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Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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Published by: Βήχος Παναγιώτης on Dec 12, 2011
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Teooeper; J.LeAerer;

EK.:lOl:EIl: IlANEI1Il:THMIOY I1a'tQa, 1997

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© 1997

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n. Collected Works. R. 385 London 19.1987.0 'EVYXEA~. L:toV S. ~ExLvaH u:il:6 nQuy[!utLxa Coilected Works. 1980. 20. Ost. 5. London 1930. 22 a. Bloch. o.JV nOAAoL xm [!Etu~1J aAAwv 0 G. 245-247. 3. r. A atT] cpLAoao- Collected Works. Ex6. r. German Ideology. 16. a. a. 2.50 Origin ofmaterialism. Law~ coto 6LacpOQEtLX~oxomn.. 6E6o[!EVa. a. 5. 18. a. s. r. a1J~LcpwvU[!E tOY 'EVYXEA~. 478-479 17. Reuouvier et l' histoire du metenslismc. a. 21. 8EWQEL6tL 0 Boxcov xm 0 Aox ELa~YUynV tn ~LETUCP1JaLX~ ontLxtj CPLU. 409. 243 1976. Collected Works.417-418. Novack. nti-DUhring. .. t. 'Onw~ unoatT]QL~01.1987.0 O..N. 9 xrrorsron MnArJONA~ 15. t. On Materialism. 671. London-Moscow. Dialectic of Nature. a. G. 0 onotoc. Y. 22. 25. Everyman's Library. 25. 1965. The 16. t. Timpanaro. Marx.

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AYrOYErOE

MllArIONAE

2:HMEIQ2:EI2: 1. 11, 81 XaL JtQoa8i!xE~, BA. Hegel's Logic, trans!. by W. Wallace. Oxford. oo. 15-16 XaL 115-119. 2. Hegel's Logic, a. 116 xm L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London, 1973.

a.

14 xm 22.

3. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 28, 80 xm JtQoa8iJxE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 113-115. 4. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 81 xm JtQoa8i!xE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 115-119. 5. H 6.JtO'IjJT] mi! yw tTl C'JLUAomxi! AOYLXi! u JtQoUJto8£tEL 6n aX£'ljJT] JtOtEAEL U «mrrorrvcmuooouevn 19, Hegel's Logic, a. 25. 6. E. V. Ilyenkov, Dialectical Logic, Moscow, 1977. a. 175 X.E. 7. E. V, Ilyenkov, 6.Jt. JtuQ., a. 169 8. Marx-Engels, Etudes Philosophiques, Paris, 1964, a. 211. London 1951, a. 873. J. T] OAOtT]ta». MtxQr} Aoytxr}

9. K. Marx, The Capital, aELQ6.Everyman, D. Bernal, Marx and Science, 1952, a. 17. 10. Anti-DUhring,

ust. E. Bums, London, 1934, a. 142. 1953,

11. Fr. Engels, Dialectic of Nature, tr. Clemens Dutt, Moscow,

a. 37,

259-262.

12. Dialectic of Nature, a. 295-299. 13. O.Jt. JtuQ. a. 292-294. 14. O.Jt JtuQ. a. 288-292. 15 Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classical Philosophy, London, 1934, a. 55, Dialectic of Nature, oo. 288-290.

16. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83. 17. Anti-DUhring, tr. E Bums, London, 1934, a. 69. a. 140.

18. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83, JtQBA,Anti-Duhring, 19. Dialectic of Nature, a. 296.

