')v napa:yooy-f) &vnKelJ.,lEvooV 1TPOOT1lS aVeXyKl1S, ()1TOOS TO CT{oepo, Ki\1T. eo: TOU XCXp{CTOVJ.,le TO Ki\CXCTlKO T6~0 TOU "AVTCXI1 II1{6 •
• AAAO: noos, \JCTTEP' an' 6ACX cxliTa, urrepst aK6J.,la 6 K. npoVIITov VO: 111Mel Y10: T-f) aVcrraCT1l I1taS a~{cxs, acpoii ..; a~{cx 5e CTVaTcx{veTcxl 1TOTe 110VCXXi) T1)S; 'H 6~{CX nov eva npoiov CTVCTTcx{veTcxl, oXt a1TO TO Xp6vo nov xpela~Tcxl yto: VO: 1Tcxpaxeei J.,lovaX1l T1lS 1'1 &~{CX 110: ano TftV &vCXAOY1Kft 1TOCTOTtK-f) axECT1l c5AOOV TOOV /!iAi\oov npoi6VTOOV 1TOV J.,lnopoUv va 01ll110VpY116oVve J.,lECTCX aTOV i010 Xp6vo. "ETCT1, ..; aVaTCXa1l Tfis a~{cxs TOU Xp6vov I<cxt TOU a01lJ.,ltoU vnoehet TftV 6i\6TEACX SoaJ.,lEVTl K16i\cxS aVaTcx- 0"11 ni\"eloov tiAAoov npoi6VTOOV.
Llev elval i\omov TO EJ.,ln6pevJ.,lcx KEivo nov ecpTcxO"e, J.,lECTa CTTO xpvaaqll xed CTTO aai)J.,ll, CTT-f)V KCXTaCTTcxCT1l TTlS «avcrrCXTlKTlS a§fcxs», J.,l0: 1'1 «CTVCTTCXT1KT) a~{cx» TOU K. npOVVTOV elvcxl Ke{VTl 1TO\'J gcpTaae, J.,lECTcx CTTO xpvaacpt KCXt aTO aai)J.,lt, aE KCXTaCTTaCT1l voutO"J.,lCXTOS·
"As e~eTaCTOVJ.,le TOOpCX ano 1T10 KOVTO: a:\rrOVS TOVS oixovoI'txOVf; lOYOVf;, 1TOV, avJ.,lcpoovcx J.,le TOV K. npoVIITov l3o,,611CTCXV v' arrOXTflCTEl TO xpvaacpt xed TO aai)J.,ll TO 1TAeOVEKTl1J.,lCX va y{vowe V6111aJ.,lCX, lloopiTepa an' 6ACX T' tihi\a npo·i6I1Ta, nepvooVTcxs ano Tft avaTCXT1K-f) KCXTaCTTCXa1l Tiis a~{a:s.
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TOV; "Evos noi.v (}W(}TO~ (}vUoyt(}PO~ an' T~V li.notpt} Tij~ lpno(!",ij~ (!ovTlva~, ai.i.a noi.l! i.a{}eplvo~ an' T~V li.n01I'1J Tij~ oz,eoVOpt~ij~ lm(}dJPt}~. L1t}i.a~~ T~ (}Ttyp~ nov & (!V{)ptG7;~~ TeOV a;trov elva: ~ n(!o(}cpo(!a ~t ~ Cf}Tt}(}t}, pno(!ovpe, eiu ~t}ptoV(!ydJVTa~ ptd Texvt}T~ (}navtOTt}Ta eiTs n(!oayo(!tiCov-ca~ T~V ~ara(}~evf}, v' avepa(}ovpe T~V l~-clpt}(}YJ ~al p' aVT~v T~ a;la TWV aVTt~Etplvwv. AVTO ai.t}{)evEt ~al ytd TO l(!V(}acpt ~al ytd TO a(}f}pt Bao ai.t}{}ev8t ~ai y~ TO (}J:a(!t, TO ~(!a(}l, TO i.ti~i, TOV ~anvo. • {J(}T O(} 0 , p6i.t~ avaxa).vcpJ:t}X8 ~ anaTt} TOV fPli.mnov, TO VOpt(}pa {moTtpf}{}t}~e (}J:~ (}W(}J:f} TOV a~la XL & fPl').mno~ lXa(}8 TaVTO~(!OVa ~al a(}a eIxe vopl(}u nw~ DO. xl(!~tCe ano TOV~ vnt}xoov~ TOV. To i~to lytV8 ~t v(}u(!a ano xtiDe avai.oyt} n(!o(}na:{}eta».
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KI eX1T' T1)V clAA1'l, exv 0 <l>IAI1T1TOS los elXE eXATjel\la O'KecpTei O'av TOV K. npOUVTOV, 6 <I>{AI1T1TOS 0 los 8ev 6axE O'KecpTEi l<aAcX ciTro «EI-\1TOPIKf} a,...0'l'1'l». OUTE 6 <l>{AI1T1TOS 6 lee, OUTE 6 K. npOUVTOV Sivouv ciTrOSE{~EIS ~1-\1TOpIKfis lleyoi\oCjlutas Ttl O"Tly~'" 1TOV CPOVTo~ovTal 1TWS urropsf KOVEls va O:AAOlOOO'EI Tn\l ~ia 1TOV Exel TO X p\J O'OCjl I, K~SWS xed Ko6E &i\i\o EIl1T6pEulla. uovo Kot ~6\1o yio-rl 1) 0:~10 TOUS 1TP0O"SIOpi~ETOI 0:1T0 T1) O'xsO'1'l 1TOU EXEt ti 1TpoO'cpopa 1TpOS Tf} 'i)T1'lO"Tj.
~ A\I 6 !3oO'IAlas <I>iA11TlTOS E!3ya~e SloTaylla KI EAeye 1TWS 0:1T0 800 Kal 1Tspa E\las 1168100; ~ITapl. ea mp\lOEI Yla Suo ~6- SIOUS O'TOPI, i'jTOV Sa OiO'XPOKEp8i)s' Sa yeAoOoe OAOUS TOUS E10'0- 8TjIlClTies. OAOUS TOUS O:VSPOO1TOUS 1TOU Saxov va i\a!3aivoUlf SKOTe) 1l6Slo.us O'TOpl. Sa YlV6Tav ahia, o:vTI Aa!3ouv OAOI aVTol SKOTe) 1-\6810US O'lTapl va 1Tapouve 1J0vaxa 1TEV';VTa.·Y- 1T06EO'Te 1TOOS 0 1300'IAIas XPWO'TCxEI SKaTe) 1l0810uS O'TOpl. Sa
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1TAfJpoove j.lov6:Xcx 1TSvT)VTCX. Ma aTO ~1l1TOplO, ~KCXTO j.l6S101 Se ea eixcxvs 1TOTes OCTTl a~lcx Sa stxcxv ol 1TSvT)IIT~. 'A")';Aa~oVTCXS T' aIlOIlO:, 6ell aAAa~sl KCXIISls Kcxl TO 1TPeXyj.lCX. EiTs 1Tpoacpsp6ei siTs ~T'lTl'lSsi, 'Ii 1TOCT6TflTCX TOO aTCXP100 j.l";TE S' mJ~l'lesi j.l';TE ea ~A~oo6ei j.l6110 xed 116110 ~lTs16f) aAM,sl alloj.lO:.
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Ma Yl' cx\rT6, TO '';TT}j.lCX TTlS a~(cxs lTOV 1Tpo0'610pl,STCXl &n' "rlIv 1TOO'OTTlTCX epyo:O'lcxS Sev 1TPOXOOPT'lO'E j.l";TE I3Tlj.lO:. 'A1TOj.lEveI 1TO:vTCX va Kp{VOUj.lS exv Ta SVO cx\rra llapKO:, 1TOV ~cxvcxy(va:v TO lTpooTlVO j.lapKO, 1TpOO'SIOp(~OVTCXl &n' Ta E~OS<x 1TCXpa:yooyfjs 1\ cbro TO v6j.l0 TTlS 1TpOO'CPOp5:S Kcxl TTlS l;;f)"TT'ICTl'lS;
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la)(TtXf] a~la TOV XQVOOV xa2 WV l1.eyvQov {}l1.llupre ap,eowr; OTO pt06, llavTa yt' aVTOV TO 16yo avaloylar; xa2 100Q(!Olll ar;» •
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NeX KaIlOUl-le A011TOV «Ka6e El-lli6peul-loc SeKTO aT1)v cXvTaA).aytl all oXl 1TpCXYl-laT1Ka, TOUAaXlaTO 6IKal00l-laT1KCX», aTt'lpl~6- .peVOl O'TO p6AO 1T0U 1Ta{~el TO xpuO'acpl Kal TO aa';l-Il, aT}l-IalVel :nOOS 1TocpOCy1lOOpl~OUIJE mhov TO p6AO. To xpuaacpl Kal TO aa';l-Il <EIVal SeKTa 51KOC100l-laT1Ka YlaTl elllal 5eKTa 1TpaYIlOCTIKO:. Kl elllal .8eKTa 1TPOCW<XT1Ka Yl<XT1'li G1")IlEP1Vtl opyavooO'11 TTlS 1TapayooYiis ~el O:lIayK11 6:11'0 ella yelllK0 J.leaO aVTaAAayTls. To SIKa{ool-la elval .It avayvoopla" TOO yeyo1l6TOS.
