TO lIlAlNOM€NO THI, fPAlIl€IOKPATLU KAI H KOINnNIKH lIlYI,H THL €.L.L.A.
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H OXTUJ!lpzaVi! Enavaotacq - yt'rpvpa (!TO rpUJlf1v6 Jlt'''uov. Aipioa TOU 1929
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Io roptxoq ~Ull~ouAOS: ITWJAOS ITE't"PtOy)S (XCXeY)yY)'t"~S ITcxvEma't"Y)lltOu) ~UyypCX<pECXS: nEPIKAH~ nAYAI~H~
Tl't"AOC:;: TO II>AINOMENO TH~ rpAII>EIOKPATIA~ KAI H KOINQNIKH II>Y~H TH:E E:E~~
© 2001: Ex06oE~S I1PO}";KHNIO AllUXAWV 19 - 152 31 XaAaVOpt
T"IlA.: 67.55.890.67.26.600 Fax: 67.11.004 e-mail: a-siderat@otenet.gr
ISBN 960 - 7057 - 83 - X
E!;WcpUAAO: IIavo<; Aeay{o1)<; HAEX't"POV~x~ OEA~OO7tOtYjoYj: rrpO~KHNIO
A7totYOPEtJE-Wtt"ll otvot0"fl[watwa"ll, otvot7totpotywy~ OAtX~ ~ [lEPtX~. [lE OTIOtOVO~TIO"tE "tpOTIo. xwptS "t"ll ypotTI"t~ aOEtot "tou auyypotcpEot Xott "tou EXOO"t"ll. To LotO taXUEl xrxt ytot [lE"totcppaaEtS "t0l) EPYOU (N. 2121/1993).
Emf1ikla ixooar;c; A rr~AO<; Llo~paroc;
lleptKMis llauliliqs
TO 4lAINOM€NO THI. fPA4l€IOKPATIAI. I.THN €.I..I..A.
llpOAOYOC; Eurumc; M mraaxr;c;
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ArrEAOL L/AEPATOL
Z1u,) 11 tvotnta epyauJv - avpousv, 70 8eJ1iAlO 111~' ao/hmKrjc; E~ovaiac;.
Aipioa too 1929
TIEPIEXOMENA
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IIPOAOroE: Eurume; M mraaxr;e; IIPOAEroMENA
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IIpw"to Mc:poC;
0e:wpte:C; y~a "tYj'V xm'Vw'V~xij cpuO'Yj -eou O'o[3~e:"t~xou xa6e:0'''tw''toC;
Kapasau: 1 O: arrocfJC:l<; roo A.Tpor(J)a Yla rr; ao{3lc:rlx~ yparpc:wxpar{a xat rr;v XOlVWVl~ rpuar; rr;e; EEEtJ
• T« <XL"W:X 'Wl) YP<X<PEWXP<X"'C~xoo <patVO!J.EVOl)
• O~ UA~XE~ rrpourrOeEaEt~ "'COl) aom<XA~a!J.ou
• H <XV"'CLAYjtj>Yj "'COl) A. Tporoxt Y~<X "'CO aom<xA~a!J.6 Xat "'CO X<xp<xx"'CYJp<X "'COl) aO~~E"'C~XOU X<xeEa"'Cw"'Co~ • H eEWpYjaYj "'CYj~ aO~~E"'C~XYJ~ YP<X<PEWXP<X"'CL<X~
w~ <xpxol)a<x~ "'C<x~Yj~ Xat Yj xpmxYJ
EX !J.EpOl)~ "'COl) A.Tp6"'Cax~
Kc:rpaAaw 2 H ()c:wp{a rou xocctixoi) xamraAlaf10U
Kc:rpaAaw 3 H eounveia rou oobieitxoi) xaiieotdrox; we; veoo yparpc:wxparlxou XOlVWVlXOU oootnurxtoi;
• H eEWpL<X "'COl) K. K<xCJ"'Cop~<xoYj
• H NE<X T<x~Yj "'Cou M.TstA<x~
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To <PAlNOMENO THI [PA<t:>EIOKPATIAL KAI H KOINONIKH <PYIH THI ED::~
.1e:U"t'e:po MEPOC;
To cpmvo[1e:vo "t"YjC; ypacpe:wxpa"t'[ac; xm or av"t'~cpaO'e:~c; "t'1jC; O'OO'LaA~O'''t'~x~C; xmvwv[ac; O'''t'1jv E~~.1
Kc:cpaAaw 1 To tpcavouevo rr;e; ypacpc:wxpar{ae; arr; ao{3tc:rtx~ xotvcavia 81
• O~ axtaE~~ TIapaywy1j~ a'tYjv E~~L\ H eE!.LEA~WOYj~ av'tC<paaYj 'tou aomaA~a!.1.Ol)
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• H o~H1j <poaYj 'too aomaA~a't~xou xp(hoo~. rpa<pEwxpa'tCa xat aV'tETIaVaa'taaYj.
• Ot TIpOOTI't~xt~ E~aAE~tjJYj~ 'tYj~ ypa<pEwxpa'tCa~
Kc:cpaAaw 2 0 pOAOe; rr;e; ypacpc:wxpar{ae; otnv xaxaooeoot; - avarpo7r~ rou ooiitetixoi) xa()c:arwroe;
Keipascao 3 Ooiouevo; emanuavaeu; avcapooixa ue rr;v XOtvWVt~ cpuar; rr;e; EEELl xat rr; ouvarorr;ra xc:tpacpirr;ar;e;
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'Eroi, (XV"t£8E"t(X !lE "tt~ 1tpOq>Yj"tdE~ Yl(x "to "tEAO~ "tYj~ lO""tOPt(X~, 1t(xP(X"tYjpOU!lE "t(X 1tpw"t(X O"Yj!laot(X "tYj~ E!lq>cXVlo"Yj~ VEWV, (XV"tlX(x1t~"t(xAlO""tlXWV XlvYj!lcX"twv. Av Aomov Yj VtxYj "t0l) X(Xltt"t(xAlO"!lOI) OEV dv(Xt "tEAEO"tolXYj - x(Xt OEV dv(Xt - "to"tE EUAOY(X !l1t0POU!lE V(X 1tpo~At4>OU!lE "tYjv (XV(XYEVVYjO"Yj 0Xl !l0vo "twv XOLVWVlXWV xlvYj!la"twv EV(XV"tlOV "twv O"UVE1tElWV "tYj~ «1t(xYxoa!lL01tO£YjO"Yj~» (xAAa xrxt "tYjv (XV(XYEVVYjO"Yj "tou EpY(X"ttXOU - XO!l!lOUVlO""tlXOU xt v-Ij!l(X"tO~.
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10
To <PAINOMENO THE rPA<I>EIOKPATIAL KAI H KOINDNIKH <PYLH THE ELL~
yaata !lta~ aUYXEXpt!lEVYj~ aOataAta"ttx~~ TIpOOTI"ttx~~. IIpouTI08EaYj yta "to aTI(XVto au"to EPYO, dVat Yj Ep!lYjvda "tYj~ Xa"tappEUaYj~ "tou aOataAta"ttXOU a"tpa"tOTIEOOU.
IIw~ ETIExdpYjaE Aomov vrx Ep!lYjVEuaEt "to apvYj"ttXO xoouoto-roptxo YEYOVO~ "tYj~ xa"tappEl)aYj~ Yj EAAYjVtx~ Apio+ep«: a LYN. OUataa"ttxa OEV EXEL aaxoAYj8d !lE "to TIpO~AYj!la. To KKE E1tt!lEVEt o"tt OEV rtpoxerrrn yta xa"tappEuaYj, aAAa yta ava"tpoTI~. 'Erot "to TIpO~AYj!la aTIAoTIotd"tat xat oTIOtaO~TIo"tE 8EWPYj"ttX~ EpEuva xa8ta"ta"tat TIEptn~. ~EV dvat al)VETIW~ "tUXato on ot !lOVE~ aTIOTIEtpE~ Ep!lYjvda~ EytvaV aTIo O!laoE~ xat a"to!la "tYj~ ESWXOtvO~OUAEU"ttX~~ Apta"tEpa~ !lE ap8pa a"ta TIEptootxa ~taAEx"ttx~, Ourorncc, Apta"tEp~ A vaauV"tasYj x. "tA. !lE ~t~Ata aTIo auyypacpd~ au"tou "tou xwpou xat !lE aUAAoytxE~ ETIESEpyaatE~ aTIo opyavWaEt~ OTIW~ "to NAP.
at aTIOTIEtpE~ TIOU EytVaV, ooo aYj!laV"ttxE~ xat o» dvat, OEV «vnTIpOaWTIEUOUV !lta OAOXAYjPW!lEVYj Ep!lYjvda. ATIO"tEAOUV Eva sEXtvYj!la. H aUS~"t"YjaYj TIPETIEt vo: auvEXta"td, va TIpOaEyytaEt "tt~ ~aatXE~ TIAEUPE~ -cou TIpO~A~!la"to~ xat vo: ytVEt xat !lE SWV"tavo, oYj!lOatO OtaAoyo. H avayxYj au"t~ xa8ta"ta ETItXatpO "to ~t~AtO "t0l) IIEptxA~ IIal)AtoYj. AAAa "to ~t~AtO au"to dvat xat TIOAU"tt!lO, yta TIOAAOU~ Xat yta Eva ~aatxo AOyo. a auyypacpEa~ "t0l) aTIOUOaaE o-ro IIavE1tta"t~!lto Aouovoooxp "tYj~ Moaxa~, "tou OTIOtOU dvat ~toax"twp. 'ESYjaE TIOAAa xpovta "tYj Moaxa, ESYjaE "tYjV xptaYj Xat "tYjV xa"tappEuaYj "tYj~ L.E. Xat !lEM"tYjaE ETIt "tOTIOU, !lE a"tOtxda aTIO TIPW"tO XEPt, "to TIpO~AYj!la.
BE~ata, XEV"tptXO 8E!la -rou ~t~AtOU dvat Yj avaTI"tuSYj "tYj~ ypacpEtoxpa"tta~ a"tYjv L. E. 'O!lW~ 0 auyypacpEa~ TIpOaEyytsEt, avayxaa"ttxa xat "tt~ aAAE~, ~aatXE~ 04>EL~ "tYj~ aO~tE"ttx~~ xOtvwvta~: "tYj ota!lopcpwaYj "twv VEWV aXEaEWV o-ro Xwpo "tYj~ TIapaywy~~, "tYj otaotxaata aTIOSEvwaYj~ "tYj~ Epya"ttX~~ "taSYj~, "tYjV avaTI"tuSYj "tou TIOAt"ttXOU Xat tOEOAoytXOl> ETIOtXOOO!l~!la"to~. AvaAUOV"ta~ "tt~ auyxExpt!lEVE~ aV"tt8EaEt~ xat "tOV !lE"taaxYj!la"tta!lO "tou~ a"tYjv rropetrx "tou Xpovou, 0 IIauAtoYj~ auyxpo"te:t !lta EP!lYjvda "tou xapax"t~pa, "tWV aV"tt8EaEWV, "tYj~ TIOpEa~ xat "tYj~ xptaYj~ "tYj~ oo~tE"ttX~~ xOtvWvta~. Baatx~ 8saYj "tou ~t~AtOU dvat O"tt Yj apXtx~ uTIoavaTI"tUSYj, Yj ~na -roo EUpWTIa'Cxou TIpOAE"tapta"tou, Yj stvYj ETIt!l~aaYj, Yj avoOO~ "tOU vasta!lOu, 0 OEU"tEpO~ TIayxoa!lto~ xrxt 0 4>UXPO~ TIOAE!lO~, xa80-
Ilroxorot
ptorxv "tYJV "tUXYJ "tYJ~ npw"tYJ~ anom:~pa~ y~a OYJ!lWupyta !l~a~ O"OmaA~o""t~X~~ xOtVWVta~. H smxs~PYJ!la"tOAOYLa au"t~ dvm. xccr' apx~v, op8~. Etvoa O!lW~ ysyovo~ o"t~ napa "t~~ acpaV"taO""ts~ OUo"XOAtS~, YJ L.E. avan"tux(l"fjXS O"S !lsyaAYJ ~W!lYJxav~x~, OLXOVO!l~X~ xm smO""tYJ!lOv~X~ ouva!lYJ. O~ apX~XE~ O"uv8~xs~ xoa oo« axoAou(lYJO"av, dXav W~ O"uvEns~a "tov SXCPUA~O"!lO "tYJ~ spya"t~x~~ oYJ!loxpa"tta~, "tYJv au"tovo!lYJO"YJ xm "tYJv sm~OA~ "tou xO!l!la"to~ xm "tou xp(hou~ O""tYJV xOtVWvla xm O"uvOA~xa "tYJv a"tpocpta, "tYJ O""tPE~AWO""fj xm "tov SXCPUA~O"!lO "tou nOA~"t~xOU snOLxOOO!l~!la"to~ xm "twv uno o~a!lOPCPWO"YJ VEWV XOLVWV~xwv O"XEO"swv. 8a !lnopouO"s O"uvsnw~ va unoO""tYJp~X8d o"t~ "to anO"tEAsO"!la "twv npw"twv «rrtcov !ls"ta"tpanYJxs O""tYJv nopda o"s xupw aL"tW "tYJ~ xp(O"YJ~ xm "tYJ~ xa"tappsuO"YJ~. U"t~ "to nOA~"t~xO errorXOOO!lYJ!la xm "to O"UVOAO "twv XOLVWV~xwv O"XEO"swv anO"tsAouO"av nAtov s!lnOOW O""tYJv S~SA~~YJ "tYJ~ xOLvwv£a~.
H xa"tappsuO"YJ ~"tav YJ !l~a ano "t~~ ouva"to"tYJ"ts~ y~a «~snspaO"!la "tYJ~ Xpto"YJ~».
H anOlI>YJ rrou o~a"tunwvw (avaAu"t~xa ~A. "to ~~~A(O !lou, Eva q)(Xvtaoua nAall!ira!) dvm xm au"t~ !l~a ano~"fj. To npo~AYJ!la O"uvsnw~ OSV dvm nOLa ano "t~~ sp!lYJvds~ dvm YJ op8~, !lsO"a ano "tYJv spsuva xm "to o~aAoyo (la xa"taA~~OU!lS ere !l~a sp!lYJve;ia rrou 8a aV"tanoxptvnm o""t~~ npaY!la"t~xs~ m"t(s~ "tYJ~ xa"tappsuO"YJ~. To ~~~A(O "tou Ilsp~xA~ IlrxuAtO"fj ano"tsAd oumaO""t~x~ O"uvs~O"(popa O""tYJv ~O"xv~ !lSXP~ "twpa O"uyx0!l~o~, rrou sAnLSOU!ls O"t~ (la nAou"tLO"8d xm !ls aAAs~ O"YJ!laV"t~xs~ spyaO"ts~.
EYTYXH~ MIIIT~AKH~ Ou. Kcx8'YjY'YJ't'ijc; IIavEma't'Yj[l[ou Iwcxvv[vwv
11
btu'] 11 KOJillOVVWI1Krl t1U:8V1c;. Atpioa TOV 1919
IIPOAErOMENA
T 0 ~~~ALO au'"t'o dvm a1to'"t'oxo !.Hae; oE~pae; ~EXWP~O'"t'wv EpyaOLWV, o'"t'~e; 01tOtEe; EmXE~pOlhav Yj xp~'"t'~x'ij E~E'"t'aoYj -rcov xopto'"t'EPWV a1tO~EWV 1tEPL OO~~E'"t'~x'ije; YPw:pEwxpa'"t'Lae; xm OO~~E'"t'~XOU xofico'"t'w'"t'oe;. H 8E[.J.a'"t'~x'ij ouvacpE~a [.J.E'"t'a~u '"t'oue; xm Yj avayxYj y~a ocpmp~xo'"t'EpYj 1tpaY[.J.a'"t'EuoYj '"t'ou 1tpO~A'ij[.J.a'"t'Oe; [.J.ae; OO'ijYYjOE '"t'EA~xa o ro EyxdpYjfla '"t'Yje; ouyypacp'ije; Ev~aLou EPYOU flE '"t'0 ouvouao'"t'~xo 8E[.J.a: To tpcavoue})O rr;~ ypacp~wxpar{a~ xat r; XOl})u)})lX~ cpuar; rr;~ ElJlJLl.
Tnv a1tapx'ij au'"t''ije; '"t'Yje; [.J.EAE'"t'Yje; a1to'"t'EAEoav or oUSYj'"t''ijoE~e; xm ot xotvot 1tpO~AYj[.J.a'"t'~o[.J.oL avacpop~xa [.J.E '"t'~e; an~cpaoE~e; '"t'ou OO~~E'"t'~XOU xce- 8EO'"t'W'"t'0e; xm '"t'a aL'"t'~a '"t'Yje; ava'"t'p01t'ije; '"t'ou '"t'WV [.J.EAWV '"t'Yje; 0~E8voue; EpEUVYj'"t'~x'ije; o[.J.aoae; «Aoy~x'ij '"t'Yje; Io'"t'opLae;», 1tOU 0~a[.J.opcpw8YjXE yupw a1to -ro oO~~Enxo Cp~AOOOCPO B. A. BaswuA~v, '"t'YjV 1tEPLOOO 1989-1991, xm o'"t'YjV 01tOLa a1to '"t'O'"t'E OU[.J.[.J.E'"t'EXE~ 0 ouyypacpEae;.
To 8E[.J.a [.J.E '"t'0 01tOLO xa'"t'amavo[.J.ao'"t'E 1tapOUO~aSE~ 1tOAAEe; ouoxoALEe;, EX '"t'WV 01totWV ot mo oYj[.J.an~XEe; tOWe; v« dvm, acpEVOe;,'"t'O YEyovoe; on 1tpOxE~'"t'a~ y~a '"t'Yj O~EPEUVYjOYj EVOe; VEOU xotvcovrxou 0XYj[.J.a'"t'w[.J.otJ 1tpaY[.J.a 1tOU a1tm'"t'd VEEe; [.J.E8000AOY~XEe; 1tpOOEYYLOE~e; xm,acpE'"t'EpoU, '"t'0 o"n Yj CPOp'"t'W[.J.EVYj ~oEoAoy~xa xm 1tOA~'"t'~xa a'"t'[.J.oocpmpa 1tOU '"t'0 1tEp~~aAAE~ - 1tpocpavwe; aVa1t0cpEux'"t'Yj, YE[.J.a'"t'Yj o[.J.we; a1to 1tpOxa'"t'aA'ij~E~e;, 001'fla'"t'~XEe; ~E~mo'"t'Yj'"t'Ee;, O'"t'EPEO'"t'U1tEe; XpLOE~e;, a1tAOuo'"t'EUOELe; xm oXYj[.J.a'"t'o- 1tm'ijoE~e; - ouoXEpaLvE~ oYj[.J.an~xa '"t'Yj vYjcpaA~a Emo'"t'Yj[.J.ov~x'ij EpEuva.
H o~x'ij [.J.ae; EpyaOta OEV dvm, ~E~ma, ~oEoAoy~xa «OUOE'"t'EPYj»: Yj avacpopa [.J.ae; O'"t'O oOOLaA~o[.J.o EopaSE'"t'm o'"t'YjV 1tE1to(8YjOYj ort 1tpOxE~'"t'm oX~ [.J.ovo y~a Eva cpmvo[.J.Evo '"t'OU 1tpoocpa'"t'ou 1tapEA8onoe; aAAa xm y~a '"t'0 SYj'"t'OU[.J.EVO '"t'OU 1taponOe; xm '"t'OU [.J.EAAonOe;. E1t£oYje;, Yj 1tapouoa EPyao£a a1tEXE~ 1tOAU a1to [.J.La E~anAYj'"t'~x'ij flEAE'"t'Yj '"t'OU OO~~E'"t'~XOU xa8Eo'"t'W'"t'oe;. IIpoo1ta8'ijoa[.J.E, wo'"t'ooo,va 1tapOUOLaoOU[.J.E [.J.~a Ep[.J.Yjvda '"t'OU ypacpEwxpa'"t'~xou cpmVO[.J.EvoU o'"t'YjV E~~Ll apxE'"t'a o~acpopE'"t'~x'ij a1to au'"t'Ee; 1tOU dvm xupLapXEe; o'ij[.J.Epa, otVonae; E[.J.cpaoYj o'"t'a an~xE~[.J.Ev~xa aL'"t'~a 1tOU '"t'0 YEWYjoav xm '"t'0 ava1tap'ijyayav. To ~a8[.J.o Em'"t'uXLae; 'ij coro'"t'uXLae; '"t'OU EYXE~p'ij[.J.a'"t'oe; [.J.ae; 8a '"t'ov XPtVE~ '"t'EA~xa 0 avayvwo'"t'Yje;.
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H OKt(,0~p~aV~ E7taVa(HWiYj XaL 'to aO~~E't~XO Xa8Ea'tWS 7tOU 7tPOEXU~E a7tO au't~ a7tO'tEAOUV a7tOUOala ~a'top~xa YEYOVO'ta, 'ta orcolrx aaxYjaav IlsyaAYj EmppO~ a't~S xOtvWV~XES XaL 7tOAmXES ESEAtSE~S 'tOU 200u aLwva. ApXsL va avwpEpoUflE O't~ flOA~S 7tP~V a7to Alya xpov~a Yj ~O~~E't~X~ 'EvwaYj, os fl~av Es~oav~xwflEVYj ~E~aLa X~ a7tAOua'tw't~x~ 8EwpYja~ 'tYjS, EVE7tVEE X~A~aOES av8pw7touS 7tOU afl<p~a~Yj'touaav 'tYjv aa't~x~ xorvcovt«, EVW 'tau'toxpova a'tOlXE~WVE 'tOY U7tVO 'tWV a7taV'taxOl) EX8pwv 'tYjS - U7toa'tYjp~x'tWV 'tYjS XE<paAaLoxpa'tlas. H a7touoaLo'tYj'ta 'tou aO~~E't~XOU xa8Ea'tW'tOS, 07tWS aAAwa'tE XaL 'tWV Aomwv ouotcov flE «oro xa8Ea'tw'twv 'tYjS A va'toA~x~S Eupw7tYjS, EYXE~'taL XUPlWS o-ro YEYOVOS o't~ E7tpOXE~'tO y~a xmvwvlES EvaAAax't~xES oX~ flOVO WS 7tpOS 'tOY xam'taA~aflo aAAa XaL wS 7tpOS OMXAYjpYj 'tYjv E7tOX~ xup~apXlas 'tYjS ~o~w't~x~S LOLox'tYjalas. Ihrrreuouue. Aomov, O'tL Yj flEM'tYj 'tou aomaA~a'tLxou EYXE~p~fla'tos a'tYjv 7tpwYjv E~L~ auvoEE'taL aflEaa flE 'tYjv Ema'tYjflovLX~ OLEpEuvYjaYj 'twv voflO'tEAELWV XaL 'twv 7tpOO7t'tLXWV 'tYjS xmvwvLx~S ESEA~SYjS.
~'tYj 7tapouaa Epyaala 1tpOXEL'taL va 7tpaYfla'tw80UflE Eva ouvxexpurevo <PaLvoIlEVO 'tYjS aO~~E'tLX~S xmvwvlas - 'to ypa<pEwxpa'tLxo, oe auvap'tYjaYj flE 'tYjV ESE'taaYj 'tYjS xmvwv~x~S <pl)aYjS 'tou aO~LE't~XOU xa8sa'tw'toS. H EmAoy~ aU't~ OEV EytvE ~E~aLa 'tuxala. To ypa<pE~oxpa'tLxo <paLVOflEVO wS a'tmxsLo 'tou oo~LE'tLXOU xa8Ea'tw'tos a7taaxoAYjaE, a1to 'ta 7tpw'ta x~oAas xpovLa 'tou VEOU xpn'touS, 'toao 'touS YjYE'tES XaL u1tOa'tYjpLx'tES 'tou ooo XaL 'touS Emxpmts 'tou1• H a1to~Yj OE O'tL Yj ypa<pEwxpa'tla wS xuplapxYj xmvwvLx~ ouvaflYj E7taLSE Evav a7to<pama't~xo POAO a'tYjv ~a'top~x~ ESEAlSYj 'tYjS E~~Ll sLVaL wpu'ta'ta olaoEooflEVYj, Lo~al'tEpa a~flEpa flE'ta 'tYjv xa'tappwaYj 'tou xpa'tous au'tou.
ME 'tYj ypa<pE~oxpa'tla auvoEE'taL EVtO'tE Yj ouala 'tWV xotvorvtxo-otxovourxwv aXEaEWV o mv EV AOYW xwpa XaL Yj ELOO7tmOS o~a<popa 'tou aUYXExpLflEvOU xa8sa'tw'toS a7to 'touS aAAOus xmVWVLXOUS aXYjfla'tlallous. A vaAoya flE 'tYjv UlO- 8E't0l)flEVYj xa8E <popa aV'tlAYj~Yj 7tEPl ypa<pEwxpa'tlas OlOOV'taL XaL ot «vrto rorXES o~a<popE'tLXES EPflYjVsLES 'tWV LowflOP<PLWV 'too aO~~E'tLXOU xpa'tous. 0 A. Tporoxt ELaYjy~8YjXE 'tYjV a7tO~Yj 7tEPl EX<puALaflEVOu Epya't~xou xpa'tous XaL fle:'ta~a'tLXOU xa8Ea'tW'tOS, 0 T. KAL<P ExaVE AOYO 7tEP£ xpcenxou xam'taA~aflou XaL o ~apA M1tE'tEMfl 7tEPl xa8Ea'tW'tOS 'tYjS xpa'tLX~S aa't~x~s 'taSYjS. MLa flEyaM'tEpYj oflaoa o~avoouflEVWV,01tWS ot M 7tpOUVO Pl'tS~' TSalYjflS M 7tEpvxafl' M.
1. 0 B.!. AEVIV'[Q 1922 npocroonoiouce: ,,01 xoppouviorec; Eylvav ypa<pEIOKpuLE<;, Av urrupXEl xcin rrou Sa llaS xoruorpupcr, eivcu aULO», AEVIV B,!. Anavm, L. 54, Luyxpovn Enoyn, ASnva, 1985, OEA, 180.
16
To <PAINOMENO THI [PA<f>EIOKPATIAI KAI H KOINONIKH <PITH THI EL:L:~
~aXtflav. K. KamoptaoYjC;. KAOV't Aerpop, M. TstAac;, M. BOaASVmW, U7tOm~ptSE 6n ertpoxerro yta Eva YEO - totat'tspo ypaepstoxpa'ttxo xorvovtxo aua'tYjfla. H otSpsuvYjOYj Aomov xat xpmx~ 'tou epatvOflEVOU 'tYjC; ypaepstoxpa'ttac; a'tYjv ~o~ts'ttx~ 'EvwaYj 7tapa7tEfl7tSt as flS fltav wpu'tspYj auS~'tYjaYj xat 7tpo~AYjfla'ttaflo avaepoptxa flS 'tOY 'tastxo xapax't~pa 't0l) xpa'touc; mrrou.
Etvat aYjflaV'ttxo vrx avaepEpouflS o-n 'to 7tpO~AYjfla 'tYjC; ypaepswxpa'ttac; a'ttC; xwpSC; 'tou «urcepxrou aoataAtaflou» aepopa aflsaa 'tYjv u7t08saYj 'tYjC; spya'ttx~c; XStpaepE'tYjaYjC; as 7tayxoaflta xA(flaxa. Y 7tapXouv a7to~stC; 7tOO auvoEouV 'tYjV ypaepstoxpa'tta fls 'tYjV 7tpoooata 'tYjC; OX'tw~ptav~c; E7tavaa'taaYjC; mYjv E~~Ll, flS 'tYjV U7tovOflwaYj xrxt 'tSAtx~ ava'tpo7t~ 'tYjC; spya'ttx~c; sSouatac; ~ axoflYj xat fls 'tYjV syxa8topuaYj svoc; VEOU xa'ta7ttsa'ttxou xa8sa'tw't0c;. Erpooov au'tEC; ot a7to~stc; wa'ta80uv, 'to'ts y(vs'tat aaepEC; o'tt Yj xstpaepE'tYjaYj 'tYjC; spyaatac; coto xa8s doouC; xa'ta7ttsaYj osv S7tt'tuYXavs'tat a7tAa Xat uovo flS 'tYjV ava'tpo~ 'tYjC; aa'ttx~c; ssouatac; Xat 'tYjV xa'tapYYjaYj 'twv xsepaAatOXpa'ttxwv aXEaswv, 07tWC; 7tta'twav or xAaatxOt 'tou flapstaflOu aAAa xat 7tOAAOt flapsta'tEC; otavoouflsvot. ~'tYjv 7tPOXStflEVYj 7tspt7t'twaYj Yj xotvWVtX~ XStpaepE'tYjOYj 8a 7tPE7tst v« otEA8st xrxt flEaa coro 'tYjV ava'tpo7t~ 'tou ypaepstoxpa'ttxou xa8sa'tw't0c;. flEaa a7to 'tYjV sSaASt~Yj 'tYjC; ypaepstoxpa'ttac;, stoaAAwc; Yj 'tsAw'tata fl7topd v« aeps'tspta8d 'tYjV viXYj 'tYjC; aOataAtmtx~c; s7tavaa'taaYjC; xat va S7tt~aAASt 'tYj otx~ 'tYjC; sSouata.
Eow XpstaSs'tat va S7ttaYjflavoufls o'tt 0 ypaepstoxpa'ttXOC; xapax't~pac; 'tou aO~ts'ttxOu xa8sa'tw't0c; a7to'tsAd avaflept~OAa Eva Sfl7tstptxO ysyovOC;. 0 'tspamwc; xpa'ttxoc; flYjxavtafloc; 'tYjC; E~~Ll ayxaAtasS OASC; axsoov 'ttC; aepatpsc; 'tYjC; otXOvOfltx~C; xoa xotvwvtx~C; opaa'tYjpto'tYj'tac;. T« 7taV'ta epatvoV'tav va av~xouv o-ro xpa'toc; xat va pu8flLSOV'tat a7to au'to. To aO~ts'ttXO xpa'toc; flaSt fls 'to xOW uoovio-nxo xOflfla,'to 07tOLO ev 7tOAAOLC; a7to'tsAouas xpcenxo - oWtxYj'ttXO Oeouo, EotVaV 'tYjv sV'tu7twaYj svoC; 7taVLOXUpoU ypaepstoxpa'ttxou flYjxavtaflou -fltac; xuptapxYjC; ouvaflYjC; mYj ao~ts'ttX~ xorvcovt«. 'Hrov, oflwC;, au'to flta aAYj8~c; erxovo; ~ S7tPOXSt'to yta aV'ttxstflSvtX~ epatvOflSvtxo'tYj'ta 7tapOflota fls 'to eps'ttXtaflO 'tou Sfl7topsufla'toc; a'tYjv xsepaAatOxpa'ttx~ xotvcovtce; Me aAAa Aoyta, a7tO'tsAouas, apays, Yj aO~ts'ttX~ ypaepswxpa'tta 'tOY xa80pta'ttxo 7tapaY0V'ta otaflopepwaYjC;. SSEAtSYjC; aAAa xat 'tSAtX~C; xa'tappwaYjC; 'tou ao~ts'ttXOu xa8smw't0c;;
ita 'tYj otspsuvYjaYj 'tou OAou 8Efla't0C; EXSt flsyaAYj aYjflaaLa Yj fls8000Aoytx~ aeps'tYjpta sSE'taaYjC; 'twv xowcovixov epatvOflEVWV ev YEVSt xrxt 'tYjC; ypaepstoxpa'ttac; ev flEpSt. A7to Eva auvoAo 8swptwv 7tOU avaepEpoV'tat o-ro ypaepswxpcenxo epatvoflSVO ouo dvat, 7tta'tsuouflS, au'tEC; 7tOU aaxYjaav 'tYj flsyaAu'tspYj S7ttPpO~ Xat yt'au'to 8a urtopouoccv va ovoucofloov xAaatxEC;: Yj flapsta'ttx~ xat Yj ~Sfl7tsptav~. E>a 7tPE7tSt, s7ttaYjC;, va 7tpOa8Eaoufls o'tt or OUO au'tEC; 8swptsc; svaapxwvouv otafls'tptXa aV'tWs'tsc; fls8000AoytXEC; Xat XOtvWVtX07tOAt'ttXEC; apXEC; Xat auvs7twc; oOYjyouv as 'tsAdwC; otaepops'ttXEC; sPflYjvdsC; 'tou ypaepswxpa'ttxou epatVOflEVOU.
BE~ma. 7tptv a7to 'tOY K. Maps fls 'tYjv sSE'taaYj 'tou ypaepswxpa'ttxou epatVOflEVOU aaxoA~8Yjxs 0 IX. XEYXSA. 0 xopuepatoc; au'toc; eptAOaoepoc; 8SWpOl'>aS 'tYj
EII:Amm
ypacpEwXp(X'tta Xa'tESOXYjV aUVEX't~XYj oovaflYj 'tYjC; XOLVWVtac;. Ilto-reue o't~ 'to a'tpwfla 'twv oYjflOatWv UTCaAAYjAWV EVmXpXWVE xm UTCEpaamSE 'to xowo - xa80- A~XO aUflcpEpOV xm «vncrrexorccv a't~C; CPUyOXEV'tPEc;,O~xaa't~XEC; 'taaE~C;, or OTCOtEC; aTCEppEaV aTCO 'ta ~o~w't~xa aOflcpEpOV'ta 'tYjC; XmVWVLac; 'tWV TCOA~'tWv. Oc; TCPO'tU1tO ypacpE~OXpa't~xoo flYjxav~afloo 0 I'x. XEYXEA 8EWpOOaE 'to TIpWmXO xpa-roC;.
o K. MapS flEM'tYjaE 'to cpmvoflEvo 'tYjC; ypacpE~oxpa'tLac; crrrx vEav~xa 'tOU, xOptWC;, xpov~a. H xpmxYj flaA~a'ta TIOU aaxYjaE 'to'tE a'tYjv 1tpwmxYj ypacpEwxpa'tta xm a't~C; aTIO~E~C; 'tou Tx. XEYXEA ETImSE aYjflaV't~xo POAO a'tYjv rrveuucc-nxYj 'tou ESEA~SYj, o~o't~ 'tOY oO~yYjaE aE fl~av aAYj8~, UA~(j't~XYj 8EwpYjaYj 'tYjC; aXEaYjC; xpa'touc; - xorvcovtccc. Meoco 'tYjC; EV AOYW xpmx~c; 0 K. MapS apx~aE v« 1tpOaEyytSE~ 'tYj acpatpa 'twv UA~xwv ouuocpovrcov xm v« aovE~oYj'to1tmd 'tOY xnOopto-nxo 'tYjC; POAO a'tYjv xmvwv~xYj SwYj, EVW TIapaAAYjAa apx~aE vrx U1tEp~atVE~ 'tYJ XEyxEA~av~ cp~Aoaocpta xm xmvwv~x~ 8EWpta. ~'to flE'tE1tE~'ta EPYO 'too 0 K. MapS, OTIWC; xm 0 aoV'tpocpoC; 'tou <1>. 'EVYXEAC;, «OEV aaxoAYj8YjXE flE 'to cpmvoflEVO aua'tYjfla't~xa xm Ex'tE'taflEva»2. 'Erot ot xAaatxOt 'tou flaps~afloo OE flac; acpYjaav fl~av OAOXAYjPWflEvYj ElEWpta y~a 'to xpa'toc; xrxt 'tYj ypacpE~oxpa'tta o'rov xam'taA~aflO,TIOao flaAAov o-ro aomaA~aflo. H EXTIOvYjaYj OflwC; 'tYjC; uA~a't~xYjc; aV'ttAYj~YjC; 1:YjC; ~a'topLac; xm al)yxExp~flEva 'tYjC; flaps~(j't~xYjC; 8EWptac; y~a 'tYj aXEaYj mxovofl~XYjC; ~aaYjC; -TCoAmxoo E1tO~XoOofl~fla'toc; a1tO'tEAoov flEyaAYj aUfl~oA~ a'tYjv xa'tavoYjaYj 'twv xorvcovixo-ocxovourxrov xm «rtoptxrov auv'tE'taYflEvwv 'tou ypacpE~oxpa't~xoo cpmvoflEvoU.
IIapouataS0V'tac; ouvorcnx« 'tYj flapS~x~ 8EwpYjaYj 'tYjC; ypacpEwxpa'tLac; 8a TIPETIE~ vo: EmaYjflavouflE o't~ ytvE'tm AOYOC; y~a Eva ~o~at'tEpo o~mxYj't~xo flYjxav~ouo, a1t0SEVWflEVO a1to 'tYjV xorvcovicc.o OTIOtOC; UTIYjpE'td 'ta aUflcpEpov'ta 'tYjC; apxouaac; 'taSYJC;, TIpoa'ta'tEl)E~ 't~C; xupiapXEC; axtaE~C; ~o~ox'tYjatac;, o~aacpaAtsE~ 'tYjv avaTIapaywyYj 'tou xupiapxou xorvcovoco-oixovojuxou aua't~fla'toc;. To cpmvoflEvo au'to auvoEE'tm flE 'tYjv Eflcpav~aYj 'tYjC; 'tas~x~c; o~aa1:pwfla'twaYjC; xm 'tou 'taS~xoo aV'taywv~aflOl) xa8wc; xm flE 'tOY XOLVWV~XO xa'taflEp~aflo Epyaatac; - 1:0 o~axwp~aflo 'tYjC; xuptapxYjC; 'tasYjC; aTIo 'to flYjxav~aflo aflEaYjC; Ecpapfloy~c; 'tYjC; 'tastxYjC; xup~apxtac;. E~pYja8w EV TIapoow,o't~ 0 o~axwp~afloc; 'tYjC; apxouaac; 'taSYjC; aTIo 'to flYjxav~aflo UAOTIOtYjaYjC; 'tYjC; xop~apXLac; 'tYjC; 1tpaYfla'toTImd'tm flE 'tOY TIMov aacpYj 'tP01tO a'tYjv xEcpaAawxpa't~xYj xorvcovtcc.
o K. MapS, aaxwv'tac; xpmx~ a'tYjv TIPWatxYj ypacpEwxpa'tta, flac; acpYjaE 't~C; TIapa'tYjpYjaE~C; - EmaYjflavaE~C; 'tou avacpop~xa flE 1:Yjv Eaw'tEp~xYj o~apepwaYj xm 'tOY 'tPOTIO AE~'toupytac; 'tou ypacpE~oxpa't~XOl) aua'tYjfla'toC;. H OOflYj 'tOll a'tYjptsE'tm a't~C; apxtc; 'tYjC; ~EpapXtac; xm 'tou auyxEV'tpw't~afloo. To aoa'tYjfla TIEP~Aafl~avE~ o~acpopEC; o~o~XYj't~XEC; ~a8fltoEc;,EX 'twv orrotcov xa8E xa'tw'tEpYj U1taYE-
2. lEpAd;n<; I I., ,1J[;U8UVT1Kt's' oMyapxfEs. Tpacpcioxpatia, KpOWS' K01VWV1Krl opyow,)on, EKO. Ilanasnon, A9nva, 1996, OEA. 238.
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18
To ¢AIl':OMEl':O TH~ fIWDEIOKPATIAI KAI H KOINONIKH ¢YIH TII~ ELLL\
'tm as [HaV avw'tspYj. ~'to 'tsAw'tato o[.LWC; aYj[.Ldo 'ty]C; tspapxtac; 0 ypacpswxpa'tYjC; osv o1tays'tm 1tMov as xavEvav. Eow xoptapxd Yj a08mpsata.
Ot xa'tw'tspsC; ~a8[.Ltosc; 1tOU ~piaxoV'tm SYYl>-rspa o mv xotvovt« aaxoAoovrm [.Ls 'W S1tL [.LSpOUC; eS[.La'ta, svw ot avw'tspsC; ~ae[.LLOSC; [.Ls 'ta ysvtxa. 0 1tpoaotopta[.Loc; os 'twv ysvtxwv xa'tw80vaswv Ast'toupYLac; 'tou OtOtxYj'ttxOO [.LYjxaVta[.LOlJ a1to'tsAd ap[.Looto'tYj'ta 'twv avw'ta'twv ~a8!ltowv xm erpooov or xcerco'tspsc; ~a8[.Liosc; u1to'taaaoV'tm a'ttC; avw1:spSC; or 1tpw'tsC; OSV [.L1tOPOOV vrx aAAaSOUV 'ti1to'ts oor' au'ta 1tOU opiSouv ot 'tsAw'tatSC;.
Ot xa'tw'tspsC; OWtXYj'ttXEC; ~ae[.LtOSC; yta 'tYj otsxTCspaiwaYj 1:00 EPYOU 'touC; a'tYjptSoV'tm o-r«; sv'toMC; xat oOYjytSC; 1tOU 7tatpvouv a1to nc; avw'tspsC;. Ot avw'tspsc; [.Ls 'tYj astpa 'touC; aXYj[.La'ttsOUv a7tOljJYj yta 'ta oYj[.Loata 7tpay[.La'ta xm AaW ~avoov a7tocpaastC; [.Ls ~aaYj 'ttc; 7tAYjpocpoptSC; 1tOU 'tooc; 7tapSXouv ot xa'tw'tspsC; ~a8[.Ltosc;. H Yjysata, Aomov, 'tou ypacpstoxpa'ttxoo [.LYjxavta[.Loo yvwptSSt 'tOY xoouo [.LEaa coto 'ttC; OO[.LEC; xm 'ttC; oWtXYj'ttXEC; U7tYjpsatsc; 'tou tOtou 'tou [.LYjxavta[.Loo yta'tL uovo au'tEC; s[.L7tta'tsos'tm. Ot xa'tw'tspsC; O[.LwC; ~a8[.Ltosc; sVYj[.LSpwvouv 'ttC; avw'tspsC; avacpoptxa [.LS 'tYjV xa'taa'taaYj 'twv 1tpay[.La'twv [.Ls ~aaYj 'ttc; s7ttaYj[.Lsc; a7totjJstC; xm apXEC; 7tOO or avw'tspsC; ~a8[.Ltosc; EXOUV xa8tspwast.
Ot apxsc; au'tsc; [.L7topd xrrrcore va ovrcoroxpwovruv a'tYjv xOtVWVtX~ rrpecv[.La'ttxo'tYj'ta. H xa'taa'taaYj o[.LWC; aAAaSst. E[.LcpavtSov'tm xmvoopta cpmvo[.Lsva 'ta ortot« osv Sp[.LYjvsoov'tm oure av'tt[.Ls'tw7tiSov'tm 7tAEOV o-rrx 1tAaiata 'twv xrx- 8tspw[.Lsvwv apxwv. T« avw'tspa xAt[.Laxta 'tou ypacpswxpa'ttxoo [.LYjxavta[.Loo 7tSpt[.LEVOUV a7to 'ta xa'tw'tspa 7tOU ~piaxov'tm syyo'tspa a'tYjv xowcovtrx v« 'touC; sVYj[.Lspwaouv yta 'ttC; SSsAiSStC;. T« 'tsAw'taLa O[.LWC; ssaxOAOUeOlJV v« sp[.LYjvsoouv 'tOY xoouo [.Ls ~aaYj 'ttC; 1tpoxa80pta[.Lsvsc; a1to 'tYjV YjysaLa ysvtXEC; apxsc; xm aV'ttA~tjJstc;, 'ttC; 07tOLSC; 8swpoov OSOO[.LEVSC; xm,auvs7twc;, oc:v 'ttC; 8s'touv U1tO oqrcpta~~'tYjaYj. «0 oWtxYj'ttxOC; u7taAAYjAoc; - c:7ttaYj[.LaCvst 0 K. Maps - 7tta'tsost o'tt 'to S~'tYj[.La rxv oAa EXOOV xaAwc; a'tYjv 7tSptcpspsta 'too acpopa 1tpw'ta oor' oAa 'to o» ao'toc; owtxd xaAwc; 'tYjv 7tSptcpEpSta. To o» O[.LwC; dvm xaMc; or apXEC; 'tYjC; otOLxYjaYjC; xm ot LOtOt or Beouot, au'to 'to 8s[.La OSV o7tays'tm a'tYjv ap[.Looto'tYj'ta 'tou. Auro 'to eE[.La [.L7tOPOOV vrx 'to xptvoov uovo 'ta avw'ta'ta xAt[.Laxta 7tOU otaeE'tOUV wpo'tspc:C; xrxt ruo ~a8tsc; yvwastc; axs'ttxa [.Ls 'tYjv s7ttaYj[.LYj cplJaYj 'twv 7tpay[.La'twv ... »:l. Ot aAAaytc;, Aomov, 7tOU aov'tC:AooV'tm a'tYjv xOtvWvLa sp[.LYjveuovrm crrrx 7tpoxa80pta[.LEVa S7tLaYj[.La 7tAatata, 07to'tc: 7tpoaAa[.L~avoV'tm [.Ls aV'tsa'tpa[.L[.Lsvo -7tapa[.Lopcpw'ttxO 'tp07to.
Trx xa'tw'tspa xAt[.Laxta 1tapouatasoov rrrrx avw'tspa [.Lta 7tAaa[.La'ttx~ etxov« 1:0U xoouou. T« avw'tc:pa Aa[.L~avouv a7tocpaastC; xm oiooov 'ttC; OXS'ttXEC; sV'toMC; crrrx xa'tw'tspa [.Ls ~aaYj au't~ 'tYj 1tAaa[.La'ttx~ etxov«. ~'tYjv 1tpaSYj or uev 7tapa7tAavoov aXOl)ata 'touC; OC: xm 1:ava1taAtv. 0 ypacpc:wxpa'ttxOC; [.LYjxavta[.LOc; ayxuAwvs'tm as [.Ltav 011.0 xat reeptooorepo tjJwo~ aV'tiAYjtjJYj yta 'tOY xoouo. «H
3. Map~ K. «H Sucofcoon TOU cvtunoxprtn ana TO MOSEAa», OTO: Map~ K., 'EVYKEAS <P. 'Epva, T. 1, 2- n pcoo, EKooon, MoOXa, 1955, oEA. 201
EIL:AmnI
YPOlCPs~OXpOl"r£Ol dvm EVOlC; XOXAOC; E~W Ol7tO 'tOY 07tOLO xOlvdC; OSV fl7topd VOl 7tYjo~as~. H ~SPOlPXLOl dvm ~SPOlPXtOl yvwaYjC;. To xscpaA~ sflma'tsl)s'tm o roor; XOlTW'tSpOUC; XOXAOUC; 'tYjv a7tmjJYj y~Ol 'to S7tL flEPOUC; xm or XOl'tw'tspOt Xl)XAOt, OlV'tLorpoo«. sflma'tsoov'tm 'to xscpaA~ as o't~ Olcpopa 'tYjv s7to7t'tdOl 'tou ysv~XOl), X~ erot OlAAYjAOXOl80ptSov'tm ot pOAOt»4. Oc; exrourou Yj YPOlCPStOxPOl'ttOl xavs~ a'tOlotaxa 'tYjv ~XOlvo'tYj'tOl VOl OlV't~flSTW7ttSS~ 'tOl xorvcovtxn 7tPO~A~flOl'tOl. 'O'tOlV OflwC; Ol7tOxOlA07t'ts'tm OlUT~ Yj OlV~XOlvo'tYj'tOl 'tYjC; otOtxYjaYjC; 'to'ts Yj 'tumx~ OlV'ttopOlaYj 'tYjC; YPOlcps~OXPOl'ttOlC; dvm d'ts VOl Ol7tomw7t~as~ 'tYjv 07tOlP~Yj 'tou 7tPO~A~flOl'tOC; d'ts VOl 8swp~as~ 'touC; 7tOAt'tSC; u7tso8uvooC; y~' «oro.
~oflcpwVOl fls 'tYj YPOlcps~OXPOl't~x~ OlV'ttAYjtjJYj ot U7t~xoOt 'tou xpa'touc; O~OlXPLvovrm as svsPyYj't~XOOC; x«t auvs~oYj't07tOLYjflSVOUC; Olm) 'tYj fl~Ol flsp~a xm as rtrxeYJ't~xooC; - flYj auvs~oYj't07tOtYjflsVouC; Ol7tO 'tYjv aAAYj. O~ 7tpw'tOt dvm xOl'taAAYjAOt yta VOl o~Otxoov xnt O~ oso'tspOt y~Ol VOl o~OtxooV'tOlL. O~ 7tPWTOt dvm cpopdC; 'tou xpcenxou - ysvtxOO aUflcpEpoV'tOC; svw ot OSl)-rSPOt 'tou cerojuxou. Km 7tpaYflOlct, YJ YPOlcps~OXPOl'tLOl ASt'toupyd wc; 0 eSflOl'tOCPOAOlXOlC; 'too ysvtxOO aOflcpEpoV'tOC; as fl~Ol XOtVWVtOl 07tOU XUP~OlPXOOV 'tOl Ol't0fltxa - totw'ttxa aUflCPEp0V'tOl. AvorpePOflsvoC; o-rov I'x. XSYXSA 0 K. MOlp~ 7tOl(JOl'tYjpd o'tt Yj YPOlcps~OXPOl'ttOl dvm Ol7to'toxYj 'tou otOlxwptafloo flS'tOl~O 'twv «S7tL flEPOOC; aUflcpspoV'twv» xm 'tou «xOleOA~xOO XOle' SOll>'tO xrxt at' enuro» aUflcpspov't0C;5.
H YPOlcps~OXPOl'tLOl sxcppaSSt 'to ysvtXO aUflcpSpoV wc; xa'tt Ol7toa7tOlaflSvo, a7tO~SVWflSVO Ol7tO 'to ccrourxo. To YSVtXO OflwC; as OlV'ttotOla'toA~ 7tpOC; 'to cerofltxO a'tspd'tm 7tSp~SXOflEVOU, dvm tjJWOWC; ysvtxo. ~s xa8s XOtVWVLOl 07tOU xuptapxd 0 OlV'tOlywv~aflC)C; 'twv Ol'tofltxwv aUflcpspoV'twv 'to 7tpo~aAMflsvo wC; ysv~xo - xorvo aUflcpspoV osv fl7topd 7tOlpa VOl dvm, OlVOl7tocpwx'tOl, EVOl 7tAOlaflOl'ttxo, 'tumxa ysv~xo aOflcpspoV. Ot as ySV~XOL XOlVOVSC; 'too YPOlcpstOXPOl'ttxoo flYjxavtafloo dvOl~ fl~Ol OlcpOltpsaYj Ol7tO 'tYjv 7tOAUfloPCPLOl 'twv xowcovixcov cpmvoflsvwV xm auvs7tWC; OSV fl7t0POOV VOl 7tOl(JOlxoAo08~aouv 'ttc; Olvayxsc; 'tYjC; XOtVWVLOlC;. H 7tpOa~AwaYj o-r«; OlPXSC; 'too YPOlcpstOxPOl'ttxoo aua't~flOl'toC; auvs7tays'tm flOtPOltOl 'tYjv 'tU7toAOl'tpdOl. Ti' OlO'to 'to AOYO 0 K. MOlp~ smaYjflOltVSt o't~ «H "YPOlcpstOXPOl'ttOl" dVOlt 0 "7tOAmXOC; CPOPflOlAtafl0C;" 'tYjC; XOtVWVLOlC; -rcov -~o~W'tWV »6.
H 7tpOa~AwaYj 'tYjC; YPOlcpstOxPOl'ttOlC; o-ro 'tomxo YSVtxo aOflcpSpoV, 0 CPOPflOlAta't~xoc; 'tYjC; XOlPOlx't~POlC; aYjflOltvoUV S7tLaYjC; fl~OlV 07toxOl'taa'tOlaYj 'tYjC; OUaLOlC; 'tOU otOtXYj't~XOl) spyou a7to 'touC; 't07tOOC;, 'tWV OlAYj8tvwv xorvcovixcov a'toxwv Ol7tO o roXOUC; 7tAOlaflOl'ttXOOC;, aYjflOlLVOUV 'tYj fls'tOl'tP07t~ 'tYjC; YPOlcpstOxPOl'ttx~C; 'tl)7tOAOlTPLOlC; as ourooxorro. «H YPOlCPStOXPOl'tLOl 8swpd 'tOY eccoro 'tYjC; orxv 'tOY saxOl'to oxorco 'tOU xpa'touc;. KOl8wC; Yj YPOlCPStOxPOl'ttOl xavs~ 'touC; "'tumxooc;" 'tYjC; o roXOUC; 7tSptSXOflSVO 'tYjC;, spxs'tm 7tOlV'tOO as aoyxpouaYj fls 'touC; "7tpayflOl'ttxOOC;"
4. Maps K. KpITIKn me; EyEAravlle; cpIAoaocpfac; tou Kpawuc; teat tou olKafou, EKO. TIanasnon, A9nva,1978, OEA. 84-85
5.0. n, OEA. 83
6.0. rr.
19
20
To <PAINOMENO THI [PMIEIOKPATIAI KAI H KOINnNIKH <PYIH THI ED::~
'tYjS a'toxous. ELvm aovaxOAo08a avayxaa[.LEvYj va 7taLpVE~ 'tOY 'tl)7tO y~a 7tEp~EXO[.LEVO xm 'to 7tEP~EXO[.LEVO y~a 't07to. O~ aX07tOL 'too XP(X'touS aAAaSouV os oxo- 7tOOS ypwpdou xm O~ aX07tOL ypwpdoo oe aX07tOl)S Kpa'tot)s»i.
H ypacpEwxpa'tLa, xa'ta 'tooS xAamxoos 'tou [.LapS~a[.Loo, OE 8a U7tapXE~ mwv~a. Mast [.LE 'tYjv ESacpav~aYj 'twv 'taSEwv,'tOU 07t000UAW't~XOl) xa'ta[.LEp~a[.Loo EpyaaLas xm 'too xpa'tous 8a Esacpav~a8d xrxt a01;~. '07tWS oYjAWVE~ 0 K. Maps «Ka'tapyYjaYj 'tYjS ypacpEtOxpa'tLas aYj[.LaLVEt o-n 'to xa80AtXO aU[.LcpEpoV 8a YLVEt 7tpay[.La'tLxO E7tL [.LEpOUS aU[.LcpEpOV ... »8. 0 XO[.L[.LOt)Vta'tLxOs [.LE'taaXYj[.La'tLa[.LOS LYjS xmVWVLas 8a aV'tLxa'taa't~aEt 'to [.LYjxaVLa[.LO O~OLxYjaYjS aV8pW7tCilV coto 'to [.LYjxaVLa[.LO otaxdptaYjS 7tpay[.La'twv - 7tapaywytXWV otao~xaatwv.
'Ooov acpopa 'twpa 'tYj ~E[.L7tEptaV~ 8EWpta 'tYjS ypacpEwxpa'tLas au't~ ouvoEE'tm [.LE 'tYjv aV'ttAYjtVYj 'tOU M. BE[.L7tEP yta 'ta doYj 'tWV VO[.LL[.LWV (legitimate) ESoumwv. 0 LOWS otaXptvEt LpLa doYj: LYjV 7tapaooatax~, 'tYj xapta[.La'ttx~ xm 'tYj VO[.Lt[.LYj (legal) - EAAOYYj ESot)ata. H 7tapaooatax~ ESOOata a7tOppEEt coro 'tYjV rtta'tYj a'tYj VO[.LL[.Lo'tYj'ta xrxt rrrov repo xapax't~pa 'twv xa'tEa'tYj[.LEVWV coto 7taA~a ESOOatWV xm a'tYjpLSE'tm rrrrx ~8Yj. aLYjV 7tapaooaYj.a1:Yj auv~8Eta os aoyxExpL[.LEVO 't07tO aU[.L7tEptcpopas. H xapta[.La'ttx~ EsouaLa a7tOppEEt a7tO 'tYjV E[.L7tta'toaovYj O'ttS EsmpE'ttxES apE'tES 'tou YjyE'tYj. H EAAOYYj ESot)aLa. rcou EOW [.Las EVotacpEpEt 7tEptaao'tEpo. dvm au't~ a'tYjv 07tOLa 'ta a'to[.La urmxououv oXt aE xarroux 7tpoaw7ttxo'tYj'ta aAAa o-rooc VO[.Lot)S, aE 'tU7ttXOOS, oYjAao~, EAAOYOOS xnVOVES. ~O[.LCPO'tYj [.LE au'to 'to ELOOS ESOl)atas dvm Yj ypacpEtOxpa'tLa.
rpacpEtoxpa'tLa,xaLa 'tOY M. BE[.L7tEP, aYj[.LaLvEL LO [.LEao YLa 'tYj [.LE1:a'tpo7t~ 'tYjS xOtvwvtx~s opaaYjS oe op80Aoytxa opyavw[.LEvYj opaaYj. ~'t0 cpatvO[.LEVO 'tYjS ypacpEtOXpa'tLas 0 LOWS otaXpLVEt LYjV 'taaYj yta ESop80Aoyta[.LO 'tYjS xmvwvLx~S Sw~S 7tOO, xa'ta 'tYj YVW[.LYj -rou, xapax'tYjptsEt 'tYjV E7tOX~ 'tou Xa7tt'taAta[.LOO at)vOAtxa: « ... 0 Xa7tt'taA~a[.LOs sLvm Yj 7tt0 op80AoytX~ O~XOVO[.Ltx~ ~aaYj yta 'tYj ypacpEwxpa'ttx~ owLxYjaYj»9. Os ESop80Aoyta[.LO 0 M. BE[.L7tEP evvost 'tYj xpYjm[.Lo- 7totYjaYj 'twv yvwaEwv yta 'tYjv E7tL'tEUSYj EVOS E7tt8u[.LYj'too oxorcou. «Fpcepetoxpa1:tx~ owtxYjaYj aYj[.LaLVEt ouataa'ttxa 'tYjV aaxYjaYj EAEYXOU [.LE ~aaYj 'tYj yvwaYj. Auro dvm 'to a'tmxdo rrou 'tYjV xavEt op80AoytX~»1tJ. H xa'tox~ 'tEXVtXWV yvwaEWV aAAa xm E[.L7tEtpLas 7tOU 7tYjyaSEt coro SEXWptaLOos 'to[.LdS EvotacpEp0V't0S a7tO'tEAoov 'to a'tmxdo U7tEPOX~S 'tYjS ypacpEwxpa'ttas.
OM. BE[.L7tEP EtaYjyd'tat Eva tOEa'to 't07tO 'tYjS ypacpEwxpa'tLas o-rov 07tOLO aU[.L7tEptAa[.L~avoV'tm auyxExpt[.LEVa 'tu7ttxa yvwpLa[.La'ta. 'Eva a7to La 7tMov aYj[.LaV'tLxa dvm 0 xa'ta[.LEpta[.LOs 'tYjS EpyaaLas xm Yj ESEtoLxwaYj 'twv ap[.Loow't~'twv. Trx xa8~xoV'ta 'tYjS xa8E 8EaYjS, 07tWS xm ot otao~xaatES otEX7tEpaLWa~s
7.0. n., OE,," 84
8. 0. n., oEA. 86
9. Weber Max, The Theory of Social and Economic Organization, The Free Press, New York, 1964, oEA. 338
10.0. n., oEA.339
ElumfH
'toue;, dvat aua'tYjpa 7tpoaOtOpLaflEva.
AAAO aYjflaV'tLXO mOLxdo dvaL Yj LspapXLX~ oOfl~ 'tOO ypacpstOXpa'tLXOO flYjxaVLafloo, xa'tL 7t00 SSaacpaALSSL 'tOY EAEyXO 'tYje; Ecpapfloy~e; 'tuN a7tocpaaEWV. E7tLaYje;,oL svooypacpSLoxpa'tLXEe; aXEaELe; EXOOV 'tU7tLXO Xat a7tpoaW7tO xapax't~pn. OL aXEaSLe; 7tpO'la'taflEVWV - ucpLa'taflEVWV xa80pLSOV'tat a7t' 'tYj cpoaYj 'tWV apflOOtO't~'tWV 7tOU a7tOppEOUV a7tO 'tLe; aV'tLa'tOLXSe; OLOLXYj'tLXEe; 8EaSLe; xat 0XL a7tO 'tLe; 7tpOaW7tLXEe; E7tL8uflLSe; - S7tLOLWsELe; 'tWV a'toflwv 7t00 'tLe; xa'tExoov. IIpO~AE- 7tS'tat OE Yj ypa7t't~ 'tSXflYjpLwaYj 'tWV OLOLXYj'tLXWV SVSPYSLWV.
H avaAYj~Yj 8EaYje; Xat Yj aVEALSYj mYjv LspapXLa YLVOV'tat flS ~aaYj 'ta rtpooovr« Xat 'tLe; S7tLOOaELe; 'tOO xa8svoe;. 0 OtOLXYj'tLXOe; flYjxaVLaflOe; a'tSAEXWVS'tat a7tO SSSLOLXSUflEVO Xat xa'tap'tLaflEVO S7tayysAfla'tLXO 7tpoaW7tLXO YLa 'to 07tOLO 'to OLOLXYj'tLXO EPYO dvat Yj flOVYj ~ Yj xopLa a7taaxOAYjaYj. OL U7taAAYjAOL Aafl~avouv aUYXEXpLflEVYj aflOL~~ YLa 'tYjV spyaaLa 't00e; Xwp[e; va dvat LOtOX't~'tse; 'tWV 07tYjpWLaxwv 't00e; 8EaEWV. aAAa OO'tS Xat LOLOX't~'tSe; flEawv 7tapaywy~e;.
Ka'ta 'tOY M. BEfl7tSP OL ypacpStOxpa'tLEe; dvat opyavwasLe; OL 07tOLEe; evorofla'tWVOUV 'ta 7tapa7taVW op80AoyLxa a'tOLxda 7tPOXSLflEVOO vrx UA07tOL~aOOV a7tO'tSAsafla'tLxa 'tOUe; aX07tOOe; 'toue;!!. H a7tO'tSAEafla'tLXO'tYj'ta o-ro EPYO 'toue;.Ssat'tLae; 'tou Op80AOYLXOO 't00e; xapax't~pa. SSXWPLSSL 'tLe; ypacpEtOXpa't[Ee; a7tO ne; opyavwasLe; -cou 7tapEA8ov't0e;.