41. 3. 22. 1. 21. :rr. Cornu. on 1]CPU01] vrn EXCPQU01] LClEUt. o. 3. 13. Engels. 1 59.l o. 5. rr. XWQo. Engels. :rrQ~A.297-299.:rrUQ. K. Marx.t. 30. German Ideology. Fr. oro 35. 20. 140. 3. Paris. Cornu.Iu:rrus~o1].H EXEEH THE XEfKEAIANHE IIIAAEKTIKHE ME TO MAP3IEMO SYM'NlNA ME TON ENfKEAE 79 00. 1981. t.MLX(n]A. 1978.95-96 28. Vocabulaire du Marxisme. o. Engels. 6. Marx.83. Leur oeuvre. n. Keqxisaio r. :rruQ. 0 MUQ~ u:rrmvLoonm LOWt. 29. 2. LondonMoscow. Engels. Fr. 250.X. 34. o. 1976. Engels. :rr. 1952. 119. London.Iotooiai. 65-66 A. IIEQU cero t1] Y£VLXi) vucpoQu OlOV LCl£aALa[16OU XEYX£A:rrou u l [1£tU~UAA£L :rrQuY[1unx6 oe qxrvrcouxo xm to ocvrconxo ce to :rrQuY[1unx6. £XCl. Q)LAo(Jocpiar. A. Marx. 23. Engels. A. 32. Fr. A. rou XEYX£A.283. r. K. 18. Gerard Beckerman. A8i)vu. Fr. Jindrich Zeleny. o. Collected Works. Karl Marx.yLa :rrUQab£LY[1U u:rrO'\)!1] t1]V tWV IIaQar'56(JEwv Q)LAO(JOcpiar. Cornu. Collected Works. D. A. 27. t. £L t1]t. Dialectic of Nature.271-273. 31. o. t. 250. rrrou J. The Logic of Marx.45-46. . K. 47. 1. Anti-DUhring. Leur vie. 142. 5. Oxford. 135-136. 25. 6. Cornu. Ai)[1flU Dialectique. 13601][1.Fr. 3. :rruQ.292. Ewaywy1j (JTT/V KQL ux1j TT/I. o. Dialectic of Nature. Leur oeuvre. A. Paris 19551962.137-138. £ a:rr6'IjJ£Lt. Cornu. Colletti. Marxism and Hegel.t. Cornu. o. 89.0YLX1j 9. Engels. TT/r. 3. Marx and Science. c. 0. 205-206. 59-61. rov L1Lxaiov XEYXEA. I rov 33. o. 1980. Bernal. 24. o. 6. 26... 17. Marx.1. o.. Cornu.24. :JtL[1EQout. t. A.39-40. L. Fr. 00. t. t. 0.t. Fr. K. Leur vie. IIQ~A. o. Paris 195662.

3.Eaaotu JtOLOtLXCt aL tn noconxo a X oixovouicc. 1974. Karl Marx. Anti-DUhring. aT]!J. 2 37. Structure logique du paragraphe 1 du «Capital». Mondolfo. t. New <DOllQL£. a. Ludwig Feuerbach sophy. Engels. his contribution to political theory. Cornu. 44. Anti-Dithiing. Bernal. JtaQ. R. 74. Fr. E. Karl Marx. Moscow. Cornu. et Fr. a. Fr. r. 149. . a.EA£tE~toll 'E VYXEA~EJtT]Q£aaav tL~ aXEnx£~ aJt6'\jJEL~ tou MaQ~. a. 51. OJt.EtacpQ.~A. 1972. a. Nova. os ax£aT] !J. 20. 1952. 65-66. 53. 49.. and the Outcome of German Classical Philostotico in Federico Engels. a. 272. 45. x. Oxford. 296. 193. Anti-Diiluing. 347.EtTl clLacpoQCt VCt!J. 52. 50.EtOY Cornu OL !J. Firenze. Fr. Cornu. 38. Jindrich Zeleny. 11materialismo a. a. t. Engels. Volkof Birth of a Genius. A. a. Dialectic of Nature.154. 1980. R. Marx and Science. Francois Ricci. London. Mondolfo. The Logic of Marx. 47. Fr. 59-62. K. 1967. 9-10. . 304. 2. Dialectics of Nature. 16. Fr. Luwpwva !J. G. a. 'Onw~ 286-287 46. A. York. 70. a 42. a. xaQaxtT]QL0tLXCt tT]~ XaJtLtaAL0nxi]~ n. 352.. . 0 11materialismo stotico in Federico Engels. 43. 40. 23. IIQ~. Engels. 67. D. 66-70. Marx.. a. 5. 39. Engels. Engels. ayyA.80 AyrOYETm: MnArIONA~ 36. A. 292. J. Anti-Dtihring. (J. 1934. a.x. oro allAAoYLx6 £QYo La logique de Marx. Collected Works. !J. a. 41. 48. t. a. Paris. a. a. 54. 3.