To eiSalJE. '0 K. npouIITov 51aAe~e TO 1TapaSelYl-la TOO XP';l-IaTOS aall ecpaplloY1) Tfis ll'epaO'I-IEII1'lS ae O'UaTaTIK1) KaTa.O'TaO'fl a~{as, 1-16vo xed !J6vo Yla va 1Tepaael Accep:::xia aAcXKep11 'T1) 6eoop{a TOU Yla TnV avTcxAAaKTIK6TTlTa, Yla veX 0:1T05el~el, S1)AaS,;, 11'005 KeXee E!.11T6pe"'l-Ia liOU ~KT11-11hocl I-Ie Ta e~05oc 1TapayooYllS TOU 1Tphm va K<XTaAT.Jyel ae KaTaO'Taa11 vOl-llal-l<XTos. ·OA· aUTeX ea nTCXV 1T0M oopala, (Xv 5ev lrrrTlPxe TOUT" taa iaa iI avOC1ToSla: To xpuaacpl Kocl TO o:a,;l-Il, aa V61-110'1-IOC, elval Ta ,,611a 0:11" oAa TeX EI-I1T0peVI:laTa '!tou Sell 1TpoaSl0p{~OVTal 0:11" Ta e~05oc 1Tapayooyiis TOUS. Kl cruTO elval T60'0 O:A11e1V6, 1T0U P.1T0POOV aTftv KUKAocpopla v' aVT1KaTaaTa{voUVTocl IlS TO XapTOV61-11C1l-1a. "00'0 ea SlocT1lpeiTal aplO'I-IEII11 cXvaAoy{a 6:v.6:IJEO'a aTls ,OvcXyKes Tiis ~oplas Ko:l 0'TI\11 'lT00'6T11Ta TOU VOIl(all<XTOS 11T0U KVKAocpopei eiTe xapTov61J1O'l.lGX elllal TO XPlll-lOC aUT6, ehe
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xpua6s, ei'Te 1t'ACX'T{va, ehe XcxAK6s, Se ea Il1t'OpeY va y{vel A6yos; Yla Til Su:m'lPl1af1 IIICXS &vaAoy{as &vaJ,leaa crnlV 1t'payJ,lCX'TIKT) a~{a' (Ta ~~05a 1t'apayooYTlS) xed aTi)v OVOJ,laCrnKT) a~{a TOO VOJ,l{ .. C7I1CX'TOS. Xoopts C!.AAO, aTO sleeves ~111t'6pIO, TO v61JlaJ,la 1t'poa5lOp{~E'Tal a1t" 'TO Xp6vo 'tfis ~pyaa{as, 01t'OOS Kat Ka&e &AAO ~1J1t'6- peuJ,la. Ma TO i810, 6 xpuaas KI 6 cS:pyupos nov 1t'epvoOv crrOt SleevEs ~111t'6plo, elval l1~aa eXvTcxAAayfis aav 1t'poi6vTC( KI lSXI aa vOIJ{al1CX'Ta, x&Vouv 511Aa8T) KEivov TO xap<XK'T1'\pa TTlS «crra6ep6- TT1Tas» nOVa1t'OTeAOOV YlaTOV K. npOUV'TOVTOV {SIK6 TOUS xapCXl<T1'\pa. ·0 PIKeXPVTO KCX'TcXAaj3e '1'60'0 KaAa cx\rr~ -r:qv aA';6ela. hal nov, acpoO a-n'lPI~e OAcXt<epo TO aVO'T11J,leX TOU 1t'eXvoo o-rnv a~{a TT)V npoa810plaJ,l~ &1t'0 TO Xp6vo ~pyaa{as KI &cpoO alrrs :' «<5 X(}v(Jo~ "al <5 l1.(}rV(}O~, Ka600s Kal T' cS:AAa ~J,l1t'opevJ,laTa 'gxow &~{a, J,lovaxa &v6:Aoya l1e 'TllV 1t'Oa6'T11Ta ~pyaa{as 1t'OU elval &vayKa{a YlCx TT)v 11'apayooy,; TOUS Kat TOV ~pXOIJ6 TOUS crrT)\1' &yopa», 1t'poa6hel oocrr6ao noos 'Ii &~{a 'ToO vOJ,l{aJ,laTOS S~V 1t'poa810p{~E'TCU a1t'O TO Xp6vo ~pyaa{as nov gxel EvaooJ,laToo6ei ~aa aTi)v VAl1 TOU, &Ma 110vaxa &1t'o 'TO v6J,lo 'Tfis npoacpopcxs Kat Tfis ~';TT1O'11S.
«"Av "at TO Xa(}TOvOptopa d8V EXBt "a{}o).ov :n(}arpaTt"'" MEa, WOTOOO, liv :dB(}tO(}tooVpB TfJV :noooT'f}Ta TOV, '" aVWA).a"Tt"1J TOV MEa' p:no{}Bi va letoW{}Bi 1'8 TfJV aeta :nov EXBt tva PBW).).t"O voptopa Tij~ IMa~ 6vopaoTt"ij~ aeta~ 1} xoppaTta :no).vupo pewA.Ao beup'f}peva 08 xeijpa. 'Axopa ovprpwva pe T1jV i dta a(}x~, liv d'f}Aad1j :nB(}tO(}toTBi '" noOOT'f}W TOV voulauoxo«, voulouasa 1'8 "aT(QTB(}O x(}apa p:nO(}OVV va XVXAOrpO(}~OOVV oa va BixavB TfJV idta aela :nov {}a Blxav liv 'l0 x(}apa TOV~ "al TO {Ja(}o~ TOV!; ~wv aVTa :nov O(!lCBt <5 vopo~ xat OX' ovprpwva pe TfJv:n(}arpaTtxfJ Mla TOV xa{}a(!OV pBTaAAOV :nov :nB(}t£XOVV • NO. rtad, pioa OTfJV iosoota TOV arrA!XOV voulouaioc {J(!lOXOVpB :nw~ TO voptopa pa~ dey v:nonp~{}'f}XB :nOTe 1'8 TfJV i c5ta a,'a).orla :nov VO{}BVT'f}XB '" OVV{}BO~ TOV. 'H aida elvai :nw~ TO voptopa pa~ bev :noA).a:nAaotaO'l'f}XB :nOTe ava).ora pe TOV leBVTBAtOpO TOV». (Ptxa(}VTO, ib.).
NeX T{ 1t'apCXTT}pei 6 J. B. Say Yla TOVTTI Tnv mpIK01t'll 'ToO PIKeXPVTo :
«To:;;TO TO 11: a (! a d e t y p. a, P.O:;; ipalvexo: m1~ e11:(!£11:£ 'va elvai a(!X£TO yta va 11:£UJT£i <5 (1vyy(!at:pla~, 11:cb~ ~ f3ao'YJ xcUJe a~[a~ dEv elva: tj 11:006T'1]'Ca l(!yao[a~ ~ a11:atrovp.£v'YJ yui vd xamo,,£vaoTEi Eva lp.11:6(!£vp.a p.a ~ dvayx'YJ :nov {ma(!XEl yt' aV16, 100Cvytop.lv'1] p.e d, onavt6r'1]Ta TOV».
"E'TC'I, 'TO vO~lIC'lJa, TrOV YUl 'TO PIKeXPV'TO SEv elvOI Tria l.lla 'a~la TrpoC'SloPIC'IJEVl1 cmo 'TO Xp6vo epycxC'las Ka\ TrOll 0 T~. 'MTr. ~cxlv 'TO rrcdpvet Yla 'ToiiTo C'O:v 1Tap6.SElYlla IlE 'TO 'aKOTrO va TrEIC'EI 'TO PIK6:PVTO TTOOS o\iTE Kat ol clAAES eX~iES IlTrOPOUV vo: Kaeopi~oVTCXI aTTO TO Xp6vo epyaerlas, miTo 'TO v6- \l1C'lJa, AeCiJ, TrOV TO TTcxipVEI 6 T~. MTr. Ialv Yla TTcxPeXSE1Yila \lIaS a~ias 1TPOC'SIOPIC'!1EVllS aTTOKAEIC"TIKa arro 'T1)V TrpoC'cpopa 'Ka\ 7" ~i}Tl1C'll, ylvETal ylO: 'TOV K. npOUVTOV 70 Ka7' e~ox"v TTap6.SEIYllcx 'Tf\s a~{as Tils auC'TO'TIKf\S... arro TO Xp6vo 7f\S ,~pyaC'lo:s.
ria va 7EAElOOVOUIlE Il' mh6, O:V 'TO v61l1C'lJa SEv elval Kae6- J..ou «auC'7aTu<,; a~ia» rrov ovo-rcdwroa alTO 'TO Xp6vo 7ils epyaerias, SE eo: urropoilcs aK6IJa Aly67EpO VO:XEI 7iTToTa 'TO KOIVO 'liE 71) erCiJC"T1) «6:vaAoyicx» 'TOU K. Ilpovvrov. To xpuer6:q>1 Kai 70 aC'i}1l1 ElvC(l Tr6:VTa ~VTcxAM~llla, YICXT\ eK7€AOUVe 7"V iSlcxiTEPTl i\elToupyia vo: XPllC'IIlEvouve C'O: YEVIKO lJeC'o aVTaAAayf\s KI 0XI YICXT\ '~ITT'6:pxouvE C'E TroC'6 tllTa aVeXAoYl1 IJE 'TO aVvoi\o 'TOU "JT i\OUTOU.
"H ylO: va IlIMC'OUIlE aKolla KaAU'TEpa, elval TTeXVTa aveX.Aoya emlS" llov6:xcx cx\rr0: aTr' OACX 'T' &X'Aa EIlTr0pEVllaTa XPl1- oWEvouve C'O: V6jJIC'IJCX, era YEVIKO IlEC'o 6:vTcxi\Aayils, orrola KI <Xv Elvcxl ft TroC'6TT'}'TeX 'TOUS C'E axeC'T'} IlE 'TO aVVOAO 'TOU TrAOUTOU.
«To v6p.tap.a nov xvx).ot:po(!Bi (J8v p.nOf}B'i 11:018 V(L elvai erot aq;{)ovo, nov va ~£X£tA.tCBt. Tunl llv TO:;; (!l~£lB T~V ci~[a TOV av~av£r£ OT~V rdta avaloyla T~V 11:006r'1]1& TOV xal liv av~~oBr£ T~V a~la TOV, l).arrwv£TE T~V no(uJ-r:'1]'la TOV». (Ptxa(!VTO).
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·H tSea va KeXvovve 'TeX 1Tp6j3a-ra Kal 'TeX a~.I1T~Ala v6lltall<r s~v etval KatvOvPYla. I-n; r oAA{Ci, eXvTtKEI crrov atoova 'ToO Aovsoj3{KOV XIV. Keivll 'Ttiv ~1ToX1'!, 'TO XP;;lla etXE apx{aet v6 yiYS'T<Xl 1Tav'T06\ivoIl0 KI 6 K6allOS 1Tapa1TOYI6'TavE yleX 'Ttiv '\mo'TiJ..ll101J 611.0011 'TOOV O:AAoov ~J..l1TOpeUJ..la-roov Kl' 6AOI ~K<ppa~ove -rtiv eli){Tt veX Epeel 1'1 a'TtYllti 1TOU «t<cl6e ~1l1TOpIKti a~ia» Sa Il1TOpOOae v(t cp'Taael a'To ooocrro Kai avaT1lp6 "TT)S 1TpoaSloplaIl6, as VOlllalla'TtKTt Ka'TacrraOT). Na 'Ti j3piaKovlle I<t6Aas a'To MtaoueX - rKVY,",1T~P, EVav a1To 'TOUS mo 1TaAlous otKovolloA6yovS 'Ti'is raA1l.ias:-
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BA~1TOVlle 1TOOS 01 1Tp&:ms a,j'TQ1Ta'TSS 'T;;S ,",1TOVP~ovo~{CXS elval Kai ol crrepvis "TT)S.
§ I.-To nlcoVaGlia Tile; ipyaGfac;
«Ita avrreap.p.ata no;"ft"fj~ oZ,tO,'op.iu~ ,jtupaCst ~a"lvu~ TOVf'YJ T~V nue&).0r'YJ {mo-DsarJ : "A" '" f t P. ~ 0). (0 " T' ro" n ear p. a f (0" (j t n ). a a t a C 0 fa" • •• Id" '" ftp.~ o).w" froV :nearpaT(o" va p~v ~fav '" &"u).orla fro" nearp.af(o" ~al ad vd p.noeoiiae "a"sl~ J'd (jm).aataas, fAta" &"a).orla, ptd axla'YJ, tva vopo! (lIeov"rov, f6p~ Ioe, ad. 81).