H ypacpStOXpa'tLa dvaL a7tapaL'tYj'tYj xat ava7t0cpsox'tYj, 7tPOXSLflEVOU v« OLSX7tspatw8d 'to OtOLXYj'tLXO EPYO a'tLe; aoyxpovse; aov8~xse;. KL rxv axoflYj Yj SSooaLa ava'tpS7to'tav coto flLav E7taVaa'taaYj ~ xa'taAafl~aVO'tav a7tO evov ESW'tSPLXO sX8po 0 ypacpstOxpa'tLXOe; flYjxaVLaflOe; 8a aOVEXLSE v« ASL'toupyd 07tWe; Xat a'tYjv 7tPOYjYOl)flSVYj VOflLflYj sSouaLa. AAAa Xat a'tYjv 7tEpL7t'twaYj 7tOU syxa8Lopuo'tav Eva aOataALa'tLxo XOLVWVLXO aoa'tYjfla, erpooov ao'to 8a a7toaxo7tooas as xa7totO S7tL7tSOO 'tSXVLX~e; a7to'tsAsafla'tLxo'tYj'tae;, 8a aVE7t'toaas o7twao~7to'ts evov SSSLOLXSOflEVO ypacpstOxpa'tLxo flYjxavLaflol2.
8a 7tpE7tEL sow v« aYjflsLwaouflE O'tL Yj ypacpEtOxpa'tLa a'tYjv 07tOLa avacpEps'taL 0 M. BEfl7tSP ~'tav cpuatxa Evae; Losa'tOe; 't07t0e;. E7tPOXEL'tO, oYjAao~, YLa Eva VOYj'tLXO xa'taaxEoaafla xrxt 0XL YLa 'tYjV 1tSpLypacp~ flLae; EflTCSLpLX~e; 7tpayfla'tLxo'tYj'tae;. 0 Losa'toc; 't07t0e; dvaL Eva 8SWPYj'tLXO aX~fla, Eva 7tAaLatO 'tU7tLXWV yvwpLafla'twv flLae; 1tpaYfla'tLxo'tYj'tae; 7tOU XPYjatflO1tOLd'tat we; flEao YLa 'tYj flsAE'tYj au't~ e;.
Qa'toao,Oflwe;, Yj ~Sfl7tSpLaV~ 8swpYjaYj 'tYje; ypacpStOXpa'tLae;, Ea'tW XL rxv avacpEpS'taL as Losa'tO 't07t0, OSV dvaL aTCaAAaYflEVYj a7tO Efl1tSLpLXa aYjflda avacpopae;, oure 8a fl7topOOas aAAWa'ts v« dvat, erpooov Yj xa8s yvwaYj 7tYjyaSSL, as 'tEAw'taLa avaAuaYj, a7tO 'tYjV Sfl7tSLpLa. H 1tSpLypacp~ 'tYje; ypacpstOxpa'tLae; 7t00 OLVEL 0 M. BEflTCSP a7tOppESL aTCO 'tYjV 7tpOaAYj~Yj flLae; auyXSXpLflEVYje; La'topLXOXOLVWVLX~e; .7tpaYfla'tLXO'tYj'tae;, 'tYje; xscpaAatOxpa'tLX~e;. IIpaYfla'tL, a'tYjv
11. BA. '0. n., o£A. 337
12. BA. '0. n., meA. 338
21
22
To <PAJNOME~O THL fl'A<DEJOKPATIAL KAI H KOI~n~JKH <PYIH TI-n:: EL:L:l1
S1tOX~ 'tYje; xsepaAmoxpa'ttae; sXOU[.Ls yta 1tpw'tYj epopa <J'tYjv «rroptrx [Ha <Jaep~ oLaxpL<JYj 'too 1tOAL'tLXOO S1tOLXOOO[.L~[.La'toe; a1to 'tYjv OtxOVO[.LLX~ ~a<JYj xm 'tuN 1tP0<JW1tLXWV - <JUYYSVLXWV <JXS<JSWV cerro 'tLe; 1tOAmXSe; xm OtXOVO[.LtXSS <JxS<JSLe;. IIapaAAYjAa. Yj S1tLOtWSYj 'tOU [.Lsyt<J-WU XspOOue; a1tm'td 'tYjV op80AoytXl] xm eoro'tsAS<J[.La'ttx~ opyavw<JYj 'tYje; 1tapaywy~e;. 'tOUAaXt<J'tOv <J't0 S<JW'tSptXO 'tWV ovrrxYWVtSO[.LSVWV xa1tL1:aAt<J'ttxWv <Juyxpo'tYJ[.La'twv.
I1sptypaepov'tas 1:Yj ypaepswxpa'tta 0 M. BS[.L1tSp 1tsptypaepst <J'tYj ooot« 'to 1tOAmxo S1tOtxooo[.LYj[.La 1:Yje; xsepaAmoxpa'ttae;. Yj 1tsptypaep1j -rou O[.Lwe; au't~ eivrxt SSmps'ttxa [.LOVO[.Lsp~e; xm We; SX'tOl)-rOU 1tapa[.Lopepw'ttx~. 0 M. BS[.L1tSp rtrxpayvwptSSt 'tOv a1t0SSVW'ttXO xapax't~pa 'tYje; ypaepstoxpa'ttae;, 'tOv S'tsp01tPO<JOWPt<J[.LO «urou 'tOU [.LYjxavt<J[.LOO a1tO 'tYjV 'tastx~ Otatps<JYj x«t a1tO 'tOV xa80Atxo av'taYWVt<J[.LO 1t00 otaxptVOUV 'tYjV Xa1tL'taAt<J'ttX~ xorvcovtn. ~1:a 't01tLxa Xapax'tYjpt<J'ttxa 'tYje; ypaepstoxpa1:tae; 1tOU 1tsptypaepst 0 M. BE[.L1tSp OSV avaepEpovrm [.Lsptxa Sst<JOU 'tU1tLxa xapax1:Yjpt<J'ttxa. 01tWe; dvm Yj t<J01tSOW<JYj - 'tU1tO- 1tOtYj<JYj 'tYje; 1tpO<JW1tLxo'tYj'tae; o-rrx ypavasta 'tOU [.LYjxavt<J[.LOO, 0 VS1tO'tt<J[.LCle; xm 0 xaptspt<J[.LOe;, Yj otaep80pa, Yj 'tU1tOAa'tpta, Yj Xuptapxta 'tYje; pourtvc«; xrxt Yj S1tLXStpYjatax~ oO<Jxa[.LljJta. E1tt<JYje;. OSV avayvwptSs'tm xa[.Lta ouva'to'tYj'ta xrxt rrpo- 01t'ttX~ U1tEp~a<JYJe; 't0l) ypaepswxpa'ttxOO epmvo[.LSVOU.
o tosa'toe; 't01tOe; 'tYje; ypaepswxpa'ttae; 1tOU St<JYjyd'tat 0 M. BE[.L1tSp a1to'tsAd ava[.Lept~OAa [.Ltav sstoavtxw<J~ 'tYje; Xat yt' «oro 'to Myo dvm axa'taAAYjAOe; yta 'tov evromouo xm 'tYj [.LSAS'tYj 'twv s<Jw'tsptxwv 'tYje; av'ttepa<Jswv. AAAW<J'ts 0 ~s[.L1tsptaVOe; tosa'toe; 'tll1tOe;, ev YEvSt, we; spyaAdo xOtVWvwAoytx~e; spwvaS. eivat a<Jl)[.L~a'toe; [.Ls 'tYjv svvowAoytX~ ava7Capa<J'ta<JYj 'tYjS av'ttepa'ttxo'tYj1:aS 'twv xorvcovrxcov <JXE<Jswv. Au't~ Yj aouva[.Lta [.LSAE'tYje; - xa'tavoYj<JYje; 'tYje; av'ttepa'ttxo- 1:Yj'tae; 'twv epmvo[.Lsvwv oOYjyd <J'tYj uovouepeux xm o rov SXASX'ttXt<J[.Lo,<J1:Yjv au- 8atps'tYj S1tLAoy~ S[.LTIstptxwv <J'tOtXdwv xm <J'tYjv ayopata sp[.LYjvEta 'toue;.
H ota<J'ta<JYj 'tou ~s[.L1tsptavoo tosa'too 'tll1tOl) 'tYjS ypaepswxpa'ttae; [.Ls 'tYjv TIpay[.La'ttxo'tYj'ta oO~yYj<Js apyo'tspa <JS 1tSpt<J<Jo'tspo vYjepaAtSe; 8swp~<Jste; 'tou ypaepswxpa'ttXOl) epmvo[.LEvoU. l1apa'tYjpd'tm [.Lta [.Ls'taxtvYj<JYj aTIo 'tte; ~S[.LTISptavEe; tOESe; 1tSpt op80AoytXo'tYj'tae; 'tou ypaepswxpa'ttxoo [.LYjxavt<J[.Loo <JS 1tL0 pSaAt<J'ttxEe; TIP0<Jsyyt<JSte; TIOl) 8SWPOllV 'tYj ypaepstoxpa'tta sva «rpuotxo <Jo<J'tYj[.La».'to 01tOtO <Juvouasst <J'tOtXda op80Aoytxa xm avop80AoytXa, 'tu1tLxa xoa a'tu1ta,<Juvm<J8Yj[.La'ttxa OuoE'tspa xrxt TIp0<Jw1tLxa. 0 a[.Lsptxavoe; xOtVWvtOAoyoe; P. Meprov EOW<JS totat'tsPYJ E[.Lepa<JYj <J't0 <J'tOtXdo 'tYjS OU<JASt'toupytae; TIOU xapax'tYJptSSt 'tYj ypaepswxpa'tta1:l• H aU<J'tYjp~ l)TIaywy~ 'tou «rouou <J'toue; ccrrpo<JWTIOUe; xavovse; Xat oLaotxa<JtSe; 'tou ypaepswxpa'ttxoo [.LYjxavt<J[.Loo EXSL oo» aTIo'tEAs<J[.La 'tYj [.Ls'ta'tpo1t~ au'twv 'tWv xovovcov <JS «urooxono. Auro. oYjAao~. 1tOU 8swpd'tat [.LE<JO yta 'tYjV S1tt'tWSYj xaTIOWU <JXOTIOO (YJ tspapxta. Yj TIst8apXta, or sv'toMe; X.ATI.) oTIoxa8t<J'ta 'tsAtxa 'tov aAYj8tvo <JXOTIo. 0 epop[.LaAL<J[.LOe;
13. BA. Merton K. R., "«Bureaucratic structure and personality», in: Reader in bureaucracy, The free Press, New York.
EIIAmrH
avaYE'ta~ oe ouot« 'tou ow~xYJ't~XOU spyou. ~l)flcpwva Aomov flE 'tOV P. Meprov a'to tpyo EVOe; ypacpEwxpa't~xou flYJxav~aflou 'to a'tOtxdo 'tYJS a1W'tEAEafla't~xo'tYJ'tae; auvunapXE~ flE «uro 'tYJe; ouaAE~'toupytae;.
ME 'to npor:3AYJfla 'tYJe; ouaAE~'toupy£ae; 'tou ypacpELOxpa't~XOl) flYJxavwflou aaxoAY)8YJXE xa~ 0 raAAOe; EpWVYJ'tY)e; M. KpOS~E14. 0 tOWe; 8EWpd 'tYJ ypacpELOxpa't~xY) ouaAE~'toupy(a 'tou xpa't~xou flYJxav~aflOu ~amx6 xptotcoco cpatVOflEVO 'YJe; aUYXPOVYJe; xOtvWvtae;. KEV'tP~XO aYJfldo EVOe; ow~xYJ'T~XOU flYJxav~aflOU dva~ 'to aumYJfla AY)ljJYJe; anocpaaEwv. E~a~'ttae; Oflwe; 'tYJe; ypacpEwxpa't~xonOtYJaY)e; 'TOU 'TO O!)a'tYJfla «uro EY~VE E~a~pE't~xa nEptnAOxo xat oUaXafln'TO. H ouaAE~'tOupyta au'TY) 'tou aua'Ty)fla'TOe; ant vtx urtovoueuet Ev~axuE~ 'tEA~xa 'TO ypacppoxpa'T~XO flYJxav~aflO. E~E'TasOV'tae; 'to yaAA~xo ypacpEwXpa'T~xo flOV'tSAO 0 M KpOS~E Xa'TaAY)YE~ o-ro aUflnspaafla 'tYJe; unap~YJe; Ol)O E~OWV E~OUatae;: fl~ae; EntaYJflYJe; Xat fl~as napaAAYJAYJe;. H npw'TYJ AE~'toupyd flE ~aaYJ 'TOUe; xa8~EpwflEVOUe; -crnaYJfloue; xaVOVEe; xa~ aXEaE~e; ~Epapxtae;. H napaAAYJAYJ ESOUata Eflcpav£sE'ta~ we; naptxxA~aYJ ano 'tYJv EntaYJflYJ. oe exetvouc 'toue; 'tOflde; ortou unapXE~ cotpooowp~a'tta xa~ dvat aouva'To vo: npO~AEcp8d YJ aUflnEp~cpopa 'TWV av8pwnwv. L'tYJV npa~YJ. YJ napaAAYJAYJ au'ty) ESOUata Ev~axuE~ 'Co ypacpEwXpa'T~xo flYJxav~aflO O~O'T~ AE~'TOupyd we; owp8w'T~x6e; napayovcae; rcou O~WXOAUVE~ 'tYJv npoaapfloyy) 'TOU flYJXavWflOl) a'T~e; aAAayte; 'TOU xorvcovixou nEp~~aAAOVCOe;. Tau'ToXPova, YJ EVtaxuaYJ au'tY) flE'TacppasE'Ta~ oe fle:yaAu'tEPYJ o~oyxwaYJ 'TOU flYJxav~aflou.aE Eflcpav~aYJ nOAAwv xevrpcov ypacpEwXpa'T~xY)e; E~OUatae; xa'T~ rtou ouaXEpatVE~ «xo[lYJ 7tEp~aaO'TEpO 'tYJv EmxOtvWVta flE'TaSl) 'twv aVW'TEpWV xat 'TWV Xa'TW'TEpWV XA~[laxtwv. Os [lClVYJ o~tsooo an6 au'ty) 'tYJ xa'TamaaYJ 0 ;\1. KpOS~E ~MnE~ 'TOV ESop80Aoy~aflo Xat Exauyxpov~afl6 'TOU ypacpEwXpa'T~xou flYJxav~aflOl).
Mi« o~acpopE'T~XY) 8EWpta nEpt ypacpEwXpa'Ttae; 1tapoua(aaE a'T~e; apxte; 'TOU 200u atwva 0 POflnEP'T MtXEAe;l~'. ~uflcpwva flE 'TYJv anoljJy) 'TOU nEp[ «moYJpOl) vo[lou 'TYJe; oA~yapXtae;" YJ ypacpELOxpanxOnotYJaYJ 'TWV al)YXPOVWV opyavwaEwv oOYJyd mYJ auyxsvcpwaYJ 'TYJe; E~Ouatae; ma xsp~a fl~ae; o~OtxYJ't~xY)e; oA~yapxtae;. To aVanO'TpEn'TO «uro cpa~v6flEvO aUVOEE'Ta~ flE 'TYJv av~xavO-tYJ'ta rcov anAwv flEAWV 'twv opyavwaEwv vtx xa'Tavoy)aouv 'Ta o~apxwe; au~av6flEVYJe; nOAUnAOXO'TYJ'Tae; ow~xYJ'T~xa 8Sfla'Ta. To anO'TEAEafla dvat YJ o~aflopcpwaYJ fl~ae; ow~xYJ'T~xY)e; EAt'T. AmY) xa'tEXE~ 'T~e; E~o~xte; yvwaE~e; aAAa xat 'Ta flsaa EmxOtvWvtae; - 1tAYJpocpopYJaYJe;, flE 'TYJ ~oY)OE~a 'TWV ortotcov XE~paywyd 'T~e; flaSES Xat avanapaYE~ 'TYJv E~OUata 'tYJe;. 0 P. MtxEAe; 8EWpd O'T~ 'TO ypacpEwxpa'T~x6 cpatvOflEVO fl1Wpd [l6vo vo: 1tEpwp~a8d y~a fl~xpa xpov~xa o~amy)fla'Ta ano 'to oYJfloxpa't~x6 aywva 'TWV flaSwV XWptS Oflwe; vo: dvat ECP~X'ty) YJ E~aAE~ljJY) 'TOU.
A vacpop~xa flE 'Ta flE80ooAoy~xa nAa£ma flEM'TYJe; 'TOU ypacpELOXpa'T~Xou cpatvOflEVOU 8a 8sAaflE, aUflnEpaafla'T~xa. vo: EmaYJflavouflE op~aflEva nAEOvE-
14. BA, Crozier Michel, The bureaucraric phenomenon, The University of Chicago Press, 1964
15. BA. MiXfAC; P., KOlvwvlOAoyfa TWV lIOAITlKWV KOj1j1QTWV am aU)Xpovn onj1oKparfa, fKO, Ivoxm, A9riva, 1997
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To <PAINOMENO Tm:: rPA<t>EIOKPATIA2:: KAI H KOINONIKH <PITH Tm:: ELLll
X'T1jfla'ta 'tYJC; flap~~m~x1jc; 8EWpCac;. Trx nAEOVEX't1jfla'Ta au'tcX anOppEOUV. rtpco'tCO'TWC;, am) 'tYJV xpmx1j E~E'TaoYJ 'tOU EV AOYW 8Efla't0C;. XcX'T~ rrou ETIt'TpEnE~ 'TYJV anoxcXAuljJYJ 'tOU aAAo'tp~w't~XOO xapax't1jpa 'TYJC; ypacpEwxpa'tCac;. Me:ycXAYJC; OYJflaoCac; dv<Xt, EnCoYJC;. YJ flap~~m~x1j avaywy1j 'TOU ypacpEwXpa'T~XOl) cpawoflEvoU OE ~a8lhEpEC; xOWWV~XEC; OXEOE~C; xm an~cpcXoE~C;. H avaywy1j au't1j anO'TpEnE~ 'tYJ CPE'T~X~O'T~x1j anooox1j 'tYJC; ypacpEwXpa'T~x1jc; E~Ol)OCaC; WC; xa80p~0'T~XOU napavovr« 'TYJC; xmvwv~x1jc; sw1jC;. 'E'Tm yCVE'T<Xt ECP~X'T1j YJ avaxaAuljJYJ 'TWV npaYfla'T~xwv xOWWV~XOLO'tOp~xwv ouv8YJxwv YEVVYJOYJC;, avanapaywy1jc; 'tou cpmvoflEvoU xa8wc; xa~ 'TWV npoun08EoEwV E~cXAE~ljJ1jC; 'Tou. Autre, Aomov, 'Ta flE8000AOy~XcX nAEOvEx't1jfla'Ta 'TOU flap~wfloo 8a npoona81j00uflE vo: a~LOnOt1joouflE xa'TcX 'T'tJV E~E'TaoYJ 'TYJC; OO~~E'tLX1jC; ypacpEwxpa'tCac;.
AC; OYJflELwoouflE. napEflnm'Tonwc;, O'TL EXAafl~avouflE 'TO OO~tE'tLXO xpcX'tOC; wC; anmpOOWnEU'TLXO OAWV 'TWV xpa'Twv 'tou «unapx'too oomaALoflou» xaL. WC; EX'TOO'TOU.OL ETIt0YJflavoELC; flac; YLa 'TO OO~LE'TLXO Xa8EO'TWC; acpopoov xm 'ta Amna ofloLa flE au'TO Xa8EO'TW'Ta. ECvaL avayxaCo, EnCoYJC;, vo. OLEUXpLV[oouflE O'TL OEV «rrooxozrooue OE flLa YEVLX1j npaYfla'twoYJ 'TOU XOLVWVLXOO OUO'T1jfla'TOC; 'tYJC; npwYJv E~~Ll. ~'TYJ flEM'tYJ aU'T1j 8a E~E'tcXoouflE 'TYJ OXEOYJ 'TOU cpmvoflEvoU 'TYJC; ypacpEwXpa'T[ac; flE 'TYJV xmvwvLx1j cpooYJ 'TOU OO~tE'TtXOU Xa8EO'TW'T0C;. LlEv rrpoXEL'T<Xt vo: oLEpwv1joOUflE 'TYJV LO'TOPLX1j nopda 'TYJC; ~O~~E'TLX1jC; 'EvwoYJC;, Exstvo rtou flac; Evo~acpEpEL dvm YJ E~aywy1j oPLOflEVWV flE8000AOYLXOU xapax'T1jpa ouflnEpaoflcX'twv avacpopLxcX flE 'TLC; anLcpcXoELC; 'TYJC; OO~LE'TLX1jC; xmvwvtac; x<xt 'TYJ OuvcXcpELa flE'ta~o 'tou ypacpEwxpa'tLxoo cpmvoflEvoU x<xt 'TWV aV'tLcpaoEwv au'Twv. ~' aU'Ta 'Ta nAaCOta 8a ETItXELp1jOOUflE 'tYJV xpmx1j E~E'TaoYJ oPLOflEVWV ano 'ttc; nMov oLaoEooflEVEC; anoljJELC; En[ 'TOU OUYXEXPLflEVOU 8Efla't0C; (onwc; au'twv 'tou A. TPO'tOXL, T. KALCP, K. Kamop~cXoYJ, M. TsCAac;. M. Booxsvoxu x.o), OL ono[EC; e:tvaL EVOELX'TLXEC; 'TOU 'Tponou EpflYJve:tac; o1jflEpa ano nOAAooc; 'TYJC; ouvcXp'tYJoYJC; 'TOU ypacpELoXpa'TLXOO cpaLvoflEvOU flE 'TYJV XOLVWVLX1j cpooYJ 'tYJC; E~~Ll.
IOLat'TEPYJ 0YJflao[a EXOUV OL anoljJELC; 'tou A. Tp0'TOXL. 0 orroto.; un1jp~E Evac; ano 'TOUC; npW'TEpya'TEC; xaL xopucpa(ouc; YJYE'tEC; 'tYJC; Ox'tw~pLav1jc; EnavcXo'TaoYJC; aAAcX XL Evac; ano 'tOUC; npw'TOUC; xaL OYJflaV'tLXO'TEPOUC; ELOYJYYJ'TEC; 'TYJC; cXnoljJYJC; nEpC 'tOU ypacpEwXpa'T~XOO - napaomxoo xapaXT1jpa 'TYJC; OO~LE'tLX1jC; E~Ouotac; (coro 'tYJV nEptOOO 'TOU O'TaALVLXOO 0EpflLOWP xm flE'TcX). H xpmx1j rcou 0 A. Tpo'tOXL aOXYJOE O'TYJ OO~LE'tLX1j ypacpEwXpa'Tta E'tUXE OLE8vooC; OLcXOOOYJC; xm anO'TEAWE, EV nOAAOCc;, 'tYJ 8EWPYJ'TLX1j ~aoYJ YLa 'TYJv avan'tu~YJ 'TOU 'TPO'TOXLO'TLXOO LOEOAOYLxonOAmxoo PEOfla'tOC;. EnLOYJC;, aU'T1j YJ xpmx1j E1tYJpEaOE ~aeO'ta'Ta nOAMC; cXAAEC; E~ aptO'tEpWV xpmxEC; npooe:yy[OEtc; 'TOU OO~tE'ttxOO Xa8EO'TW't0C;, or onoCEC; Eflcpavt08YJxav apyO'tEpa. ~uvEnwc;, dvat AOYLXO vo: E~E'TaOOuflE npW'Ta 'tLC; anoljJELC; 'tOU A. Tp0'tOXL.
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M ttopei va OU/)Sr::l xaveic; rov -toaoo. va OlWSr::l roue; roupAlxaOr::e;. va OlWSr::l roue; xanvtasurdc; Auro eueic; ro xavcqie. 'Of1.We; or::v urcopeic; «va OlWsr::le;» rr; yparpr::wxpar{a oe uta o:yporlx~ xwpa, or::v uscooet; «va rr;v r::SaAd</Jr::le; coto -ta TrPOOWTrO rr;e; yrje;». M ttopek; uovo f1.r:: pux ap~, eniuovn oouAr::la va rr; uetcaoetc;
B. I. AivlV
1'1 Maio». «O: epvaiec Oev ixovv tincts va Xa(Jovv, napa uovo tu; a,\vuiOeC; TOV~·. 'Exovv, 6JliJJ~', va KcpO((Jovv wv 1C6a/10 oA6d;1I)()>>
( M ap~, 'E vYKd~) A '!,zaa wv 1919
KEct>AAAIO 1
01 ATIO'YEII: TOY A. TPOTI:KI rIA TH I:OBIETIKH I'PAct>EIOKPA TIA KAI THN KOI~QNIKH ct>YI:H THI: EI:I:1l
• T a aitux TOU ypaqJcwxpaTtXOU tpca lJOf1ilJOU
O A. Tporoxt CXCPlEPWOE EVCX fleyaAo flEpOe; 'TOU EPYOU 'TOO, XUpLWe; flE- 'Ta 'TYj cpuy~ 'TOU CX1tO 'TYjV EI:I:Ll. O'TYjV 1tpoo1taElwx vo: a1tOXCXAl)4>El xm vo: xa'TayyEiAEl 'TO «yeyovoe;» 1tWe; flE'Ta 'TYj VLXYj 'TYje; OX'TW~plaV~e; ErrrxvnmaoYJe; YJ E~ouoLa O'TO OO~lE'TlXO Xp(XcOe; 1tEpaOE,O'TaOlaxeX,O'Tcx XEpla EVOe; lOlaL'TEpOU XOlVWVlXOU o'Tpwfla'TOe;. 'TYJe; ypcxcpElOXpa'TLae;.YJ 01tOLa, we; flla VEa xrx'TamEO'TlX~ xao'Ta,apXloE vo. U1tOVOflEUEl 'Tle; XOWWVlXEe; xa'TaX'T~OEle; 'TYJe; Epya'Tlx.~e; 'TeX~YJe; XCXl vo. CXVOLYEl 'TO OPOflO mYJv aVCE1tCXveXmaoYJ. MaAlO'Ta. YJ 8EWPYJ'TlX.~ xpmx~ 'TYJe; OO~lE'TlX~e; ypacpElOXpa'TLCXe; OUVOOEU'TYJXE O'TYJ sW~ 'TOU A. TpoWXl am) 'TYJ flaXYJ'TlX~ avcl1tapeXElwYJ flCXSL 'TYJe; flE O'TOXO 'TYJV 1tOAl'TlX~ 'TYJe; eva'TpOTr~.
I:YJflavclx~ YlCX 'TYJV xa'TavoYJoYJ 'TWV a1t04>EwV 'TOU A. TPO'TOXl XCXl 'TOU 'TPOTrOU flE 'TOV 01t0[0 CXU'TOe; 1tpaYfla'TEUE'Tal 'TO 1tapcx1tavw 1tpO~AYJfla dVCXl YJ E~E'TaoYJ 'TWV OPlOflwV 'TOU CPCXlvoflEvOU xal 'TWV al'TLWV EflcpavlO~e; 'TOU TrOU 0 LOWe; r:po~aAAEl. '01tWe;.AOl1tOV. lOXUPLSE'TCXl 0 A. TPO'TOXl «H ~eXoYJ 'TYJe; ypacpElOxpa'TlX~e; XUplcxPXLac; dVCXl YJ cp'TWXEla 'TYJe; xorvorvtc«; OE aV'TlxdflEVa Xa'TaveXAWOYJe;, [lE amJ'TEAEOfla 'TOV aywvcx 'TOU xaElEvcx Evavcla OE OAOUe;. 'Grrxv u1tapxouv «pXE'TeX aya8a OE Eva xa'TeXO'TYJfla, or ayopCXO'TEe; flTr0POUV vo. EpElouv 01t0'TE 8EAOUV. 'Orrrv u1tapxouv ALYCX aya8eX. Ol cxyopCXO'TEe; cxvayxasovcCl.l vo: xovouv oupa. 'Orov Ol OUpEe; dvm 1tOAU flaxplEe;. dval avayxcxLo vo: OlOPlO'TEi Evae; ao'TUcpuAaxac; Yla vo. Xpa'TaEl 'TYJV 'Ta~YJ. Au'T~ dval YJ acpE'TYjpLa 'TYJe; E~ouoLae; 'TYJe; 00- ~lE'TlX~e; ypacpElOXpa'TLae;. Au'T~ "~EPEl" rrotoc 1tPETrEl vo. r:apEl XeX'Tl XCXl rroroc TrPETrEl VCX 1tEPlflEVEl»l. E1tLOYJe;, O'EVCX eXAAo OYJfldo 0 A. TpO'TOXl avacpEpEl: «'OXl floveXxa Evae; flapSla'T~C;, eXAAa 01tOlOOO~1t0'TE pWAlm~e; 1tOAmXOe; a'TOxao'T~e; 8a E1tPETrE vo: Xa'TaAa~aLvEl 1tWe; YJ LOla YJ avayxalO'TYJ'TCX vo. "EVlOxoEld" YJ OlX'TCX'TOpLa -OYJACXO~. YJ XU~EPVYJ'TlX~ Xa'Ta1tLWYJ -OE OdXVEl 'TO 8pLafl~o fllae; a'TlXl;lX~e; apflovLae;. aAAa 'TYJv aVeX1t'TU~YJ VEWV XOlVWVlXWV cxvcaywVlOflWV. Tt ~p£OXE'Tal 1tLow aTro oAa aO'Ta; H EAAEl4>YJ flEOWV Ouvc~PYJOYJe; 1tOU dval a1tO'TEAWfla 'TYJe; xa[lYJA~e; 1tCXPCXYWylXCJeYJ'Tae; 'TYJe; EpyaoLCXe;»1. 'Eroi, AOl1tOV, 0 pOAOe; 'TYJe; ypacpElO-
l. Tporox: A. H ttpobouevn mavQomon, EKO. AN..ayri, A8riva, 1984, OEA. 96. 2. nIl., OEA. 58.
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npOTO MEPOI:
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~"to ~cx8flO 1tOU YJ o1tapSYJ ouvxpououevcov aUflcpEpOVCWV mYJv E~~Ll ouvOEO'TaV flE "tYJv EAAEtlPYJ cx1tcxpahYJ'TYJe; 1toao'TYJ'Tae; cxycxElwv, fl1tOPOOflE VCX 8EWp1joouue 'TYJv EAAEtlPYJ au"t1j al"ttO "tOU ypcxcpEtOxpa'Ttxoo cpatVOflEVOU, CX1tO 'TYJ a"ttyfl1j 1tOU YJ ypacpEtOxpCX'Tla xaAOO"tav vtx 01tEpCXa1tlaE~ we; «cxa'TucpOAcxxae;» "to oo~~E"ttXO xa8w"twe;, EAEYXoncxe; 'T~e; XOLVWvtXEe; auyxpooaE~e; xat "tte; CPUyOXEVCpEe; OuvaflEte;.
Elva~ Oflwe; CXPXE'T1j YJ otCX1tlmwaYJ (Xln1j 'TOU A. Tooroxt yta vo: ESYJy1jaEt 'TYJv EflcpavtaYJ, "tYJ ElEaYJ xa~ 'TO POAO 'TYJe; ypCXcpEtOxpcx"tlae; a' Eva aOatCXAta"ttXO 1j, EV 1taaYJ 1tEpm'TWaEt, flYJ XCX1tt'TaAW'TtXO - Epya'TtXo xaElEa'TWe; 01tWe; CXO'TO 'TYJe; E~~Ll; Ka'TYJyoPYJfla'Ttxa OXd H EAAEtlPYJ 1j YJ acpElovlcx xa"tavaAw"ttxWv aya8wv etVat 1tpw"tcx a1t'OAa aXE"ttxa fle:yE8YJ, a"ta 1tAalatCX ~E~ata EVOe; xa"tw"ta'TOU Xat avw"ta"tou ~tOAOy~XOO optou ~XaV01tOlYJaYJe; 'TWV av8pw1ttvwv cxvayxwv. H rrooo"tYJ"tcx "twv aya8wv 1tOU ce fl~a ~a"toptx1j ~a8flloa Xat xorvcovixo aXYJfla"twflo fl1tOpEl vo: 8EWpEl'Tat acp80vlcx oe fltCX aAAYJ fl1tOPEl vo. 8EWpEl'Tat EAAWPYJ. ME ~aaYJ Aomov «uro 'TO xP~"t1jpw OEV fl1tOPOOflE vtx EpflYJvEoaouflE "t~e; auyxExp~flEVEe;, ta"toptxa 1tpoaotOp~afltvEe; xorvcovixo-oixovojnxeq CXntEltaE~e; "tYJe; aO~tE"ttx1je; XOtvwvlae; rrou YEvvYJaav xat ava1tap1jyayav 'TO ypacpEtOxpa"t~xo cpatvOflEVO.
H EAAEt4>YJ cxyaElwv xat YEv~xa 0 oyxoe; "tOU 1tapcxYOflEVOO 1tpo'Conoe; OEV flcxe; OlVEt xcxflla CX1tOAO"tWe; 1tAYJpocpopla yta 'TOV "tP01tO o~avOfl1je; Xat tot01tOlYJa1je; "tou. To flEPlOtO xa8E av8pw1tOU,fl~xPo1j fle:yaAo, o'ro 1tapcxyoflEVO 1tpo'Cov, 01tWe; xat YJ aXEaYJ "tou flE "ta CX1to"tEAEafla"ta "tYJe; 1tcxpaywytx1je; otaotXaalCXe; EV YEVE~, xa80plsovcat a1to "t~e; cxvcxyxalEe; aXEaEte; "tou flE 'TOUe; aAAOUe; cxv8pw1toue; we; 1tpOe; "tov xcx"taflEp~aflo "twv opcov 1tCXpcxywy1je; (rcov flEawv 1tapaywy1je;,"tYJe; EPyaatax1je; oovaflYJe;), xcxEloPlsovcat, oYJAao1j, a1to 'Tte; aXEaE~e; 1tcxpaywy1je;. Ot 'TEAEU"tCXlEe; xat 1tpW'Tla'TWe; O~ aXEaEte; ~OtOx"tYJalCXe; 'TWV flEawv 1tCXpcxywy1je; Elvat au"tEe; 1tOU xa80plsouv "tov "tP01tO ~ot01tOlYJaYJe; "tou 1tapcxyoflEVOU 1tpo'Conoe; xat OXt xa1tmOe;, ayvwa'Tou 1tpOEAEoaYJe;, U1tEpaVW xorvcovtxccv a"tpwfla"twv xat aXEaEWV ota~'TYJ'T1je;,01tWe;, EV 1tPOXE~flEVW, 8EWPEl"tat YJ ypCXcpEtOxpcx"tla. Ka~ av «xoflcx oEX80oflE 1tWe; YJ ypcxcpEtOXpa"tla 1talsEt a1tocpaata"ttxo POAO a"tYJ OtCXvofl1j 'TOU 1tapcxyoflEVOU rtpotovroc, "to"tE "ta al"ttCX "tou POAOU «urou 1tPE1tEt VCX cxvcxSYJ"tYJ- 800v a"tYJ ElEaYJ "tYJe; ypCXcpEtOXpCX"tlCXe; flEacx a"tYJv 1tapcxywy~x1j o~ao~xcxalcx, a"t~e; lOtEe; "tte; aXEaE~e; 1tapcxywy1je;-~OtOx"tYJalae; xat OXt a"tYJv 1toao"tYJ"ta "twv xa"tcxvcx-
8mPIEI fiA THN KOINONIKH <PITH TOY LOBIETIKOY KAeEITOTOL:
AW'TLXWV aya8wv. H avaywy~ "tWV at"ttwv "twv XotvWVtxwv CPoc:tvofltvwv OE 1t000- nxoue; 1tapayonEe; a1tOXaAU1t"tEt, xa"ta "tYJ YVWflYJ flae;,tva Aav8avona Efl1tEtptOW) O"tYJ oxttVYJ "tou A. Tporoxr.
EvoEtX"ttx~ «urou rou Efl1tEtptoflOU dvoc:t xoc:t YJ a1totVYJ "tou A. Tporoxt 1tWe; or antcpaOEte; "tYJe; OO~tE"ttx~e; xotvwviae;, am) "tte; 01tOiEe; aAAwo"tE a1tOpptEt xct 'W cpatvoflEvO "tYJe; ypacpEwxpa'ttae;, ~pioxonat O"tYJ ocpaipa "tYJe; otaVofl1je; xat xupiwe; "tYJe; xa"tavaAwOYJe; "twv rrpotovrcov, 0"t0 E1tt1tEOO oYJAao1j "tYJe; LXaV01tOtYJoYJe; rcov ~LOAOYLXWV -~LO"tLXWV avayxwv "tou av6pw1tou. '01tWe; 0 toWe; U1tOO"tYJP£SEL «H oLxaiwoYJ YLa "tYJv u1tapSYJ "tou OO~tE"tLXOU xpa"toue; oo» flYJxavwflou xa"ta- 1ttwYJe; ~pioxE"taL 0"t0 yeyovoe; O"tL YJ OYJflEptV1j flE"ta~a"tLx1j OOfl1j dvaL axofla YEfla"tYJ «rro xotvWVtxte; aV'tLcpaoELe;. 1tOU o"tYJ ocpaipa "tYJe; xa't<xvaAw<TYj<; -1tOU etvat 1tL0 xovr« xaL 'tYJv aw8avoV'tat rno 1tOAU oAot- dvaL EsatpE"ttXa "tE"tafltVEe;.xat a1tEtAOUV 1tav'ta vo: a1tAw60uv o'tYJ ocpa£pa 'tYJe; 1tapaywy1je;»'. ElVoc:t Aot- 1tOV OL av'ttcpaoELe; 'tYJe; xa'tavaAwOYJe; aU'tte; 1tOU "tdvouv vtx a1tAw80l)V xoc:t vtx E1tYJpEaoouv 'tYJv 1tapaywy~ xat 0XL "to anlo"tpocpO. 0 A. TPO"tOXL oLaL08avE"tat, ~t~aLa. O"tL YJ 1tpaYfla"twoYJ "tou CPatvofltvou "tYJe; ypacpEwxpa"tiae; a1tOXAELo"tLxa o"ta 1tAalma "tYJe; oLavofl1je; -xa"tavaAwOYJe; "tou 1tpo"Conoe; dvaL 8EwpYJ"tLxa E1tLocpaA~e;. I1poo1ta8wnae; vo: a1toAoYYJ6El yt<X "tYJv flY] EvaoxoAYJo1j "tou flE "tte; OXEOELe; 1tapaywy1je; oLa"tdvE"tat 1tWe; «OL E1tt1tOAaWL "8EWPYJ"tLxoi" fl1t0pOlJV, ~t~ata, vo. 1tapYJYopoUV "tOV Eau"tO "toue;. "toVtSonae; O"tL YJ OLavOfl1j "tou 1tAOU"tOU ctvat tvae; OW"tEPEUWV 1tapayoV'tae; OE 0XEOYJ flE "tYJV 1tapaywy1j "tou. 00"t000, YJ OLaAEx"ttx1j "tY]e; aAAY]AE1ttOpaOYJe; oLa"ty]pd EOW OAYJ "tY] ouvafl1j "tYJe;»4.
Eflde; a1tO "tY]V 1tAWpa flae; 8a 8EAaflE vo: 1tapa"tYJP1joouflE O"tt Y] OtaVofl1j "tau 1tAOU"tOU OEV a1tO"tEAd a1tAa tva OEU"tEpEUOV'ta 1tapayoV'ta OE oxtoYJ flE "tY]V 1tapaywy1j "tou aAAa xa6opiSE'toc:t a1tO "tYJV 1tapaywy1j.a1tO "tOV xa"taflEpLOflO EPyaotae;. H 01tOtao1j1t0"tE aAAYJAE1ttopaoYJ 1tapaywy~e; -otavofl"ije; fl1topd vo. ytvEt xa"tavoYJ"t1j flOVO ECPOOOV xaL 0"t0 ~a8flo 1tOU otaxptvE"tat 0 "tp01tOe; flE "tov ortoto YJ 1tapaywy"ij "tou XOLVWVtxou 1tpo"Conoe; xa60ptSEt "tYJv otavofl"ij -rou. ~uflcpwva OE [lE flta flaPSLX"ij E1tLo"ijflavoYJ «H xa6E cpopa oLavofl"ij "twv fltowv xa"tavaAwOYJe; dvaL flovaxa OUVE1tELa "tYJe; oLavofl"ije; "twv tOtWV "twv opcov 1tapaywy"ije;. AU"t"ij 1taAt YJ oLavofl"ij ExcppaSEL "to xapax"t"ijpa "tou tOWU "t0l) "tP01tOU 1tapaywy"ije; ... 0 xuoaioe; oomaAtOflOe; (XL «rr' «urov 1taAL tva flEpOe; a1to "toue; 0YJfloxpa"tEe;) XAYJPOVOflYJOE a1to "toue; aO"tOue; OtxOvofloMyoue; "tYJv aV'ttAYJtVYJ vo: 8EWpd xat vo: XEtptSE"toc:t "tYJ oLavoflYJ aVEsap"tYJ"ta a1t' "tOV "tpono 1tapaywy"ije;, xat t"tOt vo. rropoumaSEt "to oomaALoflo oav vo: nEpLO"tptcpE"tat xuptwe; ylJPW a1to 'tYJ OtaVofl"ij»r,.
0a "ijflao"tav Oflwe; aOLXot a1ttvaV'tt O"tOV A. Tporoxt o» OEV u1toypaflfllSaflE "tYJv 1tpOO1ta8Eta "tou va oLaxptvEt 1ttoW a1to "to ypacpEwxpa"ttxo cpatvOflEvO ~a6U"tEpa xotvcovtxn ai"tLa, "ta o1tota EopaSOnat 0' tva 1tMYfla XOLVWVtXWV
3. 0.11., oEA. 96.
4. O.», oEA. 194.
5. Map~ K., Kpitucn IOU I1poypaJ1J1aIO~ rn~ T K6w, Luyxpovn Enoyri, A8nva, 1994, oEA. 24 .
29
30
I11'0TO Mum:
cxvncp<XOEWV. Ilcp«, ~E~CXLCX, 'TO YEYOVOS O'TL 0 A. TPO'TOXL OEV cxoxoAd'TCXL flE 'TYJ OUO'TYJflCX'TLX'ij flEAE'TYJ CXU'TWV 'TWV CXV"CLCP<XOEWV O'TYJ ocpCXtpCX 'TYJS TICXpcxywy'ije;,TICXPCXOEXE'TCXL YEVLX<X,XCXL CXU'TO EXEL flEY<XAYJ flE80ooAoYLX'ij 0YJflCXOtCX, O'TL «0 OO~LE'TLXOs ••• YPCXCPELOXPCX'TLOflOS dVCXL 'TO rrpotov 'TWV XOLVWVLXWV CXV"CLCP<XOEWV CXV<XflEOCX O'TYJv TIOAYJ XCXL 'TO XWPLO, CXV<XflEOCX O'TO TIPOAE'TCXPL<X'TO XCXL 'TYJV CXYPO'TL<X ... AvaflwCX O'TLS OL<XCPOPES Ofl<XOES 'TYJS CXYPO'TL<XS. AV<XflWCX O'TCX OL<XCPOpCX O'TPWflCX'TCX 'TYJS EPYCX'TLX'ijs 'T<XSYJe;· AV<XflWCX O"CLS OL<XCPOPES Ofl<XOES XCX'TCXVCXAW'Twv. KCXL, 'TEALxa, CXV<XflEOCX O'TO OO~LE'TLXO xP<X'TOS oo» 01.0 XCXL 'TOV XCX1tL'TCXALO'TLXO 'TOU TIEptyupO»6. H OYJflCXOtCX cxO"C'ijs 'TYJS TICXpcxoox'ijs EYXEL'TCXL O'TO YEYOvoe; TIWS "W ypCXCPELOXpCX'TLXO CPCXLVOflEVO TICXPOUataSE'TCXL wS E'TEpOxcx80pLsoflEVO CXTIO flLCX XOLVWVLX'ij OLCXO'Tpwfl<X'TwoYJ, YJ OTIOLCX flcxS TICXPCXTIEflTIEL,CXV"CLXELflEVLX<X, (XWpLS DflwS CXU'TO vo: oYJAWVE'TCXL,cxAA<X Ot)CE, flaAAov, XCXL vo. OUVELOYJ'TOTIOLd'TCXL CXTID 'TOV A. TP0'TOXL) O'TO TIPD~AYJflcx 'TOU UTIOOOUAW'TLXOU XOLVWVLXOt) XCX'TCXflEPLOflOU EPYCXOLCXS. ~LO'TL OL cxvcxcpEp8doES cxV"CL8EOELS (flE'TCXSl) TIOAYJe; XCXL xwpwo, flE'TCXSO TIPOAE'TCXPL<X'TOU XCXL CXYPO'TL<XS x.ATI.), dVCXL TIPW'TLO'TWS cxV"CL8EOELS TIOU CXTIOPPEOUV CXTIO 'TYJ 8EOYJ OLCXCPOPE'TLXWV XOLVWVLXWV ofl<XOWV -'TOU TIPOAE'TCXPL<X'TOU,'TWV cxYPO'TWV - cxAA<x XCXL 'TWV UTIoofl<XOWV 'TOUe; O"CYJV EPYCXatCXX'ij OLCXOLXCXOLCX.O"CYJV uALx'ij TICXpcxywy'ij. ME- 80ooAoYLx<x (Xln'ij YJ TICXpcxoox'ij TIPOOCXVCX'TOALSEL 'TYJ OLEPEOVYJOYJ 'TWV CXL'TLWV 'TOU ypCXcpELOXpCX'TLXOU cpcxLVOflEVOU OE EVCX TIEOLO ~CX80'TEPWV- VOflO'TEAELcxxwv. XOLVWVLXO-OLxovoflLXWV 0XEOEWV, OL OTIOLES OLETIOUV 'TYJV XOLvWVLX'ij sw'ij. XCXL CXTIO'TPETIEL 'TYJV cxvcxywy'ij 'TOU OE 'TUXCXLOUS XCXL UTIOXELflEVLXOl)S TICXpaYOV"CES.
npETIEL, ETItOYJS, vtx E1tLOYJfl<XVOUflE O'TL YJ 8EWPYJOYJ 'TYJS ypCXcpELOXpCX'TtCXs WS TIPO'COV'T0S XOLVWVLXWV CXV'TLCP<XOEWV OUVCXP'T<X 'TYJV TIPOOTI'TLX'ij CXV"CLflE'TW1tLOYJS XCXL ES<XAWPYJS 'TOU ypCXcpELOXpCX'TLXOO CPCXLVOflEVOU CXTID 'TYJV ETILAUOYJ - apoYJ 'TWV CXV"CLCP<XOEWV CXU'TWv. ATIO 'TOV <XflWO.OYJAcxo'ij,O"COXO XCX'TCXTIOAEflYJOYJS 'TYJS ypCXcpELOXpCX'TtCXS flE'TCXCPEPOflCXO'TE O'TYJV TIPO~AYJflCX'TLX'ij 'TYJS ES<XAELtjJYJS 'TWV CXL'TtWV TIOU 'TYJ yEVVOUV, 'TCX OTIOLCX ~PLOXOV"CCXL ESW XCXL TIEPCX CXTIO 'TCX TIACXtatCX 'TYJS ypCXcpELOXpCX'TLX'ijS ESOUO[CXS.
~EV TICXPCXflEVEL OflWS OUVETI'ijS 0 A. TPO'TOXL TIpOS 'TLS TICXPCXTI<XVW CXTIOtjJELS 'TOU. ~UXV<X OOVCXV"C<XflE O'TCX epycx "rOO tOXUPLOflOt)S TIOU CXTIOOtOOUV 'TYJ ypCXCPELOXPCX'TLXOTIOLYJOYJ 'TOO OO~LE'TLXOO XCX8EO'TW'TOS O'TYJV XOTIWOYJ 'TWV flCXSWV CX1t() 'TO US OXAYJpOoe; CXYWVES 'TYJS OX'TW~PLCXV'ijS ETIcxv<xO"CcxoYJS XCXL 'TOU EflCPUALOU TIOAEflOU. Kcx'T<X flLCX EXOOX'ij 'TWV LOXUPLOflWV CXU'TWV «H YPCXCPELOXPCX'TLXOTIOtYJOYJ 'TOU OO~LE'TLXOO XP<X'TOUS 'ij'TCXV ... ETICXXOAOu80 'TYJS "CXVLXCXVO'TYJ'TCXS" 'TOU TIPOAE'TCXPL<X"rOU VCX pu8fltOEL flOVO 'TOU 'TYJV XOLVWVtCX flE OYJflOXpCX'TLXa fleocx»7. ETItoYJS, CXTIOPPLTI'TOV"CCXS 'TYJV LOECX O'TL YJ ypCXcpELOXpCX'TLCX CXV"CAd 'TYJ OOVCXfl'ij 'TYJS CXTIO 'TOV ECXU'TO 'TYJS 0 A. TPO'TOXL CXVCXXCXAOTI'TEL 'TYJV TIYJY'ij 'TYJS OOVCXflYJS CXU'T'ijs «O"CYJV CXTIOYo'ij'TWOYJ 'TWV
6. TpOTOKI A., "To EpyanKo KPC['roS, TO ZirmJla rou Elt:PJllOOp KQl rou Bovcncpuopou», am: TpOTOKI A., H TUSllW qnion me:; LOPIETlKrie:; 'Evcoouc; EKO. AMayn, Aflrivc, 1986, oEA. 59-60 .
7. TpOTOKI A., "H EL:L:~ orov nOAEJlo», oto: To nap6v KUJ TO PEMOV TOU OOOlcW0POU, Aflnvo, EKO. fAupoS, 1985, oEA. 124.
0W(1PIEI fIA THN KOINONIKH <PITH TOY LOBIETIKOY KAeEuoToI
[1aSc0v.o"w YEYOVOC; on 'touC; AEbtE~ [1~a xmvoop~a 1tpOO1t't~x1)>>8. Arro 'ta 1tpoYJyou[1Eva ouvaYE'ta~ 'to oU[.L1tEpaO[1a o't~ 'to cpmvo[1EVO 'tYJC; ypacpELOxpa't£ac; O'tO OO~~E't~XO xa8EO"t"c0c;. YJ E[.Lcpav~o1) 'tou 1) OX~, a1to'tEAoUV ouvap'tYJoYJ 'tYJC; 4>UX~x1)c; o~a8wYJC; xa~ 'tYJC; 1tOAmx1)c; OU[.L1tEp~cpopac; rcov Aa'Cxc0v [1aSc0v. 'tYJC; o1tap~YJC; ~ a1touo[ac; O'tO 1tpOAE'tap~a'to E1tapXOl)C; 1tOAmX~C; E't0l[10'tYJ'tac;, ~OUAYJOYJC;, OfJEVOUC;.
T~ OU[1~alVE~ O[1CuC; O'tYJV 1tpOXE~[1EVYJ 1tEPl1t'tCUOYJ [1E 't~C; 1tpoavacpEp8doEC; aV'ttcpaOEtc; 1tOU, xa'ta 'tOV A. TPo'tOXt,YEVVOOV 'tYJ ypacpELOxpa't[a; 8a E1tapXOOOE,apaYE, 0' ExdvYJ 'tYJV to'toptX~ ouyxup£a [1ta aVCtypacpELOxpa'ttx~ Aa'Cx~ XWYJ't01tO£YJOYJ yta vo: avct[1E'tcumo80ov xat or EV AOYCU aVCtcpaoEte;; T« EpCU't~[1a'ta aU'ta [11tOPOl)V vo: 'tEfJOUV xm [1E 'tYJ [10PCP~ 'tYJC; otasEU~YJC;: 'to ypacpELOxpa'ttXO cpmVO[1EVO O'tO OO~LE'tLXO xa8Eo'tc0e; El'tE ElV<XL a1to'toxo VO[1o'tEAELaxc0v aVCLcpaOEWV.01tO'tE X<XL YJ avcL[1E'tc01tLO~ 'tou 1tPOi)1tOfJE'tEt 'tYJV apoYJ 'tCUV avctcpaOECUV au'tc0v xat xa'taAa[1~avEt [1Lav OAOXAYJPYJ 1tEP£OOO xOlVCUVLXO-OlXOVO[1txc0v aAAaYc0V, d'tE OuvoEE'tat [1E U1tOxEt[.LEvtxa xat 'tuxa£a cuC; 1tpOC; 'tYJv to'tOptX~ V0[10'tEAEta 1tEptO"t"a'ttxa,01tO'tE YJ U1tEp~aO~ 'tou Elvat fJE[1a ~OUAYJOYJC; xat [11tOpEl ([.L1t0- POl)Oe:) vo: E1tL'tEUX8d ov« 1taoa o'tty[1~.
o A. TPO'tOXt,~E~ata, OEV 8E'tEt aU'ta 'ta Epcu't~[1a'ta. OO'tE E1t£OYJC; aV"t"tAa[1~avE'taL o'tt YJ amoMyYJoYJ 'tYJC; ypacpELOxpa'ttX01tOtYjoYJC; 'tOU OO~LE'tLXOO xparoue [1E 'tYJv avacpopa o'tYJ OU[11tEpLcpopa 'tCUV Aa'Cxc0v [1asc0v OE [1ta OUYXExPt[1EvYJ to'toptx~ o'tty[1~ [1ac; a1tO[1axpl)VEt a1to 'tYJv oc:vas~'tYJoYJ 'tCUV avctxEL[1EVLxc0VVO[1o'tEAEtaxc0v 0XEOECUV 1tOU OtE1tOUV 'to cpaWO[1EvO,1tpOC; 'tYJv xa'tEo8uvoYJ [1tae; ~ouAYJmapxtx~c; fJEc0PYJO~C; 'tOU. H 1tapa't~PYJo~ [1ac; au't~ EVLoxoE'tat xt a1to 'to ye:yOVOC; 1tCUC; 0 A. Tporoxt a1tOXaAEl 'tYJ ypacpELOxpa'ttx01totYJOYJ 'tOU OO~LE'ttxOu xafJEo'tc0'tOC; «E1tEtoOoLax~ U1tO'tp01t~" o'tYJv 1topEla 'tOU E1taVao'ta'ttxoo [1E'taOXYJ[1a'ttO[.LOo 'tYJC; xOlvcuvtac;9, EVc0 1tapaAAYJAa mO'tEOEt 1tCUC; [.LLa vtxYJcpopa avctypacpELOxpa'ttX~-1tOAmX~ E1tavaO"t"aoYJ o'tYJv E~~~ 8a [11t0POOOE vo. ~aAEL 'tEP[1a o'tYJv E~OUOta 'tYJC; ypacpELOxpa'ttac;1O.
• O: UAtxiC; npoottoiteoeu; -rOU oootasiouou
o A. Tporoxt.o-r« 1tAatOW 'tYJC; xpmx~c; 1tOD aoxe:[ O"t"YJ OO~LE'ttX1j ypacpELOxpa'tta. a1tOppl1t't"Et xa'tYJyopYJ[1a'ttxa cue; 4>EUodC; X<XL cpEvaXtO'tLXEe; 'ttc; otaxYJpo~E~C; 'tCUV OO~tE'ttXc0V YJYE'tc0v xm tOe:oAOYCUV o'tt YJ E~~~ EtO~A8E 1tMov O'tO o'taOLO 'tOU oomoc:At0[100. Fux vo: 'tEx[1YJptc00Et 'tYJv a1t04>~ 'tOU avacpEpE'tat o'tYJv xu-
8. TpGTaKJ A., H Gavaonu: uywvfu TaU KUIIITcWapou KUI re Ku8nKovra me:; Tetaptnc L1IEBvouC;, EKO. AMayo, Adnvo, 1985, at:A. 51.
9. TpOTaKl A., "H ELL~ otov rroAq.lo», oro: o.n., oEA. 125.
10. BA. Tp6TaKl A., H npobopevn muvuaman, o.n., ofA. 205 KQl Tpotoxr A., H 8UVUOlPII uywvfu TaU sannulaouois KW TO Ku8nKovw me:; Tetuptnc L1lt:8vouC;, o.n., oEA. 52.
31
32
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ElU<1'tEPYJ<1YJ 'tYJC; E~~~ <1uyxpmxa [.LE 'ttc; CCVE1t'tUy[.LEVEe; XCCm'tCCAt<1'ttXEe; XWpEC;. ~O[.LCPWVCC, AOmOV, [.LE 'tCC AeyO[.LEVCC 'tOU A. Tporoxt «0 Mccp~t<1[.LOe; SExwa CC1tO 'tYJV IXva1t'tUSYJ 'tYJe; 'tEXVtX~e; oo» 'to 8E[.LEAtaXO EACC't~PtO 'tYJe; 1tPOOOOU, Xat orxooO[.Ld 'to xO[.L[.LOUVt<1'ttXO 1tpoypa[.L[.La 1taVW <1't0 OUVCC[.Lt<1[.Lo 'twv 1tapccywytXWV OUva[.LEWV»". ~UVE1tWe;, «'O'tCCV 0 MccPS [.LtAOO<1E yta 'to XCC'tW'tEPO <1'taotO 'tOU XO[.L[.LOUVt<1[.LOl),EVVOOO<1E,E'tm xt aAAtWe;, [.LtCC xoworvt«, 1tOU a1tO 'tYJV CCPX~ ~p[<1XE'tat U4>YJAO'tEpa,<1E O'tt acpopa 'tYJV OtXOVO[.LtX~ 'tYJe; CCva1t'tUSYJ, cor' O'tt 0 mo 1tPOXWpYJ[.LEVOe; xam'taAW[.L0e;»'2. Eoooov, O[.LWe;. YJ <10YXPovYJ 'tou A. Tporoxt E~I;~ ~'tccv «<1YJ[.LccV'ttxa CP'tWXO'tEPYJ, 0' O'tt cccpopa 't'YjV 'tEXVtX~,'tOV 1tOAt'tt<1[.LO Xat 'ta otacpopcc ayccEla 'tYJC; scu~e;. a1tO 'tte; xam'taAt<1'ttXEe; xwpEe;»'3 'to'tE 'to <10~tE'ttXO Xa8E<1'tWe;, <1U[.L1tEPCCtVEt 0 A. TPO't<1Xt,oEV [.L1topd vo. xccpax'tYJPw'td <10maAt<1'tlXO.
o [.Lapst<1[.LOe;. ~E~atCC. 1tO'tE OEV ESEAa~E 'tYJV CC1tA~ ccvamuSYJ 'tYJe; 'tEXVtX~C; cue; «ro ElE[.LEAtaxO EAa't~pw 'tYJC; 1tPOOOOU», 1tapa 8EcuPOt)<1E. 1taV'tcc. xccEloPW'ttXO <1UV'tEAE<1't~ 'tYJC; l<1'tOPlX~C; E~EAt~YJe; Xat 1tpOOOOU 'tYJ OlCCAEX'ttX~ CCAAYJAE1ttOPCC<1YJ 1tccpaycuytXWV ouva[.LECUV - <1Xt<1ECUV 1tapccycuy~e;. H ccvccycuy~ 'tYJe; XOtVCUvtX~e; 1tPOOOOU o'ev« 'tEXVtxO V'tE'tEP[.Lwt<1[.LO xa8E aAAO 1tapa OtWXOAOVEl 'tOV A. T po't<1Xt o'rov 1tP0<10tOPl<1[.L0 'tou <1UYXEXPt[.Ltvou XCCpCCX't~PCC 'tCUV 1tCCpccycuytXWV OUVa[.LECUV 1tOU 8a ~'tav <1u[.L~cc'toe; [.LE 'tte; <10maAwnxte; <1XE<1Ete; 7tapccycuy~e;. 'Erot 'to [.Lovo 1tOU [.Lcce; MEt yta 'tYJv UAtX~ ~a<1YJ 'tOU r::pWt[.LOU XO[.L[.LouVt<1[.LOO eivat O'tl ccu't~ 8cc 1tPE1tEl VCC U1tEPEXEt 'tYJC; aV'tt<1'tOlXYJC; 'tOU xam'tccAW[lol). 0 A. Tpo't<1xt O[.Lcue; OEV [.Lr::opd vo: 1tapayvcup~<1Et 'to yeyovoe; r::cue; 0 K. MccPS U1tO<1't~PtsE 'to EcptX'tO OtxOOO[.LYJ<1YJe; [.LtCCe; <10maAt<1'ttX~e; XOtvCUVtCCe; <1'tYJ ~a<1YJ TCUV 1tCCpaycuytXWV oUVa[.LECUV 'tYJe; E1tOX~e; 'tOU.Ot 01tOtEe; ~'tav <1acpwe; XCC'tW'tEpEe; ccm) au'tEe; 1tOU aVE1t'tuSE apyo'tEpa YJ E~~~. TIwC; ~'tav. o [.Lcue;. O()vcc'to vo: ElEcupd 0 K. Maps <10maAt<1'ttxo (1tpw'to <1'taotO 'tou xO[.L[.LOUVt<1[.LOt» EVCC xaElE<1'tWe; 1tOU 8cc 1tPOEXU1t'tE a1to 'tYJv xoWCUVtX01tOL"fj<1YJ 'tYJe; 1tccpaycuytX~e; ~a<1YJe; 'tcuv CCVE1t'tUY[.LEvcov xcupwv 'tYJe; E1tOX~C; 'tou xat vo: apve:t'tat 0 A. Tporox; 'to <10maAt<1'ttXO xccpccx't~pa <1E [.Lta xwpa 01tOU 'to xpa'toe; otE8E'tE CCO"l)yxPt'tcc 1ttO t<1XUpEe; 1tCCPCCycuytXEC; ouva[.LEte;; '01tCUe;, aAAcuO"'tE, 0 OEO'tEPOC; 1tCCpaoEXE'tat «Etvoa ~E~atO o'tt YJ I:O~tE'ttx~ 'Evcu<1YJ ccxo[.LCC xat 'twpcc SE1tEpVaEt,o' o.n cccpopa 'ttc; 1tccpaycuytxtc; OUVa[.LEte;, 'tte; 1tEPW<10'tEpEe; a1to ne; CCVCC1t'tUy[.LtVEC; XWPEC; 'tYJe; E1tOx-i)e; 'tou MapS»'!'· TIpo<11ta8wv'tae; vo. aV'tmccpEA8Et 'tYJv OAYJ [.LccPstx-i) 1tpO~AYJ[.LCC'ttX~ yta nC; UAlXEe; 1tPOU1toElt<1Ele; 'tou <10<1tCCAW[.L00 0 A. Tporox; OYJAwvEt 1tCUe; «o'rov «rroprxo ccV'taycuvt<1[.LO 'tcuv 000 Xa8E<1'tw'tCUV» ccu'to 1tOU tXEt <1YJ[.La<1~a. «OEV dvat 'to<10 TO s~'tYJ[.La 'tcuv a1tOAu'tcuV, aAAa'tcuv <1XE'ttXWv Em1tEOcuv»'5.