Collected 1951. 63. Works. o. R. 56. Aoxiuu: of the German classical Philo- 57. Marx. r. 873. [1EtUCP. Etudes Library. 11 materialismo storico. A. 28. u'lJt6£ n:QOXUJttEL un:6 t1]V CPaLVO[1EVOU orov XEYXEA. c. R.. 66.31. Dialectic of Nature o. K. 70. London.. H. o. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome sophy. A8'rjvu. Hegel's Logic. 00. o. Hegel's Logic.0. 107-108. ~A. 7. toy H [11]Xuv'rjuvUn:UQUYELt1] [1ULX'rjEVEQYEW.12. 402. The Capital. 5. I~QLWt1]. Wallace 0. o. . 325. 69. 67. o. OEA. 312-313. c. E.. 115 01][1. 60. YEQ[1UVLX'rj£ EXOOO1]£ tou Keaasaiou. 62.43. 98. W .n:uQ. 47-48. Mn:UYL6vu. The Capital. 59. c. 0. Fr. 336-337. Wallace § 27. 1977. [1EtUCP. r. 62. Mondolfo. OELQuEveryman's 61. o. t. Werke. 11materialismo storico . Klein.E. London. 38 x. 128-129. cptAoaocpiar. Wallace. German Ideology.38. Vorlesungen U{3er die Philosophie der Geschichte. 28. Hegel's Logic. TOV K. 58. Engels. 323. Fr. Paris 1969. o. MET(X fa wvatx6. La Sainte FamiJJe.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~ LllAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP2I~MO ~YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEA~ 8r 55. 1971. W6vEQf1:rrax.to xu8£vu cero xuta[1EQw[16 tWV EQYWVXaL ta E~UQt'rj[1Uta t1]£ uvun:uQuYEL 1] [11]Xuv'rj w£ OUVOAO'rj «OUat1][1u» uvun:uQuYEL t1] OU[1n:A1]QW[1Unx'rj 0XE01] UVU[1WU tOU£. r. 0 XUQuXtilQUI. TQiT'f/ 8lia'f/ yw Philosophiques. 2. Engels und Moderne Probleme der PhiJosophie des Marxismus. [1EtucpQ. Ley. Mondolfo. r.W.. Engels. 1026u 15 X. Dialectic of Nature o. 64. I. Fr. K. OELQu Suhrkamp. 502. . 65. WtAoaocpia. 14. 1978. M. Marx. 156. ~A. svornt« OUOtU£ XaL f1aQ!. En:L[1EtQOt1]£ ~. 1934.62. o.6n:.34. E I. 67. W 68.WiLXr)C. Marx. Berlin.

4. 77. on. Dialectic of Nature.n. 17. t. Anti-Diihring. L. 76. a. a. 286. 241. 74. Norman Levine. 80. a. 84. 5-7. a. Exb. 81. Wallace. t. 108. 288-289. Dialectic of Nature. a. 78. 85. Engels. a. 72. a. Mondolfo. 2. 19-20. V. 88. usrorp. Oxford-Santa Barbara. Fr.AYrOn. 53. 86. . The Tragic Deception. 82. 73. R.TO~ MrrArrONA~ 71. Dialectic of Nature. 201. Marxism and Hegel. Engels. 153. A. nUQ. 87. 873. 91. 90. OELQuEveryman. o. 79. I. The Logic of Marx. 27-28. aELQuEveryman's Library. Klibanski. Norman Levine. 173. a. UyyA. Marxism and Hegel. The Capital. a. a. 83. a. a. Hegel's Logic. 14. R. 89. oo. nUQ. IIQOAOYO£ tll£ bEUtEQIl£YEQ[tUVLXi)£ fxboall£. Miller. Marxism and Hegel.. 116. 63. 201. Dialectic of Nature. 79-80. Nova. a. 358-377. Fr. 369. Colletti. Emorrj/l'fl r'fl~ Aoytxrj~. La Sainte Famille. W. a. uerorp. Dialectic of Nature. 1971. 75. a. Sur le rapport de Marx Ii Hegel. a. Dialectic of Nature. 51. a. 286. 1975. 11materialismo starico in F. a. Marxism and Hegel. Jindrich Zeleny. La philosophie contemporaine. his Contribution to Political Theory. a.