01 OlKovolloMyot E1TEaav as 'ToO TO TO AcleOS, Yla'Tl1TapiAel'l'av veX j3&Aovv as ~<papIlOYTt TO «v61l0 'TilS &vaAOY(as» Kat T;;S «avaTa'TIK;;S a~ias».
AvCJ"T\l)(ooS, SIO(3a~OVIJE aTO '{SIO TO ~pyo TOO K. npOVVTOV, (TOIJ. los, asA. 110), TOOTT'l T1)v 11'ap&A0)'11 \m'o6ean, 11'005 «&1 6 1J1a60S ave(3alVE YEvIKa, e' avs(3a1\1e Kal f) TIIJf) 6AOOV TOOV npaylJ&Toov». cQaT6ao, &v (3p(aKoulJe lJeO"a a~ avyypalJlJaT~ 11'0- A1TlKTlS OIKovoll(as T1)v napa1t'Cxvoo cpp6an, (3p(aKOVlJe aKOlJa Mi xed Tt'}V e~i}YTJafJ TTlS.
«"A'll novpe n(b~ ~ TtP~ OAwV 7(;)11 epnoeevpo;r:w" a"e/3alvet ~ 'Xar:e/3al"et, E~ateoVpe navra TO ["a ano r:a dvo Epnoeevpar:a: TO Epnoeevpa nov Uateeir:at elvoi re"t"a TO xe~pa 1} ~ Eeraala». (M1Jr:eono;"tTt'X~ 'Er"tn'Aonal~e&a ~ flar'Xoapto 'Er'XvxAonatd&'Xo Ae~",o sou, IV, ar:o lle{}eo nOAtr:t'X~ olxovopla, reapplvo an' TO Il"toe, Ao"M"o, 1836). (KolTa~e enla1J~ Tl Uet, navw oe TOVr:1J T~" !x9Jea- 01J, <5 J. St. Mill, 010 lero TOV «LJo'Xlpta navw oe peetxd aAvm /;1Jr:fJpor:a Tfje; nOAtn'X17~ olxovopla~», Ao"divo, 1844, xa{)w; 'Xt <5 Tooke ad) [ero TOV «Mui loxoolo. TOO" npoo,', xTA.», AovMvo, 1838).
"'AS ll'EpaaoUIJE Toopa aTf) devr:ee1J EqJaepOr~ Tf\s «aVaTaT1KTlS &~(as» Kl OAAOOV avaAoYloov, nov TO lJovaSlK6 TOVS ~&TTOOlJa elval 11'005 Sev elval Kae6;\ov O:vaA0YIKES. Kt as SoOlJe av 6 K. npOVVTOV Elval mo TUXepOs ASoo an' oao aTf) "OptopaTonol1Ja1J TOOV 11'po(3&Toov.
«"E"a a~[wpa, nov TO naeadlxovrat revt'Xd 0% 01,,0)10- po;"orot, elva: nw~ xo/Oe eerao[a nelnet ,,' a9?fJvEt nAe6- vaopa, 'R :rreOr:afJ17 ovr:~ elva, rta piva pta reVt'X~ X& anOAvr:1J al~{)eta: elvai TO E~arOpevo tOV "opov Tfj~ a"aloy[a~, nov pnoeei 'Xa"lva; va r:o" {}ewefJaet aa" T~ av"0V-'1J <5Aaxee1J~ Tfj~ olxovoptxfj~ E:rrtar:fJp1J~. Ma, /;1Jr:aw yt' avr:o avyy,'wp1J an' tOV~ olxOVOpOAOrOV~' ~ aex~ nw~ x a {} e l era a [a st e l 31 e t v' d qJ fJ " s t 31 A eo" a a p, a de" lxet ,'o1Jpa ar:~ {}ewela TOV; 'Xol de'll emM'l.er:a& xop,fua" anodet~1J.» (fleov"r:6v).
r1<X v' anoSe(~el 11'005 K&6e epyo:a(a 11'penEl v' acpi}VEI nAe6- veeue, 6 K. npOVVTOV 11'poaooll'01T0Iel Tt'}V KOlvoov(a. Tt'}v KCxveI
87
88
"olVw71ta-neooamo, KOI\lC"W(a 1TOU 15~\I Elva! Ka66AOV ,; KOIVoov(a TooV rrpcceorrcov 1 . .I1a Kl gXEl TOUS 51KOVS T11S ~exooplO-TOUS ",61l0VS, 1l11\1 !xOVTas ThrOTa TO K01VO Il~ TeX 'TI'p6aoo'Tl'a 'TI'OU ovv~TOVVE TT)V KOlvoov(a KI gxel -m «51Kf} Tl1S AOY1K1'}», 'TI'OU 5w elval ,; AOY1K11 TOO KOI\lOO &v6poorrov, lleX AOY1K1'\ 'TI'OV 15w gxel Tilv KOI\l1) AOYIK1'}.
'0 K. npOWTOV KaT1'lyopel TOVS olKovolloMyovs 'TI'OV 5w Ixovv KaTaAa(3el n;v rrpoaoo'Tl'1K6T11Ta MOO TOO O'VAAOY1KOO 6VTOS .• ApKOVllaO"Te \leX TOO &vTITa~oulle T1)V 'TI'apaKaToo rrepiKOmi AvOs 0:IleP1KavOV olKovolloMyov 'TI'OV KaT1'lyopei TOUS aAAOVS olKovolloMyous EVTeAoos yleX TO a\IT(eeTO.
«To rrf),,,o e 1 va, (twr:6rrrra) TO "Ieap.p.an"o lJ71 (the grammatical being) noV 6vop.aCemt »ocvowlo: nee'(3)"~{}'Yj,,e p: aep.o~,or'Yj7:e~ (~,,,aufJp.am) nov ~8V {maexovv or~v nea"ll'aft"or'Yj7:a, naea p.o71axa or~ tpavroola l"e[vwv nov P.8 I',a U~'Yj q;naxvov71 E,'a nea"lp.a ••• Na y{ l~woe aq;oep.~ "ta no,u8~ ~vo"o)"te~ "al "I" a~to{)e~71'Yjre~ naeavo~oet~ OT~V nO).'Tt"~ olxovoplo», [Th. Cooper, Lectures ou th Elements of Political Economy, [tJar(!tfJE~ navwora oro,xeta rfj~ n(j)"m"fj~ ol"ovof1(a~], Ko).ovp.ma, 1826).
Tovr'Yj ~ a(!x~ "I,a TO n)"eovaop.a Tij~ le"laola~, ovvexlCet <5 ". IIeov71r6v, ~ev a),,'Yjt'Jevet "I,d t1.Top.a "I,ad n(!OEexera, an' r~v "'iJ,vw71(a nov na(!Exe, ero, ord t1.rop.a, ro eVE(!YE- 7:'Yjp.a 7:W71 ~t"WV 7:'Yj~ vouow»;
SeAEl Taxa 0 K. TIPOVVTOV veX mi cXrrAOVaTaTa Il' aUTO 'TI'00s 1') 'TI'apayooY1'l TOO KOIVooVIKOO aT61l0u ~E'TI'epvo:el Tilv 'TI'apaYOOY11 TOO arrollOVOOIlSVOU 6:T61l0v ; SeAsl \la 1l1Mael Taxa 0 K. TIpo\J\frOV YleX TO 'TI'Ae6\1aalla Tfis rrapayooyi'js Too\l O"VVETatplC7J,1Evoov O:T61l00v, arro KE(\IT} TooV 1111 O"UVETalplO'J,1EvooV aT61l00v ; -Av EI\I' hal, ea IlrropeaOUIlE \leX TOO avacpepOUIlE AKaTo OIKOoo- 1l0MyoVS 1TOV 51aTVrrooaav TO\J-rr} T1)V cXrrA11 &Af}6ela, xooplS 6AOV MOV TO IlUO'T1Klall0 rrou 'TI'epI~aAAeTal 0 K. TIpoUVT6\1. Na T{ ASsl 1T.X. 0 K. I&vTAsP:
,,:H ovv~vaop.Ev'Yj (oXE~,aop.ev'Yj) leyaola Mvet anore)"touata nov ~ arop.'''fJ le"laola ~8 {}a p.noeovoe nod va ~'YJf1tovQy~(Je&. Iro fJa{}f1o ),,0&71:071 nov ,'J' av~averat a(!t{}-
p:rrr:tXa ~ iiv{)(}w:no'C,,!Ta, 'Co. :n(}otOVTa 'Cfj~ avyxevr:(}Wp6V,,!~ ptop:rJ'lavta~ {}a ~B:ne(}&aovve :no).v 'Co :noao P,ta.~ d:n).fj~ o.{)(}ota,,!~, :nov v:no).o1'[a'C'f}xe av p,cpwva p,' av'C~v 'C~v av~'f}a'f} ••• Me 'Cl~ dXVB~ :nov X(}'f}atp,o:nOtovv p,'f}'X,av6~, xa{)w~ xat p,e Tt~ lma'C,,!p,ovtxe~ E(}1'aalB~, tva~ o.V{)(}lO:nO~ p,:no(}Bi un(}a va pyal;,u, ae p,ta {t6(}a, :nB(}taaOU(}a a:n' {Jaa tva a:nop,ovwp,evo o.'Cop,o a' &).axe(}'f} 'C~ l;,w~ 'Cov. To a~twp,a 'CW7' p,aD'f}p,a'Ctxwv :nw~ 'Co 0).0 elva» Ioo :n(}0~ 'Co. p,e(}'f} ~ev a)."!{}Bvu ma lcpa(}p,ol;,op,Bvo aTo {}ep,a p,a~, ~,,!).a~~ ar~v l(}1'aata, 'Co p,Bya).o aO'Co arv).opa'C'f} 'Cfj~ av{}(}wmv'f}~ l;,wij~ (the great pillar of human existence) p,:no(}ovp,e ,,0. :nOVp,B :nw~ 'Co :n(}otov a:n' 'Ck av1'xev'C(}Wp,6Ve~ (accumules) :n(}Oa:na{jBtB~ ~B:nB(}Va8t :no).V xai?-e rl :nov ot a'Cop,txe~ xal ~eXWeB~ :n(}Oa:na{)BtB~ p,:noeovv :nore 'Co. ~'f}p,tOv(}1'~aovv». (T. ~av-rle(}, The law of population ['0 vop,o~ TOV :n).,,!{)vap,ovJ Am,Mvo, 1830).