11. Tp6TOKl A., H npobouevn mavQaraan, 6.11., oEA .. 45. 12.0.11., au. 46.
13.0.11., oEA. 47.
14. 'O.n., OEA. 54.
15.0.n.
E>EOPIEl: fIA THN KOINDNIKH ct>YLH Toy IOBIETIKOY KAeEIToToI
33
E[LdS coro "oJ oxorn« [Las 8a 8EAa[LE vrx EmoYJ[L<xvOU[LE o"n EVW YJ LO"WPLX~ ETtLXP<X"tYJoYJ "tou EVOS xa8w"tw"toS EnL "tou <xAAOU OXE"tLc.;E"tm oacpws [LE "ta «OXE"nxa EnLnEoa», YJ LOLa YJ ouva"to"tYJ"ta Eyxa8LopuoYJS "tou oomaALo"tLxOU xa8EO1"w"toS dvm onwoo~no"tE c.;~"tYJ[La x<xnaLou LO'tOPLX<X OUYXEXPL[LEVOU, «anoAu'tOU» EnLTtEOOU avan"tu~YJS "tWV napaywYLxwV OUV<X[LEWV. na "tOV A. TPO"tOXL
36
[lpoToMEPOI
• H allrO.r;</Jr; roo A. Tpotoxi Yla ro OOmaAlO{J.O xat ro xapaxrf;pa roo oobiettxoi) xabeotcatoc
A<; E~E"taOOuflE "twpa AE1t"tOflEpEO"tEpa "tYjV "tpO"tOX~O"t~X~ aV"tLAYjtjJYj y~a "tYjV XOLVWV~X~ q>UOYj "tYj<; E~~Ll. Apvoop.cvoc "to OOOLaA~O"t~XO xapax"t~pa "t'YJ<; ~O~~E"t~x~<;'EvwoYj<; 0 A. Tporoxr. 8EWpd "t'YJ xwpa au"t~ «EXq>UA~OflEVO Epya"t~Xo xpa"to<;» ~ «Epya"t~Xo xpa"to<; flE ypaq>ELOXpa"t~XE<; 1tapaflOpq>WOE~<;»1!J. LlLVE~,E1tLOYj<;, xm "tOV E~~<; OP~OflO 'COl) OO~~E"t~XOU Xa8EO"tW"t0C;: «0a ~"tav Op80"tEpo,Aomov, v« OVOflaOOUflE "to OYjflEPLVO OO~~E"t~XO xa8EO"tWC; flE OAYj "tYjV aV"t~q>a"t~xo"tYj"ta "tOU, Ox~ OOOLaA~O"t~xO xa8EO"tw<;. aAAa 1tp01tapaoxEl)ao"t~xo xa8EO"twc;, flE"ta~a"t~xo a1to "tOv xam"taA~OflO 0"t0 00OLaA~oflO»20. Aafl~avov"ta<; Oflw<; U1t'otjJ~v "to yEyOVO<; o.n 0 OOOLaA~OflOC; ouv~o"ta fl~av aV"t~q>a"t~x~-flE"ta~a"t~x~ 1tpo<; "tOV wP~flO xOflfloUV~OflO xOLVWVLa, flE ~O~O"tU1tEC; flaA~O"ta aV"t~q>aOE~<;, OL 01tOCE<; o~axpCvouv xm O~E1tOUV "tYjV flE"ta~aoYj o rov XOflflOUVWflo xm 1tOU Yj XLVYjOYj xm E1tCAUO~ "tOU<; dvm EOW"tEp~xa oUVUq>aOflEVYj flE w)"t~ "tYj o~ao~xaoCa flE"ta~aoYj<;, YEvva"ta~ "to EpWT'YJfla, 1tOLa 'YJ o~aq>opa TOU,xaTa TOV A. Tporoxi, OO~~E"t~XOU fl.sTa~aT~XOlJ xa8EO"tW"t0<; a1to TO flETa~aT~xo xa8EO"twc; "tOU OOOLaA~Oflou; Erpocov OL aV"t~q>aOE~C; fl~a<; XOLVWVCW; 1tPOOO~OpC(_;OUV TYjV q>lJOYj "tYjC; xm OUV~O"tOUV TO flYjxaviouo E~EA~~~C; "tYjC;,TOTE 1tOLa 'YJ o~aq>opa "twv aV"t~q>aoe:wv TOU oO~~Enxou xaflEo"tw"to<; a1to "t~<; aV"t~q>aoE~<; fl~a<; oOOLaA~oT~x~<; xOLvwvLac; EV YEVe:~21;
H OUAAOy~O"t~x~ Oflw<; TOU A. Tporoxt 1mpaXafl1tTe:~ Ta 1tapa1tavw EPW"t~fla"ta. Kor aUTO OEV YLVE"tm "tuxaLa. '01tWC; 0 LO~OC; tOXupC(_;E"tm «To vo 1tPOOOLOpCOE~ xavdc; "to OO~~E"t~XO xaflEo"tw<; oo» flE"ta~a"t~xo, ~ Evo~aflEoo. o'YJflaCvE~ v« Eyxa"taAdtjJE~ TETOLE<; "tEAE~wflEVE<; XOLVWV~XE<; xaT'YJyOpCEC; 01tw<; dvm Xa1tt"taAt- 0'(.1.0<; ... xm E1tLOYj<; O'omaALO'(.1.o<;»22. Eow ~E~ma YEvvlX"tm "to Epw"tYjfla,av 0 00-
19. Tov 0PlOpO «EPYUlJKO KpUlOS pE YPu<jmoKpUlJKES IIUPUPOp<pWOEIS» OIQUJrrWOE rrpwlOS ° B. 1. AEVIV KQl xrrronrv lOV ulO8tmoE 0 A. TpOTOKI. BA. AEVIV B. I., )\l1avm, To 42, }.;UyxpOVII Enoyn, OEA. 54 KUI o.n., T. 43, oEl.. 208.
20. TpOTOKI A., H l1po5oJIEVn errcvdorcon, o.n., at:l.. 47.
21. Oncoc WIOIIPUIVU ° E. MmTOuKIIS, uOKc{lVTas sprnxri OTIIV nupouoiu pE TOU A. TPOTOKI drrourn TOU B. lIurmypnorou au 01 KOIVWVIES TOU uncpkrou OOOlaN0POU ElVQl pETu~mIKES cvdpeoc OTO KalllTaNopo KQl TO OOOlaN0PO (Bl.. B. TIurruxpnoTOS, "[IU 111 <pUOII TWV KOIVWVIWV TOU "UlIapKTOU OOOlaNOPOU"», LllQMKTIKn, WJXOS 1, 1990, OEA. 85-105), «0 OOOlaN0POS ... OEV OUVIOTU Eva YEO rpono rrapaywyns, aMa Eva uvnqxmxo KOIVWVIKO OXlIpuuopo pETu0aOlIS rrpos rnv KOPPOuvlOTIKn xorveovfu ... AS 0EXTOUPE Twpa TO xupUKmplOpo TCI)V XwpWV lOU "unopxrou OOOlaN0POU" WS "pETa0mIKWV KOIVWVIWV uvdueou OTOV scuurnxrouo KUI TO OOOlaN0PO". TI efvcu AOlIIOV UUTES 01 KOIVWVIES; KUITnaNOTIKES; 0XI! EiVQl OOOIaNOTIKES; 0XI! EiVQl pETa~mIKES "UVupWU OTOV KUITITaN0PO KQl TO OOOlaN0PO". Al.AQ TOTE 101I08ETOUPE uvdpeoc OTOV KUITITaN0PO KUl TOV KOflpoUVIOPO Suo rrEploooUS ri <PQOElS: TIl f1E:rafJanKri Kill tn aOalQAraTIKri ... ME rn VEU EVVOIU lIapEp0<iAouPE EVU OAOKAnPO OTQOIO ri qxion n IlEpiooo uvdueou OTHV uvurponri TOU KUITnaN0pOU KUI rnv EVUp~II TIIS OIKOOOPIIOIIS TIIS OOOlaNOUKns KOIVWviuS»' Mnrrorixnc E., «[1Q TIIV EVVOIU TWV pETu0mlKwv KOIVWVIWV», LlWAEKTIKri, TEUXOS 2,1990, OEA. 116.
22. TPOTOKI A., H apobouevn mavQaTaan, O.II., OEA. 206.
8EOPIEI rIA THN KOINONIKH <I>YL:H Toy IOBIETIKOY KAeEITOTOI
maAtoflos a7tO"tEAEL flta «"tEAEtW[lEV'YJ xmvwvtx~ xa"t'YJyopLa» Xat 1tpocpavws Eva «"tEAEtWflEVO» xa8EO"tWe;,"tO"tE rrovx 'YJ otacpopa "t'YJe; oomaAto"tLX~e; a1to "t'YJV Wptfl'YJ XOflflOUVLO"ttX~ xorvcovto ; ME aAAa AOyta, fl1topd,apaYE,va U1taPsEt xa1tOW aAAO «~EAOe;» flE"ta "to oomaALOflo; A1t'O"tL cpaLVE"tat 0 A. TPO"tOXL OE 8EWpd "to oomaAtOflo - "t'YJv 1tPW"t'YJ cpao'YJ "t'YJS XOflflouVLO"tLX~e; xmVWVLas we; aV"tLcpa"tLxo - flE"ta~a"tlXO o"taow. '01tWe; xapaX"t'YJpW"tlxa WXUp((_;E"tat 0 (OWS «Env flLa U<V'YJAa aVE1t"tUYflEV'YJ oomaAtO"ttX~ mXOVOflLa dvat ouva"t~ flOVO wS flta apflOVLX~, EOW"tEplxa OUflflE"tPtX~ Xat, xa"ta OUVE1tEta,EAEuflEP'YJ a1to XpLOELe; mXOVOflLa. aV"tL- 8E"ta 'YJ flE"ta~a"ttX~ mXOVOflLa a1to "tOV xam"taAto[l<J o ro oomaAtOflO dvat Eva XWVEU"t~Pt av"ttcpaoEwv. 01tOU Em1tAEOV or ~a8u"tEpEe; Xat OSU"tEPES ~PLOXOV"tat axofl'YJ fl1tpoo"ta flae;»'l:l. H aV"tLA'YJ<V'YJ 1tEPL fltae; apflovtx~S, fl'YJ aV"ttcpa"ttX~e;, 00- maAto"ttX~S xmvwvLas a1tOXaAU1t"tEL flLa oacpEo"ta"t'YJ ouyxuo'YJ - "tau"tto'YJ "tou xa"tW"tEPOU, oomaALo"tlxOU o"taotOU ava1t"tus'YJS "t'YJe; xOflflOUVLO"tlX~S xmvwvLas flE "to avw"tEpo, o ro 01tOLO 8a EX0l)V 1tAEOV Aufld or av"tLcpaoELS OA'YJe; "t'YJS 1tPO'YJYOl)flEV'YJe; - 1tPOXOflflOUVtO"ttX~S 1tEptOoOU ESEAtS'YJS "t'YJe; avflpw1to"t'YJ"tas.
AvacpEpoflEVOe; 0"t0 flEflEAlWOES (_;~"t'YJfla "t'YJS tOlox"t'YJOtas 0 A. TpO"tOXL OLa"tsLVE"tat 1tWe; «H xpa"tlx~ totOX"t'YJ0La ytvE"tat tOloX"t'YJOta "OAOU "tou Aaou" flOVO 0"t0 ~a8flo 1tOU "to xorvcovrxo rrpovouto Xat 'YJ oLacpop01tOL'YJO'YJ EsacpavL(_;oV"tat, Xat fla(_;t "toue; Esacpav((_;E"tat Xat 'YJ avayxato"t'YJ"ta -cou xpa"tOue;. ME aAAa AOyta: 'YJ xpa"ttx~ totOX"t'YJoLa flE"ta"tpE1tE"tat OE oomaAW"ttX~ LOlOX"t'YJo(a avaAoya flE "to 1tWS o"tafla"taEt v« dvat xpanx~ totOX"t'YJ0(a»14. A1to "t'YJ o"ttYfl~, wo"tOOO, rrou 'YJ to to x"t'YJoLa. axpL~We; wS oomaAlO"tLx~, OEV 8a dvat 1tAEOV xpa"tLx~ Xat "tau"toxpova fla EXEl EXAd<VEt 'YJ avayxato"t'YJ"ta "t0l) xpa"tOue;, fla EXOUV ESacpavtofld "ta 1tpOVOflla Xat 'YJ mxovOfltX~ oLao"tpWfla"tWo'YJ "tWV av8pw1twv, apa Xat 'YJ av"t(flE- 0'YJ 1tOA'YJS-XWPLOU. 1tVEUfla"tlx~S-XEtpWVaxnx~e; EpyaOtae;, "t6"tE OEV 8a EXOUflE 1tAEOV vo: xaVOUflE flE flta XOflflOl)vtO"ttX~ xmvwvta «01tWS axpt~WS 1tpO~aAAEL a1to "t'YJv xam"taALo"ttx~» aAAa «01tWe; EXEl ESEAtXfld 1taVW o"t'YJ otX~ "t'YJS ~ao'YJ»'l5. Auro, OUVE1tWe;, rrou 0 A. TpO"tOXL 1tapOuma(_;Et WS oomaAtO"ttX~ LOwx"t'YJOta xat xOLVWVta "taU"t((_;E"tat flE "t'YJv flapSLx~ 8EWP'YJ0'YJ "tOU WPLflOU XOflflOUVtOflOU,a1tO"tEAsL 1tEptypacp~ "tOU aVW"tEpOl) o"taoLou "t'YJe; xOflflOUVtO"ttX~e; xmvwvLas.
nVE"tat 1tAEOV xa"tavo'YJ"tO 1tWS coro "t'YJ oxornrr "t'YJe; aV"ttA'YJ<V'YJS 1tEpt EVOS xnflapou, «"tEAEtWflEVOU» Xat OUVE1tWe; fl'YJ aV"tLcpa"ttXOU oomaAtOflOU,"t'YJV orrot« ULOflE"tsL 0 A. TPO"tOXL, "tOU dvat aouva"to v« oLavo'YJ8sL "t'YJv U1tapS'YJ OE flta 00- maALO"ttX~ xorvorvt« "tOU cpatVOflEVOU "t'YJS ypacpEwxpa"ttas Xat flaALO"ta "t'YJv oLa-
23. TpOTOKl A., IIpoS to OOOJQJuoflO 11 upos roy KamTaAlOflo, EKO. AMuyn, A8nvu, 1988, oEl.. 85. [1Q TO {OIO Snmpu ° A. TpOTOKl oro EPYO TOU H npo50flEvn mavaOlaon ypU<pEl: «Eneiori GKpIPWe; n IOPlEnxri 'Evcoon PpfOKE1Ql IlGKpHi oxouc UlIO TO vu EXEl <plUOE! oro nporro OlUOIO TOU cooioxicpoo, ocv eve looPP01InilEVO ouornuc lIupuywyne; KUl Sicvopnq, n uv6.mu~n me; OEV npoX<upUEl UPIlOVIKU,MAU IlE uvnqxioeic», TpOTOKl A., H npobouevn errcvdorcon, 6.IT., oEl.. 47.
24. TpOTOKl A., H npobouevn errcvdorcon, o.IT., OEA. 192.
25. Mup~ K., KPITlKrJ rou npoypaflflaros ens Ticota, o.n., ou' 21.
37
38
r [POTO MEPOI
nAox~ au'tou 'tOU cpmVOflEVOU flE 'ttS OOmaAtO'ttXEe; OXEOEtS totox't'YJOtas -napaywy~e;. AAAo. xat 0XEnXo. flE 1''YJv tota 't'YJ OO~tE'ttX~ xorvorvtrx 0 A. Tporox; mO'tElJEt nwe; 'YJ ypacpEwxpa'tta OEV EXEt xaflta avayxata flEO'YJ o'tte; 0XEOEte; rrnpaywy~s, xaflta OUflflE'tOX~ 0't'YJ 0XEotOnOt'YJflEv'YJ napaywytx~ otaotxaota, o'tt OEV ano'tEAe:t ouo'ta'ttxo 01'OtXe:t0 1''YJe; 'tEAEU1'atas xm o'tt dvat anoAu'ta napaomx~. H ypacpEtoxpa'tta uno.pXEt flOVO WS «napaomxo anoo't'YJfla» O'tO oWfla 'tou Epya'ttXou xpo.'toue;,'to ortoto (anoo't'YJfla) ota't'YJpd'tm anAo. xm flOVO srrsio~ ot Epya(_;0flEVOt OEV Emxdp'YJoav axofl'YJ vo: 'to E~aAd\jJouv.
EcpooOV,OflWe;, 'YJ ypacpEtoXpa'tta, we; xuptapxo O'tpwfla 't'YJe; OO~tE'ttX~e; XOtvwvtae;, e:tvm E~OAOXA~POU napaomx~, 'to'tE rtou ocpdAE'tm 'YJ payoata oixovofltX~ avo.n'tu~'YJ xm XOtvwvtX~ npooooe; 't'YJe; xwpae;, 't'YJv orrot« oacpwe; avayvwpt(_;Et 0 A Tporoxr; 0 toWe; OEV anocpEuYEt 't'YJv ano.v-r'YJo'YJ O'tO Epw't'YJfla: 'YJ XOtVWVtX~ npooooe; 't'YJe; ELLLl ocpdAE'tm, O't'YJv XOtvwvtxonot'YJo'YJ 'twv flEOWV napaywy~e;. 'EXEt o'YJflaota v« Emo'YJflo.vOUflE o'tt 'to flEAAOV 't'YJe; oO~tE'ttX~S xOtvwvtae;, o't'YJv 'tpo'tOXto'ttX~ 'tou 8EWP'YJO'YJ, 8a xaflopto'td ano 't'YJ ouyxpouo'YJ ~uo av-rWE'twv nOAwv: a) 'tou 8E'ttXOU nOAou (rou nOAou 't'YJe; npoooou) rtou dvm 'to EPya'ttxo xpo.'toe; xm 'YJ XOtvwvtx~ towx't'YJota 'twv flEOWV napaywy~e; xm ~) 'tou apv'YJ'ttxou nOAou (roo nOAou 't'YJS OUV1'~P'YJo'YJe; xm omo800pofl'YJO'YJS), rrou e:tvm 'YJ ypacpEwxpa'tta. LUflcpwva flE 'tte; otamo'twOEtS 'tou A. Tporoxt «H XOtvWVtX~ Enavo.o'tao'YJ, npoooflEV'YJ ano 'to xuptapxo xOflfla, uno.PXEt axofla O'tte; 0XEOEtS totox't'YJotae; xm O't'YJ ouvdo'YJo'YJ 'twv Epya(_;0flEvwV fla(_;wv»20. Qo'tooo. OflWe;, «'YJ OO~te:'ttX~ ypacpEwxpa'tta EXEt npoxwp~OEt nOAu npoe; 't'YJV npoE'totflaota fltas xam'taAw'ttX~e; naAtvOp8wo'YJe;»27 . LuvEnWe;. xa'to. -rov A. Tporcxt « ... 'YJ antcpao'YJ,avo.flEoa o't'yJv XOtvWVtX~ ~o.o'YJ rrou EyxafltopuoE 'YJ Enavo.o'tao'YJ xm O'tO xapaX't~pa 't'YJe; xo.o'tae; rrou YEvv~8'YJXE flEoa ano 'tov EXCPUAtoflO 't'YJe; Enavo.o'ta0'YJe;, OEV dvat flOVO Eva avav'ttpp'YJ'to ro-roptxo YEyovoe;,aAAo. xm Xtv'YJ't~pta Ol)vafl'YJ EntO'YJe;. L't'YJV no.A'YJ flas yta 't'YJv ava'tpon~ 't'YJS ypacpEwxpa'ttae;, ~am(_;oflao'tE o'au't~ 1''YJV antcpao'YJ»28. 'E1'm, Aomov, 'to otA'YJflfla rrou 'tWE'tm evcornov 't'YJS OO~tE'ttX~e; xOtvwvtae; e:tvm 'to E~~S: «0 ypacpEwxpo.'t'YJe; fla xa1'a~pOxfltoEt 'to Epya'ttXo xpo.'toS, ~ 'YJ Epya1'tX~ 'to.~'YJ fla xa8aptoEt 'to ypacpEtoxpo.'t'YJ »".
H av'tWw'YJ Oflwe; flE'ta~u au'twv 'twv nOAwv EXEt 'tEAdwS E~W'tEPtXO -crncpaVEtaXO xapax1'~pa. LlEv npOXEt'tm. o'YJAao~, nEpt av-rWw'YJS WW'tEptXo. oovucpaoflEvwv flEPWV, orrou 'to xa8Eva npoun08E'tEt xm avanapo.YEt 't'YJV E'tEPO't'YJ'to. 'tou, oUflnEptAafl~o.vEt 't'YJv E'tEpo't'YJ'ta o ro EOW'tEptXO 1'OU xm oXE'tL(_;E'tm fla(_;t 't'YJe;. H ypacpEwxpa'tta,xa'to. 'tov A. Tporoxi, dvm 0 anoAu'ta apv'YJ'ttXOe; noAOS,'YJ unap~'YJ 'tou ortotou OEV ocpdAE'tm O't'YJV l)nap~'YJ 'tou o.AAOU ('t'YJe; XOtVWVt-
26. TpoWKJ A., H npobouevn srrcvdorcon, 0.11., DEA. 207.
27. 'O.IT., DEA. 206.
28. Tp01DKl A., «MlQ jllKpOU<IT1Kll ovrmoxrreuon <ITO LOOlaNDllKO EpymlKo Koppn», am: TpOWKI A., LrIlV imepaoruon TOU flap~J(Jflou, EKb. AMuyn, A8nvu, 1980, DEA. 99-100.
29. TpOlOKI A., H npobouevn errcvdorcon, o.IT., DEA. 230.
8mPIEI fIA THI" KOINONIKI I ct>YlI-I Toy LOBIETIKOY KAeHToToI
x01tmYJflEVYJe; 1t(xpaywy~s), OU"tE dvm a1tapat'"t"YJ"tYJ YLa "tYJv u1tap~YJ roo '!EAW'"t"atou. a OE flE"tLXOe;, 1tpOOOW'"t"LXOS 1tOAOS (YJ oOOLaALo'"t"Lx~ LOLox'"t"YJOta "twv flEOWV 1tapaywy~s xaL YJ 0XEOL01tOtYJOYJ "tYJe; OLxovofltas). ws E1ttOYJe; a1tOAu"tYJ ovro-mr«, OU"tE 0YJfltOupyd xcer' awxyxYJ, OU'"t"E ava1tapaYEL "tYJv yp(x(pEtOxpa"tta, aAAa OU'"t"E 1tpOU1tOflE'"t"EL "tYJv "tEAw'"t"ata YLa '"t"YJv OLX~ '"t"ou u1tap~YJ xm AEL"toupyta. IIpoxEL"tm,oUVE1tC0e;. 1tEpt anteEoYJS. 01tOU YJ xa8E 1tAWpa dvm au'"t"~ 1tOU dvm 0XL E~m"ttae; "tYJe; aAAYJS xm flEOW "tYJe; 0XEOYJe; "tYJS flast '"t"YJe;. aAAa aVE~ap'"t"YJ"ta coro "tYJ 0XEOYJ au'"t"~.
Au"t~ YJ flE'"t"(x(PUOLX~ 8EWPYJOYJ '"t"YJe; EV Myw anWwYJS dvm '"t"0 a1to"tEAEofla '"t"ou Efl1tELpwflou. o'"t"a 1tAatOW '"t"oo 01tOtOU, 01tWe; avacpEpaflE. xWEhm OE flEyaAO ~a8flo YJ OXEtjJYJ '"t"ou A. Tp0'"t"OXL. Tooo YJ ypacpELoxpa'"t"ta 000 xm YJ xmVWVLX01tOtYJoYJ '!YJe; 1tapaywy~e; Aafl~avonm we; oEoOflEVEe;. wS «dvm we; EXEL». xwpte; vo: E~E'"t"aSE'!m YJ aAAYJAooLaflwoAa~YJo~ roue. 'E'"t"OL xm YJ MoYJ w)"t~S '"t"YJS av"ttflwYJS vOe:L"tm a1to rov A. TPO'"t"OXL we; a1tA~ xa"tapyYJoYJ "tou EVOe; 1tOAOU. '"t"ou apvYJ,!LxOU. flE '!YJv '"t"au"t0XPovYJ oLa"t~PYJoYJ '"t"ou aAAou. roo 8E"tLXOU. To s~"tYJfla, xa'!a "tov A. TPO'!OXL, o"tYJv E1tEPXOflEVYJ avnypacpEtOXpa'"t"Lx~ E1taVao"taoYJ «OEV dvm v« aAAa~ouflE '!a orxovouix« flEflEALa "tYJS xmvwvtas. vo aV"tLxa'"t"ao'"t"~oouflE 0PLOflEVES flOpcpEe; LotOX"tYJOtae; flE aAAEe; flOpcpES»:lO. To OAO S~"tYJfla EyxEL'!m o'"t"YJV aAAay~ rrov flEfloowv oLOtXYJOYJS "tYJe; xwpas, o'"t"YJv anLxa"tao'"t"aoYJ "tYJS ypacpELOxpa"tLX~e; a1tOAu"t(XPXtae; a1to '"t"YJ OO~LE'"t"LX~ 0YJfloxpa"tta:lI. a A. TpO"toxL.Amrtov, flEWpd Eq)LX'"t"~ '"t"YJv xa"tapyYJoYJ "tYJe; ypacpEtOXpa"ttae; XWptS vo: aAAa~ouv "ta orxovouix« flEflEALa "tYJe; xwpae;. "ta orroto, OflWS. dvm au"ta 1tOU ava1tocpwx"ta ava1tapayouv O"tYJV 1tPWLflYJ XOflflOUVtO'"t"tx~ xowoivt« '"t"o ypacpEwxpa"ttxo cpmvoflEVO. Ot a1totjJELe; '"t"ou A. TPO'"t"OXL, flufltsov'!ae; flas '!YJ yvWO"t~ aVCtAYJtjJYJ '"t"ou Ilpouvrov 1tEpt av-tL8EOEWV. xa"ta"te:LVOuv "tEAtXa O"tYJv 1tp6"taoYJ «N« OW"tYJP~OOUflE '"t"YJv xaA~ 1tAEUpa, ['!YJe; av'!WwYJe; - Il. Il.], acpmpwnas (E~aAdcponas) '"t"YJv xax~ »'1'2.
Eow ExouflE va xavouflE flE Eva xapax"tYJpLo'"t"tXO 1tapaoEtYfla flE"tacpuoLX~e;, 1tAaOflanx~e; «E1ttAUOYJS» anLcpaoEwv. OE av"tWEoYJ flE '"t"YJ OLaAEX'!LX~ flE8000 rtou 1tpO~AE1tEL '!YJv apoYJ, '"t"ov aflm~atO flE'"t"aoXYJfla"tLoflo xm rorv OUO 1tOAWV "tYJS antflEoYJS. '01tWe; Euo"toxa E1twYJflatVEL 0 K. Map~ «Exe:LVO 1tOU a1to"tEAe:t '"t"YJ otaAEx'!Lx~ xtvYJoYJ e:tvm YJ ouvu1tap~YJ "twv oUo aV"tLcpanxwv 1tAWpWV. YJ 1taAYJ "toue; xm YJ ouyxwvwo~ rou; OE flLa XmVOl)pYLa xa"tYJyopta. A1t' "tYJ o"tLYfl~ 1tOU fl1tatVEL "to 1tp6~AYJfla vo: E~acpavtoouflE "tYJv xax~ 1tAEupa. o"tafla'!aflE '"t"1) oLaAEX'"t"LX~ XtvYJoYJ»JJ.
30. nIT., OEA. 233.
31. nIT ..
32. MUfl~ K., H a8Alornw me; cpIAoaocpfae;, EKO. Avuyv(um:fbn, OEA. 109.
33. nIT., OEA. 110.
39
40
i irOTO MEPOL:
• H ()eWpr;ar; rr;e; ao{3lerlx~e; ypaqJelOXpar{ae; We; apxouaae; ra;r;e; xat r; xplrlX~ ex uepoix; roo A. Tprrtoxt
H "tpo"tOXto"ttxYj 1tPOOEyytO"fJ "tOU q>atVOflEVOU TYlS OO~tE"ttX1jC; ypaq>EtOXpa"tLac; otaxptva"tav, OUV "tOtc; aAAOtS,Xat a1ta "t'YlV aouvaflLa "t'YlC; v« OUAAa~Et "t'YlV opyaVtxYj OUVOEO"fJ "t"fJS ypaq>EtOXpa"tLas flE "to «OO~tE"ttXO» "tP01tO 1tapaywy1jc;. H EV Myw 1tPOOEyyt0"fJ, "fJ ortoto; a1tOXaAU1t"tE"tat O"tOV tOXUptOflo 1tEPl ypaq>EtOxpa"tLac; -1tapam"ttXOU o"tpwfla"tOC;, xapXtVWfla"t0S O"tO oWfla "tou Epya"ttXOU xpa"tOUC; aouva"tOUOE v« otaXpLVEt "t"fJV EVO"t"fJ"ta flE"ta~u "tWV antq>a"ttXWV rrruXWV "t"fJC; OO~tE"ttX1jS 1tpaYfla"ttXo"t"fJ"tac;: 't"fJS ypaq>EtOXpa"tlas flE "ttS oomaAtmtXES 0XEOEtC; 1tapaywy1js. H 1tpaYfla"ttxo"t"fJ"ta au'tYj,01tWC; e:LOaflE, 1tapouma(_;o"tav otxaOflEV"fJ OE oUo EOw"tEptXa aouvoE"tOUS, av"tWE"toUS 1tOAOUC;. A1to "t"fJv aouvaflla au"t1j a1tOppEEt xat "fJ a1touota fltas ouo"t"fJfla"ttXYjS 1toAmxoOtxovOfltx1jC; E~E"taO"fJC; "t"fJC; ypaq>EtOXpa"tlac;, "fJ ortot« fla 1tpOU1t08E"tE "t"fJ otdoouo"fJ m"fJv ouot« "twv q>atVOflEVWV, "t"fJV otaxpto"fJ o"fJAaoYj ouvaq>EtWv Xat aAA"fJAEmopaoEwv flE"ta~l) "twv ant8E"twv 1tAWPWV "t"fJS 1tpaYfla"ttXo"t"fJ"tas·
~EV dvat Aomov "tuxalo "to YEYOVOC; 1tWS OptOflEVOt 1tpw"fJv 01taOOL rou A.
Tporoxi, flEA"fJ "t"fJC; 4"fJS ~tE8vouC; Xat xccrornv a1tOo"ta"tES "tou "tpo'toXWflOU (M rr. PL"t(_;t, M. ~aX"tflav, T(_;. M1tEPVXafl), xtv1jfl"fJxav 8Ewp"fJ"ttXa 1tpOS "t"fJv xa"tEufluvo"fJ "E1tava"t01t08E"t"fJO"fJC;" "t"fJS ypaq>Ewxpa"tlaC; flEoa o't"fJ OO~tE"ttXYj xorvcovt«, wc; avayxalo Xat opyavtxo "tfl1jfla au"tYjs. MaAto"ta, au"to "to EYXdp"fJfla ouvoowo"tav a1to "t"fJv 1tpOO1taflEta vrx EPfl"fJVw8d "fJ ypaq>EtOXpa"tLa ~aOEt rcov opcov Xat totOfloPq>tWV "tou oUYXEXptflEVOU, «OO~tE"ttXOU», "tp01tOU 1tapaywy1jc;. 'Erot rrpoExutjJav flEWpiEC; ot 01tOlES OuvEoEoav aflEoa "t"fJ ypaq>EtOxpa'tLa flE "ttC; 0XEoEtC; totOx"t"fJOlaC;-1tapaywy1js, 1tPOOOlOonac; o'au"t1j "to xapax"t1jpa ~EXWptm1jc; xOtvwvtx1jc; "ta~"fJC;.
'Evac; a1ta "touS 1tpw"tOUC; Exq>pao"tEC; "t"fJC; 1tapa1tavw aniA"fJtjJ"fJS,O M 1tPOUVO Pi"t(_;t, o ro EPYO "tou H ypacpsWXP(X'rIX07rO{r;ar; TOU X60f.10U (1939). tOXUPl(_;E"tat o'tt "fJ oO~tE"ttX1j ypaq>EtOxpa"tla a1to"tEAd flta vEa apxouoa "ta~"fJ Xat ovofla(_;Et "to OO~tE"ttXO xa8EO"tws «ypaq>Ewxpa"ttxo XOAEX"tt~Wflo». Trz flEoa 1tapaywy1js a1to"tEAoUV OUAAOytX1j totOx"t"fJ0la "t"fJS ypaq>EtOXpa"tLac;. "fJ orroux EXflE"taAAwoflEV"fJ "to OO~tE"ttXO 1tpoAe:"tapta"to tot01tOtd"tat "t"fJV 1tapayoflEv"fJ u1tEpa~ia. MaAto"ta,xa"ta "tov Pl't(_;t,"tO xaflEo"twc; roo «ypaq>EtOXpa"ttxou XOAEX1"t~lOflOU» OEV 1tEPlOpt(_;o"tav flOVO O"t"fJ ~O~tE"tlX1j 'Evwo"fJ, aAAa E"tElVE OE flla 1tayxOOflta E~a- 1tAWO"fJ Xat Emxpa"t"fJO"fJ, otaoExoflEVO "to xEq>aAatOxpa"ttxo XOlVWVtXO OUO"t"fJfla. Oc; q>atVaflEva au"t1jc; "t"fJC; 'tao"fJC; 0 M 1tPOUVO Pl"t(_;t EXAafl~avE "t"fJv Eflq>aVto"fJ rcov q>amonxwv xa8Eo"tw'tWV o"t"fJv Eupw1t"fJ Xat "t"fJv 1tOAt"ttX1j "tou New Deal o"ttC; HilA.
YtOflE"twnas "ttS ~amxES tOEES "tou Pl"t(_;t, OT(_;al"fJflC; M1tEPVXafl 8a Eto"fJY"fJfld "t"fJ flEwpLa "t"fJC; «E1taVao"tao"fJC; "twv otwflunwv». ~"t0 OflWVUflO EPYO "tou 1tOU XUXAOq>OP"fJOE "to 1941 U1tOO"t"fJpi(_;Et o"tt "fJ mxovofllx1j Xat 1tOAmx1j E~ouola OE A va"toA1j xnt ~uo"fJ 1tEpVa o"taotaxa o"ta XEpta "twv otwflUnwv,ol 01tOLOt ou-
E>EOPIEI rIA THN KOINONIKH <l>YIH Toy IOBIETlKOY KAeELTOTOI
yxpo"WUV, nAEov, fHa vEa eXpxouoa "teX~Yj XaL Em~eXAAouv O"t'YJv xmvwvLa Eva VEO xaflso"tws. 'OOOV aq>opa "t'YJ LO~lE1"lX-fj 'Evwo'YJ,au"t-fj,ouflq>wva flE "tov MnEpvxafl, OEV ano"tEAd Eva oomaAlo"tlxO xPeX"tOS, aq>ou Yj Epya"tlx-fj "ta~Yj anEodx8'YJ aVLxav'YJ vo: napEl O"tYjV npaYfla"tlxo"tYj"ta "tYjV E~ouoLa o"ta XEpla "t'YJS. 'Erot, Yj PwoLa OEV E~EAtX8YjXE npoe; "to oomaAloflo aAAa npoe; "t'YJ «olw8unlx-fj xorvcovto;», Yj orrot« crrpoxcrro vo anlxa"tao"t-fjoEl "t'YJV xEq>aAaLOXpa"tta OE nayxooflla xAtflaxn. Evolaq>Epov EXEl v« avaq>EpouflE O"tl 'YJ lOLOx"tYjoLa "tYje; "ta~'YJS "twv olw8unwv fla dVaL, xa"ta "tov MnEpvxafl. OUAAOYlX-fj XaL 8a O"tYjptSE"taL O"tOV EAEyXO "twv xpa"tlxonm'YJflEvwv flEOWV napaywy-fjs. Auro 0flwS rtou o"t'yJv ouot« 8a xa"tEXouv ot olw8uv"tEe; OEV dVaL "ta flEoa napaywy-fje; aAAa 1"0 xpeX"toe;. 'Onwe; EVOElx"tlxa lOXUPLC_;E"taL 0 TC_;at'YJfle; Mmtpvxafl «To xPeX"tOS -O'YJAao-fj ot 8WflOt nOU ayxaAlaC_;El "to xpeX"toe; - 8a dVaL.av Em8uflOlJflE va "to flEOOUflE E"tm.'YJ "lOLOx"tYjoLa" "twv olw8unwv. KaL "tou"to 8a dVaL EnapxEo"ta"to Yla va "touS "tonoflE"t-fjoEl 0"t'YJ 8E- 0'YJ "t'YJS eXpxouoas "teX~YjS»34.
Ex"t0S, 0flWS, ano "tle; napaneXvw 8EWptES, fllav aAA'YJ EpflYjvda "t'YJS XOlVWvlx-fje; q>uo'YJe; "t'YJS ELLLl,Yj ortoto; EntoYjS olaxptVE"taL ano "tYjv avaywy-fj "tYjS 00- ~lE"tlX-fjS ypaq>ELOxpa"ttae; OE eXpxouoa "ta~'YJ dVaL aU"t-fj rrou "tau"ttC_;El "to oO~lEnxo xa8EO"tWe; flE "tov xpa"tlx6 xam"taAloflo. Au"t-fj "t'YJv eXno\jJYj ola"tlJnWOE "to 1934 o rEPflavoS «apw"tEpOe; XOflflOUVlO"t-fjS» OlJYXO OUpflnaVe;. Bamx-fj "tou flEO'YJ -fj"tav O"tl "t'YJv xEq>aAaLOXpa"tta fla olaoExo"tav Eva VEO xorvovtxo OlJo"tYjfla,O xprx- 1"lx6e; xam"taAloflos, XaL we; npw"ta napaodYfla"ta "tou VEOU xa8Eo"tW"t0e; OccoPOUOE. EX"tOS ano "t'YJv ELLLl,"t'YJ q>amo"tlx-fj I"taALa XaL "t'YJ vaC_;lo"tlx-fj fEPflavta. L"tO OUYXEXPlflEVO xa8Eo"tws "t'YJv E~ouoLa fla xa"tdXE Yj ypaq>ELOxpa"tta, we; EVOnm'YJflEv'YJ XaL OUAAOYlX-fj ao"tlx-fj "teX~Yj,Yj ortoto; fla EXflE"taAAwo"tav "to npoAE"taPleX"tO flEOW "tou xpeX"touS.
Eow npEnEl vo: EnwYjfleXvouflE "to YEYOVOS O"tl 0 npw"toe; rrou eXox'YJOE xprrtx-fj 0' aU"tEe; ns flEWptES -fj"tav 0 A. TpO"tOXl. Min o'YJflanlx-fj aq>oPfl-fj ano"tEAwE Yj ouC_;-fj"tYjoYj O"Cle; "teX~Ele; "tou LomaAlO"ClxoU Epya"tlxou KOflfla"t0S (SWP). aflEplXaVlXOlJ "tfl-fjfla"toS "tYjS TE"tap"tYje; LllE8vouS, avaq>oplxa flE "t'YJv xmvwvlx-fj q>l)OYj "tou oO~lEnXOlJ xaflEo"tw"tOS xal "t'YJ o"teXo'YJ rtou fla EnpEnE vrx xpa"t-fjoouv or "t(J0- "tOXtO"CES anEvav"tl O"CYjv ELLLl oe flla EVOEXOflEV'YJ nayxooflla ouppa~Yj. To 1939 flla Eowxoflflanx-fj anmoAt"twoYj flE EmxEq>aAde; "toue; M. LaX"tflav XaL TC_;. MnEpvxafl aflq>lo~-fj"t'YJOE avmx"teX "tYjV eXno\jJYj "tou A. TP01"OXl O"tl 'YJ ELLLl EtVal Eva EXq>UAlOflEVO Epya"tlxo xpa"toe;, unoo"tYjptC_;onas O"tl crrpoxerto Yla VEO xoiVWVlXO 0XYjfla"tlOflo, ortou Yj ypaq>ELOxpa"tta anO"tEAouOE "t'YJv eXpxouoa "teX~'YJ.
o A. TPO"tOXl unEpaomC_;0flEvoS "t'YJv eXno\jJ-fj "tou OXE"tlXeX flE 1"'YJ q>uo'YJ "tYjS ELLLl avaq>EpEl ws ~amxeX Xpl"t-fjpla oPloflOU 1"WV xorvorvtxcov "ta~Ewv, rrporrov, 1"0 o-n au"tEe; xapax"tYjptsov"taL XUPLWS ano "t'YJ oXEO'YJ "toue; flE "ta flEoa napaywy-fje; XaL, OEU1"EPOV, "to on 'YJ xaflE vEa eXpxouoa "teX~'YJ ano"tEAd -rov q>opEa VEWV, lO"tOPlXeX avayxaLwv 0XEOEWV EXflE"teXAAWO'YJe; XaL EVOe; avw"tEpoU EmnEoou aveX-
34. Burnham J., H mQvaomon rwv 51Wf}UvrWV, t:KO. KaApoS, A811va, OElI.. 106.
41
42
IIpOTO MFPOI
1t"tu~'YJe; "twv 1t(xpaywy~xwv OUVa[J.EWV. ~E av"dflw'YJ flE "t~e; "ta~EL<:; or 01tOiEe; EXOUV aVE~ap"t'YJ"tEe; pi(_;Ee; O1"'YJv mxovofl~XYj OOflYj "t'YJe; xmvwvtas 'YJ ypacpEtOxpa'tia «OEV EXE~ xafl~a aVE~ap"t'YJ"t'YJ flEO'YJ 01"0 1tPO"tOES "t'YJe; 1tapaywyYje; Xat o~avoflYje; ... O~ AE~"tOUpytEe; "t'YJe; 0XE"ti(_;onat ~amxa flE 't'YJv 1tOAL"tLXYj 'tEXVLXYj 't'YJe; "ta~~XYje; XUp~apxtas»:l5. EXXLVWnae; a1to aU"tEe; "t~S flEOE~S 0 A. Tporoxt a1tOppi1t"tE~ "toue; ~OXUp~OflOUe; em 'YJ OO~~E"t~XYj ypacpEtOxpa"tia dvat ~o~ox'tYj"tp~a "twv flEOWV 1tapaywyYjs xa~ "tOU xpa"t~xou fl'YJxav~oflou xaflws Xat o"t~ a1tO'tEAd [.Ha vEa apxouoa "ta~'YJ. E1tto'YJe;, a1tOppi1t"tE~ aflcpo"tEpEe; "t~e; 8EWptEe; 1tOU xapax"t'YJpt(_;OUv "to OO~~E"t~xo xaflw"twS,acpEVOe; flEV,wS xpa"t~xo xam"taA~Oflo, acpE"tEpoU OE. we; ypacpEtOxpanxo XOAEX"t~~~OflO. 0 A. Tporoxr qxaAd "touS EX1tPOOW1tOUe; 'tWV 1tapa1taVW 8EWP~WV y~a EXAExnx~Oflo, y~a "tau"t~o'YJ "t'YJe; E~~Ll flE "ta cpamo"t~xa xpa't'YJ «0"t'YJ ~ao'YJ "t'YJe; OXE"t~XYje; Oflmo"t'YJ"tas Op~OflEVWV E~W"tEP~XWV xapax"t'YJP~onxwv o~acpopE"t~XYjS 1tpOEAWO'YJe;. o~acpopE"t~XOU E~O~XOU ~apoue;, o~acpopE"t~XYje; "ta~~xYje; o'YJflaoias»:lO.
001"000, 1tapa "t'YJv op8Yj,xa"ta "t'YJ YVWfl'YJ flaS, XPL"tLxYj 1tOU aox'YJoE 0 A. Tpo"tox~ OE au"toue; 1tOU flEWpOlJOaV "t'YJ OO~~E"t~XYj ypacpEwxpa"tia apxouoa "ta~'YJ. 0 iowe; OEV Yj"tav xa"t'YJyoP'YJ[.L(X"t~xoe; O1"~S a1totjJE~S 'tou. Ll'YJAaoYj, 0 A. Tporoxi OEV a1tEXAE~E "t'YJv mflavo"t'YJ"ta xa"tw a1to Op~OfltVES 1tpOU1tOfltOE~S v« E~EA~Xfld 'YJ 00- ~~E"t~XYj ypacpe:wxpa"tta OE «vc« EXflE"taAAEU"tp~a "ta~'YJ». 1-:1 mflavo't'YJ"ta wnYj E~ap"tW"tav,xa"ta "t'YJ YVWfl'YJ 'tOU. a1to "to txv 0 Emxd[J.EVOe;."tO"tE, LlEU"tEpOe; IIaYXooflWe; IIoAEflOS fla 1tpOXaAOuoE 1tayxoo[.Ha 1tpOAE"tap~axYj E1taVao'tao'YJ, 'YJ o1tota fla aVE"tpE1tE 'tau"toxpova "t'YJ ypacpEwxpa"tta o"t'YJv E~~Ll Xat 8a coroxn- 8~0"touoe: 't'YJ OO~~E"ttXYj o'YJ[.wxpa"tta. E1tto'YJe;. fla E~ap"tw"tav xat a1to ow xa"ta 1tO- 00 "to 1tpOAE:"tap~a"to "twv 1tpo'YJy[.LEVWV xEcpaAatOxpanxwv xwpwv xa"taAafl~avonas "t'YJv E~OUOta 8a xa"topflwvE vrx a1to"tpEtjJE~ "to ypacpEwxpa"t~xo EXCPUA~OflO "t'YJe;. ~E av"tt8E"t'YJ 1tEpt1t"tWO'YJ.01tWe; OYjAWVE 0 A. Tporoxi, «H av~xavo"t'YJ'ta "tou 1tpOAE"tap~a"tou vo 1tapE~ o"ta XEp~a "tou "t'YJv 'YJYEoia "t'YJS xmvwvtae;. fla [.L1tOpOUOE 1tpaYfla"t~ ... v« OO'YJyYjOE~ o"t'YJv Eflcpavw'YJ fl~as vtae; EXflE"taAAEu"tp~ae; "tal: 37
~'YJs···» .
'Ooov acpopa "t'YJ flEWP'YJ"t~XYj "t'YJe; EYXupO"t'YJ"ta, 'YJ 1tpO~AEtjJ'YJ au"tYj Yj"tav E~atpE"t~xa EmocpaAYje; o~on e:~ap"tOUOE "t'YJv Eflcpavw'YJ fl~ae; vtae; xmvwv~xYje; "ta~'YJe; ("t'YJS ypacpE~oxpa"ttas) a1to "t'YJv mflavYj tx~ao'YJ e:Voe; 1tOAEflOU Xat a1tO "t'YJv m8avYj 1tOAt"tLXYj OUfl1tEp~cpopa fl~as aAA'YJS "ta~'YJe; ("tOU 1tpOAE'tap~a"tou), xa~ OX~ a1tO "t'YJv Eflcpav~o'YJ xa1tmwv vccov, VOflO"tEAE~axwv xowovixo-orxovououov 0XEOEWV. A1tEOdX8'YJ. "tEA~xa. o't~ Yj"tav flta ~01"optxa wcpaAflEv'YJ 1tpO~AEtjJ'YJ. acpol) 'YJ rrponvacpEp8doa «av~xavo"t'YJ"ta "tOU 1tpOAE"tap~a"tou» OoYjY'YJOE OXt O"t'YJv EflcpaVtO'YJ VSae; apxouoas "ta~'YJe; aAAa O1"'YJV ava'tp01tYj. 1tOAAa xpov~a flE"ta "tov 1tOAEflO. "t'YJe; OO~~E"ttXYjS ypacpe:wxpa"tiae; a1tO "tte; ouvaflE~e; "t'YJe; xEcpaAatOXpa"t~xYje; 1taA~VOp-
35. TpOWKIA., H raSIKri tpoon me; LOfJIE:rIKrie; 'Evcoonc, EKb. AMuyn, A8ftvu, 1986, OEl\.. 30 .
36. TpOWKIA., «Mia uncpouorncri UVnnOAITEUOn 010 IOOlaAlOTlKO EpymlKo Koupo», 0l0: o.n., OEl\.. 99.
37. TpOWKIA.) «H EIIi1 OlOV nOAEpo», 0l0: o.n., OEA. 125.
8EOPIEL fIA TI iN KOINONIKH <1>YIH TOY LOBIETIKOY KM)HTOTOL
8WG1)C;.
YTIapxouv o[.LwC; xm aAAa G1)[.LEta G'tO EPYO 'tou A. TPO'tGXl OTIOU au'toc; xpa'ta [.Lla OlqJOpOU[.LEV1) G'taG1) aTIEvaV'tl G'tO s-lj't1)[.La 'tou 'taSlxou xapax't-ljpa 't1)C; GO~lEnx-Ijc; ypaqJEwxpa't[ac;. 'OTIWC; EmG1)[.La[vEl 0 PWGOC; EPWV1)'t-ljc; A. I'xouotsrp, 0 A. Tporoxt G'tO 'tEAw'ta[o 'tou xm TIAEOV WPl[.LO - o» xm [.L1) 01.0- XA1)pw[.LEvo ~l~A[o - 17raAlv 8EWPEt « ... 'tov XO[.L[.La'tlxo - xpa'tlxo [.L1)XaVlG[.LO [.Llav aTIo nc; ~amxEC; XOWWVlXEC; oUVa[.LEtC; TIOU aywv[soV'tm Yla 't1) ola8EG1) 'tou "UTIEPTIPOCOV'toC; 'tou E8vouc;" »:18. H ola8EG1) 'tOU UTIEPTIPOCOV'tOC;, UTIOG't1)p[SEl 0 A. I'xouotco. TIOU aTIo'tEAEt lOlO't1)'ta 'tOU TIpay[.La'tlXOU lOWX't-lj't1) 'tWV [.LEGWV TIapaywy-ljc;. GuyxEV'tpw(1)XE 'tEAlxa G'ta XEpla 't1)C; GO~lE'tlX-IjC; ypaqJEwxpa't[ac;. Km GUVe:x[SEl: «A vayvwp[sonac; 'to «uro, W8EWC;. 0 TPO'tGXl OEV [.LTIOpEt TIMov va TIapa[.LEp[GEl E'tm aTIAa 'to s-Ij't1)[.La 't1)C; 'taSlx-Ijc; qJUG1)C; 't1)C; ypaqJELOxpa't[ac;. Koi, TIpay[.La'tl, avaqJEpO[.LEVOC; G't1) OEXaE't[a 'tou '20. ypaqJEl: "H ouot« 'tou (GO~tE'tlXOU) 0EP[.LlOWp ... -Ij'tav 1) aTIoxpuG'taAAwG1) 'twv VEWV TIPOVO[.LLOUXWV o rpro[.La'twv,1) (1)[.LLOupyLa EVOC; VEOU uTIo~a8pou Yla 't1)v OlXOVO[.LlXa xup[apX1) 'taS1) ... ~uo -Ij'tav or UTIOtjJ-IjqJWl Yl' «oro 'to POAO: 1) [.LlXpoaG'tlx-Ij 'taS1) xm 1) LOla 1) ypaqJELOxpa't[a" »39.
~EV GXOTIEUOU[.LE vo: ESETaGOU[.LE AETI'tOIlEpEG'tEpa nc; TIapaTIavw aTIotjJElC; rou A. TPO'tGXl, OU'tE,~E~ma, 'tlC; aTIotjJElC; 'tou A. rXOlJmEqJ, 0 OTIOLOC; 8EWPEt 't1) GO~lE'tlX-Ij ypaqJEwxpa'tLa apxouGa 'taS1). To [.Lovo TIOU Oa 8EAa[.LE EOW va ETIlG1)[.LavOU[.LE Etvm 'to YEYOVOC; TIWC; or TIaAlvwoLEC; 'tou A. TPO'tGXl G'tlC; aTIotjJElC; rou TIEPL GO~lE'tlX-IjC; ypaqJEwxpa'tLac; 0Xl [.Lovo OEV aTIE'tpETIaV aAAa euvoouonv 't1) [.LE'tETIEl'ta E[.LqJaVlG1) 8EWPlWV ot OTIOLEC; 'tw)'t[Souv 't1) GO~lE'tlX-Ij ypaqJEwxpa't[a [.LE [.Lla verx apxouGa 'taS1). To aTIo'tEAEa[.La, aAAwG'tE. 'tou ~W'tEPOU IIaYXOG[.LLOU IIoM[.LoU OEV -Ij'tav 1) Exo-ljAWG1) TIayxOG[.Llac; TIpoAE'taplax-Ijc; ETIaVaG'taG1)C; xm 1) ETIaVaG'ta'tlx-Ij ava'tpoTI-Ij 't1)C; GO~lE'tlX-IjC; ypaqJEwxpa'tLac;, aAAa 1) v[x1) 't1)C; Ebb~ xm 1) EV[GXUG1) 't1)C; GO~lE'tlX-IjC; ypaqJEwxpa'tLac;, xa'tl TIOU [.LE ~aG1) 'tlC; 'tPO'tGXlG'tlXEC; TIpO~MtjJElC; ETIPETIE vo: 0(1)y-ljGEl G't1)v E[.LqJaVlG1) «vEac; EX[.LE'taAAEu'tplac; 'taS1)C;».
38. rKOU01Eq:> A., «NEOllOSVUVll MUS: 1\Eq:> TpOWKI 0 oo~tt:oKo'i IW10UPOKPUTl!», AAnpvarfj31, 2, 1998, o, 156.(rKOU01Eq:> A., «H fln cvovvcoprouevn T<i~n: 0 AEwv TpOWKI ylQ rn oO~lmKn ypUq:>EloKpmIW), AArfpvarfj31, up. lEUXOUS 2, 1998, OEl,. 156).
39. D.o., OEA. 157. H UllOqJl110U 1\. TPOWK1,TnV onoiu OUpU8E1EI 0 A. rKOUOIEq:>, npotpXElQl uno to EPyo: TpOWKI 1\., L1<WV, 1. 2, fKO. T{ppa-I IOAl1lSV1Ul, Mooyo, OEA. 223-224
43
KE<IlAAAIO 2
H 0EQPIA TOY KPATIKOY KAnITAAI~MOY
M ~a arro "w; mo yvwa-rEe; xm EVOE~X-r~XEe; rrEpm-rwaE~e; -rwv rrponvnqJEp8Enwv 8EWP~WV rrou E[.LqJavia(1)xav [.LE"t"a -rov rroAE[.Lo xm EmXE~pouaav vo. rmpouotrroouv -r1) ao~~E"t"~xYj ypaqJELOxpa-ria we; apxouaa -raS1) arro-rEAe:L -ro EPYO -rou T. KA~qJ Koauxoc; xamraAtGf10t; atn Ptoaia. 0 auyypaqJEae; aaxoAEhm [.LE -r1) ypaqJELOxpa-rLa O~O-rL qJpOVe:L O-rL au-rYj ErrmSE Eva xa80- PLa-r~XO POAO a-r1)v ESEA~S1) -r1)e; aO~Le:-rLXYje; xmvwvLae;. 'Hrov 1) ouva[.L1) EXe:LV1), 1) orroto a-ra -rEA1) -r1)e; oExaE-riae; -rou '20 rrpaY[.La-rorro(1)aE [.LLav anErravaa-ra-rLxYj ava-rporrYj -rwv xotvovrxcov xa-rax-rYjaEwv -r1)e; Ox-rw~p~avYje; Erravaa-raa1)e;, Eyxa- 8LOplJOnae; a-r1) Pwaia Eva VEO EX[.Le:-raAAEU-r~xO xa8Ea-rwe;. ~-r1)V OA1) 8Ew(1)aYj T1)e; o-ro EPYO -rou T. KALqJ 1) ypaqJEwxpa-ria rrpo~aAAEL we; Eva Ev~aio a-rpw[.La [.LE xmva aU[.LqJEpov-ra, ani8e:-ra au-rwv -r1)e; xmvwvLae;, [.LE EVLa£a au-roauvd(1)a1) xm a-roxoue; xa8we; xm [.LE Ev~aLo, av-rErravaa-ra-rLxo, EV rrpoXEL[.LEVW, -rporro opaa1)e;. Au-rYj 1) anLA1)tP1) rrEpi O[.LOLOyEvE~ae; aU[.LqJEponwv xm oxorrcov -r1)e; ypaqJEwxpa-riae; rrou uw8e:-re:L 0 T. KALqJ xa-raAYjYEL aTOV LaXUp~a[.Lo O-rL 1) ypaqJEwxpa-ria arro-rEAe:L SEXWPLa-rYj -raS1).
Ilporou o[.Lwe; va rrapaxoAou8YjaoU[.LE -r1) aUAAoy~a-rLxYj -rou T. KALqJ Erri -rou avaqJEp8EnOe; ~axupLa[.LOU 8a rrpErrEL va Ema1)[.LaVoU[.LE O-rL OE [.Lae; OLVE~ xavEva opLa[.LO -r1)e; ypaqJEwxpa-riae;, rrpw-rov, we; ypaqJELOxpa-riae; xm, OEU-rEPOV, we; xupiapX1)e; -raS1)e;. AvaqJ0pLxa [.LE -r1)v xmvwvLxYj auv8Ea1) -rou a-rpw[.La-roe; «uroo [.LrrOpoU[.LE va Aa~OU[.LE arro -ro Xd[.LEVO -rou T. KA~qJ [.Lovo E[.L[.LEaEe; rrA1)poqJopiEe;. ~u[.LqJwva [.LE -roue; oLaarrap-roue; ~aXUp~a[.LOlJe; -rou, a-r1) ypaqJEwxpa-ria 8a rrpErret vo: aU[.LrrEpLAa~OU[.LE: a) OAO -ro oLEU8unLxo -r1)e; rrapaywyYje; rrpoorornxo, ~) OAOUe; -roue; E~OLXOUe;, -ro -rExvLxoEma-r1)[.LOVLXO rrpoocornxo -r1)e; rrapaywyYje;, y) OAOUe; -roue; a-rpanwnxoue;, 0) OAOUe; -roue; ~OUAEU-rEe; -rou A vw-ra-rou xm -rwv o[.Loarrovo~axwv ~O~LE-r, e:) -roue; auyypaqJe:Le; xa8we; xm oAa -ra aTo[.La [.LE avw-ra-r1) [.LopqJwa1). 0Ewpwnae;, Aomov, OAEe; amEe; -r~e; xa-r1)yopiEe; -rou rrA1)8ua[.Lou xUpLapX1) -raS1) 0 T. KA~qJ arroqJEuYEL va O~EUxpLViaE~ -rL e:Lvm «uro rrou ouvcvcoVEL aE [.L~a Evtaia -raS1) -ra rraparravw a-rpw[.La-ra.
Auro, ~E~ma, rrou 8a [.LrrOpoUaE iawe; vo: EXA1)qJ8d we; arran1)a1)e:Lvm or avaqJopEe; -rou T. KALqJ a-rLe; utP1)AE:e; arrooOxEe; -rwv auyxExpL[.LEVWV XOLVWV~XWV o[.Laowv xm a-r1) ouva-ro-r1)-ra -roue; va aaXOAOlJnm [.LE rrVEU[.La-r~xYj-ow~x1)nxYj Epyaa£a, we; a-rmxdo rrou, xo-r' «urov, o~axp£vE~ -r1)v xUpLapX1) -raS1) arro -r1)v urrOAmrr1) xorvcovto. Qa-roao O[.Lwe;, 1) rrapoxYj UtP1)AWV a[.Lm~wv aE opLa[.LEVa xorvwvLxa a-rpw[.La-ra OUOOAWe; arrOOE~xvUE~ [.LLa -raSLxYj o~aa-rpw[.La-rwa1) -r1)e; XOLVW-
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I IPDTO MEPOL
vtae;, EqJOGOV 'to [.LEpU5w (w'twv 'twv G'tPW[.L<X'twv G'tO napayO[.LEvO xorvcovrxo rtpotov OEV npOEpXE'tat ana [.Ltav antG'tOtxYj totw'ttx-lj towx'tYjGta 'twv [.LEGWV rrnpaywy-lje;. bU[.LqJwva [.LE 'tYj [.LapstG'ttx-lj 8EWPYjGYj 'twv 'tasEwv, 'tYjV orroto urrort- 8E'tat o'tt uw8E'te:L Xat 0 T. KAtqJ, or xOtvWvtXEe; 'tasEte; OEV e:Lvat anAa otXatOUXOt Xat vO[.Lde; otaqJopE'ttXWv [.LEptotWV 'tou napayO[.LEVOU npot:onOe;,aAAa npw'ta an' oAa ano'tEAOl)V 'toue; qJopde; GUYXEXPt[.LEVWV xo t tG'toptxa avayxatwv GXEGEWV napaywy-lje; -Ij aAAtWe; GXEGEWV towx'tYjGtae; 'twv napaywytXWV OUVa[.LEWV. Ot GXEGEte; aU'tEe; GUVtG'tOl)V 'tYjv ouot« 'twv xOtvWVtXWV qJatVO[.LEVWV,'tO [.LYjxavtG[.Lo XtvYjGYje; - ESEAtSYje; 'tYje; xOtvwvtae;, 'tte; xa80ptG'ttXEe; ExdvEe; GUvaqJEtEe; rrou npoGowptSOuv 'tYjv XOtvWVtx-lj qJUGYj EVOe; xa8Ea'tw't0e;. II avaywy-lj 'tYje; 'tastx-lje; otaG'tpw[.La'twGYje; [.Ltae; Xotvwvtae; GE nOGo'ttXEe; otaqJ0pEe;. GE otaqJopEe; a[.LOt~wv, xa'tapyd xanOta GaqJ-Ij Xat avayxata opta [.LE'taSl) 'twv 'taSEwv. [.Ltae; Xat 0 xa8E utjJYjAa a[.LEt~O[.LEVOe; EXnpOGWnOe; 'twv EpyaSO[.LEVWV [.Lnopd va OccopYj8d avw'tEpOe; 'tastxa ana xanowue; «n'twxoue;» EXnpOGWnoUe; 'tYje; 'tasYje; 'twv towx'tYj'twv. Ex'toe; «urou Yj avaywy-lj 'tYje; 'tastx-lje; otaG'tpw[.La'twGYje; GE otaqJopEe; a[.Lot~wv OE [.Lae; otVEt xa[.Lta nAYjpoqJopta avaqJoptxa [.LE 'tov 'tpono xa'ta 'tov orroto ot GXEGEte; [.LE'taSU 'twv 'tasEwV,We; GXEGEte; towx'tYjGtae;. au'toavanapayonat, avanapayonae;,'tau'toxpova, 'tte; antnaAEe; XOtvWvtXEe; 'tasEte;.