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TautoXQova T] eaovootanx~ tUST] aQvELtaL rnv «xotvcivtc tWV L()LWtWV» [36].ME rnv oro aJtEAEU8EQWO~ aJtEAEu8EQWVOVtaL tT]~ XaL OLUAAE~tUSEL~. 0 MaQS avaepEQE0 tal oro nQwLrLa XELrLEVcX xcXnw~ UnaLVLXnXcX otu. ano rn oxomn tOU . KPATOr~ 101 uncXQXH T] epLAOOOepLX~ tLX~. 'EXELtT]V momELa rou OAOUYLatL ()EV ELVaLnQOOT]AWrLEVT] «rLEQO~». epEQOVtaL OtT] (/)~Aoaocpia rov L1tJwiov tOU XEYXEA. 0 MaQs toy rLEta8EtEL n~ avo): UOEL~ aUtE~ nou.tTl ()La()LXaoto rLEtT]V oncto nQaYrLatonOLELtaL T]aJtEAEu8EQWOT] aut~.'EtOL XataVaALOXEL XaL anOAarL~UVELXWQL~vo EQycX~EtaL.H ESUQtT]OT] aUt~ toU XUQLOU uno toy ()OUAOEST]yEL tal cno to YEYOVO~ on 0 XUQLO~XQ'Y]OLrLOnOLEL ()OUAO toy W~ EQyaAELo.H aJtEAEu8EQWOT] ou ()OUAOU EXepQcX~EtaL r rLEto YEYOVO~ OtL 0 XUQLO~tOY avaYVWQL~H W~ avayxaLo oUrLnMQWrLUrou. YLa vc avamux8EL. H tUST] aut~ OVOrLU~EtaL cero toy MaQS «EQyanx~ tUST]» ~ «nQoAEtaQLUtO».ono». 8a ~taV ()UVatO v« unotE8~ on nQaYrLatonOLELtal oUrLepwva rLE tT]V XEYYEALav~ ()LaAEXtLX~tou ()OUAOUXaL rou XUQLOU [37].ou OnOL01JOL ErLJtELQLE~ t t XaL OLava~T]t~OEL~ EsaQtWvtaL uno tT]V EsOUOLan01J aoxEL nuvw orov ()OUAO. H ES01JOLa rtou aOXEL 0 XUQLO~nuvw OtOV ()OUAOouvmuYEtaL XaL tT]V aAAOtQLWOT]ou XUQL01J. YVWQL~EL nQaWatLXO scuto rou. rnv EVVOEL XEYXEA. Ano rn OtLYrL~rtou OUVtEAELtaLT]avayvwQWT] aUt~ o XUQLO~aJtEAEu8EQWVEtaL osto tT]V 'ljJEU()aL08T]oT] rrutovotT]~ rLLa~ rou.ME80aoAof. 'Ioox. Itc vo umxQSH T] mavaotanx~ nQcXsT]EL Val avayxaLo vc uncXQSEL rLLatcXST] on cvcorruooetm rLfOa coto rnv «xoivorvtu n tWV L()LWtWV». A vtL8Eta ()TjfHOUQYOUVtaLOL XQL nQouno8Eow. OXEOEL~ tou naQaywy~~ XaL n~ rLOQepE~ EQyaoLa~ nou nQouno8EtEL T] XEyxEAHav~ «xoivorvt« rcov L()LWtWV». AIIO'l'EI~ Tor MAP2~TA I1PnIMAEPfA Tor rIA THN KPITIKHTor A~T. o MaQs ()EVanooaepT]VL~H oro Mo XELrLEVU nou cvorou. H tUST] aut~ EXEL«xa80ALXo» xaQaXt~Qa YLatL ()EV EXELxovevu L()LaL tEQO ()LXaLWrLavu nQootatbjJEL aepou EXELanootEQT]8EL «no OAa tn ()LXaLWrLatUtT]~.

