H ANATPOITH THL EITILTHMHL AITO TON KYPIO EyrENIO NTiPINrK
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MeracpQaan: A vvsxs Iioavvctou- vtsee eewQnan uettupoaonc: eavaanr; Ilanaotivtu;
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A0HNA2006
o (}uYYQalpia~ "at 0 riTAO~ oto JrQ(J)Torwto:
FRIEDRICH ENGELS, Anti-DUhring
ISBN 960-224-895-5
© ~uYXQOVTJ Erroxi) ExboTlxi) AEBE
'Lol..ffivo; 130, 106 81 AfJi)vu, TTJ!...: 2103320800, Fax: 2103813354 httpowww.sep.gr.e-rnail: info@sep.gr
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Kctn t' aA.A.a, JtQrnEL va TTJQ~O((J ortevavtt rou tou; xaVOVE~ tTJ~ xaM~ OU!!JtEQLcpoQa~ ton CPLA.OA.oYLxoll aywva. Axoun JtEQLOOOtEQO, acpoll to naVEJtLOt~!-tLO ton BEQOA.LVOU uno rote toy EXEL aDLX~OEL
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EJraLOXllVta. BE~aLa, to TIaVEJrLOtl'UHO EmJtAiJXTI1XE YL' nuro. 'Eva Ilovemormuo, to OJtOLO qJt(lVEL oto OI1!J,ELO va acpaI,QEOEL arr6 tov xuQW NtLQLVYX tT]V EA£llSEQia tT]~ bLbaoxaALa~ XUtW coto tL~ YVWOtE~ OllVSt]XE~, bE Sa JtQEJtEL va ExJtAayd av toll fm~AAOllv toy xUQw L~EVLVYXEQ (Schweninger) XUtW arr6 tL~ EJrLOT]~ YVWOtE~ (J1JV8t]xE~.8
To uovo XHPUAaLO, oto OJtOLO EJtEtQE'\Pa orov emrto uou bLEllXQLVLOtLXE~ JtQOoet]xE~, EivaL to bEUtEQO XHPUAaLO toll TQLtOll MEQOll~: «9EWQT]tLXU». L' curo to OT]IlELO, onou JtQ6xELtaL arrM XaL uovo YLa mv nooouotoon Ev6~ XEvtQLXOU OT]IlEioll tT]~ bLXt]~ uou SEwQT]OT]~, 0 aVtLJtaA6~ uou bEV [.lJtoQEL va JtaQaJtovESd, av Exava JtQooJtuSELa va IlLAt]OW mo EXAa'CxfllllEva XaL va Oll[.lJtAT]QWOW to oUvOAO. Y Jtt]QXE, lluALOta, IlLa ~WtEQLXt] acpoQIlt] YL' am6. TQLa XEcpuAaLa toll oUYYQallllato~ (to JtQwto tT]~ Hoaywyt]~ XaL to Jtgwto XaL to bEUtEQO tou Tottou MEQOll~) ELXa EJtEsEQyaOtEL 010 aVEsuQtT]tT] jmQOoouQa YLa to CPLAO 1l0ll AacpaQYX (Lafargue) YLa XUQT] tT]~ IlEtaCPQaoT]~ oro yaAALxa. EJtEL tn, Ecp600v T] yaAALXt] tXbOOT] XQT]OLIlEllOE oov ~aOT] tT]~ LtaALXt]~ XaL JtOAWVLXt]~, eoovno« YLa yEQllaVLXt] EXbOOT] IlE tOY tL1:AO: H f;O,t;TJ rou oooiauouo» arr6 tnv OUionia otnv enunnun. Alltt] £tXE XUVH tQEL~ ExMoH~ 010 ALyOllS Ilt]VE~ xm bT]IlOOLEUtT]XE XaL 010 QWOLXT] XaL bavLxt]IlEtucpgaOT]. L' 6AES amES tLS ExMoHS, uovo to allcpLO~T]toUIlEVO XECPUAaLO aJt6xtT]OE JtQooSt]x£~, XaL Sa nrov 0xoAaotLx6 av, OtT] YEa EXbOOT] rou JtQWtorunou EQYOU, t]SEAa v« bLatT]Qt]OW tT]V JtQWt6tllJtT] bLaTUJt(UOT] corevovn OtT] uetenato; bLESVt] mo, 1l0QCPt].
'Goa t]SEAa va aAAasw acpoQouvXllQLWS bUO OT]!J,ELa. Iloorro, tT]V JtQo'CotoQLa tOU av8QwJtOlJ, YLa tT]V onoto 0 M6Qyxav (Morgan) !l<i~ EbwOE to XAELbi 1l6AL~ to 1877.9 EJtELbt], 61lwS, ornv EQyaoia 1l0U H xaraywyrj rTJ~ OtXOY£Vfta~, rTJ~ arol1txrj~ u'jtoxrTJoia~ xai rov xoarov~, ZUQLXT] 1884, ELxa tT]V EUXaLQLa va EJrEsEQyaOtw to UALX6, oro onoto, EV toi IlELasU, dxa JtQ6o~aoT], aQx£L IlLa aJtAt]uJt6bELsT] alltt]~ tT]~ IlEtaYEvEOtEQT]~ EQyaoLas·
L1nJtfQo, to IlEQO~ nou JtQaYllatfUEtaL n~ SfwQT]nxE~ CPlloLxE~ EJrLOtt]IlE~. E6w, T] 6AT] JtaQouoiaoT] dVaL JtOA U a6EsLa XaL JtOAAa Sa unooououv ot]IlEQa v« ExcpQaOtouv IlE JtEQLOo6tEQT] oacpt]vELa XaL mo xaSoQwtLxa. Ebw, 610 6LVW otov ecuto uou to C>LxaLwlla va
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6lOQ8wow, ano., loa-loa, ovrt outou eturu UJtoXQEW!!EVO~ va TOV EJUXQlVW.
o MaQs XL ryw ~!!aOTaV !!o.A.A.OV oi !!OVOL OL onotoi bLEOu)OaV uno TYI YEQ!!aVLX~ Lb£aA.LOTLX~ CPLA.Ooocpla TYI OUVELbYlT~ bLaA.EXTLX~ xrn TYI !!ETa(3Ll3aoav OTYlV 1JAL(JTlX~ aVTlA.TJlf'Y1 TYI~ CPUOYl~ XaL TYI~ LOTOQla.;. O!!W~, 010 !!La bLaA.EXTLX~ XaL, TaUTOXQova, UA.LOTLX~ aVTlA.Y1lf'Y1 TYI~ CPUOYl~ avitXEL YI OLXELOTYlTa !!E rc !!a8Y1!!anxo. XaL n~ CPUOLXE; EJTWT~!!E';. 0 MaQs nrcv YEQO~ !!a8Y1!!anxo~, ano. TL~ CPUOLX£~ EJTLOTit!!E; !!JToQOUOa!!E !!OVO xouurmoot«, !!E o.A.!!ata XaL onOQabLxo. va naQaxoAou8itoou!!E. Otov EYO), AOLnov, !!E TYlV anoxwQYlO~ !!OU uno n~ E!!JTOQLX£; bQaOTYlQLOTYlTE~ XaL TYI !!ETaXO!!wit !!OU OTO AovblVOJ(), anOXTYlOa TO XQOVO YL' aUT6, E~Y10a, OTO ~aO!!o nou YLVOTav, !!La nAnQYI !!a8Y1!!anxit XaL CPUOLXOEJTLOTYI!!OVLXit «avaJTT£QWOYl», onw~ TO OVO!!o.~EL 0 AL!!JTLX (Liebig), 11 XaL aoxoA.it8Y1xa u' aUTO TO !!EyaA UTEQO !!EQO~ EXEL vorv TWV OXTW XQ6vwv. BQwXO!!OUV aXQL~W~ OTYI !!EOYl aUTit~ TYI~ bLabLxaOLa~ avaJTT£QWOYl~, otov !!OU £TUXE va UOXoA.Y18cO !!E TYI A.EyO!!EVYI CPLA.Ooocpla TYI:; CPUOYl~ TOU XUQlOU NTlQLV'/X. Etvut anOA.uta CPUOLXO, AOLnov, av Ouxvo. bE ~QLOXW TYI OWOT~ TEXVLXit £xcpQaoYl XaL XLVOU!!aL, OUTW~ it o.AA.W;, !!E aQXET~ ouoxoA.la OTOV TO!!£a TYI~ 8EU)QYlnxit~ CPUOLXit~ EJTWT~!!Y1~. Ano TYlV o.AA.Y1,!!' exove nQOOExnXOYl mlYvWOYl TYI~ 0XL oxouc SrnEQaO!!£VYI~ a~E~aLOTTJTa~ !!OU· bE 8a !!OU ~QEL xavEL~ nQay!!anx£~ naQa~o.0EL~ TWV TOTE YVOlOTWV YEYOVOTWV, OUTE TYI A.av8ao!!£Vl] ncoouotcon TWV TOTE avaYVOlQW~l£VOlV 8EOlQLCOV. L' O,TL acpoQo. aUTO, !!OVO £va~ noQayvOlQWIl£VO~ !!EYo.A.0~ !!a()Y1!!aTlXO~ E1;£cpQaOE!!' EJTLOTOA.tl TO noQo.novo TOU GTOV MaQs, MyoVta~ on Xato. TQ6no EYXA.Y1!!aTLXO ott!!aOU TYlV -f-L 12
L' aUTtl !!OU TYlV avaXEcpaA.alWOYl TOlV !!a8Y1!!atLXWV XaL TWV CPUGLXWV EJTWTYI!!WV, 0 aUTOVOYlTO~ oxono; nrov va netoro TOV £aUTO !!OU XaL 010 Xo.8E A.EJTTO!!£QELa -YEVLXo. bEV a!!cp£~aAA.a xa8oA.0u- on, OTYI CPUOYl, EJTL~o.AAOVTaL OL lblOL bLaAEXTLXOl VO!!OL TYI~ XlVYlOYl~, !!£oa ow !!JTEQbE!!U nov avaQL8!!Y1TWV UAA.ayolV, OL onotot EAEYXOUV XaL OTYlV LGTOQLa TO CPaLVO!!EVLXo. TUXULO TWV ytyOVOTWV. Etvrn OL lbLOL vouoi, GU!!cpOlva !!E TOU~ OnOL01J~ ~a8!!Lala 0 axrnTO!!EVO~ o.v- 8QCtlno~ CPTo.VfL OTYI OUVElbYlOYl XaL nou anOTEA.OUV, XaL GTYlV WTOQla
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tll~ ESEAlSll~ tll~ avSQ<i)JtlVll~ OXE'\jJlJ~, to ()latQEXOV v~lla. OltbLOl VOIlOL, JWU 0 XEYXEA YLa ltQWtll <poQu aVElttUSE OMltAEllga, aAAU OE IlUOtlXLOnX~ IlOQ<P~. MLa altO tl~ rnL6lWsEl~ !lU~, nrcv va ~YUAOWE rou; VOIlOU~ autou~ alto to IlUOnXLOtlXO JtEgt~AllllU toix xm va tOU~ ~UAOUIlE xaSagu em ouvdClllOlJ u' OAlJ tnv altAOtTlta xm yEVLX~ LOXU roue. 'Htcv «utovonto on TI ltaAmU <plAOOO<pLa tlJ~ <pUOTJ~ bEV !J,ltOQOUOE va Ila~ lXaVOltOld - XL a~ ltEQlELXE tcoo ltguYllan xaAu otoi xda xm tOOU yovq.w. <putQa. *
* Etvrn ltOAU mo EUxoAo va rnL'tEOEl xavEle;, Ila~( Ilc 'tOV alluaAo 0XAo oav 'tOV KaQA <lJ0'ly.t (Karl Vogt), onlv ltaAUla <pLAoooq;(a tile; q;uOT\e;, n:aQa va Exull1\OEL tT\V LOtoQLX1\ tT\e; 01\110.0(0.. nEQLEXEL ltOAAEe; aQAoujl1tEC; XUl qxrvtcmoxomec, ana OXL ltEQLOOotEQEe; nrto ue; oUyXQovee; avuq;LAoooq;txEc; IlEUlQ(ee; turv Ejl1tELQLXWV qnxnobL<pWV. To on ltEQtEXEL, rn(OT\e;, ltOAU vOT\lla XUL OUvEOI\, aQX~EL va Y(VEtUl xorcvcnro IlE tnv ~an:A(jlOTl nle; OEUlQlaC; tTle; El;EALl;Tlc;. 'EWL, 0 XExEA (Xaeckel) avayvwQLOE 11' 01..0 TO b(xw tou tT)V n:QOO<pOQcl tWV TQEBtQclvoue; (Treviranus) XUL OXEV (Okcru.l ' 0 OXEV, IlE tnv aQXEYOVT) BAEwa XUL tT\V aQXEYOVT\ XUOtT\ TOU, Bci~EL oav al;(wila tT\e; BWAoylae; exetvo, to onoto uno rote avaxaAu<p!lTjXE ltQclYllau oav ltQWton:Aaolla XUl xlmaQo.:2::' o.u aqJoQa toy XEYXEf. LbtahEQU, uno n:oAHC; arro\(1ELe; ElVUL n:oAu uvo» tEQOe; nov Ejl1tELQLXWV TOU OUYXQOVUlV, OL onotoi vOIlL~av OU El;T\'101Joav 01..0. ta aVEl;1\'1T\ta CPUlvollEva Bci~ovtae; 0' auta tuo xaJtOLa buvallT) - MvallT) BaQUtT\Tat;, bUvallT) ltAfUOT\e;, T)AExtQLx1\ I\UvallT\ macp1\e; Xf..Jt. 'H, av I\E YLVotav auto, IlLa ayvwotT\ ouoto, oooto q;wtoc;, oootc IlEQllo'tT\tac;, Ol'Ola T\AEXtQLOjlOU Xf..Jt. OL <pUvtaonxEe; ouolEe; EXOUV tWQa Aiyo JtOAU ltaQajlEQLOtEl, aAM. T\ a,j"raTT\ ue ue; bUVajlELC;, tnv onoto XatarrOAEIWuOE 0 XEyxeA, ~axOA01JOEl va ltQoBaAAEL oav qxivtuouo, It.X., TO 1869 ow A6yo tou XEAIlxohe; (Helmholtz) ow 'Ivojl1tQoux (Innsbruck) (XEAIlXOAte;, EXAaiitfUTLxte; Jw(!CtCi6one;, II, <lJuAAal\w, 1871, oEA. 190).14
Anevuvn OlTl OEoltoiTlOT\ lOU NEulwva (Newton), OJtlOe; Ilac; n:aQab6(1)XE am) tou; ranoue; tou 180u aLWva, xat toy onoto T\ AyyAia cpOQTWOE IlE ullEe; XUL JtA01JTT\, o XEyxEA (Hegel) tOVLOE OU 0 Kf.JtAEQ (Kepler), toy onoto T) rEQllav(a a<pT\OE va nsDaVEt tT\e; ltelvac;, 1\taV 0 ltQaYllauxoe; LI\QUt1\C; tT\e; oUyXQoVTje; llT\xavLx1\e; torv ouocV(UlV OUljlcitUlV XUL on 0 vouo; 1tfQ( tTle; BaQ1HTlme; 'tOU NEu1:Wva Ejl1tEQLf-XEtUl1\bT\ Xat moue; tQEle; V<lIlOUe; lOU KrnAEQ XUL, llaALOm, QT)ttile; OTOV lQi to. AUTO nou 0 XE'/XEA arrobElxvEL ue IlEQLXEe; CL"tAf.e; El;LOWoELe; rrtn lPLAooorpia r1/e; rpva1/e; TOU, XUL n:QoOIl1\XEC; (EQya TaV XtYXfA, 1842, TOil. VII, OfA. 98 XUl 1131lEXQL 115), TO l;avaBQioxouue ocv arrotEAEOlla tTlC; vEotEQT)e; llallT\llanx1\e; IlT\xavLx1\c; OTOV I'xoixnorp K(Qxoq; (Gustav Kirchhof), OTO Itaoaooaeu; /la(}1II·wnxrje; rpVatxrjc;, 2T\ EXI\OOT), AL\(1(a, 1877, oEA. 10, XUl, llaAtom, OTT\V ouoiconxc (bta aJtA1\, llaOT\llaux1\ lloQ<Pl\, TT)V onotc avamul;E n:Q!in:oe; 0 XEyxEA. OL q;LAOOO<pOL TT\C; <pUOTlC; EXOUV TT\V (bta 0XEOT\ ]tQoe; nc; OuvELI\T\ta bLaAExuxEe; !pUOLXEC; mWT1\IlEe; non EXOW OL outomote; ltQoe; TO O1JyXQOVO XOIlIlOUVWIlO.
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ArrOTllXE Lbiw~ aUI XEYXEALavi! T'll~ 1l0Qq)'il-orrw~ uvcornxrostm ornv EQyaaia 11011 amlt- aTO OTL bEV arrobwaE orn qrua'll xallLa E~€AL~'ll aTO XQOVO, xallLa «bLaboXLXOT'llTa», aAAa 1l0VO IlLa «rraQaAA'llMTljTa». AUTO €XEL T11V aLTia TOV, aqJ' EVO~, aTO ibw TO XEYXEALaVO oixrtnuo, TO onoto avayvwQil;EL 1l0VO aTO «nveuuo» uro L(JTOQLXi) E~€AL~'ll, XaL, otp' ET€QOll, OIlW~, otnv TOJtLxi) allvoALxi) xcrnotorm rrQaYllaTWV aTL~ qJ'UaLXE~ rnL(JTi)IlE~. Ebw, 0 X€YXEA ixrreooixre rroM oxouc XaL oe aXEa'llIlE TOV KaVT (Kant), 0 onotoc, IlE tn SEWQLa TOll VEqJEAWILaTO~, £LXf llblj E~'llYllaEL Tlj YEVVljOlj TOV ljALaxou ovonlllaTO~ XaL, IlE rnv avaxaA'UtjJ'll T'll~ avaxorri)~ T'll~ rrEQL(JTQoqJll~ T'll~ r'll~ cno tn SaAaaaLa rrA'llllllllQLba, EiXE bLaX'llQU~EL TO TEAO~ TOll 'llALaXOU allaTi)llaTo~.15 KaL, TEAo~, bEV unoooaoe va rrrov oxono; 11011 va ~aAw ue TL~ SEwQiE~ 11011 TOV~ bLaAfxTLXOU~ VOIlOll~ Il€aa orn qJUo'll, aUa va TOV~ avaxaAUtpw Il€oa 0' aVTll XaL va TOV~ avarrTU~W IlE ~a'll ami).
