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Φ. Ενγκελς – Σύνοψη του κεφαλαίου (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

I:YNO'llH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

EIIIMETPO E>ANALHL fKIOKAL

PHNTPIX ENfKEAl:

LYNOWH TOY KEAAAIOY

METAcJ>PAI:H fIANNHL 11. IQANNII1HL

ISBN: 978-960-6679-05-6

Thi\o<_; JtQWT01:U1WU: Synopsis of Capital

A' £J<ooan: <l>£~QouciQto<_; 2008 B' £J<ooan: MaXo<_; 2009

EKMan<_; "Ai\naTou Mvriunc" X(lQLi\<iOU TQLKouJtn 22 ABnvu 106 79

Tni\: 210 36 23 092 e-mail: atfeios@acci.gr www.atfeiosbooks.com

IIEPIEXOMENA

EILA[QrIKO LHMEIQMA

MIA META<l>PALTIKH EIIILHMANLH

MEPOL IIPQTO EMIIOPEYMA KAI XPHMA

I. To q.LltOQ£UlLa 41

2. H aLaaLKaaLa -rnc;; £lLltOQ£UlLa'CLKnc;; aV'Cai\i\aync;; 44

3· To XQnlLa 53

MEPOL ~EYTEPO

H METATPOIIH TOY XPHMATOL LE KE<l>AAAIO I. 0 y£vLI<OC;; -rUltOC;; -rou K£<pai\aLou

2. AV'CL<pUa£LC;; -rOU Y£VLKOU -rUltOU

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ME POL TPITO

H IIAPA[Q[H THL AIIOAYTHL YIIEPA3IAL

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Ult£Qa~Lac;; 67

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MEPOL TETAPTO

H IIAPA[Q[H THL LXETIKHL YIIEPA3IAL I. H evvoio -rnc;; aX£'CLKnc;; Ult£Qa~Lac;;

2. H auv£QyaaLa

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ELvaL YVW01:0 on 0 'EVYI<EA<; ELXE aUVEQyaa'tEL creve [.LE 'tOY Mag~ cmv eicrrovnon 'tOU Ketpasaiou, [.LLa ano 'tL<; l<aLgLE<; nny£<; £[.L:rtVwan<; I<L ava<poQa 'tOU onOLOU ELVUL aAAwa'tE I<UL 'to ~L~ALO 'tOU 'EVYI<EA<; YLa 'tnv Kauurcaon. tru; Eovatuau; Ta~n~ ctnv Ayyitia. 'Orcv [.LaAw'ta rornovorcv 'to Keaxisaio, o Mag~ £OWE 'to, 'tunOYQa<pLl<a crov EI<AEI<'tO <pLAO 'tau nago'tQuvoV'ta<; 'tOY vc an[.LELWaEL «rc nagoQa[.La'ta I<UL 'to, EQW'tri[.La'ta» 'tOU (Enw'tOAri nQo<; 'tOY 'EVYI<EA<;, 27 AnQLALou 1867).

A[.L£aw<; Amnov [.LOAL<; I<UI<Ao<poQnaE 'to nQw'to ~L~ALO 'tou Keoasaio» (1867), 0 'EVYI<EA<; ~EI<LVnaE vc ouvrdooet [.LLa EUnvdvvoxrm otrvotpri 'tOU, w'tLa~oV'ta<; ern [.LaQ~Ll<ri BEwQLa rnc EQyaaLa<; tcru I<UQLW<; rru; unEQa~La<; ot orrotec I<UL ano'tEAouV 'tOY al<Q0ywvLaLo ALBo rou Keipasaiou, aU[.L<pwva I<UL [.LE 'to, MYLa 'tou LOWU rou MaQ~: «To rno OUVaTO onueto rou ~$ALOU uou (oro orroto [.LaAw'ta aU[.LnUI<VWvE'taL Ditn n xcetcvonoti rou) ELVUL IOV on, onw<; an[.LELwVW wBu<; E~agXri<;, n EQyaaLa £XEL ovo Dtpet~, rrou EI<<PQa~ov'tUL n [.LLa W<; a~La XQrian<; I<L n aAAn W<; av'taAAal<'tLl<ri a~La, I<UL 2°V O'tL nQaY[.La'tEUO[.LaL -mv vne(]a~ia ave~a(]m'Ca asto tu; emlle(]OV~ 1l0(]CPe~ m~, onw<; ELVUL 'to I<£Qoo<;, 0 't01<0<;, n YULonQoaooo<;, I<.An.» (o-ro LOW). Qmoao, naga 'to 'taA£V'to 'tou oro vc YQ<l<pEL YQriyoQa I<L anAa, 0 'EVYI<EA<; OEV l<a'toQBwaE vc aUVO'I.!JLaEL OAOI<AnQo 'to nQw'to ~L~ALO. ~'tL<; 17 AnQLALou 'tou 1868 £YQa<pE crov MaQ~: «f1Ev £Xw nOAu oLaB£aL[.Lo XQovo I<UL n ouvoipn rou ~L~ALOU oou anUL'tEL nOAu nEQwao'tEQn oouAELa an' oon <pav'ta~o[.LOUV. Ai\/\'wa'tE, a<pou 'tnv ~EI<LVnaa, Ba nQ£nEL vc 'tnv I<avw ooo suo awa'ta yLVE'tUL».

<l>PHNTPrx ENrKEAl:

'E-rO"L n LVV01pn mrrri, -rnv errore 6n[.L0O"LEUOU[.LE E6w, dvat aVOAOKAnQw-rn Kat ltEQLAa[.L~UVEL [.LOVO -ra -r£aaEQa alto ru £~L KE<pUAata rou ltQw-rou ~L~ALOU.

o avayvwa-rn<_; ltQ£ltEL vn YVWQL~EL ltW<_; 0 'EVYKEA<_; a-rnQLx-rnKE crmv ltQw-rn £K60an -rou Keqxxsaiou, ornv osrot« ro BL~ALO A' XWQL~o-rav ce 6 KE<puAata. ~'CL<_; EltO[.LEVE<_; EKMaEL<_; mrrd -ra KE<puAata -rL'(Ao<poQnBnKav «[.L£Qn», EVW -ro 5° KE<pUAatO XWQLa-rnKE ce 6uo [.L£Qn, [.LE alto-r£AW[.La alto EKd KL £ltEL-ra va XWQ(~E-rat 'CO ~L~ALO A' oe Elt-rU [.L£Qn. H Eirvoipn. -rou 'EVYKEA<_; av-rw-rOLxd AOLltOV ore -r£aaEQa ltQw-ra [.L£Qn rrov EK60aEwv rrou YVWQL~OWE an[.LEQa.

IIQ£ltEL ernonc va £XOU[.LE urr' oipn [.La<_; O'CL, os EltO[.LEVE<_; EKMaEL<_;, 0 MaQ~ £KavE ltQoaB£aEL<_; Kat 6wQBwaEL<_; oro Kd[.LEVO -rn<_; ltQw-rn<_; £K60an<_;. flo, ltaQu6ELY[.La, oro rO KE<pUAatO -rn<_; ltQwm<_; £K60an<_; (To E(.Lno(}eV(.La) 6EV ava<pEQo-rav crmv a~La Kat -rnv av-raAAaK'CLKn a~La, YL' curo Kat n Lvvotpn 6EV ltaQalt£[.LltEL ce mrro -ro B£[.La.

GEWQnaa[.LE XQnO"L[.Lo vc ltQo-rU~OU[.LE a' mrtriv E6w rnv £K60an [.LLa aELQu alto ltaQoUO"LUaEL<_; -rou Kapasaiou, rrou £YQa'tjJE o 'EVYKEA<_; -rnv L6La XQOVLU (r867-r868) ce 6Lu<poQa £v-rUltU exewou -rou KatQOU KaL a'CL<_; OltOLE<_; [.La<_; ltaQ£XEL oQw[.L£va cnuavrucd «KAEL6LU», altaQahma YLa -rnv iccrrrrvonon roco mrtou -rou oYKw60u<_; £QYou oco Kat rnc ltQOKAnan<_; rrou altnUBUVE rrmv EltOxn -rOU.

'OAE<_; OL ltaQaltO[.Llt£<_; me Eiivcnptu; aV'CLa-rOLXOUV ornv EAAnVLKn £K60an -rOU Ketpasaiou alto -rn Lvyx(}ovn EnoXTi (2005).

EuxaQw-roU[.LE -rOV Gavuan Txtoxu YLa rnv uatoqicourrucri aU[.L~OAn -rOU rrmv ltQaY[.La-rOltOLnan au-rn<_; -rn<_; £K60an<_;.