Lowith. tT]~ EQyaoLa~ rcov EQyatWv XaL OtT]V aSLa tT]~ a!LOl~~~ XaL tT]~ EQyatlXl1~ OOT]YELOtT]V JtQcJH!La EQya Lta !LEtT]V OJtOLa ESaOcpaAL~EtaL T] O'llvtl1QT]O~ roix. H a!LOl~aLa amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ tUST]~ JtQOUJt08EtH JtQaY!LutwoT] tou 0 MaQs 8EtO'llV tou «O'llVU!LH» tT]~ XOlVWVLa~ XWQL~ tUSH~. UJtO'4JT]aml1 T] OT]!LOXQutLa EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] . o «Aa6~» tou XOlVWVlX01J O'llV6AO'll. rtoi: avtWtolXEL tE'll!LUtWV !LE toy 8QT]OXHWV [39]. tELVH vo tT]V rcuttoa !LEtoy rou XaL tam6XQova «Aa6» 11!LEtOY «011- !LO» [36]. PO'llOOW OtO Koiviovixo JtQWl!La EQya OtT]V OJtOLa to XU8E XV{l(36AUW 0 MaQs tl~ XQT]Ol!LOJtOlEL ow OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V XOlVWVlXl1 oxornt«. Ot aJt6'4JH~ tou UVaAUOEl~ «JtUAT] tWV tUI:. O'llVUYEtaL tou OOUAO'll XaL rou X'llQLO'll». H !LE tT]V OlXHOJtOLT]OT] tT]~ OlUCPOQU~ «no toy otnv aSLU rou JtQo'C6- vroc toix. «OtOlXELO» aJtocpaOL~H XaL JtQUttH toJtOlT]8EL to aya86 6Xl W~ lOlWtT]~ aAAU W~ cpOQEa~ tT]~ ~OUAT]OT]~rou O'llV6AO'll !LE tOY oxono vc JtQaY!LaXOlVWVLa».T] !LEtOY «xa8oAlx6» tT]~ EQYUtlX~~ tUsT]~ o n T] amAE'll8EQWOT] tUST]~ O'llVmuYEtaL EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] aml1 XaL tT]V amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ JtQaY!LatOJtOlEL tal coro avu!Lwa ceto tT]V EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] nou aOXEL JtUVW OtT]V EQYUtlXl1 tUI:. Oi EVVOlE~ a'lltE~. EcpaQ!L6~ovtaL WtoQlX~~ mv ron 'llJtOXH!LEVlXOU JtVEUYlU rou ucro . !LE tT]V «aOtlxl1 OtT]V EXCPQUOT] ou r EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] tT]V EVVOOUOE 0 XEYXEA. Aaou JtOAltWV ono». ornv tUI:. JtQouJtOOQW!LEVE~ aVaAUOEl~ [38]. OtT]V mQLOXl1 tT]~ ESEAll:. BUOlX6 ELVaL 6n torooto rtov OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V urtoot« Ano xaQaXtT]Qwtlx6 T] JtOAltELa OT]!LOXQatlXOU JtOAl tEU!Lato~ tT]V !LE tn uovoo- OEV «OT]!LLO'llQYEL» tOY «Au6».T]. 6Jtw~ EOHSE 0 K. XaL tT]~ O'llVHOT]OlaX~~ XaL tT]~ XOlVWVlX~~ E!LJtElQLa~.EWV» JtQOEXtELVO'llV n~ AJt6 tl~ aVacpOQE~ rou MaQs XEYXEA Yla tTl «OlaAEXtlXl1 xaQaxt~Qu.T]~.102 srrorsros OtT] OcpaLQU MIlArIONAl: XEYXEA. IIOAltlxl1 XQwnavw!L6 tou ELVaL T] 1)T]!LOXQatLa.

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