ELVaL, OIlW~, YLyaVTLO €QYO va TO xaVEL xavd~ cuto allvExTLxa XaL oe Xa8f rnLIl€Qoll~ TOIl€a. /),EV dVaL 1l0VO 0XEMv arr€QavTo~ 0 TOIl€a~, nou rrQrnEL xavEi~ va XaT€XEL, aAAa XaL OL ibLE~ OL qJll(JLX€~ rnLaTn!lE~, a' 01..0 curo TOV TOIlEa, rrEQvow IlLa rooo BLaLlj bLa6Lxaoto aVaTQorri)~, oxrre va ELVaL MaxoAo v« rnv rraQaxoAollSi)aEL oxouo XaL EXEL VO~ 0 onoto; bLaS€TEL 01..0 TOV EAEUSEQO XQOVO TOll a' ami). METa nno TO Savato toll KaQA MaQ~, OIlW~, 0 XQOVO~ 11011 XaTavaAWVETaL uno JtLO rnEiYOllaE~ llrrOXQEWaEL~ XaL va non sncene va bLaX0'\jJW t'llbOllAELa 11011. TIQWta, rrQrnfL va aQXWTW aTL~ unobEi~EL~ nou BQLaXOVTaL aTO ncoov aUyYQalllla XaL vo mQLIl€VW Ili)rrw~ aQYOTEQa Sa BQESEi 'll E'UXaLQia v« allYXEVtQwaw to arrOTEA€ounto XaL va to Exbwaw, iaw~ llal;L 1110 to aXQw~ onouooto llaS'llllaTLxa XfLQOYQaqJa, nou aqJ'llaE 0 MaQ~.16
'Ioox, OIlW~, 'll rrQoobo~ t'll~ 8fWQ'lltLXn~ qJllaLXn~ f1[L(JTnll'll~ va xaVEL tn bOllAna 11011 oe IlEyaAo Ba81l0 i) XaL EVTEAW~ mQL ni). /),Lon 'll enovdoroon, 'll onoto rnL~AAETaL orn 8EWQ'llTLXll qJ'U(JLxi) rnL<JTllll'll Myw T'llt; arrAll~ avaYXaLOT'llTa~ t'llt; W~LVOllna'llt; TWV xaSaQa E[.l1tELQLX{DV avaxaAu'\jJfwv, OL onote; avaawQEuOVTaL llal;LXa, EivaL TETOLa, oiote v« llrrOXQEwVfL oxou« XaL TOV JtLO rrfLallaTaQ'll E[.l1tELQLaTll va ouvaonronoiet 01..0 XaL rrEQLaaoTEQo TO bLaAExTLxO xaQa-
-16-
XTllQa nov <jYUaLXUlV qmVOf,tEVWV. OL JtaA.LEt;, Moxaf,tJtu:t; aVneEOELt;, OL evtove; a6LarrEQaOt£t; 6LaXWQLonxEt; YQaf,tf,tft; £~acpav[~ovtaL 01..0 XaL JIEQLOOOt£QO. Ano tote Jt01J oxouo XaL to t£A.£1Jtaia «yvtlOLa» aEQta Q£1JOtoJtOLOuVtaL, cno TOt£ Jt01J aJt06£ixt'Ylx£ on Eva owf,ta f,tJtOQfL vo EQeEL O£ f,tLU xataoTaol'), omv onoto 6£v ~£xwQi~ouv l') Q£1Jat~ XaL l') a£QLcobl')t; P,oQCP~ L01J, OL xmaataoELt; tWV OWf,tUtwV EX01JV XUOEL JtA.EOV XaL to t£A.£1JtaLa xatuA.oLJta L01J JtQWl')V aJtoA.1Jto1J xaQaxT~Qa L01Jt;.'7 ME TO eE(ilQl')f,ta tl')t; XLVl')nx~t; 8£wQiat; tWV u£QLWV -oruqxovo ue to OJtOlO otu; JIEQLJttWOELt; turv JtA.~QWV aEQLWV rc reTQuywva nov taX1Jt~tWV ue nt; onote; XLVOUvtaL to ~£XWQLOtUf,tOgLa tWV aEQiwv £ivaL XUtW arro tnv (6La e£Qf,tOxQaola avtLOtgocpwt; avuA.oya ue to ~aQot; tWV uootorv- f,tJtalVEL XaL l') 8£Qf,totl')ta xoreue£Luv orn OELQu tWV cueoc f,tnQ~OLf,tWV f,toQcpwv xivT]Ollt;. llQLV uno 6£xa xgovLa cxouc, ° f,t£yUA.Ot; ~aOLxot; vouo; tllt; XL VT]Ollt;, Jt01J uoA.Lt; £ix£ avaXaA.1Jcp8Ei, vtvotcv cvnxrprto; oo» arrA.Ot; vouo; 6LatllgllOllt; tT]t; £vEQYELat;, ocv arrAn EXCPQaoll lO1J ucp8aQT01J XaL t01J a6llf,tLOUQYT]L01J tT]t; xL VT]OT]t;, 6llA.a6~ arrA.wt; uno nooonxi] 6.Jto'ljJr].
TWQa T] otevn a1Jt~, aQvllnx~ EXCPQaoll JtaQaf,t£QL~EtaL 01..0 XaL Jt£QLOOOt£QO uno tll 8EtLx~ ExcpgaOT] tT]t; /lfrarQo.mj~ tllt; £vEQYELat;, ue tT]V onoic 6LXaLWVEtaL LO notonxo JIEQL£X0f,t£VO tllt; 6La6LxaoLat; XaL O~~VEL ma xm T] t£A.E1JtaLa avuf,tvT]Oll tou £~WXOOf,tLXOU ~llf,tL- 01JQYou. M XQELu~£tm mo vo XllQl1X8El oov xun LO xmvouQYLO to Y£YOVOt; on II noootntn tllt; xiVllOT]t; rn A.EyOf,t£Vll £vEQYELa) oev aA.A.6.~EL, otcv f,tEtatQEJtEtm uno xLVllnx~ EVEQYELa (rn A.£yof,t£VT] f,tllXUVLX~ Mvaf,tT]) O£ llA.£xtQLOf,tO, O£ 8EQf,tOtllta, O£ 01JVUf,tEL £vEQYELa tllt; XatUOtaOllt; XA.Jt. xm uvnotooqxr XQllOLf,t£UEL mo oov xextnf,tEVll ~oll YLa tT]V EQ£wa, Jt01J tWQa ElVaL JtOA.U mo JtA.OUOLa O£ neQLEX0f,t£VO, tllt; (bLat; tllt; owt'ltxao(at; tllt; f,tEtatQOJt~t;, tllt; f,t£yUA.l')t; eEf,tEA.LaX~t; 6w6LxaoLat;, orn YVWOT] tllt; oJtoLat; Jt£QLXA.ElEtaL OA.T] T] yv<i>OT] tllt; cpuOllt;. Koi, uno tote Jt01J II ~LOA.oyia XUVEL rnv EQ£1JVU Tllt; CPCOtLOf,tEVT] «no tTl 8EWQla tT]t; E~EA.L~llt;, £~acpaviotT]X£ OtOV LOueo TT]t; ogyavLxljt; CPUOT]; llf,tia a1J(JtllQ~ 6LaxwQLonx~ YQaf,tf,t~ tT]t; ta~LVOf,tT]aT]t; f,tEtU tT]V UA.A.T]· OL 0XEMv f,tll ta~LVOf,t~OLf,tOL £V6LUf,t£OOL xQLxoL y(VOVtaL XUOE f,tEQa JtEQLOOOt£QOL'll aXQL~EOt£Qll EQ£1JVa JtEtUEL ogyavLOf,tOu; uno tn f,tla Of,tota~la ornv UA.A.ll XaL OtaxwQL-
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anxa YVWQLa!J,ata, rtou dxav YLVEL aXEMv aQ8Qa nLatlj~, xavouv rnv cveu oQWV Laxu "WU~. TWQa EXOU!J,E 8ljAaanXa, nou xovow af)ya, xru, av lj dbTJalj EJU~Ef:k1Lwed, 8a EXOU!-lf xm nOUALa non naVE !J,E tn TEaaEQa.18 Av 0 BLQXOCP (Virchow), JIQLV uno XQovLa, ntav oxouc avayxaa!J,Evo~ -cov aUVEJIELa t% avaxuAU'\jJlj~ lOU xuttoQOU- va bLaAuaEL rnv EVOTTJta tou ~WLXOU orouou JIEQWOOtEQO JIQoo[)Eunxu JIaQu CPUaLXOEJIWtTJ!J,OVLXU XaL [)LaAEXtLXU oe !J,La ouoaJIOv[)La ana xQutlj xunuQwv19, tWQa lj EWOLa tlj~ ~WLXn~ (EJIO!J,EVW~ XaL av8Q(omVTJ~) ctouixotntc; YLVEtaL JIOAU mo JIEQLnAOXlj!J,E rnv avaxaAU\jJl] TWV AEUXWV uuiooqxnouov, to OJIOLa XUXAOCPOQouv aav a!J,OL~u[)E~ oro aW!J,a tWV aVWtEQwV ~wwv. 'Htov, o!J,w~, aXQL~~ autE~ OL [)La!-lfTQLxE~ avn8Eaw; OL !J,E to ~OQL xa80QLa!J,fVEC; bLaXWQwnxE~ YQU!J,!J,f~ xm tal;LVO!J,LXEC; [)La<pOQE~ nou JIaQouma~ovtm oov aaW~LfkwtE~, nou dxav bwaEL orn aUYXQovlj 8EwQljnXn CPUaLXn Ematnlllj tOY JIEQLOQW!J,EVO ustnqnxnxo xaQaxTnQa tlj~. H yvwalj on autE~ OL aVn8EO"fL~ XaL bLaqJoQEC; uJIaQXouv IlEV orn cpvalj, aAAu 1l0VO IJ,E aXEtLXn WXu XaL on, aVTLefta, lj [)LXnlJ,a~ aXE'\IJlj EXEL ELaayuYEL orn cpualj autn tnv UJIOn8E!J,EVlj axa!J,'\IJLa XaL anoAUtlj wxu -lj yvwalj autn anoTEAEL tov JIuQnva tlj~ [)LaAExnXnc_:; aVtLATJ'\IJlj~ Tlj~ cpUOTJ~. MJIOQEL v« rnv aJIoxtnaEL xavd~, eqooov avayxaatEL oe xrrn tstoto ono to bEbOIJ,EVa tWV cpualxwv EJIWTTJIJ,WV, tn onoto ouoocooeuovrca. MJIoQd, O!!WC;, va tnv aJIoxtnaEL xavd~ mo EuxoAa, av JIAljOlaaEL TO blaAExnxo xaQaXtnQa autWV nov [)E[)O!J,fVWV ue tn ouvetoncn torv VO!!WV TljC_:; bLaAExnxn~ axE1IJlJ~. OJIwa[)nJIOtE, OL cpuaLXE~ EJIWtnIlE~ EXOUV JIQOXWQnaEL tooo nOAU, JIOU [)EV I-lJIOQOUv me va ~ECPUyOUV coto tTJ [)LaAExnxn OUvO'ljJn roue, E>a bLEUXOAUVETaL, oxrtooo, autnlj bWbLxaaLa, av [)EV ~ExaatEL on tn anOtEAEa!J,ata, oro OJIOLa aUVO\jJL~OVtaL OL EI-lJIELQLE~ HOV qnxnXWV EJIWtTJIlWV, ELVaL EVVOLEC_:;· av bEV ~ExaatEL on lj tEXVlj va EQYUsEtaL xaVEL~ IJ,E EVVOLE~ bEV ELVaL EIlCPutTJ OUtE bLbEtaL ue TTJ auvn8lj Xa8lj!J,EQLVn ouvetonon, aAAa anaLtEL JIQaYlJ,anx'l\ aXE\jJTJ -XaL aUTn TJ aXE\jJlj EXEL EJILolj~ IJ,La llaXQOXQoVlj EI-lJIELQLXn iotootc-, OUTE ALYOtEQTJ OUTE JIEQwaOtEQlj orro tnv E[MLELQLXn cpUaLXn EQEuva. AXQL~(i)~ Myw tou YEYOVOtac_:; on IJ,U8ULVEL va LbLOJIOLELtaL to anOtEAEoucro tljC; E~EAL~TJ~ tlj~ cpLAoaocpLac;, JIOU £XEL ljALXLa bUOIJ,LOL XLALU-
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6wv XQovwv 1WQa, lj cpucnXTt EJ1L(HTtl1lj Sa SECPOQ1WSEt, acp' EVOt;, aU1Tt rnv sEXWQW1Tt CPLAooocpLa lljt; CPUOljt;, lj onotn ~QLOXHm El;w xm mivw an' amTt, acp' ELEQOU, OI1W£, Sa anaAAaXTEl XaL «no Tlj 6LXTt lljt; 01EVOXEcpaAlj I1ESo60 OXE\jJljt;, mv onoto EXEL XAljQOVOI1l]OEL ano TOV aYYALXO E!1Jt€LQWI10.
Aov(){vo, 23 ~EJrrEf1I3Qiou 1885
-19-
III
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Onw~ ~OT] uvaqJEQOT]Xf orov nQc)Aoyo tT]£ OfUtfQT]~ ExOoaT]~, TO xfqJaAaLO curo, a' 6Aa tou tu OU(JL(llOT] aT][lEla, nQoEQXEtaL M6 tOY MaQ~. LtT]V rrQcotT] tou alJvta~T] -nou nQooQL~6tav YLU aQSQo EqJT][lEQ(oa~- ~~o'UV cvovxoouevo; va ouvtoueipco aT]~UvtLXa to XfLQ6- YQaqJo tou MaQ~ XaL, ~aAWta, aXQL~w£ oe exetvo to ~EQT], oro onotc T] xQmx~ otu; SEaw; TOU NtLQLVYX 'llnOXUlQEl xarr(U£ urrooot« aTL~ Xa8fU'UT6 f~EAt~EL£ ono tT]V iotootc tT]~ OLXOVO[llW;. Aur« to xouucno, 6~Ul£, cnorexouv aXQL~w~ EXEl vo to [lEQO£ toU XELQOYQuqJou, to onoto XaL a~~fQu rraQO'llaLa~EL to [lEyaMtEQo XaL uoVL[l6tfQO EvoLaqJEQov. AwOavo[laL 'llrroXQfW[lEVO~ va owaw ooo to o'UVcn6 rrAT]QfatEQa XaL JtLO XUQLoAfXtLXa tT]V ncoouotoon, otnv onoto 0 MaQ~ blVEL oe av8Q(ilrrou~ oov tOU~ lIEU (Petty), XLOU~ (Hume) rn 8EaT] rtou rou; aQ[l6~EL otn YEVEaT] tT]£ XAa(JLX~£ OLXOVO~ta£. Auto LaxuEL ax61la JtEQwa6tEQo YLU tT]V E~~YT]aT] tou «OLXOVO~LXOU mvoxo» ton Kevs (Quesnay), ourou tou aLVly~ato£ tT]~ LqJtyyU~, to onoto EtXE ~flVEL aAuTO YLa OMXAT]QT] tn aUyXQovT] OLxovouto, lIaQaAEL1I'a, aVtLSEtUl£, oto ~a81lc) nou emtoenotcv M6 tc a'llllqJQa~6~fva, to ooo orpooouonv arrOXAELaUXa tL~ EQyaatE£ tou X'llQLO'll NtlQLVYX.
Kotn r' aAAa, ~oQw va El~aL EVtfAW£ LXaVOnOLT]~EVO£ ~E rn oLciOoal], rnv onoto Eloav ot aXEaT] ~E tT]V rrQOl]you[lfYT] ExOOal], OL rraQouaE£ oro aUyyQa~lla M611'fL£, ern i'Jl]~6(JLa ouvetonon tT]£ emat~~l]~ XaL tl]£ fQyatLX~£ ta~l]£ XaL, ~aAWTn, a' 6AE£ tL~ rroAma[lEVE£ XWQE£ tou xoouou
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'OJIW~ T] xaOE YEa OEwQLa, errn XL aut~ EJIQEJIE va OUVEXLOEl JIaVW OtT] ~aoT] tOU UJIaQxtou atoxaOtlXOU UALXOU, 600 XL av OL QL~E~ tT]~ ~QLOXOVtaV etc OLXOVO!lLXa C>E60!l£va.
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fnfL1:a xm ue rnv fUgUlfQl] fWOW, on, 6l]Aaoi), l] nQaYf,tanX61l]Ta, l] onoto cvntcoootov <J' alJ1(X to efWQl]f,tma, ngayf,tan cvcrrooovuQL<JT1lXf lfAfLWe_;. 'DAfe_; ot f,tfXgl nOQa f,tOQCPfe_; XOlVWVLae_; xm xQa1Oue_;, 6Afe_; oi uno to naAma nagaoeOOf,tfVfe_; avnA:r'r\jJfle_; nfTaXel]xav, oov nagaAoYfe_;, <J1O xaMellWV aXQi)(J1Wv. MfXgl161f, EAfyav, 0 x6<J1l0e_; dXf acpi)<Jfl1OV w'\J161O'u va Xae06lJYfLlm uno nQoxmaAi)'\jJEle_;' oAa rn JtEQa<JIlEva aSltav Ilovaxa OLX1O xm JtEQlcpQ6vl]<Jl]. M6vo lWQa a<J1Qa'\jJf cpwe_;' coto 6w xm nOQa, l] 6fl<Jl6mIlOVLa, l] ablxLa, tn nQOvoiuo xrn l] xctomeon rnQmf va naQaYXWVl<Jl0UV cero tnv mWVla aAi)efla, rnv m(OVla OlxmO<JUVl], tnv W61l]Ta tn efIlEAlWIlEVl] orn CPU<Jl], xaewe_; xm tc avanaAAolQLWTa aveQwmva Olxmwllma.
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~EWV EXELVIle_; tl]e_; EJtoXi)e_;, aAM, 6!1we_;, OE XaOE !1EyaAo cottxo XLVIl!1U YLVOVtUV 1taQanl]AU UVEsaQll]TEe_; XLvl'jOfLe_; EXELVl]e_; tn; Ta~l]e_;, nou i)TUV 0 ALy6tEQO i) nEQw06tEQO uvanT'UY!1EVOe_; nQO()QO!1oe_; tou OUyXQOVOU nQoAETaQLatOU. 'EWL uni)QXuv: l] laOl] T6!1ue_; MLVWEQ (Thomas MUnzer) otnv moxi) tl]e_; YEQ!1UVLXi)e_; METaQQUO!1LOl]e_; xm lWV nOAE!1WV lWV XWQLXWV' OL LOOnE()UlTEe_; (Levellersjv ern !1EyaAl] AYYALXi) Ennvcoroorr 0 MnU!!1tE<p (Babeuf) OTl] !1EyaAl] fUAALXi) Encvcotcon, ITuQaAAl]AU !1' uUla to encvcotrmxo sWl]xw!1ata !1LUe_; ux6!1u UVOAOXAi)QWll]e_; Ta~l]e_;, uni)QXuv xm UVTLOlOLXEe_; 8EWQl]nxEe_; EX()l]AWOfLe_;' to 160 xm to 170 cuovo ELXU!1E ne_; OUlOnLXEe_; nEQLYQa<pEe_; L()EW()WV XOLVWVLXWV OUVOl]XWV23, TO 180 cuovo, i)()l], a!1WEe_; X0!1!10UVLOTLXEe_; OEWQLEe_; (MOQEAL xm MU!!1tAL, Morelly xm Mably), To ULll]!1U 1l]e_; iootnto; ()EV nEQLOQL~OTaV me OTa nOALtLXa bLXmw!1aTa, EnQEJTE vo EnEXTaOEL xrn OTl]V XOLV(UVLXi) xaTaoTaol] TOU xaOE orouotr ()EV EnQmE anAtoe_; vu uQOouv to 1U~Lxa noovouio, ana OL L()LEe_; OL TU~LXEe_; ()LU<POQEe_;. 'ETOL, l] nQwtl] !1oQ<Pi) E!1<pavLOl]e_; tl]e_; xmvouQYLUe_; ()L()UOXUALUe_; i)TaV EVUe_; UOXl]TLxoe_; X0!1!10UVW!1oe_;, onconcnxo» tunou Ennrc, UXOAOUOl]OUV OL lQfLe_; !1EyaAOL OUTOmOTEe_;: 0 LEV-LL!16v (Saint-Simon), 010V onoto l] UOtLxi) tcon bLUti)Ql]OE !1LU xonour LOXU ()LnAU OTl]V nQoAETaQLaxi)' 0 <l>0WLE (Fourier) xm 0 'OOUEV (Owen), 0 onotoc, orn XWQu ti)e_; mo uvantuyIlEVl]e_; XanLTUAWtLxi)e_; nugaywyi)e_; xm xorco cno Tl]V evnntoxrn tWV uvnOEoEwv nou dxuv bl]IlLOUQYl]OEl an' umi), uVEmusE OUOtl]!1utLxa tu; nQolaofLe_; TOU yLa TOV nUQu!ll'Qw!16 tWV la~Lxwv ()LU<pOQWV xoi, !1aAWTa, ouvoeovtc; re; allfOa IlE 10 YUAALXO UAL0!16.