MIA META<l>PALTIKH EIIILHMANLH

Q<;; «EQyumuKn 6uvu[.Ln» un06WOU[.LE E6w 1:0 [.LUQ~tKO oQo Arbeitskreft (uyy'A. labour power, yu'A. force de travail). KQiVU[.LE UU1:n 1:nv un0600n OQB01:EQn Kat nQ01:t[.L01:EQn uno 1:0V OQO «EQYUUKn 6uvu[.Ln», [.LE 1:0V ortotov £XEt [.LE1:UCPQU01:eL rrtnv E'A'AnVtKn £K600n 1:0U Keqxisaio» Kat a'A'Awv £QYWV 1:0U MUQ~. XQEta~E1:at 'Amnov va E~nynoOU[.LE 1:0 'A6yo umn<;; rnc nQo1:i~Lnon<;; [.LU<;;, nUQ' 01:t nQ£nEt vc eLVUt oucp£<;; OU, eriv 0 MUQ~ [.Lt'AOUOE ytU «EQyuuKn 6uvu[.Ln», Bu XQnm[.LonOLOUOE 1:0V oQo Arbeiterskreft (uyy'A. labourer's power, yu'A'A. force de travailleur) Kat Oxt Arbeitskreft.

o oQo<;; «EQyumuKo<;;» UVUCP£QE1:at 01:U OXE1:tKa [.LE mv EQyuoiu (n.x. EQyumuKo nEQt~a'A'Aov). Aero rnv a'A'An, 0 oQo<;; «EQyU1:tKO<;;» UVUCP£QE1:Ut Kat nUQun£[.LnEt 01:0V EQya1:n ri 1:0U<;; EQya1:E<;; Kat OE o.n eLvut KU1:a'A'An'Ao yt' umou<;; (n.x. EQYa1:tKO 6iKULO, EQYUUKO ~n1:n[.Lu). Errouevo»; 0 OQO<;; «EQYUUKn 6Uvu[.Ln» On[.LUiVEt «6uvu[.Ln 1:0U EQya1:n» n «1:WV EQYU1:WV». Iloid O[.LW<;; 6uvu[.Ln 1:0U EQya1:n ri 1:WV EQYU1:WV; LE atoid «6uvu[.Ln» UVUCP£QE1:at £t6tK01:EQU 0 MUQ~ [.LE 1:0V oQo Arbeitskreft;

To nQw1:o KeL[.LEVO 01:0 orroto 0 MUQ~ CPUiVE1:at vu XQnm[.Lorromoe UU1:0V 1:0V oQo, riruv n o[.Lt'Aiu 1:0U rrou £ytvE vvoicmi [.LE 1:L1:'Ao Miotuotr: Eovaoia Kat Kecpaltaw (1849). 8u nQ£n£t o[.Lw<;; vc yvwQi~OU[.LE nw<;; n £K600n UU1:0U 1:0U K£t[.L£VOU uno 1:0V 'EVYKE'A<;;, 1:0 1891, Kat rnv orroro 6tu~a~OU[.LE £K1:01:E, 6tUCP£QEt 0' UU1:0 £t6tKa 1:0 on[.LeLo uno 1:0 nQW1:01:uno: «Aeco 'Aotnov nQOKU1:U~o'AtKa 01:0V uvuYVW01:n OU nQOKEt1:at ytU rn [.LnQooouQU, OXt onw<;; rnv £XEt YQa1.jJEt 0 MUQ~ 1:0 1849 u'A'Aa nEQinou onw<;; Bu tnv £YQUCPE 1:0 1891 [ ... ] Ot 1:QonOnotnOEt<;;

PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

[LOU nEQW1:Q£<pOV'tat Oi\E<; YUQW cerro tva onueto. LU[L<pwva [LE 1:0 nQW1:01:uno, 0 EQY<l1:n<; noui\aa a1:0V KE<pai\aWKQ<l1:n, YLa 1:0 [LwBo EQyaaLa<;, 1:nv eovaaia 1:0U. LU[L<pwva [LE 1:0 1:WQWO Kd[LEVO, noui\un rnv Arbeitskreft 1:OU» (<1>Q. 'EVYKEi\<;, Euraywyn ato «MwBw-cn EQyaa{a «ai KE:cpaltaw»). L'tn aUV£XELa o 'EVYKEi\<;, E~nYWV'ta<; 1:0 i\oyo yt' aunt mv 1:QononOLnan, unOYQa[L[LL~Et rn Qn~n rrou £<P£QE 0 MUQ~ ornv anLi\n'4Jn 1:WV Ki\amKwv OLKOVO[Loi\oywv, ot orrotoi o£xonav «rn ouvnfnouevn anLi\n'4Jn 1:0U EQyoa'tamciQxn, on oni\aon aYOQU~Et Kat ni\nQWV£t rnv eovaoia 1:WV EQya1:WV 1:0U» (cro LOW). IIQuY[Lan KU1:U 1:0V MaQ~, onw<; E~nyd 0 'EVYKEi\<;, [Loi\t<; 0 «~wnavo<; EQYU1:n<_;» UQXL~£t «nQaY[LanKU 1:nv EQyaaLa 1:0U, mrrri £X£t Ktoi\a<; nU'4JEt v' cvrucet a1:OV LOW Kt EnO[L£vw<; OEV [LnoQd va noui\nBd cerro mrrov [ ... ] 8EV noui\un i\otnov rnv EQyaaLa 1:0U (rrou Ba nQ£n£t nQw1:a va YLVEt), ai\i\u B£1:Et o-m OtUBEan 1:0U KE<pai\awKQU1:n YLa tva oQW[L£VO XQOVtKO otua1:n[La (orrw naLQvEt [LEQOKU[LU1:0) ri yta rnv EnL1:£U~n [Lta<; oQw[L£vn<; EQyaaLa<; (orov ni\nQwv£1:at [LE 1:0 KO[L[LUn) rnv Arbeitskraft 1:0U EVant [Lta<; oQw[L£vn<; ni\nQw[Ln<;: noui\un n VotKtU~Et 1:nv Arbeitskraft 1:OU. AU1:n n Arbeitskreft rou dvat ouvixpuouevn [LE 1:0 nQoawno 1:0U Kat OEV XWQL~£1:at ano aU1:o» (oro LOW).

H u[Lwn auvu<pEta aU1:n<; rnc Ot£UKQLvnan<; [LE mv usteoeovaaia Kat rnv nUQaywyn vnE:Qa~{a!; dvat <paVEQn Kat 0 'EVYKEi\<; OEV KUVEt 1:Ln01:E ui\i\o EOW urro 1:0 va Enavai\a[L~UVEt 1:a, [LE1:U 1:0 1849, i\oyta 1:0U LOWU 1:0U MaQ~: «Airro rrou noui\un 0 EQYU1:n<; OEV dvat U[LEaa n EQyaaLa 'tou ai\i\u n Arbeitskreft 1:0U, rrou rn B£1:Et nQoawQwu ern otuBwn 1:0U KE<pai\awKQu'tn [ ... ] H Arbeitskraft EVO<; avBQwnou unuQXEL [LOVO [L£aa ern ~wv1:avn nQoaW1ttKo'tmu 1:OU» (K. MaQ~, MiaBo!;, Tuui Kat KeQoo!;, 1865).

Errouevo»; n Arbeitskreft OtaKQLVE1:at crro 1:nv EQyaaLa (Arbeit) a1:O ~aB[Lo rrou ava<p£Q£1:at oe [Lta «OUVU[,Ln», n orrota dvat [Lui\w1:a a~ExwQW1:n cerro 1:0 rrooccorro 1:0U EQYU1:n (ri 1:0U EQya~O[L£voU avBQwnou YEVLK01:EQa). Toirtn n OLanLa1:Wan Ba urrooouce vc OLKatwaEt rnv cerrooocn rnc Arbeitskreft

l:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

w~ «£Qya:nKn ouva[.Ln». Qa1:oao etvci £~iaov ~£Kci:8UQo nw~ n Arbeitskraft o£v avacpEQ£1:at crmv o1"CO£aOnn07:e ouva[.Ln rou £Qyci:m (o£v avacpEQ£'tat n.X. Kat rrmv nOi\L'tLKn rou ouva[.Ln, nov KL mrtri etvru VnaQK'tn Kat a~£xwQw'tn cerro 'to nQoawno rou £Qyci'tn), ai\i\u £tOLKU ern ouva[.Ln -11, auvoi\o ucovoninovnov £:JtLa'tQa't£u£L 0 £Qyu'tn~ (11, Y£VLKo't£Qa 0 £Qya~o[.L£vo~ uv8Qwno~) XciQLV anoKA£w'tLKU Kat [.LOVO 'tn~ eovaoiac, KuB£ cpoQu nov naQuY£L KU'tL. Llni\aon, 0XL cmv «£Qya'tLKn OUVa[.Ln» rou Y£VLKU ai\i\u £LOLKU ornv eovaouuai rou ouva[.Ln.