'Exonae; au8atpE'ta xapax'tYjptGEt 'toue; utjJYjAa a[.LEt~O[.LEVOUe; nOAt'tEe; 'tYje; Ebb~ xuptapxYj 'taSYj. 0 T. KAtqJ atG8avE'tat 'tYjv avayxYj va 'tEX[.LYjptWGEt 'tov EV Myw tGxuptG[.LO [.LEGW 'tYje; avaAoYYje; Ep[.LYjvdae; 'twv GXEGEWV towx'tYjGtae; G'tYj xwpa au't-lj. EqJoGOV O[.Lwe; OEV dvat GE 8EGYj va anoodsEt 'tYjV l)napSYj totw'ttx-lje; towx'tYjGtae; rcov [.LEGWV napaywy-lje; G'ta XEpta 'twv exrrpoororrcov 'tYje; ypaqJEwxpa'ttae; ota'tdvE'tat o'tt «~'tYjv ooot«, Yj towx'tYjGta ~PtGXE'tat G'ta XEpta 'twv ypaqJEwxpa'twv GUAAoytXa (EXEt napaxwpYj8d G't0 xpa'toe; 'twv ypaqJEwxpa'tWV»l. Ana 'ta napanavw GUvaYE'tat o'tt 'ta [.LEGa napaywy-ljc; G'tYjv Ebb~ -Ij'tav antXd[.LEVO xOtv-Ije;-GUAAoytx-lje; towx'tYjGtae; 'twv ypaqJEwxpa'twv.
A vaxun'tEt O[.LWe; EOW Yj avayxYj va anooEtx8d o'tt Yj ypaqJEwxpa'tta G'tYj bO~tE'ttX-lj 'EvWGYj ano'tEAOUGE Eva XAEtG'tO G'tpw[.La, Eva dooe; xaG'tae;, aUG'tYjpa OPW8E'tYj[.LEVO Xat nEptxapaXw[.LEvo ano 'tYjV UnOAOt1tYj xorvcovt«, [.LE otxatw[.La XAYjpOVO[.Ltx-ljc; [.LE'ta~t~aGYje; 'twv xpa'ttxwv astw[.La'twv o rouc yovouC; xrxt anoyovouC; 'tYjC; ypaqJEwxpa'ttac;. b'tYjV anteE'tYj nEpLn'tWGYj 8a EnpEnE vo: OEX80l)[.LE o'tt 'tYj G'tty[.L-Ij 'tYje; GunaSwoo'tYjGYje;, OXt [.Lovo [.LE[.LOVW[.LEVOt ypaqJEwxpa'tEe; aAAa Xat OMXAYjPYj YEvta ypaqJEwxpa'twv anoXWptSE'tat 'tYjV uno'tt8E[.LEVYj GUAAOytX-lj towx'tYjGta 'tYjC;, XWptC; va 'tYj [.LE'ta~t~aGEt G'ta natota 'tYjC;,'ta orrot« 8a EnpEnE 'to'tE vo: ytvouv Xat aU'ta G'tO GUVOAO 'toue; xpa'ttxot unaAAYjAOt. H anouGta EVOe; xa8Ea'tw't0e; XAYjpOVO[.Ltx-ljc; [.LE'ta~t~aGYjC; 'twv xpa'ttxwv astw[.La'twv Xat GUVEnWe; 'tYje; uno'tt8E[.LEVYje; GUAAoytx-lje; ypaqJEwxpa'ttx-lje; towx'tYjGtae; xa'ta[.Lap'tupd 'to YEyovoe; O'tt Yj GXEGYj 'twv ypaqJEwxpa'twv [.LE 'tYjV napaywy-lj Xat 'ttC; napaywytXEC; ouva[.LEtC;, xa8wc; Xat 'to utjJOC; rcov anoooxwv 'toue; OEV xn-
1. KNcp T, KpaTlKOC; xcuutolaopoc am Pcooia, £KO. I Iopouofo, Atlrivo, 1983, ad\ 181.
8EOPIEL fIA THN KOINONIKH <1>YIH Toy IOBIETIKOY KAE-)ELTOTOL
80pCl~onm arro 't1) OYj8EV ~owx't1)ata 'toue; a'ta [lsaa rrapaywyYje;,aAAa arr''t~e; ErraYYEA[la't~XSe; 'toue; ~O~O't1)'tEe; xm 't1)v EpyamaxYj 'toue; opaa't1)p~op't1)'ta we; urraAAYjAwv 'tou Xp(X'toue;. ME aAAa My~a e:tvm 1) auyxEXp~[lSV1) EpyamaxYj 8sa1) wnYj rtou ESaacpaAtsE~ o-rov ypacpEwxpa't1) utjJ1)Ate; arroooxse;, 't1)e; orrotc«; O[lwe; OEV e:tvm ~owx'tYj't1)e;, orrwe; aAAwa'tE OEV dvm ~Owx'tYj't1)e; 'twv [lsawv rrapaywyYje;.
o T. KA~Cp 0~ma8avE'tm o't~ 1) ypacpELOxpa'tta OEV [lrrope:t vo: XE~ptSE'tm 't~e; rrapaywy~xse:; ouva[lne; we; ~owx't1)ata 't1)e; xm rrpoarra8d va XaAl)tjJE~ 't1) 8EW(1)'t~xYj aVErrapxE~a 't1)e; arrotjJYje; roo xa'tacpEuyoV'tae:; aE aXO[la zno EmacpaAe:te:; ~axup~a[loue:;. 'Orrwe:; urroa't1)ptsE~ 0 [Owe:; «1) xpa't~xYj ypacpEwxpa'tta- 1) apxouaa 'taS1) (1)A. -~ptaXE~ 'tporroue; va "XA1)pOOO'te:t" 'ta rrpOVO[l~a 't1)e;,rrou e:tvm o~acpopE't~xa aE axsa1) [lE 'ta an[a'to~xa 'tWV cpEouoapxwv,'twv aa'twv Yj 'tWV EAEl)- 8EPWV ErraYYEA[la't~WV. Av 1) Emxpa'tsa'tE(1) [ls8000e; y~a 't1)v EXAOYYj 0~EU8uvrcov EmXE~pYjaEwv,'t[l1)[la'tapxwv XA. rr. e:tvm 1) xoorr'ta'tma (0 owp~a[loe:;), 'to'tE o xa8E ypacpEwxpa't1)e:; 8a cppoV't[aE~ rreptooorspo vo. XA1)pooO'tYjaE~ o-rov yw rou 't~e; "Erracpse:;" 'tou rrapa,ae; rrOU[lE.sva exccr. pOt)~A~a (rxv xm cpumxa xm 'to OEU'tEPO SXE~ a1)[laaiah2• ~uvErrWe;, xa'ta 'ta AEyO[lEVa 'tou T. KA~cp. 1) ypacpE~oxpa'tta OEV dvm ~Owx'tYj'tpta 'twv [lsawv rrapaywyYje;, orrwe:; e:txa[lE Aa8E[lSVa EvvoYjaE~, aAAa e:tvm ~Owx'tYj'tp~a «crrnqxov». To ao~sSooo 'twv arrotjJEwv 'tou T. KA~Cp ytvE'tm rrAtov E[lcpavse:;. O~ axsaE~e; ~owx't1)atae;, we:; an~XE~[lEVtXSe; xa~ avayxatEe; axsaE~e; [lE'taSU 'twv 'taSEwv, [lE'ta'tpsrronm a'ta AEY0[lEVa 'tou auyypacpsa aE 'tuxata rrEp~a'ta't~xa: 'to o» 0 ypacpEwxpa't1)e; avYjxE~ a't1)v apxouaa 'taS1) Yj OX~ xm 'to o» 8a avYjxE~ aE au'tYj xm 0 u~oe; 'tou ESrxp'ta'tm arro 'to xa'ta rrooo Em'tuxYje:; 8a dvm 1) rrpoarra8E~a 'tou rrpw'tou vo: [lE'ta~t~aaE~ o-rov OEU'tEpo 't~e; «Erracpse:;» -rou. Au'tYj Aomov 1) [lE'ta~[~aa1) 't1)e; ypacpe:wxpanxYje; «~GWx't1)a£ae:;» ocpe:tAE'ta~ arroxAE~a't~xa xm [lOVO o r«; rrpoawmxse; a!)[lrraOe:~Ee:; Yj aV'tma8E~Ee:;, ane; Em8u[l[Ee; xm tow'tporr[Ee; xarrOtwv aAAwv ypacpEwxpa'twv'twv «errrxqxov», [lsaw 'twv ozrotcov EnaaaE'tm a'tte; ypa[l[lse; 't1)e; apxouaae; 'taS1)e; 0 yovoe; rou arrEPX0[lEVOU ypacpEwxpa't1).
T~ 8a aU[l~e:t O[lwe; av ot «Erracpse:;» OEV ~01)8Yjaouv 'tov u~o 'tou ypacpEwxpa't1) va 0~aoEx8e:t 'tov rra'tspa 'tou, o» rrpo't~[lYjaouv aAAOV ant «urou Yj o» Myw oua[lEvoue:; rroAmxYje; auyxup£ae; arrooE~x80t)v av[axupEe; va rrpow8Yjaouv 'toue; «o~xoue;» 'toue; av8pwrroue; a't~e; xpa't~xse; 8saE~e;; AAAwa'tE au'tYj 't1)V m8avO't1)'ta OEV 't1)V arroxAe:tE~ OU'tE 0 [owe; 0 T. KA~Cp, y~' «uro xm ~axup[SE'tm TIwe:; o EV AOYW ypacpEwxpa't1)e; «8a rrpoarra8YjaE~ va rrEpwp[aE~ o-ro EAax~a'to rov ap~8[lo 'twv urrotjJYjcp~wv aV'taywv~a'twv zrou arro~Atrrouv a't1)v xa'taA1)tjJ1) rroo-rcov a't1) ypacpEwxpanxYj [l1)XavYj»:l. Av. Aomov, 1) rrpoarra8E~a au'tYj arro'tuXEt, 'to'tE 8a arroxaAucp8e:t 'to 'tEpaa'tw acpaA[la -rou rra'tspa-ypacpEwxpa't1) va acpYjaE~ XA1)povO[l~a orov u~o 'tou [l~a rrAaa[la't~xYj ypacpEwxpa't~xYj ~owx't1)a[a «ezrn-
2. D.lI., oEA. 186.
3. nn., oEA. 186.
47
48
DPQTOMEPOI
qJWV» ani 't"fJe; npay[.La'ttxYje; towx't"fJGiae; 'tou EVOe; Exa'to[.L[.Lupiou pou~Aiwv. 'Or; o[.Lwe; Xat vo: GU[.L~d, «uro rtou yta [.Lae; EXEt G"fJ[.LaGia Xat npEnEt va E1ttG"fJ[.L<XVOU[.LE e:Lvat 'to YEyovoe; mue; xa't<X 'tov T. KAtqJ 0 otaxwptG[.Loe; 't"fJe; GO~tE'ttxYje; xotvwviae; GE [.Ltav <XPxouGa 't<XS"fJ 'twv ypaqJEwxpa'twv Xat GE [.Lta xa'ta1ttESO[.LEV"fJ 't<XS"fJ 'twv EpyaSo[.LEvWV OEV anoppEEt ana 'tte; GXEGEte; totox't"fJGiae; 'twv [.LEGWV napaywyYje; aAA<X ana 'tte; npoGW1ttxte; YVWpt[.LiEe; xat GU[.Ln<XSEtEe; nOD avo.rmiooovr«t G'ta xAt[.L<Xxta 'tOU xpa'ttXOU [.L"fJxavtG[.Lou. Ana 'tte; yVWpt[.LiEe; au'tEe; Xat 't"fJv nOAt'ttxYj 'toue; ~apu't"fJ'ta Esap't<X'tat 'to o» Sa EnaXee:L x<xnowe; nOAi't"fJe; G'tte; ypa[.L[.LEe; 't"fJe; <XPxouGae; 't<XS"fJe;, 'to o» Sa napa[.Le:LVEt GE aU'tEe; Yj Sa EnavEAeEt G'tte; 't<xsEte; 'tWV EpyaSO[.LEvwV. 'Erot, Aomov, "fJ EVaGXOA"fJG"fJ 'tOU T. KAtqJ [.LE 'tte; antXEt[.LEVtXEe; Xat avayxaiEe; GXEGEte; towx't"fJGiae; G't"fJv ~O~tE'ttxYj 'EVWG"fJ xa'taAYjYEt GE [.Ltav avaywyYj 'toue; GE 'tuxaia nEptG'ta'ttx<X.
'O[.Lwe;"fJ OA"fJ GUAAOytG'ttXYj 'tOU T. KAtqJ Eni 'tOU SE[.La'tOe; 't"fJe; GO~tE'ttXYje; ypaqJEwxpa'tiae; OEV ESanAd'tat o-rrx napan<xvw. ~"fJAWVOnae; o'tt "fJ ypaqJEtoxpa'tia ano'tEAe:L [.Lta SEXWptG'tYj Xat <xpXOUGa 't<XS"fJ, 0 T. KAtqJ E1ttXEtPe:L vo: EP[.L"fJVEUGEt 't"fJv XOtVwvtxYj qJl)G"fJ 't"fJe; E~~~ uno 'to npiG[.La aU'tYje; 't"fJe; aniA"fJtjJ"fJe;. Xwpie; vo: pttjJOXtvoUVEUEt 'tOV tGxuptG[.LO nEpi EVOe; totai'tEpou ypaqJEtOXpa'ttxou XaSEG'tw'toe; Xat 'tponou napaywyYje; G't"fJv E~~~, EtG"fJYEL'tat 't"fJv <xnotjJ"fJ nEpi 'tOU xpa'ttxOXa1tt'taAtG'ttXOU xapax'tYjpa 't"fJe; GO~tE'ttxYje; otxovoutc«; Xat xotvwviae;.
Eow Sa npEnEt vo: E1ttG"fJ[.L<XVOU[.LE O'tt, ~<XGEt au'tYje; 't"fJe; <xnotjJ"fJe;, 0 T. KAtqJ Yj'tav unOxpEW[.LEVOe; vrx anOOe:LSEt nwe; EnpOXEt'tO 'tOGO nEpi EVOe; GO~tE'ttXOU xpa'ttxou Xa1tt'taAtG[.LOU aGO Xat nEpi EVOe; Xant'tuAtO'[.LOU EV yEVEt. ~UVEnWe; EnpEnE, npu.l'tiG'twe;, va anOOe:LSEt 't"fJ AEt'toupyia 'tOU VO[.LOU 't"fJe; unEpaSiae; G't"fJ ~O~tE'ttxYj 'EVWG"fJ, [.LE o'tt au'tYj GUVEn<XYE'tat: 't"fJv unapS"fJ totW'ttxYje;, nap<XAA"fJAa [.LE 't"fJv xpa'ttxYj, totox't"fJGiae; 'tWV [.LEGWV nap aywyYj e;, 't"fJv E[.LnOpEU[.La'tonoi"fJG"fJ 't"fJe; EpyaGtaXYje; Ol)Va[.L"fJe;, 'tOV xaOOAtXO anaywvtG[.LO 'tWV [.LE[.LOVW[.LEVWV E[.LnOpEU[.La'tonapaywywv yta 'to Xwpo m0A"fJG"fJe; E[.LnOpEU[.L<X'tWV Xat 'tonoSE't"fJG"fJe; xEqJaAaiwv, 't"fJ GUGGWpEUG"fJ xEqJaAaiou we; utjJiG'tou oxorrou 't"fJe; napaywyYje;, 't"fJv xa'taG'tpoqJYj 'tWV [.L"fJ XEpOOqJOpWV napaywytXWV OUV<X[.LEWV, 't"fJv «vepyia, 't"fJV nOAWG"fJ [.LE'taSu nAou'tou Xat qJ'twXEtae; x.An.
Tt Aomov ana 'ta npo"fJyou[.LEVa avaxaAun'tEt 0 T. KAtqJ G't"fJV E~~~; ArroAU'tWe; 'tino'ta! Toovovrtov, 0 iowe; napaOEXE'tat o'tt «o» ESE'taGSOuv Ot GXEGEte; rrou xuptapxouv G't"fJ PWatxYj orxovouto, GE aqJaipEG"fJ ana 'tte; GXEGEte; 't"fJe; [.LE 't"fJV nayxoG[.Lta orxovout«, unoxpEw'ttX<X GU[.LnEpaivE'tat nwe; "fJ apxYj 'tou ')o[.Lou 't"fJe; aSiae;, oo» Xtv"fJ'tYjpta ouva[.L"fJ Xat puS[.LtG'tYje; 't"fJe; napaywyYje;, OEV un<xpXEt c'ou'tYjv. OuataG'ttx<x, ot VO[.Lot rrou E1ttXpa'touv G'tte; GXEGEte; aV<X[.LEGa G'tte; E1ttXEtpYjGEte; Xt aV<X[.LEaa G'toue; EpyaSO[.LEVOUe; Xat 'to xp<X'tOe;-EpYOOO't"fJ ~E 0A HT AN ~IA<POPETIKE~ o» "fJ PWGia Yj'tav Eva 'tEP<XG'ttO EPYOG't<xatO rrou otEUSuvo'tav <X[.LEGa ana Eva xevrpo ... » 4• 0 T. KAtqJ e:Lvat avayxaG[.LEVOe; va avayvwpiGEt 'to YEyovoe; o.n G't"fJv E~~~ «TOGO Ot [.LE[.LOVW[.LEVEe; E1ttXEtpYjGEte; aGO Xat "fJ orxovo-
4. '0.0., OEA. 221.
8ff2PIH rIA THN KOINnNIKH <1>n:H Toy IOBIETIKOY KA8EHOTOI
[.Lla G"W GUVOAO 't"f)e;, dvm urro'tay[.LEVEe; G't"f) GXEotaG[.LEV"f) pu8[.LtG"f) 't"f)e; rrapaywy-lje;» xm (ht d5EV EXOU[.LE va X(XvOU[.LE [.LE rrpay[.La'ttx-lj anaAAay-lj E[.LrrOpEU[.LaTWV»". ErriG"f)e;, 0 [Owe; o"f)Awvst W8EWe; (ht «L't"f) PWGia urrapXEt [.Lta a[.LEG"f) GUVOEG"f) ava[.LEGa G'tte; ETItXEtp-ljGEte; [.LEGW 'tou xpa'tOue; ... »6, xm aXO[.L"f) «Evco G'tte; rrapaoomaxEe; xaTIt'taAtG'ttXEe; XWpEe; 0 anaywvtG[.LOe; ava[.LEGa G'toue; otaepopoue; ~w[.L"f)xaVOUe; 'toue; avayxasEt va GUGGWpEUOUV xm v' ausavouv 't"f)v opyavtx-lj GUV8EG"f) 'tou xEepaAalou, G't"f) PWGla au'toe; 0 rrapayonae; OEV tGXUEt yta'tt oAEe; or ~to[.L"f)xaVtEe; av-Ijxouv GE [.Lta ESouGta»7. BMrrou[.LE, AOtrrOV, o'tt 0 T. KAtep OEV xa'taepEpvEt va avaxaMtjJEt G't"f)v Ebl:~ OU'tE 't"f) pu8[.LtG'ttx-lj AEt'toupyta 'tou vouou 't"f)e; aSiae;,OU'tE E[.LrrOpW[.La'ttx-lj rrapaywy-lj. OU'tE anaywvtG[.LO [.LnaSu 'twv ETItXEtp-ljGEWV. MaAtG'ta, G'tte; GXE'ttXEe; 'tou Errta"f)[.LaVGEte; [.LrrOpOU[.LE va otaXplVOU[.LE SExa8apa 't"f)v rrEptypaep-lj 'twv GomaAtG'ttXWV G'tOtXdwv 't"f)e; GO~tE'ttx-lje; Otxovo[.Ltae;.
Tt dvm Aotrrov au'to rrou, xa'ta 't"f) YVW[.L"f) 'tou T. KAtep, rno-rorroret 'tov xnTIt'taAtG'ttXO - xpa'ttxoxaTIt'taAtG'ttXO xapax't-ljpa 't"f)e; bO~ tE'ttx-lje; 'EvwG"f)e;; 'Exonae; aVtXVElJGEt OA"f) 't"f)v 'tEpaG'tta Ex'taG"f) 't"f)e; E},;b~ xWpte; va avaxaMtjJEt 'ta lXV"f) TOU o-lj8EV xpa'ttxoxaTIt'taAtG'ttXOU 't"f)e; xapax't-ljpa, 0 GuyypaepEae; avaS"f)'te:t 't"f) GW't"f)pia 't"f)e; 8EWptae; rou G'tO ESW'tEPtXO, G'tte; otE8vde; OtxoVO[.LtXEe; GXEGEte; 't"f)e; bO~tE'ttx-lje; 'EvwG"f)e;. l:u[.Lepwva [.LE 'ta Ae:yo[.LEva 'tOU, GTO rrEotO 't"f)e; rrayxoG[.Ltae; otxovoutc«; «ro Poxnxo xpa'toe; ~ptGxE'tm G't"f)v [Ota 8EG"f) [.LE 'tov towx't-ljT"f) [.Ltae; XaTIt'taAtG'ttxije; ETItxe:£p"f)G"f)e; rrou anaywvtsnm 'tte; aAAEe; ETItXEtp-ljGEte;»8. ME aAAa AOyta, 0 T. KAtep ota'te:tvE'tm o'tt "f) xaTIt'taAtGnx-lj epUG"f) 't"f)e; El:b~ Guvtma'tm <no YEyovoe; rrwe; "f) xwpa au't-lj GU[.L[.LE'tEXEt G't"f)v rrayxOG[.Lta xEepaAmoxpa'ttx-lj ayopa we; [.Lta Evtata ETItXe:£P"f)G"f)-totox't"f)Gta 't"f)e; ypaepEwxpa'ttae;, anaywVtSO[.LEV"f) 'tte; SEXWptG'tEe; xaTIt'taAtG'ttXEe; ETItXEtp-ljGEte;. MaAtG'ta 0 T. KAtep rrpO~atVEt xm G't"f) «Gunapax'ttx-lj. o-ljAWG"f) - otarrtG'tWG"f) O'tt, o-lj8EV,0 ~a8[.L0e; EX[.LE'taAAWG"f)e; 'tWV GO~tE'ttXWV EpyaSO[.LEVWV arro 'toue; ypaepEwxpa'tEe;, m / v, (orrou m =l)TISpasta xat v = [.LtG80e;), OSV sSap'ta'tm arro 't"f)v au8mpsGta 't"f)e; ypaepEwxpa'tlae; aAAa xa80ptSE'tm arro 'to otE8v-Ij anaywvtG[.LO.
0a rrEpt[.LEVa[.LE,~E~ma, arro 'tOV T. KAtep, G'ta rrAatma 'tou rrpO"f)yOl)[.LEVOU tGXUptG[.LOU 'tou,va xaVEt AOYO xm rrEpt rroooo-rou XEpOOUe; G't"f)v Ebl:~, rrou Xt (XlJ't0 [.LE 't"f) GEtpa 'tou 8a ErrpErrE vo: Esap'ta'tm arro 't"f) otEOV-Ij otxovoin«. IIoAu rrEptGGO'tEPO, o[.Lwe;,8a rrEpt[.LEVa[.LE vo: arrooe:tSEt 't"f)v opyavtx-lj GU[.L[.LE'tOx-Ij 't"f)e; l:O~tETtx-lje; 'EVWG"f)e; G't"f) ota[.LOpepWG"f) 't"f)e; rrayxOG[.Ltae; xaTIt'taAtG'ttx-lje; OtXOVo[.Ltae;. [.LEGW 't"f)e; ESaywy-lje; E[.LrrOpW[.La'twv I'm xEepaAatWv, [.LEGW 't"f)e; GU[.L[.LETox-Ije; G'tOV rrayxOG[.Lw xaTIt'taAtG'ttXO av'taYWVtG[.LO yta 'to [.LotpaG[.La 'tWV ayopwv I'm 'tOU XwpOU ESaywy-lje; xEepaAatou. 'O[.LWe;,'ttrro'ta arro OA' au'ta OEV arraGxoAe:t 'tOV
5. Om., ofA. 214, 215.
6. D.o., OfA. 215.
7. D.o., OfA. 216. 8.0.0., Of A 221.
49
50
I IpOTO MEPOI
T. KA~qJ. EnLGY)e;, xpWXSE'tm vo: EmGY)[lavouvE,o-n napouatas0V'tae; 'ty)v EbbLl we; [lta EVtaLa xam'taA~G'ttxYj Emxdpy)Gy),o EV AOYW GuyypaqJEae; npoGnaOe:£ va anoqJl>YE~ Eva noM GY)[laV'ttxo OEWpy)'ttXO npo~AY)[la. 'to on G'tY)V npay[la'ttxo'tY)'ta EnpOXEt'tO y~a [l~a xwpa [lE nAY)Owpa [lE[lOVW[lEVWV EmXE~pYjGEWV,GUVOEO[lEVWV [lE'taSU 'tOUe; [lE GUYXEXp~[lEVEe; GXEGEte; napaywyYje;, at orrotec, onwe; rtrxpaOEXE'tm xm 0 LOWe; 0 T. KAtqJ, OEV Yj'tav xam'taAtG't~XEe;. A V'tt Aomov vo: [lEAE'tYjGEt (J.l)'tEe; ne; GXEGEte; we; EXOUV, npo'tt[la vo: 't~e; aV'tmapEAOEt,XPY)at[lonatwvrc«; 'to 'tEXVaG[la avaywyYje; 'tY)e; EbLLl GE [ltav EVtaLa ypaqJEwxpa't~xYj EmXEtpY)GY).
Auro rrou otaXptVE~ [lOVL[lWe; 'tY)v nopda rcov GUAAOy~G[lWv 'tou T. KAtqJ ctvm 'to YEyovoe; o't~ 'to xaOE xa'ta xavova aUOaLpE'tO GU[lnEpaG[la 'tou avaqJoptxa [lE 'tY)v XOtvwvtxYj qJUGY) 'tY)e; EbbLl axoAouOe:£ Y) axouata avaGxwYj 'tou, [lE 'tY) ota'tunwGy) OptG[lEVWV,EVtO'tE vY)qJaA~wv, EmGY)[laVGEWV, XWpte; ~E~atWe; 0 toWe; va EXEt GuvdoY)GY) 'tou npay[la'toe;. 'Erot, Aomov, EVW unoG'ty)ptSE~ nwe; dvm Y) GU[l[lE'tOXYj 'tY)e; EbbLl G'tY)v nayxoG[l~a oixovout« au'tYj rrou npOGOLoEt G'tY) xwprx xam'taA~G'ttXo xapax'tYjpa, 'tau'toxpova napaOEXE'tm o'tt «MEXP~ 'twpa. Y) orxovo[lta 'tY)e; PWGtae; Yj'tav nOAu XaOUG'tEpY)[lEVy) y~a vo: [lnopEGEt va xa'taxAUGE~ 't~e; sEVEe; ayopEe; [lE 'ta rrpotovr« 'tY)e;. O~ O~XEe; 'tY)e; ayopEe; npOG'ta'tEuoV'tm ana 'tY)v mOavo'tY)'ta xa'taxAUG[lOU 'toue; ana sEva npo~oV'ta [lE 'ty) [lovonwAY)GY) ana 'to xpa'toe; 'tou ESW'tEP~XOU E[lnOptOu ... »B. EnLGY)e;, napa'tY)pEt ()'t~ «G'tY) otapXE~a 'tY)e; nEp~oooU 'twv IIEV'taxpovwv IIpoypa[l[la'twv, orrou Y) ~W[lY)xavLxYj napaywyYj nOAAanAaataG'ty)xE GE [lEyaAo ~aO[lo, 'tOGO at ESaywYEe; OGO X~ at E~GaywYEe; EnEGaV [lE ExnAY)x'ttXO 'tpono» 10. buvEnWe;, 'ta AEyO[lEVa 'tou £Owu 'tou T. KAtqJ OEV 'tEX[lY)ptWvouv 'tY) GO[l[lE'tOXYj 'tY)e; EbbLl G'tY)V nayxoG[l~a xEqJaAawxpa't~xYj atxovo[l[a,xa't~ rrou Oa anEOEtXVUE 'to OYjOEV xpa'ttxOxam'taA~G'ttXO xapax'tYjpa 'tY)e; xwpae;, aAAa xa'taqJaGxouv axp~~we; 'to aV'ttoE'to.
To aO~ESooO G'tO ortoto ooY)yEt'tm Y) npay[la'twGY) 'tY)e; XOLVWVLXYje; qJl)GY)e; 'tY)e; EbbLl ana 'tov T. KA~qJ dvm avunEp~AY)'tO. Auro O[lwe; 'to YEyovoe; OUOOAWe; rrroet -rov £Ow,o orrotoc, xa'ta xovov«. ao~aqJopEt y~a 'tY) GUvaqJEta 'twv tGxuptG[lWV 'tou xm xEtpLsE'tm auOatpE'ta 'tte; o~aqJopEe; OEWpY)'t~XEe; EVVOtEe;. 'Erot, EmXE~PEt [l~av axo[la vOY)[la't~xYj aUOmpEGLa, unoG'ty)ptsoV'tae; o't~ 0 O~EOVYje; xerprxAmoxpa'ttXOe; aV'taywVLG[lOe; crov orroto uno'ttoE'tm o't~ GU[l[lE'tEXEL Y) EbbLl OEV Etvm 0 aV'taywvW[loe; E[lnOpEU[la'twv xm xEqJaAatWV napa 0 G'tpa't~wnxoe; aV'taywv~G[loe;. Ilpoxerrm, oY)AaoYj, nEpt [l~ae; vEae;, npw'toyvwpY)e;, Ep[lY)VEtae; 'tou nayxoG[lwU xEqJaAawxpa't~xou aV'taywvtG[lou. 'Unwe; xapax'tY)p~G't~xa tGxuptSE'tm 0 LOWe; 0 T. KA~qJ «ASLa dvm Y) EXqJpaGY) 'tou aV'taywvtG[lOU ava[lEGa GE aVESap'tY)'toue; napaywyOl>e;. 0 aV'taywv~G[loe; 'tY)e; PWGtae; [lE 'tov unoAomo XOG[lO EXqJpasE'tm [lE 'tY)v ESl)tjJWGy) 'twv aS~wv xpYjGY)e; GE oxorro, [lE o-roXO 'ty)v 'tEAtXYj Emxpa'tY)GY) o-rov aV'taywvtG[lo. Ot astEe; xpYjGY)e;,xm o rrxv axo[la
9. D.n., OE).. 222. 10. nfl., OE).. 222.
8EOPIE1 frA THN KOINONIKH <1>YHI Toy IOBIETIKOY KAeEHoToI
dvm oxozroc, ESaxoAou80uv va dvm [.LEaa»ll. Fux nmEe; o[.Lwe; astEe; xp-ljaYJe; ytVE"t"m Myoe;; 0 T. KA~qJ O~WXPLVtSE~ 'tYJv tXnotjJ-Ij 'tou: «O[.LWe; xa8we; 0 aV'taywv~a[.LOe; [.LE 't~e; tXAAEe; XWpEe; dvm xup~a a'tpa't~w't~xoe;.'to XptX'toe; (svvoct 'to oo~~E't~XO XptX'toe; -II. II.) oo» KATANAAQTH~ Evo~aqJEpE'tm y~a [.LEp~XEe; ouvxeXp~[.LEVEe; astEe; xp-ljaYJe;, onwe; 'tavxe;, aEpOnAtXVa x.An»I:1.
M O~tXSE~ npay[.La't~xtX [.LE 'taxuoax'tuAoupy~xo 'tExvaa[.La YJ [.LE'ta'tpon-lj 'tou aV'taywv~a[.Lou [.LE'taSU 'twv aVEstXP'tYJ'twv napaywywv, rrou EXqJptXSE'tm ano 'to vO[.LO 'tYJe; astae;, aE a'tpa't~w't~xo aV'taywv~a[.Lo. EXqJpaSO[.LEvo ana 'tYJv napaywy-lj auyxEXp~[.LEVWV as~wv xp-ljaYJe;. BE~ma, ot nOAE[.L~XEe; npoE'tO~[.LaatEe; xrxt noAE[.L~XEe; auyxpouaE~e; ano'tEAouV avanoanaa'to a'to~xdo rcov aXEaEwv [.LE'taSl) xam'taA~a't~xwv xpa'twv,wa'toao O[.Lwe;,o noAE[.L~XOe; aV'taywv~a[.LOe; nYJytXsE~ ana 'tov aV'taywv~a[.Lo xEqJaAatWv xm E[.Lnopw[.LtX'twv xm UntXpXE~ [.Lovo we; a't~y[.L-Ij xm n'tux-lj 'tou 'tEAEu'tatOu. H auyxpouaYJ, auvEnWe;,'tWv xEqJaAmoxpa't~xwv EmXE~p-ljaEwv y~a 'tYJv ~ownotYJaYJ 'tYJe; napayO[.LEVYJe; unEpastae; OEV [.Lnopd rrore va unoxa'taa'ta8e:[ ana 'tYJv noAE[.L~x-lj auyxpouaYJ. E~otXAAWe; 8a dXa[.LE xa'ttXpYYJaYJ 'tou VO[.LOU 'tYJe; unEpastae; xm auvtX[.La 'tou xEqJaAmoxpa't~xou 'tponou napaywy-lje;. I'r' «uro 'to Myo 8EWPOl)[.LE 'tEAdwe; avunoa'ta'to 'tov ~axup~a[.Lo 'tou T. KA~qJ o't~ «0 aV'taywv~a[.LOe; aVtX[.LEaa a't~e; xam'taA~a't~XEe; ouvtX[.LE~e; EXE~ [.LnE~ o-ro a'ttXow ozrou 0 0~E8v-lje; xa'ta[.LEp~a[.LOe; Epyaatae; anoowpyavwvE'tm xm ozrou 0 E[.LnOp~XOe; aV'taywv~a[.Loe; av't~xa8ta'ta'tm ana 'tov tX[.LEao a'tpa't~w't~xo av'taywv~a[.Lo. ~' «uro 'to a'ttXow, ot astEe; xp-ljaYJe; e:[vm rnrx 0 a'toxoe; 'tYJe; xam'taAta't~x-lje; napaywy-lje;»13. Ex'toe; «urou, XpE~tXSE'tm vo: unoypa[.L[.LCaou[.LE 'to YEyovoe; nwe; [.LE 'tYJv napaywy-lj 'twv npoavaqJEp8EV'tWV aS~wv xp-ljaYJe; (ap[.LtX'twv [.LtXXYJe;, noAE[.L~xWV aEpoaxaqJwv xAn) YJ El:~~ anoaxonouaE OX~ a'tYJ O~EXotxYJaYJ «Sw't~xou xwpou" y~a 'tYJv ESaywy-lj 'twv E[.Lnopw[.LtX'twv 'tYJe; xm 'tYJv 'ton08E'tYJaYJ 'twv xEqJaAatWV 'tYJe;, aAAtX a'tYJv unEptXamaYJ 'tou aomaA~a't~xou XptX'toue; ana 't~e; Em~ouMe; 'tou xam'taA~a't~xou xoouou.
IIapaxoAou8-1jaa[.LE 'tYJv npOantX8E~a 'tou T. KA~qJ va napOUmtXaE~ 'tYJ ~o~~E't~x-lj 'EvwaYJ we; xpa't~xoxam'taA~a't~x-lj xwpa XU~EPVW[.LEVYJ ana 'tYJv 'ttXSYJ 'twv ypaqJEwxpa'twv. II~a'tEl)ou[.LE o't~ YJ ano'tuxia 'tou o-ro EV AOYW EyxdpYJ[.La dvm EVOE~X't~X-lj 'tou 8EWPYJ't~xou xupoue; XtX8E napo[.Lmae; Ep[.LYJvdae; 'tYJe; XOLVWv~x-lje; qJuaYJe; 'tYJe; E~~~. H o~antmwaYJ au't-lj aqJoptX. npw'ttmWe;, 'tov 'tpono aXEtjJYJe; - 'tYJ [.LE8000 npay[.LtX'twaYJe; 'tou 8E[.La'tOe;, YJ onota auv~a'ttX 'to unoa'tpw[.La 'twv ~axup~a[.Lwv 'tou T. KA~qJ. 'Eva ana 'ta ~amxtX xapax'tYJP~a't~xtX 'tou auyxEXp~[.LEvou 'tponou aXEtjJYJe; e:[vm YJ npoaEyy~aYJ 'tou aV't~xE~[.LEVOU Epwvae; [.LEaW avaAoy~wv. BtXaE~ 'tYJe; auyxp~aYJe; xm aVaXtXAUtjJYJe; avaAoy~wv [.LE'taSU rou ao~~E't~XOU xa8Ea'tw'tOe; xm tXAAWV XOLVWV~XO-o~xovo[.L~xwv aXYJ[.La't~a[.Lwv 0 T. KA~qJ rrpooOWpiSE~ 'tYJV xo~vwv~x-lj qJuaYJ 'tYJe; E~~~. H XEV'tP~X-lj 'tou ~oEa nEpi xpa't~xou xrx-
11. nfl., OEA. 224. 12.0.11.
13. nn., OEA. 224.
51
52
lIpnToMEPOI
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15. BA. o.n., au' 275.
16. Albania Today, Vol. 4 (23), 1975, m:A. 43.
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17. BA. Berrelhcim Charles, Class Struggles in the USSR, NEa YOf1Kn 1976, IouM,u n., MOfU:M[l L, M£pJKd ouYXpOVQ npoj3NljJOTQ TOU ooouissopoc, EKIl. Korvrovioxovic - 6JOYEynS, A8oya, 1971. OEA. 31, 38,47,53, MnElEAE[l L, McJ..{w:; KQJ dp8pQ, EKIl. IlOXa01:r1S, A8oya, 1974, oEL 71, 76.
18. LOUll~U rIwA, «Mere rov KaIlITcVuo[lo - TI;», (ITO: 0 oomaNojJdc; 010 KOT6Jp)1l tou ctxoatoo npoitoo QJ6JVQ, EKIl. K6A~oS' A8oYQ, 1989, OEA. 304.
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"f)a"f) -r"f)C:; [J.Ey~a-r"f)e:; 1toao-r"f)-rexc:; U1tEpexStexe:; xm y~ex -r"f) auaawpwa"f) xEcpaAextOu. '01twc:;, o [J.we:;, Ema"f)[J.extVE~ 0 K. MexPS «"f) avtX1t'tuS"f) -r"f)e:; xEcpaAmoxpex-r~x-lje:; rrrxpexywy-lje:; [J.E-rex'tpE1tEL aE exvexyxmo-r"f)-rex -r"f) oLexPX-lj exuS"f)a"f) -rou xEcpexAatOU 1WU dvm -r01t08E-r"f)[J.EVO os [J.~ex ~W[J."f)XexVLX-lj Emxdp"f)a"f) xm 0 exvcexywv~a[J.oe:; Em~tXAAEL o'rov XtX8E ex-rO[J.LXO xEcpexAmOxptX-r"f) -roue:; Eaw-rEpLxOUC:; vO[J.oue:; -rou XECPexAmoxpexnxou -rP01tOU 1texpexywy-lje:; orxv E~W-rEP~XOUe:; exvexyxexa-rLxoue:; vO[J.oue:;. Tov exVexYXtXSEL v' exUStXVE~ o~expxwe:; -ro xEcptXAmO -rou YLa vo -ro o~ex-r"f)pd, xm [J.ovo [J.E 1tpOOOEU-r~X-lj auaawpEUa"f) [J.1topd vex -ro exuSavEL»1\). Ilto-rcoooue, Aomov, O-rL "f) EWOLex -r"f)e:; «auAAoYLx-lje:; - xpex-r~xoxo[J.[J.ex-r~x-lje:; aa-r~x-lje:; Lowx-r"f)atexe:;» dvm avu1toa-rex-r"f) xm -rpexyEAexCP~X-lj.
o L. M 1tE-rEAE[J.. coo-cooo, exvexxexAU1t-rEL a't"f) aO~LE-rLX-lj xpex-r~x-lj exG-rLX-lj -raS"f) -r"f)v EmoiwS"f) -r"f)e:; auaawpwa"f)e:; y~ex -r"f) auaawpwa"f) xm -r"f)e:; 1tayxoa[J.Lexe:; xupLapxtexe:;. LU[J.CPWVex, o [J.we:;, [J.E [J.Lav op8-1j 1texpex-r-ljp"f)a"f) -rou n. LOU-ljsU «Au-ro ~E~mex dvm xex8ptcp-rLa[J.ex -rou OU-rLXOU L[J.1tEpLexA~a[J.ou. [J.E ap~a-ro 1texpaoELY[J.ex, a-r"f) a"f)[J.EpLv-lj E1tOX-lj, -rLe:; HIlA »20. 0 iowe:; aU[J.1tEpextvEL O-rL «To aO~LE-rLXO aua-r"f)[J.ex dvm EVCEAWe:; oLexCPOPE-rLXO. dEV u1tapxouv Em[J.Epoue:; xexm-rexALa-rEe:; xm ... "f) a1t01tELpa -rou M 1tE-rEAE[J. vex ex1tOOWaEL o rouc aO~LE-rLXOUe:; oLw8uVCEe:; EmXELp-ljaEwv -rov tow pOAO. OEV a-r"f)pisE-rm a-rLe:; OO[J.LXEe:; auv8-1jxEe:; -rou aO~LE-rLxOl> aua-r-lj[J.ex-roe:;. H ~aXl>e:; -ro Xl>pOe:; xm -rex 1tpOVO[J.Lex -rwv aO~LE-rLXWV L8uvovcwv OEV cotoppsouv ex1tO -r"f)V xex-rox-Ij -rou LOLW-r~XOU 1tAOU-rOU, aAAa ex1tO -rov tX[J.Eao EAEyXO 1ttXvW o-rov xpcenxo [J."f)XexvLa[J.O ... »21.
o LaxupLa[J.Oe:; O-rL a-r"f)v ELLd "f) ypexcpEwxpa-rtex ex1tO't"EAd [J.Lexv EX[J.E-rexAAEU-rpLa tXpxouaa -rU~"f). "f) ortoto; G-r"f)ptSE-rm a-r"f) aUAAOYLx-lj Lowx-r"f)atex -rwv [J.Eawv 1texpexywy-lje:; Oex [J.1tOpOUaE VO"f)[J.ex-rLxa vex auvaoE~,exaxt-rwe:; o» dvm op8oe:; -Ij 0XL, 1tpoe:; -r"f)v U1tmjJ"f) 1tEpt EVOC:; VEOU XOWWVLXOU aX"f)[J.ex-rLa[J.OU xm [J.Lex<; VEexe:; -rexSLX-lje:; XOWWVLX-lje:; oLtXp8pwa"f)e:;,(0 L. M1tE-rEAE[J. XUVEL ex1tAa A6yo YLex xexm-rexA~a[J.O VEou -rU1tOu), OE 8ex [J.1tOpOUaE O[J.we:; 1tO-rE vo; auvoE8d VO"f)[J.a-rLxtX [J.E -rOv LaxupLa[J.o 1tEpi exG-r~x-lje:; XUPLexPXtexe:; xm aanx-lje:; Lowx-r"f)aiexe:;.
EStXAAOU, [J.~ex exa-r~x-lj ESOuatex a-r"f)v ELLL1 OE 8ex exVEXO-rexV OU-rE G-rLy[J.-Ij -r"f)V aOatexA~G-rLX-lj -Xpex-rLX-lj Lowx-r"f)atex a-rex [J.Eaex 1texpexywy-lje:;, -ro 1tpw-ro [J.EA"f)[J.U -r"f)e:; 8ex -Ij-rexv "f) Lo~w-r~xo1toi"f)a-lj -roue:;.01twe:; aAAwa-rE aUVE~"f) [J.E-ra -r"f) vix"f) -r"f)e:; exa-rLx-lje:; exVCE1texvtXG-rexa"f)e:;. rtex -r"f) verx exanx-lj -rtXS"f) -r"f)C:; [J.E-rexao~~E-rLx-lje:; E1tOX-Ije:; ex1tEodX8"f) aOLexvO"f)-rO vex 8Ewp-ljaE~, vex ex1tOOEX8d xm vex OLex-r"f)p-ljaEL -r"f)V xpex-rLX01tOL"f)[J.EV"f) aO~LE-rLx-lj OLXOVO[J.tex we:; aUAAOYLx-lj -xpex-rLx-lj xexm-rexA~a-r~x-Ij LOwx-r"f)atex. II 1texAwop8wa"f). [J.tXALa-rex, -rou xexm-rexALa[J.OU a-r"f)v ELLd xm "f) LOLW-rLX01tOt"f)a"f) -r"f)e:; aoat(XALa-r~x-Ije:; Lowx-r"f)atexe:; oo-ljy"f)aE os [J.Lex -rEpaa-rLex xa-rexa-rpocp-lj -rWV 1texpayw-
19. Maps K., To K£cpaAQJO, T. 1, IUYXfloyn Enoyri, A8nya, 1978, OEA. 613.
20. IouM,u lleuA, «Mere LOY KamTaAtOjlo - 'l i.», ow: o.n., OEA. 311.
21. 'G.n., OEA. 311-312.
55
56
OpOToMEPOE
Y~XWV OUV(X[J.EWV xm aE [J.~ex [J.exS~x-lj Esex8ACWa"f) 'tWV 7tOA~'tWV 't"f)C:; xwpexc:; exU't-ljc:;. H (Xa't~x-lj exV'tE7t(XV(Xa'texa"f) xm "f) 7texAwop8wa"f) 't"f)C:; XE(j)exAmOXp(X'tCexc:; a"f)[J.ex'tOOO'tOUV 't"f)V op~a't~x-lj exvexaxw-Ij, ex7tO 'tex Co~ex 7tAEOV 'tex ~a'top~xa YEYOVO't(X, 'tWV 8EWp~WV 7tEPC xpex't~XOU xexm't(XA~a[J.Ol) a't"f)v ELLLl. '07tWC:;, aAAWa'tE. O~EpW'ta'tm xm 0 E. MexV'tEA «7twc:; dvm ouvex't-lj "f) 7texAwop8WG"f) 't"f)C:; XE(j)exAmoxpex'tCexc:; orrxv 'to xpa'toc:; dvm -Ijo"f) xexm'texA~a't~xo;»22.
22. Mandel E., Power and Money. A Marxisr Theory of Bureaucracy, EKO. Verso, London-New York, 1992,ou. 1.
KE<DAAAIO 3
H EPMHNEIA TOY '2:0BIETIKOY KA0E'2:TOTO'2: 0'2: NEOY fPA<DEIOKPATIKOY KOINONIKOY '2:Y'2:THMATO'2:
H 1tpOamX8Eta vo: 1ta.pouaLa.a'td "fJ aO~~E't~X~ ypa.CPELOXpa.'tta. we:; xorvcov~x-lj 'tcX~"fJ,CJ~a.1tAEXO[J.EV"fJ [J.E 't~e:; U1t0'tt0E[J.EVEe:; xpa.'ttxoxa.m'ta.Ata'ttXEe:; aXEaE~e:; ~oLOx't"fJata.e:;, npocxoonet, 01twc:; dOa.[J.E, o-ro a.VU1tEp~A"fJ'tO E[J.1tOOLO 't"fJe:; a.1touata.e:; xAa.a~xWv a'tOtxdwv 't"fJe:; xEcpa.Amoxpa.'tta.e:; a't"fJv oixovout« 't"fJC:; ELLd. Opta[J.EVOt [J.EAE't"fJ'tEe:; xm Emxpt'tEe:; 'tou aO~tE'ttxOu xa.0Ea'tw't0e:;, coto EXEtVOUC:; 1tOU 8EWPOUV 't"fJ aO~ts'ttX~ ypa.CPELOXpa.'tta. cXpxouaa. 'tcX~"fJ, U1tEp~a.tVOuv 'to rrrxpa.mxvw E[J.1tOOLO Eta"fJyou[J.Evot 't"fJV toEa. 1tEpt EVOC:; VEOU ypa.CPELOXpa.'ttXOU XOtvwvtXOU aua't~[J.a.'toe:; a't"fJ xwpa. a.u't~. ME'tcX 'tov 1tOAE[J.O, [J.EptXOt a.1t''toue:; xuptO'tEPOUe:; Excppa.a'tEe:; a.u't~e:; 't"fJe:; cX1tOtjJ"fJe:; ~'ta.v ot K. Ka.G'top~cXo"fJe:;, M. T1;;tAa.e:; xm M. Booxcvoxu.
• H tlecaoia rou K. Kaatoouion
AcpE't"fJpta. 'twv auAAoyta[J.wv 'tou K. Ka.G'toptcXo"fJ UrriJP~E "fJ ota.cpwv(a. 'tOt) [J.E ne:; XAa.aLXEe:; 'tp0'taXta'ttXEe:; 0EaE~e:; yta. 'to cpmvo[J.Evo 't"fJC:; ypa.CPELOXpa.'tta.e:;!. <I>povWV'ta.e:; ort 0 A. Tporoxt a.axd a.VE1ta.pX~ xoa a.V'ttcpa.'t~x~ xpmx-lj o-ro a'ta.AtvtxO xa.0Ea'twe:; 0 K. Ka.a'toptcXo"fJe:;,1tpw"fJV 'tpo'taxta't~e:; xm xa.'tomv a.1toa'tcX't"fJe:; 'tou 'tpO'taXta[J.Ol), EmXE~pd [J.~a., xcer' «urov, VEa. 1tpOaEyy~a"fJ 'tou 8E[J.a.'t0e:;, [J.E E[J.CPa.a"fJ G't"fJV a.vcXAua"fJ 'twv aXEaEwv 1ta.pa.ywy-lje:;. 0 tOLOe:; cotopptrrret xa.'t"fJyoP"fJ[J.a.'t~xcX 't"fJ 0Ea"fJ 'toao 1tEpt 'tou aOaLa.A~anXOU ooo xm 1tEp( 'tou xa.m'ta.A~a't~xou Xa.pa.x't~pa. 't"fJe:; ELLd, 01twe:; cXAAwa'tE xm 't"fJV 'tpO'tax~a't~x~ 8EWpta. 1tEpt ExcpuA~a[J.Evou EPya.'t~xou xpcX'toue:;. To ~a.aLXO aU[J.1tEpa.a[J.a. 'tou K. Ka.a'top~cXo"fJ a.va.cpop~xcX [J.E 't"fJ cpua"fJ 'tou ao~~E't~XOU Xa.0EG'tW't0e:; dvm o't~ "fJ ypa.CPELOXpa.'tta. Xa.8Ea.U't~, O"fJAa.O~ we:; ypa.CPELOXpa.'tta., a.1tO'tEAd [J.~a.v cXpxouaa. 'tcXS"fJ xm o't~ a't"fJv ELLd EXE~ Eyxa.8~opu8d EVa. VEO, ypa.CPELOXPa.'t~xo EX[J.E'ta.AAEU't~XO xotvcovtxo aua't"fJ[J.a..
O~ ouaXOAtEe:; xm 'ta. E[J.1tOO~a. 1tOU auva.V'tcX 0 EV AOYW ~axup~a[J.oe:; a't"fJv 'tEX[J."fJPtwa~ 'tOU,1ta.po[J.Ota. a.u'twv 1tOU E~E'tcXaa.[J.E a't"fJv 1tEpt1t'twa"fJ 'tou T. KA~CP, ei-
1. 01 aIIOIf1El<; tou K. Kcoropidon ern TOU 8t[1moe; cirtou IIapoUOlO~OVTQl OE [1la OElpO op8pa, Snpooieupevo, Kupiw<;, 01:0 IIEPlOOIKO Socialisme ou Barbarie. To mUIIO aUTO E~EOIOE opovupn o[1ooa, n onofa IIPOM8E uno u<; TO~EJ(; me; TPOTOKl01:1KiH; 4n<; L'11E8vou<;, UKoAou8noE o[1we; xcrornv rn OIKn we; 10WAOYIKOIIOIuUKI1 nopefc,
58
I lmro MEPm:
Vext xcx'ta 'tTl yvw[J."fj [J.cxe:; 'to7nxa xext CXVcx1toopcxa'tcx. I'ux vee CX1tooEtXfld o'tt "fj ypcxqJEWXpCX'ttCX dvext apxouacx 'taS"fj XPEtaSE'text vrx CX1tooEtXHd "fj towx't"fjatcx 't"fje:; o trx [J.Emx 1t(Xpcxywy1je:;. L'tO E[J.1tOOW. o [J.we:;, cxo't1je:; 't"fje:; ElE[J.EAtWoOUe:; flEWP"fj'ttX1je:; 01t0- XPEWa"fje:; 1tpOaXpOl)OOV xext XCX'tCXPPEOOV OAEe:; or OXE'ttXEe:; 1tpOa1taElEtEe:; 'too K. KcxG'toptao"fj. Ant ytCX flEwp"fj'ttXa E7nXEtp1j[J.CX'tcx 'to [J.ovo 1tOU [J.cxC:; 1tcxpOOmasEt dvext YEVtXEe:; o"fjAWaEte:;, a't"fjptso[J.EVEe:; a't"fjv CX1tOoEtX'ttX1j taxo «ao'tCX1tOoEtX'tWV» ~E~extO't1j'twv.
~X)[J.qJwvcx [J.E 'tCX AEyO[J.EVCX 'too K. Kcxa'toptao"fj «H ypCXqJEWXpCX'ttx1j toWx't"fjatcx ... dvext totw'ttx1j, [J.tCX xext 01taPXEt [J.ovaxcx ytCX 't"fj ypCXqJEtOXpCX'ttcx ... o[J.we:; 1tOU 't"fjv EX[J.E'tCXAAEl)E'text [J.tCX 'taS"fj CX1tO xotvou xext aOAAoytXa [J.Eacx a't"fjv 'taS"fj cxo't1j ... ME 't"fjv evvot« CXO't1j, [J.1topd xavde:; VCX 't"fjv OptaEt Xovoptxa onv [J.ta totW'ttx1j aOAAoytx1j to wx't"fjatcx »2 • A1tO cxo'tooe:; 'tooe:; taxopta[J.ooe:; a1tOppEEt. AOytxa."fj avcxyxexto't"fj'tcx vrx xcx'tcxoEtX'td 0 'tPC)1toe:; [J.E 'tov 01tOtO ot aO~tE'ttXEe:; aXEaEte:; 1tapcxywy1jc:; XCX'tOXl)PWVCXV 't"fj otcx't1jp"fja"fj 't"fje:; EV Myw towx't"fja[cxe:; o trx 1tACXtotrx 't"fje:; ypCXqJEWXpCX'ttx1je:; aoAAoytXO't"fj'tcxe:;. ME aAAcx MytCX, flcx 1tEpt[J.EVCX[J.E CX1tO 'tOV K. Kcxa'toptao"fj VCX CX1tOOdSEt o'tt 'tCX [J.Eacx 1tCXpcxywy1je:; 1tapE[J.EVCXV CX1tOXAEtG'ttxa G'tCX XEptCX EVOe:; aOYXExpt[J.EVOO xoptapxoo a'tpw[J.cx'toe:;,'tO ortoto, axpt~we:; ytCX 'tOV 1tcxpCX1taVW AOYO, flcx E1tPE1tE VCX 1j'tav XAEta'to 1tpoe:; 't"fjv 01tOAOL1t"fj xorvcovt«. ne:; aOVE1tEtCX 'tWV 1tpO"fjyOO[J.EVWV XPEtCXSO'tCXV, E1tta"fje:;, vo CX1tooEtXOd o'tt "fj CXVCX1tCXpcxywy1j 't"fje:; auyxEXpt[J.EV"fje:; apxooacxe:; 'taS"fje:; a't"fjptso'tCXV oe xa1towoe:; totCXt'tEPOUe:;. 1tpoqJavwe:;, qJumXOl)e:; - aOYYEvtXOOe:; OEa[J.ooe:; [J.E'tCXSO 'tWV VEWV [J.EAWV 't"fje:; xext 'tWV 1tCXACXW'tEpWV. Ilwe:;. aAAwa'tE. flcx [J.1tOpOl)aE "fj ypCXqJEwxpa'tta VCX EXEt 't"fjv towx't"fjatcx 'tWV [J.Eawv 1tapcxywy1je:; XWpte:; VCX [J.1topd v« XA"fjpoom1jaEt 'ta 'tEAEO'tCXta a'tooe:; CX1toYOVOoe:; 't"fje:;;
Fux XCX[J. LCX , o [J.we:;. cx1t6 'tte:; 1tcx(Jcx1tavw AoytXEe:; aOVE1tEtEe:; 't"fje:; f3cxmx1je:; 'too flEa"fje:; 0 K. KcxG'toptao"fje:; OEV 1tcxpOOmasEt xa1tmcx a'totxda. MaAtG'tcx xp"fjm[J.o- 1tmd otaqJopa 'tExvaa[J.cx'tcx ytCX vo: CX1tOqJ0YEt xa'tt 'tE'tOW. YEYOVOe:; 1t00 xaVEt E[J.qJavEa'tEp"fj 't"fjv flEWP"fj'ttX1j CXVE1tapXEL<X 'twv aoAAoyta[J.wv 'too. Ll"fjAWVEt aoyxEXPt[J.EVCX 0 K. Kaa'toptao"fje:; o'tt «II XA"fjpOVO[J.txo't"fj'tcx 'twv 1tPOVO[J.LWV dvext OAOXA"fjpWnxa EyyU"fj[J.EV"fj [J.Eacx aE «uro, (evvoct 'to aof3tE'ttxO XCXflEG'tWe:; -II. II.) OXt CX1tO vO[J.txooe:; XCXVOVEe:;. aAAa CX1tO xotvcovrxou; V6[J.00e:; 1t00 otE1tOOV 'tov ypCXqJEtoxpcenxo Xwpo»:l. 0 K. Kcxa'toptao"fje:;. ~Ef3extCX. OEV [J.ae:; O[VEt xcx[J.tCX 1tA"fjpoqJopta 1tEp[ cxo'twv 'twv «xowcovtxrov voucov» 1t00 o1jflEv EScxaqJcxALsoOV [J.tCXV «OAOXA"fjpW'ttxa EyyU"fj[J.EV"fj» XA"fjpOVO[J.txo't"fj'tcx 1tpOVO[J.LWV. A1toqJEoYEt,o"fjAao1j,T"fj ouo-rn[J.cx'ttx1j ESE'tcxa1j 'tooe:; 1tcxpa 'to YEYOVOe:; o'tt xa'tt 'tE'tOW flcx 1j'tcxv cxvcxyxCXto. EqJOoov 1tpOXEt'text ytCX 'to [J."fjxcxvta[J.o AEt'tOOPYLCXe:;-CXVCX1tCXpcxywy1je:; 't"fje:; ypCXqJEWXpCX'ttx1je:; «'tcxstx1je:;» ESOOatcxe:;.
0EWPWV'rCXe:; OEOO[J.EVO cxo'to 'to 01tOLO E1tPE1tE vo: a1tOOdsEt,'t"fjV 01tCXPS"fj o"fj-
2. Kcoroprdonc; K., «To IIp6~An]la me; EIIL'1 KaI n Suvorornrc ]lIae; rpnnc; Im:OpIKIle; Mone;», ow: Kaotopidonc; K., H vpacpeiospatnai KOlvwvfa, T. I, fKO. UqllAov / ~1~Ala, Aflnvo, 1985, ofA. 89.
3. '0.11., ofA. 91.
0)EOI'IEL fiA TH:--J KOll'-:OI\"IKI! <pnH Toy IOBIETIKOY KAEJELTOTOL
59
Aao~ xa7tenwv voucov 7tOU o~aacpaAt1;;ouv -r"fJ o~ElEV -raS~x~ ESOUata -r"fJe:; ypacpEwxpa-rtae:;. 0 K Kaa-rop~ao"fJe:; xavE~ A6yo y~a -r"fJv EX[J.E-raAAEUa"fJ 7tOU au-r~ «oxct o ro aO~~Enxo 7tpOAE-rap~a-ro. Mce; 7tA"fJpocpopd, Aomov, o-r~ «0 Epya-r"fJe:; dv(Xl U7t0XPEW[J.EVOe:; vo "7tOUA~aE~" -r"fJv Epya-r~x~ -rou ouva[J."fJ o ro "xpa-roe:;". o"fJAao~ a-r"fJ ypacpEwxpa-rta»4, "fJ orrot« dv(Xl ~owx-r~-rPLa -ccov [J.Eawv 7tapaywy~e:;. LXO- 7t0e:; OE -r"fJe:; ypacpEwxpa-rtac:; dv(Xl "fJ 7tapaywy~ X(Xl "fJ ~ow7tot"fJa"fJ ooo ytVE-r(Xl 7tEp~aao-rEP"fJe:; u7tEpastae:;5. M aA~a-ra,xa-ra -ra AEyo[J.Eva -rou K. Kaa-rop~ao"fJ, "fJ oo~~E-r~X~ ypacpEwxpa-rta aV'Caywvt1;;E-r(Xl -rov a[J.Ep~xav~xo ~[J.7tEp~aA~a[J.o Emo~wxov-rae:; -r"fJv 7tayxoa[J.~a xup~apXta «y~a 7tpoaap-r"fJa"fJ oX~ [J.ovaxa EVOe:; [J.EyaAU-rEpou [J.EpOUC:; -rwv XEpowv,aAAa OAWV -rwv XEpOWV»G. Tt« v« EAEYSE~ -rEA~xa «ro ouvoAO -r"fJe:; 7tayxoa[J.~ae:; enxovo[J.tae:;»'.
