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Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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Published by: Βήχος Παναγιώτης on Dec 12, 2011
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Teooeper; J.LeAerer;

EK.:lOl:EIl: IlANEI1Il:THMIOY I1a'tQa, 1997

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© 1997

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O. Collected Works 1989. Engels. Marx. i. Utopian and Scientific. OtUoYEVEtac. r. 0. O. 24. a. Renouvier et l' histoire du meteiielisme. R. KAI H KOINQNIKH KPITIKH l. BA. Moscou 1989. Bloch. Ayiac. Marx-Engels. t. 9. Bloch. O.TIKm: YAIl. R. ~EV EsEta~W oL6AOU to 8EIla tWV :ITT)Ywv tT)r. Collected Works. a. La Pensee. 1 a. 14 10. :ITaQEx~aaT)r. 16 5.. otnv Ayia Oixoveveux.. 1\Q8Qo ornv Koltiische Zeitung. E. Renouvier et histoire du msterislisme. 6tL 0 1989.TO IlPmMO EPrO TOY MAPE 49 LHMEIQLEIL 1. Moscow- 2. Collected Works.T)r.1990. Marx. To 8EIla aut6 EsEta~ELOLESooLxa 0 Bloch. Moscow-London. E. s. 7.a. :IT. Collected Works. O. Moscow. a. 2.e.MOl. Collected Works. 20 6.R. :IT. r.a. 201 4. On Materialism. 37. 16-19 8. R. Moscow-London. a. 20 14. Renouvier et l' histoire du tneterielisme. :ITOU t avaCjJEQEtm ornv rotootc rou VE6tEQOUUALaIlOU xm tT)r. :IT. 287-294. a. O:ITOLar. 426 x. Fr. TEuxor. 45-46. t. Socialism. 3. 12. 1976. 0 MaQs. t. E:ITLaT)llalvEL Owen avayvwQL~EL xm tnv XAT)QOVOIlLx6tT)ta YLa tT)V O:ITOLa OEVylvEtm xa86Aou A6yor. Bloch. 15 x. London-Moscow.l.v.a. :IT. o. Marx.204 La Pensee Sociale au XVllle et au debut du 1geme siecle. o. onp. BA. Marx. 14 13. 11. 24. London 1980. a. 299 x. Koutcherenko. 0 'EVYXEAr. LE:JttEIl~QLOr. Socialism Utopian and Scientific. 977. aQ. ELvm London. 191. Bloch. UYYQaa CjJEar. 1975.o TIPOMAPEIl. Collected Works. <l>E~QouaQLOr. o.. G.29. o.London. Renouvier et l' histoire du materialisme. 1987. . aXEtLxi! IlEAEtT) uou oro e£())Qia xai Kotvoivia.

a. 20. London-Moscow. 8EWQEL6tL 0 Boxcov xm 0 Aox ELa~YUynV tn ~LETUCP1JaLX~ ontLxtj CPLU. a. o. 409. .. 0 onotoc. 22 a.. Bloch. Dialectic of Nature.417-418. 671. a. nti-DUhring. 3. Law~ coto 6LacpOQEtLX~oxomn. 6E6o[!EVa. r.50 Origin ofmaterialism.0 'EVYXEA~. 1980. 'Onw~ unoatT]QL~01. German Ideology. t. 25. t. 1965. Reuouvier et l' histoire du metenslismc. Collected Works. Ex6. 16. The 16. On Materialism. 5. 21. a.0 O. Timpanaro. 478-479 17. 385 London 19. Y. a1J~LcpwvU[!E tOY 'EVYXEA~. 9 xrrorsron MnArJONA~ 15. London 1930. G.1987. Everyman's Library. s. 25. A atT] cpLAoao- Collected Works. 2. 5. 22. Novack. r. Ost. Collected Works.JV nOAAoL xm [!Etu~1J aAAwv 0 G. r. n. 18. t. a. a. R.. L:toV S. ~ExLvaH u:il:6 nQuy[!utLxa Coilected Works. 245-247.1987. Marx.N. 243 1976.

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AYrOYErOE

MllArIONAE

2:HMEIQ2:EI2: 1. 11, 81 XaL JtQoa8i!xE~, BA. Hegel's Logic, trans!. by W. Wallace. Oxford. oo. 15-16 XaL 115-119. 2. Hegel's Logic, a. 116 xm L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London, 1973.

a.

14 xm 22.

3. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 28, 80 xm JtQoa8iJxE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 113-115. 4. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 81 xm JtQoa8i!xE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 115-119. 5. H 6.JtO'IjJT] mi! yw tTl C'JLUAomxi! AOYLXi! u JtQoUJto8£tEL 6n aX£'ljJT] JtOtEAEL U «mrrorrvcmuooouevn 19, Hegel's Logic, a. 25. 6. E. V. Ilyenkov, Dialectical Logic, Moscow, 1977. a. 175 X.E. 7. E. V, Ilyenkov, 6.Jt. JtuQ., a. 169 8. Marx-Engels, Etudes Philosophiques, Paris, 1964, a. 211. London 1951, a. 873. J. T] OAOtT]ta». MtxQr} Aoytxr}

9. K. Marx, The Capital, aELQ6.Everyman, D. Bernal, Marx and Science, 1952, a. 17. 10. Anti-DUhring,

ust. E. Bums, London, 1934, a. 142. 1953,

11. Fr. Engels, Dialectic of Nature, tr. Clemens Dutt, Moscow,

a. 37,

259-262.

