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Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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ОпубликованΒήχος Παναγιώτης

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Published by: Βήχος Παναγιώτης on Dec 12, 2011
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Teooeper; J.LeAerer;

EK.:lOl:EIl: IlANEI1Il:THMIOY I1a'tQa, 1997

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© 1997

A. MIIArIONJU:: E~O~EI~ IIANEIII~THMIOY ISBN: 960-530-015-x E~O~EI~ IlANEIII~THMIOY IIavEmm:I'j!tLouJtoAI'j, PCo TI'jA.: 061-997.863, Fax: 997.864

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3. 22 a. a. Ex6. German Ideology. Y. 16. 25. Collected Works. 2. 1965. The 16. R. 8EWQEL6tL 0 Boxcov xm 0 Aox ELa~YUynV tn ~LETUCP1JaLX~ ontLxtj CPLU. Law~ coto 6LacpOQEtLX~oxomn. On Materialism. 245-247.1987. 0 onotoc. 1980. A atT] cpLAoao- Collected Works.417-418. Novack. r.0 O. G. 478-479 17.N. a. n. London 1930. 671. t. o. Marx. 5. Reuouvier et l' histoire du metenslismc.50 Origin ofmaterialism.0 'EVYXEA~. t. a. Ost. a. ~ExLvaH u:il:6 nQuy[!utLxa Coilected Works. r. 6E6o[!EVa. L:toV S. 243 1976. Everyman's Library. .JV nOAAoL xm [!Etu~1J aAAwv 0 G.1987. a. Dialectic of Nature. Timpanaro. 21. 20. 5. nti-DUhring. a.. 9 xrrorsron MnArJONA~ 15. Collected Works. 22. a1J~LcpwvU[!E tOY 'EVYXEA~. London-Moscow. 'Onw~ unoatT]QL~01.. r. 385 London 19. t. 409. s. 25. 18. Bloch..

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AYrOYErOE

MllArIONAE

2:HMEIQ2:EI2: 1. 11, 81 XaL JtQoa8i!xE~, BA. Hegel's Logic, trans!. by W. Wallace. Oxford. oo. 15-16 XaL 115-119. 2. Hegel's Logic, a. 116 xm L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London, 1973.

a.

14 xm 22.

3. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 28, 80 xm JtQoa8iJxE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 113-115. 4. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 81 xm JtQoa8i!xE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 115-119. 5. H 6.JtO'IjJT] mi! yw tTl C'JLUAomxi! AOYLXi! u JtQoUJto8£tEL 6n aX£'ljJT] JtOtEAEL U «mrrorrvcmuooouevn 19, Hegel's Logic, a. 25. 6. E. V. Ilyenkov, Dialectical Logic, Moscow, 1977. a. 175 X.E. 7. E. V, Ilyenkov, 6.Jt. JtuQ., a. 169 8. Marx-Engels, Etudes Philosophiques, Paris, 1964, a. 211. London 1951, a. 873. J. T] OAOtT]ta». MtxQr} Aoytxr}

9. K. Marx, The Capital, aELQ6.Everyman, D. Bernal, Marx and Science, 1952, a. 17. 10. Anti-DUhring,

ust. E. Bums, London, 1934, a. 142. 1953,

11. Fr. Engels, Dialectic of Nature, tr. Clemens Dutt, Moscow,

a. 37,

259-262.

12. Dialectic of Nature, a. 295-299. 13. O.Jt. JtuQ. a. 292-294. 14. O.Jt JtuQ. a. 288-292. 15 Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classical Philosophy, London, 1934, a. 55, Dialectic of Nature, oo. 288-290.

16. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83. 17. Anti-DUhring, tr. E Bums, London, 1934, a. 69. a. 140.

18. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83, JtQBA,Anti-Duhring, 19. Dialectic of Nature, a. 296.