Toirto ui\i\wa't£ etvot aacpE~ KL urro 'tOY 'tQono [.L£ 'tOY orrotov 0 MaQ~ EX£L nQoaoLOQia£L mrrov 'tOY oQo oro Keqxi/tmo, naQanE[.LnoV'tu~ [.La~ aKQL~w~ crnv eovaouuat ouvU[.Ln: «Orov A£[.L£ Arbeitskraft 11, ucavtrtnxa y£a eovaaia, £VVOOU[.L£ 'to auvoi\o rcov CPVaLKWV Kat :JtV£V[.La'tLKWv ucavorrircov nov vnciQxovv oro aW[.La, ern ~wV'tavn nQoaW:JtLKo'tma evoc uvBQwnov KaL nov nc; f3a~e£ ae tdvtum KaBe qJoQa nov ttaoave: catoiouotunoxe doovC; agiec; XQnanc;» (TO[.LO~ nQw'to~, B$i\io A', MEQO~ o£u't£Qo, a£i\. ISO, OL vnoYQU[.L[.Lia£L~ OLKE~ [.La~).

f. Ll. I.

ITAPOYLIALH LE MAOPEL EHMEPI~EL AITO TON ENfKEAL

TOY ITPQTOY BIBAIOY TOY KEAAAIOY

fQaqn;nKE a"etc:_; I2 OK"CW~QLOU I867. ~n!lomE'IhnKE oro tvBE"CO rnc Die Zunkunjt, "CX· 254, 30 OK"CW~QLOU I867·

ELVat Bi\q3EQO YLa KaBE fEQ!laVO "Co YEYOVO~ O"CL, uv Kat Ei!laa"CE tBvo~ a"Coxaa"Cwv, daxw"Ca Ka"CoQBwaU!lE !ltXQL aJt!lEQa o-ro "JtEOLO rnc "Jtoi\L"CLKn~ OLKOVO!lLa~. OL Emcpavta"CEQOL EK"JtQoaW"JtOL !la~ EOW, EiVat cmv Kai\U"CEQn "JtEQL"Jt"Cwan ouvYQacpEi~ aU!l"JtLi\n!la"Cwv, O"Jtw~ 0 Rau KL 0 Roscher" KL oooi txouv YQa'I.!JEL Ka"CL "JtQw"Co"Cu"Jto, etvct "JtQO"CE~LOVW"Ct~ ouv rov List (YLa "Cov O"JtOLO AtYE"Cat cocroco "Jtw~ aV"CtYQa'I.!JE Ka"JtOLo fai\i\o) ri aomai\w"Ct~ onv "Cov Rodbertus Kat rov MaQ~. H KalliEQW!ltvn an!lEQa "JtoJ\L"CLKn OLKOVO!lLa !la~ !lOLa~EL va !lnv tXEL ai\i\o a"Coxo cerro "Co va QL~EL crmv aYKai\La "Cou comai\W!lOU oJ\ou~ EKEiVOU~ rtou aV"CL!lE"CW"JtL~OUV !lE aO~UQo"Cma "Cnv erncmum rnrrri, ~EV Eioa!lE !In"Jtw~ oJ\ou~ roue E"JtLan!lOU~ OLKOVO!lOJ\oyou~ !la~ va unv txouv v' aV"CL"JtUQaBtaouv "JtUQa tvav Aaaai\ crov "JtaaLyvwa"Co KL avayvwQw!ltvo VO!lO rou KaBoQw!lou rcov "CL!lWV; ~EV "Cou~ Eioa!lE v' cqnivouv rov Auaai\ va u"JtEQaa"Jtw"CEi avBQw"Jtou~ ouv "Cov Ricardo evovnov "Cou Schulze-Delitzsch Kat ai\J\wv; ELvaL ai\nBELa, ai\oL!lOVO, O"CL OEV Ba !l"JtoQouaav va qrrrioouv, w~ E"Jtw"Cn!lOVE~, OU"CE "Co vuxaKL rou Aaaai\! 'Oon avayvwQwn KL av txouv i\a~EL

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

orov 'W[.Lea 'touc:;, a5uva'touv v' av'tt[.LE'tW:rrLOOUV 'tn [.LO[.Lcpn on 01\0 Kt 01\0 'to erno-muovcco roue eQYo :rrEQLOQL~E'tat 0't0 [.LE'tQtaO[.LO 'twv «UQ[.LOVtwv» rou Bastiat uec' cerro rn ouv'ta£n u:rrOOn[.LEtWOEWV :rrUVW O'ttc:; av'ttcpUOEtc:; Kat nc:; 5UOKOI\LEC:;.

Aa'tQELa 'tou Bastiat I\OL:rrOV Kt a:rrOKnQu£n 'tou Ricardo: mrrri ELVat ol\n Kt ol\n n ernonun :rrol\t'ttKn OLKOVO[.LLa [.Lac:; ern On[.LEQtVn fEQ[.LaVLa! Mn {}a [.L:rrOQOUOE va n'tav Kt al\l\twc:;; Auo'tUXwc:;, orov 'to:rro [.Lac:; n :rrol\t'ttKn OLKOVO[.LLa ELVat eva :rrE5LO rtou uqnivs; a5tucpoQn rnv eruornuovuoi eQ£uva Kt a:rro'tEJ\£L EL'tE eva KI\u50 XUQn crov O:rrOLO [.L:rroQEL KaVELC:; va KEQ5LO£L 'to tpW[.LL 'tou :rrE'tuxaLvov'tac:; o'ttc:; E£E'tUOEtc:; yta 'to u:rrouQYELO OLKOVO[.LtKWV, EL'tE eva ~on{}n[.La rcov :rrOl\t'ttKWV, rtou {}EWQOUV UKQWC:; ucuvortourtucd aKO[.La Kat 'to, [.Ln5a[.LLVO'tEQa cpl\nvacpn[.La'ta. 'tatEt ciQaYE yt' mrro 0 :rrOl\t'ttKOC:; 5ta[.LEI\W[.L0C:; [.Lac:;, n 5uo'tuxwc:; urrcvdrrnncrn aKO[.La ~LO[.LnxaVLa [.Lac:; ri [.Ln:rrwc:; n :rrUQa50ataKn E£ciQ'tnon [.Lac:; urro £eVEC:; XWQEC:; O'tOV rouec au'tnc:; rnc eruo-numc;

Meon 0' au'tec:; 'ttc:; OUVWKEC:;, etvru rrdvrore a:rrol\auon va KQa'tUC:; ore xeQta oou eva ~t~I\LO ouv Kat 'to :rrUQa:rruvw, 0't0 O:rrOLO 0 oUVVQacpeac:;, OXt [.LOVOV a:rra£tWVEt 'to, KafuEQw[.L£va cpl\nvacpn[.La'ta, rrou 't' a:rrOKal\£L «xvoaia ttosnua: oueovoilia», :rraQa:rre[.L:rrov'tuc:; [.Lac:; ere Kl\aatKU roue :rrQo'tu:rra ewc:; 'tOY Ricardo Kat 'tOY Sismondi, al\l\u Kt E£E'tU~Et urro [.Lta KQt'ttKn oxornd roue Kl\aatKouc:;, :rrQoo:rra{}wV'tac:; :rrUV'tO'tE vn 'tnQ£L nc:; UQxec:; tnc auo'tnQnc:; ernornnovucric avul\uonc:;.

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l:YNOIIIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

rgUq>'tnK£ erne 12 OK'tUl~giou 1867. ngUl'toOn[,LOau:u'tnK£ ora AQXda MaQg-EvYK£A~, gUlaLKn iKooan, ~L~Aio B', Moaxa, 1927.

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l:YNOIJIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

1:U 100 1:aAnQU yiVOV1:UL 1 10 [.I£a' arro OUO UltAi<.; UnUAAUYE<';;

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[QucptnK£ a'CL~ 22 OKtw~Qiou 1867.

IIQwt05n!Lom£utnK£ rrrnv Elberjelder Zeitung, tX. 302, 2 NO£!L~Qiou 1867.

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fQacp1:nK£ U1:L~ 3 Kat 8 NO£[LpQtOU 1867.

IIQw1:05n[Lom£u1:nK£ ornv Diisseldorfer Zeitung, 1:X· 316, 17 NO£[LpQtOU 1867.

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fQcicp1:nKE a1:Le_; 12-13 ~EKE[L~QLOU 1867.

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l:YNOIIIH TOY «KE<1>AAAIOY»

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fQa<p'CnK£ !l£'Ca~u 12-13 L1£K£!l~QLOU 1867.

IIQw'C06n!lom£u'CnK£ ornv Staats-Anzeiger fur Wurttemburg, 'CX· 306, 27 L1£K£~QLOU 1867.