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xm 0 cpEOUbaQXWIlO; XaL oAE; OL nQOnYOUIlEVE; XOLVWVLXE; xntnm:aOEL;. H nQaYllaTLXtl AOYLXtl XaL T) LUXULOOUVT) DEV EX01JV EJtLXQattlOEL [!tXQl tWQa otov XOOIlO XaL auto oCPELAEtaL oto YEYOVO; OTL DEV dxav avaYVUlQLOtEL oootc IlEXQL uooo; 'EAELnE 0 EUCPUtl; aVbQUi;, 0 Eva;, nou naQouoLam:T)XE tWQa XaL nou avayvwQLOE tT)V aM8ELa. To on EllcpavLotl)XE auto; tWQa, to 6TL l) aA'I)OELa EYLVE aXQL~wt; tWQa aVTLAT)Jtt'l), DEV ELVaL xaTL to onoto ~yaLvEL avayxaLa, avanocpEuxta coro tn OUVOXtl tT)t; LOtoQLX'I)t; E~EAL~T)t;, aAAa xrrn to tUxaLo. E>a [!1t0- QOUOE va ELXE YEvVT)Od 500 XQovla VWQLtEQa -ro LDLO 00. ExavE- XaL 00. dXE tote YALtWOEL T) avOQUlnOtT)ta 500 XQovLa nAavT)t;, aywvwv XaL taAaLnwQLwv. Otxnoonxc, oAOL OL AYYAOL, faAAOL XaL OL nQwtOL I'eouovot <Jo<JLaALOtEt; -ou[!1tEQLAaft~aVoIlEvoU tOU BaL tAL vyx (Weitling)- ULOOEtT)OaV auto toy toone OEWQT)OT)t;.
o oomaALoll0t; ELVaL T) ExcpQaOT) tTl; anOAutT)t; aMOELat;, AOYLXtl£ XaL DLXaLOOUVT);, nou DE XQEt6.1;EtaL naQa va avaxaAucpOEL YLa va xotaxttl<JEL toy XO<JIlO IlE TLt; DLXEt; tou 6uvaIlELt;. EnELDtl l) anoA UtT) aA'I)8ELa ELVaL aVE~aQtT)tT) «no XQovo, XWQo XaL avOQwmVT), LOtoQLX'I) E~EAL~T) bEV ELVaL naQa xaOaQtl <JU[!1ttUlOT), note XaL nou avaxaAuntstm, O[!U);, T) an6AutT) aMOna, AOYLXtl XaL bLXaLOaUvnoLaCPEQ01JV naAL OE xa8E L6Q1lt'l) <JxoAtlt;· XaL, mELDtl orov xa8Eva to LOLaL tEQO ELDOt; tTl; anoAutT)t; aAl'j8ELat;, AOYLxtlt; XaL DLXaLO<JUVT); xa8oQL1;EtaL coto to unoxELIlEVLXO lluaM rou, TL; <JUV8'1)XE; 1;Ul'l)£ tOU, tnv EXtUOT) nov YVWOEWV tou XaL tnv EXJtaLDEUOT) tou OtoXaOIlOU tou, 0' aUt'l) rn OUyxQOUOT) trov anOAUtUlV aAT)OEltllV DEV unaQXEL ann AUOT) cno rnv aAAT)Aocp80Qa toix, To uovo nou [!1tOQOUOE v« ~YEL an' aut'l) rn DLaoLxa<JLa. ntov Eva ELoo; EXAEXTLXOU <JomaALOllou tou IlEOOU ooou, ono»; EJtLxQald nQaY[!UTL Il£XQL <J1'lllEQa oro xEcpaAL torv neoioooreQUlV <Jo<JLaAL<Jtwv EQyat(llV OtT) fanLa XaL <JtT)V AYYALa, Eva IlLYlla nou EJtLtQrnn Eva E~aLQEnxa nOAunAEuQo cpaolla anoXQwoEUlV XaL nou anotEAELtaL uno tc 0XL rooo xtunT)ta xQmxa anocp8EYllala, uno OLXovofuxa 8w)Q'I)llala xa8wt; XaL cno LDEEt; YUQ(l.l ono tn IlEAAOVTLxl'j XOL vorvto nov ~lLacpoQUlv L6Qutwv aLQE<JEUlV' Eva ilL Ylla, to onoto oLalloQcpwVEtaL tOOO EUXOAOtEQa 6<J0 to. EJtLIlEQOU; ouonmxo IlEQT) tou EXOUV xa<JEL, oro nOtallL torv OU1;nttl<JEUlV, n; aLXIll)QE; nAEUQE; tTl; xa80QLOTLXOtT)ta; toix, 6nw; to. <JtQOYYUAa ~OtoaAa
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ow QUUXL. 0 oOOLUA.LO!lO;, yLU v« yLvfL Emoti)!llj, fnQEJtE JtQwta vo TOJtOOEtljElEL oro E6ucpo; rn; JtQuY!lunXOtljtU;.
LTO !lEtU~U, 6LITA.u unu xrn !lEtU tn yunLxn CPLA.ooocpLu TOU l80u aLWVU, ELXE blj!lLOUQYljOEL lj VEOtEQlj YEQ!lUVLXn CPLA.ooocpLu, lj onoto OA.OXA.ljQWElljXE ue TOV XEYXEA. (Hegel). To !lryUAUtEQO EJtLTEUYIlU Tlj; ntUV on ~UVUYUQLOE ern bLUA.fXnXn ocv UV<lltEQlj !loQCPn oTOXUo!lOU. OL UQXULOL EnljVE; nrov OA.OL YEVVlj!lEVOL OLUA.EXTLxoL cno tlj CPUolj tOU; XaL to mo XUOOA.LXO !luuM uvullEOU tOU;, 0 AQLoTOTEA.lj;, EXfL nblj 6LEQEUVnofL TL; mo OUOLWOfL; IJ,OQCPE; TOU OLUA.EXTLXOU oTOXUoIJ,OU. *
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ouoto, orooto TQOJtO, OEWQOUO£ TOV xoouo lj aQxaia £AAljVLXtl CPLAOooctc- tn O£tllQljOlj aU1:tl tn ('lLaTlJJtwa£ YLa JtQW1:lj cpoQa xaOaQa 0 HQaXAELTO~: t« novrc £Lvm xm b£v etvoi, YLatL to ncvto QEL, tn nnVTa aAAci1;ouv auv£Xw~, BQiaxovTm a' Eva abLaxoJto YLyvwOm xrn JtaQEQxwOm. H 8£wQljalj aUTtl, o[,tw~, JtaQ' OAlj tn awa1:tl aVTLAlj1jJtl Tlj~ a' O,TL acpoQa TO Y£VLXO xaQax1:tlQa Tlj~ OUVOALXtl~ £Lxova~ 1:WV cpmVO[,tEVWV, oev aQx£L YLa va £~ljYEL TL~ AmTo[,tEQH£~, uno TL~ onote; anOT£AELTm lj aUVOALxtl eixovc xoi, ooo b£v [.tJtOQOU[,t£ vo 1:0 xovoups aUTO tooo oev EXOU[,t£ aaCPtl aV1:LAlj1jJlj YLa tn aUVOALxtl £Lxovo. Ito va yvwQioou[,t£ aUTE~ TL~ AmTo[,tEQH£~, JtQrnH va TL~ uno[,tOV(O(JOU[,t£ orro to cpU<JLxa tl WTOQLxa TOU~ JtAai<JLa xm va £~£Taooiue TL~ LbLOTljT£~, TL~ LbLaL T£Q£~ rn tte; xrn TL~ mLbQ<'WH~ XAn. llj~ xaO£[,tLa~ ~£xwQL(J"[a. AUTO £i vrn JtQwla "[0 xaSitxov Tlj~ CPU<JLXtl~ emaltl[,tlj~ xm llj~ L(J"[OQLXtl~ EQ£uva~. Ilooxenm, bljAabtl, YLa XAcibOU~ Tlj~ EQ£uva~, TOU~ OJtOLOU~ OL 'EAAljV£~ Tll~ XAa<JLXtl~ mOXtl~ "[Ou~ £Lxav O£ b£UT£Qlj uotoo, Kct £txav JtOAlJ XaAOU~ Myou~ YLa vo xrrvouv ElOL, bLOTL XQ£laalljX£, Jtavw an' oAa, va auyx£V1:Qwaouv JtQwTa 1:0 UALX6. Movo OL 'EAAljVE~ llj~ aA£~avbQLVit~ mOXtl~25 avaJtTu~av n~ aQXE~ Tlj~ 8ETLxtl~ CPUOLXtl~ EQ£uva~ xm aQyol£Qa, a1:O Meoutorvo, OL AQaB£~ TL~ avaJt"[u~av JtaQanEQa. Qalooo, lj JtQay[,tatLXtl cpuaLXtl mWltl[,tlj XQOVOAoY£Llm [,toAL~ oro b£1Jl£QO iuoo "[OU 150u cuovo xm coto lOTIO exove JtQooi'lou~ [,t£ 01.0 XaL au~av6Jl£vl1 TaxUTljTa. H eveAualj Tlj~ cpualj~ ore LbLaL T£Qa [,tEQlj Tlj~, 0 bLaXWQLa[,t6~ lWV bLacpoQO)V CPU<JLXWV awBaVlWV xru CPU<JLXWV aVnXHIJ,EVWV oe OQW[,tEV£~ la~He;, lj bL£Q£UVljalj lOU WWl£QLXOU TWV OQyavLxwv aWlJ,a1:WV a' OA£~ 'tL~ JtoAuJtoixLA£~ aVaTo[,tLxE~ IJ,oQCP£~ TOUe; cnotexoooov llj BaaLxtl JtQouJt08Wlj TuN YLyaVTLWV JtQOObWV JtOU to T£A£UlaLa 100 XQOVLa xovoue a' o.n acpoQa tn yv(oalj Tlj~ cpualj~. Ma~ acplja£, 6[,tw~, xm tn auvij8£La va av'tLAa[,tBavo[,taoT£ La b£bo[,tEva XaL TL~ bLai'lLl{Uai£~ Tlj~ cpualj~ ornv «nouovcxrn TOU~, EI;W «no tn [,tEYaAlj OUVOALXij auvOXtl TOU~. EJtOIJ,EV(ll~, 0XL otnv XLVljaij TOUe;, aAAa OTljV oxrvnot« T01'~. 'OXL oav [,t£TaBAllTa OTllV ouoto TOU~, uAAa ouv JtayL£e; xcrcorcoac. 'OXL om 1;wij TOU~, aAAa ow OaVaTO roue, AUlO~ o TQOJtO~ O£tl)Qljalj~, IJ,E lOV TQOJtO rtou [,t£TaCPEQOllXE uno n~ CPU<JLXE~ £m01:ijIJ,E~ orn CPLAooocpia -omo; EYL V£ cno TOU~ MJtELXOV
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LXEcpTETm OE xaElaQEt; ~acpVLxEt; avnElEOfLt;: MEL voi, vet, 6XL, 6XL xm o,u mJ.EL mo JtEQa TOU xaxocpalvETm. I';' cutov, Eva JtQuY!la uJtaQXfL ij 6EV uJtaQXfL: Eva JtQawa 6EV !1JtOQEL va EL vrn TauT6XQova o EaUl6t; TOU xm xrrn aAAo. To 8Enx6 xm TO aQVl]TLx6 an1]AOa.l""[OxAdoVTm an6AUla. Errlo1]t;, 1] cut« xm TO aJtOTEAW!la BQLoxOVTm aVTL!lE'tWJta OE !lLa axa!1Jt't1] aVT(8W1]. 0 TQ6JtOt; aUT6t; 't1]t; OXE\lJ1]t; !lat; cpalVE'taL!lE T1]V JtQW't1] !lana E~mQmxa a~LrnmVOt;, YLaTl dvm o toono; <JXE\lJ1]t; 'tOU AEy6!lEVOU UYLOUt; avElQ(omVOU vou, M6vo nou aUT6t; 0 UYLij~ xorvo; VOUC;, nou ELvm xaTa 't' aAAa Evat; a~WOE~a(J't0~ OWTQOCPOt; !lEOa oto JtAaLma 't1]t; xa8l]!1EQw6't1]1at; TWV teoocQWV TOlXWV, ~fL ElawaOLEt; JtEQLJtE'tfLEt; !l6ALt; TOA!lijOfL va JtEQaOfL OWV JtAaTU xoouo 't1]t; EQEuVat;. 0 !lHacpuOLx6c; 'tQ6JtoC; 8EWQ1]01]t;, 600 XaTan1]AOC; xm oxouc xm anaQalT1]TOt; XL av ELvm 010UC; EUQELt;, TOUC; EXTEVELt; W!lELC;, avaAoya us 'to xaQax'tijQa TOU aVnXEL!lEvon, oxovtorptet xcnoi« OUY!lij, aQy6TEQa ij VWQLTEQa, 0' Eva cpQaY!l6, JtEQa an' 1:0 OJtOLO aQXL~EL va ELvm !lOV6JtAEUQOC;, <JTEVOXEcpaAOt;, acp1]Q1]!lEVOt; xm va !1JtAExE'tm OE aAuTEC; avncp(lofLC;, EJtEL6ij I;EXVUfL, JtEQa «no to EJtL!1EQOUC; JtQaYIlUTa, 11] (JUVUQ1l]oij 10UC;, JtEQa «no W EL voi, 'to YL yvwOm xm T1] cp80Qa TOUC;, JtEQa uno tnv 1]QE!lla, rnv XLV1]Oij toix, EJtfL6ij, «no tn Jtona tn 6Ev6Qa, 6E ~AEJt£L TO MOOC;. Ito JtaQMiELY!la: LE xaEl1]flEQLVEC; r[EQLJt'ttt)OELt;, YV(DQ(~OWE xm !1JtOQ01)~lE va JtOUflE ue ~E~m6T1]'ta, av Eva ~tt)O uJtaQXEL ij 6XL" otov xavoWE !lLa aXQLBEoTEQ1] EQEuva, ()lanlo't(ilV01JflE on aUT6, JtonEC; (poQ£t;, etvor flla E~mQmxa JtEQLJtAOX1] unoueon, omo; TO ~EQOUV JtoM xaM oi VOfllXO[, oi OJtOLOl, XaTa r' aAAa, ~aoaVLO't1]XaV Yla va avaxaAU\lJouv Eva AOYlX6 6QlO, cno TO OJtOLo 1] OaVa1W01] Ev6C; mu- 6LOU 0't0 (J(o!la 't1]C; fl1]TEQac; ELvm bOAocpovla. To L()lO ex<'iUvaw etvoi va 6laJtlOTW8EL 1] onYl.lij TOU 8avawu, YlUlL 1] CPUOLoAoYLa (Xrr06ELXVfL on 0 OavaTOC; 6EV ELvm Eva uovcoixo, onY!laLO YEyov6C;, aAM
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!-ua rroAv !.taxQoXQoVl] OlaOlxaoLa. ErrLOl]e;, TO WIOf OQyavlxo ov etVal, xafk (Jny!.t~, TO LOw XaL Of V etvoi. Ka8£ OTlY!.t~, rn£~£QyasfTaL OUOLfe;, nou rrQooxO!.tlsOVTaL arrE~Ul, XaL fxxQLvfl an£e;. KaOf OTlY!.t~, V£XQWVOUV XllTTaQa TOU (J(D!.tarOe; TOU XaL 0Xl]!-larLSOVTaL yea. METa cno Eva XQOVlXO OLaOTl]!.ta, l] VAl] amou TOU ooucro; EXfL rrA~QUle; avav£UlOfL, EXfl aVTlxaraomOd cno ana «roue Tl]e; uAl]e;. 'ETOl, TO xa8f OQyaVUl!.tEvo ov dVaL OUV£Xwe; TO Low XaL, O!.tUle;, tva aAAo. Emon; ()lC(JtL(Jt(DVOW£ ue Tl]V aXQL(3EoTfQl] 8£<ilQl]0l] on OL Mo rroAol !.tlae; aVTL8Wl]e;, 0 O£TlXOe; XaL 0 aQvl]TlXOe;, 000 aOlaXWQWTOL XL av etvot TOOO aVTL8£TOl £(VaL XaL on 0 Evae; OLflOMfl OTOV aAAo, rraQ' OAl] Tl]V avnO£tLXOTl]Ta TOUe;. AAAa XaL l] orno XaL TO cnoreAW!.ta fi Val rraQaOTaOfle;, nou EXOUV LOXV !.tOVO OTl]V £cpaQ!.toy~ TOUe; O£ rnL!.tEQOUe; rr£QLJtTWOfle; xaO£aUTEe;' av, O!.tUle;, nove !.tasL, otov f~fTaSOW£ Tl] ueuovouevn rr£QiJtTUlOl] OTl] YfVlX~ Tl]e; aAAl]Aouxia ue TO oU!.tJtav, OWAUOVTaL ueoo OTl] O£WQl]Ol] Tl]e; rrayXOO!.tLae; anl]ArnLoQaOl]e;, onou aLtL£e; XaL arroTEAw!.ta aAAaSOUV OEOl]. AUTO nou dVaL £Ow XaL TWQa onorexeoun, yLVETaL exet XaL tore aLT(a XaL aVTLotooqxr. 'OA£e; aUTEe; oi OLaOLxao[£e; XaL !.tEOOOOL otoxoouou oev TaLQLasouv OTO rrAa(oLO TOU !.t£tacpuOlXOu otoxoouou AvnOET<ue;, YLa tl] OLaA£XTLX~, l] onoto avtLAa!.tBavETaL OUOlaOTLXa to rrQay!.tara, xaOwe; XaL TLe; £VVOWAOYlXEe; onuxovtoeu; TOUe; OTl]V anl]AOUXia TOUe;, OTl]V anl]AOrrAOX~ TOUe;, OTl]V xLvl]O~ tou; xaOwe; XaL OtO YLYVwOaL XaL OTl] cpOoQa TOUe;, oi rraQarrav([) OlaOlxaoi£e; etvoi OL waQlO!.tfe; rnlB£BaLwOfle; TOU OlXOU Tl]e; roonoo oouAflae;. H CPVOl] dVaL l] OOXl!.t~ Tl]e; OlaA£xTLX~e; XaL rrQErrfl va rragaofXTOu!.t£ on ot ouyXQOVfe; cpUOLXEe; rnLOT~!.tfe; EOuloav Yla Tl] OOXL!.l~ aUT~ Eva £~aLQmxa rrAouOlo uALxo, TO onoto OUOO(tlQfUETaL xaOl]!.t£QLva, XaL EXfl cotoO£L~fl u' mrto TOV TQorro on OTl] cplJOl], Of TEA£lJTaia avaAU01], OL OlaoLxaoll,e; rivaL OlaA£xTLXEe; XaL 0Xl !.lfTacpuOlXEe;. EmLo~, o!.tUle;, ueXQl nJlQa !.t£TQLOUVTaL OTa MXTuAa ot cpuOlooicp£e;, OL onotoi E!.taOav vo OXEcptOVTaL OWA£xTLxa, l] arEAflUltl] oUYXUOl] nou xUQwQXd am~ tn on y!.t~ one; O£UlQl]nXEe; cpUOlXEe; rnLOT~!.tfC; XaL rtou rrQoxaA£[ «novvoxrn OTOUe; baaxaAoue;, OTOUe; !.taOl]TEe;, TOlJe; oUYYQacp£Le; XaL TOUe; avayvwOT£e;, £~l]y£L Tal cor' aUT~ tn olJYxQ01JOl] torv avaxaA UcpOEVTUlV rtootouctcov ue TOV rraTQorraQaOoTO toone oxE1jJl]e;.