39-40. Marx. Cornu. Marx. 34. o. Engels. oro 35. Marx and Science.137-138. 13601][1. 0. o. Engels. XWQo.95-96 28. Cornu. Fr. 3. o. Engels.283. 30. IIQ~A. TT/r. 59-61. t.271-273. o. 5. 6. 27.H EXEEH THE XEfKEAIANHE IIIAAEKTIKHE ME TO MAP3IEMO SYM'NlNA ME TON ENfKEAE 79 00. 1. 119.t. Dialectic of Nature. 13. t. A. on 1]CPU01] vrn EXCPQU01] LClEUt. A. 135-136.:rrUQ. Cornu. o. 3. 250. Karl Marx. :JtL[1EQout. Paris 19551962. Leur oeuvre. £L t1]t. 32. Marxism and Hegel. Engels. t. 2. 3. £ a:rr6'IjJ£Lt. 5. Engels. 31.yLa :rrUQab£LY[1U u:rrO'\)!1] t1]V tWV IIaQar'56(JEwv Q)LAO(JOcpiar. t. Leur oeuvre. :rruQ. L. Vocabulaire du Marxisme. Engels.X. 140. o. Paris. rr. 26. 29. o. Cornu. Oxford.MLX(n]A.45-46.292. Keqxisaio r. 6.t. :rrQ~A. t. o. 0.l o. o. 1978. K. Bernal. Anti-DUhring. 20. IIEQU cero t1] Y£VLXi) vucpoQu OlOV LCl£aALa[16OU XEYX£A:rrou u l [1£tU~UAA£L :rrQuY[1unx6 oe qxrvrcouxo xm to ocvrconxo ce to :rrQuY[1unx6. K. 1981. London. Leur vie. £XCl.24. LondonMoscow. n. A. 0 MUQ~ u:rrmvLoonm LOWt. 6. t. o. 22. Collected Works. Leur vie. :rr. rrrou J. The Logic of Marx. Cornu. 3. rou XEYX£A. Jindrich Zeleny. 250. Engels. 1.t.Iotooiai. K. D. r. Collected Works. German Ideology. Q)LAo(Jocpiar. 17. Fr. Fr.297-299.. Paris 195662. rov L1Lxaiov XEYXEA. Marx. 21. I rov 33.. K. 65-66 A. Colletti. 89.Fr. Ai)[1flU Dialectique. 23. 25. :rruQ. o. Marx. Ewaywy1j (JTT/V KQL ux1j TT/I. 18.0YLX1j 9. Fr. A. 1980. Cornu. Gerard Beckerman. . :rr. A8i)vu.41. 1 59.. Cornu. 142. c. 205-206. Dialectic of Nature. Fr. Fr. 00. 1976. A.1. 47. 3. 24.83. A. 1952.Iu:rrus~o1].

Cornu. 47. D. a. 65-66. a.. 48. t.EA£tE~toll 'E VYXEA~EJtT]Q£aaav tL~ aXEnx£~ aJt6'\jJEL~ tou MaQ~. 11materialismo a. Moscow. Engels. 1980. Bernal. 193. R. Nova. a 42. et Fr. Collected Works. a. 292. A. Structure logique du paragraphe 1 du «Capital». r. 'Onw~ 286-287 46. . Karl Marx. t.EtOY Cornu OL !J. London. 272. 67. a. New <DOllQL£. 52.EtacpQ. Engels. Paris. a. 50. 66-70. IIQ~. 70. Anti-Diiluing. 49. Engels.154. E. a. 43. xaQaxtT]QL0tLXCt tT]~ XaJtLtaAL0nxi]~ n. 40. Anti-Dtihring. 2 37. 2. Jindrich Zeleny. Dialectic of Nature. Ludwig Feuerbach sophy. 23. 41. . a. 3. Fr. OJt. G. 16. oro allAAoYLx6 £QYo La logique de Marx. and the Outcome of German Classical Philostotico in Federico Engels. a. York. 304. Engels. (J. a. 1952. Marx and Science. his contribution to political theory.Eaaotu JtOLOtLXCt aL tn noconxo a X oixovouicc. Anti-Dithiing. a. Francois Ricci.80 AyrOYETm: MnArIONA~ 36. Marx. 1967. Fr. Firenze. 1972. 51. 59-62. Engels. 9-10. a. t. 0 11materialismo stotico in Federico Engels. Oxford. Luwpwva !J. 20. Fr. Cornu. 44. Dialectics of Nature. 38. a. os ax£aT] !J. 149.~A. K. Mondolfo. 1934. A. 352. R. a. . Fr. A. a. 5. 53. Cornu. !J. 3.. 296. a. J. 54. JtaQ. 347. Volkof Birth of a Genius.x.EtTl clLacpoQCt VCt!J.. ayyA. Mondolfo. The Logic of Marx. x. 45. Fr. Anti-DUhring. aT]!J. a. 74. Karl Marx. 39. 1974.