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l:YNOIJIH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

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<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEA:E

Qa'Coao, ElLd<;' at r£(~[.Lavoi BEV eXOU[.LE EBw rnv urrurtouuevn :redQa I<L E~aQ'Cw[.Laa'CE o/\'OI</\'nQW'CLI<U cerro au'Cu rtou U:reOBELI<VVOUV at VO[.LO{}E'CLl<e<; QU{}[.LiaEL<; u/\'/\'wv XWQWV, ELBLI<U rnc Ayy/\'ia<;, I<L cerro 'C' a:reo'CEMa[.La'Cu roue. EBw 7wt:rcov o aUYYQacpea<; :reQoacpeQEL [.Leyw'Cn u:renQwia ern YEQ[.LaVLl<n ~LO[.Lnxavia, :reUQoumu~ov'Ca<; [.I.E I<U{}E 1\E:re'CO[.LeQELa I<at [.LE m ~on{}ELa eruonucov 'CEI<[.LnQiwv tnv w'CoQia 'Cn<; aYY/\'Ll<n<; EQvocrccuncric vO[.Lo{}Eaia<; l<aL 'C' a:reO'CE/\'ea[.La'Cu 'Cn<; (13/\'. co. 255-311 I<at 418-498 I<.E). 'O/\'n amn n :rel\EuQu rnc aYY/\'Ll<n<; ~LO[.LnxaVLl<n<; w'CoQia<; dvaL EV'CE/\'W<; uyvwa'Cn ern rEQ[.Lavia I<at aiyouQa {}a EI<:re/\'ayEi I<avd<; [.LO/\'L<; :re/\'nQocpoQn{}Ei, nrro 'Co ~L~/\'io uuro, O'CL cerro 'en a'CLV[.Ln rrou eva<; :reQoacpa'Co<; VO[.Lo<; {}ea:rewE rnv I<Qa'CLl<n ertorrretu :reuvw a'CL<; aUVWI<E<; BOUI\ELU<; evduton EI<a'Co[.L[.LuQiou EQya'Cwv, 0XL [.LOVOV o/\'at at l</\,uBat 'Cn<; ~LO[.Lnxavia<; a/\'/\'u l<aL rnc oucuncric ~LO'CExvia<;, I<L eva [.LeQo<; 'Cn<; aYQo'CLl<n<; EQyaaia<; crnv Ayy/\'ia 'CE/\'OVV :reMov urro 1<120,'CLl<n errorrretc I<at at EQyum[.I.E<; WQE<; exouv <i[.Lwa ri e[.L[.Lwa :reEQLOQW'Cd. Zmu[.I.E /\'at:reov cerro roue EQyoa'Cam<lQXE<; I<at roue ~LO'CeXVE<; [.La<; va unv a:reo{}UQQuv{}ovv cerro rnv :reo/\'L'CLl<n {}ean uuroii 'Cou ~L~/\'iou l<aL vn [.LE/\'E'Cnaouv ao~UQu 'Co, oou avacpeQEL YLa 'Co, :reaQa:reuvw ~mn[.La'Ca, acpov [.Lu/\'w'Ca aiyouQa {}a 'Co, ~Qouv oovrouc [.L:reQoa'Cu 'Cou<;!

rQUcp'Cnl<E l<a'Cu 'Co :reQw'Co BEl<a:reEv&i[.tEQo roo Icvoucotou 'Cou 1868.

IIQw'CoBn[.LoaLEv'CnI<E ern Neue Bedische Landeszeitung, 'CX. 20, 21 IavouUQiou 1868.

H BLU:reQaY[.Lu'CEUan 'COU {}EwQmLI<OV l<aL aua'CnQu emcrn[.LOVLI<OV [.LeQou<; au'Cov 'COU rtovriucroc, o:rew<; I<at n I<QL'CLl<n 'Cn<; vea<; orrrucric [.LE mv orrotn 0 aUYYQacpea<; :reUQoumu~EL 'CL<; l<a'Ca~o/\'e<; 'COU I<Ecpa/\'aiou, BEV EiVat BLl<n [.La<; urrofreon.

I;YNOIJIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

Qatoao BEV YLVEtat vu unv ernorriooope mv nQoaoxn orov tEQuatLO OYKO rou cnucvrucorcrou wtOQLKOV KaL atatLatLKOV UALKOV, rrou [.Lae; EKB£tEL 0 aUYYQacp£ae; Kat to onOLO £XEL avtAnaEL aXEBov OAOKAnQwtLKU urto EnLan[.LEe; EKB£aELe; rcov EnLtQonwv EQyaaLae;, rrou nagoumuatnKav rrro aYYALKo KOLVO~OVALO. 'EXEL UAAwatE anoAuto BLKLO rrou unOYQU[.L[.LL~EL tn [LEYUAn an[.LaaLa t£tOLOU ElBoue; EQEUVntLKolV EmtQonolv YLa rn [.LEAitn ttov KOLVWVLKolV auv{}nKolv [.LLae; xolQae;. Edv aut£e; atEAEXolvovtat urro toue; ooxrronc avBQolnoue;, rots cerroreAOVV to KaAvtEQO [.L£aOV autoyvwaLae; [.LLae; XolQae; Kat aLYOuQa 0 K. Mag~ BEV KUVEL AuBoe; oruv AiEL OtL, EUV vtvovrov Kat ern rEQ[.LaVLa nagO[.LOLEe; £QEUVEe;, Ba [.Lae; oonvooocv oe tQO[.LaKtLKU aU[.LnEQua[.Lata. IIQtv cerro rn B£anwn autolv rcov eruroorccrv, BEV unnQXE nQuY[.LatL oirre £vae; 'AYYAOe; rrou va YVWQL~EL nole; ~ovaav OL cptwxotEQEe; tU~ELe; ern XolQa roo!

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<l>PHNTPIX ENfKEA:E

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EYNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

EXOUV yw, ·W; {tEWQm:LKE<; TIQO'CaaEL<; 'COU K. MaQ~.

o XWQO<; BEV [.La<; ETIL'CQETIEL vu UTIEWEA{tOU[.LE aE ETILTIAtOV an[.LaV'CLKO UALKO aTIO rnv W'COQLa rnc ~LO[.Lnxavia~ Kat rnc YEWQyLa<;. IIw'CEuou[.LE O[.LW~ TIW~ OTIOLO~ EvBLacpEQE'CaL YLa mv TIOAL'CLKn OLKOVO[.LLa, rnv Ka'Caa'Caan 'CWV EQya'Cwv, rnv W'COQLa 'COU TIOAL'CW[.LOU Kat rnv KOLVWVLKn vouofreotc, {to, TIQETIEL vo, BLa~aaEL oTIwaBnTIo'CE uuro 'CO ~L~Aio, OTIOLE<; KL uv ELVat OL TIETIOL{}rl,aEL<; 'COU.

(1868)

<l>PHNTPIX ENfKEAr

LYNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY» TOMar IIPQTOr, BIBAIO I

TOMOL IIPOTOL BIEAIO I

H MAillKALIA THL KEAAAIOKPATIKHL IIAPAfOfHL

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PHNTPIX ENrKEAI:

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A<; E~E.aaOWE .wQa m tL0Qcpn .n<; aV.ai\i\aK.LKn<; a~ia<;.

H a~ia EVO<; q,moQEUtLa1:0<; rrou EVaW[.la.WVE.at cmv a~ia XQnan<; EVO<; <ii\i\ou E[.l:rcOQEU[.la.O<;, etvrn n OXEUKn a~ia 1:OU. 'EKcpQaan rnc W05uvU[.lia<; 5uo E[.l:rcOQEUtLa.WV etvcn n a:rci\n tL0Qcpn .n<; OXE.LKn<; a~ia<;. L.nV :rcaga:rcavw E~iawan .0 «W E[.l:rcOQEU[.la B» etvci ro WOOUVa(.lo. LE mrrriv, 1:0 «X EtL:rcoQEU[.la A» cerroxrd rnv a~LaKn rou tLOQCPn oe av.WEan :rcQo<; rn cpUaLKn rou tL0Qcpn W<; E[.l:rcOQEUtLa, EVW .au.oXQova .0 «W EtL:rcoQ£u[.la B» a:rcoK.a .nv L5Lo.ma rnc <i[.l£an<; av.aUa~L[.to.ma<; aKO[.la Kat ern qnxrucri .OU [.loQcpn. H anai\i\aKuKn a~ia E~ag.a.at crro .nv a~ia XQnan<; EVO<; E[.l:rcOQEU[.la.O<; ue ~aan KaBoQw[.t£VE<; L01:0QLK£<; ox£aEL<;. Errouevcoc tva E[.l:rcOQEU[.la 5EV [.l:rcoQ£i va EKcpQaaEL tnv av.ai\i\aKuKn a~ia .OU oe ouvdornon ue rn 5LKn .OU a~ia XQnan<;, ai\i\a [.lOVO oe auv<iQ.nan [.l£ tnv a~ia XQnan<; EVO<; ai\i\ou E[.l:rcOQEU[.tU.O<;. Movov n E~iawan 5uo auYKEKQL[.t£VWV :rcQO'Cov.wv EQyaaia<; [.l:rcoQ£i va cpavEQwaEL, [.t£aa crm aUYKEKQL[.t£vn EQyaaia, mv acpnQn[.ttvn avBQwmvn EQyaaia rtou EtL:rcEQt£XE.at Kat cru 5uo. ME aUa i\OYLa tva E[.l:rcOQEU[.la 5EV [.l:rcoQ£i va aUOXE.w.£i ue rn aUYKEKQL[.t£Vn EQyaaia, rtou E[.l:rcEQt£XEL coro .0 i5w ouv a:rci\n [.loQcpn :rcQaY[.la.wan<; rnc acpnQn[.ttvn<; EQyaaia<;' :rcQ£:rcEL va aUOXEua.£i ue m aUYKEKQL[.t£vn EQyaaia, srou E[.l:rcEQt£xnat oe ai\i\a £i5n EtL:rcOQEU[.la.wv.