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MLa aXQLf3~~ JtaQaCJTaOn tou OUVOAO'll ton XOO[lO'll, ln~ f~EAL~~~ tou XaL tn~ avflQwJtot'l1ta~, xa(ki)~ /tal 'l1 aVtaVaXAa0'l1 a'llt'll~ tl]<; d;EAL~l]<; 010 XfCpaAL tWV avflQQlJtUlV, unooouv, fJtO[lEV(D<;, v« smlfUXflouv [lOVO [If ('lLaAfxnxc) lQOJtO, Aa[l(3avOVTa<; ncvro UJtO\jJl] tn YfVLX'll anl]AfJtL6Qaol] tOU YLyvw8aL XaL ll]~ cpfloga<;, lWV aAAaYlov noo; W [lJtQo<; XaL Jtgo<; t« JtLOW. M' a'lll'll rnv evvoio aXQL(3w<;, noQO'llOLa01l]Xf a[lf(J(D<; l] veoteon YfQ[laVLx'll CPLAooocpLa. 0 Kcvt (Kant) ~fXLVl]Of rn OW6L06Qo[lLa ton OJ:; f~~<;: uv~yaYf to OWflfQO l]Alaxo OUOtl][lU tou Neutrovc (Newton) [la~L ue tnv (uwvLa6LaQXfLa rou -apooov fLXf 608fi JtAEOV l] JtfQicpl][ll] JtQWll] Q)81']0l)- a' Eva WtoQLXO YfYOVO<;: Lll]V f[lcpaVLa'l1 LOU ~ALO'll XaL OAWV torv JtAaVl]tWV cno [lLa 1tfQLalQfCPO[lfVl] [la~a VfcpfAU)[latUlv. 'H6l] f(3yaAf 'to a'll[lJtEQaa[lU on, [If l1']V f[lcpaVWl] U'llTl], flvm 60a[lEVl] XaL l] ovoyxaia f~acpaVW1'] tou 'l1AlaxOU auon'lI.tato<;.15 H aJtO'IjJi]"tO'll fm(3f(3mW81']Xf [la81'][lanxa [lWO mwva aQyolfQa ceto tOV AaJtM~ (Laplace). KaL, aAAo Eva [lLOO cuovo UQyolfQa, to qoouorooxomo an:06fL~f l1']V uJtaQ~1'] OtO 6LaOt1'][la rstouov JtUQLVWV [la~wv afQLO'll Of 6LacpOQf<; (3afl[lL6f<; JtUXV011']W<;.26
H VfOtEQ'l1 a'lltl] YfQl!aVLXl] CPLAooocpia OAOXA1']Qw81']Xf oro OU- 011']l!a tou XEYXfA (Hegel), 010 OJtOLO YLa JtQW11'] cpoQa -xrn etvrn a'llti] l) I!fyaAl} JtQoocpoQa tou- OAO~ 0 cp'lloL/t6~, LOtOQLX6<; xrn nvsuI!anxo<; XOOl!o<; JtaQO'llOLa~ftm oov [lLU 6La6LxaoLa, 61']Aa6i] onv Of I!OVLI!1'] XLV1']an, aAAaYl], I!ftaOXTIl!allOI!O XaL f;EALS1'] xrn YLVftaL JtQooJtaflfLa va aJ[o6fLXtfL n WUl'tfQLXl] aAA1']AO'llxia I!EOa a' a'lltl] tnv XLV1']01'] XaL fSEALS1'].*
* LLO JtQlino 0XEbw tT]t; «ELoaywY1]<;», I] qJlAoooqJla rou XrYXEA (Hegel) xaQa/trtlQi~HCll Wt; EI;1]t;: «To ouompn toll XEY/tEA 1]TaV 1]lEAEUTala, mo LEAELOnOl1]IlEVT] lloQqJ1] TI]t; qJlAoooqJlat;, ow j3a81l0 nou am:1] JmQoUOlCt~ETm oov lblai TEQI] EJtWT1]IlI], aV(inEQ1]OAWV 1WV CtAAWV EJtWTI]IlWV. Otnv (m<lnr,(E mrro, arroTuXE OA1]1] qJlAOOOq;lU IlU~l lOU. Auto, OlllOt;, nou EIlElVE 1]lUV 0 I\laAE/ttl/t<lt; toono; O"ltE'l'1lt;, /ta8ult; xrn I] avtlAI]1j'll LOll (jJ1JOl/tOU, LOTOQlXOU /tm DWVOI]Tl/tolJ XOOIlOU (ll~ EVa; XOOIlOU nou /tlvel tal XaL IlftaOXl]llaTL~HaL XWQLt; tEQIlU OE !-ua ablCtxoJtI] DlablxaoLa TOll Yl yveoOm xrn T1]£ q;SlO1]t;. TWQa unortoovrov OXlll(lVO ono tn qllAO(J()(piu, UnCt mt' OAfi:; nt; EJtlOt1]llfC; vo unoDEll;oUV OLO blXO TOU~ rouse TOUt; V<lIlOUC; xtvnon; aU11]; t1l£ ablCtXOJtll~ bwblxaOLat; IlHaoXI]!-lanollou. AUT1] ntcv 11 XA1]QovolllCt nou CtqJl]OE 11 XfyXEAlCtV1] q;lAOOOqllU 01OUt; bWI\6X01Jt; t1]t; .»
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An' aUT~ tn oxomc, l] LOTogLa 'tl]e_; avOgwrrOTl]'tae_; bEV euqxrvt~OTaV mo oav EVa Egl][,tO xuoe_; BLmoT~Twv xwg(e_; vOl][,ta, OL onote; ELvm E~Loou arroQQL1t1EEe_; unooot« OTO bLXaOtLXO B~[,ta TOU [,tOALe_; nOQa wQL[,tao[,tEvou vou TWV <PLAOOO<pWV Xat nou 000 mo YQnyoQa tLe_; SEXVUfL xavELe_; TOOO 'to XaA.1JTEQo. E[,t<pavL~ETm 't(oQa oov bLaDLxuoto ESfAU;l]e_; Tlle_; (bLae_; Tlle_; avOQwrroTllwc_;. TWQa me, TO xaOi}xov TOU (J'tOxao[,tou EXEL yLvEL vo. rraQaxoAouO~(JEL tn BaO[,tLaLa rroQELa Tl]e_; avOQwrro'tl]we_; [!f(Ja cot' OAEe_; ne_; 1tEQLrrAa~oELe_; 'tl]e_; xm va unobELSEL tnv WW'tEQLX~ VO[,tOTEAHU Tl]e_; ueoo arr' OAEe_; ne_; <pmVO[,tEVLXEe_; O'lJ[!1tTWOELe_;.
AI: [,tae_; EvbLa<pfQEL Ebw on 0 XEYXEA bEV EAUOE aUTO 'to nooBAl][,ta. H xooocoo« TOU, nou U<pl]OE mox~, nrov on TO EOWE. AAAWOTE, bEV ELvm Eva rrQoBAl][,ta TO onoio Evae_; uovo; TOU Oa [!1t0- QE(JEL rrOTE va AU(JEL. [laQ' 6AO nou 0 XEYXEA -[,ta~l 1110 'tOY kEV-kL!lOV (Saint-Simonj- nTaV 0 mo xaOOALxoe_; Eyxf<paAoe_; T1je_; mox~e_; TOU, ~tav, W(JTOOO, rrEQWQLOIJ,EVOe_;, rrQWTOV, A.6yw TOU avayxaLa nsQWQLOIJ,EVOU ovxou TWV bLXWV TOU YV(O(JE(OV xrn, bEUtEQOV, A.6y(O TWV YV(ilOEWV xm OEWQ~OEWV tl]e_; mox~e_; TOU, nou ~TaV ml(Jl]e_; nsQLOQLO[,tEVEe_; 010 6yxo xm BUOoe_;. [lQErrEL, 6[,twe_;, va rrQooOE(JOU!J,E XL Eva TQltO. 0 XEYXEA ~Tav LbEaAL(J't~e_;, bl]Aa6~ YL' curov oi (JXE'I'He_; tOU EYXE<PUAOU TO'U bEV nrov OL ALYOTEQO ~ rrEQLoOOtEQO a<pl]Ql]IJ,EVEe_; arrHxovl(JELe_; TWV rrQaY[,tanxwv aVnXEL[,tfvwv xm <patVOIJ,EVWV, aAAu, aVtLOETa, YL' «urov to rrQuy[,tata xm l] ESEALS~ TO'Ue_; bEV ~Tav rraQu OL UAorrOLI1!lfvEe_; arrHxovlone_; tl]e_; X<1Jt01J urruQxouoae_; -erow uno TOV xoouo- «Ibtae_;». 'EWL, oAa nrov cvcnoo« xm ELXE cvonobOYUQLOtEL tEAELWe_; llrrQaYlJ,anxi} aAAllAouXLa TOU XOOlJ,ou. [lag' OAO nou 0 XEYXEA dXE avnAl]<pEld OWOTU xm EU<pUWe_; rroAAEe_; [,tEIJ,OVWIJ,EVEe_; aAAl]AOUXlEe_;, oxrtooo rrOAAa ErrQEm oxouc OTl] AmTOIJ,EQfLU toix va [,trraA(OOOUV, vo <pnaxTOuv, v« xorcoxeuootouv, IJ,E ALya My La va E[,t<paVWTOUV cvcnooo. To XEYXEALavo OUOTl]lJ,a oo» tstoto nrov Eva reocouo Extg(o[,ta - aAAu 'to tEAElJ'WlO OTO dDOe_; tou, ALon rnaoXE axo[,ta nno [,tLa aYLu'tgE'UTl] WWTEQLX~ aVTl<paOl]:
Ano tn uto, ELXE oo» OUOUil6l] JTQo'iirroOwl] EXELVl] tnv LOTOQLX~ OEwQ'llOl], OU[,t<p(llVa ue Tl]V onotc, 'll avOQwm vn LOToQLa EL vrn IJ,La bLabLxaoLa ESEALS1je_;, 1j ozotc, uno T1j <pU01j t'lle_;, bEV 1J,1t0QEL va BQEL rn
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bLaVOllTLX~ OAOXA:r]QWO~ tlle; !If tnv aVaXaA1J\jJll tlle; AfY0!lfVlle; onoAUtll£ aA:rjOfLae;' ono tnv anll, O!lW£, WXUQ(~ftm OTL a1Jt~ II (bLa etvm II anOAUtll aA.rjOfLa.
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H bLarrlOtWOll OTL 0 I-lEXQL tore YfQ!laVLXO£ LbWALO!lO£ ntcv EvtfAW£ MOo£ ob11YllOE avayxaOTLxa OtOV UAW!lO, aAA.a, Oll!J.fLWVW, 0XL arrAWe; oto uetorpuotxo, arrOXAHOTLXa !lllxaVLXO UA.LO!lO lOU 180u ouovo, 0 OUyXQOVoe; UAW!lO£ oev anOQQlrrtfL anAa,!lf tQorro acpfAW£ encvoorcnxo, OAll tnv rrQOllYOU!lfVll iorootc, aAA.a ~MrrfL otnv wtOQLa tl]V rroQEla E~EAL~l)C; tl}£ avSQwrrotllta£, toix V0I-lOUC; XlVl)(Jl]e; tl]e; onotr«; flvm xa9rjxov tou v« avaxaAU'ljJfL. Lf OUyXQWl] ue tnv aVtlAl]lJ1l1 tlle; cpUOlle; -ctou flxav xrn OL raAAOL ton 180u morvo, ana xm 0 xtYXfA- ocv tva aVanOLwtO OUVOAO XLVOUl-lfVO ue mwvLa ouQ6.vLa otouoto Of OlfVOUe; XUxAOUC;, orrwe; b(6a~f 0 NfUtorvcc, xm ue avaAAOlwta flbl) OQyavLxwv ovtorv, omo; blba~f 0 Awvoto; (Linn e)- 0 UAWI-l0e; curo; OUVOlJ1L~fL TLC; vtfe; rrQoObouC; tWV CPUOLXWV rnWtl]I-l<OV, OUI-lcpwva ue TLe; onote; l] CPUOl} tXfL rnlOl]£ tnv wtoQLa tl]£ oto XQOVO xm OUI-lcpwva ue TLe; onotc; tn OUQaVLa OWI-lata, 6rrw£ xru tu fWl} HuV oQYaVW!lWv, ot onotoi La XatOLXoUv !lOVO xatw ono fWO'ext£ OUvS~Xf£, vevviouvtc, xm cpOlVOUV, fVW OL XUxAOL, oto BaS!-l6 nou I-lJtOQEl va urraQXouv, anoxtOUV arrElQw£ JtLO I-lfyaAELwbfLe; bWotaoEL£. Koi OTLe; Mo JtfQLJttWOfL£, 0 oUYXQovo; UAW!lO£ dvm OUOLwbw£ bLaAfXTLXO£ xm bE XQfLa~Etm ma I-lLa CPLAooocpLa rravw cno TL£ aAAf£ rnWt~l-lf£. Ano tn OTLYI-l~ non cmntet ret uno xaSf rnwt~l-ll] ~ExwQwta va ~fxaSaQLOEL tn StOl] tl]£ orn OUVOALX~ ouvcornon torv rrQaYI-l<1TwV, xaSw£ xm orn OUVOALX~ OUvaQtl]ol] Tl]£ YVWOl]e; torv rrQaY!laHUV, l] xaSf ~fX(J)QWT~ fJtLonl!ll] tl]£ OUVOALXi}£ ouvaQtl]Ol]C; Elvm rrfQLttll. Tore, to I-l0VO aUtOtfAEe; nou !lEVEL arr' OAl] tnv W£ TOTE CPLAooocpLa, fLvm l] bLabLxaOLa tou OTOxa0I-l0U xm nov VOI-l{[)V lOU - l] tumxi} AO),LXl) xm l]blaA.EXnXl).
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OAa tn ana W:P0!lOUi)VOVtaL !lfoa OTn 8ETLx~ £J[L<JT~!ln Tn~ <pUon~ XaL Tnc; L<J1OQLac;.
O!lWC;, fVW n uercroonn <JTn 8E(i)Qnon Tn~ <pUon~ !lrrOQOUOE va OLEl;ax8d !lOVO OTO [1a8!l0 nou n EQfuva £OLVE TO aVTLOTOLXO flETLXO UALXO Tn~ YV(OOnC;, ~()n noM VWQLTfQa EYLvav L0TOQLXa vevovoto, to onotc rrQoxaAE0av !lLa OTQO<P~ ano<pa0LoTLx~ YLa TnV aVTLAn1.lJn 0XETLXa ue TnV L<JToQLa. To 1831 fLXf YLVEL OTn ALOV (LYON) n rrQwTn fl;tYEQOn EQyaTCi)v' TO 1838 EW~ TO 1848 TO rrQWTO EflvLXO eoyaTLXO XLVn!la, aUTO TuN AYYAwv Xoottororv, dXE <pTaOEL 010 l;EVLfl TOU. H tal;Lx~ naAn ovcueoo 010 nQOAfTaQLa1O XaL TnV a<JTLX~ Tal;n !lJt~XE 0TO rrQoox~vLO Tn~ L<J1OQia~ TuN nQonY!l£VWV XWQCOV Tn~ EuQwnnc; OTOV (OLO (3afl!lo, OTOV onoto avamuxflnXE EXfL n !lEyaAn ~to!lnxaVLa, cno rn uto, XaL n VEOxataXTn!lEVn nOALTLx~ xUQLaQXLa Tn~ aOTLx~~ Tal;ne;, ano TnV aAAn. To OLOOY!latU Tne; aomnje; OLXOVO!lLUe; YLa TnV WUTLOn OU!l<pfQOVTWV TOU xE<paAaLou XaL Tn~ EQyaoLae;, YLa Tn YEVLX~ aQJ,lOVLa xrn rn YEVLxi) EUnJ,lfQLa TOU Aaou onv ouvEJtfLa TOU EAfUflEQOU avwywvL0J,lOU, OLa'I!JfUOTnXav 01..0 XaL mo xTUJtnTa uno W LOLa tn YEYOVOta. *
~EV !lJtOQOUOE mo xavd~ va anoQQL'ljJEL aUTO. to rrQaY!laTa, OUTE TO yanLXO XaL aYYALXO oOOlaAlOJ,lO, 0 onoto; nrcv n flEWQnTLxi), eouo xaL aXQwe; avoAoxAilQWTn, EX<PQaOi) TOU~. O!lW~, n naAaLa LOEaAL<JTLX~ WTOQLX~ aVTLAn1.lJn, nou OEV ELXE oxoun JtaQayxwVL<JTEL, OE yvwQLl;E xafloAou Tal;LXOUe; aYWvfe; OTnQLY!lEVOU~ OE uALxa OU!l<PfQOVTa. M yvwQLl;E xov uALxa OU!l<pfQOVTa. ~U!l<pwva!l' aUTllV, n noQaywy~, OJtwe; OAfe; OL OLXOVOJ,lLXEe; OXfOEL~, urri)Qxav !lOVO nnoe!lJtLmOVTWC;, ocv OEUTfQEuovTa OTOLxda Tne; «L<JTOQLa~ TOU JtOALTLO!lOU».
* LW rrQwTO OXthLO w; «ELoayOlytjc;». AEn JtaQaX(lTOl: «LtT) raAAla. T) E~eYEQffi] tT)C; ALOV TOU 1834 ELXE .'lLaxT]Qu~H xru tnv rruf-T) LOU rrQoAEtaQLuLOu evcvn« otnv aouxiJ tU~T]. OL aYYALxtr;, xm ot yaf-ALXEC; OOOLaf-WUXec; 8EOlQlEr;, anoxtT]oav iotoQLXiJ OT)l1aolu XUL oev !1JtOQouoav :rraQu va ELXUV aniJXT)OT] xm vo rrQoxaf-eOOuv XQLtlxiJ XaL OU) rEQJ-lavla.rraQon EXEL T] rraQaywyiJ ElXE J-lOALr;, aQXLOH va Byalvu nrto tn I1LXQiJ EJtLXELQT]OT). 0 8EOlQT]UXOC; OOmUALOJ-lO;. (lJtWc; bLUl1oQrphlvomv t(i)QU. 0XL tooo JtOf-U OTT) rEQJ-lavla 000 UVUJ,lEOU OE rEQl1avoUc;. ErrQEJtE. OUVEJtWC;, va EwayuyuOAO TO uALXO LOU ... »
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To VEa YEYOVOTa avayxaoav TOU~ aveQwrrou~ vc urro~aAOuv OA1) T1) [.tEXQL TWQa LOtoQia OE [.tLa XaLVOUQYLa E;Eta(1) XaL va nou cpavllXE on II OA1) [.tEXQL TWQa LOTOQla i]tav LOtoQLa Ta;LXWV aywVWv27- on aUtE~ OL aAAllAOaVtL[.t<xxo[.tEvE~ T~EL~ Tlle; xOLvwviae; etVal xaeE (fJoQa to nootov TWV 0XEOEUlV rraQaywyi]e; XaL avtaAAayi]e;, ue [.tLa AE~ll TWV OLXOVO[.tLXWV 0XEOEWV T1)e; ErrOxi]e; TOUe;' on, O'lJVErrwe;, II £xaOtoTE OLXOVOIlLXi] owi] Tlle; xOLvwviae; arrOTEAEi trrv rrQay[.tanxi] ~aoll, uno tnv onotc E;llYEl'taL, OE TEAEu'taLa aVaAU(1), OAO to ErrOLxoMllll[.ta TWV VO[.tLXWV XaL rroAtTLx(ilV ew[.tWv, xaewe; XaL tou eQllOXEU'tLXOU, CPLAOOOCPLXOU XaL aAAOU 'tQOJtOU rraQOUOLaoi]e; tou; T1)e; xaeE LOTOQLXi]~ JtEQLOOOU.
Etoi;o LbWALO[.tOe; bLWXTllXE uno LO TEAEmaLO XaTacpUyLO tou, tnv LOTOQLXi] ron aVTLAllljJll, MellXE II UALO'tLXi] aVTLAll'IjJll 'tlle; LO'tOQLa~ XaL ~QEe11XE 0 bQOIlOe; vo E;llYTJeEL II O'UVEWllOll TWV avSQwrrwv coto LO dvm TOUe;, «vrt, oJtwe; [.tEXQL TWQa, TO Eivm LOUe; uno T11 ouvfib11011.
o [.tEXQL TOTE OOOLaALOIlOe;, o[.twe;, bE oU~L~al;otav [.t' ami] mv UALOtLXi] LOlOQLXi] aVTiA1)'ljJll 000 II aVTiAl]'IjJ1) YLa 'tll CPUOll JtOU fiXE 0 yaAALxoe; UAW[.tOe; bE oU[.t~L~al;otav [.tE 'tll OWAEXtLXi] Xat ne; VEO'tEQEe; cpUOLXEe; ErrLO'ti][.tEe;.
o [.tEXQL 'twQa oomaALO[.tOe; ErrEXQLVE, ~E~La, TOV uncoxro xcmtaALOnxo 'tQorro rraQaywyi]e; xm ne; OUVErr£LI~e; LOU, aAAa bEV unoQOUOE va TOV E;1)yi]OEL, OUVErrW~ OU'tE va ro ~yaAEL rrEQa [.tal;i rou, MrrOQOUOE Ilovaxa va tOY aJtoQQiljJEL ocv xoxo, To SElla, 0Wlle;, ntrrv, cno tn Ilia, va JtaQoUOLaOTEL amoe; 0 XarrLtaALOnxo~ TQOJtOe; JtaQaywyi]e; OT1)V LOTOQLXi] LOU ouvaQTlloll, xaSwe; XaL II avayxmomr« ton YLa iuo ouyxEXQl[.tEVll LOTOQLXi] rteotooo, OUVErrW~ XaL II avayxmoTllTa Tlle; E;acpavLOi]e; toir cno rnv aAAll, EJtQErrE va ;£OXEJtaotEL 0 WWtEQlXOe; xaQaxn'tQae; rou, nou E;axoAouSOUOE va i]taV XQU[.t[.tEVOe;, YLa'tL II [.tEXQL tots xQL'tLxi] £LXE oxuljJEl rrEQlOOOT£QO Jtav(t) one; xaxEe; OUVErrELEe; rraQ(x otov ibLO TOV roorro AEL'touQYLae; ton. Auto EYlVE ue tnv avaxaAU'IjJll Tlle; uJrEoai;im;. AJtobELX'tllXE on 1)lbLoJtOLllOll (mAi]QWTlle; EQyaoLa~ ntov 1) ~aOLxi] [.toQCPi] LOU xomT<XAwnxolJ TQ6rrou rraQaywYit~, xaewe; XaL tTJ~ £Iq.lfTaAA£UOTJ~ TOU EQyaTll, nou JtQaYllaToJtOLELtaL [.tEOW aU'ti]e;' on 0 xamTaALOTi]~,
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oxouc XL av aYOQa~£L tnv £QyanX'r] Mvalllj 10U £Qya'tlj 'tOU YLa rnv rrAilQlj a~La, tnv onoto fXEL oav £j..tJroQ£1Jlla otnv ayoQa £j..tJroQ£Uj..tatWV, rraAL on)~EL mQLOOOt£Qlj a~La arr' aut~ non fXEL rrAljQci)OEL YLa tnv LOLa' XaL on, O£ t£AEUtaLa aVaA1JOlj, lj umQa~La aUt~ arrOt£A£L to nooo Tl]~ al;La~ uno to onoto OUOOWQ£U£1aL lj OUV£Xw~ aul;avoIl£vljll(x~a XHpaAaLOU OLa XfQLa HOV LOWXtljtQLWV ta~£wv. Etoi, £~ljy~flljx£ lj rrQO£A£UOlj XaL tlj~ xcm taALOTLX~~ rraQaywy~~ XaL 'tlj~ rraQaywy~~ x£cpaAaLou.