M. Fr. o. toy H [11]Xuv'rjuvUn:UQUYELt1] [1ULX'rjEVEQYEW. o. 59. 62. MET(X fa wvatx6.to xu8£vu cero xuta[1EQw[16 tWV EQYWVXaL ta E~UQt'rj[1Uta t1]£ uvun:uQuYEL 1] [11]Xuv'rj w£ OUVOAO'rj «OUat1][1u» uvun:uQuYEL t1] OU[1n:A1]QW[1Unx'rj 0XE01] UVU[1WU tOU£. 1977. OELQuEveryman's 61. u'lJt6£ n:QOXUJttEL un:6 t1]V CPaLVO[1EVOU orov XEYXEA. WtAoaocpia. 115 01][1. TQiT'f/ 8lia'f/ yw Philosophiques. c.. I. 7. E I. 28. Collected 1951. cptAoaocpiar. t. 1971. 873. German Ideology. 11 materialismo storico.38. o.E. 65. YEQ[1UVLX'rj£ EXOOO1]£ tou Keaasaiou.. 156. 0 XUQuXtilQUI.W. 128-129. A. OELQu Suhrkamp. K. c. 0. Klein. Vorlesungen U{3er die Philosophie der Geschichte.. 67. 70. 336-337. 98. 60. 1934. 1978. 63. Marx. W . 2.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~ LllAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP2I~MO ~YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEA~ 8r 55. r. r.12. 67. ~A. R. Aoxiuu: of the German classical Philo- 57. Mn:UYL6vu. A8'rjvu. Marx. E. 58. H.62. Engels. Berlin. 323. Paris 1969. svornt« OUOtU£ XaL f1aQ!.31. W6vEQf1:rrax. 312-313. 28. I~QLWt1]. 11materialismo storico . Fr. [1EtUCP. Dialectic of Nature o. 62. 325. 56. o. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome sophy. 64. Hegel's Logic. La Sainte FamiJJe. 38 x. 1026u 15 X.0. 502. 14. o. r. . Hegel's Logic. 107-108. Etudes Library. c. London. En:L[1EtQOt1]£ ~. ~A. Mondolfo. 47-48. 66. 00. Mondolfo. R. o. .n:uQ. Wallace. 402.34. Hegel's Logic. Engels und Moderne Probleme der PhiJosophie des Marxismus.. Marx. London. The Capital. Works. OEA.WiLXr)C. W 68. 69. Engels. Wallace 0. TOV K. [1EtUCP. o. [1EtucpQ. K. o. The Capital. Fr. Wallace § 27. 5.43. Dialectic of Nature o. Ley. Werke.6n:. r.

873. usrorp. 81. Dialectic of Nature. 1975. Marxism and Hegel. 19-20. a. his Contribution to Political Theory. 82. a. R. 153. 53. 286. 288-289. t. nUQ. a. 2. 89. 86. R. 51. 5-7. 27-28. Marxism and Hegel. Jindrich Zeleny. 75. A. L. 84. a. Marxism and Hegel. 17. t. 116. Norman Levine. Oxford-Santa Barbara. a. 77. oo. V. The Logic of Marx. a.n. Dialectic of Nature. a. a. a. Mondolfo. 79. a. 76. a. 11materialismo starico in F. a. Engels. I. W. The Capital. o. nUQ. 286. a. Klibanski. 1971. 73. 72. Fr.AYrOn. OELQuEveryman. 4. 87. Colletti. . 91. Anti-Diihring. 63. Dialectic of Nature. uerorp. Norman Levine. 79-80. Fr. a. Marxism and Hegel. 88. 80. Wallace. aELQuEveryman's Library. Dialectic of Nature. 108. Hegel's Logic. 78. 85. Dialectic of Nature. Emorrj/l'fl r'fl~ Aoytxrj~. a. 173. 358-377. Miller. 74. a. La Sainte Famille. IIQOAOYO£ tll£ bEUtEQIl£YEQ[tUVLXi)£ fxboall£. 90.TO~ MrrArrONA~ 71. Sur le rapport de Marx Ii Hegel. on. Dialectic of Nature. a. La philosophie contemporaine. Exb. 201. The Tragic Deception. 241. 201. Nova. 83. a.. 369. Engels. a. UyyA. 14.