H E~iawan «X E[.l:rcOQEU[.tU A = W EtL:rcoQEu[.la B» ouverrdve.at avaYKaa.LKa OU .0 «X EtL:rcoQEU[.la A» [.l:rcOQ£L va EKcpQa- 01:£i Kat oe aUa E[.l:rcOQEU[.tU.a. AQa:

EYNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

(2) X qlTIoQEU[.La A = W qmoQEU[.La B = Z E[.LTIoQEU[.La r = E[.LTIoQEU[.La 11 = Q E[.LTIoQEU[.La E = K.O.K

Amn ELVaL n aVETI1:uY[.L£vn OXE.LKn [.LoQcpn rnc a~ia<;. EBw .0 «X E[.LTIOQEU[.LU A» BEV avacp£QE.aL TIMov oe tva, ai\i\u oe oi\a .a E[.LTIoQEU[.La.a aav aTIi\£<; [.LoQCP£<; £KcpQaan<; .n<; EQyaaia<; TIOU avnTIQoaWTIEUouV. MLa aTIi\n cvncrooqni O[.Lw<;, [.La<; oBnYEL crnv

(3) avnorooon BEu.EQn [.LoQcpn OXE.LKn<; EQyaaia<;:

W E[.LTIoQEU[.La B = X qmoQEU[.La A Z E[.LTIoQEU[.La I' = X qmoQEU[.La A E[.LTIoQEU[.La 11 = X qmoQEU[.La A Q qmoQEU[.La E = X E[.LTIOQEU[.LU A KO.K.

EBw rc E[.LTIoQEU[.Lma BivoV'taL ern YEvLKn OXE.LKn [.LoQcpn .n<; a~ia<;, rrmv orroic oi\a .OU<; ccrrocrtorvtai cerro n<; a~iE<; XQnan<; .OU<; KL E~WWVOV'taL [.LE .0 «X E[.LTIoQEU[.La A» W<; ui\orrotnon rnc acpnQn[.L£vn<; EQyaaia<;. To «X E[.LTIoQEU[.La A» ELVaL n ELBoTIOLO<; [.LoQcpn rou woBuvU[.LoU oi\wv .wv ui\i\wv E[.LTIOQEU[.Lci.WV. Etvu; .0 T<afJoJw<6 woouva{16 .ou<;. H EQyaaia TIOU Ui\OTIOLEL.aL oe auro, avnTIQoaWTIEUEL Ka-lkau.n .nv TIQay[.Lu.wan .n<; acpnQn[.L£vn<; EQyaaia<;, rnc EQyaaia<; YEVLKU.

TWQa oxrtooo,

(4) KuBE E[.LTIoQEU[.La .n<; aELQu<; [.LTIoQEL v' avai\u~EL .0 Qoi\o .ou KaBoi\LKou LaoBuva[.Lou, oxrroco uovov tva crro amu [.LTIoQEL va .0 KUVEL YLa tva BEBo[.L£vO XQOVLKO BLua.n[.La· BLon, EUV oi\a rn E[.LTIoQEU[.La.a n.av KaBoi\LKu woBuva[.La, .O.E .0 KaB£va .OU<; B' aTI£Ki\ELE .a UTIoi\OLTIa aTIo mrro .0 Qoi\o.

H [.LoQcpn 3 BEV aTIOK.u.aL aV'tLKEL[.LEVLKU crro .0 «X E[.LTIOQEu[.La A», ai\i\u crro .a ui\i\a E[.LTIoQEU[.Lma. LUVETIW<;, tva

PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

Ka:80QwtLtvo £[.l:rtOQ£UtLa :rtQt:rtEL v' aVaAU~EL (YLa tva OQwtLtvo XQOVLKO OLua'tntLa, OLon tL:rtoQd v' aAAU~EL) 'W QOAO 1:0U Ka{}OALK01) WOOUVUtL0U xru tL0VO Ka1:' aU1:0 1:0V 1:Qo:rto tva EtL:rtOQ£UtLa vtvetrn :rtAnQWe; EtL:rtOQ£UtLa. AU1:o 1:0 LOLai1:EQO EtL:rtOQ£UtLa, n qnxrucri tL0Qcpn 1:0U ortotou auv1:au1:i~£1:m tLE rn tL0Qcpn 1:0U Ka{}OALKOU WOOuvatL0U, etvru 1:0 XQnlla.

H ouaKoAia !L£ 1:0 EtL:rtOQ£UtLa, o:rtwe; Km tLE OAEe; 1:Le; Ka1:nYOQiEe; 1:0U KEcpaAmOKQanKOU 1:Qo:rtOU :rtaqaywyne;, dvm on nUVEL tL' tva UALKO :rtEQL1:UALytLa tLLa axtan tLE1:a~U :rtQoaw:rtwv. OL :rtaQaywyoi aAAnAoauaxE1:i~ouv 1:a oLacpoQE1:LKU don EQyaaiae; 1:0Ue; we; don 1:ne; YEvLKne; aV{}Qw:rtLvne; EQyaaiae;, aAAnAoauaxE1:i~ov1:ae; rn :rtQo'iov1:a 1:0Ue; ouv EtL:rtOQEutLa1:a. AU1:o tL:rtoQouv va 1:0 KUVOUV tL0VO tLE 1:ou1:n 1:n OLatLEaOAU~nan :rtQaytLu1:wv. 'EWL n axtan tLE1:aN :rtQoaw:rtwv :rtaqoumU~E1:m ouv axtan tLE1:a~U :rtQaytLu1:wv.

o XQW1:LavWtL0e;, KL LOLai1:EQa 0 :rtQ01:Ea1:anWtL0e;, dvm n {}QnaKda rrou 1:aLQLU~EL oe tLLa icotvtovto; crmv orrotc E:rtLKQa- 1:d n EtL:rtoQEUtLanKn :rtaqaywyn.

H ilIAilIKADA

THI: EMIIOPEYMATIKHI: ANTAAAAfHI:

'Eva EtL:rtOQ£UtLa a:rtooELKVUEL :rtwe; dvm EtL:rtOQ£UtLa orcv anaAAUaaE1:m. OL LOLOK1:n1:Ee; ouo EtL:rtOQ£UtLU1:WV :rtQt:rtEL vu {}tAouV v' aV1:aAAU~OuV ru E:rtLtLtQOUe; EtL:rtOQEUtLa1:U 1:0ue;. IIQt:rtEL AOL:rtOV v' avayvwQiaouv 0 tvae; 1:OV UAAOV we; a1:0tLLKO LOLOK1:n1:n. AU1:n n V0tLLKn axtan, tL0Qcpn 1:ne; orrotcc dvm 1:0 autL~OAmo, OEV dvm :rtaqu tLLa axtan tLE1:a~U ~ouAnaEwv, n orroia aV1:aVaKAU rnv OLKOV0tLLKn axtan. To :rtEQL£X0tLEVO 1:ne; OiVE1:m cerro rnv iOLa rnv OLKOv0tLLKn axtan (a. 98).

To EtL:rtOQ£UtLa dvm a~ia XQnane; YLa exetvov rrou OEV etvct LOLOK1:n1:ne; 1:0U Km OEV etvrn a~ia XQnane; YLa 1:0V LOLOK1:nm 1:OU. Arc' ortou Km n avuYKn anaAAayne;. '0tLWe; 0 KU{}E

EYNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

L5LOIctri:me; £[.L'JtoQ£U[.Lu'toe; BEAn vu i\a~£L ce un<ii\i\uy[.Lu ne; L5LUi't£Q£e; u~i£e; XQnane; rrou EX£L uvaYKn. Arto 'tnv drroipn UUUt, n unui\i\uyn eLVat [.LLU u'tO[.LLKn 5Lu5LKuaiu. Arto tnv ai\i\n [.L£QLa, KaB£ L5LOK'tn'tne; BEi\£L vu 'JtQuY[.La'twa£L 'to eurroQ£u[.La rou we; u~iu, 5ni\u5n [.LEaU ce 0'JtOL05n'Jt0't£ ai\i\o eurroQ£u[.Lu, £L,;£ 'to &KO 'rOD £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu EX£L u~iu XQnane; YLU rov L5LOK'tn'tn evoc ai\i\ou £[.L'JtOQ£U[.La'toe;, £L,;£ 0XL. Arro mrrri rnv a'Jto'tjJn n uv'tui\i\uyn u'JtO't£i\eL YL' cutov [.LLU vevucri KOLvwvLKn 5Lu5LKuaiu. Qa'toao, [.LLU 5Lu5LKuaiu 5£v [.L'JtOQeL vc eLvat tnv i5LU anY[.Ln Kat u'tO[.LLKn Kat vevucd KOLvwvLKn YLU oi\oue; 'tOUe; L5LOK'tn't£e; £[.L'JtoQ£U[.La'twv. KaB£ L5LOK'tn'tne; £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'toe; B£wQeL 'to 5LKO 'tOU £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU ouv 'to KuBoi\LKO w05uvu[.LO, £vw oi\u r' ai\i\u £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU'tu rc B£wQeL ouv £'J"tL[.LEQOUe; W05uvu[.Lu 'tOU 5LKOU 'tOU. E'Jt£L5n O[.LWe; UU'tO 'to xdvouv Oi\OL OL L5LOK'tn't£e; £[.L'JtoQ£U[.La'twv, YL' UU'tO Kav£vu £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU 5£v eLvat 'to KuBoi\LKO W05uvU[.L0 Kat Ku'ta ouverreto KUVEVU 5£v EX£L [.LLU vevucri aX£'tLKn [.LoQ<pn u~iue;, [.L£ mv ortoto oi\u 'tu £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'tu [.L'JtOQouv vn £~wwBouv we; u~i£e; Kat vn auYKQLBouv we; [.L£yEBn u~iue;. 'EWL 5£v ui\i\ni\oax£'ti~ov'tat we; £[.L'JtOQ£U[.La'tu ui\i\a onv 'JtQOLonu Kat [.LOVO (a. 100).

To £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'tu urtooouv vn auax£na'touv we; u~i£e;, KL £'JtO[.LEVWe; we; £[.L'JtOQ£U[.La'tu, [.LOVOV eoooov aUYKQLBouv [.L£ Ka'JtOLO ai\i\o £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU ouv KuBoi\LKO W05UVU[.LO. 'O[.LWe; uovdXU n KOLvwvLKn 'JtQa~n [.L'JtOQeL vn [.L£'tU'tQE'tjJEL EVU L5LUi't£Qo £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU oe KuBoi\LKO Lao5Uvu[.Lo - XQn[.Lu.

H £yy£vne; cvuocon evoc £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'toe; we; a[.L£an evo'mru u~iue; XQnane; KL unui\i\uKnKne; u~iue;, we; 'JtQOLOV [.LLUe; XQnm[.Lne; u'tO[.LLKne; £Qyuaiue; Kat ouv a[.L£an KOLvwvLKn ui\o'Jtoinan 'tne; u<pngn[.LEVne; uvBQw'J"tLvne; £Qyuaiue; ... mrrri n cvnooon 5£v nauxa~£L, OU't£ orcucerdst, oxrrrou vc 'Jt£'tUX£L 'to 5Lxua[.LO 'tOU £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'toe; ce £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU Kat XQn[.Lu (a. 101).

Eoooov oi\u r' ai\i\u £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'tu 5£v etvrn 'Jtaga £'J"tL[.LEQOue; W05uvu[.Lu 'tOU XQn[.Lu'toe; KL eoooov 'to XQn[.Lu etvrn 'to KuBoi\LKO 'tOUe; La05uvu[.L0, oi\u ru £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'tu auaX£'ti~onat [.L£ 'to XQn[.Lu we; £'JtLt.tEQOUe; £[.L'JtOQ£U[.Lu'tu 'JtQoe; 'to KuBo-

~PHNTPIX ENrKEA~

i\LKO qL:n:OQ£U[.La (a. 103). H oLaoLKaaia 1:ne; aV1:ai\i\ayne; arou [.L£1:a1:Q£m;L 1:0 £[.L:n:oQ£u[.La ce XQn[.La, o£v OiV£L CJ1:0 £[.L:n:aQ£u[.La rnv asia 1:0U ai\i\u 1:nv £LoLKn aSLaKn [.LoQcpn 1:0U (a. 104). <1>£nxw[.LOe; (rnom rrrnv u:n:£QcpUCJLKn ouva[.Ln 1:WV aV1:LK£L[.L£VWV):

On[.LLOuQy£L,;at n evrurroxm :n:we; tva £[.L:n:aQ£u[.La [.L£1:a1:Q£:n:£1:at ce XQn[.La 0XL a:n:i\we; Kat [.LOVOV erreiori oi\a 1:' ui\i\a £[.L:n:OQ£U[.La1:a £KCPQU~OUV ne; asi£e; 1:0Ue; ce mrro, ai\i\u on, ovnoroocpa, £:n:£Lon etvct XQn[.La YL' uuro KL oi\a 1:' ui\i\a £[.L:n:oQ£u[.La1:a £KCPQU~ouv ne; asi£e; 1:0Ue; oe mrro.

I. To XQn[.La, ri n KUKi\ocpoQia 1:WV £[.L:n:oQ£U[.LU1:WV

A. TO METPO TON AEIQN (ecrco 01:L XQuaoe; = XQn[.La)

To XQn[.La, we; [.L£1:Qo 1:ne; asiae;, etvrn n avaYKaia [.LoQcpn [.L£ rnv ortoto cpav£Qwv£1:at 1:0 [.L£1:Qo 1:ne; asiae; rrou £[.L:n:£QL£X£1:at ore £[.L:n:oQ£u[.La1:a, oni\aon 0 XQovoe; £Qyaaiae;. H a:n:i\n, CJ)(£nKn £KcpQaan 1:ne; asiae; 1:WV £[.L:n:oQ£U[.LU1:WV ce XQn[.La, X €{l1toQ€Vua A = IJI XQnpa, Eivat n n[.Ln 1:0Ue; (a. 107-108).

H n[.Ln evoc £[.L:n:oQ£u[.La1:0e;, n XQn[.LanKn [.LoQcpn 1:0U, £KCPQu~£1:at oe cpaV1:aa1:LKO XQn[.La. Errouevo»; 1:0 XQn[.La dvat [.LOVO LOW1:U 1:0 [.L£1:Qo 1:WV aSLwv (a. 109).

Arto m any[.Ln rrou aUV1:£7u:haL n [.L£1:a1:Qo:n:n me; aSiae; ce 1:ttLn, yiv£1:at 1:£XVU«l avaYKaio v' ava:n:1:uxBd :n:aga:n:£Qa 1:0 [It- 1:120 1:WV asLWv, [.L£ rn [.LOQcpn [.Ltac; CJ1:aB£QUc; 1:WV U[.LWv- [.L' cii\i\a i\6ym, va KaBoQLCJ1:£i [.LLa :n:uym rrooonrrc XQuaou, [.L£ rnv orroto [.L£1:QLOUV1:aL OL otacpoQ£TIKie; rrocomtec. Airrri n CJ1:aB£Qu OLU<:p£Q£L 1:£7u:iwe; cerro 1:0 [lt1:Qo 1:WV aSLWV, rrou amo KaBamo £Sag1:U1:at cerro mv aSia 1:0U XQuaou, n orrota dvat £:n:ouaLWone; ym rn CJ1:aB£Qu 1:WV 1:tttWv. (a. IIO-III).

Arro rn aTIY[.Ln rrou OL n[.Lte; £J<.<:pQu~OV1:at [.L£ i\oYWTIKU OVO[.LUm 1:0U XQUaou, 1:0 XQri[.LU XQnCJL[.L£U£L ouv u:n:Oi\oYWTIKO XQri[.LU· H ruui, we; £KB£1:ne; 1:0U [.L£y£Boue; rnc asiae; evoc £[.L:n:oQ£u[.La1:0e;, ervrn Kat 0 £KB£1:ne; 1:0U i\oyou [ratio] aV1:ai\i\ayne; 1:0U

l:YNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

TCQOC; .0 XQn[La. Auto O[LWC; O£V ouverrdvetm .0 av.ia.Qocpo, onl\aon 01:L 0 £Id'te.nc; .OU I\oyou anal\l\aync; .OU TCQOC; .0 XQn[La dvm Km 0 £KBe.nc; .OU [L£yeBouc; .nc; asiac; .OU. Av O£X.OU[L£ TCWC; oi TC£QLa.Ua£LC; £TCL1:QeTCOUV n £m~ul\l\ouv mv m.&l\nan £VOC; qlTCOQ£U[La.oc; TCUVW n KU.W aTCO rnv .L[Ln .ou, .0.£ au.ec; oi .l[Lec; TCwl\nanc; o£v aV1:La.mxouv rrmv asia rou, Qa.oao dvm 1:L[Lic; rou £[LTCoQ£U[La.oc; uurou, £TC£Lon etvoi:

I. n XQn[La1:LKn aSLaKn [LoQcpn rou, Km

2. £KBe.£c; .ou I\oyou anaUaync; .ou TCQOC; .0 XQn[La. Luv£m'&C; n ouva.o.ma TCoaO.LKwv aaU[LcpwvLWV [L£.asu

.nc; .L[Lnc; xru .ou [L£yeBouc; .nc; asiac; dvm o£OO[Levn [Leaa rrmv iOLa m [LoQcpn .nc; 1:L[Lnc;. !J.£v TCQoK£L.m YLa KUTCmo £l\unw[LU amnc; rnc [LoQcpnc;. Avnfter«, dvm n [LoQcpn TCOU .mQLuS£L a' eva .QOTCO TCagaywync;, crov orrotov 0 Kavovac; £m~ul\l\£.m onv .ucpI\OC; VO[LOC; £VOC; [Liaou OQou aVW[LaI\LWv. IIaQ' ol\a amu n [LoQcpn-.L[Ln [LTCoQd va £[LTC£QIiX£L Km [LLa TCOL01:LKn uvrupuon, ce onueto TCOU n .L[Ln TCaU£L Y£VlKU va etvrn eKcpQaan rnc asiac; ... H ouvetonon, n uTCol\n'tjJn, I<.O.K., [LTCOQOUV va TCciQouV m [LoQcpn £[LTCOQ£U[LU.wv [Leaw .nc; 1:L[Lnc; 'tOuC; (a. 115).