Ae:; ESE-raaou[J.E -roue:; 7tapa7tavw ~axup~a[J.oue:; -rov xaElEva SExwp~a-ra. H 7tA"fJpocpopta 7twe:; en aO~~E-r~XOt Epya-rEe:; 7tWAOUV -r"fJV Epya-r~x~ -roue:; ol)Va[J."fJ a-r"fJ ypacpEwxpa-rta (o-ro xpa-roe:;) [J.ae:; cpatvE-r(Xl ES(XlpE-r~Xa 7tapaooS"fJ, o~o-r~ en ootoxaAou[J.Even ypacpEwxpa-rEe:;, en -rEXV~XOt, en o~avoou[J.Evcn, -ra 7tOA~-r~xa X(Xl otxovO[J.~xa a-rEAEX"fJ,en a-rpa-r~w-r~XOt XA7t 7tWAOUV (7tWAOuaav) X(Xl au-rot -r"fJv Epya-r~x~ -roue:; ouva[J."fJ o ro xpa-roe:; aV'Ct [J.~aElOl). 0a ~-rav aouva-ro, o"fJAao~, o trx 7tAataLa -rou aO~~Enxou xaElEa-rw-roe:;, vo: Aa[J.~avouv,y~a 7tapaoE~y[J.a, -ra -rExv~xa a-rEAEX"fJ. en o~EUElUV'CEe:; -rwv EmXE~p~aEwv X(Xl en aS~w[J.a-r~xot -rou a-rpa-rou xartoux a[J.en~~ a7to -ro xpa-roe:; XWpte:; vrx xevouv a7tOAu-rwe:; -rt7to-ra, XWpte:; vrx rtpoacpEpouv os avcaAAay[J.a Eva auyxExp~[J.EVO dooe:; X(Xl [J.~a 7toao-r"fJ-ra Epyaatae:;. E7tta"fJe:;. "fJ Epyaata au-rwv -rwv avElpw7tWV ~-rav a7tapat-r"fJ-r"fJ y~a -r"fJ aO~~E-r~x~ xcnvwvta.y~a -ro aXEO~aaw) X(Xl -r"fJ O~EUOUVa"fJ -r"fJe:; aomaA~a-r~x~e:; enxovo[J.tae:;,y~a -r"fJV 7tEp~cppoup"fJa"fJ -rou aomaA~a-r~XOl) xaElEa-rw-roe:;. 'Erot, Aomov, ElEWpOU[J.E OEOO[J.EVO -ro YEYOVOe:; o,n -eooo en aO~~E-r~XOt Epya-rEe:; ooo X(Xl en aO~~E-r~xOt «ypacpEwxpa-rEe:;», o~avoou[J.Even X(Xl o~EUElUVCEe:; EAa[J.~avav -r~e:; a[J.en~Ee:; -roue:; a7to -ro xpa-roe:; we:; [J.~aElw-rot Epyaso[J.Even.
Eow, o [J.we:; , YEwa-r(Xl -ro Epw-r"fJ[J.a, 7twe:; dvm ouva-ro or ypacpEwxpa-rEe:;, we:; apxouaa -raS"fJ xm we:; toWX-r~-rEe:; -rwv [J.Eawv 7tapaywy~e:;. 7tpOXE~[J.EVOU vo; ~ow- 7ten"fJElouv -r"fJV U7tEpasta, vo [J.~aElwvouv xoa vrx U7t0XPEWVOUV aE Epyaata.Ex-roe:; coto -roue:; Epya-rEe:;, xm -roue:; towue:; -roue:; Eau-roue:; -roue:;; nwe:; dvm apayE ouva-ro "fJ ~owx-r~-rp~a -rwv [J.Eawv 7tapaywy~e:; -raS"fJ v« Aa[J.~avE~ -ra E~aoo~[J.a-ra -r"fJe:; [J.ovo Ecp6aov "fJ tOLa Epya1;;E-rm; Ll~o-r~ dvm, 7tpay[J.an, EsmpE-r~Xa 7tapaooso en aO~~EnXOt ypacpEwxpa-rEe:;, we:; Epya1;;o[J.Even. vn o~aacpaAt1;;ouv y~a -rov enuro -roue:; WHO (-r"fJ A~tjJ"fJ UtjJ"fJAWV a[J.en~wv).-ro 07tOtO OEV Ol)VaVCm v« o~aacpaAtaOUv a7tOXAE~a-r~xa xm [J.ovo we:; U7tO-r~ElE[J.Even ~OWX-r~-rEe:; -rwv [J.Eawv 7tapaywy~e:;. Ll~Epw-ro[J.aa-rE, E7tta"fJe:;, y~a 7tOW A6yo "fJ aof3~E-r~x~ ypacpEwxpa-rta -apxouaa -ra-
4. KU<ITOpIUOns K., «01 nupuywY1KtS OXtO£lS <ITn Pcooio», <ITO: o.n., au. 259.
5. BA. KU<ITOplUOns K., H ypaC{'fIOKpaT1KD KOlVwvia, o.n., oEA. 89, 261, 262, 265.
6. Kcoroprcionc K., «LOOlaAIOjlaS ri BupBupaw1Q», <ITO: o.n., oEA. 160. 7.'O.n.
60
I1poToMEPOI
S"fJ vo: [l"fJV a.Va.8EaE~ os Xa1tOwuc:; aAAOUC:;, aE EVa. &'AAO ow~x"fJ-r~xo a-rpw[la.,-r~c:; O~XEC:; -r"fJC:; Epya.ata.XEc:; U1tOxpEwaE~c:;,wa-rE "fJ to~a. v« ~ow1to~d-rm corpooxorrr« -r"fJV U1tEpa.Sta., XWptc:; Epya.ata.xouc:; 1tEpWp~a[louc:;.XWpLc:; Xa.[lLa. ES&.p-r"fJa"fJ a.1tO -r"fJV EPya.a~a.x1j 8Ea"fJ, a.1t0 -ro dooc:; xm -r"fJ o~apxE~a. Epya.ata.c:;; Ilooo [l&'AAOV 1tOU u1tapXE~ xm -ro 1ta.p&.OE~y[la. -r"fJC:; xecpa.Amoxpa.-rLa.c:;, 01tOU ot ~OWX-r1j-rEC:; -rwv [lEawv 1ta.pa.ywy1jc:; OE xpE~asE-rm va Epyasov-rm YLa. vo: ~ow1t0~"fJ80uv "C"fJV U1tEpa.SLa.. na.-rt &.pa.YE v« [l"fJv xa.-ra.a-rouv xm O~ aO~~E-r~XOL ypa.cpEwxpa-rEC:; xa.m-ra.A~a-rEc:;,wa-rE vo: SE1tEp&.aouv -r~c:; 1tpoa.va.cpEp8daEC:; «a.-rEAE~EC:;» -rou ao[3LE-r~XOl) xrx- 8w-rw-r0c:;; BE~ma. 0 K. Ka.a-rop~ao"fJC:; OEV a.axoAd-rm [lE -rE-rOWU doouc:; EPW-r1j[la.-ra.. Etvm OE -roao ~a.8~&. 1tE1tE~a[lEvoc:; (-rouAax~a-rov 1j-ra.v, orrxv Eypa.CPE y~' «u-r&' -ra. 8E[la.-ra.) 1twc:; a.v-rmpOaW1tEUE~ «-r"fJ swv-ra.v1j auvEXE~a. -rou [la.PS~a[lou [lEoo: a-r"fJ auyxpov"fJ XOtvwv£a.» xm 1twc:; otoE~, [lovo a.u-roc:; xm "fJ o[laoa. «Socialisme ou Barbarie», -r~c:; a.1ta.v-r1jaE~C:; o trx 8E[lEA~WO"fJ 1tpO[3A1j[la.-ra. -rou E1ta.va.a-ra.-r~XOl) xw1j[la.-roc:; 1tOU OE 8EWpd oxornuo vo: Xa.-rEA8EL coro -ro utjJoc:; -rwv 8EWP"fJ-r~xwv -rou a.cpop~a[lwv aE -roao «E1tOUatWoE~C:;» 0~Euxp~VtaE~c:;8.
Ac:; auvExtaoU[lE o[lwc:; -r"fJv 1ta.pa.XOAOl)8"fJa"fJ -rou «Ema-r"fJ[lOv~xou» xm «[la.PS~a-r~xou» a-roxa.a[lou 1tOU O~a.XpLVE~ -rov K. Ka.a-rop~ao"fJ. '01twc:; 0 towc:; ~aXUpLSE-rm "fJ ao[3LE-r~x1j ypa.CPEWXpa.-r£a. ~ow1tOtd-rm -r"fJV 1ta.pa.yO[lEV"fJ U1tEpa.SLa.. Au-ro y~a. EVa. [la.PS~a-r1j a"fJ[la.tVE~ 1twc:; "fJ ao[3~E't~x1j otxovout« a-r"fJptsE-rm aE [l~a. Xa.eOA~x1j E[l1tOpEU[la.-r~x1j 1ta.pa.ywy1j xm aE Xa.80A~XEc:; a.S~a.XEc:; aXEaE~c:;,oLO-rL [lOVO aE a.u-r&' -ra. 1tAa.Lata. -ro urceprrpotov 1ta.LPVEL a.S~a.x1j [lOpcp1j, xa.8La-ra.-rm U1tEpa.SLa.. 'O[lwc:; "fJ «swv'ta.v1j auvEXE~a. -rou [la.PS~a[lou [lEaa. a-r"fJ auyxpov"fJ XOLVWVLa.» EXcppa.SO[lEV"fJ o-ro 1tpoaw1to -rou K. Ka.a-rop~ao"fJ a.Va.-rpE1tEL -ro 1ta.pa.1t&'vco [la.PS~a-r~xo [la.c:; aU[l1tEpa.a[la., O~O-rL [la.c:; 1tA"fJpocpopd o-n «O~ auv81jxEC:; Laxuoc:; -rou vO[lOU -r"fJC:; a.SLa.c:; ... a.1touatasouv a.1t0 -r"fJ aO~~E-r~x1j OLXOVO[lLa.»9 xm o-r~ «EOW o VO[loc:; -r"fJC:; a.S£a.c:; X&'VEL -ro 1tEPLEXO[lEVO -rou,Ecpoaov or auVe~XEC:; Ecpa.p[lOy~C:; -rou OEV U1t&'pXOUV»lO. Artoueve; aE [la.c:; vrx 8a.u[laaOU[lE -r"fJ «[la.pSLanx~» xa.-rap-rLa"fJ -rou K. Ka.a-rop~ao"fJ xoa -ro Ema-r"fJ[lOv~xO E1t£1tEOO -rwv Ema"fJ[laVaEWv -rou, orrxv «a.Va.Xa.AU1t-rEL» -r"fJV 1ta.pa.ywy~ xm ~OW1tOL"fJa"fJ um:pa.SLa.c:; aE [lLa. XOWWVLa. xm OtXOVO[lLa. 01tOU 0 VO[loc:; -r"fJC:; a.sta.c:; OEV LaxuE~.
TL ytvE-rm o[lwc:; [lE -r"fJV U1tEpa.sta. 1tOU Low1to~d-rm "fJ ypa.CPEWXpa.-rta.; 0 K.
Ka.a-ropLao"fJC:; [la.c:; 1tA"fJpocpopd o-r~ -ro [lEyE80c:; -r"fJC:; dvm 'tEpaa-rw. Ilpoxerror 1tEpt EVOC:; U1tEpE~aoo~[la.-roc:;, 1tOU a.vEPXE-rm o-ro [lLaO -rou E8vLXOU 1tpo'r:ov-roc:; ~,xa.-ra [lLa. aAA"fJ o1jAWa"fJ -rou £Owu auyypa.cpEa.,a-ro «60% -rou PWatXOU Xa.-ra.Va.AWat[lou E8v~xou E~aoo1j[la.-roc:;»ll. I'ux -r"fJV -rEX[l"fJptWa"fJ -rou auyxExp~[lEVOU ~axup~-
8. Kootopruonq K., «Tlopouofuon», oro: a.II., m:A. 139, 138.
9. KaOlo£llaons K., «Tm 1:0 KaSfOlws ms EL:I.ll. KQl evdvnc ornv unepdoruori TOUII, <TIO: a.II., ofA. 69. 10. Kcotoprdonq K, «To IIpa~AnfIa ms EL:L:ll. xoi n Suvcrornrc fIlQS tpftnc roroprxriq Mons», <TIO: a.II., OfA. 89.
11. BA. Kcoropidonc; K., «L:XfllKU fIf TO ~r\:rnfIa me; EL:L:ll. Kill lOU IIaYKaofIIOU otcxrvropou», <TIO: a.II., OfA. 99 Kill, enfonq, Ka<TI0pIUOne; K., «01 IIapaywylKtc; oxtOEle; <TIn PWoIa», <TIO: a.II., OEA. 287.
E>EDPIH rIA THI\; KOINnNIKH <PYLH TOY IOBIETIKOY KAeHTnrm:
a[J.oo 0 K. KcxG'ropttXo"f)e:; OEV CXVWPEPEt xcx[J.tCX CX7tOAU-rWe:; 7t"f)y1j, XtX-rt 7tOO xcx8ta-rtX cxvcxstoma-rcx -rcx CXVCXCPEpO[J.EVCX a-rOtxELcx. To rno EX7tA"f)X-rtXO, o [J.we:;, ELvm "f) o1jAwa"f) -roo totoo 7twe:; -ro -rEptXa-rw «uro [J.Epoe:; -roo 7tCXPCXyO[J.EVOO 7tPO'COVCoe:; o7t"f)pnEL -r"f) «[J."f) 7tCXpcxywytx1j XCX-rcxvtXAWa"f) -r"f)e:; XOptCXPX"f)e:; -rtXS"f)e:;»12. Yrcoo-moisEt, O"f)ACXo1j, 0 K. Kcxa-ropttXo"f)e:; o-rt -rcx cxycx8tX 7tOO XCX-rCXVCXAWVEt "f) ypCXcpEtoXpCX-rtCX CXVEPXOVCm,7toao-rtxtX,a-ro [J.taO -rOO ao[3tntXOO dlvtxou rtpotovroc. Qa-roao, 7tcxpa «uro -ro ESmpntXa OtjJ"f)AO [J.Eydloe:; 7tpoawmx1je:; XCX-rcxvtXAWa"f)e:; "f) ao[3tntx1j YPCXCPEtoXPCX-rtcx. xcx-ra -rcx AEYO[J.EVCX -rOO K. Kcxa-ropta0"f). OE [J.EVEt tXCXV07tOt"f)[J.EV"f). 'Erot, EmotWXEt -r"f)V 7tcxyxoa[J.tcx xoptCXpXtCX ytCX -r"f)V «7tpoatXp-r"f)a"f) OXt [J.Ovaxcx EVOe:; [J.EyCXAU-rEPOO [J.EpOOe:; -rWV XEPOWV, CXAAa OAWV -rWV XEPOWV». LE -rt O[J.we:; CX7toaX07tEL cxo-r1j "f) 7tpoatXp-r"f)a"f) -rWV XEPOWV 1j, Op80-rEPCX, -rOO 07tEP7tpO'COVCoe:; -r"f)e:; 7tcxyxoa[J.tcxe:; OtXOVO[J.tcxe:;; M« cpomxa a-r"f) «"f) mxpcxywytx1j xcx-rcxvaAWa"f) -r"f)e:; XOptCXPX"f)e:; -raS"f)e:;». ME tXAACX AOytCX. 0 K. Kcxa-roptao"f)e:; 07tOVOEL o-rt ot XCX-rCXVCXAW-rtXEe:; CXVtXYXEe:; xm OPESEte:; -r"f)e:; ao[3tntx1je:; ypCXcpEtoXpCX-r£cxe:; CXvEpxovcm. rroconxcc.o-ro E7tt7tEOO -roo 7tcxyxoa[J.too orreprrpotovroc!
To cxvo7toa-rcx-ro -rwv ESE-rCXSO[J.EVWV taxopta[J.wv -rOU K. Kcxa-roptao"f) dvm mG'rEooo[J.E 7tCXmcpcxvEe:;. Evw o"f)AWVEt o-rt "f) ao[3tntx1j YPCXCPEtoXpCX-rtCX EXEt CX7tOXAEta-rtXtX XCX-rCXVcxAw-rtXa aO[J.cpEpoVCCX xm EmotWSEte:;, -r"f)e:; 7tpOaa7t-rEt E7tEt-rCX cxorrou; (7tpoaap-r"f)a"f) XEPOWV xm 7tcxyxoa[J.tcx Otxovo[J.tx1j XOptCXPXtcx) or 07tOtOt XtX8E aAAo 7tcxpa CX7t0PPEOOV CX7tO XCX-rCXVCXAW-rtXEe:; cxvayxEe:;. Ot xcxm-rcxAta-rEe:;, 7tpay[J.cx-rt, EmotWxOov -ro [J.Eyta-ro XEPOOe:;,OXt cpumxa ytCX 7tpoawmx1j xcx-rcxvaAWa"f) , CXAAtX ytCX -r"f) aoaawpwa"f) xEcpcxAatWv xm -r"f)v EVtaxoa"f) -rwv EmXEtp1jaEwv -rooe:;, wa-rE vo Emxpcx-r1jaoov o rov cxvccxywvta[J.o. Ot YPcxcpEtoxpa-rEe:;, o [J.we:;, CX7tO[3At7tOOV CX7tAtX a-r"f)v tXCXvo7tot"f)a"f) -rwv XCX-rCXVCXAW-rtXWv -rooe:; cxvcxYXWV,xtX-rt 7tOO cx7tm-rEL aoyxEXpt[J.EV"f) 7toao-r"f)-rcx cxYCX8WV,7tEPCXV -r"f)e:; orrotc«; xa8E aoaawpwa"f) rropcov, rrooo [J.aAAov 7tcxyxoa[J.twv rcopcov, o r«; ao[3tntXEe:; aov81jxEe:; 8cx 1j-rcxv CXVWCPEA"f). LE cxv-rt8w"f) [J.E -r"f)v xEcpcxAmoxpcx-rtCX ytCX -r"f)v orrotn.oco 8cx otcx-r"f)PEL-rm 0 cxvccxywvta[J.oe:;, "f) EmotWS"f) -roo [J.E:yta-roo XEPOOOe:; OEV [J.7tOpEL rtore vo: cp-raaEt os xa7tOto optc. yta -r"f) YPCXCPEtoXPCX-rtCX -co Opto -rWV EmotWXO[J.EVWV EtaOO"f)[J.a-rwv ELvm OEOO[J.EVO. xm -rcxo-rtsnm,a-r"f)v rno [J.CXSt[J.cxAta-rtx1j EXOOX1j -roo, [J.E -rcx ta-roptxtX aUYXEXpt[J.EVCX 7tpo-r07tCX -r"f)e:; [3ZA-rta-r"f)e:; tXCXV07tOt"f)a"f)e:; -rWV cxv8pwmVWV cxvcxyxWv. 0 K. KcxG'roptao"f)e:; aoYxEEt.7tpOcpcxvWe:;, -rcx aO[J.cpEpOVCCX xrxt -rte:; EmotWSEte:; -r"f)C:; YPCXCPEtoXPCX-rtcxc:; [J.E cxo-ra -rWV xcxm-rcxAta-rWv.
H aoyxoa"f) O[J.we:; cxo-r1j CX7tOXCXAU7t-rEt [J.icx [3CX8U-rEP"f) 8EWp"f)-rtX1j CXOOVCX[J.tCX -roo aoyypcxcpECX. Eta"f)YOU[J.EVOe:; -r"f)V tOECX o-rt "f) ao[3tntx1j y(JCXCPEtoxpcx-ricx CX7tO-rEAd xoptCXPX"f) -raS"f). cxv-rt[J.nW7ttSEt -r"f)v cxvtXyx"f) vee 7tpOaoWaEt 7tEptEXO[J.EVO crrov taxopta[J.o -roo CX7tOXCXAU7t-rOV-rcxe:; EXELVCX -rcx a-rOtXELcx 7tOO rno-rorcoiouv -r"f)v U7tCXPS"f) -rcxstx1je:; EX[J.E-rCXAAW-rtX1je:; ESOOatcxc:;. Aoovcx-rd, coo-roco, vo otcx-r07tWaEt xa- 7tOtCX CX08EVCtX1j xm 7tpw-ro-r07t"f) 7tpo-rcxa"f) cxvcxcpoptxtX [J.E -rcx Xcxpcxx-r"f)pta-rtxa yvwpta[J.cx-rcx -r"f)e:; U7t0-rt8E[J.EV"f)e:; VECXe:; XOtvWVtx1je:; -raS"f)e:;. 'Erot XCX-rCXCPEl)YEt a-r"f) ACX-
12. 'O.n., m:A. 261. BA. ernonc KQl m:A. 179,287.
61
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nroro MEPOL
ElPOXELptex, ex1tOCHoOVTexe:; G'r"f) ypexCPELOXpex'ttex ELOO1tOLeX a'tOLXEtex,01tWe:; 't"f)V LOLO- 1tOL"f)a"f) U1tEpex~Lexe:; X(XL 't"f)V E1tLOtWS"f) 'tOU [J.EyLa'tOU XEPOOUe:; o-rov 1texyxOa[J.LO exVTexYWVLa[J.O, 'tex orrot« OLexXPLVOUV X(X'tESOX1jV 't"f)V XEcpexAexWXP(X'ttex. E1tEL01j, o [J.We:;. OE oovex't(XL vex ex1tOOEtSEL 't"f)V 01texp~"f) OLXOVO[J.LXOO exVTexYWVLa[J.OO [J.E'taSO ELLd X(XL OU'tLXOl) xex7tL'taALa[J.OO. XP"f)at[J.01tOLEt 'to YVWG'rO coto 'tOV T. KALcp'tExvexa[J.ex 't"f)e:; 01jflEV exVTLxex'teXa'texa"f)e:; 'tOU exVTexYWVLa[J.OO YLa 'tex OLXOVO[J.LXeX XEPO"f) ex1tO 't"f) «a'tpex'tLW'tLX1j 1taA"f»> 1:1.
EVOELX'tLX1j 't"f)e:; Ep[J."f)VEtae:; 'tOU aO~LE'tLXOl) xexElEG'r&nOe:; [J.EaW 't"f)e:; AexElpextexe:; exvexywy1je:; 'tOU os CP(XLVO[J.EVa X(XL aXEaELe:; 't"f)e:; XEcpexA(XLOxpex'tLae:;, EtV(XL "f) OLex1tta'twa"f) 'tOU K. Kexa'tOpLeXO"f) O'tL «"f) exva1t'tus1j 'tOUe:; OO"f)yEt 'tex 000 aua't1j[J.ex'tex a't"f)v 'tWJ'tLa"f) », X(XL 1twe:; xa'tw coro opLa[J.EVEe:; auvEl1jxEe:;, EtV(XL exvex1tOCPWX't"f) «Y) 'texO'tLa"f) 'tWV Ol)O aua'tY)[J.a'twv X(XL "f) EV01tOt"f)ay) 'tOU 1texyxOa[J.LOu aua't1j[J.ex'toe:; EX[J.E'taAAWa"f)e:; aE ~eXpoe:; 'tWV EpyaSO[J.EVWV [J.exSWV»14. OL OY)AwaELe:; exU'tEe:; 'tOU K. Kexa'topLaO"f) ex1tOXaA01t'tOUV 'to YEYOVOe:; 1twe:;,oaov excpopa 'to [J."f)xexvLa[J.O xtvY)aY)e:; X(XL LG'rOPLX1je:; ESEALS"f)e:; 'tWV 000 XOLVWVLXWV aua't"f)[J.a'twv, 'tLe:; xaElopLa'tLXEe:; OY)Aexo1j YLex 'to xaElE aoa't"f)[J.ex XOLVWVLXEe:; aXEaELe:; OL 01tOtEe:; ouvxporouv exU'tO 'to [J."f)xexvLa[J.O, 0 tOLOe:; OE ~AE1tEL xex[J.tex OUatWO"f) omcpopa [J.E'texSo 'toue:;.
<I>pOVOO[J.E O'tL "f) 1tpOa1taflELex 'tou K. Kexa'topLaO"f) vex 1texpOUataaEL 'to oo~LE'tLXO xexElEa'twe:; We:; VEO EX[J.E'texAAW'tLXO aoa't"f)[J.ex X(XL 't"f) aO~LE'tLx1j ypexCPELOxpex'ttex We:; verx apxouaex 'taS"f) OEV xex'taA"f)SE os E7tL'tUXtex. Ilexpa 'tLe:; [J.EyexAOa'tO[J.Ee:; OLexX"f)pO~ELe:; 1tEpt 'tou E7tLa't"f)[J.OVLXOO Xl)POUe:; X(XL 't"f)e:; XOLVWVLX1je:; a"f)[J.exatexe:; 'tWV U1tO'tLElE[J.EVWV exvaxexAotjJEWV 'tou 0 aUYXExpL[J.EVOe:; a'toxaa't1je:; OEV rrrxpouoioae xex[J.tex 'tEX[J.y)PLW[J.EV"f) exvaAUa"f), 1tOU fla ex1tEOEtXVUE 't"f)V La'topLxa verx.rccSLx1j - EX[J.E'texAAW'tLX1j cpoaY) 'tOU aO~LE'tLXOO xexElEa'tw'toe:;. To uovo 1tOU ExexVE EtV(XL [J.Lex exyopatex xp1ja"f) EVVOLWV -r"f)C:; XEcpexAexLOxpex-rLX1je:; OLXOVO[J.Lexe:; 1tpOXEL[J.Evou vex 1tEpLypatjJEL -r"f)v exVTtG'rOLX"f) -rY)e:; ELLd. l't'au'to.aAAwa-rE. EVW 1texpexoEXE't(XL O-rL "f) aO~LE'tLx1j OLXOVO[J.tex OEV EXEL «xex[J.La exvexAoyta [J.E -r"f)v xex7tL'texALa-rLx1j ... o LO-rL. .. OL OLXOVO[J.LXOt VO[J.OL EtV(XL pLsLxa oLexCPOPE-rLXOt»'" OE ~ptaXEL xavEvexv aAAO 1tpOaOLOpLa[J.o -cou aO~LnLxoo xexElEa-rw-roe:; 1tapa WHO -rou «ypexcpELOxpex-rLXOO xex7tL-raALa[J.00»16.
OAOXAy)PWVOVTexe:; -r"f)V ESE-rexay) -rWV ex1tOtjJEWV -rou K. KexG'ropLaoy) Ela ElEAex[J.E vex G'rexElOl)[J.E YLex [J.Lex exXO[J."f) cpopa G'rY) ElEay) on "f) ypexCPELOXpex-rtex, O"f)Aexo1j 'tex 'tEXVLXOE1taYYEA[J.ex-rLxa a-rEAEX"f). "f) oLexvO"f)a"f),OL 1tOAt-rLXOt X(XL OLXOVO[J.LXOL OLWElUVTEe:; a-r"f)v ELLd LOL01tOLOOVT(XL -ro aOVOAO 'tou 1tapexYO[J.EVOU U1tq)1trO'~OVTOe:; - -r"f)V U1tEpexSLa. ITLa'tEOOU[J.E O'tL 0 LaxupLa[J.Oe:; exU'toe:; EtV(XL exvex1tOCPWx-roe:; YLex OAEe:;
13. Kooropiconc; K., «l:OOlaNOjlOS ri ~ap~ap6rma", 01:0: o.n., OEA. 160.
14. nIl., orA. 159, 161.
15. Kcoropidonc; K., «ria 10 KaSEm:ws TO(; E1Lil xor evcvnc ornv unepooruori TOU», oro: o.n., oEA. 70.
16. BA. Kccropidonc K., H ypaC{'EloKpaTIKIl KOlvwv{a, T. I, o.n., ofA. 146,244. BA., crnonc, Kooroproons K., H ypaC{'EIOKpaTIKn KOIVwvia, T. 2, H EnavQomon KarQ me:; vpacpeiospoiioc, uqJlAOV / p,pAia, ASnva, 1985, orA. 180-181.
GmPIEI rIA THN KOINONIKH <PYLH TOY LOBIETIKOY KAeE2.:TOTOI
ExdvEe; 'ne; 8EWpiEe; TWU 'tau-riSouv 'tYj ypacpELOxpa'tia fJ.E 'tYjv apxouaa 'ta~Yj xrxt, E1WfJ.EVWe;, a1tO't"EAd xAamxo a'tOlxdo 'toue;. TIpw'tia'twe;, O« 1tPE1tEL vo: EmaYjfJ.aVOufJ.E O'tL Yj EWOla «urrcprtpotov» auvoEE'tat vOYjfJ.a'tLxa fJ.E au't~ 'tou «ovayxa[ou rrpotovror;» Xat EX'tOe; 'tYje; auvacpELae; fJ.E 'tYjv 'tEAw'taia a'tEpd'tat 1tEPLEXOfJ.EVOU. A vayxaio OE 1tpoCOV OVOfJ.aSE'tat 'to fJ.EpOe; exetvo 'tou XOlVWVLXOU 1tpoCovroc 1tOU dvat a1tapai'tYj'to YLa 'tYjv ava1tapaywy~ 'tYje; Epyamax~e; ouvafJ.Yje;, 'tYje; Lxavo'tYj'tae; rtpoc EpyaaLa (rcov cpumxwv xat 1tVWfJ.a'tLXWV Lxavo't~'twv) 'tou ouvoxou 'twv EpyaSofJ.EVwV,Ol 01tOiOl a1tat'touv'tat YLa 'tYJv AEL'toupyia 'tou aua't"~fJ.a'toe; 'tYje; UALX~e; 1tapaywy~e;. Arro 'to fJ.EYE80e; 'tou avayxaiou rrpotovroc xa80pLSE'tat 'to av-rLa'tOlXo 'tou U1tEp1tp(iCov'toe;. Y1tEp1tpOCOV xaAd'tat 'to fJ.EpOe; 'tou XOlVWVLXOU 1tpo'Cov'toe; 1tOU 1tapaYE'tat U1tEpaVW 'tou avayxaiou. Arro 'to U1tEp1tpOCOV Xat 'tov 'tP01tO xa'tavofJ.~e; 'tou E~ap'ta'tat Yj ouva'to'tYj'ta Xat 'to EUpoe; 'tYje; OLWpUfJ.EVYje; ava1tapaywy~e;. L:'tYjv 'ta~Lx~ XOtVWVLa Yj apxouaa 'ta~Yj LOL01tOld'tat Eva 'tfJ.~fJ.a ~ Xat 'to auvoAo 'tou U1tEP1tpOCOv-roe; E~aacpaAiSov-rae; E'tm 'tYjV 1tapaamx~ 'tYje; oLa~LwaYj aAAa Xat 'tov tAEYXO a'tYj OLWpUfJ.tVYj ova- 1tapaywy~.
L:'tYj L:o~LE'tLX~ 'EvwaYj Yj EpyaaLa 'tou OLOLXYj'tLXOU fJ.YjXavLafJ.OU (1tapa 'ta ava1t0cpwx'ta cpatVofJ.EVa 1tapam'tLafJ.Ou) a1toaX01tOUaE 1tpw'ta a1t'OAa a'tYj aXEOL01tOLYjaYj Xat YEvLxa a'tYj oLaxdptaYj 'tYje; aomaAta'tLX~e; 1tapaywy~e;. Oe; EX'tOU'tou, Yj Epyaaia au't~ ~'tav avayxaia yta 'tYjV u1tap~Yj xat AEt'toupyia 'tYje; aXEot01tOlYJfJ.EVYJe; OlXOVOfJ.Lae;. E1tPOXEL'tO, oYjAao~, YLa fJ.La Epyaaia 1tOU a1tO'tEAOUos ava1toa1taa'to aUa'ta'ttXO a'tOlxdo 'tou ouvoxou 'tYje; XOlVWVtX~e; Epyaaiae;. L:uVE1tWe;, Yj ava1tapaywy~ 'tYje; Lxavo'tYj'tae; 1tpOe; 'tYj auyxEXptfJ.EVYj OLOLXYj'tLX~ EPyaaLa evrrxooorov a'tYjv ava1tapaywy~ 'tYje; auvoALX~e; Epyamax~e; Ol)VafJ.Yje; 'tYje; xOlvwviae;. Ot a1tOAa~Ee; 'tYje; 1tAELOlpYjcpiae; 'twv OLOlXYj'ttXWV a't"EAEXWV 'tYje; EL:L:Ll U1tYJpE'touaav 'tLe; 1tpOaWmXEe; xa'tavaAw'tLxte; avexYXEe; au'twv 'twv av8pw1twv, oYjAao~ 'tYjV ava1tapaywy~ 'tYje; txavo'tYj'tae; 'toue; 1tpOe; Epyaa[a. Ti« 'to Myo au'to 8EWpOUfJ.E O'tL ot afJ.Ol~Ee; 'tou a'tpwfJ.a'toe; 'twv a1tOXaAOUfJ.EVWV ypacpEwxpa'tWV a1to'tEAOUV,We; E1tL 'to 1tAda'tov 0XL ofJ.we; a1tOAu-ra, fJ.EpOe; 'tou avayxa[ou 1tpoCov'toe;. L:'tYjv av-rieE'tYj 1tEpL1t'twaYj 8a E1tPE1tE vo: a1t00Ex80ufJ.E o'tt 'to U1tEPrrpotov.ro ortoto U1tO'tieE'tat O'tL tot01tOlOUV'tat 'ta OLEU8uv'ttxa a'tEAEXYj,a1tOaxo- 1td Xat «oro a'tYjv ava1tapaywy~ 'tYje; txavo'tYj'tae; 1tpOe; Epyaaia, Xat aUVE1tWe; 'tau-rLSE'tat EWOloAoytXa fJ.E 'to avayxa[o rrpotov.
'Ooov acpopa, 'twpa, 'tYj oLacpopa afJ.Ol~WV fJ.E'ta~u ypacpELOxpa'twv xm AOl- 1tWV EpyaSOfJ.EVWV au't~ dvat a1to'toxYj, XUpLWe;, 'tYje; aV'tiewYje; fJ.E'ta~u rrvcuurx'tLX~e; Xat XEtpwvax'tLX~e; Epyaaiae; Xat 'tYJe; xa'tLaxuaYje; 'tYje; 1tpw'tYje; E1tL 'tYje; OEl)'tEpYje;. H EpyaaLcX EVOe; otaVooUfJ.EVOU dvat 1tEptaao'tEpo XOtVWVLxa avayxaia a1to 'tYjV av-ria'tOlXYJ EVOe; XEtpWvax'ta, yt' «oro Xat 0 1tpw'toe; 'tYJV 1tpoacpEpEt a'tYJv xOLvwvia AafJ.~avov-rae; we; av-raAAaYfJ.a fJ.ta fJ.EyaAu'tEpYj a1to 'toU OW'tEPOU afJ.Ol~~. 'OfJ.We;, Xat ot OUO afJ.Ol~Ee; a1tO't"EAOl)V opoue; ava1tapaywy~e; «vno-rorXWV txavo't~'twv 1tpOe; Epyaata, Xat we; exrooroo EV'taaaov'tat o-ro avayxato XOlVWVLXO 1tpOlOV.
63
64
I IpOTO MEPOE
Auro ~E~ma ck uYJfJ.aiVEL 1tWe; OAEe; at a1tOAa~Ee; 'tYJe; ypacpELoxpa'tiae; av~XOUV o-ro avayxaLo XatVWVLXO 1tpo·t"ov. L:'to ~a8fJ.o 1tOU u'tYJv xpa'tLx~ E~ouuia ava1t'tuuuov-rm cpmVofJ.Eva 1tapaat'tLufJ.OU, 'ta uALxa aya8a 1tOU a1tOAafJ.~aVEL [lEpOe; 'tWV ypacpEtoXpa'tWv,xup£we; at avw'ta'toL xpa'tLxoi a~LWfJ.a'touXOL,U1tEP~aivouv 'to Luocit)VafJ.o 'tYJe; 1tpOUCPEpOfJ.EVYJe; a1t' au-roue; Epyauiae; xm UUVLU'tOUV, uacpwe;, Loto1toiYJuYJ fJ.EpOUe; 'tou U1tEp1tpOt"Ov-roe;. 'OfJ.We; au-ro a1tEXEL 1tOAU coto 'tYJv a1tOlpYJ o'tt YJ ypacpELoxpa'tLa. we; ~EXWPLa't"O xorvcovrxo u'tpwfJ.a. toto1tOLd'tm 'to UUVOAO 'tOU 1tapayofJ.EvoU urreprtpotovroc xm O'tL a1to'tEAd, UUVE1tWe;, fJ.ta veo. EXfJ.E'taAAEu'tpta 'ta~YJ.
• H Nita Ta~YJ roo M. TS'{Aas-
o M. T<;;iAae; U1t~p~E apXLxa XOfJ.fJ.OUVLa't"~e; xm fJ.aAta't"a YJYEnxo a't"EAEXOe; 'tou K. K. nouyxouAa~iae; EVW xccro mv fJ.E'tE~EALX8YJ UE opLfJ.u'ta'to xa't~yopo 'twv uOataALU'tLXWV xa8EU'tW'tWV 'tYJe; A va'toAtX~e; Eupw1tYJe;. 'tYJe; xOfJ.fJ.OUVLU'tLX~e; LOEOAoyiae; xm 1tpax'tLX~e; EV yEVEt. L:'to otE8vwe; yvwa't"o EPYO 'tOU H Nea Ta;r; o M, T<;;LAae; U1tOa't"YJpi<;;EL 'tYJv a1tOlpYJ o'tt YJ 1tOAmX~ ypacpEtOXpa'tLa a't"YJ L:O~LE'tLX~ 'EvwuYJ xm u'ta aAAa OfJ.atOYEV~ xa8Eu'tw'ta xm XUpLWe; 'ta avw'ta'ta XALfJ.axta 'tYJe; XOfJ.fJ.OUVLU'ttx~e; XOfJ.fJ.a'tLX~e; LEpapXLae; uUYXpO't"Ol)V fJ.La xupiapxYJ EXfJ.E'taAAW'tLX~ 'ta~YJ.
L:XEnxa fJ.E 'tYJv totOx'tYJuLa 1tOU xa'tEXEL YJ 'ta~YJ au't~ 0 M. T<;;iAae; xavEL Myo 1tEPL «UUAAoyLx~e;-fJ.OV01tWAtaX~e; Lotox'tYJuLae;» 'tYJe; ypacpEtoxpa'tLae;l;. A V'tL ofJ.we; vo: a1tOOd~EL O'tL YJ tOLox'tYJuLa au't~ 1tapEfJ.EvE a1tOXAEtu'tLxa u'ta xspta EVOe; UUYXEXptfJ.svou xupiapxou u'tpwfJ.a'toe;,'tYJe; xOfJ.fJ.a'tLX~e; ypacpEwxpa'tLae;. a1tO't"EAwv-rae; 'tYJ ~auYJ 'tYJe; 'ta~LX~e; 'tou xupLapXLae; 0 M. T<;;iAae; xa'tacpEuYEL UE UUYXEXUfJ.EvOUe; xm av'ttcpanXOl)e; LUXUptUfJ.Oue; E1ti 'tou 8EfJ.a'toe; «orou. AcpEVOe;, ota'tdvE'tm 1tWe; YJ xOfJ.fJ.a'tx~ ypacpEtoxpa'tia, we; apxouua 'ta~Yj, dvm «XAEtU't~ oc» 'tYJv apLu'toxpa'tLa»18. ACPE'tSpOU. apvd'tm 'tYJV XAYJPOOO'tYJuYJ 'tYJe; LotOx'tYJuLae; o'rrx 1tAaiata 'tou xupLapxou u'tpwfJ.a'toe;: xavde; OEV xAYJpovofJ.d 'ti1tO'tE 1tapa 'tYJ CPLAooo~La vo: aVEA8Et UE fJ.tav avw'tEpYJ ~a8fJ.£Oa 'tYje; XOLVWVLX~e; XALfJ.axae;. Em- 1tMov OYJAWVEL O'tL «YJ ve« 'ta~YJ ... aAAa<;;EL otapxwe;. a1tAWvE'tm. oLaxsnm o-ro Aao, a't"Le; xa'tw'tEpEe; 'ta~ELe;»19. Au't~ YJ 1taatcpav~e; av-ricpauYJ u'toue; LUXUpLUfJ.OUe; 'tou M. T<;;LAae; xa'tafJ.ap'tupd 'tYJv aoUvafJ.La 'tou vo: U'tOLXEt08E't~UEL 'tYJv l)1tap~YJ uUAAoyLx~e; LOLox'tYJuLae; u'ta XEpLa 'tYJe; UO~LE'ttX~e; xm 'twv aAAwv x0fJ.fJ.0UVLU'tLxcov ypacpEtOxpa'ttwv. E1tLUYJe;. a1tOXaAU1t'tEt 'tYJv a1tO't"uXLa 'tou uuyypacpsa vo: oLaucpaALUEL 'tYJ uuvacpELa rcov UUAAOYLUfJ.WV 'tOU.
A vacpopLxa fJ.E 'tLe; 8EWpYJ'ttxEe; aoUVafJ.LEe; 'tYJe; av'tLAYJlJ.!YJe; 1tOU avaYEL 'tYJ oo-
17. Djilas Milovan, The New Class, Praeger, New York, 1962, oEA. 59.
18. 'O.n., orA. 60.
19. o.n., oEA. 61.
8mPIEI rIA THN KOINONIKH <PITH Toy IOBIETIKOY KAeEITOTOI
~~E't~X~ ypacpEtoxpa'tia (JE [.Ha YEa apxou(Ja 'ta~Yj 8a 8EAafJ.E vo: XaVOUfJ.E opt(JfJ.EVE<; axofJ.a Em(JYJfJ.av(JE~<; E~E't"at;;oV't"(x(; ne; a1totj>E~e; 'tou M. Tt;;CAae;. MEyaAYJe; 8EWPYJ't~X~<; (JYJlla(JCae; 1tpO~AYjfJ.a dvw Yj avaxaAutj>Yj xw 1tapou(Jia(JYj 'tou rpo- 1tOU fJ.E 'tov o1toio YJ EV AOYW 'ta~Yj o~afJ.OpcpwvE'tW xw avaOE~XVl)E't"W (JE xupCapxYj Ol)VafJ.Yj. ~'tYjv w'topia 'tYJ<; av8pw1t0'tYj'tae; YJ Exa(J'to'tE vEa 'ta~Yj 1tOU E1tpOXE~'tO vo: EA8E~ (J'tYJV E~ou(Jia ouvxpo rourrxv xa'ta xrxvovrx W<; 'ta~Yj o-rrx (J1tAaXVa 'tou 1taAWOl) xa8E(J'tW't0e;.1tpO't0l) (Juyxpou(J'td fJ.at;;i rou xw 'to ova'tpEtj>Et. ~'tYJv 1tEpi1t'tw(JYj OfJ.we; 'tYJ<; (Jo~~E't"~x~<; ypacpEtoxpa'tia<;. ~(JXUpit;;E'tW 0 M. Tt;;iAae;, OE (JUVE~Yj xa't~ 'tE'tOlO. rrpw'taywv~m~<; ~E~wa 'tYj<; OX'tw~p~~v~e; Errnva(J'ta(JYje; ~'tav 'to pwmxo 1tpOAE'tap~a'to, U1tO 'tYjV xa80o~YYJ(JYj 'tou xOfJ.fJ.a-roe; 'twv fJ.1tOA(JE~ixwv. ~'tYjv E~ou(Jia ofJ.w<; ~p8E oX~ Yj Epya't~x~ aAAa fJ.~a vEa 'ta~Yj, avu1tapx'tYj rtptv 'tYjv E1tava(J'ta(JYj, Yj xOfJ.fJ.a't~x~ ypacpEwxpa'tia20.
lEwa'tw ~E~wa EOW 'to El)AOYO Epw'tYJfJ.a: coro rtou npoExutj>E wn~ YJ veo: apxou(Ja 'ta~Yj,Ecpo(JOV OEV un~pXE rtptv 'tYJV xa8E(J'tw't~x~ aAAay~; O~ anav't~(JE~e; rrou OiVEL 0 M. Tt;;iAae; Eivw mnxtAEe;, (JUYXEXUfJ.EVEe; xw avncpanxEe;. Krx'ta fJ.ia npw'tYj anav'tYJ(JYj. Yj vEa au't~ 'ta~YJ au'tooYJfJ.Loupy~8YJXE. Ka'ta fJ.ia OEU'tEPYJ, " To xOfJ.fJ.a YEwa 'tYjV 'ta~Yj" «(JUYXEXp~fJ.tva 'to (J'tpwfJ.a 'tWV EnaYYEAfJ.a't~WV Enavama'twv a1tO'tEAd 'tYjV anapx~ xw ne; pit;;Ee; 'tYje; VEae; 'ta~Yj<;. H nA~PYJ<; OE o~afJ.opcpw(J~ 'tYJ<; (Juv'tcAd'tw EVW ~pi(JXE'tW ~OYj mYJv E~ou(Jia. ~UfJ.cpwvo: OfJ.We; fJ.E xanOlEe; aAAE<; OYjAW(JE~e; 'tOU dvw 0 I. B. ~'taA~v amoe; 0 orrotoc oYjfJ.toUPYYj(JE 'tYJ YEa apxou(Ja 'ta~YJ21. Krx: o» YJ 1tapanavw anotj>Yj cpav'tat;;E~ w<; fJ.La E~wpE'tLxa ~ouAYJmapx~x~ EpfJ.Yjvda 'twv xmvwv~xwv CPWVOfJ.EVWV 0 napaxa'tw ~(JXup~(JW)e; 'tou M. Tt;;iAa<; Em~E~wwvE~ 'to (JUYXEXP~fJ.EVO 'tpono (JXEtj>Yj<;: «H vEa 'ta~Yj EfJ.cpavi(J8YJxE E~w'tCae; avnxEtfJ.EvLXWV w'tiwv xw OLa 'tYJe; 8EA~(JEwe;, 'tYje; (JXEtj>EWe; xw 'tWV npa~Ewv 'tWV YjYE'tWV 'tYJe;»22. ME aAAa A6y~a, napa 'tte; aV'ttxEtfJ.EVtxEe; (JUv81jxEe; ~'tav ot YjYE'tE<; au'wi 1tOU 'tEAtXa oYjfJ.toUpYYj(Jav 'tYj verx 'ta~YJ. Amo (JYjfJ.aiVE~ o't~ (J'tYJv nEpin'tw(JYj aVEnapxE~ae; ~OUAYj(JYje;.(JXEtj>Yje; xw npa~Ewv 'tWV 1tPW'tWV YJYE'tW') fJ.nopoUfJ.E vo: un08E(JoUfJ.E on YJ 1tEP~~OYj'tYJ vEa 'ta~YJ i(Jwe; vo: fJ.YJv EiXE 1tO'tE ouyxpo'tYJ8Ei. H (JUVOWYj 'tYJe; EfJ.cpaVL(JYj<; fJ.~ae; vEa<; xo~VWv~x~e; 'ta~Yje; fJ.E 'tYj ~oUA~1(JYj xw 'tLe; npa~E~e; ~Exwp~mwv rrpootortcov coroxaAun'tE~ 'tYjv aouvafJ.ia 'tOU (jl)yypacpta vo: npo(JoLopi(JE~ xanOlE<; «vnxeiuevrXE<;,L(J'top~xa VOfJ.o'tEAELaxEe; 7tpOU1t08E(JE~<; «(Juvucpa(JfJ.EVEe; fJ.E Eva VEO 'tpono 1tapaywy~<;) (JXYjfJ.a't~(JfJ.ou 'tYj<;.
0a npEnEt EOW, EV dOEt 1tapEx~a(JEw<;, vo: oLwxp~vi(JoUfJ.E O'tL 'to xOfJ.fJ.a 'twv fJ.noA(JE~ixwv, 1tP~V axofJ.Yj 'tYJv xa'taAYjtj>Yj 'tYje; E~ou(Jiae;. onw<; xw 01t0l00~-
20. 0 KAovt AEcp6p, nou OE OplOpEVES nEp!600uS UnrlPSE Opo'iOE(ltns KO! ouvepvdrnq TOU K. Kcotopidon, OlOWITWVEl £IIi TOU UUYKEKP!PEVOU smrljlOtos nopopoic pE TOU M. TSlAoS cnoipn: «H ypOcpEIOKpOrfo OEV EiVQJ taSn 600 OEV sfvor apXouoo taSn ... » AEcp6p K., 11 EiVUl n ypapEIOKpmfa, EKOOtlKrl OPo.oo, 8EOuaAoviKn, uEA. 4 I.
21. BA. Djilas Milovan, The New Class, a.IT., OEA. 38, 39, 40, 48.
22. nIT., OEA. 41 .
65
66
OpnToMEPOI
TIO'tS o.AAO spya'tLXO STIaVaU'ta'tLXO XOfJ.fJ.a. we; cpOpEae; STIaVaU'ta'tLX1je; UUVSLOYj'tOTIOLYjUYje; xm (J't"pa'tYjyLxwV (J't"OXWV. we:; TIPW'tOTIOpLa xm YjYWLa 'tYje:; spya'tLx1je:; 'to.~Yje:;,aTIO't"sAd fJ.La opyo.VWUYj Yj OTIOLa 0XL fJ.OVO aTIOppESL aTIO 'tov xa'tafJ.SpLUfJ.O fJ.s'ta~u TIVWfJ.a'tLX1je:;-OLOLXYj'tLX1je:; xm XSLpWVaX'tLx1je:;-SX'tSAW'tLX1je:; spyauLae:; U'tO WW'tSPLXO 'tYje:; spya'tLx1je:; 'to.~Yje:;, aAAo. aVaTIapo.YSL «orov 'tOV xa'tafJ.SpLUfJ.O xm UUVSTIWe:; CPEPSL 'ta UTIEPfJ.a'ta 'tYje:; ypacpsLOxpa'tLXOTIOLYjUYje:;.
To ysyovoe:; «oro dXS,o.AAWU'tS, S1tLuYjfJ.av8d 1joYj coto 'tLe:; apXEe:; 'tou 200u mwva. 0 P. MLXSAe:;, ExoV't"ae:; UTI' oljJLV 'tYj ypacpsLOxpa'tLXOTIOLYjUYj 'tou yspfJ.avLxou uomaAOYjfJ.OXpa'tLxou xOfJ.fJ.a'toe:;,dxs OYjAWUSL: «L:uYXpO't"YjfJ.EVO YLa vo: UTISPf3d 'tYj uUYXSV't"PW'tLX1j s;ouuLa 'tou xpo.'toue:; xm acpopfJ.wfJ.SVo aTIo 'tYj UXEljJYj O'tL Yj spya'tLx1j 'to.~Yj XpsLo.Ss'tm aTIAwe:; fJ.Lav sTIapxwe:; fJ.Syo.AYj xm TIo.YLa opyo.vwuYj YLa vo: VLX1juSL sxdvYj 'tou xpo.'toue:;, 'to TIpOAs'tapLaxo xOfJ.fJ.a xa'tEAYj~s vo: aTIOX't1jUSL 'to LOLo LuXUp1j uUYXSV't"PW'tLx1j opyo.vwuYj xm vo: SOpo.USL 'to S1tL[3AYj'tLXO OLXOOOfJ.YjfJ.o. 'tou (J't"Le:; LOLse:; fJ.s 'to xpo.'toe:; fJ.SyaASLWOSLe:; 8SfJ.SALaxEe:; apXEe:;: (J't"Yjv s~oumau'tLx1j au8sv'tLa xm u'tYjv TIS L8apXLa »23.
o XLVOUVOe:;.OfJ.we:;. 'tYje:; ypacpSLOxpa'tLXOTIOLYjUYje:; OSV fJ.TIopd vo: afJ.cpLu[3Yj't1jUSL 'tYjV avayxmo'tYj'ta 'tOU spya'tLXOU xOfJ.fJ.a'toe:;, TIPOXSLfJ.EVOU vo: opyavw8d xm vo: xa800YjyYj8d Yj fJ.aSLx1j STIaVaU'ta'tLx1j opa(J't"YjpLO'tYj'ta 'tWV spyaSOfJ.EVWV YLa 'tYjV ava'tpOTI1j 'tYje:; xscpaAmoxpa'tLae:; xm 'tYjV OLXOOOfJ.YjUYj 'tOU UomaALGfJ.ou. H aTIOpPLljJYj 'tYje:; SV Myw avayxmo'tYj'tae:; oOYjyd U'tYjV aTIOppLljJYj 'tOU fJ.OVOU aTIO't"SASUfJ.a'tLXOU 'tPOTIOU opyo.VWUYje:;, UUV't"OVLUfJ.0U xm xa8001jyYjuYje:; 'tYje:; fJ.aSLx1je:; STIavaU'ta'tLx1je:; TIo.AYje:; us uuv81jxse:; xupLapXLae:; 'tOU UTIOOOUAW'tLXOU xa'tafJ.spLUfJ.OU spyauLae:;. L:' amEe:; 'tLe:; uuv81jxse:; 'to TIpOAS'tapLo.'tO - cpopEae:;, we:; STIt 'to TIAELU'tOV, 'tYje:; XSLpwvaX'tLx1je:; - SX'tSASU'tLX1je:; spyautae:; aouva'tEL vo: S1tL'tSAEUSL. we:; SVLatO UUVOAO, Eva OLOLXYj'tLX6, xa800YjYYj'tLXO EPYO.
To spya'tLxo xOfJ.fJ.a, Aomov, UUVLU'to. Eva ~SXWPLU'tO aTIo 'tYjV LOLa 'tYjV 'to.~Yj xoa, SV TIOAAOte:;, ypacpSLOxpa'tLXO fJ.EUO opyo.vwu1je:; 'tYje:;. Yj LU't0PLX1j uYjfJ.auta 'tOU OTIOLOU UUVOES'tm fJ.S 'tLe:; uuv81jxse:; xm 'toue:; 'tPOTIOue:; fJ.s'to.[3auYje:; U'tYjV a'ta~Lx1j XOLVWVta xm s1;aV't"Ad'tm orrxv 0 U'tOXoe:; w)'t"oe:; EXSL TIMov TIpaYfJ.a'toTIOLYj8d. TIpoXSL'tm uacpwe:; YLa Eva fJ.EUO UAOTIO[YjUYje:; 'tou STIaVaU'ta'tLXOU UXOTIOU 'to OTIo[o fJ.o.AAOV avayxaLo xaxo TIapo. au'ta~La TIPETISL vo: 8swpYj8d. H S1tL'tux1je:; xp1juYj au-rou 'tou fJ.EUOU s1;ap'to.'tm aTIO 'to oUvafJ.LufJ.O 'tYje:; sTIaVau'ta'tLx1je:; XLVYj'tOTIOLYjUYje:; xm au'tsvEpysLae:; -rcov spyaSOfJ.EVwV: OUO fJ.syaAu'tspYj dvm Yj TILSUYj xm 0 EASYXOe:; 'twv fJ.aSwv TIo.vw o-rov xOfJ.fJ.a'tLxo fJ.YjxavLufJ.0 'tOUO TISPLUUO'tSpo aU'toe:; UTIOXpswvs'tm vo: UTIYjps'td 'to u'tpa'tYjyLxo UXOTIO. Avayvwpts0V't"ae:; O'tL xo.8s opyo.vwuYj xOfJ.fJ.a'tLXOU 'tUTIOU, EU'tW xm spya'tLx1j, EXSL we:; Eva f3a8fJ.0 ypacpsLOxpa'tLxo xapax't1jpa oS [3AETIOUfJ.S. coo-rooo, YLa TIOLO Myo 8a TIPETISL fJ.La 'tE'tOLa opyo.vwuYj vo: 8swpYj8d cv ouvo.fJ.SL veo. o.pxouua 'to.~Yj.
L:s 'tL OfJ.we:; uuvL(J't"a'tm Yj TISPL[30Yj'tYj 'ta1;Lx1j s~ouuLa 'tYje:; uo[3LS'tLX1je:; 1j «xpr-
23 Mi)CEAS P., KOlvwvlOAoyfa TWV rrOAlTlKWV KOj1j1clTWV om a6Jxpovn Snpoxpatta, EKO. Ivcoon, A8nvQ, 1997, oEA. 504.
GEnpm: fiA THN KOINOl':IKH <PYLH Toy LOBIETIKOY KAeE1TDToI
~EG'tEpa 'tYJe; XOfJ.fJ.a'tLX~e; yp(X(pELOxpa't~ae; yLa 'tYJv orrot« xavEL Myo 0 M. T~~Aae;;TIpoana8wnae; m8avwe; vo: npoAa~EL xanoLEe; Eva'taaELe; a'tYJv anoljJ~ 'tou,'tYJv ortot« 8a avacpEpoufJ.E napaxa'tw, OLWXPLV~~EL nwe; YJ xpanx~ fJ.YJxav~ G'tYJv EL:L:Ll OE oLafJ.oPCPwvEL 'tLe; xUptapXEe; aXEaELe; LOLox'tYJatae; napa !J.<)VO ne; unEpaant~E'tat14. 'Orov, o fJ.we; , npoaotopt~EL 'tYJ cpuaYJ 'tYJe; 'ta~LX~e; E~OUatae; not) xa'tEXEL'tO EV AOYW a'tpwfJ.a oLa'tdvE'tat axpL~We; 'to anteE'to:«'ta LOLox'tYJaLaxa npoVofJ.La 'tYJe; vEae; 'ta~YJe; onwe; xat YJ Ev'ta~YJ a' au't~v uAOnOtoUv'tat fJ.Eaw 'twv OLOLXYJ'tLXWV rrpovoutcov», «fJ.EaW 'tou fJ.0vOnwALou a'tYJ OLOtxYJaYJ xatpEL 't0l) OLxatwfJ.a'toe; a'tYJv LOLox'tYJaLa Evae; a'tEVOe; 'XUXAOe; xU~EPV'Y]'tWV»1;'. ELVat, Aomov, YJ xa'tox~ 'tYJe; xpa'tLX~e; fJ.'Y]xav~e; au-r~ rrou fJ.E'ta'tpEnEL 'ta fJ.EA'Y] 'tou xOfJ.fJ.a'toe; aE LOWX't~'tEe; 'tou XOLVWVLXOU nAou'tou. 'OfJ.We; OEV npoxEL'taL YLa 'to auvoAo 'twv fJ.EAWV rou xOfJ.fJ.a'toe;. L:'t'Y] vEa 'ta~YJ av~xouv fJ.ovo Exdva 'ta xOfJ.fJ.a'tLxa fJ.EAYJ 'ta orrot« E~at'tLae; 'tou fJ.0vonwALou a't'Y] oWLxYJa'Y] anox'touv LOLat'tEpa npovofJ.La xat uALxa nAEOvEx't~fJ.a'ta2G. TIOLa dvat, o fJ.W e;, au'ta 'ta fJ.EA'Y] Xat nwe; opL08E't0l)nat EvanL 'twv unoAoLnwv fJ.EAWV, nwe; avanapayouv 'tYJv xupLapx'Y] 'ta~Lx~ 'toue; 8EaYJ, 0 M. T~LAae; aouva'te:L vo: E~'Y]y~aEL. 'Onwe; 0 LOLOe; OYJAWVEL dvat «aouva'to vo: npoaoLOpLa'touv 'ta opLa 'tYJe; vEae; 'ta~'Y]e;»27.
XpELa~E'tCXt, EOW, vo: unoypafJ.fJ.taOUfJ.E nwe; au-ro 'to orroto 0 M. T~LAae; LaxupL~E'tat O'tL xa'tEXEL 'Y] auyxEXpLfJ.EVYJ 'ta~YJ OEV e:LvCXt xanOLa nEpLOUaLaXa G'tOLxda (fJ.Eaa napaywy~e; x.An.) aAAa opLafJ.EVa rrpovout«. H Ev'ta~'Y] G't'Y]V apxouaa 'ta~'Y] auvtG'ta'tat G't'Y] A~ljJYJ UALX~e; afJ.OL~~e; «uljJYJM'tEpYJe; an' au't~ fJ.E 'tYJV orrot« 'Y] xOLVWVta 8a EnpEnE vo: afJ.d(3EL auyxEXpLfJ.EVEe; AEL'tOUpY(Ee;»18. ME aAAa MYLa, YJ XOfJ.fJ.anx~ ypacpELoxpa'tLa anOAafJ.~aVEL uALxa aya8a EAEyxoV'tae; 'tYJv xpa'tLx~ fJ.YJxav~, anO't"EAwv'tae; Xat 'Y] LOLa, we; X0fJ.fJ.ouVLa'tLXO xOfJ.fJ.a, xpcenXO-OLOLXYJ'tLXO 8wfJ.o. Arro 'ta napanavw ytVE'tat aacpie; O'tL YJ ypacpELoxpa'tLa, aUfJ.nEplAafJ.~aVOfJ.EV'Y]e; Xat 't'Y]e; XOfJ.fJ.a'tlX~e;, OlaXElp(~E'tat - olw8uVEl 'tYJV napayWYLX~ OLaOLxaaLa, En' OUOEVL OfJ.we; Myw OEV lOlonOLd'tat 'ta fJ.Eaa napaywy~e;. 'ta orroto; napafJ.EVOuV xpa'tlxa. H fJ.OvYJ aXEaYJ rtou EXEL YJ ypacpELoxpa'tta fJ.E 'ta fJ.Eaa napaywy~e; e:Lvat au-r~ YJ onOLa unayOpEUE'tat ano 'tLe; OWLX'Y]'tLXEe; apfJ.oOLO'tYJ'tEe; xCXt AEL'tOupyLEe; 'tou xpa'tlXOU fJ.'Y]xavwfJ.ou. EX'toe; 'tWV napanavw nAatatWV naUEL xa8E EfJ.nAOX~ 'tYJe; a'tYJv napaywy~ Xat o-ro fJ.oLpaafJ.a 'tOU XOLVWVLXOU nAoU'tOu.