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'Ioox.ono».H ESUQtT]OT] aUt~ toU XUQLOU uno toy ()OUAOEST]yEL tal cno to YEYOVO~ on 0 XUQLO~XQ'Y]OLrLOnOLEL ()OUAO toy W~ EQyaAELo. Ano rn OtLYrL~rtou OUVtEAELtaLT]avayvwQWT] aUt~ o XUQLO~aJtEAEu8EQWVEtaL osto tT]V 'ljJEU()aL08T]oT] rrutovotT]~ rLLa~ rou. H tUST] aut~ EXEL«xa80ALXo» xaQaXt~Qa YLatL ()EV EXELxovevu L()LaL tEQO ()LXaLWrLavu nQootatbjJEL aepou EXELanootEQT]8EL «no OAa tn ()LXaLWrLatUtT]~. 0 MaQS avaepEQE0 tal oro nQwLrLa XELrLEVcX xcXnw~ UnaLVLXnXcX otu.'EtOL XataVaALOXEL XaL anOAarL~UVELXWQL~vo EQycX~EtaL.tTl ()La()LXaoto rLEtT]V oncto nQaYrLatonOLELtaL T]aJtEAEu8EQWOT] aut~. 8a ~taV ()UVatO v« unotE8~ on nQaYrLatonOLELtal oUrLepwva rLE tT]V XEYYEALav~ ()LaAEXtLX~tou ()OUAOUXaL rou XUQLOU [37].H aJtEAEu8EQWOT] ou ()OUAOU EXepQcX~EtaL r rLEto YEYOVO~ OtL 0 XUQLO~tOY avaYVWQL~H W~ avayxaLo oUrLnMQWrLUrou.ou OnOL01JOL ErLJtELQLE~ t t XaL OLava~T]t~OEL~ EsaQtWvtaL uno tT]V EsOUOLan01J aoxEL nuvw orov ()OUAO. OXEOEL~ tou naQaywy~~ XaL n~ rLOQepE~ EQyaoLa~ nou nQouno8EtEL T] XEyxEAHav~ «xoivorvt« rcov L()LWtWV». H ES01JOLa rtou aOXEL 0 XUQLO~nuvw OtOV ()OUAOouvmuYEtaL XaL tT]V aAAOtQLWOT]ou XUQL01J. KPATOr~ 101 uncXQXH T] epLAOOOepLX~ tLX~. ano rn oxomn tOU .TautoXQova T] eaovootanx~ tUST] aQvELtaL rnv «xotvcivtc tWV L()LWtWV» [36]. AIIO'l'EI~ Tor MAP2~TA I1PnIMAEPfA Tor rIA THN KPITIKHTor A~T. epEQOVtaL OtT] (/)~Aoaocpia rov L1tJwiov tOU XEYXEA.ME rnv oro aJtEAEU8EQWO~ aJtEAEu8EQWVOVtaL tT]~ XaL OLUAAE~tUSEL~. 'EXELtT]V momELa rou OAOUYLatL ()EV ELVaLnQOOT]AWrLEVT] «rLEQO~». rnv EVVOEL XEYXEA. o MaQs ()EVanooaepT]VL~H oro Mo XELrLEVU nou cvorou. H tUST] aut~ OVOrLU~EtaL cero toy MaQS «EQyanx~ tUST]» ~ «nQoAEtaQLUtO». 0 MaQs toy rLEta8EtEL n~ avo): UOEL~ aUtE~ nou. Itc vo umxQSH T] mavaotanx~ nQcXsT]EL Val avayxaLo vc uncXQSEL rLLatcXST] on cvcorruooetm rLfOa coto rnv «xoivorvtu n tWV L()LWtWV». YVWQL~EL nQaWatLXO scuto rou. A vtL8Eta ()TjfHOUQYOUVtaLOL XQL nQouno8Eow. YLa vc avamux8EL.ME80aoAof.