Xg(!)(Jt(XIl£ XaL tL~ Mo ll£yaA£~ avaxaMlJl£L~ orov Ma(}~; Tnv UALOnx~ aVtLAljlJllj tlj~ LOtogLa~ XaL to ~EOx£rraOlla 10U !lUOtLXOU tlj~ xarrL'taALOtLX~~ rragaywy~~ !l£OW tlj~ urr£Qa~La~. M£ tL~ avaxaAU1jl£L~ aUt£~, 0 OOOLaALO[lO~ £YLV£ £mo't~!llj, tnv onoto twga rrQona fla rrQ£rrEL va tnv £Jr£l;£QyaO'toU[l£ rragarrfQa 0' OA£~ n~ A£rrto[l£Q£LI'.~ XaL tL~ aAAljAOUXL£~ tlj~.
Etoi rr£QLrrou £Lxav to rrgaY!la'ta OtOV toueo tOU fl£wQljtLXOU ooomsiouo» XaL tlj~ v£xQ~t; CPLAooocpLa~, orcv 0 XUQLO~ EUY£VLO~ N'tLQL vyx (Eugen Duehring) mtaXtljX£ [l£ rroM flOglJBo otn OXljV~ XaL oLax~Qul;£ !lLa OLX~ 'tOU arrOAUtlj avatQorr~ 'tlj~ CPLAooocpLa~, Tlj~ rrOALTLX~~ OLXOVO[lLa~ XaL 'tOU OOOLaALO!lOU.
A~ OOU!l£ tt !la~ urrOOX£taL 0 XUQLO~ N'tLQLVYX - XaL n 'tljQ£L osto tL~ urrOOXEOEL~ tou
II. TL uJt6aXflaL 0 XUQLO<; N1LQLVYX
To fQya ton XUQLOU N'tLgLVYX, ue tc onoto fla aoxoAljfloUfl£ £M), d VaL tc Maerj{.1ara tn; cptAoaocpia~ tou, to Ma8rj{.1ara tn; eeVtxrj~ xa: xOtv(lmxrj~ oixovouuu; tou, xaflw~ XaL lj KQmxrj urtooia rl1~ eevtxrk otxovouiai; xai rov ooouiuouo» 1OU. TIQona, !la~ EvfnaCPEQEL XUQLW~ to rrQwto fQYO. LtljV rrQwtlj xLoAa~ oEALoa, 0 XUgLO~ N'tLQLVYX avaXOLVWVEL 'tOY ecuto LOU oov
«EXELVO, 0 onoto; &£xbtxei tnv eXJf(}OawJTl1ar} au't~t; 'tlj~ ouva!llj~ ('tlj~ CPLAooocpLa~) otnv £JroX~ tou, xaflwt;
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XaL a' o.n mpoQu rnv £;EAL;~ tll£ oro nQO<J£XE£ J.tEAAOV». *
Iuv£mi)£, naQouOLU~El toy ecuro tOU oov TO uovooixo aAllfhvo CPLAOOOCPO ton nooovro; XaL TOU «nQo<J£XOU£» !1EAAOVtO£. Onoto; naQEXXAi VEl an' mrtov naQ£XXAl VEl uno tnv aMflELa. IIonoi, nQLV ano toy XUQLO NtiQtvyx XLOAa;, EXOUV oxecnei XUtL tEtOLO via TOV £autO toix, aAM -exro; uno TOV Pixagvt BUYXVEg (Richard Wagner)- ELVaL 0 nQwTO£ nou to AEEL yw TOV ecuro tOU ocv vc: im awBaivEL rtnotc. KaL, BEBma, II aMflELa, n£Qi tll; onoia; nQoxELtat, YL' curov dVaL:
«J.tLa ogL<JtLX~ E<JXatll aA~flELa».
H CPLAo(Jocpia TOU xUQiou NtigLVYX etvoi:
«to CPVaLXO <JU<Jtll!1a ~ rJ cp~Aoaocpia rw; Jf(/aYllanxotmc; ... cpavtU~HaL tnv ngaYJ.tanxOtllta xatu tetoio toone, oxrte vc oxoxssieto: rJ xd(je sacpv~l{iJ aroocpiJ noo; !1La OVELQWOll XaL UnOXELJ.tEvLXU Jt£QLOgWJ.tEVll avtiAll'IjJll tou xoouou».
H cpLAoaocpia aUt~, enouevox, dVaL ue thOLO roono cpnayJ.tEvll, roore v« 1J'IjJw(JEL tOY XUQLO NTiQLVYX nnvro ono tn oQLa tll; noootoJtLx~;-unOXELI1£VLX~£ ot£VOt1JtU£ rou, ro onotc OUt£ 0 iOLO£ OEV !1Jtogd vo aQVflflEL Auto dVaL, xoogi; UAAO, anagaLtllto, av flEAEL va dvm (J£ 8E<J1J vo oLam<Jtw<JEL E<JXat££ OQL<JtLXE£ aAi)8EL££, nag' OAO nou, I1EXgL twga, o£v xataAaBaivou!1E axoJ.ta Jtw£ fla yivEL auto to flalJl1a.
Auto to «CPU<JLXO ouornun tll£ xafl£aut~£ u;La£ YLa to II v£uJ.ta yvw<Jfl£» EXEL, «xoogi£ va JtagaxooQ~<JEL rtnote cno to Bu80£ t1J£ <JXE'ljJ1J£, otaJtL<Jtw(JEL 11£ aacpuAELa tL£ BaOLxE£ 1l0gcpE£ tou EiVaL». Ano tnv
* OAE~ or lJlToYQ~J.lLaH~ an~ lTaQaBfaEl~ uno ro fQya TOlJ Nt[QtV)'% ELvaL toU 'EV)'%E)._~.
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«rrQay!!anxa XQL1LXij StaTl» lOU, rrQoacptQH "[a mOLXELa !!Lar; rrQay!!anxijr; XaL, enouevox, nooocvctoxtOl1tvlIr; otnv rrQaY!!«TLX()"[lIta "[Tlr; cpuOllr; XaL "[lIr; ~wijr; CPLAooocpLar;, II onoto OE 6tx£taL tvav arrAWr; qxuvo!!EVLX() oQL~ov"[a, aAAa £/;fTc1~El O£ (laeor; 6Al/ T1/ Yl/ xm TOVr; oVQavovr; Tl/r; £/;WT£Qtxrjr; xai WWT£(nxrjr; cpVOl/r;, OTl/V WXVQrj avaTQ£Jmxrj TTlr; xivnon: ELvaL tvar; «XaLVouQywr; teono; oxt'\lJllr;» XaL to arro"[EAtouor« tou eivai «ex {3c1eQWV t&6QQv8fla OVf1Jf£Qc1- ouata xai 8£wQrjoElr; ... oxb/JElr; Jrov Y£wovv OVOTrjuata.: aArj8El£r; ouixuruoueve;», MJrQOOTc1 iuu; EXOVfl£ «uui eovaoia, Tl onoia JrQfJrEl va aVa~l/TrjOEl TTl (5vvaflrj TTl; OTl/ OVYX£VTQWflfVTl JrQWTO{3ov).{a», o.tc xm ev onuaivei aVTO' uux «fQwvarrou cp"[avH !!tXQL nr; QL~Er; ... uu: QL~LXij fJrWTrjfll/ ... flwauo"[TlQtllr; mW"[TI[10VLxi] avriA1]1/JrJ noayuatiov xai avfJQwJrwv ... uia eovaaia TWV oxb/J£wv nou OLEWMEL oxorrAE'UQa ... Eva oruuouQYLXO OX£&aofl6 TWV xoonxoeEO£WV xai TWV OVVfJrElWV, Jrov xVQwQxovvrm ano tn (JXE1jJT/ ... TO anoAvm e£fl£AWXO».
~toV OLXOVO!!LX()-rrOALnX() rouse bE [1ar; oLvEL !!OVO «tQya rrEQLExnxa uno W"[OQLXi] XaL ouo"[ll!!anxi] arrOljJTI», nno ro onoto "[a WtoQLxa ~EXUlQL~OUV EmrrAEov A6yUl «"[lIr; OLxijr; uou W"[OQLOYQacpLar; fl£Yc1AOV ixpcnx;» XaL tn onoto rrQo~tvlloav ornv oixovouio «Oll!!LOUQYLxtr; a"[Qocptr;»,
aAAa XAELvEL XaL u' tva OLX() lOU rrAi]Q{J)r; Em~EQyaO!!tvo oomaAL(J't'LX() OXtOLO YLa tn !!EAAOvnxij xorvorvto, to onoto ELVaL
«0 rrQaxnxor; xaQrror; [1Lar; xa8aQrjr; SEUlQLm;, l/ onoia CPTc1VEl flEXQt tu; T£A£vrai£r; Qi~£r;»,
XaL, YL' a1J"[()"[O Myo, etvot E~Loou aAavSamo XaL [1ovaoLxlx OUl'tijQLO ()OO XaL II CPLAooocp[a tou N"[LQLVYX, oLon
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«flOVO Of exeivo to OOmaALOtlXO Olxo06l-tlll-ta, to OnOLO EXW xaQaxtllQLOEL OW Mae~flara TIJC:; ffjVlX~C:; xa: XOl VWV(X~C:; otxovouiai; uou, I-tJtOQ£L EVa yviJmo 'EXELV va I-tJtEL orn OEOll tiJe; anAwe; CPaLV0I-t£VLXl)e; XaL nQooWQLVl)e; l) XaL ~(aLlle; LOLOXtllo(ae;». KaL to I-tEAAOv oev EXEL naQu vo uncxouoei,
E>a I-tJt0Qouoal-t£ cverc va o£xanAamuooU[.t£ autl) tnv avOoAoYLa enntvorv tOU XUQLOU NtLQLVYX cno toy XUQLO NtLQLVYX. MUAAOv l)01l cno twga nQEnEL va EXEL nQoxaAEOEL xunoL£e; al-tcpL~oAL£e; (HOV cvcvvoxrtn, av EXEL va XUVEL nQuYl-tatL ue cpLMoocpo n ue - aAM nQEnEL vo naQaxaAEooul-t£ toy avayvcoOtll vc xQatl)oEL oxouc tnv XQLOl'j lOU I-tEXQL va YVWQLOEL uno JtLO XOVtU tnv ELQlll-tuevn QLl;Lxotllta. Lae; 6LVOW£ tnv we; UVW avOoAoYLa I-t0VO YLa vo 6£l~oW£ OtL oev EX0U[.t£ I-tJtQOOtU I-tae; Eva OUVllOWI-tEVO cpLMoocpo XaL ooowAwtl), ° oxoto; anAwe; £XCPQUl;H ne; OXEljJue; tOU XaL to acpl)vEL ornv naQanEQa £~EAL~ll vc nnoqxiotoa 0XftLXU ue rnv a~La toix, ano. I-t' Eva nMo[la £vt£AcDe; £~aLQ£tLXO, to onoto LOXUQLl;£taL on o£v £LVaL ALYOt£Qo aMvOaoto uno tOY TI6.Jta XaL nou tn I-t0- vaoLxo. (J(otl)QLa oL6aoxaALa tou 6£v I-tJt0QOUI-t£ naQo. vo tnv cnoO£XtOUI-t£, av O£ OEAOUI-t£ vc ~£JtEOOUl-t£ otnv mo anoQQLJttEa aLQ£nxornro. Aev EXOUI-t£ xa06Aou vc XUVOUI-t£ ue ~LLa an' autEe; ne; £QyaoL£e;, one; ortoie; oA£e; OL OOOWAWtLXEe; CPLAoAoYL£e;, XaL nQooqxrro XaL II Y£Ql-tavLXl), £LVaL tOOO nAouOL£e;. EQyaoL£C;, one; cnote; o.vOQwnOL oLacpoQEnXl)e; oAxl)e; nQoonCl.Oouv I-tE tOY JtLO ELALxQL vl) toone tOU xoouou va ~ExaOaQLoouv l;lltl)l-tata, yLa tnv «ncvmon nov onotorv LOWe; tou; A£lrrEL ALyo-rroAu to uALxo. EgyaoLEe;, one; onote; nnvro a~Ll;EL vo avayvwQLOttL II xaAiJ oOOLaALonxl) OEAllOll, orroLEe; XL av ELVaL OL emotnuovixe; XaL AoYOtEXVLXEe; £n£lljJELe;. 0 XUQwe; NtLQL vyx, avnOEtWe;, [lae; rrQoocpEQEL OEUlQtll-taW, to onoto avaxllQuOOEL 010 EOxat£e; oQLOnxEe; aMOEL£e;, rrAaL one; onotec, Xo.0E o.AAll yvwl-tll dvaL ouv£JtClle; EX tWV rrQOtEQWV wcpaAI-tEvll. Onox xutEXEL tnv arroxAEwtLXl) aAijOwl, XatEXEL XaL tn I-l0VaOLXl) allOtllQo. £JtLOtll!10VLXl)I-tEOOOO EQ£uvae;, Of OUYXQLOll I-tE tnv onotc OAEe; OL o.nEe; EL VaL un £JtLotllI-tOVLXEe;. 'R EXEL OLXW - XaL tors EX0U!1E I-tJtQO-
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or« ~w.; TIl !!fyaA1JTfQl] !!fYaAoql'U"Ca oAwv torv fJtOXWV, TOV noorro uJtfQuv8Q<l)J[o, oron lOt Val aMv8aoTo;. 'H fXEL UbLXO - XaL TOtE 8a ~TaV l] rno 8aVUOL!!l] JtQooBoM YLa TOV XUQW NTLQWYX, av JtaLQVaIlE rnLfLXW; urrO'IJJl] tnv fvbfXO!!fVl] xaA~ TOU Sf Al]Ol] , onoio XL av nrov l] XQLOl] !!a;.
Av XaTEXEL xaVfL; Tl]V fOXaTl], tnv OQL(mX~ aA~8ELa, xa8w; xrn rn !!ovaihx~ auotl]Q~ emotnuovixotntc; Etvm aUTOVOl]to OtL ltQfrrEL vo JtfQLCPQOVEL aQxHu Tl]V urroAOLrrl] av8QUlJtoTl]Ta, nou rrAavutal xru OEV ELvm txa~ yta fJtWTl]1l0VLX~ oxf'\jJlJ. Mn Ila; XUVEL, YL' auto, evrunoxm, av 0 xUQw; NTLQtV'{X f..tLMn yta TOU; ltQOYfVfOTEgou; TOU IlE Tn llfyaAUtEQll rrEQLcpgOVl]Ol] XaL av 1l0VO AL yOL IlEYUAOL UvtQE;, toU; onotoix, XaT' E~a[QEOn, TOU; MEL ° LOw; IlEYUAOU;, f3Qiaxouv fAw; jAJtQOOTU OTTl gL~LxoTljTa lOU.
A; tOY cxoooooue ltQ<l>Ta YLa TOU; cpLMoocpoue;:
«0 AaLJ,UtVLte; (Leibniz), 0 onoto; atEQELTaL xa8E xaAUtEQTI; cpgOVJ)(Jllc; ... auto; 0 XOAUtEgoe; avallEoa 0' oAOUC; toUc; aUALxoUC; CPLAOOO<{lOUv'tEC;.»
Tov Kovr (Kant) ,wALe; TOV avtXfTaL, aUa, J,tfTa an' aut6v, oAa
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AnOd «IJ.E ru ('lLItU tou EAEuOEgu 6nluougyiJIJ.uta Xat <pUVtUOLE~»· or EVVOLE~ tou UglOIJ.0U Xat tou oxiJlJ.Uto; ELVat to «ovuxctuevo :/1:OU dvat mugxE~ ytU to IJ.UOnlJ.UtlXU xat non reugUYEtat ure' UutU to L6lU» xoi, mOlJ.fVW~, EXEL «lJ.lU lOXU UVE;UQtntl] uno rnv u)WirfQT] EIJ.ltELOLU xat to reQuYIJ.unx6 reEglEx6IJ.EVO tOU x601J.0u».