H [Li.Qnan rrov aSLwv oe XQn[La, n [LoQcpn-.L[Ln, ouverrdy£.m mv avaYKmo.ma .nc; eicrromonc. H lo£wonc; oLa.i[Lnan auv£TCuynm .0 TCQaY[La1:LKO s£TCoul\n[La. 'AQa: KUKl\ocpoQia.

B. TO MELON KYKAO<l>OPIAL

ATCM [LoQcpn: E-X-E (£[LTCoQ£U[La-XQn[La-£[LTCoQ£U[La). Yl\lKO TC£QI£X0[L£VO .nc;: E = E. Exrrotnon .nc; av.al\l\aK1:LKnc; asiac; Km ouceiorrotnon rnc asiac; XQnanc;.

A. IIQw.n qxion: E-X = TCwl\nan, Yla rnv orroto rrrrurrotivtru ouo TCQoawTCa, auv£TCwc; mBavo.ma aTCo.uxiac;, onl\aon TCW-

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

i\nan<; Ka;CW cerro rnv a~La, n aKO[La Km K(hw a:rto 1:0 KOa1:0<; :rtUQaywyn<; nv ai\i\u~£L n KOLVWVLKn a~La 1:0U £[L:rtoQ£U[La1:o<;.

«0 Ka1:a[L£QLa[LO<; 1:n<; £QyaaLa<; [L£1:a1:QE:rt£L 1:0 :rtQOLOV 1:n<; £QyaaLa<; oe £[L:rtoQ£U[La KL E1:m KaftW1:U aVaYKaLa 1:nV rrnQa:rtEQa [L£1:a1:Qo:rtn 1:0U oe XQn[La».

Tnv LBLa a"tLy[Ln acpnV£L oi\01:£i\a a1:0 Ei\eo<; 1:0U 1:UxaLOU tnv £:rtL"tUXLa ri 1:nV a:rt01:UXLa aU1:n<; 1:n<; uetotxnoionc (a. 120). Av O[LW<; ft£wQnaOU[L£ aU1:0 1:0 cpmVO[L£VO crnv KaftUQn 1:0U [LoQcpn, 1:01:£ n BLaBLKaaLa E-X :rtQOD:rtoftE1:£L :rtW<; 0 KU1:0X0<; 1:0U XQn[La1:o<; (£K1:0<; KL uv dvm :rtUQaywyo<; XQuaou) EX£L :rtQonYOU[LEVW<; urroxrrioei 1:0 XQn[La 1:0U [LEa' urro tnv anai\i\ayn [L£ ui\i\a £[L:rtoQ£u[La1:a. E:rtO[LEVW<;, aV1:La1:Qocpa: n E-X B£v etvcu [LOVO X-E YLa 1:0V ayoQaa1:n· 0 LBw<; 0 KU1:0X0<; 1:0U XQn[La1:o<; :rtQE:rt£L va EX£L KUV£L :rtQonyoU[LEvW<; [LLa ayoQu, J<.i\:rt. To a:rt01:Ei\£a[La dvm 01:L EXOU[L£ [LLa a1:EQ[LOVn ai\uaaLBa urto ayoQa:rtwi\naL£<;.

B. To LBw aU[L~aLv£L icm ern B£u1:£Qn qxion, X-E. ~ni\aBn [LLU ayoQu, rrou dvm 1:au1:0XQova :rtwi\nan YLa mv ui\i\n :rti\£uQu rnc BLaBLKaaLa<; aV1:ai\i\ayn<;.

r. Ertouevo»; n auvoi\LKn BLaBLKaaLa dvm Eva KUKi\W[La ayoQWv icm :rtwi\na£wv. KUKi\ocpoQLa £[L:rtoQ£u[LU1:wv. ~LacpEQ£L £V1:£i\w<; crro rnv u[Lwn anai\i\ayn :rtQoLonwv. IIQw1:ov, BLaQQnyvu£L 1:0U<; a1:0[LLKOU<; Km 1:OmKou<; cpQaY[Lou<; rnc <l[L£one anai\i\ayn<; :rtQOLOV1:WV KL E1:m £:rtL1:QE:rt£L 1:0 [Lna~oi\w[Lo rnc avftQwmvn<; £QyaaLa<;. Arro mv ui\i\n, vtverm KLoi\a<; cpav£Qo :rtW<; n auvoi\LKn BLaBLKaaLa £~aQ1:U1:aL urro KOLVWVLKE<; UXEa£L<;, OL O:rtOL£<; uvurrtixroovru; auftoQ[Ln1:a KL etvct ove~uQ1:m£<; arro 1:a BQwv1:a u:rtoKd[L£va (a. 125). H a:rti\n anai\i\ayn £~ani\d1:m oe [LLa :rtQu~n anai\i\ayn<;, orrou 0 KaftEva<; avmi\i\uaa£L [Ln-a~La XQnan<; [L£ a~La XQnan<;. H KUKi\ocpoQLa auv£XL~£L av£~uni\mn (a. 126).

l:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

No .L MEL .0 i\a{)qLEvo OLKOVO[LLKO oOY[La: n KUKi\O<pOQLa 'tWV E[L:rtOQEU[LCl'tWV :rtQOU:rtO{)E.EL omooorirrore rnv WOQQO:rtLa [LE.aN ayoQwv Kat :rtwi\naEwv, E:rtELOn Ka{)E ayoQa dvat :rtWi\nan Kat 'to aV'tLa'tQO<pO - i\E<; KL 0 Ka{)E :rtwi\mn<; Kou~ai\aEL [LaSL .OU rrtnv ayoQa Kat .OV ayoQaa'tn 'tOU.

(I) H ayoQa Kat n :rtwi\nan etvm, urro m [LLa [LEQLa, [LLa Kat uovn :rtQasn [LE'tasu OUO :rtQoaw:rtwv, rrou avn.({)Evmi OLa[LE.QLKa .0 EVa oro Mi\o (OL :rtOi\OL au'tn<; 'tn<; aV't({)wn<; dvat .a OUO aKQa .ou asova [LLa<; a<paLQa<;)" urro .nv ai\i\n [LEQLa, dvat OUO OLU[LE'tQLKa aV't({)E.E<; :rtQasEL<; roo L010U :rtQoaw:rtou. E:rtO[LEVW<; n .au'to'tn.a [LE'taN ayoQwv Kat :rtwi\naEwv ouvcrrcvercn on 'to E[L:rtOQEU[La dvat aXQna'to ooo OEV :rtwi\d.at, :rtQaY[La rrou [L:rtoQd Kai\i\w.a va aU[L~d.

(2) IIUQo[LOLa n E-X, w<; [LEQLKn oLaoLKaaLa, dvat [Lta aVEs<iQ.mn OLaOLKaaLa Kat auvE:rtaYE.at O.L 0 Ka.oxo<; 'tOU XQn[La'to<; [L:rtOQd va oLaMsEL :rtO.E {)a erroverrevouaEL 'to XQn[La .ou a' Eva E[L:rtoQEU[La. M:rtOQd Kat va :rtEQL[LEVEL.

AKQL~W<; EsanLa<; .n<; aVEsaQ.naLa<; amwv rcov oLaoLKaoiorv, n Eaw'tEQLKn evomro rnc au'to.Ei\oU<; oLaoLKaaLa<; E-X Kat X-E icwenxn [LEaa a' ESW'tEQLKE<; avn{)EaEL<;. 'Otuv aU'tE<; OL ai\i\ni\oEsaQ.W[LEvE<; OLaOLKaaLE<; qrtdoouv a' Eva OQW[LEVO 01210 aVEsaQ'tnaLa<;, rore n evomrd 'tOU<; :rtE<P'tEL oe KQLan. LUVE:rtW<; n ouva.o.ma rnc KQLan<; E[L:rtEQLEXE'tat crmv LOLa .n oLaoLKaaLa.

E:rtELon 'to XQn[La OLa[Lwoi\a~d rnv KUKi\o<poQLa .wv E[L:rtOQEU[La'twv, YL' au.o dvat 'to [LEaOv rnc KUKi\o<poQLa<;.