H 'ta~LX~, OfJ.We;. OLaa'tpwfJ.a'twaYJ 'tYJe; XOLvwVLae; anOPPEEL npw'ta an' OAa coto 'tYJV LotonOL'Y]aYJ 'tWV fJ.EaWV napaywy~e;. Mcoro 'tYJe; 'tEAW'taLac; aUV'tEAd'tCXt YJ LOLonOL'Y]a'Y] 'tYJe; EpyaaLaX~e; OUvafJ.'Y]e; XCXt 'tOU napayOfJ.EVOU npot'onoc;. L:'ta nAaLaLa 't'Y]e; 'ta~lX~e; OLaa'tpWfJ.a'twaYJe; OL OlacpopEe; anaywVLa'tLXEe; OfJ.aOEe; au-
24. Djilas Milovan, o.n., ou. 35.
25. o.n., OEA. 46, 66.
26. BA. o.n., ou. 39-40.
27. o.n., OEA. 39.
28. o.n., oEA. 44.
67
68
[1POTO MEPm:
YXpO'touv'tm wC; XOWWVLXEC; 'tcX~ELC; aTYl (3cXaYJ 'tYJC; Lcho1totYJaYJC; 'tWV optov 'tYJC; 1t(Xpaywy~c; xm 'tOU 1tapayOfJ.EVOU U1tEp-1tPOCOv'tOC;. Arro am~ 'tYJ oxom«, fJ.La 'tcX~YJ xa8La'ta'tm cXpxouaa 0XL E~m'tLac; 'tWV E1taYYEAfJ.a'tLXWV, Epyamaxwv 8EaEcov -aaXOALWV 'tWV fJ.EAWV 'tYJC;, OU'tE a1tAWC; E1tELO~ ouva'tm YJ LOLa vo: XELpCC;;E'tm, vo: OLaXELptsE'tm xm vo: OLw8uVEL 'ta fJ.Eaa 1tapaywy~c; aAAcX, 1tpw'tta'twc;, E1tELO~ ouva'tm vo: LOL01tOLEL'tm 'tLC; 1tapaYWYLXEC; OUVcXfJ.ELC; xm vo: a1tO'tpE1tEL.va a1tOXAELEL a1tO XcX'tL 'tE'tOLO 'tLC; cXAAEC; XOLVWVLXEC; 'tcX~ELC;, 'tYJV U1tOAomYJ XOLVWvt«.
'Erot, Aomov, o-rrx 1tAataLa 'tYJC; xa'tavofJ.~C; -LOL01tOLYJaYJC; 'tOU XOLVWVLXOU 1tpOCOV'tOC;, OEV dvm YJ xa'tavofJ.~ 'tWV aya8wv a'tOfJ.LX~C; xa'taVcXAwaYJC; au't~ 1tOU xa80pLSEL 'tYJV 'ta~LX~ OLampWfJ.cX'twaYJ. OLO'tL 'ta aya8cX amcX E~aacpaALSOUV fJ.OVO 'tYJ (3LOAOYLX~ ava1tapaywy~ 'tOU av8pw1tou xm OEV 'tou otVOUV xafJ.La E~OUoio. E1tt 'tWV cXAAWV. Av'tL8E'twC;. YJ 'ta~LX~ OLaa'tpWfJ.cX'twaYJ 1tYJycXSEL a1tO 'tYJV xrx'taVOfJ.~-LOL01tOtYJaYJ 'tWV 1tapaYWYLXWV OOVcXfJ.EWV OLO'tL fJ.EaW au't~C; a1tox'tcX'tm 0 EAEYX0C; 'tWV 1tapaYWYLXWV-XOLVWVLXWV oprov U1tap~YJC; 'tWV av8pw1twv xm auV'tEAd'tm YJ XOLVWVLX~ xa'ttaxuaYJ 'tYJS fJ.Lac; av8pw1tLvYJC; OfJ.cXoac; E1tL 'tWV U1tOAOL- 1tWV. OL 8EWptEc;.aUVE1tWC;.1tOU 1tpoaotoouv a'tYJ ao(3LE'tLX~ ypacpELOxpa'tta 'ta a'tOLxda fJ.Lac; cXpxouaac; 'tcX~YJC; E1tLXEV'tPWVOUV auv~8wc; 'tYJV ET::LXELPYJfJ.a'tOAoy£a 'tOUC; oe Eva E1tLacpaAtc; XPL't~(:nO: a'ta UljJYJAcX ELaoo~fJ.a'ta xrxt 'ta tOLat'tEpa rtpovOfJ.La 1tOU a1tOAcXfJ.(3avav OL cXV8PW1tOL rou OLOLXYJ'tLXOU fJ.YJxaVLafJ.0u. To S~'tYJfJ.a OfJ.WC; 'tYJC; 'ta~Lx~c; oLampwfJ.cX'twaYJC; fJ.LaC; xOLVWvtac; OEV acpopcX a1tAWC; 'tYJ oLacpopcX ELaooYJfJ.cX'twv fJ.E'ta~l) rtov 1tOAL'tWV(OLO'tL fJ.1topd (3E(3ma YJ 'ta~Lx~ aVLao'tYJ'ta vo: aUVE1tcXYE'tm aVLao'tYJ'ta a'tLS a'tofJ.LxEC; a1tOAa(3EC; xm a'tYJv a'tOfJ.LX~ xrrrrxVcXAWa'fj OL 'tEAEU'tatEC;, «io-rooo, OEV aUVE1tcXYOV'tm xm OE aYJfJ.a'tOOO'tOUv 1tcXv'ta fJ.La 'ta~LX~ OLaa'tpWfJ.cX'twaYJ. Km OEV 1tPE1tEL aUVE1tWC; vo: aUYXEOV'tm fJ.E'ta~l) 'tOUC; YJ A~ljJYJ fJ.La80l) (Emw xm LOLat'tEpa UljJYJAOU) Myw 'tYJC; xa'tOX~C; auyxExpLfJ.EVOU Epyamaxou rtoo-rou fJ.E 'tYJV LOL01tOLYJaYJ 'tOU 1tapayOfJ.EVOU U1tEp1tpOCOV'tOC; Myw 'tYJC; LOLOX'tYJaLac; ma fJ.Eaa 1tapaywy~c;.
• H Oecoota TflC; Nouevxsatoooco; rou M. Boosevoxu
Ka'tcX 'tYJV E~E'taaYJ 'tWV 8EWPLWV 1tEpt VEac; EXfJ.E'taAAElhpLac; 'tcX~YJC; a'tYJv E~~Ll OE 8a fJ.1topOuaafJ.E vo: 1tapaAdljJoufJ.E fJ.La E1ttaYJC; OLE8vwC; yvwm~,1tOAUfJ.E'tacppaafJ.EvYJ xm fJ.E 1tOAAtC; ExooaELC; Epyaata, 'tYJ ~OfJ.EvxAa'toupa 't0l) M. BoaAEvaxu. Ilpoxevr«t YLa 'to OYXWOEC; EPYO EVOC; ao(3LE'tLXOU 1tOAL'tYJ, OLOcXx'topa La'top£ac; xm cpLAoaocptac;, E1tLa'tYJfJ.0VLXOU auvEpycX'tYJ 'tYJC; AxaoYJfJ.tac; E1tLa'tYJfJ.wv 'tYJC; E~~Ll, 0 01tOLOC; 'to 1972 Eyxa'tEAELljJE 'tYJV 1ta'tptoa 'tou xm Eyxa'taa'tcXOYJxE mYJ Ll. rEpfJ.aVLa. 0 M. BoaAEvaxu XPYJmfJ.01tOLwV'tac; 1tAYJOwpa a'tOLxdwv otVEL fJ.La AE1t'tOfJ.EP~ 1tEpLypacp~ 'tYJC;, xcer' amov,cXpxouaac; 'tcX~YJC; 'tYJC; ~O(3LE'tLX~C; 'EvoiaYJC;. LlE 8a fJ.1topOUaafJ.E,AOmOv, vo: ayvo~aoufJ.E 'to EV Myw EPYO Ea'tw xm YLa 'to ysyovoC; O'tL aUfJ.cpwva fJ.E 'to OLE8vouC; Cp~fJ.YJC; «ELOLXO» E1tL 'tou auyxEXpLfJ.EVOU
eroPIEI I'iA THN KOINONIKH <PY1! I Toy LOBIETIKOY KAeELTOTOI
8 EfJ.a'W<;, M. TC;;tAa<;, «YJ N0fJ.EvxAa'wupa aTIO'tEAz[ fJ.ta am) 'w; xaAU'tEpE<; fJ.EAE'tEe; TIOU EXOUV TIO'tE ypacp'td yta 'to OO~tE'ttXO ouo'tYJfJ.a» Xat we; EX'tOU'tOU av~XEt O'tOU<; «8YJoaUpOl)e; 'tYJ<; TIOAt'ttx~e; oxEljJYJe;»29.
KEv-rPtX~ 8EOYJ mYJv TIpayfJ.(X-rwoYJ 'tOU OO~tE'ttXOU xa8w'tw't0e; aTIO 'to M.
BOOAEVOXU xa'tEXEt YJ aTIoljJYJ TIWe; O'tYJV Xopu<p~ 'tYJ<; OO~tE't"tX~e; xatVWvtae; ~PtOXE'tat (~ptoxo'tav) fJ.ta VEa apxouoa - EXfJ.E'taAAElhpta 'ta~YJ. YJ Nouevxxccroup«, AU't"~ OE YJ apxoooa 'ta~YJ TIpOOOtOptC;;E'tat w<; 'to OOVOAO 'tWV TIAEOV OYJfJ.av'ttXWV a~tWfJ.a'twv yta 'ta OTIOta at l)1tOljJ~<PWt E~E'taC;;OV'tat TIpoxa'tap'ttxa, rrporstvovr«t Xat EYXptVOv-rat aTIO n<; aV'ttO'tatXEe; X0fJ.fJ.a'ttXE<; Em'tpOTIE<; (TIEPWX~<;, m)AYJe;, TIEpt<pEpEta<; X.ATI.). 'OTIWe; OYJAWVEt 0 M. BOOAEVOXU «O'tYJV apxouoa 'ta~YJ TIpaYfJ.a'ttxa av~xou'J aU'tOt TIOU dvat fJ.EAYJ 'tOU rcpootornxou 'tYJe; N0fJ.EvxAa'toupa<; (rou OUVOAOU 'tWV TIpoava<pEp8EV'tWV a~tWfJ.a'twv -II. II.) 'tWV xOfJ.fJ.a'ttXWV opyavwv - aTI''tYJ NOfJ.EvxAa'tOl)pa 'tOU IIOAL-rtXOl) ipa<pe:[ou 'tYJe; K. E ... fJ.EXpt xat 'tYJ NOfJ.EVxAa'tOl)pa 'twv Em'tpOTIWv TIEPtOX~<;»:Jo.
BAETIOUfJ.E, AOtTIOV, o'tt ava<pEpofJ.EVOe; mYJv apxouoa 'ta~YJ 'tYJe; EL:L:il 0 M.
BOOAEV(J){U O[QEt fJ.ta otX~ 'tOO EpfJ.YJve:[a o-rov opo XatvwVtx~ 'ta~YJ: 0 opoe; aU'toe; OEV EXEt TIAEOV OtXOV0fJ.txo aAAa TIOAL-rtXO TIEptEXOfJ.EVO,OUVOEE'tat, oYJAao~, fJ.E 'tYJv xa'tox~ TIOAL-rtXWV a~twfJ.a'twv. II TIPOoEyytOYJ au't~ OEV dvat ~E~ata TIPW'to'tUTIYJ. 0 M. BOOAEVOXU ETIaVaAafJ.~aVEt o'tYJV ouot« 'tYJV aTIoljJYJ 'tou M. TC;;tAa<;,6n,oYJAao~. apxouoa 'ta~YJ 'tYJe; EL:L:il e:[vat YJ xOfJ.fJ.a'ttx~ ypa<pEwxpa'tta,YJ ottoio: fJ.0VOTIWAe:[ 'tYJv avw'ta'tYJ TIOAL-rtX~ E~ouota1!.
Ka'ta -rov M. BOOAEVOXU YJ 'ta~~ au't~ OEV UTI~PXE TIptV 'tYJV Ox'tw~ptav~ ETIavao'taoYJ, OTIWe; aAAwo'tE tOXUptC;;E'tat Xat 0 M. TC;;tAa<;. Exetvo TIOU UTI~PXE ~'tav YJ EmvoYJfJ.EvYJ xrxt tOPUfJ.EVYJ aTIO 'to B. 1. AEvtv opyavwoYJ ETIaYYEAfJ.a'ttWv ETIaVama'twv, YJ EfJ.~puaX~ fJ.op<p~ 'tYJe; fJ.EAAOV'ttX~<; apxoooae; 'ta~YJ<;. H opyavwOYJ au't~ EXfJ.E'taAAEt>'tYJXE 'tYJV Epya'ttX~ 'ta~YJ TIPOXEtfJ.EVOU vo: TIpaYfJ.a'tOTIat~oEt 'tYJV ETIaVamaoYJ. Avrt, ofJ.We;. 'tou TIpOAc'tapta'tou 'tYJV E~OUOta xa'tEAa~E 0 AEvtv xat at ouvEpya'tE<; 'tOU, at ETIaYYEAfJ.a'ttE<; ETIaVao'ta'tEe;. Am) 'tYJ o'ttyfJ.~ EXe:[vYJ apXtoE YJ otaotxaota fJ.E'ta'tpOTI~e; 'tou XU~EPVWv-rO<; M TIOAoE~tXtXOU KOfJ.fJ.a'toe; OE apxoooa 'ta~YJ,YJ ortofrx OAOXAYJpWOYJXE ETIt L:'taAtv. «0 ETIaVao'ta'tYJ<; AtVtV EmvoYJoE 'tYJv opyavwoYJ 'twv ETIaYYEAfJ.a'ttWv ETIaVao'ta'twv. 0 aTIapa'tatx
29. BooMvOKU M., Nopevxharosipa, mo. LOPfWKOY10 Poooivro - M.J 1. Oxndpnp, Mooxo, 1991, oEA. 8,7.
30. '0.11., OEA. 149.
31. Tnv fOlQ, OUO!OOUKa, dnoipn EIlovaAOp?OVEI KO! ° K. Kdnnoc OTO EPYO TOU Kp1tlKI1 TOU OO?IEtlK01J OXnpotl0llou, xwpiS 0llwS vu KOVEI 1(Qllio noponoprni mous «npoAcW1ooVIES» M. T~fAOS KOI M. BoOMVOKU: « ••• TO KOllllo oxnll0tl~E rnv "xopurpri", nou QIIOTEAouo£ OUYX(;lVEUOn TOU nOA1tlKOU, TOU 0101- KntlKOU KOI TOU oucovouucou pnxov1ollou 0IEu8uvons». «Auni n KOPUCPrl nou oxnpatl~E to KOPllo ... rirov EV OUVOpEI Tosn otnv OIOPKEIO ms IlEto?mIKrlS nepiooou. hnv nopefc Kill uotcpc ono noAuxpovn OlQnaAn 810POpcp({)8nKE OE Tosn nou IlIIOPOUPE vo rnv ovollOOOUPE 0Iw8uvouoo». Kdnnoq K., Kpnuai TOU OOJ3l!:tIKOIl axnJ10rl0j10U, EKO. AACPE10S, A8rlvo, 2000, m:A. 60, 61.
69
70
I'Irrrro Mum:
~'taAW (0 av8pwTIoe; 'tou fJ.YJxav~afJ.ou -Il. Il.) EmvoYJaE 'tYJ N0fJ.EVxAa'toupa»:l2. 'Erot, Aomov, YJ 'tas'Y] 'tYJe; N0fJ.EVxAa'toupae; ~'tav 'to 'tEXVO 'twv AEV~V Xat L:'taA~v. Ilpoxerroa aTI' o.n ~MTIoufJ.E y~a fJ.~a 'tEAdwe; TIpw'toyvwp'Y] TIEp[TI'twa'Y] 'tas~x~e; xup~apxtae;,acpou 'Y] verx am~ 'tasYJ xa8ta-ra'tat apxouaa oX~ E~at'ttae; xaTImwv VEWV xoworvrxo-otxovouccov aXEaEwv aAAa XapYJ a't~e; aTIocpaaE~e; xat 't~e; EVEPyE~Ee; 'twv 'Y]YE'tWV 'tYJe;. H ~oEa wn~. TIOU auvav'ta'tat ETI[a'Y]e; Xat o-rov M. TstAae;. dvat EVOE~X't~X~ 'tYJ aouvafJ.tae; 'twv E~aYJYYJ'twv 'tYJe; vo: UTIEP~Ol)V 'to ETItTIE- 00 rou ayopatou EfJ.TIE~p~afJ.Ol), a'ta TIAatma 'tou OTIO[ou YJ au8atpE'tYJ ~ouA'Y]a'Y] 'tYJe; ~Exwp~a't~e; TIpoawmxo'tYJ'tae; cpav-raSE~ we; OYJfJ.LOupyoe; 'twv xotvcovrxrov 8EafJ.wv Xat axEaEwv.
L:E n OfJ.we; auvta-ra'tat YJ ouot« 't'Y]e; 'tas~x~e; xup~apxtae; 'tYJe; N0fJ.EVxAa'toupae;; 'OTIWe; ~axuptsE'tat 0 M. Booxevoxo «Avrtflero; aTIO 'tYJV aa't~x~ 'tas'Y], 'to ~aotxo xapax'tYJP~a't~xo yvwp~afJ.a 'tYJe; N0fJ.EvxAa,'Wupae; OEV dvat YJ a'tofJ.~x~ ~OLOx't'Y]ata ... YJ !';"0fJ.EVxAa'toupa OEV dvat YJ 'taS'Y] 'twv xa'tEXov'tWV. aAAa'Y] 'tas'Y] -rcov OLO~XOUv-rwv. Ll~axdp~aYJ Xat aax'Y]aYJ 't'Y]e; Esouatae; dvat ot OUO oumaa't~XEe; AE~'tOupytEe; 't'Y]e; N0fJ.EVxAa'toupae; ... H N0fJ.EVxAa'toupa EvaapxwvE~ TIP~V aTI' OAa 'tYJV TIOAmX~ YJywta 'tYJe; xmvwvtae;. H o~axu~Epv'Y]aYJ 'tou orxovoutxou 'tofJ.Ea EPXE'tat OEU'tEPYJ. H TIOAmX~ YJywta dvat 'to Xl)ptO EPYO 'tYJe;»:l3. Kat yta vo: fJ.YJ fJ.ae; fJ.dVEt xafJ.ta afJ.cp~~oAta TIEpt au'tOl) 0 M. Booxevoxu ~ava'tovtsEt o't~ «To mo a'Y]fJ.avnxo y~a 't'Y] N0fJ.EvxAa'toupa OEV dvat YJ ~oLOx'tYJata, aAAa'Y] ESouata»34.
Ll~ama'twvOUfJ.E, Aomov, fJ.~a TIpw'to'tlmta a'tYJv aV'ttAYJljJ'Y] 'tou M. Booxevoxo TIEpi aO~~E't~X~C; apxouaae; 'taS'Y]e;. H xOfJ.fJ.a't~x~ ypacpELOxpa'tta dvat apxouaa 'tasYJ ETIE~O~ oLO~xd TIOAmXa 't'Y]v xowwvta. H TIOAmX~ Esouata dvat YJ UTIEp'ta't'Y] EmotW~'Y],o uljJ~a'toe; axoTIOe; 'tYJe; N0fJ.EvxAa'toupae;. ES w)'t"wv atNETIayE'tat o't~ YJ 'tas~x~ xup~apxta.xa'ta 'tov M. BoaMvaxu, 'tamtSE'tat fJ.E 't'Y] o~mxYJ't~x~ opaa-rYJP~o'tYJTa. fJ.E 't'Y]v aaxYJa'Y] 't'Y]e; TIOAmX~e; ESouatae;.
rta rtoto AOYO, OfJ.We;, or av8pwTIm TIOU aTIap'ttsouv 'tYJ NOfJ.EVxAa'tOl)pa Em- 8UfJ.0l)V 't'Y]v ESOUata; H aTIav'tYJaYJ 'tou M. Booxevoxu dvat Estaou TIpw'to'tUTI'Y]:
YJ Em8ufJ.ta 't'Y]e; E~OUatae; dvat amoaxoTIOe; y~a 't'Y] N0fJ.EvxAa'toupa. 0 tOLOe; 0'Y]AWVE~ on 'ta fJ.EA'Y] 'tYJe; N0fJ.EVxAa'toupae; dvat cpava't~xot Epaa'tEe; 'tYJe; ESouatae;. H aaxYJaYJ 'tYJe; Esouatae; dvat 'to fJ.ovao~xo TIa80e;, YJ l)ljJ~a-r'Y] aTIOAauaYJ a-r'Y] Sw~ 'twv fJ.EAWV 'tYJe; apxouaae; 'taS'Y]e;. «YJ aTIOAauaYJ 'twv aTIOAaUaEwv», OTIWe; ~axuptSE'tat EfJ.cpa'ttXa 0 M. BoaMvaxu, XPYJmfJ.oTImwv-rae; fJ.~av ExcppaaYJ rou M. TstAae;3f,. L:uVETIWe;,'ta at't~a TIOU OOYJYOl)V a't'Y] auyxpo'tYJaYJ 'tYJe; vEae; apxol)aae; 'ta-
32. BOOAEVOKU MIXonA, H NopCVKAaTOupa, 01 npovopiouyor TnS LO?IEnKns'Evwons, EKO. «NEOEKooTIKn" EI IE, Aflnvo, 198 I, oEA 53.
33. 'O.n., OcA, 72,
34. 'O.n" oEA. 73.
35. No nws nEplypa<pEI ° M. BooMvOKU EVa WnIKO ckrrpoocorro TnS Kupfopxns Ta~nS' TnS N0!lEvKAoTOUpOS: «NaLOS ! K08HO! (ITO ypo<pElO LOU, qiopd KOOLOU!lI, KOAo !lEV, aAAa 0X1 noM !l0VTEpVO, .. 'OAo !lEoo UTa n1aiUlo LOU "n!lI!l0VTEPVOU YP0<pElOKpon0!l0u" ... No ti ElVO! EKEIVO nou TOV 1l0YEUEI. No OiVEI
GEOPIEL rIA THN KOIN(lNIKH <PITH TOY LOBlETIKOY KAeELTnToI
~'Y]e; ELVat XUptWe; ljJUXOAOy~X<X: YJ xa'tox~ 'tYJe; E~OUatae; TIpoacptpE~ ljJux~x~ rxovoTIot'Y]aYJ a'ta flEA'Y] 't'Y]e; NOflEvxAa'toupae;. H TIpw'tO't"uTIta 'twv ~OEWV 'tou M. BoaAEvaxu tYXE~'tat Aomov a'tYJv «ljJUXOAOy~X~» Epfl'Y]vELa 'tou cpatvoflEVOO 't'Y]e; 'ta~~x~e; xl)p~apxtae;. Ant y~a 'ta OLXOVOfl~x<x -~o~ox't'Y]atax<x aUflcptpona TIpO't"ELVE~ vo: 8Ewp~aouflE we; aTIapx~ o~aflopcpwaYJe; 'twv 'ta~~xwv axtaEwv 't~e; aovata8'Y]fla't~xte; ~otoflOpcptEe; 'tou av8pwmvou ljJux~aflOl).
Tvx vo: flYJv ao~x~aouflE oflwe; 'tov M. Booxevoxu 8a TIptTIE~ vo: EmaYJfl<XVOUflE o't~ 0 [Otoe; OEV ayvoEL 'tEAELWe; 'tYJV EflTIAOX~ 't'Y]e; apxouaae; 'ta~'Y]e;, EV TIpOXE~fltvw 'tYJe; NOflEvxAa'toupae;, a't~e; OLxOvOfl~xte; axtaE~e; - a't~e; axtaE~e; ~otox'tYJatae; 'twv fltawv TIapaywy~e;. To yEyovOe;. oflwe;, au'to OEV ava'tptTIE~ 'tYJv rtporxvacpEp8ELaa aTIoljJ~ 'tou OU'tE an~cp<xaxE~ TIpOe; au't~. 0 [Otoe; rrto-reuet o't~ a't'Y]v TIEptTI'twaYJ 'tYJe; NOflEvxAa'toupae; OEV ELvat 'Y] xa'tox~ 'tYJe; TIOAmX~e; E~OUatae; au't~ TIOU UTIYJPE'tEL 'ta otxovourx« aOflcptpona xat opaa't'Y]p~O'tYJ'tEe; 'tYJe; apxouaae; 'ta~'Y]e; aAA<X em aUfl~atVE~ axp~~we; 'to av'tteE'to. «O~ VOflEvxAa'toUpta'tEe; ELvat cpava't~xot 't'Y]e; E~OUatae;, aAAa ox~ 'tYJe; Ex~tofl'Y]xavOTIotYJa'Y]e; OU'tE xov 'tou xepoooe;. Ft' (Xl)'t"o ~AETIOOV 'tYJv orxovout« oo» tva a'Y]flav't~xo tpyo fltaa a'ta TIAatoux 't'Y]e; EopatWa'Y]e; Xat 't'Y]e; flty~a'tYJe; ETItx'taaYJe; 't'Y]e; E~OUatae; 'toue;. 'Erot OL TIpOaTIa8E~te; 'toue; auvta'tav'tat o-ro vo: fl'Y] TIapayouv TIapa floVO o't~ 'toue; ELVat cor«pat't'Y]'to y~a vo: Em'tuxouv au'to 'to oxozro»:", ~'ta TIAatata aU't"~e; 'tYJe; aV'ttAYJljJYJe; xat fl~flOl)flEVOe; 'tYJv flap~~x~ o~a'tuTIwaYJ 'tou ~aatxou OLXOVOfl~XOU vouou 'tYJe; xam'taA~a't~x~e; auaawpwa'Y]e;,o M. Booxevoxu EmXE~pEL vo: o~a'tUTIWaE~ 'tov ~aotxo otxovoutxo 'too oTIapx'tou aomaA~aflou: «0 ~aatXOe; otxovoutxoc vOfloe; rou uTIapx'tou aomaA~aflOU UTIOXPEWVE~ 'tYJ Nouevxxceroop«, xuptapx'Y] 'ta~'Y], vo: E~aacpaA[(;;E~ flE orxovourx« flE'tpa 'tYJv aacpaAE~a Xat 'tYJv flty~a'tYJ ETItx'taa'Y] 't'Y]e; to ~ae; 'tYJe; 'tYJe; E~oUatae; »:37.
~uflcpwva, Aomov, flE 't~e; TIapaTI<Xvw aTIoljJE~e; 'tou M. BoaAEvaxu YJ 'ta~~x~ cpuaYJ 'too aO~~E't~XOU xa8Ea'tw'tOe; o~axptVo'tav aTIo 'to YEyovoe; o't~ Yj TIOAmX~ xa8op~C;;E 'tYJv otxovouta.o; axtaE~e; ~otox'tYjatae; TI~yaC;;av aTIo 't~e; axtaE~e; E~OUatae;. 'ExouflE, oYjAao~, vo: xavooflE flE fl~av av'tEa'tpaflfltvYj 8EwpYjaYj 'twv XOLvwv~xwv axtaEwv, OTIOU OL oumwoE~e; xat xa80p~a't~xte; TIAwpte; 'tYje; XOLVWVtX~e; oAo'tYj'tae;, OL axtaE~e; ~o~ox'tYjatae;, EXAafl~avonat we; ETIOUmWOE~e; Xat xoflopr-
OlQtayt<; ... 'EXEI povic IlE rn E~ouolo. AUl6 OE onpofvei on EiVQl ooui<popoS YlO to un6AoInO. An6 rn <puon tau OEV sfvcu Ko86Aou OUKnTIK6S' Tou 0PEuEI to noto ... TpwEi IlE 6pE~n ... 'EXEI to X61l1lU, 1I0U ElVQl K0.8E <p0po. tIlS 1l6ooS orov KUMO tau ... AN..0. n xopa TnS l,wns tau, to povconco rou n0.80s, efvui va Ko.Bcrci oto ypo<pElO tau, IlE to KUPEPVnTIK6 TnAE<pwvo (Verrouchka) oto XEpl KQl va OXEOIUl,El tIs onoqioOEIS ms KEvtPlKI1S Enrrponric, IlOU 80 unopouv 01 cupiovof v61l01 .... ria v' onoxouoer uurri rnv UljllOTn ncovonoinon, 8atav EtOllloS va to anoxwplutEi 6Aa to aAAo: Ta <ptAavOIKo. EmMa, onox; KO! to KOVIUK TnS ApIlEvIOS ... M6vov EVa npaYlla OEV XOptalvEI xovek; norr: Tnv E~ouolo. 0 Tl,lAoS, 0 onofoq EiXE KQl o {OWS yvWPlO£l noAu KaAa OUtOUs tOUS KUMOUS, ov61'0uE rnv E~OUU{O "n on6Aauan tWV onoxouoe-
cov?». Ovn., ocA. 74. .
36. 'O.n., ocA. 117.
37.o.n.
71
72
ITpOTO MEPm:
. SO[J.EVEC;. L:'tYJV ~a'topta 0WvC; 'tWV 'ta~~xa o~aa'tpw[J.a'tw[J.E:VWV XOLVWW.0V 'tYJV XUp~a E1ttOCW~YJ 'tYJC; apxouaac; 'ta~YJC; a1tO't"EAOl)aE YJ ~ow1totYJaYJ rou U1tEP1tpOt."Ov-roC; [J.E:aw 'tYJC; ~ow1toCYJaYJS 'tWV 1tapaywy~xwv ouva[J.EWV ~ 'touAax~a'tov 'tWV xa80p~a't~xwv 1tapaywy~xwv ouva[J.EWV. H 1tOAmX~ E~OUata, 'to xpa'toC;, a1tO't"EAouaE 'to [J.E:ao, 'to EpyaAEtO o~a rou ortotou YJ apxooaa 'ta~YJ l)1tOXPE:WVE 'tYJV 01tOAomYJ XOLVWVta vo: OEX'tEt 't~C; xuptaPXEC; aXE:aE~C; ~o~ox'tYJatac;: «ro xpa'toc; - OYJAWVE~ 0 <P. 'EVYXEAC; - EtVat yEv~xa [J.ovaxa YJ E:xcppaaYJ aE aU[J.1tUXVW[J.E:vYJ [J.opCp~ 'tWV OLxovojuxcov avayxwv 'tYJC; 'ta~YJC; 1tOU E~oomasc~ 'tYJV 1tapaywy~ ... »". Kat 0 K. Map~ aU[J.1tEpatVE~ o't~ « ... YJ 1tOA~'t~X~ E~OUata dvm a1to'toxYJ 'tYJC; otxovourx~C;»;l9. 0 oxorroc, Aomov. 'tYJC; 1tOAmX~C; E~OUatac; Xat YJ a1tOa'toA~ 'tou xpa'tooc; OEV ~ptaxov'tat [J.E:aa a'tYJv [O~a 'tYJv 1tOAmX~ - xpa't~x~ E~OUata aAAa coroppeouv a1to 'to 1tAty[J.a 'twv 'ta~txwv aV't"~8E:aEWV, OL 01tOtEC; EOpaSOV'tat a'tYJv UA~X~ 1tapaywy~. Ex'toC; 'twv 1tAatatWV 'too OLXOVO[J.txOl) aV'taywvta[J.ou xat rtov av'tt- 8E:'twv UAtXWV aU[J.cpEpoV'tWV [J.E'ta~u 'tYJC; apxouaac; Xat 'tYJC; apxo[J.EvYJC; xotvcovtx~C; 'ta~YJC; ('ta~Ewv) YJ E1ttotW~'YJ 'tYJC; 1tOAmX~C; E~OUatac; a-rEPEt'tat vO~[J.a'toc; Xat axo1ttwhYJ'tac; .
Etvoa, o[J.wC;. avayxato vo: u1toypa[J.[J.taou[J.E o'tt 0 M. Bocxevoxu xa'taA~YEt a'tYJv av'tw'tpa[J.[J.E:vYJ 8EWP'YJaYJ 'tYJC; 1tOAmX~C; E~OOatac; E1tEto~ axoAou8Et [J.E auVE:1tE~a 't'YJv acpE't"YJPtax~ rou 1tapaoox~. o'tt oYJAao~ 'YJ 1tOAmX~ - xO[J.[J.a'ttx~ ypacpE~oxpa'tta a'tYJv E~L:Ll a1tO't"EAd [J.tav apxouaa 'ta~'YJ. Erpooov YJ 'ta~tx~ xupuxpXta• YJ a1tOuoato'tEP'YJ [J.opCp~ xuptapxtac;. 'tamtsE'tat [J.E 'tYJv aaxYJaYJ 't'YJC; 1tOAt-rtx~C; E~OUatac; 'to'tE 'YJ acpatpa 't'YJC; 1tOAmx~c;. 'twv 1tOAmXWV aXE:aEWV Xat opaa'tYJPw't~'twv. 1tpO~aAAEt wC; 'YJ 1tAtov xa80pta'ttx~ 1t'tUX~ 'tYJC; xOLVWvtac;. Eav 'YJ aaxYJaYJ 'tYJC; 1tOAmX~C; E~ooatac; a1to [J.ta XOLvWVtX~ o[J.aoa. a1to tva xO[J.[J.a, dvat txav~ vo: [J.E'ta'tpE:1tEt 't'YJV o[J.aoa am~ oe apxouaa 'ta~'YJ ro-re 8a r.:pE:1tEt 'YJ 1tOAmX~ E~oUata acp' Eau't~C; vo: EtVat 'YJ «apxouaa», YJ xa80pta'ttx~ acpatpa 't'YJC; xOLvwvtac;40.
'01t{vC; avacptpa[J.E 1tpoYjyou[J.E:VWC; 0 M. Booxcvoxo OEV apvd'tat 'tYJv E[J.1tAOx~ 'tYJC; NO[J.EvxAa'toupac; a'tYJv otxovouto; xat a'ttC; aXE:aEtc; towx'tYJatac;. eo reo xt
38. 'EvyKEAS <P., 0 Aou8of3iKoe; <P6UCpj1IIQX KQJ TO rCAoe; me; KAQOIKlie; yCpj1QVIKr1e; PIAOOopfQ(;, LUY)(povn Erroyn, ASnvo, 1995, oEA. 55-56.
39. Mop~ K, 'EvyKEAS <P., 'EpyQ, t. 9, 2-n pwo. £Kooon, oEA. 72.
40. H oUYXlOn 1l1S coxnonc noxrrncnc; E~OUOIOS Kill OIEUSUVTIKOU EPYOU, YEVIKa, pE rnv tOSIKn KUp1OpX10 XOPQKTnPI~£l KOl ns OIlOq.rE1S tOU K. Kormou ovorpopncd pE rn OOPIEtlKI1 ypmpEIOKpmio. 0 folOS SEropef OTl n KOppOTlKn ypo<pEIOKpmlo ornv EL:Li1 11, OpSOtEPO, to OvWtEpO KAlp6Kla TnS cnorexouocv PIOV apxouoo, OIWOUVOUOO onox; rnv ovopa~EI, ta~n. Kprtripro OE npoooropropou ms lO~lKI1S StOl1s SEwpd rnv 10lOKTnOl0 rorv jlEOWV IlOPOyulYI1S' to 0lw8uVTIKO ri EKtEAWTlKO pOAO otnv nnpovcovri KOI to ov to uq.roS TnS OjlOlPI1S llPOEPXEtOl 01[0 llwAnon TnS epvorncric; ouvojll1S 11 OlIO to KEpon. BA. Kdnnoc K, o.n., oEA. 62. Tnv 1010 onvpri 0 K Kcinnoq IlOPOOEXEtOl on OEV IltOV n 10lOKTl1oio aAAa n £llOyyEAporncri OtOOIOOPOjllO KOI 0 XOpOKtI1pOS TnS EPyooloS curd !lOU KOSOPI~OV to oXl1jlonopo TnS UI10nSEjlEvnS OIEUSuvouooS ta~ns: «Eo va EVTOXS£! EVa dropo orn OIWSuvouoo ta~11 EllpE11E va EXEI OvoppIxned Kill va <ptaOEI OE EVa Ellil1EOO t11S IEPOPXioS, EKEf orrou ucupvotuv 01 cnoqxioeic. Autd 10 dropc OTnV
ElEDPIEL: rIA THN KOINDNIKH <t>nH TOY 2:0BIETIKOY KAeEITDTOL:
o» 6EWPEt 't"fJv E[J.1tAOX~ a..u't~ EmxOuptx~ w~ 1tpO~ 't"fJv Em()£w~"fJ xa..'toX~~ 't"fJ~ 1t0- Amx~~ E~OUOta..~. Kccr' «urov, "fJ xpa..'ttx~ otEu6uvo"fJ 'tWV EmXEtp~oEWV o't"fJv E~}:~, a..1tO 't"fJ O"tty[J.~ 1tOU 0 xpa..'ttXO~ [J."fJXa..Vto[J.o~ a..V~XEt 0"t"fJ NO[J.EVXAa.."tOUpa.., a..1tOXa..AU1t"tEt "to YEYOVO~ 1tW~ "fJ OUYXEXPt[J.EV"fJ xotVWVtX~ o[J.aoa.. Etvat tOtOx"t~"tpta.. "twv [J.EOWV 1ta..pa..ywy~~. H tOtOx"t"fJOta.. o[J.w~ a..u"t~ OEV EtVat tOtw"ttx~ a..AAa ouAAOytx~. H 1tpoo~a..o"fJ o'a..u"t~ "t"fJv tOtOx't"fJOta.. xa.."tOXUpWVE"tat a..1tO "t"fJ OU[J.[J.E"tOX~ orrx 1tOAmXa a..~tw[J.a.."ta.. 't"fJ~ NO[J.EVXAa.."tOUpa..~. T« [J.EptOta.. 0' a..u"t~ "t"fJv totOx"t"fJOta.., a..V(J..(pEPEt 0 M. BOOAEVOXU, « ... ourc a..yopasoV"tw OU"tE 1tWAOt)V"tW. TIa..pa..xwpouV"tat o"t"fJv "ta~"fJ "t"fJ o"tty[J.~ "t"fJ~ Ev6povta~~ "t"fJ~ Xat "to [J.EYE6o~ "tou~ E~a..p"ta"tat a..1tO "t"fJ 6EO"fJ 1tOU Xa.."tEXEt 0 Xa..6EVa..~ O"t"fJv tEpa..PXta... H Ota..ypa..<p~ xarrotou a..1tO "t"fJ NO[J.EVXAa..'tOUpa.. OUVE1taYE"tat Xat "t"fJv a..1tWAEta.. a..u"tou 'tOU [J.EptOLOU. ~E xa..[J.ta 1tEpt1t"tWO"fJ OEV [J.1topd EVa..~ VO[J.EVXAa.."tOUpto"ta..~ vrx Et01tpa~Et <X[J.wa.., XEPl [J.E XSpt,"to [J.EptOtO 1tOU "tou a..Va..AOYEL Et01tpanEl o[J.w~ "ta.. 1tooa Xat "ta.. uAlxa rtpovouux 1tOU OlXatOU"tat ... » 41.
Tt a..1tOOEtXvUEt,AOmOv, 0 M. Booxevoxo [J.E "tov 1ta..pa..1tavw tOxupta[J.o "tOU; A1tOOEtxvUEt a..u"to 1tOU E1tEO"fJ[J.ava..[J.E Xat xa.."ta "t"fJV E~E"ta..O"fJ aAAwv ouva..<pwv GeWPtWV,o"tt, O"fJAa..O~, "fJ xa.."tOX~ EVO~ a..~tw[J.a.."to~, [J.ta..~ OUYXEXPt[J.SV"fJ~ E1ta..YYEA[J.a..'ttX~~ 6EO"fJ~ Xat 0Xl "fJ lOtOX"t"fJOLa.., dvat a..u"to 1tOU OLVEt o-trx [J.SA"fJ "t"fJ~ U1t0'tt6S[J.EV"fJ~ apxouoa..~ "ta~"fJS ("t"fJS NO[J.EVXAa.."tOUpa..S) "to Otxa..tw[J.a.. OE x<X1tOtO [J.EptOtO "tou 1ta..pa..yO[J.EVOU 1tpo'ioV"toS,"to 01tOLO OE [J.EptOtO a..<popa,a..TCoXAEtO"ttX<X, Xa.."ta..Va..AW"ttxa a..ya..6a xrxt OXt [J.E:oa.. 1ta..pa..ywy~S. H 1tE[J.1t"tOUO[a.. o[J.wS 't"fJS "ta..~tX~S xupta..PXLa..S SyxEt"tat 0"t"fJ otapP"fJ~"fJ "tou oW[J.ou [J.E"ta..~U tOtOx"t"fJ0La..S Xat Epya..Ota..S, O"t"fJ ouyxsV"tpwo"fJ "t"fJS tOLOX"t"fJOLa..~ 'twv [J.sowv 1ta..pa..ywy~S o-rrx XSpta.. "t"fJS apXOUoa..s "t<X~"fJS Xat o't"fJv Em~oA~ "t"fJS xOtvWVtX~S Epya..OLa..S o-rrx [J.EA"fJ "t"fJS a..PXO[J.EV"fJS· ~UVE1tW~, "fJ Ota..[J.WOA<X~"fJO"fJ "t"fJS oXEO"fJS a.."to[J.oU-1ta..pa..yO[J.EVOU 1tpo'ioV"toS cor' "t"fJV xa.."tOX~ xrxt [J.ovo OUYXEXPt[J.E:V"fJS E1ta..YYEA[J.a.."ttX~~ 6so"fJ~ e:tVat O"fJAW"ttX~ "t"fJS a..1touota..S Xa1tOLa..s totOx"t"fJ0La..S [J.EOWV 1ta..pa..ywy~S 0"t0 a"to[J.o a..u"to.
8a.. 1tpS1tEt vrx a..Va..<pEpOU[J.E o"tt "ta.. EmXEtp~[J.a.."ta.. 1tOU Emo"tpa.."tEUEt 0 M.
Booxevoxu yta.. vrx "tEX[J."fJptWOEt "t"fJV a1to~~ "tou a..1tOXa..AU1t"tOUV "to E~atPE"ttXa Emo<pa..ASs 6EWP"fJ"ttXO U1too"tpw[J.a.. "twv ouAAOytO[J.wv "tou. '01tWS 0 tOtOS toxupiSE"tat. "to YEYOVOS o'tt "fJ ~O[J.EVXAa.."tOUpa.. e:tVat xa"t0Xos "twv [J.EOWV 1ta..pa..ywy~S a..1tOOEtXVUE"tat a..1tO "to O'tt [J.ovo a..u"t~ « ... [J.1tOpe:t vrx E~a..AEt~Et "to aA<pa.. ~ "to ~~-
IIAEIOVOTnl:O mue; npOI:'PXOVl:QV uno rn blQvonon. LE KoBE nepfrruoon 0lIwe; 0 xapaKulpae; me; Epyaoiae; (ov sfvru nVWlIaUKr1 ri XEIPWVQKl:IKr1) Enal~E npWl:ElJOVl:Q pOAO ylQ rnv EVl:a~n rou oUYKEKPllIEVOU oro- 1I0U otn blwBuvouoa l:O~I1)}. O.n., OEA. 89. I.mv npuvpcmxorntc, to xprcnpio BOOEI l:OU ouoiou 0 K. Kormoc; bIQKpivEI otn OOBI£l:IKrl xorvcovfo lIla blWBuVl:IKI11WI 1Iiav EKl:EAEmllUll:O~11 bEV efvui 01 OJ(EOEIe; IbIOKl:noiae;, n aVl:iBwn lIEl:Q~U IbIOKl:l1oiae; KQl Epyaoiae;, aAAO 01 blQ<jJOpEe; oro WWl:EpIKO me; cpvcofoc, o unobouAWUKOe; Kal:QlIEpIOlIoe; Epyaoiae;. 0 K. Kdrrrroq, xhlpie; lIQAAOV 0 iOIOe; va ro aVl:IAalIBOVEl:Ql, mUl:i~El l:1e; aVl:IBEOEIe; lIEl:Q~U blQ<jJ0PWKWV xctnvopicov Epya~Of1l'vwv (lIna~u olwBuVH{W xcn EKl:EAEororv) nou I1nyo~ouv orro rov Ul10bOUAWUKO Kal:QlIEplOlIO me; Epyaoiae; lIE ue; l:Q~IKEe; aVl:IBt'oEle; lIEl:Q~U 1I1ae; opxouoae; - EKlI£l:aAAEmplQe; xor 1I1ae; u<jJIOl:0lIEVI1e; rnv EKlI£l:QAAWOI1 l:o~ne;.
41. BOOAt'VOKU MlxanA, o.rr., oEA. 107.
73
74
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't{)( !lZOO 1t{)(P{)(ywy-Ijs X{)('ta 't"fJV {)(1t()AU't"fJ XptO"fJ 't"fJS» 42. Au'to OUVZ~"fJ X{)('ta 't"fJ o~apXS~{)( 'tOU 20u Ilovxooutou IIoAt!lOU, O't{)(V 't{)( U1t0XWPOUV't{)( OO~~s't~xa O'tP{)('tSU!l{)('t{)(, xcerornv O~{)('t{)(y-ljs 't"fJS N O!lSVXA{)('tOUP{)(S. {)(V{)('ttV{)(~{)(V 'to <ppaY!l{)( 'tOU UOpO"fJASX'tP~XOU O't{)(e!lOU O'tO ~Vd1tSpo. 01tWS Z1tP{)(~{)(V xm !lS {)(PXS'tZS ~W!l"fJX{)(V~XZS smxs~p-ljOS~S· K{)('ta 't"fJ o~apXS~{)( 'tOU 1toAt!lOU, S1ttO"fJS, !l1tpoo'ta O't"fJ 1tPOZA{)(O"fJ 'tWV ySP!l{)(V~XWV O'tp{)('tW!la'twv. !lS OL{)('t{)(y-lj 'tWV {)(P!lOOLWV X0!l!l{)('tLXWV opyavwv, sa<paY"fJO{)(V 't{)( 1tOt!lVL{)( OPW!lZVWV XOAXOC;;":l.
~SV -Ij't{)(V, AOmOV, 0 1tOAS!lOS xm "fJ S~ZAL~"fJ 'tWV smXSLp-ljoSWv 't{)( {)(tn{)( 1tOU S1tt~{)(A{)(V 't"fJV 't{)(X'tLX-Ij 't"fJS X{)(!lZV"fJS Y"fJS, OLO'tL 1tSpt {)(U'tOU ytVs'tm MyoS o-rrx rtrxp{)(OdY!l{)('t{)( 'tOU M. BOOAZVOXU, {)(AAa "fJ ~OUA"fJO"fJ 't"fJS NO!lSVXA{)('tOUP{)(S,"fJ 01tOt{)( 01t0'tS -IjeSAS X{)('tZO'tpS<pS 't~S 1t{)(P{)(yWYLXtS OUVa!lSLS. Ilpo<p{)(VWS, O'tO 1tVSU!l{)( 'tWV OUAAOytO!lWV 'tOU M. Bocxevoxo, e{)( Z1tpS1tS OL SV Myw OL{)('t{)(YZS-{)(1to<paOSLS V{)( A{)(!l~aVOV'tm OUAAoytXa, xcerornv tOWS xa1tOWU 1t{)(AAdixou O"fJ!lO~"fJ<PtO!l{)('tOS, WO'tS V{)( OU!l1tSpavOl)tJ.S O't~ OL X{)('t{)(O'tPS<pO!lSVSS 1t{)(P{)(ywy~xts ouva!lS~S OSV {)(V-IjX{)(V a't"fJ NO!lSVXA{)('tOUP{)( {)(AAa OS OAO 'to A{)(O!
H tOL{)( VO"fJ!l{)('tLX-Ij {)(Uempsot{)( X{)(P{)(X't"fJPtC;;S~ xm 't~S {)(V{)(<Popts 'tOU M. BooAtvoxu O'tO U1tSp1tPo"Cov 1tOU U1to'ttes'tm o't~ ~ow1tOLd'tm "fJ NO!lSVXA{)('tOl)P{)(' Kccr' «urov, "fJ apxouo{)( 't<X~"fJ 't"fJS E~~~ ~ow1tOLd'tm 't"fJv U1tSP{)(~t{)(. MaA~o't{)( «"fJ oUAAOy~x-Ij U1tS~{)(tpso"fJ {)(xoAoued'tm {)(1t0 't"fJv {)('to!l~X-Ij ~OW1tOt"fJo"fJ» H. To SX1tA"fJx't~xo O!lWS dvm o't~ «H NO!lSVXA{)('tOUP{)( OSV ZXS~ {)(vayx"fJ V{)( 1tOuA-Ijos~ 't"fJv rtrxP{)(ywy-lj y~{)( V{)( S~{)(O<P{)(AtOS~ 't"fJv U1tSP{)(~t{)( ... A<pou 'to at'>VOAO 't"fJS 1t{)(P{)(ywy-ljs ZXS~ 1t{)(p{)(ooed O'tO Kpa'tos, O"fJA{)(o-lj 0't"fJ NO!lSVXA{)('tOUP{)(. "fJ U1tSP{)(~t{)( ~PtOXS'tm <pumxa o'rrx xtp~{)( 't"fJS, X~ {)(XO!l"fJ 1tSp~ooo'tspo o't"fJ !lOp<p-lj 1tOU 't"fJ eZAS~, o't"fJ !lop<p-lj 1tOU 't"fJS sm'tpt1ts~ V{)( 't"fJv 1tSP~A<X~S~ orrx oxto~{)( 't"fJS 1t{)(P{)(ywy-ljS»"".
T~ dvm Aomov "fJ U1tSP{)(~t{)( 1tOU x{)('ta rov M. Booxevoxo ~ow1tOLd'tm "fJ 1\"0- !lSVXA{)('tOUP{)(; Etv«t 'to 1t{)(P"fJY!ltvo 1tpo"iov o't"fJ <pumx-Ij 'tou o~ao't{)(o"fJ, wS ()(~t{)( xp-ljo"fJS xm OX~ wS S!l1t0PW!l{)( xoa, OUVS1tWS. "fJ oUyXSXP~!lzv"fJ U1tSP{)(~t{)( usv etvm X{)(V {)(~t{)(! To o't~ OSV rrpoxerrm, Aomov, 1tSpt U1tSP{)(~t{)(S sv~oxus'tm X~ {)(1t0 't"fJv 1t{)(P{)(oox-lj 'tou M. Booxcvoxu o't~ "fJ XOLvwvLX-Ij 1t{)(P{)(ywy-lj o't"fJv E~~~ O~{)(<ptps~ {)(1tO 't"fJv X{)(m't{)(ALo't~x-Ij xm on 0't"fJ XWP{)( {)(u't-lj «0 ~()(mXOS VO!l0S 't"fJS X{)(m't{)(ALo't~X-IjS xo~vWVt{)(S, 'to xuv-Ijy~ 'tou !lzy~o'tou xtpoOUS, OSV ~OXl)S~»46. IlpoxS~'tm !l<XAAOV y~{)( tV{)( 1tpw'toyvwpo XOLVWV~Xo X{)(esO'twS 01tOU "fJ ~OW1tOt"fJO"fJ 't"fJS U1tSP{)(~t{)(S osv 1tpoi)1tOez'ts~ !lL{)( X{)(eOA~X-Ij XUP~{)(PXt{)( 'twv {)(~~{)(XWV oxtoswv,O"fJA{)(o-lj, 't"fJv X{)(m't{)(A~o't~X-Ij 1t{)(P{)(ywy-lj xm XUXAO<pOpt{)(. 'Exou!ls o't"fJv OUOt{)( V{)( xavooue !ls tV{)( OUVOeUAS!l{)( evvoiorv 1tOU smvo"fJos 0 M. BOOAZVOXU, 'to 01tOtO osv <pw'ttC;;S~ oure 0't0 sAax~a'to 't"fJv XOLVWVlX-Ij <pUO"fJ 't"fJS E~~~. svw 1t{)(paAA"fJA{)( X{)(-
42. Oar., oUe. lOS.
43. BA. 6.Il.
44. Om., ot:A. 113.
45. Oar., oEA 146.
46. O.Il., oUe. 116.
E>EDPIEL rIA TI IN KOI]\;Ol':IKH <t>Y2:H TOY 2:0BIETIKOY KAeEHoToL
'taOELXVUEL 't"fJv Emo't"fJ!lovLX~ aVEmXpXEW( xm ava~wmo'tia 'too ooyypa<pza.
o 'tporros !lE rov orroto 0 M. Booxcvoxu Opa;;EL 't"fJv zWOLa orrEpa~ia e:VL- 0XUEL axo!l"fJ rrEpLooo'tEPO 'to rrapamxvw oO!lrrzpao!la. Mas rrA"fJPo<popd, AOLrrov.ot, "fJ urrEpa~ia O"fJ!lwopyd'tm 0XL !lOVO arro 't"fJv Epyaoia aA"-a. xm arro 'tLS !l"fJxavss xm 'tLS rrp&nES UAES xrxt oovErrws OEV ZXEL xa!l[a oXSO"fJ !lE 't"fJv Epyamax~ eEWpta 't"fJS a~ias47. H a.rrOtV"fJ ~z~ma ao"t~ rtou a.vayvwpiSEL ws urroxet!lEVO 't"fJS Epyaoias xm 'twv 0XSOEWV rrapaywy~s, EX'tOS arro 'touS avepwrrous, 'ta rrpa.Y!la'ta OU'tE ope~ dvm OU'tE rrpw'to"turr"fJ. a<pou 0 rrpw'tos rtou ELO"fJy~e"fJXE Xa.'tL rrap0!low ~'tav 0 ra.A"-OS OLxovo!loMyoS J. B. Say !lE "t"fJ eEwpia 'twv "tPLWV rrapayoV'twv 't"fJS rrapaywy~s. Arro'tEAEi O!lWS "fJ EV Myw eEwpia !lLa de facto urrEpa.omo"fJ 't"fJS xE<paAmoxpa'ttas, OLO'tL oLxmoAoyd "t"fJv LoWrrOt"fJo"fJ 't"fJS urrEpa~ias rrpos O<PEAOS 'twv LOWX't"fJ'twv !lZOWV rrapaywy~s,'ta orrot« !lzoa urro'tWE'tm O'tL OU!l!lE"tZXOUV o't"fJv rrapaywy~ urrEpa~ias.
Kccrornv, 0 M. Booxevoxo !las rrA"fJpo<popd O'tL "fJ urrEpa~ia dvm !lLa evvotrx "fJ orrot« OEV a<popa. !lOVO 't"fJv xE<paAmoxpa'tia aA"-a. OAOOS 'tous xmVWVLXO-OLXOVO!lLXOUS 0X"fJ!lano!lous. ~LO'tL 'tooo 0't"fJ OOUAOX't"fJ'tLX~ xorvovt« 000 0't"fJ rpcouoapXLx~ xm 't"fJv xam'taALo'tLx~ XP"fJm!lorrowuV'tm o't"fJv rrapaywy~ rrpw"tES UAe:S. !lEOa Epyaoias xm Epyamax~ ouva!l"fJ. Auro o"fJ!laivEL O'tL "fJ rrapaywy~ urrEpa~Las dvm oLaxpovLxO <pmvo!lEvo, O'tL urr~pXE xm ea urra.PXEL 000 urra.PXEL "fJ aVepwmv"fJ xorvcovt«.
H OUyXEXPL!lEV"fJ a.rro<jJ"fJ ayvod 'tEAdws 'to YEYOVOS O'tL "fJ evvoi« 't"fJS urtspa~ias, 0't"fJ !lap~LX~ Xp~o"fJ 't"fJS, rrpoorrOeZ'tEL Eva oLa'tE'taY!lEvO xm LEpapX"fJ!lEvo OUVOAO ouva<pwv evvororv, o-rrx rrAaima 'tou orrotou «rroxr« xm "fJ LOLa VO"fJ!lanXO rrEpLEx0!lEVO. To EV AOYW OUVOAO evvotcov OUVLO"ta. 't"fJv ava.~ao"fJ coro 'to a<p"fJP"fJ!lSVo 0't0 eEWP"fJ'tLXa. OUYXEXPL!lZVO. "fJ orrot« EmXELpEhm 0't0 Ke:<pa.Amo rou K. Map~. H oLa.orraO"fJ «urou 'tou OUVOAOU xm "fJ arroorrao!la'tLx~ Xp~o"fJ p.e!lovw!lSVWV evvotorv oO"fJyd OE !lLa xawo"fJ aV"tiA"fJ<jJ"fJ YLa 'tLS LO'tOPLXa. xaeOpLO!lZVES XOWWVLXZS 0XEOELS xm OUVa.<pELSS rtou or swmES amzs avarrapLo'touV. Os exrooroo, "fJ XOWWVLX~ oM't"fJ'ta rrpo~a.A"-EL oo» Eva OUVOeUAE!la <pmvO!lEVwv,'ta orrot« ea !lrropouoav vrx urra.p~ouv orro'tEo~rro'tE xrxt !lE 'tous orrowuoo~rro'tE ouvouao!lous· Au't~ "fJ aUeaipE't"fJ Xp~o"fJ 'twv ErrLa't"fJ!lOVLXWV cvvororv cotorsAd,'tEALXa.,O'tOLXdo 't"fJS xae"fJ!lEpLV~S, E!lrrELpLx~S. rrpoEmO't"fJ!lOVLX~S ouvdo"fJo"fJS.
Arroxopu<pw!la 't"fJS eEWP"fJ'tLX~S aUempe:aLas 'tou M. Bocxevoxu arro'tEAd "fJ rrpoorra.eELa. 'tou vrx arrood~EL O'tL xm 0 K. M ap~ E[XE 'tLS iOLe:s !lE au'tov coro<jJELS ava<popLXa. !lE "t"fJV urrEpa~ia. ~U!l<pwva !le: "tous LOXUPLO!lOUS'tou «0 Map~. ~s~ma, aV'tLAa!l~aVO'tav rroM xaAa. O'tL xm !lE a.A"-ES !lEeOOOUS rrapaywY7JS O"fJ!lwupyd'tm urrEpa~[a ... on OEV urra.PXEL oLa<popa. apxwv OXE'tLXa. !lE 't"fJV urrepa~ia ava.!lEOa ons xmvwviES -rcov OXAa.~WV, "t"fJ <pEouoapXLx~ xrxt "t"fJV xam'taAL- 0'tLX~»1.8. Ano rrou, o!lWS, rrpoxurr'tEL au'to 'to oU!lrrzpao!la; M« arro 'to KE<Pa.-
47. BA. a.II., m:A I 10.
48. nIl., orA. Ill.
75
76
OpOToMEPOL
AoctO (1)AWVEL 0 M. Bocxevoxo: 0 K. Mcxp~ « ... o rov 1tpw'to 'totJ.o rou ~L~ALOU 'tOU KEcpeXAoctO, 1tCXpCX't1)psL tJ.E ouvrout« tJ.EV, CXAAeX CX1tPOXeXAU1t'tCX: " To XECPeXAoctO OEV ECPEUPE 't1)v U1tEpEPYCXOLCX. Ilrxvrou orrou tJ.LCX otJ.eXocx 't1)e; XOLVWVtCXe; xprx'tEL 'to tJ.0V01tWAW rcov tJ.EOWV 1tCXpcxywy~e;. 0 EpYeX't1)e;, EAEUeEpOe; ~ OXL, cxvcxyxeXSE'toct vcx 1tpOoetoEL orov cx1tCXnoutJ.Evo YLCX 't1) oun~(1)o~ 'tou Xpovo EpycxOtCXe; 1tpOOeE'tO Xpovo EpyCXOLCXe;, 1tOU 1tpOOPLSE'toct vrx 1tCXpaYEL 'tcx tJ.tocx oun~(1)01)e; 'tou LO wx't~'t1) 'twv tJ.EOWV 1tCXpcxywy~e;"» 49.
KeXeE VO~tJ.WV eXvepW1tOe; ecx 1tCXPCX't1)pOUOE O'tt 0't0 1tCXPCX1teXvw 1tCXpeXeEtJ.CX 0 K. Mcxp~ CXVCXcptPE'toct a't1)V U1tEPEpYCXOtCX,XWpLe; OtJ.we; vrx 1tEL OU'tE tJ.LCX M~1) 1tEpt U1tEpCX~tCXe;. Tt« 'tOV K. Mcxp~ sLVext OCXcpEe; O'tL 1) U1tEPEpYCXOtCX U1teXPXEL XCXL OE eXAAOUe; XOLVWVLXO-OLXOV0tJ.LXOUe; OX1)tJ.CX'tLOtJ.OUe; EX'tOe; 't1)e; XECPCXAoctOXpCX'ttCXe;. '01tWe;, E1t(01)e;, ELVoct ~EXeXecxpo OE OOOue; YVWPLSOUV a'tOLXELWOWe; 't1) tJ.cxp~Lonx~ eEWpLCX O'tL tJ.OVO O't1)V XECPCXAoctOXPCX'tLCX 1) U1tEPEpYCXOtCX 1tCXpaYEL U1tEp1tpO'COV 'to 01tOLO 'tCXl)'tLSE'text tJ.E 't1)V U1tEpCX~tCX. 0 M. Booxevoxu OtJ.we; CPCXLVE'toct vrx cxyvod 'tCX 1tCXPCX1teXvw Xoct YL' CXU'tO (1)AWVEL CX1t't01)'toe; O'tL «To U1tEP - rrpotov (1) U1tEpCX~LCX) OEV CX1tO'tEAEL ECPEUPW1) rou Mcxp~, cxAAeX EVCX o'tOLXdo CX1tCXpCXL't1)'tO OE xeXeE CX1tOOO'tLX~ UALX~ 1tCXpcxywy~ »;,0. H 'tCXU'tL01) cxu't~ urrcprrpotovroc Xoct U1tEpCX~tCXe; Xoct 1) 1tpOO1teXeELcx vrx 1tcxpOUaLaOEL 'tov K. Mcxp~ we; EXCPPCXO't~ 1tCXpOtJ.OLCXe; eX1tmV1)e;, CXVE~CXp't~'twe; 'tou CXV 1t1)yeXSEL CX1tO XcX1tOLCX oxomtJ.o't1)'tcx ~ CX1tO 't1)v cXYVOLCX 'tou M. Booxevoxu, CX1tO'tEAEL tJ.EycXAO eEW(1)'tLXO ocpcXAtJ.cx Xoct XOVOpOELO~ OLCXa'tpt~A(01) 'twv CX1tOtjJEWV 'tou K. Mcxp~.