BUOlX6 ELVaL 6n torooto rtov OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V urtoot« Ano xaQaXtT]Qwtlx6 T] JtOAltELa OT]!LOXQatlXOU JtOAl tEU!Lato~ tT]V !LE tn uovoo- OEV «OT]!LLO'llQYEL» tOY «Au6».T]. O'llVUYEtaL tou OOUAO'll XaL rou X'llQLO'll».T]~. rtoi: avtWtolXEL tE'll!LUtWV !LE toy 8QT]OXHWV [39]. tT]~ EQyaoLa~ rcov EQyatWv XaL OtT]V aSLa tT]~ a!LOl~~~ XaL tT]~ EQyatlXl1~ OOT]YELOtT]V JtQcJH!La EQya Lta !LEtT]V OJtOLa ESaOcpaAL~EtaL T] O'llvtl1QT]O~ roix. tELVH vo tT]V rcuttoa !LEtoy rou XaL tam6XQova «Aa6» 11!LEtOY «011- !LO» [36]. Lowith. !LE tT]V «aOtlxl1 OtT]V EXCPQUOT] ou r EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] tT]V EVVOOUOE 0 XEYXEA. 6Jtw~ EOHSE 0 K. Ot aJt6'4JH~ tou UVaAUOEl~ «JtUAT] tWV tUI:.T] !LEtOY «xa8oAlx6» tT]~ EQYUtlX~~ tUsT]~ o n T] amAE'll8EQWOT] tUST]~ O'llVmuYEtaL EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] aml1 XaL tT]V amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ JtQaY!LatOJtOlEL tal coro avu!Lwa ceto tT]V EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] nou aOXEL JtUVW OtT]V EQYUtlXl1 tUI:. ornv tUI:. H a!LOl~aLa amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ tUST]~ JtQOUJt08EtH JtQaY!LutwoT] tou 0 MaQs 8EtO'llV tou «O'llVU!LH» tT]~ XOlVWVLa~ XWQL~ tUSH~. JtQouJtOOQW!LEVE~ aVaAUOEl~ [38].EWV» JtQOEXtELVO'llV n~ AJt6 tl~ aVacpOQE~ rou MaQs XEYXEA Yla tTl «OlaAEXtlXl1 xaQaxt~Qu. XaL tT]~ O'llVHOT]OlaX~~ XaL tT]~ XOlVWVlX~~ E!LJtElQLa~. «OtOlXELO» aJtocpaOL~H XaL JtQUttH toJtOlT]8EL to aya86 6Xl W~ lOlWtT]~ aAAU W~ cpOQEa~ tT]~ ~OUAT]OT]~rou O'llV6AO'll !LE tOY oxono vc JtQaY!LaXOlVWVLa». Oi EVVOlE~ a'lltE~. Aaou JtOAltWV ono». PO'llOOW OtO Koiviovixo JtQWl!La EQya OtT]V OJtOLa to XU8E XV{l(36AUW 0 MaQs tl~ XQT]Ol!LOJtOlEL ow OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V XOlVWVlXl1 oxornt«. o «Aa6~» tou XOlVWVlX01J O'llV6AO'll. H !LE tT]V OlXHOJtOLT]OT] tT]~ OlUCPOQU~ «no toy otnv aSLU rou JtQo'C6- vroc toix. OtT]V mQLOXl1 tT]~ ESEAll:. EcpaQ!L6~ovtaL WtoQlX~~ mv ron 'llJtOXH!LEVlXOU JtVEUYlU rou ucro . IIOAltlxl1 XQwnavw!L6 tou ELVaL T] 1)T]!LOXQatLa.102 srrorsros OtT] OcpaLQU MIlArIONAl: XEYXEA. UJtO'4JT]aml1 T] OT]!LOXQutLa EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] .