RAS ~Cl\Iayvp{aovIlE crrov K. Ilpovvrcv. To 1TAE6vaallcx n;s ~pyaa{os, Asel, ~~1'lyeiTal alTO TtlV KOIVOOV{O - lTp6aoo1To. 'H Z;oon cxVTOU TOU 1TpOaOOlTOv, aKoAov6et v61lovs 6:vr{6e-rovs Il~ ~ovs v61lovs 1TOV KavoVV TOV &vePOO1TO va ~Epyei aav aTOIlO, "ITpO:ylla 1TOV 6SAEI va T' alT06e(~el pE «yeyov6Ta».
«'R avax6.),vlj1'f} lvo~ olxovop,txoV :na(}a1'w1'txOV 'C(}o:nov ~ev p,:no(}Bi :nore va ~tVBt arov lcp8V(}6r'f} X6(}~O~ Ioo p,e XBivo :nov MVBt o'C~v xoivcovla ... "E~ovv :n(}006~et :n:w~ of E:ntXBt(}~OBt~ ot~'f}(}o,j(}o{twv elva» :no).v ).tyO'CB(}O :n,,!1'~ :n).ov'Cov ytd 'Cov~ emXBt(}'f}p,arlB~, a:n' 000 rta 'Co "e6.'Co~. 'H p,6a,,! 'Ctp,~ 'Cfj~ p,eTacpo(}a.~ lp,:nO(}BVp,aU1JV p,e 'Co dp,a~t elvo» 18 ).ema 'Cov 'Covvo "at rtd "a{}e xt).top,e'C(}o, p,e :na(}a).ap~ "al :na(}a~oo,,! 'COv ep,:nOeBvp,a'CO~ a'Co "a'Caor'f}p,a. "Exovv v:no-
1 [ , ", ~ , , {) L ' ,
A01' oe: :nw~ P, avr"! 'C"v 'Ctp,'f), p,ta ovv'f} top,t:;v'f} e:ntxue'f}a"!
(J'~'f}(}O~(}OP,WV ,jev DO. :n(}a1' p,aTo:no,ovoe ov'Ce 100/0 'Xa{}a(}o "6(}~0~, a:nod).eap,a foo oxe~ov p,e "eivo :nov DO. :n(}ayp,a'Co:nowva6 p,td lm'X,Bte'f}t1,,!· p,eTacpo(}wv p,e dp,a~ta. Md li~ :na(}a~exrOvp,B :nw~ ~ 'Caxv'C"!'Ca 'Cfj~ p,eTacpo(}a.~ p,e 'Co a,~,,!(}6- ~eop,o elvai, a'X,ewca p,e 'C~ p,B'Cacpo(}d p,e dp,a~ta, 4 :n(}0~ 1: "m'Jw~ o'C~v xotvowla & X(}OVO~ elva, ~ i'~ta ~ a~ta, p,e fa7} T.tp,~, 0 Ot~,,!(}o,j(}OP,O~ {}d :nagova,aaBt oe al6a,,! p,e 'C. dp&~,a
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90
tva lJ<pelOt; 400%' 'na'Coao, 'COVTO 'Co ueaano ~eedor;, 'Co. llaea llolv llearp,an~o 'lui 'C1]v »oivcovia, alleXet llol;, all· 'Co vd llearp,a'Collotei'Cat a'C1]v fd,a avalorta 'ltd 'Cov p,era<poeea, 1l0V lviiJ ~avet 'C1]v xoivowta v' allolap,Pavu p,td 400 ° / 0 pel'Clwa'Yj Ttp,ijt;, aurot; llalevu WaTC)aO 10 ° /0' "At; 1mo{}iaovp,e llearp,anxa, 'ltd vd ~avovp,e 'Co llearp,a a~op,a mo ~at:avo'Yjro, llWt; IS atdYJeodeop,Ot; &etCu 'Co np,OAOrU) TOV ae 25 lema, lviiJ fJ p,et:a<p0ed p,e up,aet p,evet a'Cd 18 lema: & atdYJeodeop,Ot; {}d xaau aT~ aTtrp,~ ole; TOV 'Cit; llaearreltet; 'ltd <poetwa'Yj. 'Alloa'C6leit;, llaealijllTEt;, Blot; 6 ~oap,ot; {}d ~avarvelau ato up,a~t, atov aeaplld av xeuaat:ei. ed lr~at:alel-!povp,e T~V a'Cp,op,'YjXav~: tva ~Ot;,wvt~O o<pelot; 400% {}d 19vataatei ae p,td C'Yjptd '350/0' To loro rt' alJ'Co elvtu ei1~olo vd 'Cov ~at:alapovp,e: TO. ~eedot; noV ll(!OXVllTet all' 'C1]v t:ar.v'C7Jra TOV atd7Jeodeop,ov elvai oAo ~Otvwvt~O ~al xa{}e lJ.TOp,O de p,edxet a' au 'CO. llaed ae p,tdv V.axtat'Yj avalorta (at; p,~ l'Yjap,ovap,e llWt; aU'C1] r~ anrp,~ lle6~u'Cat 'ltd 'C1] pe'Ca<poed 8p,1l0eevpa'Cwv), 8viiJ fJ C'Yjp,td XTimau ap,eaa ~al lleoaw1lt~d 'Cov ~a'CavaAw'C~. "Eva ~OtvwVt~o ~eedot; Ioo lleOt; 400 aVTt1leOaWllevet 'ltd 'Co lJ.'Cop,o, av fJ ~otvwvla elvac pov&.Xa tva l~aTOp,p,VeW lJ.v{}eW1l0t, 'Ceaaeea dexdxtt; xtAtoa'Cd (0,0004). 'EviiJ p,td C'Yjp,td 3tJ%• ru1 'Cov ~at:avalw'C~ {}d 1mif}e'C8 xotvWVt~~ C7Jp,td '33 lxaTOp,p,Veta.» (fleovv'Cov).
-As acp,;aou~e aKO~ TO OTI 6 K. npOVVTOV ~Kcppa~el ~la TCXXUTTlTCX TeTpCX1TACXCnaallEII11 ~~ 400 u / 0 TfjS apXIKfjs T<X)(VTrtTaS. • AXAa va avOXeT{~el Ta 1TOaOaTa T<X)(VT1lTaS Il~ Ta 1TOaOaTa ~pSovs Kat va OX"~CXT{~el avaAoy{a avallEacx a~ Suo oxeaelS 1TOV Il1TOPoVv va ~ETp"eOVV ~exooplaTa ~~ 1TOaOaT<X, elva I ~OACXTcx(iTa aaU~~eTPES ~ETa~v :rOVS: elval aa v' &1roKCXTaaTa{vel Illav avcxAOY{CX av<x~eacx aTa 1Toooo-ra xed v' acp';VEl aTTtV 1TcXvTCX TOVs avyKEKP1~~VOVS 1TpoaSlopla~ovs.
Te 1TOOOaTa eIVCXl1TcXvTa 1TOaOaTa. To 10 % K{(\ TO 400 % elval aU~IlETpCX. To §VCX Yla TO l!iAAO elval 01TooS elVCXl TO 10 1TPas TO 400. J\omov, avll1TEpo:{VSl 6 K. npoVVT6v, EVQ ~pSOS 100/0 a~{~l ao:pavrcx cpop~s Aly6Tepo ano ~Ia TeTpCX1TAaatcxallEvfl T<X)(VTTlTa. ria va acOOEl TCc 1TPOOXTlI.laTCX,_ A~el 1TOOS, Yla T1')v KOIVooV{CX, 6 xp6vos eIval a~{a (time is money). To acpcXAllCX MO 1TpoepXETal &110 TOUTO : 6 K. npOVVTOV ~ihal &6P1O'TCX~
'TTOOS V1TaPXSl axiaTI &vo~sacx crritv &~{cx I<cxt crro Xp6vo Tf\s ~pycxa{as Kat xoopls va l<oupcxcrrei va I<O~l T{'TTOT' I!iA.Ao ~~o~OIC':)vSl TO xp6vo Tiis ~pyaa{as ~ TO Xp6vo Tiis ~eTacpopas. TCXUT{~l S1)AaSf} TOUS A1YOOlOUS aoocpep. cpVAaKSS ~acpopoov· Kcxt auvoSOVS. 'TTOU 6 Xp6vos ~pyaa{ciS TOUS Sev sIv' 0:1I.Aos c!rn' TO Xp6vo ~Tacpopas. ~ oAOt<ep1) Tftv K01\l00v{a. Movol-nas veX '" TCXXVT1)Ta 'lTOU fylVS KECPOACXIO Kat a' cx\nf} Tf}V 'TTEp{'TTTC..x11'h 6 npOUVTOV EXEl 'lTepa Yla 'lTepcx S{KIO va ;.eSl: «-Evcx KipSos 400· 0/0 ea 6ualcxcrrsi Yla ~Ia '1)~la 35 0 / ~». • Acpou &1T6SS1~S JJcxe,,JJCXTIKa TOVTTj Tt)V 'TT~pa~sVfl eSOOp1)Tll<ll 'TTp6TCXa11 JJcxS S{VSl TfJ'" t~Y11ai} TTlS aav oll<ovoJJoA6yos.
«"Eva xotvwvueo XE(!/JOt; roo :n(!0t; 400, tivu:n(!oow:nevet ",a TO a:copo, liv ~ xotvwv{a elva, pOl'axa Eva lxawppv, (!W aviJ(!w:not, Tiooe(!a /Jexa"tt; Xt.atooTa».
IV~cpoovol. Ma Sev 'TTp6KSITCXl Yla 400. np61<SlTal yux 4000/0, KI EVCX KipSos 4000/6• &vT11TpOaOO'TTEVSl Yla TO &TOJJO 400 0/0, oliTs 'TTEplaa6Tepa OIiTE Aly6TSpCX. ·O'ITOIO 1<1 &v sIval TO t<ecp6:Aalo, Ta ~sp{a~CXT~ Sa (3YCX{VOWE 'lTcXvTa aT"; axiaTI TOU 400 0/0, T{ KavSl 6 K. n pOWT6v; n a{pvEI Ta 'TToaOO'Ta Yla t<ecpoAalo l<at aa va cpoJ3cxTal JJ1t TVXOV it aVrxuai} TOU Sev fyl\IE. apKETa cpcxvspi}, apKsTa «ala6T)Ti}», auvSX{~l:
«M,a C",pta 330/0 ",a TOV xaTavalwr~ fJa {mU}eu "Ot, "w;;,,,o !),),el ppa '33 lxaTOppV(!ta.»