12. Dialectic of Nature, a. 295-299. 13. O.Jt. JtuQ. a. 292-294. 14. O.Jt JtuQ. a. 288-292. 15 Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classical Philosophy, London, 1934, a. 55, Dialectic of Nature, oo. 288-290.

16. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83. 17. Anti-DUhring, tr. E Bums, London, 1934, a. 69. a. 140.

18. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83, JtQBA,Anti-Duhring, 19. Dialectic of Nature, a. 296.

Q)LAo(Jocpiar. IIEQU cero t1] Y£VLXi) vucpoQu OlOV LCl£aALa[16OU XEYX£A:rrou u l [1£tU~UAA£L :rrQuY[1unx6 oe qxrvrcouxo xm to ocvrconxo ce to :rrQuY[1unx6. 1.t.X. 1978. A. 30. Dialectic of Nature. Engels. K.95-96 28.283. 1980. 1 59. :rr. L. 00. Engels. 3.yLa :rrUQab£LY[1U u:rrO'\)!1] t1]V tWV IIaQar'56(JEwv Q)LAO(JOcpiar. t. 26. Jindrich Zeleny. Marx. 6.24. Leur vie. n. o. t. 23. 3. t.MLX(n]A. 250.83. o. 21.l o. 2. oro 35. £XCl. XWQo. 17. 13. Fr.297-299. t. Cornu. rr. o. Paris 19551962. Engels. Collected Works. :JtL[1EQout. 205-206. 140. D. 65-66 A. 0. LondonMoscow. A. Leur oeuvre. A. o. 1952. Cornu. o. o. TT/r. London. £L t1]t. Fr. :rruQ. 27. r. 3. 22. :rrQ~A. Engels. 1976. German Ideology. c. Marxism and Hegel. 135-136.:rrUQ. o. Collected Works. rov L1Lxaiov XEYXEA.1. 20. Cornu. 1981. Leur vie. 1. Karl Marx. 0. o.. 142.137-138. 119. Engels. Gerard Beckerman. 3. 5. Engels. A8i)vu. A. 250. Paris. Ewaywy1j (JTT/V KQL ux1j TT/I. t. K. . :rr. 6.Iotooiai. 24. The Logic of Marx.. 29. K.39-40. Colletti. 5. o. Fr.Iu:rrus~o1]. 13601][1. 59-61.0YLX1j 9. Marx. 25. Ai)[1flU Dialectique. 18. 3. I rov 33. IIQ~A. Keqxisaio r. Cornu. Engels. Oxford.292. t. 47. Fr. Vocabulaire du Marxisme.41. Fr.45-46. Paris 195662. :rruQ. rrrou J. o. Cornu.271-273. 34. Marx and Science. Anti-DUhring.Fr. 31. A. on 1]CPU01] vrn EXCPQU01] LClEUt.t.H EXEEH THE XEfKEAIANHE IIIAAEKTIKHE ME TO MAP3IEMO SYM'NlNA ME TON ENfKEAE 79 00.. Leur oeuvre. rou XEYX£A. 0 MUQ~ u:rrmvLoonm LOWt. Marx.t. K. 32. o. Cornu. A. £ a:rr6'IjJ£Lt. Dialectic of Nature. 89. Bernal. 6. Cornu. Fr. Marx.

a. 1974. . a. Fr. OJt. a. IIQ~. Nova. 2 37. Anti-Dtihring. t. A. ayyA. Fr. Paris. 45. Fr. Anti-DUhring. Francois Ricci. oro allAAoYLx6 £QYo La logique de Marx. 3. 11materialismo a. R. 59-62.Eaaotu JtOLOtLXCt aL tn noconxo a X oixovouicc. Bernal. 65-66. 149. Dialectics of Nature. a. J. Mondolfo. 9-10. Cornu. Dialectic of Nature. a. x. Engels. Firenze. (J. a. E.154. a. his contribution to political theory. 70. The Logic of Marx.EA£tE~toll 'E VYXEA~EJtT]Q£aaav tL~ aXEnx£~ aJt6'\jJEL~ tou MaQ~. a. 5. 48.x. . Cornu. 39. 66-70. . JtaQ. Karl Marx. a 42. 352. Jindrich Zeleny. 23. Cornu.EtOY Cornu OL !J. R. 47. 51. 43. a. and the Outcome of German Classical Philostotico in Federico Engels. et Fr. 20. 1934. Karl Marx. London. G.. Volkof Birth of a Genius. 1972. York. Fr. t. 193. 347. 1952. 74. 54. 304. 292. r. a. A. New <DOllQL£. Luwpwva !J. Mondolfo. Collected Works. A. 1980. D. a. 2. os ax£aT] !J. Engels. Marx and Science.EtacpQ. a. 296. 52. 16. Marx.. a. Engels. 38. 40. 0 11materialismo stotico in Federico Engels. 272.~A. a. 3. Ludwig Feuerbach sophy. 'Onw~ 286-287 46.. K. a. 44. 41. t. 50. Engels. xaQaxtT]QL0tLXCt tT]~ XaJtLtaAL0nxi]~ n.80 AyrOYETm: MnArIONA~ 36. 49. 53. Anti-Dithiing. Moscow. 1967. Fr. Engels.EtTl clLacpoQCt VCt!J. 67. aT]!J. Oxford. a. !J. Structure logique du paragraphe 1 du «Capital». Anti-Diiluing.