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AIIO'fEI~ TOY MAPE ~TA I1PQ]MA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY A~T. KPATOY~ 103

XLa, omut; rnv OQLSEL XEYXEA orn c1JtAOaocp{a rov Aixaio». 0 Krrtu toy MaQs, 'll !lOvaQXLa b'll!lLOUQYEL JtMSot; JtOU «rmto QL6.SEL»orn bLat~Q'llO~ t'llt;. Otnv b'll!lLOUQYELtaL 'll atasLX~ XOLVWVLa,to b'll!lOXQanxo JtOALtEU!la ELVaLb'll!lLOUQY'll!la tou «Aaou» XaL 01JVELb'llt~ EX<pQaO'llt'llt; f30UA'll0~t; rou. ME tn b'll!lOXQatLa YLVEtaL Oa<jlEt;on to XQ6.tOt; ELVaLb'll!lLOUQY'll!la t'llt; xoworvtor; XaL OtL 'll xotvcovtu bEV dVaL b'll!lLOUQY'll!la tou XQ6.tout;, oJtwt;, ouuqxovo ue tnv EQ!l'llvda XaL rnv XQLtLX~ rou MaQs, bEXOtav 0 XEYXEA. H b'll!lOXQatLa aJtOOa<jl'llVLSEL rnv «OUOLa»,b'llAab~ rou; LOtOQLXOUt;, XOLVWVLXOUt; avSQwJtoXaL AOYLXOUt;oQOUt; t'llt; JtOAL tELax~t; t6.S'llt;, orto»; 0 XQLOtLaVLouo; EX<jlQ6.SEL «ouotc» t'llt; SQ'llOXEutLX~t;JtLOt'llt;. rnv ~ta JtQWL!la EQya tou 0 MaQs JtQoEXtd VEL tnv JtaQ6.bOO'll t'llt; as'llva'(x~t; b'll!lOXQatLat; XaL nov Iaxwf3Lvwv [40]. H YEVLX~ SEa'll rou ore EQya aut6. dVaL OtL !lEOa cno tnv LOtoQLX~ ESEALs'll bEV «xataQYELtal» to xQ6.tot; JtaQ6. !lOVO wt; SEXWQLOtot; <jloQEat; EsouOLat;, 0 OJtOLOt;Sa oQLsotav ELbOAOYLX6. XaL tou OJtOLOU0 tQoJtot; uJtaQs'llt; Sa JtaQouoLasE avaAoYLEt; ue toy toorto uJtaQs'llt; nov !lEta<jlUOLXWVuJtOOt6.0EWV. Av to xQ6.tOt; SEwQ'llSd wt; LOtoQLXO<jlaLVO!lEVO, LXaLOAOb YELtaL 'll bLaJtLOtW0'll OtL 'll coxnon t'll£ JtoAmX~t; EsouOLat; JtauEL f3aS!lLaLa va EXEL xatamEOnxo xaQaxt~Qa. H EsEALxnx~ auti) bLabLxaoLa bEV OUVtEAdtal O!lwt; ouuqxovc ue to EUSUYQa!l!l0 OX~!la t'llt; JtQOOboU. Otnv JtQaY!latoJtoL'llSd 'll «coteAEUSEQW0'll tou JtQoAEtaQL6.tou», 'll JtoAmx~ EsouoLa !lEtaf3L~asEtal otoix aQxo!lEVout; non EXtEAOUVtautOXQova XaL rn AELtOuQYLa tou «'llYE!lOva». H EsEALs'llaut~, rtou bEVJtQaY!latoJtOLdtaL JtOtE xat6. toone OAOXA'llQW!lEVO XaL OQLOtLXO,EX<jlQ6.SEtal ue toy 0X'll!lano!lo tou b'll!lOxQatLxou JtOAL tEU!latOt;. To JtOAL tE1J!la auto !lJtoQd va SEWQ'llSEL 'll JtoAmx~ EX<jlQa0'll w£ non taLQL6.SEL orov 6.vSQwJto orov JtauEL va dVaL «LbLWt'll£» ~ «ocro;» XaL !lEtaf36.AAEtaLOEXOLVWVLXOJtOL'll!lEVO ov.

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