33 0/0 '11~1~ Yla TOV KCXT~aAooT1'l ~evovve 33 0/. Z;;11JJla YICX Iva ~KaTOJJ~VpIO KCXTCXVaAooTeS. noos vo-repa ~'TTOpei va ;.eSI ~~ KoScxpa 6 1<. npOVVTOV 'TTOOS TO KOIVOOVIKO EAAeIJJJJCX, aT1'!v 'TTSp{'TTTOOaTI '11JJ1CXS 33 0/0, &veJ3CX{VSI crra 33 ~I<CXTOJJJJVpla, acpou sw· YVOOp{'El oihs TO K01\l00VIKO I<ECPOACXIO oliTs aK6JJa TO 1<Ecp&i.al() Evos 6:1r' TOUS JJhoxouS; "Erot, Sev 1iT~V apKeTO OlOV 1<. TTpowTOV 'TTOU JJ'TTepSSIf'S TO xecpaAaW ~e Ta :nooooTa' ~S'TTEpva TO'" ~CXUT6 tOU TCXUT{'OVTas TO ToiT06eT11~Evo ae JJla hnxs{P11aT1 xe· cpa.auw lJe TOV u(!dJpo TooV ~sT6xoo\1.
«'"As V1TOeeaOWE 'TTpay~cn-1KO, Yla va I<cXvOU~ TO 'TTp&y~a aK6JJcx mo KCXTCXV011T6», Eva 6pla~Evo t<ecp6:Aalo. -Eva 1<01\1ooVlKo.
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Kkp60s ano 400 0/0, ~Olpaa!1WO a' EVo ~KCl'T0~~VP10 IJST6xouS, nov 6 l<a6evcxs TOUS elval ~ETOXOS Yla EVo cppOyt<:o, 6(VSl 4 cppayI<cX l<~p60S YlCX l<a6e I<ECP~1 1<1 0XI 0,0004, onoos taxup{~eTal 6 1<. Tlpewrov. To i610 l<at ~la ~111.11a ano 33 % Yla 1<a6e I.IETOXO, <XvTmpOaooneVel g\la 1<0lVooVl1<0 EAAel~I.IO 330.000 cpp~a 1<1 0XI 33 ~1<Cl'To~~vpla (100 = 33, 1.000.000 = 330.000).
'0 1<. TIpouVT6v, cmoPpoCPl1l.1SVOS an' T11 eeoop(a TOU Yla TiJv npoaoomK1'l 1<0lvoov{a ~exvo:el va I<cXvel T11 6la(peal1 61cX TOO 100 Ka1 ~ya'el hal 330.000 CPPO:yI<O ~111.110:. Ma 4 cppOyt<:a ~p6os Yla Ka6e KecpaAI I<<XvOVV Yla T11V K01VOOV(0 4 ~1<Cl'T0~I.IVP10 cppo:yt<o KkpSos. ' Ano~Evel Yla TQv 1<0111(,,)\1(0 l<a6apo ~pSOS 3.670.000 cppayt<o. To\iTos 6 &t<plJ36AOYOS Aoyaplaal.lOs anoSe{XVeln~pO Yla "TI'Epa T.O 6:vT(6eTo o:no l<elvo nov eEAl1ae v' o:noSe(~el 6 1<. Tlpouv""T6v: 6e(xvel Sl1A. KkpS1l 1<1 01 ~1l1.l1~S TTlS 1<0lvoov{as 5E J3p(aKOVTOO 1<a66~ou a' <XvT{aTP~cpo A6yo ~e Ta I<Ep51l 1<01 T1s 'l1~IES T&\I &T6~oov.
, AcpoO 610peooO'a~e ToiiTO Ta cXnAa Aa6" l<a6apoO aplel.ll1- ""T11<00 AOYla~oO, as 50ii~e AIY<Xt<1 T1s O"VVE1TEles nov 6cS:cpTave 1<avsvos (Xv ,;6eAe va napaSeXTei Yla"l'O aI511p65poJ,l0 TOUT1l Til -ax.Ea1l TOXV"I'1lTOS KOt l<ecpOAO(OU, 6noos T11 6hlel " K. TIpOVVTOV xooplS "l'a o:pleJ,ll1TIKa A0:6". RAs unoeEaowe noos J,lla ~eTacpopa TEaaeplS cpopeS mo YP';YOP1l 1<0aT{~1 TEaaepes cpop~S nepla0'6- ""Tepo. 'H ~eTacpopa coirr'l') 6e 6c5:Slve Aly6TEpO ~p50S o:n' T'I') IJSTacpopa l.Ie 6:I.IO:~I, nov elVOI TEacrepes cpopeS mo O:PYTJ 1<6:1 I<OaT(~el TO TETOP"l'O an' Ta E~06a. RAv AOl1TOV "1'0 6:~O:~lna{pvel 18 AElTTa, " alSl1p65pol.loS ea J,lnopoiiae va nqpel 72 AElTTa. AiJTO ec5:Tave aV~cpoova J,le T'I') «1.Ia61lJ,l<XTII<TJ &t<p(J3ela» TOO npOVV""TOV 'Ii O"VVEneia T&V Un06saeoov "1'00 1<. Ilpowrov, n<XVTa xoop1s Ta AOYlaTIKa "l'OU Aa6r}. Ma va nov ~ocpvll<a J,lCXS Mel, noo) av 6 aI511P66poJ,loS &vT1 va na(pvel 72 AenTO:, Enalpve ~ovO:Xo 25 'e&X_alle aTTJ aTIY~'I') oAes "l'OU Tis nopayyeA(es cp6pTooans. Xoop1s 6:AAO, npsnel va ~avayvp(aou~e aTO 6:l.Ia~I, &1<61.1a 1<01 aTOV O:po~na. Movaxa, av Exou~e va 5c.OOowe ~Ia O"V~~ouAfl a"l'ov 1<. TIpoVVT6v, CX\h~ elval va J,l'l')v ~exaael va l<<Xvel "1''1') 510(peall oSla TOO 100 aTO «np6ypa~~a TTlS TIpo05eVTI1<TlS 'ETalpefos» TOU. Ma aAO{I.IOVO ! !l.ev npEnel Ka66Aou va ~An{~ou~e noos 'Ii <J'V}.I~~UA'; J,las I.Inopet \I' al<ouaTei, yl<XT1 6 1<. Ilpovvrov elval "'t6'ab 'jlaye~Evos ~e "l'OV «np006EVTI1<6» TOU AOY1~0 (AoyaplaqJ.6), nov <XvTlaTOlxei aTflv «npoo6evT1K'I') eVKalp(a» TOU, nov ~ecpoov(~l J,le J,ley~l1 E~cpaan:
«"EHap.a Htola{;, 'lid qJa'lle(!w{}ei OTO HeqJalaw II, 1'8 TfJ lvo1] Tfj{;' a'lln'llop.la{;' Tfj{;' Mla{;', nw{;' TO Ht(!~O{;' ano xa{}e 'X(!~O&p.1] (haxalvtp1], elvai aovrxena p.tHeOTBeO 'ltd TO'll lqJevetT1], 0, Tt xt' a'll xavet, naed 'ltd TfJ'II xoww'IIla. "EqJeea na'llw 08 WV1:O TO o1]p.eio anod8l~et{;' nov qJTa'llOV'II W{;' T~ «p.at'i1]p.anx~ aHelpua»!
"As ~oV&peOVIlE O"TO 1TA&O'lla (I<CXTa01<Evaalla) Tiis 1<0lvoov{as -1Tp6aoo1T0. 1TAaa!la 1TOV Sev elXE aJ..).0 0'I<01T0 1Tapa v· &1TOSE{~el TOUT!)V ~Soo TTtV ernAll &ATjesla: Mia l<alVovpYla ~cpevpEO'TI 1TOV I<CxvEI va 1TapayET6:1 liE TTtV iSla 1ToO'6Tr}Ta ~pyaa{as Ilsyai\6Tsp1l 1Too6TT)Ta ~!l1TOpsVIl&Toov p{XVSI Tf\V ~!l1TOPII<Tt &~{a TOV 1Tpoi6VTOS. 'H 1<Olvoov{a AOl1TOV EXEI t<SpSOS 0Xl &1TOXTooVTaS 1TEploo6TSpes &VToAi\a1<TI1<Es &~(es. !la YICXTlllE T';V iSla &~(a (1ToO'6- TT)Ta ~pyaO'{os) &1TOXTO:eI mplO'O'6Tepa ~1l1TOpEvIlCXTa. ·00'0 Yla TOV ~CPEVPe-r". 0 cruvayoovlO'IlOs p{XVSI SlaSOXI1<a TO t<SpSOS TOV OOS TO yeVl1<O E1T{1TSSO TOOV I<SpSCt>v. TTtV &1T6Ssl~e 6 1<. npOVVTOV TOUT!) TfJ eeOOP1lTll<n 1Tp6TaO'Tl 01TOOS TO f)6eAE; "OXI. 'nO"T6O'o aUTo SEV TOV ell1ToS{~SI va l<aT1lyopEi TOVS olKovolloi\6yovs 1TOOS 1Tapei\elljJav va cpepow aVTfJ T1)V &1T6Sel~11'
rIa va TOO &1ToSe{~ovlls TO &VT{6eTO. e' &vacp~pOVllE 1l0v&xa TO Pl1<O:PVTO 1<al TO AOOVTepVTaA. '0 P1K&pVTO. O'T&e"I<S &PX11- yos T;;S axOA;;S. 1TOV 1TpOO'SIOp{~El TftV &~{a &1T' TO Xp6vo Ti'ls ~pyaa{as. '0 l\ooVTepVTaA. evas &1T0 TOVS mo AvO'aaO'llevovs VrrEpa0'1T1O"TES TfjS &~(as liE 13&0'11 TftV 1TpoO'cpopa Kat Ttl ~"T11O'T1· Kl 01 Sv6 TOVS &va1TTV~ave Tf\V iSla 6eO'fl :
«Av~a'llo'll1:E{;' om{}eed T~'11 eVHolta naea'lwrfj{;', llaTedwovue OT.a{}eea TfJ'II Mia noV EzOV'll p.eetHa ano 1:'0. nearp.am noV ~YJp.wVer~{}1]Ha'll neOT~Uea, a'll Hat p.e TO p.too atiTo, OXt p,o'JIax,a {}a :n:eoot'ihap.e OTOV It'i'JItHO nlov1:O, pd O· av~avap.e axop.a TfJ'II lHa'JIoT1]Ta 'JIa naea'lovp.e ••• 'ltd TO p.tUo'JI ••• Molt{;', p.e T~ po~{}Eta ltD'JI p.1]x,a'JIw'JI -J} p.i Tl{;' r'llWOEt{;' p.a{;' OT~ qJVOtH~, a'lla'lHaCovp.e TOV{;' qJVOtHOV{;' naea'lO'llTe{;, 'lid Ha'llOVV TO leYo nov lxa'lle n(!OTfJU(!a 0 li.'II{}(!W1r,o{;', fj aVTallaxm'~ a~ia aVTov TOV e(!yov 8nw{;' elvo» ln6p.evo nlcpTEt. "A'll X(!etaCo'llw'II MHa i'1v{}(!wnot rta va rveioovv eva'll aleveop.vlo, Ht avaHalvmap.e nwt;, 1'8 TfJ po~{}Eta TOV alea -J} wv veeov, {}d pno(!ovoe va olHo'l'op.1]{iei fj le-
93.