To on tc xuOugu lJ.uHnlJ.unxu lOXUOW UVE;Ugtl]ta uno rnv £0£airfQT] EIJ.ltElgLU rou XUeE at61J.0u dVat, ~E~aLw~, orooro xat auto lOXUEl YlU 6Au to 6laltlOtWIJ.fVU YEYov6ta 6Awv tWV EltlOtnlJ.Wv, ax6IJ.a Xat yta 6Aa to YEyovota YEVlXU. OllJ.UyvntlXOL re6Aol, l] ouvOEOn rou VEQOV are6u6goy6vo Xat 0;uy6vo· to YEYov6~ on 0 XEYXEA EXH reEOUVEL xat 0 XVgLO~ NtiglVYX ~El. '01..' autu LOXVOW, aVEsuQmtc are6 tl] 6lxiJ IJ.OU EIJ.ltElQla iJ mv EIJ.ltElgla UAAWV mourov, oxouo xat aVESugtl]ra uno rnv EIJ.ltELQla ron XUgLOU NtLgLVYX, E<p600v XOLIJ.Utat tOY unvo tou 6lxaLou. AAM, ora xaeagu lJ.uOnlJ.atlXU, 0 voix 6EV aoxoAd tat xa06Aou IJ.OVUXU IJ.E tc 6lXU tou 6l]IJ.L01JQYiJlJ.ata Xat <pavtUolE~. Ot EVVOlE~ tou aQl0lJ.ov Xat tOU oxiJlJ.atO~ fXOW reaged uno tOY reQaYlJ.anxo XOOIJ.O xat uno reouOEVU aAAov. To 6fxa MXtuAa, IJ.E to onotc oi uvSgwreol flJ.UOav va uetooirv, IJ.E to oxoto, 01JvEJ[(il~, flJ.aeUV va OAOXAl]gwvouv trrv regwtl] uglOlJ.nnxiJ regu;l], ELVat o.nonnote uAAo EXtO~ cno tuo EAElJOEgl] Ol]IJ.LOuQyLa tou you. Ito rn IJ.Etgl]Ol], 010 XQElU~Ovtat 1J.0VUXa IJ.EtQijOllJ.U evnxauevc, aAM xat l] ixcvotntc, om eEWQnon amwv tWV aVtlX~:tIJ.fVWV, va u<piJVEl xovd~ otnv uxgn OAE~ n~ ureoAolreE~ l6L6tl]tE~ EXtO~ uno tOY aQlOIJ.O toix. H txovotntn amn dvat to areotEAEOlJ.a IJ.LU~ lJ.axgoXQovl]~ l<JtOQlXij~ EsEAlsl]~ ~a<JlOlJ.fVl]~ 010 EIJ.ltElgLE~. Orew~ Xat n evvoto agteIJ.O~, ftOt Xat n fVVOlU oxiJlJ.a fXEl reaQeEL areOXAElOtlXU area tov ESOHEgtXO XOOlJ.o. Mv Smn6l]OE oto XE<pUAl uno tnv xaOugn OXE'l'n. XgnUOtnXE v« uJ[(IOXouv reQuYlJ.ata, tn onoto ELxav 1J.0g<pn Xat ot 1J.0g<pE~ tWV onouov OUYXQLVOVtaV, regoTOu 1J.lt0QEOEl vc Egen oro f,tlJaAa l] fVVOW Oxtlf,ta. To xaOagu f,tuOl]f,tanxu fXO'UV aav ovnxaIJ.EVO n~ fWQ<Pf~ tOU XctlQou xm n~ reOOOtlXE~ aXEaEl~ tou regaYlJ.anxov xoouou, <'>l]Au<'>iJ IJ.w reoAv regaYlJ.aTLxtl lJAl]. To on l] VAl] uvril
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E[lcpavt~Etm OE [lLa E~mQEnXa acp1']Ql'][lEVl'] [lOQCP~ OEV [lJtoQEL JtaQa v« OXEJta~EL [l()VO enupovaoxc tnv nQOEAE'UO~ t1']~ nno toy E~UHEQLX() X()O[lO. fLU vo [lJrOQEOOWE v« EsEtaOO'U[lE n~ [lOQCPE~ xm n~ OXEOEL~ aUtE~ Ot1']V xaOaQ()t1']ta toix, nQEJrEL va n~ XWQLOO'U[lE, ()[lW~, tEA£L(t)~ «no to nEQLEXO~lEVO TO'U~' vo ~aAOWE auto to JrEQlEXO[lEVO otnv aXQl'] w~ aDLacpOQO. 'EtOL, anoxtoU[lE tc 01'][lELa XWQL~ 6LaOtaOEL~, n~ YQa[l[lE~ X(JJQL~ rraxo~ xm rrA6.to~, to a XaL b xm x xm y, n~ ota8EQE~ xm w; [lELa~Al']tE~, xm EJt("LTa [lOvaxa, EVtEAW~ oro tEAO~, EQXOvtm tc oLxa [lU~ EAEu8EQa Dl'][lLO'UQY~[lata xm cpavtaOLE~ LOU YOU, o1']AaD~ La qxrvtconx« [lEyf8l']. (Am to YEYOVO~ on La uo- 8l']lJ,anxa IJ,EYE8ll cpmVOIJ,EVLXa rraQayoVLaL LO Eva arr() to ano OEV arrOClELXVUEL axo[la t1']V rrQoEAEuO~ toix a priori, ana [lovaxa tnv OQ80AOYLX~ o'UvaQtl']o~ toix. TIQLV cptaOOWE Ot1']V LOfa va rraQayaYOWE tn /1oQCPr) EVO~ XUALVOQOU uno t1']V JrEQLOtQOCP~ EVO~ oQ80ywVLO'U yUQw «no IJ,la ono n~ rrAE'UQE~ rou, rrQrnEL va EXO'U[tE E~EtaOEL rrQ(lna Evav aQL81J,o rrQaYlJ,anX(ilV OQ80YWVlWV xru X'UAl vOQ(JJv, EO,,[(O OE IJ,La EvtEAW~ atEAn 1J,0QCP~. OrrUl~ xm OAE~ OL aAAE~ EJtLOt~IJ,E~, to lJ,a8lllJ,atLXa EX0'UV Dl']IJ,LO'UQ"{l']8d nno n~ avayxE~ tWV av8QtimUlv:
Ano tn IJ,EtQl']Ol'] ton EMcpo'U~ xm tou rrEQLEXO[lEVO'U ClOXElWV, uno rn XQOvoAoYla xm tn lJ,l']xaVLx~. OIJ,W~, omo; 0' OAO'U~ LO'U~ tOlJ,d~ tl']~ OXE'\jJl']~, OE ~LLa OUYXEXQLIJ,EV1'] ~a8lJ,loa tl']~ E~EAL~l']~ ClLaxwQl~OVtm cno tOY nQaYlJ,anxo XOOIJ,O OL VO[lOL, OL onotot EXOUV ouvax8El uno tOY rrQaY[lauxo XOO[lO xm avtLrraQUtl8EvtaL orov XOO[lO auto oov xrrn ta aUtOtEAE~, onv VO[lOL nou fQXOVtm anE~Ul xm OtOU~ onotO'U~ 0 XOO[lO~ rrQEnEL vo OWIJ,OQcp(D8d. Etot EYLvav La rrQaYlJ,ata otnvxorvovtc xm oro xQato~. Eroi, xm 0XL anLW~, to xa8aQCi. ua- 8l']lJ,auxa £cpaQ/16~ovrat rnma otov XOO[lO, rraQ' &0 non EXOUV naQGd an' auto tOV XOOIJ,O xm rraQ' &0 nou DEV cvnzoooroneuouv naQa Eva [lEQO~ t<DV [loQCP(OV, «no n~ onote; ouvtlElEtm auto~ 0 xoouo; - xm aXQL~w~ IJ,OVO YL' auto to Myo El vet YEvLxa EcpaQIJ,OOL[la.
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fUTogEl, v« nagayuYEL xor, ~l£TU, v« £QlaQJ.,lOOEL O'tOV XOOJ.,lO OAa tn xaOaQu J.,laOl][1atlXU X(J.lQLe.; vo nQo08EOH ttnotc uno rnv £fUTHQLa, EtOL VO[1U;H on fUTOQd va BYUAH cno LO X£QlUAL LOU nQona ne.; BaOLXEe.; [10QQlEe.; tou Etvui, rc anAU ouotcnxc [1EQl] OAl]e.; Tl]e.; YV(ilOl]e.;, ro a~L(O[1ata 1'l]e.; QlLAOOOQlLae.;, v« naQaYUYH an' amu OAl] Tl] QlLAOOOQlLa ~ OAO TO OXl][1anO[1o TOU X00[10U xm va [1nOQ£L va naQaxwQ~OH uno TO 1)11'0e.; Tl]e.; M£yaA£LOTl]TUe.; tOU 01'l] <l>UOl] xm OTOV XO- 0[10 TWV av8Qwnwv aUT~ WlJ Tl')V avtLAl')tjJl'). AuotuX(oe.;, l') QlUOl') 6fV anOT£A£LTm xaOOAOU, xm 0 X00[10e.; TWV avOQwmuv [10VO £AaXWTa, uno TOUe.; I1gwOOUe.; 1(01) MUVTO'CQl£A (Manteuffel) T(1) 1850)1
Ta [1aOl][1atlxu a~LW[1ata dvm l] EXQlg<lOl] tou f~mg£nxu neviXQou 1tfQL£XO!!EVOU Tl]e.; OXE1jJl]e.;, to onoto to ~la8l][1anxu nQrnH v« TO 6avnOTOUV cno rn AOYLX~. To aSLW[1ata uutU avuyovtm O£ Mo.
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2. Av Mo [1£YE8l] etvru Loa [1' Eva TQLTO, TOT£ £lvm loa XUL [1£tal;u roue To OEwQl')[1a aUTO Elvm, on(l)e.; TO ano6ELl;E t)6l') 0 XEYXEA, Eva OU[1nEQaO[1a, Tl]V OQHOTl]ta TOU onotou £YYUUTUL l] AOYLX~:l2, nou tlVUL ouvmw; an06£6nY[1EVo, 6l]Aa6t), BQloxfTUL EOWl ESW cno TO XWQo TWV xaOuQwv llaOl][1anX(ilV. Tc unoAoma Ul;L(illlata yw Tl]V LOoTl')Ta xm UJY aVLOOtl]Tn ElVUL anAOle.; AOYLXEe.; m£xTuow; «uTOU TOU OUfUTEQuO[1aTOe.;.
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JtgEltEL va q.lJtAE~OWE JtQay!!anxEe.; 0XEOELe.;, OXEOELe.; XaL 1l0QCPEe.; XWgou, OL OJtOLEe.; rWLQVOVTm uno JtgaYllatLXU otouorc. OAEe.; OL EVVOLEe.; TTJe.; ygallll~e.;, TTJe.; EmcpaVELae.;, TTJe.; ywvlae.;, TOll Jto).:UYWVOll, tou XU~Oll, TTJe.; ocpaLgae.; xAn. EXOllV naQOd «no TTJV ngaYfl,anx6TTJta. TIQEJtEL va ELOaL no AU acpEMe.; YLa va mOTE'Ij'ELe.; TOUe.; l1aOTJl1anxoue.;, orov AEVE on TJ nQ<lltTJ YQa!!ll~ 6TJIlLOUQy~OTJXE uno TTJV XL VTJOTJ evo; OTJIlElOU oto xwgo, TJ nQwTTJ Emcpuvna «no TTJV XlVTJOTJ I1Lae.; YQallIl~e.;, to nQ(ino mOlla uno TTJV XLVTJOTJ !!Lae.; EmcpuVELae.; XAJt. 'H6TJ TJ YAwooa E~EYELQETaL evovnn 0' aUT6. 'Eva TQw6LUOtaTO llaOTJ~lanx6 oX~lla OVOI1U~EtaL (ROlla, COrpus solidum (OTEQEO O<Dlla), 6TJAa6~ ore AanvLxu Eva XELQomaot6 otouo, LllVEJtWe.; EXEL Eva ovouo, TO onOLO bEV JtUQOTJXE xaOoAov ano TTJV EAEUflEQTJ cpavtaoia tOU vou, aAAa coto TTJ XELgomaoT~ ngaYllanx6TTJTa.
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To TEAElltaLO wxun ALYO no AU yw XUflE acpalQEOTJ, anu aUT6 bEV a,;-rOOELXVEL xaOoAou on bEV ELVaL acpaLQEOTJ TTJe.; JtQaYfl,anXOTTJtae.;. Lta OX~fl,ata TOU XOOfl,OlJ, rc xaOaQu l1aflTJfl,anxu ~EJt~bTJOav cno TTJV xaOaQ~ VOTJoTJ' OTTJ CPLAooocpLa TTJe.; cpUOTJe.;, EL VaL xun TO EVTEA<l)e.; E!!JtELQLXO, xrrn nou EXEL rtaQfld crto TOV E~wtEQLXO XOOfl,O XaL, enerro, anofl,ovwfld an' curov. I10LOv vc nWTftIJOlJ!!E;
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IV. Tu 0Xrlllutu tau x60llOU
«To ELVaL, nou JffQLXAELfL ro navm, ELVaL eva xai uovooo«: LT1']V autaQxELa TOU, OEV £XEL ttnoro ClLnAa OUTf UJfEQCIVW TOU. H nQo08w1'] 0' aUTO fVOC; ClEUT£QOU Etvrn, 8a O~[,taLVE va TO xaVELC; aUTO nou ClEV ELVal, Cl1']AaO~ Eva T[,t~[,ta ~ Eva ouotunxo [,tEQOC; EVOC; ][LO JffQLExnxou OAOU. Otov, rconov nv«, EXTELVOU[,tE T1']V eviaia OXE1jJ1'] [,tac; ocv nAaLOLo, TLJtoTa to OJtOLO nQfJtEL v« !!JtEL 0' aUT~ T1']V EVOT1']Ta OXE'1jJ1']C; OEV unoQEL va OLat1']Q~OEL ueoc TOU iuo ClLTTOT1']Ta. TLJtoTa, o[,twC;, OEV !!JtOQEL XaL va ~EqJUYEL an' aUT~ T1']V EVOT1']Ta OxE'1jJl']C; ... H ouoto xa8f OXE'1jJ1']C; OWLOTa1:aL OT1']V £VW01'] OTOLXELWV T1']C; OUVELCl1']01']C; Of [,tLa EvOT1']Ta ... HVaL TO EVLaLO 01'][,tELO T1']C; OUVEVW01']C; [,tEOW T1']C; OJtOLac; 01'][,tLouQy~81']XE 11 a&aiOET11 fVVOW TOV ;COOflOV XaL avaYVWQL~ETaL 1:0 LU!!Jtav oov xrrn --6JtUlC; TO 01']AWVEL ~Cl1'] 1'] AE~TJ- OTO OJtOLO OAa EVWVOVTaL OE [,tLa EVOT11Ta.»
TaClE EqJ1'] 0 XUQLOC; NTLQLVYX. Na XaL 1'] [,ta81'][,taTLX~ [,tE80ClOC;: «To xa8E ~~T1'][,ta nQ£nEL va Au9EL a/;W)flau;c(x OT1'] B(w1'] MAWV 8E[,tEAWXWV uooqxov, oov va JtQoxmaL YLa anAEC; •.. BaoELC; TWV [,ta81'][,tanxwv.»
Aim] 1'] [,tE90ClOC; EqJaQ[,to~ETaL EowYLa JtQWT1'] qJoQu.
«To HVaL, nou JtEQLXAELEL to novro, ELVaL Eva XaL uovootxo.» Av 1'] TauToAoYLa --b1']Aa6~ iuo rnaVaA1']'1jJ1'] 01:0 Xat1']YOQOU[,tEVO EXELYOU nou ~61'] EXEL EXqJgaOTEL ue TO UJtOXEL[,tEVO- MOTEAEL a~Lul[,ta, TOTE Ebw EXOWE Eva xa8aQOTaTO 6dY[,ta. LTO unoxetuevo, 0 XVQLOC; NTLQLVYx [,tac; AEEL on TO Etvoi JtEQLXAELEL to ncvto XaL, OTO xotnYOQOV[,tEVO, LOXUQL~ETaL atQO~L1']TOC; on, (JUVEJt<OC;, bEV uJtaQXEL TLnote E~W aJt' auto. Ma n XOAOOOLaia OXE'1jJ1'], «b1'][,tLOUQY0C; OUOT1'][,tUTWV»!
IIQuY[,tan, b1'][,tLOUQy6C; OUOT1'][,taTWV. IIQoTOU ou!!JtA1']Qw80uv 6
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YQaIlIlEt;, 0 XUQLOt; NTLQLVYX EXfL IlfTaTQE\jJEL Tll uovaoixomta T01J EL Val ornv evotnta T01J, IlEOUl Tllt; fVLaLat; OXE\jJllt; Ilat;. EJrEL6i] II 01Joto Tllt; XUf:lf OXE\jJllt; 01JVLOTaTaL otn ouvflwi] Tljt; Of IlLa evotnto, TO EiVaL, ono tn OTLYIli] Jr01J YLVfTaL OXE\jJlj, TO OXECPTOVTaL oov fVLC1l0. H EWOLa T01J XOOIlO1J fL Val, ETOL, IlLa a6LaLQfTlj evomto XaL fJtfL6i] TO eoxeuuevo ELVaL, II fWOW rou XOOflOU, fivaL evuuo, ETOL XaL TO JrQaYllaTLXO ELVaL, 0 JrQaYllaTLxOt; XOOIl0t;, fivaL fJtiOl]t; Ilta a6LaiQfTll evornto. LUVfJr<ot;,
«6fV 1JJrUQXfL me XWQOt; YLa tu UJrfQJrEQavTa, 1l0ALt; TO Jrvfulla EXfL lluflEL va 01JAAaIlBuVfL TO ELVaL OTljV 01l0LOEL6i] T01J xaeOALXoTllTa».
No IlLa exotouteto, !lltQOOTU OTljV onoto UlXQLOUV amEt; XaTU AOUOTfQAI,Tt;, (Austerlitz), lEva (lena), KEVLXYXQfTt; (Koniggratz) XaL LfVTUV34 (Sedan). Lf ALYft; JrQOTUOfLt; Ilovuxa, OUTf ofAi6a, acpou XLVllTOJrOLi]oaIlE TO JrQWTO a~L(!)lla, EX01J!lf i]6ll XaTaQyi]ofL, JraQallfQLOft XaL f~OVTWOfL OAa r« 1JJrfQJrEQaVTa, TO 8fO, nt; 01JQUVLEt; oTQanEt;, TOV 01JQav6, tnv xOAaOlj XaL TO xaeaQTi]QLO, Ila~i IlE rnv aeavaoLa Tllt; \jJ1Jxi]t;·
IIwt; CPTUV01JIlE «no tn uovoocxotnrc T01J ELVaL OTljV EVOTllTU T01J; AJrAWt; TO cpavTa~ollaOTE. DJr(jlt; aJrA(ov01JIlE YUQUl T01J oov JrAaLOLo tnv fVLaLa Ilat; vonon, TO llova6Lxo ELVaL YLVETaL orn vOllOll evuno, iuo EVOTljTa VOllOljt;· 6Lon II 01JOLa Tllt; xa8£ vonon; 01JVLOTaTaL otnv fVC)J[OLllOl] TUlV aTOLXELUlV 01JVEL6ll0llr; OE uio evotnto. H TEAE1JTaLa ami] JrQoTaalj ELVaL aJrAwt; Mf:lot;. IIQWTOV, II vonon 01JVLOTaTaL TOOO otnv aVUA1JOlj TUlV ovnxeuisvrov Tljt; 01JvfL6ljOllt; OTa OTOLXfLa T01Jt; 000 OTljV EVOJrOLllOll TWV 0IlOYEVWV aTOLXfLUlV Of IlLa EVOTllTU. XCllQLt; aVUA1JOlj, 6EV 1JJrUQXEL ouvf:lWll· LlEUTEQOV, II vonon, av 6E eO,EL vc: XUVEL YXUCPEt;, !lltoQd v« 01JVEVWOEL OE Ilta EVOmro 1l0VO Exdva to OTOLXELa Tllt; ouvd6ljOllt;, oru; JrQaYllanXEt; aQXEYOVEt; ELXOVEt; TUlV OJrOLCllV i]6lj umjQX£ lj EVOTljTa a1JTi] osto JfQLV.
Av JrfQtAu0co IlLa BouQwa JraJr01JT(JlttlV otnv EVOTllTa TUlV flljAaOTLXttlV, 6EV aJrOXTUEL u' aUTO yaAaxnxout; a6Ev£t;. H EVOTljTa T01J ELVaL, TO YEYOVOt; on lj vonon EXfL TO 6LxaLWIla va TO aVTlAaIlBuVETal oo» EVOTljTa d Val aXQlBwr; EX£L vo Jr01J G"tQfJt£ va aJr06£LXTEL XaL,
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av 0 XUQLOC; N'tLQlVYX !-lac; ~£Bm(iIVflOtl to Etvrn to OXECjJt£tm oo» £VlaLO xm 0Xl oo» orrro, tots Cl£ !-lac; AEEl ttnoto Jt£QLOOOt£QO «no rnv aonrWVtlj yv(il!llj toll. A v OO.OW£ va JtaQOllOlaoow£ xaOaQa 01..0 to OXEntlXO toll, EXOW£ to £~nc;: 3EXlVW!l£ to Etvci, H OXE\jJlj tou Etvo, ELvm svioto. H VOljOlJ xm to Etvc. JtQ€Jm, O!-lWC;, va ouuCjlWVOUV, va lIJtaQXfl !lEta~u roix aVtlotOlXLa, v« «xaAuJttovtm». AQa to H vm d vrn xrn OtYjV JtQaY!latlxotljta evioto. AQa ClEV lIJtaQXfl «lIJtfQJtEQav». Av, O!-lWC;, 0 XUQLOC; NtLQLVYX ELX£ !llAnOfl tooo aJtQoxaAlIma, ovtt vo !lac; OEQ~LQfl tOlIC; WC; avw XQl]O!-lOUC;, tore lj lClfOAoYLa tou Oa rrrov oAo<p<XVEQlJ. No (lEAflC; v« anoCld~ElC;, ono tnv rcurotntc tYjC; VOljOYjC; xm tou Etvot, tnv JtQaY!latlxotljm £VOC; OJtOLOlJClnmnE anOt£AEO!latOC; tljC; OXE'ljJlJC;, auto aXQl~WC; rrrov iuo cno nc; mo tQfAEC; JtlJQEt<iIClflC; ccvroote; ... EVOC; XEYXfA.
o XUQlOC; NtLQlVYX, cxouo Xl o» i]mv OWOtll0AlJ Yj anOClElXnxi] tou EnlXflQlJ!latOAoYLa, Cl£ Oa fLXf XEQClLOEl OUtE omOa!li] fClaCjlOlJC; cno rou; omQl tolJaALOtEc;. Ot OJtlQl touaAwtEC; to» cnnvtouv OUvtoun: Koi Yla !-lac; 0 XOO!lOC; ei vm anAOc;· Yj CllaOJtaoYj OtO fVtfUO£V xm to fXfLe£V uJtaQXfl !lOvaxa Yla tnv ElCllXa yi]l VlJ arrO'IjJi] !lac;, rnv rnl~aQWEVlJ ue to JtQOJtatOQLXO u!laQtYj!lU" 01..0 to H vrn xaOEalito xm YLa tOY ecuto tou, bYjAUCli] ueoo oro 8Eo, dvm Eva xm uovcblXO. ea OlJVOClEUOOliV tOY XUQlO NtLQl vyx om JtQOOCjlLAi] tou aAl...a oUQavLa oW!lata xm Oa tOU ClfL~OlJV Eva, i] xm Jt£Qwoot£Qa, onou oev EYlV£ JtQOJtatOQLXO a!laQtlJ!la, onou, oYjAaCli], bfV uJtaQXEl oure aVtLOwYj cvoueoc oro fVtfuOfV xm to ex dOlO V xm onou to evuuo ron XOO!lOU £L Val anaLtYjoYj tn£ JtLOtnC;.