Mondolfo. WtAoaocpia. 156. OELQu Suhrkamp. I. 64. 14. Marx.34. Collected 1951. 00. Works.WiLXr)C. Fr. Fr. La Sainte FamiJJe. Mondolfo. OELQuEveryman's 61. 60. 38 x. 47-48. 59. toy H [11]Xuv'rjuvUn:UQUYELt1] [1ULX'rjEVEQYEW. Engels. Mn:UYL6vu. London. Engels und Moderne Probleme der PhiJosophie des Marxismus. 1978. 63. 0. 65. Dialectic of Nature o. o.0. 69. o. c. 115 01][1. Wallace 0. 67.12. The Capital. Hegel's Logic. 98. Klein. 336-337. En:L[1EtQOt1]£ ~. Marx. 1971. Marx. 56.. [1EtUCP. 67. London.31.to xu8£vu cero xuta[1EQw[16 tWV EQYWVXaL ta E~UQt'rj[1Uta t1]£ uvun:uQuYEL 1] [11]Xuv'rj w£ OUVOAO'rj «OUat1][1u» uvun:uQuYEL t1] OU[1n:A1]QW[1Unx'rj 0XE01] UVU[1WU tOU£. 323. o. [1EtucpQ. OEA. 128-129. W6vEQf1:rrax. r. A. 58. [1EtUCP. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome sophy.43. R. Ley. o. TQiT'f/ 8lia'f/ yw Philosophiques. 402. c.n:uQ. 312-313.. M. K. 1977. W 68. o. 2. Werke. cptAoaocpiar.. 325. E. 66. W . H. ~A. The Capital. Aoxiuu: of the German classical Philo- 57. 7. . Paris 1969. r. Wallace § 27. Fr.38. R. 107-108. 502. 62. 70. Hegel's Logic. u'lJt6£ n:QOXUJttEL un:6 t1]V CPaLVO[1EVOU orov XEYXEA. Wallace. 5. 1934. 11materialismo storico . o. TOV K. Etudes Library. 0 XUQuXtilQUI.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~ LllAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP2I~MO ~YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEA~ 8r 55. German Ideology. E I. MET(X fa wvatx6. o. 28. svornt« OUOtU£ XaL f1aQ!.W. Dialectic of Nature o. . Berlin. 1026u 15 X. ~A. r. Hegel's Logic. Vorlesungen U{3er die Philosophie der Geschichte. c. r.62. 28. t.. 62.6n:. o. YEQ[1UVLX'rj£ EXOOO1]£ tou Keaasaiou. A8'rjvu. I~QLWt1]. K. 873. Engels.E. 11 materialismo storico.

a. 90. Wallace. 84. on. Miller. 87. La Sainte Famille. 1975. a. a. 1971. 19-20. 201. a. The Capital. 79-80. 2. Anti-Diihring. Marxism and Hegel. R. Marxism and Hegel. Dialectic of Nature. 78. 14. 91.n. a.AYrOn. a. t. Fr. Jindrich Zeleny. Oxford-Santa Barbara. 369. Dialectic of Nature. 288-289. 358-377. Dialectic of Nature. Fr.TO~ MrrArrONA~ 71. 286. 63. Mondolfo. a. a. Dialectic of Nature. 153. The Tragic Deception. Klibanski. V. Marxism and Hegel. 89. 27-28. 173. 85. Exb. 74. 53. usrorp. Colletti. 86. uerorp. Dialectic of Nature. 108.. UyyA. A. a. L. 286. 79. W. t. 83. 73. a. Engels. nUQ. IIQOAOYO£ tll£ bEUtEQIl£YEQ[tUVLXi)£ fxboall£. oo. Sur le rapport de Marx Ii Hegel. a. 5-7. 51. a. nUQ. aELQuEveryman's Library. 75. Hegel's Logic. . Norman Levine. 72. 81. a. Nova. Emorrj/l'fl r'fl~ Aoytxrj~. 11materialismo starico in F. The Logic of Marx. OELQuEveryman. a. a. a. 76. Dialectic of Nature. 241. I. R. 82. 4. Engels. 80. 201. 77. o. 873. his Contribution to Political Theory. La philosophie contemporaine. a. 116. Norman Levine. 17. a. a. Marxism and Hegel. 88.

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