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yoota TWV ~exa avrwv av{}eomwp, ro (UeVet, nov t?arav TO neol'ov Tijf: ~veeyetaf: 'Wv p.vJ..ov {}(1nerpre, an' T~V i'~ta aTtyp.~, ae d~[a, avaJ..oya p.e to noaa tijf: ~eyaa[af: nov olxovop.~{}'1Jxe. Kt ~ «otvowla {}a {3etox6rav nJ..ovrtap.ev'1J p.e &J..axee'1J TfJ a~[a rwp neayp.aTwv nov t?a p.no!}ovae va naeayet ~ ~eyaala a1i'l:wv rwv ~exa avt'}eomwv, b·w Ot M[ef: oi neOOetap.evef: ytfl TfJ avvr~e'1Ja'1J rwv eeyarwv ~e
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va na atvav an avto T'1JV naeap.txe'1J ueuoon»; 1-
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«To "ee~Of: tW" xerpaJ..alwv neoeexetat naVTa ano to ·8rt d"anJ..'1JeWvovv Eva p.eel~to ~eyaalaf: nov lneene va .xap.et & av{}ewnof: p.e ra 'l.eeta TOV ~ an' ro art ~xreJ..ov" Eva p.eeOf: eeyaalaf: na"w an' tlf: . neoawntxef: neoanaf}euf: nov t?a p.noeovae va e"reUaet p.o"aX0f: rov & av{}ewno«, To p.txeO xee~Of:, nov nalovov» ye"t"a oi l~toxtfjtef: .p.'1JXav(iJV, ae avy"eta'1J p.e TfJV np.fJ Tlf: ~eyaalaf: nov aihef: avanJ..'1Jewvovv, yevvov" Ioo»: dp.qJl{3oJ..lef: I' to. t~V oe&6- T'1JTa tOVt'1Jf: Tijf: yvwp.'1Jf:. Mta nveoa{3eauxfJ avt:J..la n.x., 'Tea{3aet ae p.ta p.eea ana eva ap{}eaxwevxeio ntO noJ..v "eeo an' oao {fd p.noeovaav va {3yaJ..ovv, "ov{3aJ..wvtaf: TO ·at.q eaX'1J, Tetax6atot avt?ewnot, a,,6p.a xt liv t?a xe'1Jat.p.onotovaav p.eyaJ..ovf: xov{3a~ef:. Kal ~ev {maexet ap.qn{3o),{a, nWf: ~ d"t).{a aVrtxat:aata{Vet r~ ~ovJ..eta tOVf: p.e noJ..v J..ty6Teea l~o~a •.. I~ta elvai ~ neelmwa'1J p.' oJ..ef: Tlf: p.'1Jxavef:. Ot p.'1JXaVEf:, avuxamamlvovv t~ ~ovJ..eta nov ytv6m" p.e to xeet rov av{}ewnov "al TfJ ~ovJ..eta afJT~ -3teenet va T~V xavovv ae 'l.ap.'1JJ..6Tee'1J TtP.~' cJ)avta(;op.at nWf: neemt va ~l"erat MnJ..wp.a arov "at?e ~rpeVeEt:'1J p.'1J,.xavijf:, nov xavet ~ovJ..et~yta t:Eaaeetf:: "a{}wf: to ano"J..etau"o neov6p.to ep.noM(;et x&.t?e avvaywvtap.6, l~ov an" avrov nov neo"vntet ano TfJ ~ovJ..eul rwv eeyarwv, elva: rpavee6, nWf: <5 "uat?of: rwv ~eyaTwv, a" 8J.."I t~ ~taexeta Tijf: neovop.ta"ijf: ~xp.£TaJ..J..eva'1Jf:, {}avat TO p.it:eo Tijf: np.ijf:, noV & lrpeveEt:'1Jf: t?d neenet va {3aJ..Et ata neoiovra TOV :
J'1JJ..a~~, yta va e~aarpaJ..taet r~ xe~a'1J, {}" anatT~a£t xan ..l,,,oreeo an" ro p.,a{}o .r.lf: leyaala, (p.e ro x.eet), nov dva-
.:rc).fJeWvet ~ p.fJxav~ rou, Ma aav bmvevau 1} neo{}eap.la rta T~V neovop.tax~ ~xp.eJ:a).).evafJ, (U).e~ naeop.ote~ p.fJxave~ ~yxaJ:aawlvovrat xt avraywvlCovrat p.e 'f~ t5tx~ 'lOV. Tou 0 lqJEVeb:fJ~ (}a ev{}p.laet 'fl~ Ttp.e~ 'fOV at~p.q;wva p.s 'f~ yel"x~ aex~, nov l~ae£tiTat an' J:~v aq;t'}ovla 'fWV p.fJxavwv. To x{pt5oc; an' 'fa 'If!fJa,p.ono'fJp.e1'a xeq;a).a,a, Bao x, ill' neoxvJnEt ano p.,av avan).fJewp.eVfJ leyaala, evfJp.lCew, 'fe).,x&, OX' an' 'f~V a~la 'fij~ eeyaa[a~ aihij~, p.a, onw~ xal o" o).el:; 'fl~ a).).e~ neetnuhaEt~, an' 'fO avvaywv,op.o avap.eaa O'fOv~ xa'lOXov~ 'fWV xe(pa).alwv. Kat 0 fJa{)p.o~ 'lOV xa{}o(Jl~ew' nana an' 'f~V ava).oyla 'fij~ noo6'ffJra~ TWV neoacpeeop.evwv y,a 'lOV'ffJ 'f~ ).e,wveyla xerpa).alwv p.e 1~ t~n7a1J nov vnaex.e, yt avra».
~e TEAEvTola, Aom611, &VCxAUaT), 00"0 TO KEpSOS Oi3:VOl ~EyO.A~1TepO em' 00"0 o"Tls O:AAES !310~T)XavIES, 6a VrrCxpXovv KS<pCxACX1CX, TrOV Oa plXVOVTOI O"TTIV KcnvovpYIO !310~T)Xovlo, oocnrou TO TrOO"OO"TO TOOV KEpSooV Oa KOTE!3El O"TO yelllKO E-rrhrESo.
Ei50~E TrOPOTrCxVu) Trc:,S TO TrOpCxSelY~O TOO 0"1Sllp6Sp0l10U Se O"TCx6T)KE Kcx66AOV {KOVO YICX va pl~EI KCxTr010 <poos O"TO TrACxa~o Tf\S KOlVC.W{CXS -rrpcecorro. 'QO"T60"0, 6 K. TIpoVVTolI ErrCXllo.Acx~I3Cxvel 6PCXO"VTOTO TT) ST)I1T)yoplo TOV :
«M,a xat tJtacpwdaap.e aVld 'fa a'1p.eia, tlnoxa tJev elva' evxo).oreeo an' 'fO va U'1y~aovp.e nw~ ~ ~eyaala neE7le, v· aq;~vEt n).eovaap.a. ae xa{)e naeaywyo» ..
AUTO 110V &t<oAov6ei TWpO &II';KEI O"TT)V KACXO"IKT) &pxcx16TT)TO.
Elvcn EVCXS TrOIT)TIKOS 110005. Ko~c.u~evos Yla va ~eKoup&o"El TOV avayllwO"TT) am) TOVS K0110US 110V rrpsrrei lIa TOO Trp~EvT)o"E. t't &KpII3E10 TooV ~CX6T)I1O:TIKOOV a11oSeI~eU)v 110V TrpOT)y';6T)Kav. '0 K. npOUVTOII SIVEl O"TT)II KOIVc.uviO-TrpOO"c.u110 TO ovo~6: TOO Iloop.fJ{}ea KOt E~VI1VEi TO: VIjJT)ACx TOU epyo ~e TOVTCX TO: MY1Q:
.Il~V aex~. 0 neop.fJ{)ea~ fJya["o"w~ an' TOV xoeq;o Tije; q;va1JC; ~vnvaEt al~ C(I)~ p.e p.,a" &t5ea"Eta ytop.aTfJ fJE).YfJ"ea, X).ll., ,,).n. '0 lleop.YJ{}ea~ dexlC et TO Beyo, x,
95
96
an' T~" nedn'fJ TOV piea, neWT'fJ p,eea Ti7~ ~EVTEe'fJ~ ~'fJp,tove'1ta~, TO ~'fJp,toveY'fJp'a (neoi"ov) Toii IIeop,'fJ{Ua, ~'fJi.. & ni.oiiTo~ TOV, ~ Ev~a'ft0vta TOV, Elva, ;:a'fJ neo~ Mxa. T~ ~EVTEe'fJ p,eea, & IIeoft'fJ{}ia~ xaTap,Eetl;u l~" leyaata TOV, xal TO neoi"6v TOV ytvETn.t ;:ao neo~ lxaT6. T~v TetT'fJ p,tea x, 8i.E~ Tk ~.uE~ nov ti"oi.ovi?oiiv, & IIeop,'fJi?ta~ 19'EVetoxe« Ti~ P,'fJ'l.avt~, tivaxai.vnTu "a'voveytE~ 'l.e'fJa'p,6T'fJTE~ aut otbuasa, xatvoveytE~ ~vv&.ftu~ aT~ 9'va'fJ, as x&.{)e pijp,a nov x&.vu ~ ptop,'fJ'l.a"ta TOV & ~etXT'fJ~ Tij~ naeayro'1ij~ TOV tivEpatvE' xai Toii neoarrti.E' aV~'fJa'fJ Ev~a,p,o"tat;:. K, a9'oii Tti.O~, '1,' aVT6v, xaTav&.i.roa'fJ onualve« naeayroy~, elva: &i.09'&.VEeO nw~ x&'fle xara"ai.ronx~ "fea, ~o~EVOVTa~ p,o"&'Xa TO neoi"ov Tij~ neO'fJ'1OVp,E"'fJ~, d9'~"u Eva ni.E6vaafta neoi"6VI(J)V aT~v le'l.6p,EV'fJ p,e(!a».