To mo XW!llXO tlJC; lIJtOOWYjC; dvm on 0 XUQLOC; NtLQlVYX XQYjOluonoist tnv OvtOI...OYlXi] anoClfl~Yj Yla tnv uJtuQ~lJ ton 8fOu YLa vo. aJtood~El rn !llJ uJtuQ~Yj ton 8fOu coto rnv EWOlU rou Etwn, H unoOEl~Yj ami] EXfl wC; f~i]C;: Otov Cjlavta~O!-laOtE to 8Eo, tote toy rpovta~O!laOtf ocv to aXQov ororov oAUlV torv tfAflOti]tWV. LtO aXQov awtOV Ol...ulV TWV T£A£l(ni]twv, avi]xfl, O!lWC;, JtQlV aJt' oAa Yj uJtuQ~lJ, YLatL EVa!-lYj unnoxto ov dVaL avayxaL(llC; atfAEC;. LlJVEnWC;, otu; tEAfLOtlJtE:; TOU 8fOU JtQ£Jtfl vc AoyaQlaooWf xm rrrv uJtuQ~i] TOU. AQu 0 8eoc; JtQrnn va lIJtaQXH. Erot aXQL(3ul£ OUnOYL~ftm 0 XUQLOC; NTLQlVYX: Otcv Cjlavta~O!laOtE to Eivot, to Cjlavta~O!laOtE
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ocv uia EWOLa. 'O,n n£QLAa[,tBavELaL O£ f.tLa svvoto; ELVaL evuuo. A.Qa, to EL Val 1)£ Sa cvuotocroece OtT]V evvot« tou, av I)£v rrrov £VLoIo. LlJV£JI<1I£, nQEnfl va ELVaL £VL<tLO. LllV£mo£ 6£v llnaQXfl 0£o£ xAn.
Otov [,tLAa[,t£ YLa to Eivai XaL flOVO YLa to Eivai, tote T] evornt« [!JIOQ£L v« ouvtorctor uovo oro on oAa to nvnxetuevc, YLa to onoto nooxeuru, eivai, llnaQxollv. Movo OtT]V evotnto curo» tou ELVaL 01J!!n£QLAa[,tBavovtaL XaL O£ xa[,tLa anT] svornro. To XOLVO anocpEkY[,ta on oAa to cvnxeluevc eivai, oev [!JIOQ£L va rou; £JIL- 6(OOH XL aAA££ L6LOtT]t££, XOLVE£ i] 0XL XOLVE£, ana, nQo£ to naQov, n£ anOXA£LH OA££ cno tn El£(OQT]OT]. LlLon, av ano[,taxQ1JVElou[,t£ EOtW Eva XLAWOtO cno to anAO BaoLxo y£yovo£, on oAa ama to nQawata EXOllV w£ XOLVO OT][,tELO to ELVaL toix, tote aQXL~ollV OL &acpoot; mrnov nov nQaY[,tatwv va £[,tcpavL~ovtaL [!JIQo<Jta oro [,tano [,ta£ XaL, av OL I)LacpoQE£ alltE£ ouvtotovtot OtO on ana ELVaL aonQa, aAAa [,tavQa, ana E[,t'l)1Jxa, aAAa a1jJllxa, aAAa oro orto 6w, ana OtO cno XH, outo 6£v [!JIOQOV[,tE va to Oll[!JIEQavoll[,tE uno to y£yovo£ on 0' oAa an06L6EtaL [,tovaxa to on llnaQxollv.
H evornt« toll XOO[,tOll 6E ouvtotcnn oro ELVaL tou, naQ' OAO non to Etvo; tou anOt£AEL nQotinoSwT] tT]£ EVOtT]ta£ toll, acpov nQEnH nQwta va eivai; nQw [!JIOQEOH vo ELvm evuno. To ELVaL ELvoi, ovtw£ i] anU)£, Eva aVOLXtO EQWtT][,ta cno to OT][,tELO non ore[,tataH 0 OQl~Ovta£ [,ta£. H nQay[,tanxi] EVOtT]ta tou XO<J[.lOll <J1JVLotcrci <JtT]V llALXOtT]ta tou xm ami] 6EV an06ELxtT]X£ ue [.lEQLXE£ toXll6axtllAollQYLXE£ cpQa<JH£, aAAa [,tEta crto [,tLa [,taxQoXQOVT] XaL rnL[,tOVT] ESEALST] tT]£ CPLAO<JocpLa£ XaL tWV CPll<JLXWV rnwtT][,twv.
DaQaxatw oto xetuevo. To Eivat. yw to ortoto 0 XVQLO£ NtL-
QLVYX [,ta£ [,tLAa, ELvm
«OXL £XELVO to xaSaQo ELVaL, to onoto dvm O[.lOW ue toy anrto rou, non nQmEL va <Jt£QEL trn OAWV tWV L6LaLtEQwv nQo<J6LoQL<J[,t(OV XaL nou nQaY[.lan cvtutoo<JwnEVEL uovo uio cvnaxovo toll tinota tT]; <JXE'ljJT]£ i] TT]£ anOlJOLa£ tT]£ <JXE'ljJT];».
DoM ouvroun, coorooo, Sa 60vf.l£ on 0 xoouo; tou XllQLOll NtL-
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QLVYX ~E~aLW~ aQXL~EL I-lE xcmmo ELVaL, 10 onoto O'tEQEl'taL x6JlE W(U'tEQLX~~ ClLaXQWll~, xlVllOll~ XaL anay~~ XaL, ouvmw~, ElVaL lLQCt:wan I-l0VO I-lLa aVLLELXOVa tou ttnotc 'tlls OXE\lJlls, aQa EVa lLQuYl-lanxo Tutotc. Movo an' curo to ELvm-TLlLOLa, «vcorroooetal II nnoouon ClLacpoQorrOLlll-lEVll, I-lELa~Allt~ xaLao'Woll ton xoouou, II onotc lLaQw'taVEL I-lLa E~EAL~ll, Eva riyvw(Jm'l-lovo acpou to xa'taAaBo'UI-lE a'U'to, 1-llL0QoUl-lEVa
«xQat~oo'UI-lE tnv EWOLa 'tOU xaOOALXOU ELVaL OI-lOLa I-lE toy Ea'U'to tn;»
oxouc XaL u' a'U't~ tnv aL(i:lVLa aAAay~. L'UVEJTW~, EXOWE nilQa rnv EWOLa ton ELVaL OE iuo aVW'tEQll [3aOI-lLCla, lLO'U lLEQLXAELEL tnv EJTL- 1-l0V~ XaL rnv anay~, to ELVaL XaL 10 rlyvwOm. TWQa, lLO'U cp'taooue I-lEXQL E6w, 6Lanw'tWVOWE on
«YEVO~ XaL El60s XaL, YEvLxa, 'to YEVLXO XaL 10 ELClLXO ulLOtEA.OUV to JUO alLAa I-lEOa 6LaxQwll~, XWQL~ tc OlLOLa II ouotuon tWV lLQaYl-latwv DEV 1-llL0QEl va xatavollOEL».
IlQoXELLaL, OI-lW~, YLa I-lEOa 6LaxQwll~ 'tll~ Iloiotmci; XaLOJUV
LOU'tO'U lLQOXWQaI-lE:
«cnsvcvn oro YEVl], BQLOXELaL II EWOLa tou I-lEYEOO'U~, oov EWOLa tou OI-lOLOYEVOU~, ornv onoto 6EV rrQayuctoxoiouvtm mo 6LacpoQE~ lOU EL60'U~»,
6llAa6~, cno tnv noiotnta lLEQval-lE ornv noaotnta XaL a'Ut~ nrrvro El Val -uetotiauu».
A~ O'UYXQLVO'UI-lE tWQa a'UtOlOV «nxrmoo 6LaxwQWI-lo nov YEVlXWV 0Xlll-latWV EVEQYELa~» XaL tnv «rrQaYl-lanxa xQmx~ tou; arrO\IJll» I-lE n~ Bava'UoOtlltE~, to EQlll-la ton La XaL n~ lLUQEtw6El~ qxrvtoote; EVO~ XEYXEA. ~LarrWtWvOWE on II AOYLX~ tou XEYXEA aQxl~EL ono to ELVaL, orr()J~ XaL 0 xUQw~ NtLQLVYX' on to ELVaL ELVal, tEALxa, Ttnoto, OlL()J~ XaL OlOV XUQlO N'tLQLVYX' on, an' auto to ELVaL-TLlLOta, rrQoX(llQ(XI-lE oro rLyvwOaL, 10 nrrOtEAEOl-la tou OlLOLOU ELVaL II «'YrraQ~ll», 6llAa6~ I-lLa avw'tEQll, I-lLa rrAllQEOtEQll
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[LOQCjJ~ TOU ElVaL - EVTEAW~ ono»; XaL aTOV XUQlO NTLQLVYX. H 'YJtaQs'Y) oC)'YJYEt aT'Y)V JfO£OTl1Ta, 'Y) JtOLOT'Y)W aTT]V JfOaOTl1Ta - EVTEAti)~ omo~ XaL aTOV XUQLO NTLQLVYX. KaL, YLa vo [L'Y) [La~ AELJtH TLJtOTa TO ouaLWDE~, 0 XUQLO~ NTLQLVYX [LCI.~ AEH aAAOU:
«Aao 10 ~aaLAHO TT]~ aVaL(Jfl'Y)aLa~, !!JtaLVOU[LE oto BaatAELO TT]~ ataflT]a'Y)~ [LOVO [LE Eva nototixo aA,p,a, JtaQ' OA'Y) TT]V noocnxn ~ae[LLaLOT'Y)Ta. Itc TO Cl.A[La aUTO, !!JtOQOU[LE v« JtOU[LE on ELVaL anELQa DLaCjJoQETLx6 uno T'Y)V aJtA~ bwBCI.O[Lw'Y) [LLa~ XaL TT]~ LDLa~ LDL6TT]W~.»
AUT~ aXQL~W~ ELVaL 'Y) XEYXEALav~ XO[L~LXTt YQal1l1Tt TOW 0XEOE(J)V TOU [LETQOU, aTT]V onoto aJtAti)~ T] nooouxn aUsT]a'Y) ~ [LEL(J)a'Y) a' OQLa[LEVa XO[LBLXCI. a'Y)[LELa JtQoxaAouv Eva noiouxo aA,p,a, YLa JtaQCI.DHYl1a, aTO ~EOTO ~ TO xglJO VEQO, onou TO a'Y)[LELO BQaa[Lou XaL TO a'Y)[LEto Jt~sT]~ ELVaL OL XO[LBOL, aTOU~ OJtOLOU~ JtQaY[LaTOJtOLELTaL -XCl.T(J) cno xaVOVLX~ JtLW'Y)- TO Cl.A[La oe [LLU VEa JtOLOTLX~ xornornon, D'Y)AaD~ OJtOU 'Y) JtoaOTT]W [LHatQrnElaL oe JtOLOTT]W.
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LOW;, !DlQOOTU ow YEYOVO; on «Eva; Kcvt» r~QijxE EOW IlW UAUtl] OuoxoALa. OXL, 0llw;, 0 WAIll]Qo; [ta; XataOXEUaOtij; «QL~LXU LOLOQQu81lttlV OU!DlEQaoIlUTWV XaL (XvaOEwQijoEttlV»: O,n !DlOQEL va TOl) XQr)(JI,IlEUOn ano Tr)V aVTLVOIlLa TOU Krrvr, to ygaCPEt anTol')w XaL ro Un6AOLJIa to JtETUn OTl]V !DlUVTn.
H LOLa l] unoOEal] AUVETaL noM anM. H cuoviornto ow XQovo, to anEtQo ow XWQo OUVLOTaraL ijbl] EX tWV nQOTEQWV XaL, OUIlCPwva IlE Tl]V <XJtAi] evvoio TWV AEI;EWV, OTO on bEV urrUQXEt tEAO; nQo; xu{lui nAEugu, OUTE ngo; W E!DlgO; OUTE ngo; W nLOW, ngo; to nuvw i] ngo; to XUtW, ngo; tc ()EI;LU i] nQo; to agLOtEQu. Auto TO anELQo ELVaL xun W TEAEL(rl; OLacpogETLXO <XJt' o,u to anEtQo IlLa; unEtQl]; onQu;, YLatL aUTi] agXL~fL uno Tl]V agxi] nrrvtn IlE «Eva», IlE xanOLo nQwTO IlEAO;.
To yw TO UVTLxdllEVO Ila; EcpaQIlO(Jl,110 ami]; TT); aVTLAT)'l/lr);, 0XETLXU IlE tn OfLgU, cpaLVETaL aIlEow;, IlOAL; TT)V EcpaglloooWE ow xwgo. H unfLQT) ouo«, IlEtacpEQIlEVT) ow X<1lQO, ELVaL IlLa YQalllli], nou Tl]V TQafklllE EJt' anfLQo uno Eva xa80QLOIlEVO OT)IlELO OE IlLa xceOQLOIlEVl] xaTf1J8uvoTj. 'EXOUIlE EXCPQUOfL erot, EOtW XaL EMxwTn, TO unELQo TOU XWQou; AVTWETa, yw va avnAr)cpeoullE n; DWOTUOEL; TOU XWQou, XQfLU~OvtaL TouMXLOTOV EI;L YQaIlIlE; nou n; roc~UIlE an' auto TO Eva onueto OE TQLnAE; aVTLeEtEe; XatfUeUVOELe;. 'Y oteoc an' aUTO, ea dXallE EI;L an' aUtEe; ne; bLaOTUone;. 0 KaVT to XnTUAa~E tOOO xaM aUTO, non IlftECPEQE, EOtW Ellllwa IlE(J(U IlLae; naQuxa!DlTi]QWe; obou, TT)V uQL81lr)ttxrj OfLQU tou OTT)V evvo,« TOU XWQou TOU XOOIlOU. 0 XUQLOe; NtLQLVYX, avtL8fta, Ilae; avayxu~n va naQaoEXTOullE EI;L otaotuone; OTO XWQo XaL, ailE owe; IlEtU, oe ~QLOXEL MYLa YLa va EXCPQUOfL TT)V ayavuxtl]oi] rou yta to llaeT)llaTLXO uuouxiouo TOU [xuou; (Gauss), 0 onotc; OEV i]eEAE va aQxEOTEL one; OUVr)eWIlEVEe; TQELe; bLaaruOfLe; rou xwgou,35
H nQoe; n; bUo nAEugEe; unfLgT) YQalllli] i] OfLQU uovcocov EXfL xcnoio fLXOVLXO vonuc orov EcpaWO~ETaL oro XQovo. Av qxrvtoOWUIlE, O~w.le;, to XQovo oov IlLa YQalllli], non IlETgLl~TaL «no TO Eva i] nou I;EXLVUfL crto Eva xaOoQLollEVO onueio, rots EL Val oov va AEIlE EX TU1V ngOtEQWV on 0 Xgovo; Exn xanOLa agxrj: ilgoUnoOtTOUJlE, bT)Aabi], auto aXQL~We; non efAOWE va anobELI;OWE. L'lLVOWE OTO
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MELQO TOU XQovou EVa [wvonAEuQo, uioo xaQaxT~Qa' o[.twe;, Eva [.tovonAEuQo, XO[.t[.tEVO aTO [.tWO Ct.rtELQo etvrn EJtlal]e; [.tla aVTlcpaal] xaeWUT~, aXQl~We; TO aVTleETO EVOe; «unELQou, TO onoto cpaVTa~oucore XWQle; «vnecoeu;». AUT~ Tl]V aVTlcpaal] [.tJtOQOU[.tE va Tl]V ~EnEQUaOU[.tE [.tOVO ECPOOOV anoflEXTOU[.tE on TO 'Eva, ue TO onoto aQXl~01J[.tE va [.tETQU[.tE rn OELQU, xm TO al][.tElo, cno to onoto aUVEXl~OWE va [.tETQU[.tE m YQa[.t[.t~, dvm Eva onoiootptote 'Eva orn aELQu, Eva onoioorptote al][.tElo otn YQa[.t[.t~, nou Yla tn YQa[.t[.t~ ~ tn aELQu dvm afllucpoQO JtQoe; to nou ne; enextewouie.
O[.twe;, tt YlvETm ue Tl]V cvttqxron Tl]e; «[.tETQl][.tEVl]e; unELQl]e; aQle[.tl]nX~e; aELQue;»; ea etucote OE eEal] va Tl]V eoeuvnoouue mo xaM, [.toAle; 0 xUQwe; NTlQl vyx [.tae; od~EL nwe; TO xaTOQeWVEL va n~ !1£Torjon. MOAle; TO xamcpEQEL va [.tEtQ~aEL uno -00 (nAl]v Ct.rtELQO) [.tEXQl TO [.tl]OEV, TOTE ae; ~aVUQeEL. Etvm oacpEe; on, onou Xl ixv aQXlaEL va [.tETQUEL, acp~VH ntoco TOU iuo Ct.rtELQl] aHQU xrn, [.ta~l Tl]e;, TO JtQo~Al][.ta nou JtQrnH va MaH. Ae; avnaTQE'ljJH [.tovuxa tn OlX~ TOU Ct.rtHQl] aHQu 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ... xm ae; ooxl[.tuaH vo [.tEtQ~O£L nUAl uno TO Ct.rtHQO TEAoe; moto aTO 'Eva. Ilooxeuru Yla Tl]V oAocpuvEQl] nQoaJtuflHa EVOe; avflQwnou, 0 OJtOlOe; OE ~AEJtH xaeoAou JtEQl Tlvoe; JtQoxHTm. Koi 0Xl [.tOVO aUTO. Otov 0 XUQlOe; NTlQlVYX WXWl~ETm on EXH [.tETQl]ed l] Ct.rtHQl] aELQu TOU XQovou, nou EXH naQEAeH, TOTE etvoi aav v« LOxuQl~ETm on 0 XQovoe; EXH [.tLa aQX~' oion, aAALwe;, OE fla unoooooe xcv va aQXlaEL va «[.tEtQUEL». EJtO[.tEVWe;, JtaQE[.t~UAAEL YLa UAAl] [.tLa cpoQu AaeQala co» nQo'UnoOwl] exetvo. to OJtOlO JtQrnEL v« anood~EL. H aVTlAl]'iJl] Tl]e; [.tEtQl][.tEVl]e; Ct.rtELQl]e; OHQUe;, ue uAAa MYLa, 0 vouo; TOU NTlQLVYX nEQl TOU xafloQLO[.tEvou aQLe[.tOU, nou ayxaALu~EL 01.0 TOV xoouo, etvm, Aomov, iuo contradictio in adjecto*, Ol]Aao~ E[.tJtEQLEXH ueoo Tl]e; iuo aVTlcpaal] xoi, [.tuAwm, [.tLa JraouAoY1J cvtupcon.
'Eva nQuY[.ta Elvm qxrveoo: To Ct.rtELQo nou EXEL TEAoe;, aAM OEV EXH aQX~ OEV dvm OUTE JtEQLaaoTEQo OUTE AlyoTEQo UJtELQO cno TO
* Contradictio in adjecto: avtl<paOl1llna~ll Ev6~ oUOlaOHXQ1J XaL tou EJ"tLOeWU
LOU.
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aJlHQO nou EX£l aQxl), aA"Aa bEV EXEL tEAO~. Av 0 XUQLO~ NtLQLVYX ELXE EOtW xm tnv naQa~LXQl) bLaAExnxl) OXE'l% tote 8a XataAa~aL VE on lj aQxl) XaL to tEAO~ ovrprouv avayxaia ,.w~i, onw~ 0 ~oQELO~ XaL 0 vono; nOAO~, XaL on, o» naQaAELcp8d to tEAO~, 11 aQxl) yL VEtaL to tEAO; - to Eva tEAO~, nou EXEL 11 oELQa, XaL to aVtLOlQoCPO. 'OAlj aml) 11 nAaV1l8a iltav aMvatll XWQL~ tn ouvl)8ELa torv [.taflll~anxwv va bOUAEUOUV ue anELQE~ OELQE~. EnELCll), orn ~a811~anxa, nQEnEL v« ~ExLva~E uno to xaeOQLO~EVO, to neneooouevo YLU va cptaOOWE oro [.tll xa80QLO~EVO, to aJTELQo, OAE~ OL ~aflll~unxE~ OELQE~, flEtLXE~ l) aQvllnxE~, nQEJTEL va aQX(~ouv cno Eva, aAAL(i.l~ bEV ~oQouv va XQll<JL[.tEuoouv OWU~ AOYLO[.tOU~. 'O~U)~, 11 LbWtl) uvaYXll lOU ~aflll[.tanxou bEV ELVaL xafloAou vouo; unoXQEwnxe)~ YLU tOY JTQaY[.tanxe) xoouo.