Tt« 't1)v 1tA1)PEa'tEp1) 1tCXPOUOLCX01) 'twv CX1tOtjJEWV 'tou M. BOOAEVOXU OEV 1tPE1tEL VCX 1tcxpcxAdtjJoutJ.E -cov OPLOtJ.O tJ.E -rov 01tOLO 0 LOtoS 1tEpLypeXcpEL 't1) CPU01) 'tou OO~LE'tLXOU XCXeEO'tW-rOe;. To OO~LE'tLXO XCXeEO'tWe; dvoct, xcer' «urov, tJ.LCX CPEOUOCXPXLX~ cxnLOpCX01) o't1)v XECPCXAoctOXPCX'tLCX, EVCXe; «CPEOUOCXPXLXOe; OOaLCXALOtJ.Oe;» ~ CXXPL~EO'tEpCX tJ.LCX «xpcxnxo!lOV01tWALCXX~ CPEOUOCXPXLCX»51. <DPOVOUtJ.E O'tL OE XPELeXSE'toct LOLcxL'tEpoe; OXOALCXOtJ.OC; YLCX vrx ytVEL XCX'tCXV01)'tO O'tL EVCX CPEOUOCXPXLXO XcxeW'twe; 0't0 01tOLO xuptcxpxd 1) 1tCXpcxywy~ U1tEpCX!;LCXe; dvoct 't000 1tpcxytJ.CX'tLXO 000 XL bcxe; 'tpCXyEACXcpOe;.
Ae; 01)tJ.ELWOOUtJ.E, EV XCX'tCXXAELOL, O'tt 1) N0tJ.EVXACX'tOUpCX 'tOU M. BooxevOXU,1tCXPcX 'tCX XOACXXW'tLXeX MYLCX 'tOU M. TstAcxe; 1tEpt «e1)OCXUpOU 't1)e; 1tOAmX~e; OXEtjJ1)e;», OLCXXPLVE'toct CX1tO tJ.LCX OLCXpX~ OAtOe1)01) o't1)v EmcpeXvELcx 'tWV EtJ.1tELPLXWV OEOOtJ.tvwv xext CX1tO 't1)v CXUeCXtpE't1) EptJ.1)vdcx 'toue;, EVW O'tEPEt-rext XeXeE o-COLXdou OUa't1)tJ.CX'tLX~e; Xoct EVVOWAOYLXeX OUVE1tOUe; 1tpcxytJ.eX'tSU01)e; 'tOU eEtJ.CX'toe;. 0cx MycxtJ.E, E1t(01)e;, on CX1to-rEAd tJ.LCXV CXXOtJ.CX CXVEm'tUX~ 1tpOO1teXeEtCX vrx O'tOLXELOeE't1)ed 1) cxnLA1)tjJ1) 1tEpt VEOU ypCXcpEWXpCX'tLXOU 'tCX~LXOU OX1)tJ.CX'tLOtJ.OU xext 1tEP£ ypCXcpEWXpCX'ttCXe; - eXpxouocxe; 'teX~1)e; a't1)v E~~~.
49. nIT.
50. Our.
51. BOOAtVOKU M., NOj1EVKAaWVpa, EKb. LO~El:OKQYJQ Pooo(YJQ - M.I 1. Oxndpnp, M6OXQ, 1991, m:A. 592.
GEorIn: fIA THN KOINONIKH <t>Y1:H Toy IOBIETIKOY KA0)ELTOTOL
----------------------------
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e{)( etA{)(tJ.E, S1ttoYJC;. V{)( {)(V{)(CPEpOUtJ.S X{)(L 'tYJ eSWpt{)( 'tou OO(3LE"tLXOU "tP01tOU 1t{)(P{)(Ywy~S. "tYJV 01tOt{)( ELOYJy~eYJxs 0 P. I. KOOOAa1tocp X{)(L X{)('tOT.LV E1t{)(vtA{)((3S,
52. MlQ xprrncri d:;E1:aOn rcov onoqrecov nou ouoxniSouv to OOOlaAlOllO llE 1:OV oorcnxo rporro napaY(,lyll.S (KUpilDS 1:WV urroqiecov 1:OU K. BmpoyKEA, BA. K. Wittfogcl, Le dcspotismc oriental, Editions de Minuit, Paris 1977) EnIxnpd 0 r. Pouonc ornv Epyaoia 1:OU Aomtncoc; rponoc; napaywyns xor OOOlaNopoc, I Iupd 1:0 yEyovOS on OE oUllqJwvouI-lE llE tnv anolloxri cno 1:0 ouyypaqJEa ms roropucnq uIIapsnS 1:OU coictucou rponou napaywyns BEWpOUPE my EV Myw Epyaoia lliav aSloAoyn llEAun 1:0U BElla--:0S. 53. BA. Topdooqi A., «rounEpnmi~lll 001:OlaNSW', 'i..f3oprrovrvaYIa piio), 12, 1996, oEA. 87-88 (TapaoOqJ A., «Ynepupo nopoq KQl OOOlaN0lloC;», rfJoprrovrvaYIa puo)., 12, 1996, oEA. 87-88) .
54. BA. Ztprv A., «To IIpO~Anlla ms lorOplKIl.S 1:OnOBEl:DOns rou KOIVWVlKOU ouorriuutoc ms 'i..O~IWKriS 'Evcoono-, oro: AVTIfIo).m:UTlKc'I) raoEll) orn LOf3IETIKrl 'Evcooa, EKIl. Ofiuooecc, ABriYa, 1978.
55. BA. Bpovitoxi l l., «Kpcrncoc; OOOlaNOp6S n aUTooIGXdpnon;», oro: 0 OOOWA/OP0l) oro KQT(jyCPJu tou ElKOOmU npdnou ruwva, EKIl. KciABos, Atlrivo, 1989, OEA. 354 - 361 KQl Mnrroaknc; E., 'Eva cpavraopa rrAavu:raJ, EKO. Lcaxu, Aflrivc, 1992, oEA. 54, 98, 103-107, 195. 10v opo «xpcnxoc; OOOlaN0lloS» xrnotponoief avaqJEpopEVOS oro OO~IEl:lKO KaBwnils Kill 0 I I. TEpksns. BA. TEpksns ll., .1lweUVTIKEI) oJuyapxfEI). Tpcupeiospatia, «patoc, «oivcovuai opyavwon, EKIl. IlanaSIl.on, Aflrivo, 1996, oEA. 555 .
77
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[.LS OLcxcpOps"nxo O[.LWC; 1tS~)LSXO[.Lsvo. 0 K. Ka1t1t0c;56. 0 'tSAW"t"CXtOC; OLCX't01tWVSL 't"fJv a1to~"fJ O'tL 0't"fJ ~O~LS'tLX~ 'Evwo"fJ dxs qxcxeLopoed tvcxc; vtoc; XOLVWVLXOC; OX"fJ[.LCX'tLO[.LOC; [.LS SX[.LS'tCXAAw'tLxa XCXL 1tCXpaAA"fJACX CXV"tLL[.L1tSPLCXALo'tLxa -rxvnxrxrn'tCXALo'tLxa XcxPCXx't"fJpLOnxa.
o xcx'taAoy0C; 'twv CX1tO~SWV 1t00 'tcxo't[(;;oov 't"fJ OO~LS'tLX~ ypcxcpStOXpCX'tLCX [.LE [.LLCXV apxooocx 'ta~"fJ XCXL 'to OO~LS'tLXO xcxeso'tWC; [.LS tvcx veo SX[.LS'tCXAAW'tLXO XOLVWVLXO oUo't"fJ[.LCX ecx [.L1tOpOOOS, ~t~CXLcx, vcx oovsXLO'td. 0swpou[.LS, wO'tooo, xa'tL 'tt'tOtO 1tSPL't'tO. IILo'tEooo[.LS O'tL s~s'tasoV'tcxc; 'tLC; CX1tO~SLC; 'twv K. Kcxo'topLaO"fJ, M. TSLACXC; XCXL M. Bocxevoxu OLCX't01tWOCX[.LS xpmxic; 1tCXpcx't"fJP~OSLC; OL 01tOLsc; iXoov ySVLX~ LaXU YLCX OASS 'tLC; eSWpLSC; 1tOO cxv~xoov O't"fJV LOLCX xCX't"fJYOPLCX. fL'cxo'to OSV XpLVOO[.LE oxom[.L"fJ 't"fJV s~i'tcxo"fJ XCXL aAAwv 1tCXPO[.LOLWV CX1tO~swv. <DpOVOU[.LS O'tL "fJ mo oomcxo'tLx~ xpmx~ OAWV 'twv eSWpLWV 1tSpt OO~LS'tLX~C; ypcxCPStOXpCX'tLCXC; 1t00 s~s'taocx[.Ls O'tCX 1tPO"fJyOO[.Lsvcx xscpaACXLcx [.L1topd vrx YLVSL [.LOVO [.Ltocx CX1tO 't"fJ 1tCXPOOOLCXO"fJ 't"fJC; OLX~C; [.LCXC; a1to~"fJC; YLCX 'tCX CXL'tLCX XCXL 't"fJ etO"fJ 'tOO ypcxcpStOxpCX'tLXOU cpmvo[.LZvoo O'tO OO~LS'tLXO xcxeso'twC;. xa'tL 1t00 ecx smxsLp~oouus 0't0 osu'tspo [.Ltpoc; 'tOO ~L~ALOO.
56. BA. KOOOA<lllO<p P.L, «"ro~tTOKI1 onoooprr lIpO'iS~oV(oT~a": YK1l10Td,a W PEQAVOOl:;» BCOTVIK M. TK. Ou., I:tpw 12, TE:6pw vaooiovobo KOppollvf~pa, 1, 1990, o. 42-52 (Koooxdnoqi P. I., «"0 OO~IETIKOS rponoc l1apaywyns": unoflcon ri npovpcrncotmc;», BtOTVIK M. II.. Ou., 8E(llp(a TOU EIlIOTI111oVIKOU xoppouvrcpou, 1, 1990, oEA. 42-52) KQl Kdnnoq K., Kpttncn TOll oof3lE:nKOU oynpououoo, EKO. AA<pEIoS' A86.va, 2000.
To cpar.vO(lEVO 't'1l~ ypacpEr.oxpa't'La~ xar. or. av't'r.cpaO'Er.~ 't'1l~ O'oO'r.aAr.O''t'r.xil~ Xor.vwvLa~ O''t'llv E~~Ll
Epy(i-rYJ~: eivca aouvaro va r;~aouf1.e. L1ev un:apXel OouAela. L1ev ttaipvooue uiotk). EXAelaav rov n:fXlOlXO maOf1.o. Av r; n:eOepa f1.0U OeV enatove auvrat;r; Oa dxaf1.t:: n:eOaVel an:' rr;v iteiva. Erd oootasiauoo ra n:pCxyf1.ara ~rav n:OAU xaAurepa.
tl,avoo6f1&vo~: M a OeV u~pt;e xavevcc; aoouxsiouoc,
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(PCUalXO avexboto rr;~ oexaer{a~ LOU '90)
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OI ANTI<MIEII THI IOIIAAIITIKHL: KOINONIAl: ITHN ELLL1
Yrro 'to 1tp[a(.La 'tWV 1tapamXVw ~OW'tij'tWV 'tOU 'to aOaLaA~a't~XO XpCX'tOe; OEV 1tpO~eXAAE~ 1tAEOV (.LOVO we; aXi'j(.La't~a(.LOe; 'tou E1tmXoOO(.Lij(.La'toe; aAAeX xat we; 'to U1tOXE[(.LEVO 'ti'je; XOLVwv~xije; ~owx'ti'ja[ae; 'tWV (.LEawV 1tapaywyije; xat,aUVE1tWe;, we; aV<X1toa1taa'to (.LEpOe; 'ti'je; 1tapaywy~xije; o~ao~xaa[ae;. L:i'j(.Lan~XO dvat v« ovacpEPOU(.LE O't~ 'to VEO aU'to POAO 'tOU xpcX'tOue;.o orrotoc; auv~a'teX U1tEp~aai'j (o~ao~xaa[a U1tEp~aai'je;) 'tou xpeX'toue; EV YEVE~, u1toypa(.L(.L[SE~ 0 LOWe; 0 B. I Azv~v,E~aeXyonae; o-ro 1tpoypa(.L(.La 'tou P. K. K. «(.L1t.), (a' aU'to 'to 01tOLO UW8E'tij- 8i'jXE a1to 'to 80 auvzopw 'tau xO(.L(.La'toe;) 'ti'jV 8Eai'j o't~ (.LE 'ti'jV xmvwV~X01tOLi'jai'j 'twv a1taAAO'tp~W(.LEVWV cor' 'toue; xam'taA~a'tEe; (.Lzawv 1tapaywyije; «i'j xpa't~xij E~OUaLa,1tW)E~ va dvat 1tapaaL't~x6e; (.Li'jxav~aw)e;, 1tOU a'tzxE'tat 1teXvw am) 'to 1tpO'taze; 'ti'je; 1tapaywyije; (i'j L:o~~E't~Xij E~oua[a apX[SE~ vo: (.LE'ta'tpZ1tE'tat aE opYeXvwai'j 1tOU EX1tAi'jPWVE~ cX(.LEaa 't~e; AE~'tOUpYLEe; o~Eo8uvai'je; 'ti'je; mxoVo(.LLae; 'ti'je; xwpae; ... »'.
fta't[ O(.Lwe; dvat 'to xpcX'toe; au'to 1tOU a'ti'jv 1tpw~(.Li'j xO(.L(.Louv~a't~xij xorvcoVLa auyxEnpwvE~ a'ta XEp~a 'tou 'ta (.Lzaa 1tapaywyije; Xat oX~ i'j Lo~a i'j xmVWVLa a'ti'jv a(.LEao'ti'j'teX 'ti'je;; fta't[ O~ aXEaE~e; 1tapaywyije; (axzaE~e; ~owx'ti'ja[ae;) ucp[a'tanat we; Evooxpa't~XEe; aXEaE~e;,We; aXEaE~e; xpa't~xije; ~owx'ti'jaLae; a'ta (.Lzaa 1tapaywyije; Xat OX~ we; cX(.LWi'j axzai'j 'twv cX(.Lwwv 1tapaywywv; T« Epw'tij(.La'ta au'tcX dvat 8E(.LEA~WOOUe; ai'j(.Laa[ae; y~a 'ti'jV xa'tavoi'jai'j 'ti'je; xmvwv~x'~e; cpoai'je; 'ti'je; EL:~Ll. llpo'tpExonae; 8a a1tanOoaa(.LE Emypa(.L(.La't~xcX we; E~ije;: y~a't[ axp~~we; i'j xowcovt« 1tapa(.LZvE~ O~i'jPi'j(.LEVi'j aE (.L~a 1tAi'j8wpa cX(.Lwwv 1tapaywywv Xat, E1tO(.LEVWe;. i'j XOLVWV~Xij ~oLOx'ti'ja[a a'ta (.Lzaa 1tapaywyije; ZXE~,EV 1tOAAOLe; OX~ o(.Lwe; a1tOAu'ta, 'tumxo, vO(.L~X01tOAmXO xapax'tijpa .. AAAeX ae; E~E'tcXaOU(.LE O~E~OO~xo'tEpa au'tij 'ti'j o~a[pEai'j Ema'tpzcponae; xat 1teXA~ o-rov XOLVWV~XO xapax'tijpa 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv OUVcX(.LEWV.
'01tWe; ZXOU(.LE ijOi'j avacpzpE~, (.LE 'ti'jV EX(.Li'jxeXv~ai'j 'ti'je; 1tapaywyije; 0 xorvcovrxoe; 'ti'je; xapax'tijpae; xa8La'ta'tat 'tExv~Xij avayxato'ti'j'ta Xat aUVE1tWe; YLVE'tat ECP~X'tij i'j xmvwv~xo1to[i'jaij 'ti'je;. Movo o-ro auyxEXp~(.LEVO a'teXow aVeX1t'tu~i'je; 'twv (.LEaWv 1tapaywyije; i'j xorvcovt« a1tOx'tcX 'ti'j ouva'to'ti'j'ta aUAAoy~xije; ~OW1tOLi'jai'je;, xpijai'je; xat o~axdp~ai'je; 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv ouveX(.LEWV. 'O(.Lwe; i'j (.Li'jxavo1tmi'j(.Lzvi'j 1tapaywyij OEV a1tO'tEAd axo(.Li'j 'ti'jV wP~(.Li'j ~a8(.LLOa aVcX1t'tu~i'je; 'tou xorvcovrxoo xapax'tijpa 'ti'je; Epyaa[ae;. L:o(.Lcpwva (.LE 'ti'jV O~a1tLa'twai'j 'tou aO~~E't~XOO cp~Aoaocpou B. A. BaSwoALV «i'j xa8EaU'to (.Li'jxaV01tmi'j(.LEvi'j 1tapaywyij (os o~eXxp~ai'j (.LE 'ti'jV aU'to(.La't01tmi'j(.LEVi'j 1tapaywyij) OEV a1tO'tEAd OO'tE (.L1topd v' a1to'tEAEaE~. a'ti'jv XAL(.LaXa 'ti'je; ~Exwp~a'tije; xwpae; xat 1tOAO 1tEp~aao'tEpo 'ti'je; av8pwmvi'je; xmvwvLae; auvoA~xeX, (.Lta Eaw'tEptxeX EvtaLa o~aotXaaLa 1tapaywyije; ... L:'ti'j ~a8- (.LLOa 'ti'je; (.Li'jxavo1tmi'j(.Lzvi'je; 1tapaywyije; 0 XOLVWV~XOe; xapax'tijpae; 'ti'je; 1tapaywyije; EXE~ ijOi'j xa'taa'td 'tExv~Xij avayxato'ti'j'ta, aAAcX y~a ~Exwp~a'tEe; (.Li'jXaVEe; ij auyxpo'ti'j(.La (.Li'jXavwv, or 01t0[Ee; OEV dvat auvEvW(.LEVEe; o-ro E1tL1tEOO xwpae; (xoa
1. AEVIV B. I., «To npovpcppc TOU PWOlKOU K0l111oUVI01:1KOU KOl1l1moS (TWV I1noAoE~iKwvh 01:0: AEVIV B. I., JlnaV[a, 1. 38, Iuyxpovn Enoyn, A8nvu, 1988, oU. 442.
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rrooo (.LeXAAOV 'ti'je; av8pw1to'ti'j'tae;) dzva zVLaLo aua'ti'j(.La (.Li'jxavwv»2. H a1touaLa (.LLae; zaw'tzpLxeX-'tZXVOAOYLxeX zVLaLae; oLaoLxaaLae; 1tapaywyije; a'ti'jv xAL(.Laxa XWpwv ij xm OAi'je; 'ti'je; av8pw1to'ti'j'tae; auvz1teXyz'tm 'ti'j oLa'tijpi'jai'j a'ti'jv zx~w(.Li'jxaVLa(.LzVi'j aomaALa'tLxij xowcovt« ~zxwpLa'twv-(.Lz(.LOVw(.LZVwV 1tapaywYLxwV OLaOLxamwv, 't(.Li'j(.L(X'twv 1tapaywyije;,xAeXowv XA1t. H 1tapaywYLxij oL<XoLxaaLa ouvreAd'tm az eX(.Lwa au'toVO(.LZe; xm (.Lovo z(.L(.Lwa auvozoZ(.LZVZe; (.LOveXoze;:l. Auro ai'j(.LaLvzL O'tL OL zpyaSO(.LZVOL 1tapa(.Lzvouv az (.LzyeXAO ~a8(.Lo eX(.LWOL 1tapaywyoL, O'tL oi'jAaoij dvm 1tpOaXOAAi'j(.LZVOL os ~zxwpLa'ta (.Lzaa 1tapaywyije;, o'tt i'j zpyaaLa 'toue; 8Z'tZL az xLvi'jai'j ~zxwpLa'tZe; - eX(.Lwa (.Li'j auvoZO(.LZVZe; (.Lz'ta~u 'toue; 1tapayWyLxze; ouveX(.LZLe; (auyxpO'tij(.La'ta 1tapaywYLxwV ouva(.Lzwv) xm OXL 'ta XOLVWVLX01tOLi'j(.LZva - xpanX01tOLi'j(.LZva (.Lzaa 1tapaywyije; o-ro auvoM 'toue;.
H a(.Lwi'j axzai'j 'tou av8pw1tou (.LZ 'ta (.Lzaa 'ti'je; zpyaaLae; auvz1tayz'tm xm zva auyxzxpL(.LZVO oLaxwpLa(.LO 'twv av8p&mwv os ~zxwpLa'teX auyxpo'tij(.La'ta «zpyaSO(.LZVOe; - (.Li'jXavij». ~UVZ1tWe;, i'j axzai'j 'tou av8pw1tou (.Lz 'ta (.Lzaa zpyaaLae; xa'teX 'ti'jV 01tOLa 0 Lowe; a1to'tzAd evrxv eX(.Lzao - cpumxo auV'tzAza'tij 'ti'j<; rmpaywyije; oOi'jyd o-ro oLaXWpLa(.LO 'twv zpyaSO(.LZVWV (.Lzaa a'ti'jV zpyamaxij 'toue; opaa'ti'jpLo'ti'j'ta, a'ti'jV 1tOAuoLeXa1taai'j, Oi'jAaoij, 'ti'je; zpyaaLae; os ~zxwpLa'ta xoa, axz'tLXWe;,a1to(.Lovw(.Lzva (.LzPi'j.
~'t0 ai'j(.Ldo «oro 1tPZ1tZL va zmai'j(.LeXvou(.LZ O'tL 0 xa'taxZp(.La'tLa(.LOe; 'ti'je; 1tapaywYLxije; oLaoLxaaLae; os 'tZXVoAoYLxa aU'tovo(.La auyxpo'tij(.La'ta 1tapaywYLxwV ouva(.Lzwv auvz1tayz'tm xm 'to yzyovoe; O'tL i'j XOLVWVLXij Lowx'ti'jata 'twv (.Lzawv 1tapaywyije;,we; xpa'tLxij Lowx'ti'jata, ZXZL,01tWe; 1tpoavacpzpa(.Lz, ev 1tOAAOLe; (OXL o(.Lwe; a1tOAU'ta). Z~W'tZPLXO, 'tumxO-vO(.LLXO Xapax'tijpa. (.LLae; xm i'j XOLVWVta OZV LOW1tOLZt'tm - XZLpLsz'tm - oLaxzLptsz'tm 'tLe; 1tapaywYLXZe; oUva(.LZLe; we; evrx ZVLaLo al)VOAO. Oure i'j LOLa i'j aomaALa'tLxij xorvcovt«, acp' zau-rije;.auyxp0'td we; 1tpOe; 'to XZLpLa(.LO xm 'ti'jv LOW1tOLi'jai'j 'tWV (.Lzawv 1tapaywyije; zva zVLaLo auvoAo, 1tapa zm'tuYXeXvZL xm oLaacpaALszL 'ti'jv zvo'ti'j'ta 'ti'je; (.Lzaw 'tou xpa'toue; xm 'ti'je; xpa'tLxije; Lowx'ti'jaLae; 'tWV (.Lzawv 1tapaywyije;. A 1tO amo 'tov xa'taxzp(.La'tLa(.LO 'ti'je; 1tapaywYLxije; oLaoLxaaLae; az 'tZXVoAoYLxa au'toVO(.LZe; 1tapaywYLXZe; (.Lovaoze; a1t0ppZZL xm i'j oLa'tijpi'jai'j a'ti'j aomaALa'tLxij xOLvwvLa (vO(.LL(.La ij 1tapavo(.La) 'twv Z(.L1tOpZU(.La'tLxwv - xpi'j(.La'tLxwv axzazwv. ~eXALa'ta OL axzazLe; au'tze; ovarcruooovr«t 0XL (.LOVO (.Lz'ta~l) 1tapaywywv xm xa'tavaAw'twv, ours (.Lovo (.Lz'ta~u 'tou xpa'tLxou xm 'tou auvz'tmpLa'tLXOl)-XOAXOSVLXOU 'to (.Lza. aAAa xm (.Lz'ta~u 'twv xpa'tLxwv zmxzLpijazwv, 1tOAAte; cpopze; zx'toe; 'twv 1tAmaLwv 'tou XZV'tPLXOU axzoLou, ev zLOZL 1tapaOLxovo(.LLae;.
2. Ba(,lOuNv B. A., AOYKIKa tatopu. Bonpoai reopu 1 PETOVTOAOYKll, EKb. M. Tx. Ou., M6OXa, 1988, 0. 296-297 (Ba('lOuNv B. A., H AOYIKn me; iotopiac, M6OXa, 1988, oEA. 296-297).
3. 'Onox; cvc.pepei ° r. Iml1ams {{QI EnIXElpnOEIS aun's (evvoci liS KpanKES EnIX£lpnOE1S lWV XWPWV IOU "uncpxrou OOOlaN01101J" -f I. I I.) EiVQJ al1ol~aia aVEsapmWI napaywyoi, XWPlS mUlo)(pova vo dVQI Kill IblOKllllES lWV I1EOWV Kill lWV onorexeopcuov ms napaywyns lOUS" BA. Iml1Qms r., 2:)(E01O KQJ ayopci arle; oooiaksotucec oucovopiec. EKb. Kprnxri, A8nva, 1988. oEA. 17.
OJ ANTI<MIEII Tm: IOIlMJITIKHI KOI:.JONIAI ITHN ELLL1
H ava1t0cpwx'ti'j o~aTljpi'jai'j 'twv qL1topW(.La't~xwv-xpi'j(.La't~xwv aXEazwv a'ti'j aOaLaA~a't~xij-1tPW~(.Li'j XO(.L(.Louv~a't~xij xOLvwvia a1tO'tzAd 'ti'jv aAAi'j oljJi'j 'tou avwp~(.LOU, 'tumXOl) Xapax'tijpa 'ti'jC; XOLvWv~xijc;-XO(.L(.Louv~a't~xijc; ~oLOx'ti'jaiac; 'twv (.LEawv 1tapaywyijc;. <I>pOVOU(.LZ OZ O't~ 0 ~a8(.Loc; o~a'tijpi'jai'jC;, vO(.L~(.La ij 1tapavo(.La, 'twv Z(.L1topw(.La't~xwv-xpi'j(.La't~xwv aXEazwv a'ti'j aomaA~a't~xij XOLvwvLa ZLvm «vno-rpocpwC; avaAOYOC; 'tou ~a8(.Lou wpi(.Lavai'jC; 'ti'jC; xowwv~xijc; ~oLOx'ti'jaiac; a'ta (.LEaa rmpaywyijc;. H 1tpOO1t't~xij WpL(.Lavai'jC; 'tou XOtVwv~XOU xapax'tijpa 'ti'jC; 1tapaywyijc;. a'ta 1tAaLma 'ti'jC; OAOXAi'jPW(.LEVi'jC; au-ro(.La't01tOLi'jai'jC; 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv o~ao~xaouo», xae~a-ra ZCP~X'tij 'ti'jv z~aAz~ljJi'j 'twv Z(.L1topW(.La't~xwv-xpi'j(.La't~xwv axEazwv.
Eow 8a ij'tav oxomuo va o~wxp~VLaoU(.LZ O't~ i'j xowwv~xij ~oLOx'ti'jaia 'twv (.LEorov 1tapaywyijc; a'ti'jv E~L;1l OZV dxz a1tOAu-ra 'tumxo xapax'tijpa. ll~o't~ Z1tPOxcrro y~a (.L~a ~LO(.Li'jxav~xij xOLvwvCa xm aUVZ1tWC; OL 1tapaywy~xEC; ouva(.Lz~c; (i'j ZX(.Li'jxaV~a(.LEvi'j 1tapaywyij) a1tO'tzAouaav Eva al)VOAO 'tZXVOAOy~XWV auvacpz~wv. Oc; exrouroo. y~a 'ti'j AZL'toupyCa 'touC; a1tm'tou'tav zv~aCzc; XOLVWV~XEC; 1tpa~z~c; - Eva cpaa(.La 1tapaywy~xwv oza(.Lwv xm aAAi'jAZmopaazwv. H (.Li'jxaV01tOLi'j(.LEVi'j rmpaywyij, Aomov. 1tapZLXZ 'touc; opouC; y~a (.L~a auyxzXpL(.LEVOU ~ae(.LOU xm zupOUC; aUAAoYLXij - XOLvwv~Xij LOL01tOCi'jai'j xm o~axdpLai'j 'twv 1tapaywYLxwV ouva(.Lzwv.
Au'tij i'j aXEai'j aV'tLa'tOLXLac; - avaV't~a'tOLxCac; 'ti'jC; aOaLaA~a'tLxijc; LOLOx'ti'jaCac; a-ra (.LEaa 1tapaywyijc; (.Lz 'to Z1tL1tZOO wpL(.Lavai'jC; 'tou XOLVWV~xou xapax'tijpa 'ti'jC; 1tapaywyijc; a1tO'tzAd (.L~av aV'tCcpaai'j. npoxz~'tm y~a 't"flv aV'tlcpamj (.Lz'ta;u 'tUTILx"ijs xm oumO:O''tlxijs XO~VWVlX01tOlYjmjS 'tYjS 1tapaywyijs, Yj 01tOla XaL a1to'reAd 't"fl 6e(.LZAlwoYj av'tt<pamj 'tYj; O'oO'laALO''tLxi)S - 1tPWL[tYjS xO[t[tOUVLO''tLXi); xOlvwvlas. Ka'ta (.LLav aAAYj ola'tU1tWmj « ••• Yj fjamxYj av-ri<pamj -eou O''taoiou oLa[top<pwO"YjS -eou xO[t[tOUVlO'[tOU, Yj ~amx"ij av-ri<paO'Yj -eou O'omaAlO'[tou ElVaL Yj av'ti<paO'Yj [tz'ta;u 't"flS XOlVWVLX"ijS LOLOx'tYjO'la; O"ta [tEO'a 1tapaywyijs XaL 't"flS avwpL(.LO't"fl'tas hYjS avz1tapXOUS wpt[tavO'YjS) -eou XOlVWVLXOU xapax'tijpa 't"flS 1tapaywyijs»4.
H ev Myw aV'tLcpaai'j Oi'j(.LLOupyouaz xm 'tpocpooo'touaz OUO 'taaz~c; a'ti'j 0'0- ~~Z't~xij xorvcovtce. H (.LLa ij'tav au-rij 'ti'jC; o~zupuvai'jC; 'ti'jC; xpa't~xijc; ~owx'ti'jaLac; a'ta (.LEaa 1tapaywyijc; xm 'ti'jC; zvCaxuai'jC; 'tou ouvxcvrpornxoo 'tP01tOU o~axdp~aijc; -rooc, (.LEaW 'tou axzo~aa(.Lou 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv a'toxwv xm aAAi'jAzmopaazcov a1to Eva XEV'tpO. H aAAi'j 'taai'j ij'tav au-rij "'YlC; zvCaxuai'jC; 'ti'jC; au-rovo(.Llac; 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv (.Lovaowv xm 'ti'jC; ava1t'tu~i'jC; 'twv Z(.L1tOpW(.La'tlxwv - XPi'j(.La'tlxwv aXEazwv (.Lz'ta~u 'touc;. O~ u1toa'ti'jp~x'tEC; 'ti'jC; 1tpw'ti'jC; 'taai'jC; to~oav t(.Lcpaai'j.U1tZp~aAAoV'tac; ~E~ma ai'j(.LaV't~xa. o-rov XOLVWV~XO xapax'tijpa 'ti'jC; rrrxpaywyijc; zvw 'ti'jC; ozu'tzpi'jC; a'ti'jv avwp~(.Lo'ti'j'ta au'tou5•
4. tlO<pEpJlOS M., I Iou)Jbns Il., IImEAnS L1., «Ire TIS vOJloTEAm:S ms Jlfl:o.?oons orov KOJlJlOUVIOJlO. LOOlaAIOJlOS, KOJlJlOUVIOJlOS KQJ ovtcnovooroon», Aptatcpti avaa6VTa~n, TElJXOS 7-8, 1995, oEA. 56.
5. Miov 0SloAoyn JlEMm TWV EV Myw rdoecov onorcxet n epyo(Jlo TOU M. L1o<ptpp-ou «IXEbIOOP-OS Kill cvopo: Est)\lsn TWV cnoipecov ornv EIIL1», LlJOAfKT1Kn, TEllXOS 4, NOEJl?pns -tlEKEJl?pns 1990, oEA. 47- 65.
85
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L'lEYTEPO MEPOI
H 1tpw'ti') 't<xai') oOi')youaz a'ti')v xpa't~xo1to[i')ai') 'twv 1t<XV'twv, axo(.Li') xnr rcov 1tapaywy~xwv ouv<X(.LZWV 0 xmvwv~xoC; xapax't~pac; rcov 01tOtWV ozv axo(.Li') dxz ava1t'tux8d. To a1to'tEAza(.La ~'tav 0 01tZP~OA~XOC; aoyxzV'tpw't~a(.LOc; 'ti')C; 1tapaywy~C; xm Evac; OWYXW(.LEVOC; OW~Xi')'t~XOC; (.Li')xavta(.Loc; 1tOU rrro 1tEpaa(.La 'tou Xpovoo ooaxoAwo'tav 011.0 xm rreptooo-repo v« axzowmnd xm va o~w8uvz~ 'ti') Az~'toupy[a 'twv auvzxwc; ausavo(.Lzvwv 1tapaywy~xwv oov<X(.Lzwv. H U1tZP~OA~x~ xpa't~xo1to[i')ai') 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv oov<X(.Lzwv a'ti')v EL:L:ll az avaV'tta'tmxta (.Lz 'to ~a8(.Lo aV<X1t'tusi')C; 'tou xorvccvrxoo xapax't~pa 'ti')C; 1tapaywy~c; xa8wc; xm 0 U1tEp(.LZ'tPOC; auyxzV'tpw't~a(.Loc; a'ti') A~tjJi') otxovoiuxcov a1tocp<xazwv xm a'ti')v xn'tavo(.L~ 'twv 1tOpWV Z1tE'tz~vav o-ro E1taXpO 'ta ypacpzwxpa't~x<x Xapax'ti')p~a't~x<x 'too ao~~z't~xou xP<X'tooC;.
0a 1tpE1tZ~. wa'toao, v« zmai')(.L<Xvou(.LZ o't~ au'toc; 0 lmEp(.LZ'tpoC; ouvxcV'tpw't~a(.LOc; TWV (.LEawV 1tapaywy~c; xm 'ti')C; o~axd(J~a~c; roi»; 01t~psz. sv 1tOAAOtC;. coroppovx 'twv auyxzxp~(.LEVWV ta'top~xwv auv8i')xwv mxooo(.Li')ai')C; 'too comaA~a(.Lou a'ti')v EL:L:ll. Ertpoxerro y~a 'to a1to'tEAza(.La (.L~aC; 1toAmx~c; 1tOO cotooxorcooce a'ti')v 'taXu'ta'ti') Zx~w(.Li')x<Xv~ai') 'ti')C; xwpac; wa'tz va zv~axu8d i') a(.LuV't~x~ txavo'ti')'t<X 'ti')C; aAA<X 1tpw'tta'tWC; i') uA~x~ ~<xai') 'twv aomaA~a'ttxwv aXEazcov 1tapaywy~c;. I't« (.L~a auyxzXp~(.LEVi'), Aomov. ~a'top~x~ 1tZptOOO «(.LEXP~ xm 'ta 'tEAi') 'ti')C; ozxaz'ttac; 'tou '40) 'to ow~xi')'t~xo - ouvxevrpornxo aua'ti')(.La o~axdptai')C; 'ti')C; aomaA~a't~x~c; mxovo(.Ltac; a1tzoztx8i') xa't<XAAi')AO y~a 'ti') (.LEyta'ti') ouva't~ X~vi')'to1toti')ai') 'twv ouv<X(.Lzwv 'ti')C; xmvwvtac; xm 'ti')V Z1tt'twSi') az ouvrouo Xpov~xo ot<Xa'ti')(.La ai')(.LaV'ttxwv otxovoutxcov xm xorvcovtxcov a'toxwv. Meotx az Atya xpov~a i') L:o~~z't~x~ 'Evwai') dxz otavuaz~ Eva o~<Xa'ti')(.La mxovo(.L~x~C; xm xorvcov~x~C; aV<X1t'tosi')C;,'to 01tOtO ot avZ1t'tuy(.LEVZC; xam'taA~a'ttxEC; xwpzC; o~~vuaav oc apxz'tEC; ozxaz'ttZC;.
H ozu'tzPi') 't<xai') oOi')youaz a'ti')v au'tovo(.Li')ai') 'twv 1tapaywytxwV (.Lov<Xowv xm a'ti')v aV<X1t'tusi') 'twv z(.L1topw(.La't~xwv xpi')(.La't~xwv axEazwv. O~ z(.L1topw(.LanXEC; - XPi')(.La'ttXEc; aXEaz~c; ztvm 01tWC; d1ta(.Lz ava1t0cpwx'to a'totxdo rcov aXE- oscov 1tapaywy~c; 'tou aomaA~a(.Lou. L:'t~C; 1tzpm'twaz~c;. (.L<XA~a'ta, 01tOU OZV dvm avZ1t'toy(.LEVOC; 0 xmvwv~xoC; xapax't~pac; 'ti')C; 1tapaywy~c; or Z(.L1topW(.La't~xEc; - xpi')(.La'ttXEc; aXEaz~c; (.L1tOPOl)V v« aU(.L~<XAAouv a'ti')V aV<X1t'tuSi') 'twv 1tapaywy~xwv ouv<X(.LZWV xm a'ti')v wpt(.Lavai') rou XOLVWV~XOl) xapax't~pa 'touC;. I'ta 'ti')v 1tPOW- 8i')ai') O(.LWC; 'ti')C; mxooo(.Li')ai')C; 'tou aomaA~a(.Lou ot ev A6yw aXEaz~c; 8a 1tPE1tZ~ vo: u1to't<xaaoV'tm o-rov xevrptxo axzo~aa(.Lo 'ti')C; mxovo(.Ltac; xm va axoAou80uv cp8tvooo« rropet«, a'ti') ~<xai') ~E~ma 'ti')C; mxovo(.L~X~C;-'tZXvoAoy~x~C; xm OX~ 'ti')C; ow~xi')'t~x~C; om::p~aa~c; 'touC; .. b'ti')V aV'ttez'ti') 1tzpt1t'twai'),o'tav oi')Aao~ or z(.L1tOpW(.La't~xEc; - xpi')(.La't~xEc; aXEaz~c; ytvoV'tm xuptapxzc;,'to'tz xa'tappEz~ i') aomaA~a't~x~ otxovouto; xm axoAou8d i') aa't~x~ 1taA~vop8wai').
01 ANTI<t>ALEII THI IOLIAAIHIKHI KOINO[\;IAI ITII[\; HLL1
• 0 xapaxrf;par; rf/r; epvaaiac; otnv E2;2:Ll. Ta aitux rf/r; ypacp£WXpaT{ar;
Oe; <X(.LE:aOt mxpaywyo[ or zpyaSO(.LZVOL 'ti'je; aOaLaALanxije; XOtvwv[ae; XZLp[SOV'taL (.LZ(.LOVW(.LEVa (.LEaa zpyaa[ae;, a'tO(.LLX<X zpyaAda, ~ZXWpLa'tte; (.Li'jxaVEe; XaL we; ZX 'tothou aTCO'tZAOUV <X(.LzaOUe;, cpUaLXOUe;, ZTCL (.LEpOUe; aUVOZ'tLXOUe; Xp(XOUe; XaL aUV'tZAZa'tEe; 'ti'je; TCapaYWYLXije; oLaoLxaa[ae;. Bow TCPETCZL va uTCoypa(.L(.L[aou(.Lz O'tL 0 zpyaSO(.Lzvo:; - <X(.LE:aOe; TCapaywyoe; aU(.Lj.lz'tEXZL a'ti'jv zpyaaLaxij opaa'ti'jpLo'ti'j'ta xup[we; we; CPUaLxij ouva(.Li'j: (.Lz r« (.LEAi'j 'tou aW(.La'toe; 'tou 8E'tZL az AZL'toupy[a (.Li'jXaVEe; XaL XZLpox[Vi'j'ta zpyaAda, XPi'jaL(.LZUZL we; (.LEao (.Lz't<xooai'je; x[vi'jai'je; XaL we; cpUaLXOe; oE:a(.Loe; (.Lz'ta~l) aTCoaTCaa(.LEvWv TCapaywYLxwV oLaoLxaouav, 'OTCWe; y[vz'taL xa't<Xvoi'j'to 0 <X(.LE:aOe; TCapaywyoe; a'ti'jV (.Li'jxavOTCOti'j(.LEV'rj TCapaywYLxij oLaoLxaa[a a'tzpz['taL 'ti'je; ouva'to'ti'j'tae; acpaLPLXije; yvwai'je; XaL ZAEYXOU rcov TCapaywYLxwV ouv<X(.Lzwv. ne; <X(.LE:aOe; TCapaywyoe; YVWP£sZL (.LOVO 'toue; xavovze; AZL'toupy[ae; ~zxwpLa'twv (.Li'jxavwv, 'toue; OTCO[OUe; aTCooExz'taL (ij UTCOXpzwvz'taL va aTCoozx'tZO we; X<X'tL OZOO(.LEVO XaL aTCapa~[aa'to.
Tt« 'ti'jv errorrrsto; O(.Lwe; XaL axo(.Li'j TCzpLaao'tzpo YLa 'ti'jv oLzu8uvai'j XaL 'tov axzoLaa(.LO OMXAi'jPWV TCapaywYLxwV oLaOLXaaLWv,a'to ZTC[TCZOO 't(.Lij(.La'toe;, zpyoa'taa[ou, XA<XOOU, xOtvwv[ae;, aTCaL'tZl'taL i'j Lxavo'ti'j'ta XaL i'j ouva'to'ti'j'ta aUAAoyije; TCAi'jpOCPOPLWV YLa 'ta aV't[a'tOtxa auvoAa 'twv TCapaywYLxwV ouv<X(.LZWV XaL xa'tavoi'jai'j:; 'twv auvacpzLwv TCOU 'tLe; OLETCOUV. ~UVZTCWe;,aTCaL'td'taL i'j lmEp~aai'j 'ti'je; a(.LE:ao'ti'j'tae; 'twv auV'tZAza'tWV 'ti'je; TCapaywyije; XaL i'j zma'ti'j(.LOvLxij yvwai'j 'twv (.Lz'ta~u 'toue; aAAi'jAZmop<Xazwv. ELpija8w ev TCapoow O'tL i'j ZV Myw yvwai'j aTCO'tzAd aTCapa['ti'j'ti'j TCpOUTC08E:ai'j YLa 'ti'j axom(.Li'j XaL aua'ti'j(.La'tLxij aAAayij - ~zA't[wai'j 'ti'je; TCapaywYLXije; oLaoLxaa[ae;. Ftrx 'toue; TCapaTC<Xvw Myoue; xp[vz'taL avayxa[a XaL avaTCocpzux'ti'j i'j auyxpo'ti'jai'j zvoe; ~zxwpLa'tou aTCo 'toue; <X(.LWoue; TCapaywyoue;, LzpapXi'j(.LEVOU oLzu8uV'ttxot) aua'tij(.La'toe; aUAAoyije; XaL otaxdptai'je; TCAi'jpOCPOPLWV YLa 'tLS TCapaywytXEe; OUV<X(.LZLe; (.Lz a'toxo 'ti'j aXZOLOTCoLi'j(.LEVi'j AZL'toupy[a au'twv.
Me ~<xai'j 'ta TCPOAzx8EV'ta (.LTCOpOU(.LZ va au(.LTCzp<XVOU(.LZ O'tL i'j (.Li'jxavoTCoLi'j(.LEVi'j aOaLaALa'tLxij TCapaywyij OZV zm'tpETCzL axo(.Li'j 'ti'jv <xpai'j 'ti'je; ot<xxpLai'je;aV't£eE:ai'je; (.Lz'ta~u xztpWvax'tLXije; XaL TCvW(.La'ttxije;,OLOtXi'j'ttxije; XaL ZX'tZAE:a-nxije; zpyaa[ae;, 'ti'jV <xpai'j 'tou UTCOOOUAW'ttXOu xa'ta(.Lzpta(.Lou zpyaa[ae; ev yEVZt6• MnAta'ta i'j Otxovo(.Ltxij XaL 'tZxvoAoytxij TCpOOOOe; 'ti'je; ~O~tz'ttxije; 'Evwai'je;, acpzvoe;, TCzptOptaz 'tov lmooouAw'ttXO xa'ta(.Lzpta(.Lo zpyaa[ae;,acpZ'tEpou,xa't<X xarwLO 'tpOTCO 'tov otzupuvz. H ZX(.Li'jx<Xvtai'j 'ti'je; xwpae; (.Ldwaz Ti'j XZLpwvax'ttxij zpyaa[a XaL Ta XZLpox[Vi'j'ta (.LEaa TCapaywyije;, 'ta ozroto; Xapax'ti'jp[souv xcer' z~oxijv
6. To 1985 ° apJ8116e; lWV EPyosol1Evwv me; fILA 1l0U 0OXOAOUWV I1E XEIP(uVUKIJKrl Epyaofa av£pxowv orov 1OI1EO me; ~Jol1nxov(os ore 13,3 EK. ctopo (34,9%), 010V 1OI1Ea lWV KmaOKWc.:lV oro 6,5 EK. dropc (56,4%) KOJ ornv aypOlIKrl oncovopic ore 17 EK. dropo, BA. IocpCPE fJ<lK0cp, M! ! nsaveia, EKb. IIoAmsvtdt, MoOXa, 1988, OEA. 107-108 (Ioqxpe fIo.KOCP, EpdC; xai 0 nAavrlmC;, EKb. rIoAm(,Vl:(n, MoOXa, 1988,oEA.I07-108).
87
88
L'lEYTEPO MEPm:
1tpOxam'taALa'W<OUe; XOLVWVLXOUe; aXi'j(.La'tLa(.LOUe;, xWpte; O(.Lwe; v« 'W z~aAdtjJZL OAOXAi'jpWnx<X. Ilap<XAAi'jAa, oo1jyi'jaz a'ti'jv aV(x1t'tu~i'j amo(.La't01tOLi'j(.LEVWV ypa(.L(.LWv 1tapaywy1je; xaL i'jAZXTpOVLXWV aUaTi'j(.LO:TWV oLaxdpLai'je; XW (.LZT<XOOai'je; 1tAi'jpOCPOPLWV. Oi'jAao1j (.LEawv 1tapaywy1je; 1t00 avna'tOLXOUV a'ti'jv aVZ1tTUY(.LEVi'j XO(.L(.LouVLa'tLx1j XOLVWVta. ZVW xuptapxi'j 1tapaYWYLx1j ~<xai'j 1tapE(.LZLVZ i'j (.Li'jxaV01tOLi'j(.LEvi'j 1tapaywy1j.
E~w'ttae; Aomov 'ti'je; OLa't1jpi'jai'je; TOU U1tOOOUAWTtXOU XaTa(.Lzpta(.Lou zpyaatae; i'j oLzu8uvai'j - aXZOL01toti'jai'j 'ti'je; 1tapaywy1je; aTi'j aO~Lz'tLx1j XOLvWvta ertrxcptOTav, xa't'av<Xyxi'j. o-ro EPYO zvoe; xpa'tLXOl) olaxzLpLaTLxou (.Li'jxaVLa(.LOU, 0 ortotoc; OZV TauTLsoTav (.LZ TOUe; <X(.Lzaouc; 1tapaywyOl)S. EX'toe; «urou, OL 'tZAW'taiOL. axpL~We; Z1tZLo1j 1j'tav <X(.LzaOL 1tapaywyoL UALXOt Oi'jAao1j aOV'tzAza'tEe; 'ti'je; 1tapaywy1je;. a1to'tzAouaav OL tOLOl avclxd(.Lzvo axzoLaa(.LoU xw oLzu8uvai'je;. Me <XAAa MYLa,aTi'j aomaAlaTLx1j xorvorvux 1tOU OLxooo(.L1j8i'jxZ a'tLe; xwpze; 'tou «u1tapx'tou aOmaAla(.LOu» i'j aXZOLOTIOti'jai'j xw i'j XOLVWvtX1j otzu80vai'j Ti'je; rrnpaywy1je; auvz1taY0'tav ava1t0cpwxTa TOV xwpta(.Lo TWV zpyaSO(.LEVWV az amoue; 1tOU xaT<X XUPLO Myo aaXoAouvcav (.LZ 'ti'j otaxztptai'j 'twv 1tapaywytXWV ouv<X(.LZWV xw os amoue; 1tOU, we; <X(.Lzai'j 1tapaywytXYl ouva(.Li'j, U1tEXZtV'tO az otZU- 8uvai'j. AuTIj axpL~wc; Yj OXE<1Yj otzueuV<1YjC; av6pw1tou a1tO <xv6pw1t0 <1UVtaT<X xat 'tYjV oU<1ta 'tou cpatVO(.LEVOU 'tYjC; ypacpzwxpa'ttac; <1't0 <10maAt<1(.Lo - 1tPWt(.LO XO(.L(.Louvt<1(.Lo. '01tWe; zmai'j(.Latvouv OL A. M1tOUSYX<XAtv xw A. KOAYX<XVOCP «0 ypacpzLOxpaTLa(.LOe; a1tOTzAzt cpumxo cpwvo(.Lzvo zxd 01tOU avcLxzL(.LZvtX<X EXZL z(.Lcpavta8d i'j avayxwo'ti'jTa yta (.Lta auvzLoi'jT1j XOLVWVLX1j opy<xvwai'j 'ti'je; OLXOVO(.Ltx1je; sw1je; xw YLa 'ti'j otaxztpi'joi'j Ti'je; 1tapaywy1je; az (.LZy<XAi'j XAt(.Laxa zvw i'j 00- vaTo'ti'j'ta (.LLae; 'tE'tOtae; otaXdpi'jai'je; OZ (.L1topd v« OA01tOLi'j8d a1tO TOU tOLOUe; TOOe; zpyaso(.LzVoue;»7. To aOataAta'ttXO Xp<XToc;,aTo ~a8(.Lo 1tOU 1tapa(.LEVZt (.Li'jxavLa(.LOe; oLzu80vai'je; av8pw1twv xw OXt uovo 1tpay(.L<XTwv - 1tapaywYLxwV ouv<X(.Lzwv, ozv 'taUTtsz'tw (.Lz 'ti'jV aomaAtO'ttx1j xorvcovt« xw aTIo'tzAd ypacpzLOxpa'ttx1j z~ouata. Ilap<XAAi'jAa. aTO ~a8(.Lo 1tOU 'to aOataAtO'tLxo xp<X'toe; ytvz'tw (.Li'jxavta(.LOe; oLaxdptai'je; 1tpay(.L<X'twv, zvtaXUzTw i'j 't<xai'j Z~<XAZLtjJ1je; 'tou we; xP<X'tooe; - z~ouatae;.
~OVzXtsoV'tae; Ti'jV Z~ETaai'j 'twv tOLO(.LOPCPLWV !i'je; zpyaatae; a'ta 1tpw'ta oomaAta'ttx<x xa8za'twTa 8a 1tPE1tZt v« ai'j(.LztWaou(.Lz OTt a'ti'jv zX(.Li'jxaVta(.LEvi'j reopaywy1j i'j zpyaata TWV <X(.LzaWV 1tapaywywv EXZL XUptWe; (.Li'jxaVLXO Xapax't1jpa, auv£a'ta'tw az Xtv1jazLe; TWV (.LUWv, Oi'jAao1j os (.Li'jXaVLXZe; xtv1jazte;. Oe; (.Li'jXavtx1j i'j sv Myw zpyaa£a ztvW z1tiai'je; (.LOVOTOVi'j, O(.LOLO(.LOpcpi'j-'tU1t01tOti'j(.LEVi'j xw ouvs- 1tWe; aVLap1j8.
7. Mnou~yK6Juv A. B., KOAYKavo<p A. L, AvaTop/Q pWoupOKpaTft;pa, EKb. Zvdvivic, MoOXa, 1988, DU. 10 (Mnou~YK6Juv A. B., KOAYKavo<p A. L, H avatouia YOU ypaqJElOKpaT/OpOu, EKb. ZvavIYIE, Mooyc, 1988, DEA. 10).
8. Ire napabElypa, 10 50% 1m; Epyao(m; 1WV Epya~opEvwV DE EpyaAEiOpnxaVES (me; rno nOAuap18pns xcrnvopioc; lWV ~lOpnxavIKWv Epymwv ms EILL'l) rirnv Epyaoia povotovn KaI crepeotunn. BA. Paprro-
01 ANTI<t>ALEII THI LOLIAAIHIKHI KOINONIAI LTHN HIll
L:'ti') [li')xaVOTIOli')[lEVi') TIapaywy1j 0 e:pyaSO[le:VOe; xa8ta'ta'tat xcer' avayXi') UTIi')pE'ti')e; 'ti')e; TIapaywy~X1je; aAuatoae; xa't~ TIOU oe:v 'tOU e:m'tpETIe:~ 'ti')v aVaAi')tVi') TIPW'tO~OUAOU Xat pu8[lta't~xoo POAOU a'ti')v e:pyaatax1j otaotxaaia. MaAta'ta i') aua'ti')p1j UTIaxo1j 'tOU a'toue; xavove:e; xat pu8[lOOC; Ae:~'toupytae; 'tWV [li')Xavwv etvat aTIapa£'ti')'ti') y~a 'ti')v e:opuO[li') Ae:~'toupy£a OAi')e; 'ti')e; aAua£oae;, [lEpOe;-«e:~ap'ti')[la» 'ti')e; OTIo£ae; 0 £owe; aTIo'te:Ad. H xa'te:08uvai'), i') 'taXo'ti')'ta xat i') EV'taai') 'twv xw1jae:wv 'twv [le:AWV - opyavwv 'tou av8pwmvou aW[la'toe; e:~ap'twV'tat aTIO 'tov 'tPOTIO Xat 'to pu8[lO Ae:~'toupy£ae; 'twv [li')XaVWv Xat OX~ aTIO 'ti') ~OOAi')ai') 'tou e:pyaSO[le:vou.
'OTIWe; TIapa'ti')pd 0 K. ~ap~ «H opaa'ti')pto'ti')'ta 'tou e:pya'ti'). TIe:pWpta[lEvi') ae: aTIAa acpi')Pi')[lEVi') opaa'ti')p~o'ti')'ta, xa80p£se:'tat xat pu8[ltse:'tat OAOTIAWpa aTIO 'ti')v xtVi')ai') 'tWV [li')xaVi')[la'twv - OX~ 'to aV't£a'tpocpo»9. L:'t0 Kgq)(XAaW 0 K. Map~ e:mai')[la£ve:~ axe:'t~xa [le: 'ti') [li')xaVOTIOli')[lEVi') TIapaywy1j O't~ «L:'ti') uovoucpax'toopa Xat a'ti') Xe:~po'te:xv£a 0 e:pya'ti')e; e:~uTIi')pe:'td'tat aTIO 'to e:pyaAdo, e:VW o-ro e:pyoa'taaw 0 e:pya'ti')e; u1tYJpe:'td 'ti') [li')Xav1j. EXe:L i') xtVi')ai') 'tou [lEaOU e:pyaatae; ~e:xwae:t aTI' «orov, e:OW e:LVat UTIOXpe:W[lEVOe; v'axoAou8d au'toe; 't~e; Xtv1jae:te; 'tOU [lEaou e:pyaaiae;. L:'ti') [lavoucpax'toopa ot e:pya'te:e; e:LVat [lEAi') e:VOC; sWV'tavoo [li')xavta[loo. L:'to e:pyoa'taato uTIapxe:t Evae; ve:xpoe; [li')xavta[lOe; ave:~ap'ti')'ta aTIO 'toue; e:pya'te:e; Xat Ot e:pya'te:e; TIpOaap'tOl)V'tat a'au'tov oo» sWV'tava e:~ap't1j[la'ta»!O.
L:e: auv81jxe:e; 'te:XVoAoytx1je; uTIaywy1je; 'tou e:pyaso[le:vou a'ti') [li')Xav1j Xat e:TI£ai')e; O[lOtO[lopcpi')e; e:TIaVaAa[l~aVO[le:Vi')e; e:pyaatac; 0 'tpOTIOe; aXEtVi')e; xat au[lTIe:p~cpopae; 'tou av8pwTIou xa8ta'ta'tat,We; ern 'to TIAe:La'tov, a'te:pe:O'tUTIOe;. H aua'ti')p1j oe: aovoe:ai') 'tou e:pyaSo[le:vou [le: auyxe:xpt[lEVa e:pyaAda TIapaywy1je; TIe:PWptse:t ai')[lav'ttxa 'ti')v xaAAtEpye:ta 'twv oi')[lwuPy~xwv 'tou ~xavO't1j'twv xat ye:v~xa 'ti')v TIOAOTIAWPi') avaTI'tu~i') 'ti')e; TIpoawmxo'ti')'tae; 'tou. L:e: au'tEe; 't~e; auv81jxe:e; e:Lvat CPUatXO i') e:pyaa£a v« [li')v TIpoacpEpe:~ o-rov e:pyaSo[le:vo aW[la'ttx1j xat
WIll IVSE:Vltp. LOWI6J..Vlt: cptuctopt EppEKrffJvoan Tpouvra, EKO. MuoA, M6axa, 1985, au. 85 (0 Epyams teat 0 j1nxavIKos. 01 KOIVu)VIKO{ aUVTcAEaTis anOOOTIKOrnWS ms epvaoiac, EKb. Muox, M6- axa,1985, oEA. 85.) 'Eva an6 10 Ny61Epo EMuanK6. noorc Epyaofas {nay outo OlOV '11UVl:a !J.EW<pop6.S (conveyor belt). Me XC1PWVQK1IKJ1, povorovn epvcofc olouS I!J.UVl:£S !J.ElO<pOp6.S aaxoAouwv, ore lENl ms bEKacrias lOU '70, 10 22-25% lWV Epymwv ms ~1O!J.nxavias. LE OplO!J.EVOUS Se M6.bouS, onex; ornv EAa<ppl6. ~lo!J.nxavia KQJ. am ~lo!J.nxavia lpo<pi!J.wv, 10 80% lWV Epymwv. BA. Oiooui; VTtVIE TpouVTa. IOloPIQ I aofJpEJu'vvoOl., EKb. EKov6!J.IKa, Mooyc, 1989, oEA. 219 (H aJJ.oTpfwan ws epvaoiac; EKO. :EKov6!J.IKa, M6axa, 1989, OEA. 219).
9. Maps K., Baoucec ypaj1j1tS ms KPITIKriS ws iloAmKrlS OIKOVOj1!aS, 1. B', EKb. LlOXaOlris, A8riva, 1990, oEA. 531.
10. Maps K., To KEp6J..alO, 1. 1, EKO. Luyxpovn Enoyri, A8riva, 1978, oEA. 438-439. Enionc, 0' Eva on!J.ElO lOU rerdprou 16!J.ou lOU KE<paAaiou 0 K Maps ava<ptpEI orr « ••• !J.£ rnv ovorrruqn ms !J.l1xaVIKns ncpaywyns E!J.<pavi~oVl:QJ. KQJ. n:xvoAoYIK6. 01 6pOI ms Epyaoias va ESOUOl6.~OUV 1l1V Epyao(a Kat lOUl6xpova rnv cvrncofhotouv, rnv rrvivouv, mv K6.VOUV neprrrri OlIS aUlO1EAcis !J.op<pts 1I1S». Maps K., eEWpfES ylQ TnV unEpa~fa. Mcpoc nporto, Luyxpovn Enoyri, A8ilVa, 1981, oEA. 437.
89
90
AEYTEPO MEPOl:
1tvw[la'tuclj ~XaV01tOLYJaYJ xat auvEmile; va a1to-rEAd E~W-rEP~Xij Xat OX~ eoorrsprxij avayxYJ y~' au-rov. ~E op~a[lZVEe; [laA~a-ra 1tEpm-rwaE~e; (~ap~a, av8uY~ELVa E1tayyzA[la-ra) YJ Epyaata dvat os aYJ[lav-r~xo ~a8[l0 Em~Aa~ije; y~a -rov av8pwrto. Ilpoxcrroa, Aomov, y~a evrx dooe; Epyaatae; [lE 1toAAa aAAo-rp~w-r~xa xapax-rYJP~a-r~xa.
Eow 1tPZ1tE~ va o~e:uxp~VtaOu[lE on [l1topd, ~z~ata, YJ o~a-rYJpOl)[lEVYJ a-rYJ aomaA~a-r~xij xmvwvta -rExvoAoy~xij lmaywyij -rou EpyasO[lEVOU a-rYJ [lYJxavo1tmYJ[lZvYJ 1tapaywyij,o -rU1t01totYJ[lZvOe;,O[lmoYEvije; xat [lOvo-rovoe; xapax-rijpae; -rYJe; EpyaaCae; rou v« 1tEpWptsouv aYJ[lav-r~xa -r~e; ouva-ro-rYJ-rEe; oYJ[lwupy~xijs ava1t-ru~YJe; -rou a-rO[lou xa8we; Xat -rYJv ~xavo-rYJ-ra va o~aopa[la-rtsE~ evrx 1tpw-ro~ouAo, pu8[l~a-r~xo - xa80oYJYYJ-r~xo pall.o a-rYJv 1tapaywyij Xat a-r~e; XOLVWV~XZe; u1t08zaE~e;, EV YZVE~, «uro O[lWe; OEV o~xatoAoyd -rYJ oat[lOvo1totYJaYJ -rYJe; -rExvoAoytae; Xat -rou pOAou -rYJe; a-r~e; xmvwv~xze; axzaE~e;.