ToiiToS 6 np0J,1T)6~as TOO K. ITpOUVTOV elval IllCl Slocn<eSacrrlKn TTPOO'OO1Tu<6TT)Ta T6ao aSWollT) O'TfJ AOY1KT] cSO'O Kai O"TTjv 1Toi\lTIKT] olxovculc, ~OO'o 6 npollT)6s~ llaS SlSCxcn<El TOV KaTaJ,1EPlO'J,10 Tf)S epyoa(as, TT] XPT)O'T) TOOV J,1T)Xavoov, Ti}veKJ,1ETCxAAEUO'll TOOV CPUO'IKOOV SvvaJ,1Eoov xed Ti1s ~1T1C1T1lJ,10V1Kfis SwaJ,1llS, TTOAAaTTi\oO'la~oVTas Tis TTOpayOOY1Y-ES SVVCxIJE1S TOOV av6pOOTTOOV Kat S(VOVTas TTAe6vO:O'ilo O'E aVyKP10'T) IJ' cx\rrO TTOV 1Tap&yEI Tj aTTOIJOVOOJ,1EVll epyaO'(a, 6 KOIVOVPYIOS aUTos npolJT)6~as eXEl TO SUO'TV)(TllJa vapXETal TTOAV apya. Kr aTT' TTj O'T1YIlT] TTOV 6 Ilpo- 1J116~as aVaKaTEVETOI KoiIJIMEl Yla TTopayooyT] Koi KaTav&AOOO'Tj, KaTavTau TTpayIJOT1Ka YEi\oios. rt' roiT6v, KOTOVaAooO'T) O'T)J,1a{vsl. 1Tapayooyf}. KaTaVaAOOVEl TT]V ~pX6J,1evT) Ilspa KEivo TTOV e!3yaAe T1'jv TTpOllyOVJ,1EVT) Kl ETO'I O'VJ,1!3a{vEt V&)(Et TTCxVTO ilia IlEpa 1TPOKaTo!3oAf}. TOVTT) 1i 1TpOKaTa!3oA1KT] J,1~pa elvat TO «TTAE6- VOO'IlCt Tf)S epyoO'{oS» TOU. 'Wcrr60'o KaT<;XVOAOOVOllTas Ti}v cl:AAT) j.lspa eKEivo TTOV ST)lltOVPYTlO'E TT]V 1TpOT)yOVJ,1EVT) rrpsrrei va cpTaaOWE Kal aT1}V TTpOOTT) J,1spa TTOV SEv EIXE 1TPOl1YOVIlEVT), 1TOV eTTpEm va SOUAE"I'EI Yla SUO J,1SpES yta V&)(EI KaT01TlVa J,11a J,1spa TTPOKaT0!30Ai}. IT(;)S KSpStaE 0 ITpOj.l116sas TT]V 1TpOOTT) Ilspa -roore TO 1Ti\E6vaO'lla, acpoO SEv vrrf)PXE T6TES OUTE KaTaJ.lEplO'J,1oS epyaO'(as, O\lTe IlT)XaVsS, OUTE &K6J,1a Kl cl:AAeS yvooaE1S Yla Tis CPUO'It<ES SVVCxIJEIS, el;oo <iTT' TT] yvooO'T) Tfis cpooTtaS ;
"ETal, TO ~"TT)J,1a, IlE TO V&xEl 1TlaooSp0J,1f)aEl 6 ITpoJ,1T)6sa5 005 :rlJv 1TpOOTTl J,1spo Ti1s SeliTEPTl5 ST)J,110UPY{as, SEv TTpOXOOpT)O'E O\lT' ~vo !3flJ,1a. Av-rT] 1'1 J,1~6oSos e.1;f)YTlO'T)5 T(;)V TTpayJ,1CxToov
avaKpcxTael em" TOUS -EMl'lVES, Kcxi TOUs 'E~palov5 IJCX~(, elvcxl TdVToXPOVclc IJVO'TIKIO'TIKOS KCXt ~l'lyOpiKOs Kcxi StVEI 'Tl'eplcp1'lJ,lCX aTOv. K. npOVVTOV TO SIKa{OOIJCX va Mel:
(c' An6<5et~a 1'6 1:~ {}eweta ~al 1'6 1:a rerovom 1:~V aex~ nro~ ~6.{}e leraala neenet v' aqJ~vet nle6vaa,ua.»
T a yeyovoTcx Elval 6 'Tl'ep{CPl'lIJOS 'lTPOOSEVTlI<Os apl61J1'lTlKOs AOYIO'IJOS. 'H 6eoop(a elvcxl 0 lJV60s TOO npOlJ1'l6eex.
«' AH6.. ovvexlCe, & x, IIeovv1:oV, ~ aex~ a'lJT~, 1:600 alrove'f} Boo p.ta aet{),u'f}7:t~~ ne6ma'f}, anexet a~6,u'Y} nolv an' 'CC) va nearp.a1:0not'Y}{}ei rta olov 1:0V ~6ap.o. 'Evw, ,u6 1:~V ne60<50 1:ij~ avllort~ij~ fJw,u'Y}xavla~, ~6.{J.e ,ueemc6.,ua1:0 a7:0,ut~ij~ leraola~ ne7:Vxalvet va ~lvet ne0i"ov &loeva "at p.eraU.lueo ~al 1'6 ,uta v dvar"ala ovvkneu», lvw & eeraC6,uevo~, 1'6 1:0V l'<5w p.to{}6, (}aneene va rlvnat ,,6.{}e ,utea mo nlovaw~, w01:600 naea1:'Y}eeimt nro~ vn6.exovv ,ueoa a1:~v xotvowla 1:6.~et~ noV n).ovrlCovv, '" a)'le~ nov qJTwxalvovv.»
ITcX 1770, 6 'Tl'A1'l6vO'lJoS aTCx cEIlOOIJEvCX BCXO'{AeICX TT)S MeyaAl'lS BpeTcxvv(as i'jTCXV 15 ~KCXTOIJlJ.VPICX Kl 6 'Tl'CXPCXYOOYIKOs 'Tl'Al'l6v- 0'1J0s 3 ~KCXTOIJIJVpla. CH e'lTlO'TTlIJOVIKTt BVvcxlJl'l Ti)s 'Tl'clcPCXYOOyi)S fjTCXII iO'1'l IJ' gvcxv 'Tl'A1'l6vO'lJo yvpoo aTcX 12 8<CXTOIJIJVpla <hOIJO 'Tl'CXPCX'ITavoo a'IT' TOV 'Tl'CXPCXYOOYIKO 'Tl'Al'l6valJo. IVlloAIKa, AOI'Tl'OV, vm;PXCXII 15 ~KCXTO(.lIJVPICX 'lTCXPCXYOOyIK~S SVVa(.leIS. "ETal,,.. 'Tl'CXPCXYOOyIKTt laxvs i'jTCXV axeTlKcX IJ~ TOV 'lTAl'l6valJo acXv 1 'Tl'pOs 1, Kat f) E'ITlaTll(.lOIlIK1] laxus i'jTCXV, a! axEO'1'l IJ~ TIt XElPOOVCXt<TlKf) SVIICX(.ll'l, O'av 4 'Tl'pOS 1.
ITa 1840, 6 'Tl'Al'l6vO'(.loS S~v ~E'lTEpvoOae TcX 30 ~KCXTO(.lIJVPICX. ·0 'Tl'apayooYIKOs 'Tl'Al'l6valJoS -ljTav 6 ~KCXTO(.lIJVPICX, evoo f) rnlO'TTJ(.lOVIKTt laxus avepXOTcxlI aTcX 650 ~CXTO(.l(.lVPICX, -ljTCXV Sl'lACXS1] ~ axEO'1'l 101' oMt<Epo TOV 'lTAl'l6vO'lJo, O'av 21 'Tl'POs 1 KCX{, ere axEO'TJ (.l~ TO Xe1POOVaKTIKT\ Swa(.ll'l, O'av 108 'Tl'POs 1.
ITTtv ayyAIK1) KOIVOOV(CX, ,; epyaO'llJl'l (.lspCX a1TOXTTJCJE AOI'Tl'OV, lJeO'cx a' ~I3S0(.lf}VTCX XPOVICX, WCX 'Tl'AeovcxO'lJcx iTapayooYIKO-
7
97
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TT)TCXS 1TOV qmx\lEt ()"Ta 2.700%, SllAcx5i), OTa 1840 ETX61TcxpayooYT! EiKoal E<pTa <pop~S !.1eycxAvTepll alt' Ta 1770. !V!.1<pOOVCX!.1E TOV K. npOVVTO\l 6&1TPE1TE \la !.11TEi TO epOOTll!.1cx ETal : rtCXTf 0 "AyyAos epY<XTllS TOU 1840 S~V eYl\lE EIKoC'IEcpTa <popes mo 1TAOVatOS alt' TO\l epy<iTT} TOU 1770; Ba~o\lTas EVCX TETOtO epooTll!.1CX Sa vlToSe rCXIJE cpvatKa, lTOOS 01 "AYYAOI 6a I.11TOpOVacxvva rropcYOV\l cxVTa Ta 1TAOVTll xooplS TOUS laToptKOVS 6povs lTOV !.1EaCX a' cxVTOVS Sll1..l10VPYll6i)Kcxve 01TOOS: 15100TIKtl avaC'oopEVall TWV KE<p6:ACX(OO\l, crVYXpovoS KCXTCXI..lEplal..lOs Tns epycxcrlcxS, cxVTO!.1CXTO (!.1T}XCXVlKO) epycxaTi)pt, a\lCXPXIKOS ovvcxyoovtcr!.16S, !.1lcrSOOT~ epycxaicx, K&6E T{, TeAos, lTOV I3cxcr{~ETCXt lTa\loo OTO\l TCX~tKO cXVTCXyOOVlp"!.10 1TOV UnCxPXEt. ria TT!V a\lalTTV~ll Aomov TOOV lTCXpCXyOOylKOOV SV\lCxIlEOOV xed TO lTAE6\1cxcr!.1cx Tfjs epycxC'icxs xpetCx~OVTCXV va VlTCxPXOV\I ToOTes 500 clKPI(300S oi crV\lSf)KES. ria va lTpcxy!.1cxTOlTOtll6ei, Aom6\1, TOVTT} "a\lCxlTTV~ll '(00\1 lTCXpCXYOOYIKWV 5vVCx!.1EOOV Kai TOOTo TO lTAEOvcxa!.1cx epycxcr{a:S ErrpElTE va vrrf)pxcxv TCx~elS 1TOV lTpooSruovv (W<pEAOU\lTCXI-1TAOVT(~OVV) Kt O:AAES lTOV IJCXpCX~OOVOV\l.
T{ elvcxl Aom6\1,' os TEAEVTCX{CX aVCxAVC'Il, cx\hoS 0 clVCXO"T11- pe\lOS a1T' TOV K. npOVVTOV np0!.1116EcxS: Elvor 1i KOtVOOV{CX, oi t<Ol\lOO\lt~S axecrelS 1TOV I3cxC'{~oVTCXt lTCxVOO crTOV aVTCXYOOVlal..lO TOO\l Ta~EOO\l. Ol axeOEts CX\ITES S~V Elvcxt axEC'EIS &T6lJoov lTp6S che!.10, !.1a axecrEtS epy6T11 lTp6S KECPCXACXIOKP<iT11, evoIKlcxcrTT! yfjS. 1TPOS YCXtOKT";!.10\lCX, KTA. !(3vcrTE Tis axeoE1S miTES xed SaXETE SK&l11SEV(crEt OACxKEP11 TT.!V K01\lWvIcx Kcxi 6 npOll11SECXS acxs Sev elvci 1Tla lTCXpa gvcx cpCxVTCXcr!.1CX xoopls XeP1CX o\m 1T651CX, .51lAcxSi) xoopls ·a\iT6!.1CXTO (!.111XCX\ltKO) epycxcrT";PI, xwpls KCXTa:IlEPIOIlO epycxcricxs, arroyv!.1ool..lEVOS TEAOS, &7ro KCxSe Ti 1TOUTOV fiXCXTE XCXp{crEt apXtKCx, yta \la TO\l KCxvETe va 1TPCXYIlCXT01Tol";C'et CXUTO TO 1TA~6vcxcr!.1CX epycxcrfcxS.