AnwOtE, 0 XUQLO~ NtLQwyx bE 8a 10 XatacpEQEL JTOtE va cpavtootet to nQaY[.tanxe) MELQO XWQL~ aVtLcpaoEL~. To a3tELQo eivai avticpaolj XaL YE[.taw uno avncpaoEL~. 'Hon anotEAd cvuccon to ou EVU anELQo nQEJTEL va OUVLOtUtaL cno nEnEQao[.tEva XaL uovo. KaL Et<JL d Val. To 3tEQLOQLO[.tEVO ton UALXOU xoouou ObllYEL OE cvncpaoEL; ooo XaL 10 anEQLoQL<Jte) tou XaL 11 xaflE nQoona8ELa, e)nw~ ELba[.tE, va naQa~EQLowUV aUtE~ OL avncpaoEL;, OOllYEL OE VEE~ XaL oxouo XELQe)tEQE~ avncpaoEL~. To MELQo, aXQL~w:; mnc5rl dVaL ~La ovnqocn, dVaL [.tLa a3tELQll bLabLxaaLa, nou EXtUALOOEtaL XWQL; teAO~ ow XQe)vo XUL oro XttlQO. H aQolj tll; avtLcpaoll~ 8a nrov to reAO~ rou UnELQOU, 0 XEYXEA l)bll to ELXE xata"Aa~EL JTOAU otoorc XaL YL' auto [.tEtaXELQL~EtaL ue nEQLcpQovllall tou; XUQLOU~ non onu~oxEcpaALa~ouv YL' autl) tnv «vucccn.
JIa[.tE naQaxanu, AOLJTov, 0 XQovo; dXE iuo aQxl). TL unl)QXE JTQLV an' autl) tnv aQxl); 0 xoouoc, O[.tOLO~ ue tOY anrto tou, oe U~Eta~Alltlj xcrcorcon. EnELbl), a' aml) tnv xcrcotcon, bEV EQXOVtaL anaYE; 11 ~ta JTavw otnv aAAll, 11 ELbLXOtEQll EWOLa tou XQovou uetatQEJTEtaL otn YEvLXOtEQll LbEa tou Eivai. Ilocrtov: LlE [.ta~ acpoQa XU8e)AOU nOLE~ EWOLE~ aAAa~ouv ow XEcpaAL ton XUQLOU NtLQWYX. LlEv nQ6XELtaL Ebw YLa T1JV fWOW TaU XQOVOU, aAAa YLa tOY noav,.WTtXO XQ6vo, tOY onoto 0 XUQLO~ NtLQwyx bEY [.tJToQEL va toy ~EcpoQtw8d rooo EUxoAa, LlEUtEQO: '000 XL ay 11 EWOLa ton XQe)VOU ue-
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tatQErrEtal otn YEVLXOtEQTj L6Ea rou EL Val, DEV XaVOU!!E oute EVa ~l]!!a rraQarrEQa. LlLon OL ~aOLxE~ ~tOQCPE~ OAOU lOU Etvc; ELVal 0 Xci)go~ Xal 0 XQovo~, xat Eva ELVal E~W cno to XQovo ElVal tOOO !!EyaAn aVOTjOLa, ()nw~ Eva Etvm E~(() uno to X(i)go. To «nEQuO!!EVO aXQovo ELVal» lOU XEYXEA, xae(i)~ Xal W «A!!VTj!!OVEUW ELVal»36 nov VWOEALvyxLavwv EL Val, OE OUYXQLOTj !!' auto to EL Val, E~u) «no W XQ()VO, OQeOAOYLXE~ aVnAl]'ljJEL~. Iv' auto, 0 xUQWC; NtlQLVYX rrgoxwgEL naQa nOAu noooexnx«: BaOLxa ELvm XQovo;, aAAa XQoVO~, toy onoto DEV !!noQoU!!E ouotoonx« va ovoucoouue XQovo: fwtl 0 XQovo; xaeEaut()~ DEV anotEAEL tal uno nQay!!anxa !!EQTj XaL OLaLQEltaL arrAw~ «no to vou !!a~, xata to ooxouv. Movo Eva rrQawanxo YE!!LO!!a lOU XQovou !!E oLaxQLta YEyovOta aVl]xEl 0' auto nou !!lTOQOU!!E va !!EtQl]OOWE' OEV !!lTOQEL va ~QEl xavEL~ n OTj!!aLVEL Tj OUOOWQEUOTj !!W~ XEVl]~ bLaQXELa~. ElVaL EVtEAW~ abLacpoQo Ebw tt nQEnEL va OTj!!alVEL autl] Tj ouotxooeuon. To EQ(iltTj!!a EL vet: 0 XOO!!O;, otnv xmaotaoTj non nQo'UnOeEtoWE EM), OLaQxEL, JTEQvaEl uno XQOVLXl] OLaQXELa; fVWQL~OIJ!!E «no XalQO on OE ~yaLVEL ttnoto !!E W va !!EtQl]OEL~ !!W tEtOW OLaQXEla XWQL~ rrEQLEXO!!EVO. OUtE !!E W va xaVEL~ aoxona Xal XWQl~ OtOXO !!EtQl]OEL~ OtOV XEVO XWQO, Xal 0 XEYXEA, Myw lOU aVLaQOU aUtl]C; tTj~ OLabLxaOLa~, OVo!!a~EL cuto to anELQo xaxo. ~UILcpwva ILE toy XUQLO NtlQLVYX, 0 XQ6vo~ unaQXEL !!OVO coto !!EOa uno tnv aAAaYl] Xal 0XL Tj aAAaYl] !!EOa Xal uno !!EOa ono to XQOVO. AXQL~W~ mELOl] 0 XQOVO~ ELVaL OLacpOQEnxo~, aVE~aQtTjto~ cno tnv aAAaYl], !!lTOQEL~ va tOY !!EtQl]OEL~ !!EOa uno rnv aAAaYl], oton, yw va !!EtQl]OEL~ xan, XQELa~Etal xan aAAO to onoto bLacpEQEL an' auto nou ea !!EtQl]OEL~. 0 XQOVO~, otov onoio bE Aa!!~aVOuv XWQa avayvwQlOL!!E~ anaYE~, &v niniei va eivai XQovo~ YL' mrto W Myo' ELVaL !!aAAOV 0 xa8aQO~ XQovo~, nou OEV aYYL~Etal coto ~EVE~ nQoOSl]XE~, ouvsmo; ELVal o nQay!!anxo~ XQ()VO~, 0 XQovo~ oav tEtOLO~. IIQay!!an, av SEAOIJ!!E va OUAAaBolJ!!E tnv EVVOW lOU XQ6vou 0' OATj tnv xaOaQornr« tTj~, XWQLO!!EVn cero OAE~ tu; ~EVE~ XaL ataLQLaOtE~ nQoo!!~EL~, El!!aOtE «vovxcouevo, va naQa!!EQLOOU!!E, oov va !!Tjv avnxouv EbW, OAa tc bLacpoQa YEyoVOta, tc onoto owBat vow -to Eva OlnAa ow aAAo Xal to Eva !!Eta to aAAO- Xal va qxrvrcorouue, EWL, Evav
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XQOVO otov OnOLO bf aUrt~aLVEL ttnoro, M' aUTO lOV toone, bEV aq:n'laartf tnv EVVOLa tOU XQOVOU va xmanOVtL~f"[m orn YfVLXi] LbEa lOU Etvot, aAM, Loa toe, q:mlOartE ornv xaflaQi] evvoio lOU XQ6vou.
'OAf~ aU,,[E~ OL avncpuaEL~ xm oAa amu ro axm6Q8una oev etvca, OrtW~, ttnoro unoootc otn (JUyxual], ornv onoto XmEAl]~f ° xuQLO~ NtLQLVYX ue rnv ouoto rtf lOV eoirro tl]~ xmua"[aal] "[l]~ aQxi]~ lOU xoouou Av 0 xoouoc ~QLaxo"[av xUnotE Of [.tw xcrcorcon, O"[l]V onoto bf YLVOtaV anOAunD~ xa[.tLu aAAayi], Jt(o~ !l1tOQWf, tore, va nEQuaEL an' auti] tnv xatuo"[aal] ornv aAAayi]; To anoAma cue"[UBAl]tO, nooo rtUAAOV av BQLOXOtaV nQomwvw a' ami] rnv xmuotcon, oev !l1tOQfL rtf xaVEvav roono va BYEL an' ami] rnv xorccreon orro uovo lOU xru v« nEQUOEL O"[l]V xatuataal] tl]~ XL Vl]Ol]~ xm "[l]~ aAAayi]~. En:O[.tEVW~, nQf1tEL va EXEL EQflEL anE~w, anE~w «no TOV xoouo, rtLa nQw"[l] <1lfll]ol], l] onoto tnv EflWf Of XL vnon. Q~ yvworov, o[.tw~, l] «nQw"[l] <1lfll]ol]» bEV fLvm naQu rtLa UAAl] ExcpQaOl] YLa TO 8EO. 0 8EO~ xm to unfQnEQav, tc onoto EAfYf 0 XUQLO~ N,,[LQLVYX on tc fLXf tooo WQaLa XaW)acpLOEL ow aXl][.tana[.to TOU xoouou:
Na nou 0 LbLO~ rta~ to CPEQVEL motu, xm r« Mo, rtf nfQLOaO,,[fQl] o~utntn xm Buflo~, orn cpLAoaocpLa "[l]~ cpual]~.
Iloue naQaxutw. 0 XUQLO~ NtLQLVYX MEL:
«Exet onou TO rtEyf(~O~ avi]xEL a' Eva emuovo atOLXElO ton Etvot, fla naQartfLVEL a[.tftuBAl]W (J"[l]V xafloQwnx6"[l]tu rou AUtO LOXUH ... YLa trrv UAT] xm "[T] rtT]xavLxi] <'n'Jva[.tl].»
H nQ(iltT] nQotaol] bLVEL, a~ to nouie ncoeumnrovrcx, Eva noMnrto naQubEL Yrta tT]~ a~LWrtanXu taUtoAOYLX.i]~ [.tfYaAo(J"[o[.tLa~ lOU XUQLOU NtLQLVYX: Onou bfV aAM~EL to rtEYf8o~, rtf VEL to L()LO. Enouevox, T] noootmo [.tl]XUVLXi]~ Mva[.tT]~, rtLa xm fXEL bOOfL otov xoouo, naQa[.tfVEL aWlVLw~ LbLa. A~ ucpi]OOU[.tE xmu [.tfQO~ to yfYOVO~ on, oro BaO[.tonou etvoi auto orooto, ° N,,[fXUQ"[ (Descartes) "[0 i]~fQE xru to Elm 0"[T] cpLAoaocpLa i]bT] Ebw xm aXf()6v toioxootc XQoVLU,37 xm on, an~ CPUaLXE~ fmOti]rtE~, T] bLbaaxaALa tT]~ bLmi]QT]aT]r; tT]~ ()lJvartl]r; (fVEQYHU~) mLxQmEl YEVLXU fb(o xm fLXOaL XQovLa· on ° XUQLO~ NTLQLVYX bEV "[T] [1fAn<1lVEL xafloAou nfQLOQ[~OV,,[u~ TT] otT]
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l1l}xav~xlj Mval1l}. '0110)£, rroll ljtav l} J.!,l}xav~xlj MvaJ.!,l} tnv moxlj tTJ£ aJ.!,Eta~ATJtTJ£ Xata(Jta(Jl}£; ~TO EQc!nl}J.!,a auto, 0 X. NtLQ~VYX l1a£ aQvdtal mLl10va xaflE arraVIl}(Jl}.
KUQ~E NtLQLVYX, rrov ljtaV tote l} alo)VLo)£ 0110~a11E tOY ecuro tTJ; ~ll}xavlxlj Mval1TJ Xal 'tl XLVOU(JE; Ma; uncvtua:
«H aQXlxlj xctcorcon tou ~v!1JtaVtO£, lj, (J(J.(jlfOTEQa, EVO£ al1fta~Al}TOU ELVal tl}; VAl};, nou 6EV neQlXAELEl Xal1la XQOVlXlj (JU(J(J{l>QfU(Jl} aAAaywv, dVal ev« ~i)tl}l1a, W onoto !1JtOQ£L va to aJwQQL1I'fl 110VO Exdvo to l1uaA6 nou ~Mrrfl to rutoxoQu{jlwl1a tTJt; (JO{jlLat; otov auwaxQwtl}Qla(J110 tl}; 6l}l1l0UQYlxi); rou 6uval1l};.»
En:ol1fvw£: 'H fla bfXtfLtf, XWQL£ v« mv fXETf xOlta~fl, tnv cueta~Al}ti) 110U aQXfyoVl} xoreotcon i) EYc!), ° 6l}l1l0UQYlxot; EuytvLOt; NtiQlVYX, Ga; avaxl}Qu(J(Jw rrVEUl1atlXout; EUVO\lxOU;. Auto !1JtOQfL, L(JW;, va rutmQf1l'flI1EQlX01);. EI1EL;, non fX01J!1E bfl i)6l} I1EQlxa noQa6£iYl1ata tl}; 6l}l1l0UQYlxi); Mval1l}; 1"OU xUQiou NtLQLVYX, !1JtOQOUI1E va EJtLtQf1l'OUI1£ orov f(J.UtO l1a£ vo. a{jli)(Jfl, n:Qot; TO naoov, cvcnnvrnm rnv XOI111'i) ~QL(JLa Xal va Qurri)(J0Ullf ~ava: AAM, xuQLE NtLQLVYX, av 610 (Jat; n:flQa~EL, !1JtOQfLtE va l1a; netre 'tL YLVftal 11£ tl} l1l}xavLxlj i'rUval1l};
o XUQLO; NtLQLVYX n:t{jltfl al1f(JWt; or al1l}xavLa.
«flQaYl1an», 'tQauAL~EL, «l} an:oAUtl} tcurotmn EXELVl}; tl}t; aQXlxljt; oQlaxi); xaT<l(Jta(Jl}; 6£ 6ivfl cno 110vn tl}t; xal1La aQxi) I1fta~a(Jl};. A; avaAoYWtOUI1E, 0I1W;, on Ba<JLxa rrEQLrrou 1"0 L6LO (Jw~aivfL 1110 xaflf n:aQal1LxQo VfO XQLXO otnv nnot YVWGti) l1a; un:aQ~laxi) aA1J(J(ba. 'On:OLO; fltAfl, AOLn:OV, va rrQo~aAfl 6U(JXOALE; otnv xUQla JtEQimw(Jl} unoootc l1a;, xaM fla xavfl va rrQo(JfSfl vo l1l}v n; nQo~aAfL Of ALYOtEQO {jlaVfQft; rrEQLn:tc!)(Jflt;. Ikrvro an' mHO, urraQXfl l} bUvctornto nSlOnOLl}(Jl}t; (Jta6laxa bla~ael1L(JI1EVWV EVblaJ.!,Wwv xorootnoaov xoi, enouevox, l} Yf{jluQa tl}:;
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m:a8EQOtrrrac; ELVaL aVOLxn'l yta va qmxooWE nllYalvovt«; nQOC; to moto IlEXQt T1']V E~acpuVW1'] 1:OU EvaAXoooouevo» naLxvL<)wv. Ano xa8aQi] EvvOtOAOytXi] unO'ljJ1'], 1'] OTa8EQOT1']Ta aUTi] bE !lac; B01']8uEL v« uneoB01J!lE T1']V xVQta OXE'Ijl1'], anu Elvat yta !lac; 1'] BaOLxi] 1l0QCPi] OA1']C; T1']C; VO!lOTEAELac; xat T1']C; XU8E Un1']C; IlETuBao1']C;, EWt WOTE va EXOWE btXalW!la vc T1'] XQ1']OL- 1l0nOti]OOU!lE ocv xun TO EVbtUIlWO «vcueoo a' EXElV1'] T1']V nQWT1'] iooooom« Xat T1'] btaTUQa~i] T1']C;. Av qxrvrcotouue, 6!lWC;, t1']V -aC; T1']V nOVIlE EWt (!)atuQax1'] WOQQonla OV!lcpwva ue nc; EVVOLEC;, OL onote; flTLLQmOVtat OT1'] 01']IlEQLVi] llaC; !l1']xavLxi] XWQlC; LbLalTfQO EVbOLaO!l6 (!), T6TE bE 8a ntcv ouvcto va bEl~OU!1f nwc; 1'] VA1'] 1llT0QEl vo. EXEL cptUOEL ow natXV(bL tWV aAAaywv». llEQa cno rn ll1']xavLxi] nov ucl;wv, unuQXEL XaL IlLa aAAayi] t1']C; llal;Lxi]c; XlV1']OT}C; OT1']V XlVT}OT} TWV 1TL0 !lLXQWV oWllatLblwv, a/..f...a nwc; Yl vstru auti] «bEV EXOUIlE YL' aUT6 IlEXQL tWQa xallLu YEVLXi] aQxi] Ot1'] bLU8wi] !lac; Xat bEV nQmn, AOLn6v, va €XnAT}OOOJ1,aOT€ avamu to Y€YOVOta xataAtl~01JV xanwc; oro oxotoo:».
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yw TYjV unag~Yj -[ua rraAYj nou, a' ogLaIlEVEC; JtEgLJtTWOELC;, ELVaL f~aLQETLXa aXAllQ'tl. Omuc; 0 Vc)IlOC; lOU IlwElou EQyaalac; EsaxoAolJElYjOE va LGXUfL, naQ' c)AO nou Erra1vaV uno XaLQo va unaQXouv tc !laA00umava EJtLXELQi]llaTU, rravw OTa onoto 0 PLxaQv10 (Ricardo) tov aTi]QL~E, ETm xm 0 aywvac; YLa TYjV unuQsYj j.tJtoQEL va nQaYllatorrOL£ltaL otn cplJaYj XUlQLC; xallLa llaAEloUGLavi] EQIlYjVELu. AAAWOTE, XaL OL oovoviouo! tn; cpuoYjC; EXOUV TOUC; nAYj0uollLaxouc; VOIlOUC; roue, OL onotot OEV EXOUV EsETaaT£l xaOoAou, ana Yj ownLaHllaYj 1WV OJtOL(llV fla ELvaL arrocp(wwtLxi]c; aYjllaaLac; YLa TYj ElEwQla tn; f~EAL~YjC; HuV fLO(DV. Kot nOLOe; EowaE TYjV anocpaowTLxi] cllflYjoYj xm a' ami] TYjV xa1Eu0uvaYj; Kovevc; anOC; EXTOC; «no TOV .-:1aQ~Lvo.
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ExcpQaOl] «aywvar; YLa tnv uJtaQ~l]» !illOQEL, UnWOTE, va JtaQa600d oveto ornv l]OLXOtatl] OQY~ tou XUQLOU NtLQL vyx. To XUSE AL~ML, TO XUOE X(t)QUCPL!lE OLtl]QU, to Xa8E Moor; !illOQEL va TOU aJt06EL~EL on l] vnoeeon UCPLOtataL XaL «voueo« oro CPUtU XaL bEV JtQOXELtaL aJtAWr; yw to ovouo, av 00. tnv OVO!lUOOU!lE «aywva YLa tnv mtaQ~l]» ~ «Enu'\jJl] nov oQwv uJtaQ~l]r; XaL IlllXaVLXEr; rnLoQuour;», aAAa nooxeum YLa to milc; TO YEyovor; aUTO rnl]QEU~EL tn OLat~Ql](Jl] ~ rnv aAAay~ nDV ELOWv. 2:XEtLXU!l' aUTO, 0 XUQLOr; NtLQLVYX EJU!lEVEL 010 IlLa emuovn, O!lOLa ue TOV EaUtO Tl]r;, OLy~. EJtO!lEVWr;, JtQor; to ncoov So. IlELVOWE OTl] CPUOLX~ rnLAoy~·
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