A VWpEpO[laa-rE EOW aE op~a[lzVOue; a-roxaa-rze; or orrotot O~Epwvwv-rae; -r~e; aoyxpOVEe; [lOpcpze; aAAo-rpLwaYJe; xat ypacpEwxpanxije; XE~paYWYYJaYJe; rou av- 8pW1toU a1tOOLOOUV -ra aL-r~a -roue; a-rYJ ~w[lYJXav~xij xorvcovt« (xwp[e; [laA~a-ra va ~At1tOUV xa1tma oumaa-r~xij o~acpopa [lE-ra~o -rwv xEcpaAawxpa-r~xwv xwpwv Xat -rYJe; E~~~) Xat o rov -rExvoAoy~xo op80Aoy~a[J.C). II xpmxij rrou au-rot «oxoov a-rYJ [lYJxavo1tmYJ[lzvYJ napaywyij anoxaAo1t-rE~, ~E~aLwe;, 1tOAAte; apvYJ-r~xze; auvznE~Ee; -rou ~w[lYJxav~XOl) U1tooouAw-r~xou xa-ra[lEp~a[lOO EpyaaLae; xa8we; xat -rwv ypacpEwxpa-r~xwv cpaLVo[lZvwV 1tOU ° EV AOYw xa-ra[lEp~a[lOe; 1tpoxaAd. 0 A. ~a[lcpopv-r, zvae; ana -roue; mo aYJ[lav-r~xooe; EX1tpOaW1tOUe; au-roo -rou xprnXOl) pEO[la-rOe;, u1toa-rYJPLsE~ o-r~ « ... 01tWe; a-ra Epyoa-rama [lae;, z-rm Xat aE oMxAYJPYJ -rYJV xowcovt« [lae;, YJ au-ro[la-rYJ [lYJXavij E[lcpav[SE~ -rYJV -raaYJ v'av-r~xa8~a-ra -rov av8pw1to Xat v« 1ta[pvE~ oAEe; ne; a1tocpaaE~e; y~a Aoyap~aa[lo -rou - EVW y~a vo: oouAEoE~ mo o[laAa, avata8YJ-r01tmd oAa -ra [lZPYJ -rYJe; 1tpoawmxo-rYJ-rae; rou.rcou OEV aU[lopcpwvov-rat EoxoAa a-r~e; [lYJXav~xze; -rYJe; avayxEe;»". ~-ra nAatma roo Cowu 1tpo~AYJ[la-r~a[loo ° Z. EAAOA EmaYJ[la[vE~: « ... YJ opaaYJ -rYJe; TExv~xije; dvat -ro av-rWE-ro -rYJe; EAw8EpCae;, [lta opaaYJ v-rE-rEp[l~V~a[loo xat ovayxato-rYJ-rae; ... 'Ooo 1tEp~aao-rEpo au~avov-rat a-rYJv xotvcovt« ot -rEXV~XZe; opaaE~e;, -roao 1tEp~aao-rEpo [lE~WVE-rat YJ av8pwmvYJ 1tpw-ro~ouACa xat au-rovo[lCa»\·l.
IOLaC-rEpa Xapax-rYJP~a-r~xze; ECvat ot oYJAwaE~e; -rou X. MapxooSE: «H [lYJXavij dvat YJ LOLa zva aoa-rYJ[la EpyaAdwv xat [lYJxav~xwv axzaEwv (E1tEX-rdvE~ 1tO- 11.0 1tzpa an'-ro a-ro[lo -rYJv Epyamaxij o~ao~xaaLa Xat YJ aU~avO[lEvYJ E~ouaCa -rYJe; Em~E~atWvE-rat cot' -ro YEyovoe; o-r~ ° EpyaS0[lEVOe; ZXEL aij[lEpa [l~a 1tEpWp~a[lzvYJ "EnaYYEA[lanxij «urovoutc " xat EvaW[la-rwvE-rat xt au-roe; o-ro aovoAo au-rwv 1tOU Oerouv aE xCvYJaYJ xat xa-rEu8l)VOUV -ro -rEXV~XO aovoAo»\:l Xat EnLaYJe; o-r~ «0 av8pw1toe; ZXE~ unooouAw8d a1to -ra [lzaa EpyaaCae; -rou [lzaa a-ra nAatma
11. Mdpqiopvt A., TEXVn Kill TEXV1KIl, EKb. Nnofosq, A8I'1.va, 1997, m:A. 18.
12. Ellul J., «H TE)(VOAOYIKI'I Tasm), OTO: H CPWTJ(l TOU l lpopniiea, EKb. Nnoioec, A8I'1va, 1998, oEA. 64.
13. MapKou~£ X., 0 POVOOIQOmTOS dvePWllOS, EKb. I Iana~i!On, oEA. 55.
01 ANTI<t>Al:EIl: TI II LOLlMIITIKHl: KOINDl'-:IAI LTHl'-: ELLL1
zvoe; areO-rZAZa[la-r~xO'ta"WU xm "reOAAa ureoaxo{izvou" Op80Aoy~a[lOu»14.
'Evae; aAAOe; a-roxaa-r~e;. 0 E. <I>pO[lp-rO epyo -rOU H ettavaataon rr;c; drriOCXC; o~ama-rwvz~ 6n «H [li'Jxav~ rrou xa-raaxz(>aaz (0 av8pwreoe;-II. II.) ey~vz -roao reavroouva[li'J, rtou ecp't~a~z O~Xo -ri'Je; repoypa[l[la. -rO ortoto xa80pCsz~ a~[lzpa ao-r~ -rOU-ri'J -ri'J axeljJi'J -rOU av8pwreou»1:;_ 0 E. <I>pO[l o~a~Mrez~ -rOV xCVOUvo o~a[lOpcpwai'Je; [l~ae; «OAOXAi'JpWnXa ypacpzwxpanXOreOti'J[leVi'Je; ~W[li'JxaV~X~e; xOtvWvCae;» a-ri'Jv orroto; «0 av8pwreoe; oo» ypaVast a-ri'Jv reapaywy~x~ [li'Jxav~. yCvz-rm repay[la xm reauz~ v« zCvm av8pwreoe;»";.
o M. Mrrouxrotv, zxx~vwv-rae; area avapxtxee; areoljJz~e;. ureoa'ti'Jpiszt xm au-roe; o-r~ «II avare-ru~i'J -ri'Je; [li'Jxav~e; -rdvz~ va o~app~~z~ -ri'Jv a[lzai'J axeai'J ava[lzoo: o-rov av8pwreo xm -ra [lEaa reapaywy~e;. Acpo[lOtwvZ~ -rov zpya-ri'J az rtpoypa[l[la-r~a[leva. repoaxzotaa[leva ~w[li'Jxav~xa xa8~xov-ra. xa8~xov-ra reavw a-ra ortoto; OZV aaxzC xavEvav EAZYXO ... i'J -rZXvoAoyCa [lz-ra[lopcpwvz-rm az [lta Ol)v(X[li'J reavw are' -rov avOpwreo, ZVOPXi'Ja'tpwvov-rac; -ri'J sW~ -roo al)[lcpwva [lz [lta reap-r~'toupa ZreWoi'J[lEVi'J area [l~a ~w[li'Jxavtx~ ypacpzwxpa-r[a»17.
AreoljJ~ [lae; dvm o-r~ i'J -rzxvoAoyia,we; a-rOtxdo -rwv reapaywy~xwv ouva[lzcov, ozv dvm aaxz'ti'J [lz -ra xorvoivix« cpmv6[lzva otrrs OUOE-rZPi'J repoe; au-ra. Av-r~8e-rwe;, a-ri'J auvap-ri'Ja~ -roue; [lz ne; axeaz~e; reapaywy~e; -ra [leaa reapaywy~c; areo-rzAouV re'tux~ -ri'Je; oUGtwoooe; auvacpz~ae; -ri'Je; xOtvwvCae;. 'Grewe; aAAwa-rz zmai'J[laCvzt xm 0 K. Maps «T« [leaa zpyaaiae; ozv dvm [lOVO -ro ~a8[l0[lz-rpo -ri'JC; avare-ru~i'Je; -ri'Je; zpya-r~x~e; ouva[li'Je; -rou av8pwreou aAA' zreCai'Je; xrxt 0 odx-ri'Je;
-rwv xorvcovrxcov axeazwv [leaa ane; oreoCze; auv-rzAd-rm i'J zpyaa£a»18.
~uvzrewe;. ozv apvou[laa'tz 'to yzyOVOC; o-rt 0 xapax't~pae; -ri'Je; -rqvoAoy£ae;-rwv [lEawV reapaywy~e; aO[l~aAAz~ a'ti'J o~a[lopcpwai'J xztpaywytxwv. aAAo-rp~w-rtxcov axeazwv [lz-ra~l) -rwv aV8pwrewv. ~-ri'J ~aai'J. [laAta'ta. zv6e; aoyxzXp~[lEVOU a-raoiou avare-ru~i'Je; -rwv reapaywy~xwv ouva[lzwv, orrxv i'J avare-ru~i'J -rwv xz~poX£Vi'J-rwv zpyaAdwv xm -roo xa-ra[lzp~a[lou zpyaa(ae; xa-rea-ri'Jaz ouva't~ -ri'J a-ra- 8zp~ reapaywy~ urezprepoCov-roe; xm -ri'Jv totw-rtX~ towx'ti'Jala a-ra [leaa reapaywy~e;. z[lcpavia8i'Jxz xm i'J ZX[lz-raAAZUai'J av8pwreou area aV8pwreo. 'Ooov acpopa OZ -ri'Jv zX[li'Jxav~a[lEvi'J reapaywy~, ma-rzl)OO[lZ o-r~ au-r~ auvoEz-rm a'tzva [lz [lta ypacpzwxpa-r~x~ opyavwai'J -ri'Je; zpyaaiae;. H ~a'toPtX~ 6[lwe; Z~eA~Si'J -ri'Je; xoivcoviae;, auva[la xm i'J XOtvWV~x~ repooooe;, areo-rEAzaav reav-ra auvErez~a -ri'Je; aAAi'JAzreiopaai'Je; reapaywy~xwv oova[lzwv - axeazwv reapaywy~e; xm OX~ -roo uovo[lZpOue; POAOO 'ti'Je; [ltae; ex -rwv OUO reAzupwv.
Ot xpmxee; areoljJz~e;. 6[lwe;, rrou z~z-raaa[lz repoi'Jyou[leVWe;, area -ri'J a't~y[l~
14. nIl., OEA. 6S.
15. Fromm Erich, H snovdorcon ms EAnfOas. Tta j1Ia av8p({)wvn TExvoAoyfa, EKb. Mnouxoupdvn, A8nva, 1979,m:A. 14.
16. nn., oEA. 58.
17. Bookchin Murray, l lpoc utav aIIEAW8Ep(,)T1Kn TExvoAoyfa, L1IE8vns BI~No8nKn, 1979, oEA. 76. IS. Maps K., To KEpQAillO, T. 1, o.n., OEA. 193.
91
92
L'lEYTEPO MEPOI
rrou emxevrpcovovr«t a"w; mXpaYWYLXSe; OUVa[lZLe; reapayvwptSonae; 'tau'toxPovo: 'ti'j oLareAoxij au-rwv [lZ 'tLe; axsaZLe; reapaywyije;, xa'taAijyouv az [lLav LOLO'tUrei'j cpZ'tLXOreOti'jai'j 'ti'je; 'tZXvoAoytae;. MLa 'ts'tOLa repoasYYLai'j OZV zm'tpsreZL 'ti'jV avaxaAutjJi'j 'twv ouva'tO'tij'twv repooow'tLxije;-arezAw8zpw'tLxije; a~LOreOti'jai'je; 'tWV !J.sawv reapaywyije; YLa 'ti'jV zyxa8topuai'j-avare'tu~i'j aAAi'jAEYYuwv xm 0XL av'taYWVLa'tLxwv av8pwmvwv axsazwv. Eretai'je;, 'to yzyovoe; O'tL i'j [li'jxaVOreOLi'j[lsVi'j reapaywyij dvm aU[lcpu-ri'j [lZ [lLa ypacpzwxpa'tLxij - XZLpaywYLxij, ev reoAAOte;, opyavwai'j 'ti'je; zpyaatae; ozv zreapxd YLa va 'tau'tLa'touv OL XOLVWVLXSe; ouverretze; 'ti'je; ZX[li'jxaVLai'je; a'tLe; xam'taALa'tLxse; xwpze; [lZ 'tLe; anta'tOLXZe; a'ti'jv E~~~. AreO'tzAzt ~s~ma sva LOLat'tzpo 8s[la i'j z~s'taai'j 'twv oLacpopwv a'tLe; auvsrezLZe; aU'tse;, OL oreo[ze; (oLacpopSe;) eoroppeouv area 'tLe; oLacpopz'tLXSe; [lOpcpse; LOWX'ti'jatae; 'twv [lsawv reapaywyije;, aAAa i'j repay[la'twaij 'tou OZV acpopa 'ti'jv rrrxpouoo: zpyaata.
Auto rrou SXZL ai'j[laaLa v« zmai'j[lavou[lz axznxa [lz 'ti'jv [li'jxavOreOLi'j[lsVi'j reapaywyij dvm rewe; areO'tzAd avayxato a'taow a'ti'jv La'topLxij avare'tu~i'j rcov reapaywYLxwV ouva[lzwv, 'to oxoto repoz'tOL[laszL xm 'tLe; 'tZXvoAoYLxse; rrpourro- 8sazLe; repoooW'tLxije; uresp~aaije; 'tou. H O[lOLoyzvOreoti'jai'j xm 'tureoreoLi'jai'j 'twv zpyamaxwv xwijazwv-opaa'ti'jpw'tij'twv rou av8pwreou a'ti'j [li'jxaVOreOLi'j[lSvi'j reapaywyij xa8La'ta ouva'tij 'ti'jv reAijpi'j anLxa'taa'taaij 'toue; area 'tLe; AZL'toupYLze; [li'jxavwv-au-ro[la'twv. H uAoreoti'jai'j wnije; 'ti'je; ouva'to'ti'j'tae; oOi'jyd a'ti'jv reAijpi'j aU'to[la'toreoti'jai'j 'ti'je; reapaywyije;,a'ti'jv xa'tapyi'jai'j 'ti'je; swnavije; zpyaa£ae;, a'ti'j [lz'ta'tporeij 'tou zpyaSO[lzvou area a[lzao reapaywyo os pu8[lLa'tij xm oLaxzLpLa'tij 'ti'je; au'tO[la'toreOLi'j[lSVi'je; reapaywyije;. Kcer' «urov 'tov 'tporeo i'j zaw'tzpLxij 11.0- yLXij 'ti'je; oLaoLXaatae; ZX[li'jxavLai'je; 'ti'je; zpyaa~ae; oOi'jyd a'ti'jv au-ro[la'toreoLi'jaij 'ti'je; xm a'ti'jv arezAw8spwai'j 'twv av8pwrewv area 'tov ureooouAw'tLxo xa'ta[lzpLa[lo zpyaaLae;.
Ereo[lsvwe;, i'j [lovi'j xZLpacpz'tLxij zvaAAax'tLxij repoore'tLxij aresvanL a'ti'jv ex[li'jxaVLa[lsvi'j zpyaata xm 'to ypacpzwxpa'tLxo xapax'tijpa opyavwaije; 'ti'je; dvm i'j oAoxAijpwai'j 'ti'je; ZX[li'jxaVLai'je; a'ta reAatma 'ti'je; xa80ALxije; au'to[la'toreo[i'jai'je; 'ti'je; reapaywyije;. AnL8s'twe;, i'j avasij'ti'jai'j zvaAAax'tLxije; Mai'je; az [lLa repo~w[li'jXavLxij repay[la'ttxo'ti'j'ta anta'tpa'tzuz'tm 'ti'jV XOLvwvLxij XZLpacps'ti'jai'j [lLae; xm auvzreayz'tm 'ti'jV zma'tpocpij os [lLxpije; xAL[laxae; reapaywYLXSe; opaa'ti'jpLo'ti'j'tze;,a'ti'jpLsO[lZVZe; az XZLpoxLVi'j'ta zpyaAda, a'ti'j XZLpova~La ev ySVZL, xm ouvOZO[lZVZe; [lZ anta'tOLxZe; [lLXpOU [lzys80ue; XOLVO'tLXSe; [lOpcpse; XOwwVLxije; opyavwai'je;. Ka'tL 'tZ'tow 8a aij[latvz 'ti'jV zma'tpocpij o-rov repoxam'taALa'tLx6 xa'ta[lZpLa[lO zpyaa[ae;, 'ti'j OLmwVLai'j 'tou xa'taxZp[la'tLa[lou 'ti'je; zpyaa[ae; az zret [lZpoue; - areo[lovw[lSvze; -areo~zvw[lZVZe; reapaywYLXZe; opaa'ti'jptO'ti'j'tze;, 'ti'j otatWVLai'j 'ti'je; ureo'tayije; 'tou av8pwreou a'ti'j cpl)ai'j xm a'toue; cpumxoue; - [li'j XOLVWVLxoue; opoue; zpyaaiae; (i'j XZLpwva~ia auvLa'ta zpyaa£a i'j orroto; z~ap'ta'tm xup£we; area opaa'ti'jpLo'ti'j'ta 'tou av8pwmvou aW[la'toe; we; auvoAou [luwv), 'ti'j oLmWvtai'j 'ti'je; LOLwnxije; Lowx'ti'ja[ae; a'ta (Xztpoxivi'j'ta) [lsaa reapaywyije;.
o 'tporeoe; xm 0 ~a8[loe; a~wreo£i'jai'je; - repay[la'twai'je; 'twv xztpacpz'ttxwv ou-
OJ ANTI<f:>AIEII THI I:OIlAAIITIKHI KOJNONIAI I:THN EEL'.
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}2E [.LLOt OO(JtOtALOLLX~ XOLVWVlOt, Aomov, Yj EPYOtOLOt,OLO [3Ot8[.L0 rtou nOtpOt[.LEVEL yLOt LOV av8pwno E~WLEPLX~ OtvayxYj, AELLOUPYEl XUplWe; we; [.LEOO yLOt LYjV LXOtvonolYjoYj OtLO[.LLXWV, [3LOLLXWV OtVOtyxwv. K(VYjLPO ytOt [.LLOt LELOLOt EPYOtOtOt cotoLEAd, we; Enl LO nAEloLOV, 0 [.LL080e; XOtL YEVLxa OL UALXEe; OtnOAOt[3Ee; rtou nOtlpVEL we; OtVLaAAOtY[.LOt 0 EpyOtsO[.LEVOe;. Eqiooov O[.LWe; Yj EPYOtOlOt OtnOLEAEl E~WLEPLX~ OtvayxYj XOtL unOLaOOELOtL OE XOtLOtVOtAWLLXOUe; OXOnOl)e; Yj EmOlW~Yj Otno<puy~e; LYje; EpYOtOlOte; XOtL nOtpOtOLLLX~e; OLOt[3lWOYje; nOtpOt[.LEVEL [.LLOt LOXUp~ LaoYj: Otno LYj OLLY[.L~ rtou 0 EpyOtsO[.LEVOe; OU[.L[.LELEXEL OLYj OLOtVO[.L~ LOU XOLVWVLXOU npoCOVLOe; OtVLOtAAaOOOVLOte; LYjV EPYOtOlOt LOU [.LE LO [.LL080 ElVOtL <pU(JtXO VOt npOOnOt8~OEL Ot<pEVOe; [.LEV VOt OtnOxL~OEL 000 [.Lnopd nEpLoooLEPOt Otno LYjV XOLVWVlOt Ot<PELEPOU OE VOt npoo<pEpEL 000 ytVELOtL ALYOLEPYj EPYOtOlOt.
Ae; OYj[.LELWOOU[.LE OLL EOW E~ELaSOu[.LE LLe; nOtpOtOLLLXEe; OLOt8EOELe; LWV EPYOtSO[.LEVWV we; <pOtLVO[.LEVO rtou nYjyaSEL Otno LO XOtPOtXL~POt LYje; EpYOtOtOte; XOtL LWV [.LEOWV nOtpOtywy~e;, XWple; VOt OtVOt<pEpO[.LOtOLE OLYjV OUVOtLOLYjLOt EMyxou ~ OtAAOty~e; OtULWV LWV oLOt8EOEWV OLOt nAOtl(JtOt LWV OOOLOtALOLLXWV 0XEOEWV nOtpOtywy~e;. Oe; unoxEl[.LEVO LWV 0XEOEWV OtULWV 0 EpyOtsO[.LEVOe; [.LnopEl VOt OUVELOYjLOnOL~OEL LYjV XOLVWVLX~ oYj[.LOtOtOt LYje; EpYOtOtOte; LOU XOtL VOt LYjV EXLEMoEL we; XOt- 8~xov, EOLW XL OtV OtUL~ EtVOtL OXAYjP~ XOtL OtVLOtp~. OOLOOO, E<pOOOV Yj EPYOtO[Ot OEV EXEL XOtLOtOLEl OtXO[.LYj OYj[.LLOUPYLX~ OPOtOLYjPLOLYjLOt XOtL EOWLEPtX~ OtvayxYj LOU Otv8pwnou mOLEuOU[.LE OLL 80t oLOtLYjPOl)VLOtL OtvOtno<pEuXLOt XOtL OE OYj[.LOtVLLxo [3Ot8[.L0 OL XOtLOtVOtAWLLXEe; - LOLOLEAEle; oLOt8EOELe; LWV EpyOtSO[.LEVWV.
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Q>pOVOU[.LE o n YJ n:POOEyytOYJ au.~ dvat an:AOUO.EU.tX~ Xat,EV n:aoYJ rteptn:.WOEt, n:apa[3Mn:Et [.Lta OEtpa at.tWV,OU[.Ln:EptAa[.L[3aVO[.LEVWV Xat .WV rrporrvcc<pEp8Ev-rWV, .a orroi« un:ayopEUOUV 0.0 OOataAtO.tXO xpa.oc; [.LE.pa Xat n:OAm-
19. EVOEllCfIKO croryeio n'TOIQS IOlOn:Aous ouprrepicpopdc EiVQl TO YEYOVOS rrws TO 1988, rewo OTIS EIT1- XElPll0ElS TOU QypoTO~lOrnXQVIKOU ourrrAEyrQTOs TnS EL:L:Ll, ouvEAn<pBnoQv 250. 000 EpyQ~OrEVOl«Kouf~QAmES» ylQ 0,0IT11 QVTIKElrEVWV ouvoAllms Q~iQS 1 00 EK. pouI~Aiuw. BA. IIpafJm:Amf3Evli' BEGTVIK, mlXos 7, 1989, oEA. 11. L:ur<PWVQ rE TIS EKTlrllOEls TOU OO~IETlKOU oixovopoxovou A. A. L:EpyKEyIE<p n OUVONKll Q~iQ TnS 0,ErEVns KPQTIKllS ncpiouotoc OE QUTO TOV 0,0.00 QvtPXETQl am 5 OIOEKQTOrrUpIQ POU~NQ. BA. Ahtpvarfj3a: j3uj1nop ttouti, EKO. MuoA, MooXQ 1990, oEA. 57 (EVaMaKTIKri Auon: mIAoyri ttopeiac, EKo. MuoA, MOOXQ, 1990, oEA. 57). ME ~o.on xonorec 6.MES cxnprioerc, rrplv QKOrQ TnV erroxn TnS I1EpEOTPOIKQ OTn L:O~IETlKll 'Evcoon unripyov ncpinou 500.000 «KoU~aAnn(s». BA. L:uvEVT£u~n rE TOV B. A. BQ~IOUNV OTO neproorxo Apunepti avaouvm';n, TEUXOS 4-5, oEA. 65.
20. BA. K1t<p T., KpaTIKoCj KamraAJOj1oCj otn Pcooia, EKO. I Iopouofo, ABllvQ, 1983 oEA. 25-30. BAErrE ernons: L:Qrrip ZQK, EpyorECj KQJ EpyaOlQKECj O](EOElCj otn Pcooia, EKO. Koppouvo, oEA. 39-40.
01 ANTI¢ALEI2: TH2: I:OLIAAIHIKH2: KOINONIAL I.THN ED':ll
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OL .Epao.LEC; OUOXOA£EC; .ou EYXELp~[.La.oc; «uroo, LOLa£.Epa ooov a<popa .0 [.LE.aoXYJ[.La.Lo[.Lo rou EVOC; .U1t:OU EpyaSO[.LEvoU o'rov aAAo, ytvonaL xa.avoYJ.Ec; o» Aa[3ou[.LE U1t:'OtjJLV .LC; LOLaL.EpO.YJ.EC; 1t:OU oLExpLVav .YJV aypo-rLx~ Epyaoia XaL .LC; LOW[.LOp<pLEC; 1t:OU xapax.~pLsav .ov aypo.YJ wc; EpyaSO[.LEvo. KupLapxYJ [.LOp<p~ EpyaoLac; O.YJV aypo-rLx~ otxovoutc ~.av YJ XELpwvax.Lx~. OL aYPo.LxEC; [.LYJxavEC; ~.av AiYEC; XaL ouyxEnpW[.LEvEC; o-rrz XEpLa .wv 1t:AOUOWXWptXWV-xouAaxeov. 0 .pcmoc; XPYJOt[.L01t:OLYJOYJC; .wv XELpoxlvYJ'twv [.LEOWV EpyaoLac;,o pu8[.L0C;,YJ Ev.aoYJ. YJ oLapxELa .YJC; .EAw.aLac; E~ap.w.av OE [.LEyaAo [3a8[.L0 a1t:o .YJV U1t:OXEL[.LEVLxo.YJ.a .ou aypo.YJ,a1t:o .LC; oLa8EoELC;, .LC; LOW.p01t:LEC; XClL YEvLxa .YJV au- 8aLpE.YJ [30UAYJO~ .ou. 0 01t:OWC; xa.a[.LEpLo[.LOC; EpyaOtac; U1t:~PXE o-repoorov .EXVtX~C; avayxClLo.YJ.ac;. 'Hrrxv a1t:o.oxoc; xup£wc; a.o[.LLxwV Lxavo.~.wV-OE~W.~.wv XClL U1t:OXEL[.LEVLXWV OLEU8E.~OEWV. H LOLW.LX~ OE yawx.YJoLa XClL YJ «urovo[.LYJ EpyaaLaX~ opao.YJpLo.YJ.a oLa[.LOp<pwvav xa.a xovov« Eva <pLAau.o .U1t:O av- 8pw1t:ou.
Ka.a .YJV Ex[3W[.LYJxavLoYJ, Aomov, .YJC; E~1:~ Eva [.LEyaAo 1t:0000.0 .ou aypo.LXOl) 1t:AYJ8uo[.LoU XClL OE [.LLXPO 0XE.Lxa XPOVLXO oLao.YJ[.La, E1t:pOXEL.O va [.LE.a.pa1t:EL OE [3W[.LYJxavLxouc; Epya.Ec;22. ~.a 1t:AaLaLa au.~c; .YJC; 1t:pOO1t:.LX~C; OL 1t:PWYJV aypo.EC; E:1t:PE1t:E vo: EX1t:ClLOW.OUV ~, o» «uro OEV E1t:apXOUOE, vo: Esavayxao-roov va .YJpouv [.LE auo.YJpo.YJ.a .ouc; anLxEL[.LEVtXOUC; xavovEC; AEL.oupyLac; xa- 8E [.LYJxav~c; XClL OAYJC; .YJC; ypa[.L[.L~C; 1t:apaywy~c;, va 1t:EL8apxouv aLLC; a1t:ClL.~oELC; EVOC; EVLaLou 0XEoLou, 1t:AaLOLOU XClL pu8[.LoU EpyaoLac;,va «vrcotoxplvovr«t O.LC;
21. TEAIKO n SE(,)pfa ncpi «~aOlKou vopou TnS OOOWAIOUKns ouoocopcuono TOU E. A. np£Ollnpa~EvoKI KQI TO ovnororyo np6ypalllla oucooopnonc TOU OOOlaN0IlOU otnv E12.:11 anoodxSnKav npoqinuxc wS npos TOV rporro KQI TIS IltSOOES IlE uS onofsc ouvrEAEoSnKE 0 OOOIaNmlK6s IlETaoxnllauoll6s TnS xwpas cunic,
22. EVOElKTlKO ElVQI TO otoiyefo nou cvoxpeper 0 Z. Lallfp, 6T1 OnAaofI «To 1937 ora 9,1 excroppupm ~lOllnxavIKwv Epymwv EXOUV tpSEI an6 rnv mapxia ovdpeoc ora 7 KQI 7,9 cxoroppupio». BA. 2.:anip ZaK, 6.n., oEA. 43. AK61ln KQI mous nponvpsvouc yw rnv mOXl1 KAooouS, 6mDS IlTaV 0 aEpovaunnYIK6S KQI n ~lOllnxavia Tp<lKTEp KQl oynpdrcov.oi EpyOTES aypoTlKnS Kmaywyns aVEpxovrav TO 1932-1933 oro 54,1 % TOU ouvoxou TWV onuoyoxoupevcov. BA. Mnexoouooqi I~ A., Ioiopttoeoicn DIIlT nAdvof3of3o ounpaf3AivlQ EKOVDPIKOi" lLLP, EKO. Muox, MoOXa, 1983, oEA. 170 (Mnexoouoorp P. A., H iotopuai cptmpia O](diwflompivns DIE:u8uvans TIlS oucovopiac TIlS tTE1, EKO. Muox, MOOXQ 1983, oEA. 170).
95
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Un:OXPEWOEtC; n:OU CmOppEOUV an:o .OV ouvEpya.txO xapax.~pa .YJC; [lYJxavon:OtYJ[lEVYJC; n:apaywy~c;,On:WC; EtVat YJ w8uvYJ yta .YJV ampaAEta .WV OUVaOEA<pWV, YJ un:w8uvo.YJ.a o.YJv EX.EAEOYJ Ev-rOAWV XAn:. ME OEOO[lEVEC;, AOtn:OV, .tC; EpyaataXEC; OUV~8EtEC; .ou aypo.tXOU n:AYJ8uo[lou, .tC; EpyaOtaXEC; an:at.~OEtC; .YJC; [lYJXavOn:OtYJ[lEVYJC; n:apaywy~c; xa8wc; Xat .tC; OUOXOAEC; EpyaataXEC; Xat XOtVWVtXEC; OUV8~XEC; .wv Xpovwv .YJC; EX[3to[lYjXavtoYJC; (OXAYJP~-Ev-ra.tx~ EpyaoLa, Xa[lYJAOL [lt080L, aOXYJ[lEC; OUV8~XEC; ota[3LwoYJC;) Eva aUaLYJpo EpyaataXo Xa8EaLWC; (rr«paAAYJAa [lE .YJ ouvaivEoYJ, .ov Ev80uatao[lo Xat .YJ OU[l[lE.OX~ .wv [laSwv) ~.av an:apai.YJ.o n:pOXEt[lEVOU vo: xa.a[3AYJ80uv ot .Epao.tEC; n:poon:a8EtEC; rtou an:at.OUOE 0 EV A6yw [lE.aoXYJ[la.to[loc; .wv n:apaywy~xwv ouVa[lEWV .YJC; E~~b..
o n:pw.oC;, aAAwo.E, rrou EtoYJy1j8YjXE Eva .E.Oto xa8Eo.wc; .0 1920 1j.av 0 [lE.En:Et.a xa.~yopoC; .YJC; OO[3tE.tX~C; ypa<pEtoxpa.iac; A. Tporoxr, ~u[l<pwva [lE .tC; 8EOEtC; rtou avEn:.uSE .O.E 0 iotoc;, xa.a .YJV mxooo[lYJoYJ .YJC; OOataAtOnX~C; xmvwviac; «To o.mxdo .ou xpcenxoo xa.avayxao[lou .• YJC; Em[3oA~C;, OXt [lovaxa OEV Eyxa.aAEin:Et .YJv to.optx1j oXYJv~, aAAa av-rWE.a, 8a n:aisEt axo[la, yta [Ha apxE.a n:apa.E.a[lEvYJ n:Epiooo evo» EsatpE.tXa [lcyaAo pOAO»23. EVOEtX.tx~ ELVat, En:ioYJC;, YJ an:mjJYJ .ou A. Tporoxt o.t «~.YJv EX.EAEOYJ .wv OtXOVO[ltXWV xa8YJxov.wv YJ xa.an:tEoYJ dvat Eva avayxato On:AO .YJC; oOotaAto.tX~C; otx.a.opLac;»·!'. ~.O n:vEl)[la atnwv .wv tOXUpto[lwv 0 A. Tporoxt EtoYJyou.av .YJV «urroXPEWOYJ Xat o.pa.tw.tXOn:OLYJOYJ .YJC; Epyaoiac;» .• YJ XP~oYJ xa.avayxao.txwv [lE- 800wv yta .YJV [lE.a[3aoYJ O.YJ OOataAto.tx1j otXOVO[lLa. TO.E [laAto.a amoAoYOUOE .YJV n:Ept[30Yj.YJ 8EOYJ .ou yta .a ouvotxa.a, o.t au.a oYJAao1j ~.av avayxata «OXt yta va n:aMtjJouv yta xaAu.EpEC; OUV8~XEC; Epyaoiac;» aAAa «yta va Ev-raSOUV au.apXtxa .ouc; Epya.EC; OE n:A~PYJ oU[l<pwvta [lE .YJV EsOUOta, [lEoa o.a n:Aatata .ou Evtaiou otxovourxou oXEoiou»"", [lE .ov tOXUpto[lO o.t «0 EPya.YJC; OEV otan:paY[la.Elk.at [lE .0 OOf3tE.tXO xpa.oc;. ELVat un:o.aY[lEvOC; 0.0 xpa.oc;, un:o.aOOE.at OE au.o an:o xa8E an:otjJYJ, yta.i dvat .0 xpa.oc; .OU»26.
H ota<popa .wv n:apan:avw 8EOEWV - n:po.aoEwv .ou A. Tporoxr, yta .YJV uAon:oiYJoYJ .wv orrokov 8a an:at.olhav Evac; .Epao.wc; ypa<pEtoxpa.txoc; [lYJxaVtO[lOC;, an:o .YJ [lE.En:Et.a av-rtypa<pEtoxpa.tx1j opao.YJpto.Yj.a .ou [otou EtVat EXn:AYJX.tx1j. To 8EWPYJ.tXO .0uC; un:o[3a8po EtVat axo[lYJ rno evrorroxnoxo, [ltac; Xat EYXEt.at o.YJv an:otjJYj .Ou A. Tpo roxi n:Ep£ E[l<pU.YJS oxvYJptac; .ou av8pwrtou, Esat.Lac; .YJC; on:oLac; 0 .EAw.aioc; n:poon:a8d vo: EsmxOvO[lEi ouva[lEtC; Xat yt'au.o avan:.uooEt .YJv .EXVtX~, Em.uyxavov-rac; E.Ot .YJv n:poooo .ou n:OAt.t- 0[lOU2i•
Eow [3Ef3ata OEV n:pOXEt.at va aoxoAYJ80l)[lE [lE .YJv n:apan:avw an:otjJYJ.
23. TpOTOKI A, Tpopoxpcnia Kill KOppOUVlOp6C;, EKO. AMayri, A8riva, 1979, oEA. 177. 24.0.0., oEA. 193.
25.0.0., oEA. 187.
26. o.n., oEA. 212.
27. EA. o.rr., oEA. 177, 189.
01 ANT1¢ALEIL THL I:OLlMIL.TIKHL KOli\lO:--.lIAL. I:THN EHL'l
ApxEL vo: E1tLaYJ[.LaVOU[.LE .YJV ~a..OU.a...YJ a..v-r[OEa~ .YJe; rrpOe; .YJ [.La..p~~X~ a..v-rLAYJtVYJ rrEp£ a..vOpW1tLVYJe; cpUaEWe;, Epya..a[a..e; xm X~VYJ.~p~WV OUVa[.LEWV .YJe; ~a.op~X~e; rrpoodou ([3A .• YJ [.La..p~~X~ OEWpLa.. .YJe; O~a..AEX.~X~e; aAAYJAErr[Opa..aYJe; rra..pa..ywy~XWV OUVa[.LEWV -aXZaEWV rra..pa..ywy~e;). Au.a rtou [.La..e; EVO~a..cpZPE~ rreprcoorepo a.~e; OEaE~e; .ou A. Tporoxt stvrxt .0 YEYOVOe; rrWe; 0 LOWe; EiXE rrpo[3AEtVE~ .YJv a..va..yxmo.YJ.a.. A~tVYJe; xa...a..va..yxa..a.~xwv [.LE.pWV. rrpOxE~[.LZVOU vo: aU[.L[.LE.aaxouv or Epya..SO[.LEVm a.YJv mxooo[.LYJaYJ .YJe; aOata..A~a.~X~e; ODWVO[.LLa..e;. XWpLe; vo: oroOE.Ol)[.LE .~e; E1tLrrOAmEe; yEv~xEuaE~e; .ou A. Tporox, rrEpL a..vOpW1tLvYJe; cpl)aEWe;, [.Lrropou[.LE va a..Va..yvwpLaou[.LE [.L~a.. aYJ[.La..v-r~x~ VYJCPa..A~O.YJ.a.. a.oue; auAAoy~a[.LOue; .ou a..va..cpop~xa [.LE .0 a..va..rr6cpEux.0 rrE~Oa..va..yxa..a.~x~e; rroA~.~X~e; .ou EPYa...~xou xpa.oue; y~a.. vo: rrpoa.a...EuOE[ YJ aOata..A~a.~x~ orxovout« a..rro rra..pa..arttXEe; o~a..OEaE~e; .wv EPYa..SO[.Lzvwv, y~a.. vo: rrE~Oa..px~aouv ot .EAw.a..Lm a.~c; E1tL.a..yze; .YJe; rra..pa..ywy~e; xm .ou aOata..A~a.~xou otxovoiuxou aXEo~a..a[.Lol).
AAAWO'"rE, xm 0 LOWe; 0 B. I. Asvrv a..va..YVWP~SE. we; EVa.. ~a..O[.L6, .YJv ovayxm6.YJ.a.. rrE~Oa..va..yxa..a.~x~e; rroAmx~e; y~a.. .YJv mxooa[.LYJaYJ .ou aOata..A~a[.LOu. ~.YJv Epya..aLa.. .ou T« a[.LEaa.. xa..O~xov-ra.. .YJe; ao[3~E.~X~e; E~ouaia..e; 0 B. I Asvtv O~AWVE o.~ « ... Oa.. ~.a..v YJ [.LEya..AU.EPYJ a..voYJaLa.. xm 0 1tL0 rra..paAoyoe; ourorna[.LOe; vo: VO[.LLSOU[.LE o.~ xWpLe; E~a..va..yxa..a[.L6 xm xWpLe; o~x.a...opta.. [.LrrOpEL va rrspaaOu[.LE a..rro .ov xa..1tL.a..A~a[.L6 o-ro aoata..A~a[.Lo»"8. ~E aAAo aYJ[.LEtO .YJe; £o~a..e; EPya..aLa..e; a..Va..cpEPE~ o.~ « ... xaOE [.LEyaAYJ EX[.LYJxa..v~a[.LzvYJ [3W[.LYJXa..VLa.. -OYJAa..O~ a..xp~[3we; YJ UA~X~, YJ rra..pa..ywy~x~ rrYJY~ xm .0 [3aOpo .ou aOata..A~a[.Lou - a..rrm.EL a..rraAu.YJ xm a..ua.YJp6.a...YJ EVO.YJ.a.. OZAYJaYJe; rrou va Xa...EUOUVE~ .YJV xow~ EPya..aLa.. Exa...ov-raowv, X~A~aowv xm oExaowv X~A~aowv a..vOpwrrwv .... ELvm «rroAU.a.. a..rra..pa..L.YJ't"YJ YJ a..Va..V.LPPYJ.YJ urro.a..y~ aE [.L~a.. EV~a..La.. OEAYJaYJ y~a.. va rtcruXOUV .a.. rrpOLaEe; .YJe; Epya..aLa..e; rrou dvm opya..VW[.LEVYJ au[.Lcpwva.. [.LE .ov .urro .YJe; [.LEyaAYJe; EX[.LYJxa..v~a[.LEVYJe; [3W[.LYJXa..VLa..e; ... YJ Erra..vaO'"ra..aYJ ... a..xp~[3we; rrpoe; .0 ouuCPEPOV .ou aOata..A~a[.Lou, a..rrm.EL a..Va..v-rLPPYJ.YJ urro.a..y~ .wv [.La..swv a.YJv EV~a..La.. OZAYJaYJ .wv xa..OooYJYYJ.wv .ou rrpo.aze; .YJe; Epya..aLa..e;»29.
Ae; aYJ[.LE~WaOlWE. rra..pE[.L1tLrr.6v-rwe;, o.~ or rra..pa..rravw a..rrOtVE~e; .ou B. J.
Azvw a..7tYJXOl)V lOZEe; rtou ELXe: ExcppaaEl rrpw.l)-rEPa.. 0 <1>. 'EVYXEAe; o-ro OOX[[.LlO .ou I1EPL E~ouaLa..e;. Aoxcovrc«; xpmx~ o-rouc aOata..Ala.Ee; rrou urroa.~plSa..V .YJv a[.LEaYJ xa...apYYJaYJ xaOE E~ouaia..e; [.LE.a .YJ v[xYJ .YJe; Erra..vaa.a..aYJe; xm a..Va..CPEPO[.LEVOe; O'"rYJv a..uO'"rYJP~ rra..pa..ywy~x~ oO[.L~ xm opyavwaYJ .YJe; [.LEyaAYJe; [3W[.LYJXa..VLa..e; o <1>. 'EVYXEAe; dXE urroa.YJPL~El. [.LE.a..~U aAAwv. O.l «H a..u.6[.La...YJ [.LYJXa..vi) .ou [.LEyaAou Epyoa.a..aLou a..rrooElxvuE.m rroAu rrEplaao.Epo oEarro.lx~,a..rr'o.l u~p~a..v xarro.E or [.LlXpOL Xa..1tL.a..A~a.Ze; ... » xm o.~ «To vo: E1tLOU[.LEL xarrowe; .YJv xa...a..O'"rpocp~ .YJe; E~ouaLa..e; O'"rYJ [.LEyaAYJ [3W[.LYJXa..VLa.. aYJ[.La..[vE~ vo: E1tLOU[.LEL .YJv xa...a..O'"rpo<p~ .YJe; LOla..e; .YJ<; ~W[.LYJXa..VLa..e; - .YJv xa..'t"a..a.po<p~ .YJe; a...[.L0XLVYJTYje; XAW-
28. AEVIV B. 1. «Tc uf1EOa Ka8nKoVLa m<; aO~IETIKn<; ESOUala<;», 01:0: AEVIV B. 1. ArrQvm, T. 36, LUYXPOvn Enoyri, Alirivo, 1987, aeA. 194.
29. 'a.n., oEA. 200.
97
98
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a'w<~c; [.LYJxav~c; yta vo: Ema.pEtjJOO[.LE a.YJ poxa»30.
'Onwc;, Aomov, aVWpEpa[.LE npOYJYOO[.LEVWC; [.LLa coro .LC; [3aaLXEC; anoa.oMc; .YJC; aOaLaALa.LX~C; E~ooaLac;. a.LC; La.opLxEC; aov8~XEC; OLxoOO[.LYJaYJC; .00 ao[3LE.LXOl) xa8Ea.W.0c;, Eivm (~.av) YJ OLampaALaYJ .YJC; EVO.YJ.ac; .WV napaYWYLXWV 00- Va[.LEWV, OL onOLEC; dvm xa.aVE[.LYJ[.LEVEC; aE a[.LEaa aO.OVO[.LEC; xm [.LOVO E[.L[.LEaa aovOEOE[.LEVEC; [.LOvaOEC; napaywy~c;. 0 .EXVLXOC; xa.aXEp[.La.La[.LOC; .WV napaywYLXWV OOVa[.LEWV aE aovooaa[.Lo [.LE .LC; napaamXEC; oLa8EaELC; rrou nOAMc; CPOPEC; YEwa 0 LOWC; 0 xapax.~pac; .YJC; Epyaaiac; ouvto-rouv (ouvto-roooov) anELA~ YLa .YJ aOaLaALa.LX~ LOWX.YJaLa xm xorvcovtn. L:.YJ [3aaYJ .WV «urovoucov xpa.LXWV EmXELp~aEWV avan.uaaov-rm OLacpopEC; [.LOpcpEC; E[.LnOpW[.La.LXWV-XPYJ[.La.LXWV aXEaEWV, xaAALEpyouv.m ow8EaELC; aOAAOYLXOU EYWLa[.LOU, napa.YJpouv-rm evtore cpmVO[.LEVa O[.LaOLX~C; xa.aXPYJaYJC; .YJC; aOaLaALa.LX~C; nEpwoaLac; xm rmpavo[.LYJC;, EX.OC; .00 EnLaYJ[.LOO aXEOLoo. napaYWYLX~C; opaa.YJpLO-rYJ.ac; (napaOLXOVO[.LLa). Aur« .a cpmVO[.LEVa auvooEuov-rm ano .YJv a086p[.LYJ.YJ LOw.EAELa aYJ[.Lav-rLXOU [.LEpOOC; .WV EpyaSO[.LEVWV,OL orrotot EpyaSov-rm [.LOVO YLa .OV [.LLa86,oYJAao~, [.LOVO YLa .YJv LxavonOLYJaYJ LOLWV avayxwv xm OL onOLOL, aOVEnWc;. rrpoana80uv vo: EPyaSov-rm ooo yLVE.m ALyO.EpO, Aa[.L[3avov-rac; (VO[.LL[.La ~ napavo[.La) ooo yLVE.m nEpLaaO.Epa.
ME aAAa MYLa a.YJv aOaLaALa.Lx~ xorveovt«, onwc; .YJ yvwpLaa[.LE a.YJ ~o[3LE.LX~ 'EvwaYJ xm .LC; aAAEC; XWPEC; .OU «urropxrcu aOaLaALa[.LOlb, OL a.O[.LLxEC; xm O[.LaoLXEc; EmoLW~ELC; OE aO[.Lnin.oov nav-ra [.LE ao.Ec; .00 XOLVWVLXOU ouvoAoo(oLa.YJPEL-rm YJ oLaxpLaYJ a.o[.LLxoU xm aOAAOYLXOU aO[.LcpEpov-rOC;, XWPLC; [3Ef3ma ao.~ vo: EXEL .0 xapax.~pa .YJC; .a~Lx~c; auyxpooaYJC;. "Erot, AOt1tOV, "fJ eoataAta.txij xpa.txij E1;oua£a 'twv xwpwv -eou «unapx'tou aOataAta[.LOu» ij'tav ypacpEtOXpa'tLxij (ano1;e:vw!J.EV"fJ ae: aYJ!J.av'ttXO [3aO!J.o ano 't"fJv xmvwv£a) ano 't"fJ a'ttY!J.ij reou (kaxe:tpL~O'tav o"fJ!J.Oate:e; - Xotvee; unoOtae:te; Xat aU!J.cpzpov'ta we; otacpope:'ttxU ano 'ta a'to!J.txu - e:nL !J.EpOUS; aU!J.cpEpov'ta xm, xa'tu xovov«, av'tWe:'ta ae: aU'ta. AAAwa.E, aU[.Lcpwva [.LE .LC; EmaYJ!J.avaELC; .00 K. Map~. a.YJ oL<xxpLaYJ - av-rWEaYJ [.LE.a~U a.O!J.LxoU xm oYJ!J.oawo aO!J.cpEpOv-rOC; EyxEL.m YJ m.La l)nap~YJC; .YJC; ypacpEwxpa.iac; EV yEVEL. 'Onwc; avacpEpEL 0 8EWPYJ.LXOC; .00 npoAE.apLa.oo «0 XEYXEA ~ExLVa ano .0 oLaxwpLa!J.O .00 "Kprrrouc", .YJC; xorvwviac; - .WV - LOLW.WV, .WV "EnL !J.EpOOC; aO!J.cpEp0v-rWV" xm .00 "xa80ALxoU xa8' Eao.o xm OL' Eao.o". xm ELvm aA~8ELa o.t YJ ypacpEwxpa.ia a.YJpiSE.m o-ro oLaXWpLa[.LO «uro»:". Km axo[.LYJ: «Ka.apYYJaYJ .YJC; ypacpEwxpa.iac; aYJ!J.aLVEL O.L .0 xa8o},lXO aO!J.cpEpOV 8a YLVEL npayfJ.aTlXO EnL !J.EpOOC; aO[.LcpEpOV ... Au.0 !J.E .YJ aELpa .00 OEV dvm oova.o napa [.Lovo o» .0 eit! uepoix; aO[.LcpEpoV yiVEL npaY!J.a.LX<X .0 xa80ALXO aO!J.cpEpOV»:l'l.
30. 'EvyKEA<; <p" «TIEpi E~ouoia<;», 01:0: Map~ K., 'EvyK£A<; <P., 'Epya, T. 18, 2-n pwo. EKooon, M6OXa, 1961, oEA. 303, 304.
31. Map~ K., Kprcucti we; EyEAJavne; plAoaopfae; TOU Sucaiou, EKO. I Ia[]a~non, A8nva, 1978, oEA. 83,
32. nIT., ou, 86.
Or AKTI<MLEIL Tin; Im:IAArITIKHI. KOINONIAL I.THN ED':il
H onap~YJ .YJe; YPwpEwxpa.tae; o-ro aOaLaA~a[.LO npounOeZ.E~, auvEnWe;, .YJ o~aa.aaYJ [.LE.a~O .ou oYJ[.Loawu XaL .ou a.o[.L~XOO ~, [.LE 6.AAa My~a, .YJ o~a.~pYJaYJ .YJe; XOtvuMX~e; ano~zvwaYJe; XaL ~Ow.EAE~ae;,aE Eva nAataLO o[.Lwe; xaeOA~xwv E~ap.~aEwv XaL aAAYJAEmopaaEWv,Ot OnOtEe; ouvurrouv .YJ f36.aYJ .wv xOtVWV -oYJ[.LOaLWV unOezaEwv XaL aU[.L<pEpov-rWV .YJe; xOtvwvtae;. H ypa<pELOxpa.~x~ E~Ouata avan.oaaE~ ow~xYJ.~xze; XaL, EVtO.E, xa.aa.aA.~XEe; opaa.YJP~O.YJ.Ee; [.LE a.oxo .YJv uno.ay~ .ou ouvoxou .wv [.LEAWV .YJe; xOtvwvtae; o'rrx xuptapxa xOtvwv~x6. aU[.L<pEpov.a - a.~e; xuptapXEe; aXEaE~e; ~owx.YJatae;. ~w~xwv-rae; .a [.LZAYJ .YJe; xOtvwvtae; YJ ypa<pEwxpa.ta npoaantsE.aL .YJv xOtVWV~x~ auvox~ XaL E~P~VYJ, o'rrx nAataLa nav.a .YJe; ~xavo.YJ.ae; .YJe; vo: uno.6.aaE~ a.YJ aOaLaA~a.~x~ VO[.L~[.Lo.YJ.a .~e; <PUyOXEv-rpEe; ouv6.[.LE~e;.
• H otrrl; cpuar; rou oooiasiotixou xoatoix; Tocapeioxocctia xca avtettavturtaon
o avano<pEux.a ypa<pELOxpa.~Xoe; xapax.~pae; .ou ow~xYJ.~xoo [.LYJxav~a[.Loo rcov npw.wv aOaLaA~a.~xwv xwpwv npOaotoE~ a' au.ov (o ro [.LYJxav~a[.Lo) [.L~a O~TI~-aVL~<pa.~x~ <poaYJ. Ana .YJ [.L~a nAwpa 0 [.LYJxav~a[.LOe; au.oe;, we; ovayxatOe; y~a .YJv EvOnOtYJaYJ XaL .YJ aXEownOtYJ[.LzvYJ xOtVWV~x~ O~EOeUvaYJ .YJe; rrnpaywy~e; (au[.LnEp~Aa[.Lf3avO[.LzvYJe; XaL .YJe; O~EOeUvaYJe; .wv 6.[.LEaWv napaywywv), unYJpE.Et .YJv Otxooo[.LYJaYJ .ou xouuouvrouou, ano.EAEt anapat.YJ.o opo au.~e; .YJe; o~ao~xaatae;. Ae; aYJ[lE~waou[.LE. napE[.Lnm.oVLWe;, o.~ y~a .ov napan6.vw AOyo OEV [.LnopOO[lE va eEWp~aou[.LE anoAu.a napaamxo .ov EV Myw [.LYJxav~a[lo, nap6. .a napaamxa <paLVO[.LEVa,nOu onwe; ea OOO[lE napax6..w ExxoA6.n.oVLaL a' «urov. XWpte; .YJv xpa.~x~ XaL auvEnWe; ypa<pEwxpa.~x~ xowwv~xonotYJaYJ XaL O~EOeUvaYJ .YJe; napaywy~e; OEV [lnopEt (x6..w ana .~e; UA~XZe; npounOeEaE~e; rrou ava<pzpa[.LE npw.o.Epa) vo: un6.p~E~ aOaLaA~a.~x~ oixovout« XaL xorvorvt«,
EntaYJe;, YJ auvzvwaYJ xp6..oue; XaL napaywy~e; rrou Em.uyx6.vE.aL [.LE .YJv xpa.txonotYJaYJ .YJe; .EAw.atae; anOLEAEt aYJ[laVL~xo.a.o f3~[la npoe; .YJv unEpf3aaYJ .YJe; ano~zvwaYJe; xp6..oue;-xOtvwviae;. ~EV EtVaL [lOVO or napaywy~xEC; ouv6.[lE~e; rtou un6.yoVLaL nMov a.YJv xpa.Lx~ ~owx.YJata XaL O~EOel)VaYJ aAA6. etVaL XaL YJ xpa.Lx~ E~Ouata rrou apXtSEL va [.LE.a.pZnELaL os «vcoroorcno-ro .[l~[.La .YJe; EVLaiae; napaywYLX~e; o~aoLXaatae;. rtou apxtsEt vo: uno.aaaE.aL nMov a.Le; auva<pELEe; XaL aAAYJAEmopaaELe; .wv napaywYLxwV ouva[.LEWv XaL vo: unYJpE.Et .YJv av6.n.l)~~ .oue; (rtov napaywy~xwv oUVa[lEwv) rrpo.; O<pEAOe; .YJe; xotvwvtae;. O~ OtxOVO[l~XZe; - napaywy~xze; opaa.YJpLO.YJ.Ee; .ou xp6..oue; o-ro ooaLaALa[.LO E~ap.oov .• YJv ypa<pEwxpa.~x~ E~Ouata ano .a aU[.L<pzpoVLa .YJe; ooaLaALa.~X~e; Otxovo[.Ltae;: YJ onap~YJ au.~e; .YJe; E~Ouatae; O<pctAE.aL, we; Ent .0 nAEta.ov, a.YJv onap~YJ XaL AEL.oupyta .wv xpa.Lxwv EmXELp~aEwv .te; onOtEe; 6.AAwa.E o~aXELptsE.aL, EVW YJ xa.apYYJaYJ .YJe; xpa.LX~e; LOwx.YJaiae; rrrrx [.LEaa napaywy~e; xae~a.6. 6.XPYJaLO Eva [.LEy6.Ao [.LZpOe; au.~e; .YJe; E~OUatae;.
99
100
AEYTEPO MEPOI
Ex.oe; «urou, Yj xpa.~x~ E~OUOta, coro .Yj o.~y[.L~ rtou EtVm Ev-ray[.LEvYj OE [.L~av EV~ata xm ~EpapXYj[.LEvYj napaywy~x~ oO[.L~, OuvOEE.m O.EVO.Epa [.LE .oue; a[.LEOOUe; napaywyoue; -r«; xa.W.EpEe; ~a8[.LtoEe; .Yje; oO[.L~e;: Yj uAOnOtYjOYj .WV o.OXWV .ou XEv-rp~XOU 0XEOtOU xrn, Eno[.LEVWe;, Yj Em.uxta 0.0 EPYO .WV ap[.LootWV otO~xYj.~XWv unYjpEmwv npoUn08E.ouV .Yjv 8E.~X~ av-ranoxp~oYj .WV a[.LEotov napaywywv o rouc o.Oxoue; au.oue;. n'au.o .0 A6yo Yj XEv-rp~X~ E~OUOta eivm avayxaO[.LEvYj va E~aoq)(xAtsE~ .Yj ouVatVEOYj .WV EpyaSO[.LEVWV avaq)Qp~xa [.LE .oue; npo.EWO[.LEVOUe; o.Oxoue; xm, OUVEnWe;, va ouSYj.a -o~anpay[.La.ElJE.m [.Last .oue; .oue; o.Oxoue; au.oue;. 'Orrxv or EmAoyEe;-O.OXm .Yje; xpa.~x~e; E~OUOtae; nauouv vo: «vrcoroxptvovr«r o.~e; avayxEe; .WV EpyaSO[.LEVWV xm au.~ xaVE~ .YjV E[.Lmo.oouvYj, .YjV unoo.~p~~Yj ~ EaLW .Yj OUVatVEO~ .0Ue;,.0.E anoppu8[.LtsE.m OAO .0 OUaLYj[.La .Yje; OXEotOno~Yj[.LEVYje; napaywy~e;.Yj otxovout« napax[.LaSE~ [.LE EmXtVOUVEe; OUVEnE~Ee; y~a .0 OUVOAO .ou oomaA~o.~xOU xa8Eo.W.Oe;.
Ano .Yjv aAAYj nAEUpa, 0.0 ~a8[J.0 rtou .0 oomaA~o.~xO xpa.oe; dvm ano~EVW[.LEVO ano .YjV unOAomYj xOLVWVta. 0.0 [3a8[.L0 rtou o~a.YjpEhm Yj o~Eu8uvoYj av8pwnou ano av8pwno, dvm ouva.~ xm EV [.LEPE~ avanO<pEUx.Yj Yj xpYjm[.LonotYjoYj .Yje; E~OUOtae; ano .oue; o~a<popoue; <pop de; .Yje; y~a ~otO.EAEte; oxorrouc:
EmOtW~Yj avaoE~~Yje; o.Yjv ~EpapXta yta .Yjv anox.YjoYj npovo[.Ltwv,yta .Yjv «rourx~ xm O~XOYEVEtaX~ EUYj[J.Epta,yta .0 xorvovrxo xupoe; .Yje; otOtxYj.~x~e; 8EOYje;. MaA~aLa, 000 UtjJYjA6.Epa aLYjv ~EpapXta [3ptoxov-rm or <pOpEte; .Yje; E~OUOtae; .0- 00 nEptOoO.EpEe; dvm ot ouva.o.Yj.Ee; xm ot m8avo.Yj.Ee; otO~xYj.~x~e; au8mpEotae;,totO.EAE~ae;, verro-nouoo xm napam.to[.LOl).
0a npEnE~,[3E~ma, va EmoYj[.LaVou[.LE o.t Yj EV A6yw ~otO.EAE~a OEV ~EnEpva,xa.a xovov« •• a nAatma .Yje; a.o[.L~X~e; xa.avaAwOYje;. ~.Yj oomaA~o.~x~ xorvwvta 0 ypa<pEtOxpa.Yje;-O~EU8uv-r~e; [.LnopEt va anoonaoE~ ano .0 napayo[.LEvo rrpotov, vO[.Lt[.La EV EtoEt [J.t080u ~ napavo[.La EV dOE~ OWpoAYjtjJtae;, [J.ovo Eva [.LEpoe; .ou [.LEp~otOU rrou npOOptsE.m y~a .Yjv a.o[J.tx~ xa.avaAwoYj .ou nAYj8uo[.Lou, EVW O.EpEt.m .Yje; ouva.o.Yj.ae; va ~otOnmYj8Et .0 [.LEptotO rtou npOOptSE.m yta .Yj O~EUpU[.LEVYj oomaA~o.~x~ avanapaywy~. '000 [.LqaAo xm va EtVm, Aomov, .0 [.LEYE80e; .wv anoAa~wv (VO[.L~[.LWV xm napavo[.Lwv) .wv ypa<pEtOxpa.wv, au.Ee; OEV [.Lnopouv vo: .oue; xpYjm[.LElJOOUV napa [.Lovo y~a .Yjv ~xavonotYjoYj .wv xa.avaAw.~xwV .oue; avayxwv. Eoooov o~a.YjpEhm Yj oomaAto.~x~ ~otOx.Yjota o-rrz [.LEoa napaywy~e;, y~a .oue; otE<p8ap[.LEVOUe; <pOpEte; .Yje; E~OUOtae; OEV unapXE~ Yj ouva.o.Yj.a totOnotYjoYje; .wv XOLVWV~XWV napaywytXWV oUV6.[.LEWV xm rou unEpnpo'COv-roe;.
Qo.ooo, .a napaomxa <pmvo[.LEva rtou E[.L<paVtsov-rm 0.0 otO~xYj.tXO [.LYjxav~o[.Lo [.L~ae; OOOtaA~O.tX~e; xmvwvtae; ano.EAouV ava[J.<pt[3oAa [.LEtsOVa anE~A~ y~a .0 xa8w.we;. 'Onwe; OE [.Ltav aAAYj nEptn.woYj EXE~ EmoYj[.Lav8Et, «0 o.oxoe; xm .0 nEptExo[.LEVO xa8E otO~XYj.~XOl) [.LYjxav~o[J.ou [3ptOxE.m E~W ano au.o .0 [.LYjxavto[.Lo. 'Orrxv 0 [.LYjxav~o[.Loe; au.oe; <p.avE~ OE Eva .E.OtO oYj[.Ldo au.ovo[J.YjOYje; rtou apXtsE~ vo: "OOUAEUE~" y~a .ov Eau.o .ou, ano [.LEOO .dVEt vo: [.LE.a.pand OE «urooxorros". H .aoYj au.~ OE [.L~a oomaA~onx~ xmvwvta [.Lc:-ra<ppa-
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