"Av AOmO\l 1jTCXV exPKETO, aTfJ SEwpfcx, OlTOOS TO KaVEt 6 K. llpoVVT6\1, \la ~PIJ11\1eVaOVlle Ttl cp6P!.10VAcx TOU lTAEO\lacr!.1CXTOS epycx· afcxs !.1e TT:lV EVVOtCX Tf)S IcroTllTcxs, xwpls va AoYCXptCxoOV!.1E Tis 0"11- I1EPtV~S crV\l6f)KES Tf)S 1TcxpCXyWyf)s, O'T1')v lTpCx~Il, SalTperre VOVCXI apKETO va KCxvOV!.1E !.1taV icr11 aVCXKCXTCXVO!.1";, avCx!.1Eacx aTOVS SPYCxTES, 6AOV TOU 1TAOVTOV, 1TOU alTOKyfJSllKE OOS Ta cr..;!.1epCX xoopls \I' aAAa~oVlle cr~ Tf1TOTCX OTis crll!.1epl\l~S crvv6f)KES TfjS 1TcxpCXyooyf)S. 'H !.10lpcxcrta cxVTTJ S~ Sa E~CXcr<pCxAl~E xed I..lEyCxAll avEO"11, o~ KCXSEVCXV awo TOUs !.1ETOXOVS.
Ma 0 K. Flpouvrov Sev elvcxl T6ao 1TEcrll..ltaTT!s (alTCXlcrI6So~os), 60'0 6a !.11TOPOUcrE \la TO lTIOTE\jJEl KCXVEVCXS. KcxSoos 0 \lO!.1oS Tf)S
avcxAoyicxs Elvcxl yl MOV TO 1TO:V, 1Tpe1TSI Va: (3M1TEl aTOll 6AO~' TOlllO npOIJ116~cx, 811ACXStl crrtl al1lJEpllltl K01VOOllicx, IIIcXlI a1TcxPX1'J nPO:YlJaT01TO{l1O'T)S Ti\s aYCX1Tl1IJEVl1S TOU ISecxs.
«Md. navrov en[a7J~ fJ ne6odo~ TOV nAoVlOV. d7JAad~ fJ a va A 0 y [ a T W v a e t W v (proponnrtioalite des valeurs) elvtu 15 "ve[ae'l,O~ v6po~ sa orav of olxovopoA6yot av'ltTaaaOVv, aT(~ naeanova TOV aOataAtarowv ,,6ppaTo~, T~" neOOdEVn"~ aV~7Ja7J TOV d7Jp6atov nAovlOv "al rk PEA'ltWoeu; nov cplevovv ar~v "aTaaraa7J "al TWV mo dvarvX'apEvwv &,,6pa Ta~ewv, dta"1'J!!v'l,vovve, 'l,(lJ!!k vd. TO {m01pta{onat, ptd.v &A~!?eta nov elvai fJ 'Y.ara(j["7J TWV {}ew(}twv TOV'; »
T{ EIIICXI, 1TPCXYIlCXT1KcX, 1TCXpO: 6 O'VAAOY1KOS 1TAOiiTos, 6 511- 4-I6alos 1TAOihos i Elvcxl 6 1TAoiiTos Ti'lS aaT1Kfjs TcX~l1S KI 0XI 6 TrAOVTOS KcX6E cX0110U ~sxc.vplaTcX. "E. AOl1T611! Ol OIKovollOA6yol SEll EKCXIICXV T{1TOT' aAAo 1TCXpa: V' cXrr05E{~OUIIE. 1TOOS. IlEacx aTis TrCXpcxyc.vYlKES 0xsaElS. TEToles 1TOV Elvcxl. 6 1TAOUTOS Tfjs a<TTlKi'lS TcX~l1S aVCX1TTVaaSTCXl xed 60: 1Tpe1TE1 II' cxV~T]6Ei aK6llcx. "00'0 Yla: TiS epyCXT1KES TcX~elS. elv' eVCX 1TcXpCX 1TOAV 51CXCP1- AOVE1KOUIJEII0 aK6IJcx ~f)Tl1IlCX. TO KCXTO: 1T6ao 5T]ACX5tl ti KaTcXaTCXaT} TOUS KCXAUTSPE\jIE aVcXAoycx Ils Ttlll ooi~l1O'T]. TOU 8T]Il(XTloU TaxCX 1TAOUTOU. "'Av ol OIKOIIOIlOMYOl, YlcX V1TOaTtiPl~T], Ti')s <xlaloSo~icxs TOUS 110:5 allcx<pepoull TO 1TCXPcXSS1YIlCX Tooll "AYYAOOV ~PYCXTC;:)V 1TOV cXrrcxaxoAoUVTCXl aTtl (3CXIl(3CXK0!3101lT]XCXII{CX, !3AE1TOW -IlollcXXa TtlV KCXTcXaTcxaTi TOUS aTis a1TcXvlES aTIYIlES Ti'lS EIl1TOP1Ki'lS EVl1IlSP{CXS. T OOTES ol aTlYIlES TfjS EVT]IlEp{cxS, as O'XeaTJ IlE Tis E1TOXES KpiO'T)S xol aTcxal1l6Tl1TCXS EIIICXI aTt'] «aooaT1'J allcxAoyicx», COV 3 1TPOS 10. McX TO iSIO IlIAc.OVTCXS YlcX (3sATiooal1. ol clxovo- 1l0A6yol iaoos 6eAl1aCXV yO: 1l1Af)aovvs ylcX KEillCX TcX ~KCXTOIlIlUpICX EPycXTES. 1TOV aVTsXOUII 1Ia: <p6etpOVTCXI aTls eXvCXTOA1KES ']VSiES, YlcX 110: xcxpiaouv Tp{CX Xp6vICX EVl1llEpicxs aTcX 5SKCX, aTO ~lIcX1J10'T) ~KCXTOIlIlUPlO epyclTES. 1T0" cXrrCXaxOAOUVTCXl aTnll • AYYAicx, a-niv iS1CX (3IOlll1XCXV{cx.
·00'0 YlcX Tftv 1Tp6cn<CXIPl1 O'VllllETOxn crrt']v o:U~T]O'T) TOO 811- j.16cnov 1TAOVTOU. TO 1TPcXj.1CX 51cxcpepsl. To YEYOIIOS 1Tp6aKcxlPl1S O'VIJIlETOXi'lS E~l1ysiTcxI &rr' Tn 6sooplcx TOOIl 0IKOII0j.10A6yoov. Elval i) Em(3e(3cxiooO'T) Kl 0Xl 1'l «KCXTCX5iKT)) TT)S. 01TOO5 TO MEL 6 1<.
99
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TIpouvr6v. "Av Vrrfipxe KelTl va KCXTCXSlKCXO"TSi, cx\rrO 6chexv of,. yovpcx TO aVCTTT)I.1CX TOO K. TIpoUl1T6v, 1TOV, ~TOl 01TOOS TO Se{:' ~al.1e, 6a 1TSp16pl~e TOV ~pycl-rT] aTO 1<CXTOOTCXTO OPIO 1.110600 .. 1Tap' 6AT) TT)V OV~aT] TOO 1TAOVTOV. Movaxcx 1Teplopl~ovras TOV ~pyCxTT] aTO 1<CXTOOTCXTO OplO 1.110600 6a l.11TopOOOe 61<. npovvrO\1' va tcpapl.100e1 TT) oc..;CJTTj CxvcxAoylcx TooV a~loov, TT) «CJUaTCXT11<T) a~{cx» a1T' TO Xp6110 T;;S ~pycxolcxs. MovCxXcx Y1CXTt 6 I.lla66s, &n' acpopl.1f) TO CJUVcxye.>vIOI.l6, TCXACXl1TeVeTCXl 1TOve.> f) Kcl-rOO &n' TTjv, T11.1f) TooV l.1~oe.>v 81CXTPOcpfis, 1TOV elvcxl OvCXYKcxicx Yla TTj SICXTpOCPT) (ovvri}pT)OT]) TOO ~pychT], l.1ov6XCX Yl' CXUTO l.l1Topei 6- ~pychT]s va 1TcxlpVEl l.1~pOS, faTe.> 1<at Alyo oTTjv av61rru~T] TOO avAAOY1KOO 1TAOVTOV, l.1a l.l1Topei TO iSl0 va 1Ts6alvel &n' TT)\1' a6AI6TT]Ta.
AVTf) ~Soo elVCXl 6A6KEpT) "" 6Ee.>plcx TooV otKovol.10Mye.>v 1TOV 8~v aVTCX1TaTooVTCXl (S,W ~eYEAOOv TOV ~cxvT6 TOVS).
·YOTEP· a1T' Tis l.1aKp0CJl<eAeis CPCXl1TCXOI01TAT]~{ES TOU aTO 6~1.1~ TooV OlST]p6Spol.1e.>v, TOO TIpOI.lT]6~cx KCXt Tfis KalvovpYlas K01VOOvlcxs 1TOV 1TP~1TSI va ~CXI1cxavaTa6ei 1TOve.> oTTj «CJUaTCXT11<T) &~{CX», 6 K. Ilpowrov l.11Tcxlvet o~ j3a6E1ES ~\jIElS. Tov mOvEl 1} auyK{VT]CJT) Kcxt ~Ecpe.>vl~el I.l~ 1TCXTP1KO T6vo :
«' E~o(!"lCw TOv~ olxovop.o).0'Yov~ v' avaeW'l1'jt'fovv p.ta a'lt'Yp.~, atwn1'j).a p.eaa· (J'l~V xae()ta 'lOV~, p.axeta an' 'r2~ neoxam).~VJu~ nov 'lOv~ 'laeaCOVv xat xwet~ va ()tvovV' neoaox~ a'll~ {)eaet~ nov xadxovv eiu neetp.erov'lle, p.axeta an' 'la avp.qJeeo'llw nov Uvn1'jee'lOvv, 'll~ lm(joxtp.aale~ nOv qJt).o()o~OV'll, 'll~ ()taxe[au~ nov pavxa).lCov'll 'l~V xe'IIo()o~la roue, N' a'llaeW'l1'j!?ov'IIe "at va nov'll, ii'll Q)~ Ut a~p.eea ~ aex~ mh~ xai}e le~'aa{a neenu 'II' a<p~vu n:r.l.eovacua TOV~ <pa'llee(fJ{}1'jxe p.e 'lOV'l1'j r~v a).vat()a ano neovno{}fau~ xat avp.neeaap.aw nov lp.ei~ a'llaxa).vVJap.e.»