To XQn[La dvat 'to [LEaO [LE .0 O:rtOLO Ka{)E LOLahEQo E[L:rtOQEU[La ELaEQXE'tat rrmv KUKi\o<poQia KL EsEQxnat cerro mrrriv,

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

I'i' aU1:0 Km :rrUQa!1iv£L rrdvrore 0 £au'to<; 'tOU. IIaQ' OAO Am:rrov rrou n KUKAocpoQia 'tOU XQrL!La'tO<; 5£v dvm :rrUQu £KcpQaan 'tn<; KUKAocpoQia<; 'tWV £!L:rrOQ£U!LU'tWV, n KUKAocpoQia 'tWV £[.L:rrOQ£U!LU'tWV £!Lcpavi~£'tm oov vo etvct 'to a:rrO't£A£a!La rnc IWKAocpoQia<; 'tOU XQrL!La'tO<;. Arro m a'tLWrL rrou 'to XQrL!La :rrUQa!L£V£L :rruno't£ !L£aa crm acpaiQa 'tn<; KUKAocpoQia<;, !L:rraiv£L 'to £Qc{nn!La: !L£ rroiov 'tQo:rro dvm :rrUQov 'to XQrL!La !L£aa a' mrtriv;

H rrooomru roo XQrL!La'to<; rtou KUKAOcpoQd, KaBoQi~£'tm cerro 'to uBQow!La 'twv 'tL!LCDV 'tWV £!L:rrOQ£U!LU'tWV (n asia-XQrL!La :rrUQa!L£V£L n i5La). To uBQow!La curo KaBoQi~£'tm urro mv rroootntu 'twv £!L:rroQ£U!Lu'twv rrou KUKAOCPOQouv. Av u:rroB£cooue :rrw<; dvm 5£5o!L£vn, au'trL n rrocornrc £!L:rroQ£U!Lu'twv, rore n arooomru roo XQrL!La'to<; rcou KUKAOcpoQd aKoAouBd 'tL<; 5LaKU!LUva£L<; 'twv 'tL!LWV rcov £!L:rrOQ£U!LU'twv. TWQa, eoooov 'to i510 vO[.Lw[.La [.L£aoAa~d rruvcore a' £vav UQLB[.Lo 5La- 50XLKWV ·auvaAAaywv a' tva oQLa[.L£vO XQOVLKO 5Lua'tn[.La, YL' curo 'to XQOVLKO 5LUmn!La £xou!L£:

uBQow!La rcov 'tL!LWV 'twv £[.L:rroQ£U[.Lu'twv

= [.Lu~a rou XQrL!La'to<; rrou KUKAOcpoQd w<; [.L£aov KUKAocpoQia<; (a. 132).

UQLB[.Lo<; 'twv YUQwv rcov O[.LWVU[.LWV XQn[.La'tlKwv [.LOVUOWV

Errouevcoc 'to 'tQa:rr£~oYQU[.L!LU'tLO !L:rroQd vu exrornoe; 'to XQrL[.La-XQuao nrto tnv KUKAocpoQia, edv £waxBd oe !Lta KOQ£a[.L£vn KUKAocpoQia.

E:rr£L5rL n KUKAocpoQia roo XQrL[.La'to<; a:rrAw<; aVTaVaKAci m 5La5LKaaia rnc £[.L:rroQ£U[.La'tLKrL<; KUKAocpoQia<;, n 'taxu'tn'tu 'tn<; anavaKAu 'tnv 'taxu'tn'ta rnc aAAaYrL<; ern !LoQCPrL 'twv £[.L:rroQ£U!Lu'twv, m a'tam[.Lo'tn'tu tnc, 'to XWQW[.LO 'tn<; ayoQu<; crro mv :rrwAnan, 'tn a'tam[.Lo'tn'ta rou KOLVWVU<OU !L£'ta~oALouou, <PumKu n i5La n KUKAocpoQia 5£v [.L:rroQd va [.La<; 5dSEL

l:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

cerro 'JtOV 'JtQo£QX£1:m mrtri n (nam[.L01:ma. Moe cpaV£QWV£L [.LOVO tnv v'JtUQ~n aU1:0V 1:0U cpaLVO[.L£VOU. OL cpLAW1:aLOL 1 1:0 a'JtOOLOOUV ce [.LLa aV£'JtUQKn rrooomtu 1:0U [.L£aOU KUKAOCPOQLa<; (a. 133)·

AQa:

(I) Av OL "tL[.L£<; 1:WV £[.L'JtOQ£U[.L(i"twv 'JtUQU[.L£VOUV a1:a-lkQ£<;, 1:01:£ n arocomru 1:0U XQn[.La1:o<; 'JtOU KUKAOCPOQeL au~uveroi orov aU~UV£1:m n [.Lusa 1:WV £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU1:WV 'JtOU KUKAOCPOQOVV, ri orcv £'JtL~QaOVV£1:aL n KUKAocpOQLa 1:0U XQn[.La1:o<;· Km anLa1:Qocpa, [.L£LWV£1:m.

(2) L£ [.LLa Y£VLKn UVOOO 1:WV U[.LWV 1:WV £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU1:WV, n arooomrc 1:0U XQn[.La1:o<; 'JtOU KUKAOCPOQeL 'JtaQa[.L£V£L a1:a8£Qn £UV n [.Lusa 1:WV £[.L'JtOQ£U[.LU1:WV [.L£LWV£1:m, n av aU~UV£1:m n 1:aXV1:ma 1:n<; KUKAocpOQLa<; a1:O LOW aroooo-ro.

(3) L£ [.LLa vevucri rrroion 1:WV 1:L[.LWV 1:WV £[.L'JtoQ£u[.LU1:WV, LOXV£L 1:0 anLa1:Qocpo 1:0U an[.LeLOU 2.

L£ Y£VLK£<; YQU[.L[.L£<; U'JtUQX£L £va<; LKaVO'JtOLmLKO<; a1:a8£- 120<; [.L£ao<; 0120<;, urro 1:0V O'JtOLO a~wan[.LeLW1:£<; a'JtOKALa£L<; £'Jt£Qxonm OX£OOV a'JtOKA£La"tLKU W<; a'Jt01:£A£a[.La KQLa£wv.

y) To vO[.LLa[.La. Ta aV[.L~OAa m<; a~La<;.

H a-ra8£Qu 1:WV U[.LWV Ka80QL~£1:m cerro 1:0 KQU1:0<;, Ka8w<; ernonc Km n OVO[.LaaLa 1:0U aUYK£KQL[.L£VOU 1:£[.LaxLOU XQuaov VO[.LLa[.La1:o<; xrn n icortri 1:OU.

L1:nV 'JtaYKOa[.LLa ayoQu, at aV1:La-rOLX£<; £BvLK£<; cpoQ[.L£<; VO[.LLa[.LU1:WV £K1:0'JtLsOV1:m 'JtUAL (1:0 KQauKo K£QOO<; cerro mv icorrri VO[.LLa[.LU1:WV 'JtUQa~i\.t'Jt£1:m £ow), £1:m wa1:£ 1:0 VO[.LL-

1 Me "tOY ogo uu"to, 0 Mug~ KL 0 'EvYKei\<; evvootrv "tou<; uv8gw1tou<; rtou t)(OUV ~LU )(OV"tgoKo~~vn Kat )(UOUtU ui\w"tLKn uV"tti\n'lfJn "twv 1tguYWi"twv [o.r.u.],

<l>PHNTP1X ENrKEAI:

ouu KUL n Qa~50~ XQuaou- U'JT' O'JTOU £X£L KO'JTeL 'to VO!LLa!LU VU 5LUCP£QOUV !LOVO ern !LoQcpn. 'O!LCu~ 'to VO!LW!LU cpBeLQ£'tUL KU'ta rnv KUKi\OcpoQiu KUL 0 XQuao~, W~ !L£aOV KUKi\OcpoQiu~, U'JTOKi\iv£L U'JTO 'to XQuao W~ a'tuB£Qa rcov 'tL!LC,)v. To VO!LW!LU yiV£'tUL oi\o KUL 'JT£Qwao't£Qo eve aVlL{3oAo 'tOU 'JTQUY!LU'tLKOU 'JT£QL£X0!L£VOU 'tOU.

'Etot U'JTO~OaK£L £5w n 5uvu't0'tntu UV'tLKU'taa'tuan~ 'tOU !L£'tUi\i\LKOU XQn!LU'to~ U'JTO 5LacpOQ£~ !LaQK£~, n aU!L~oi\u. O'JTO't£:

(I) !LLKQa xai\Kwu vO!Lia!LU'tU KL Uan!L£VLU K£Q!LU'tU' n !LOVLun cvrucardoroon 'tOU 'JTQUY!LU'tLKOU XQuaou XQli!Lu'tO~ U'JTO uu'ta 'JTQoi\<l!L~av£'tm !L£ 'tOY 'JT£QLOQW!LO rnc 'JTOao'tn'ta~ 'tOU~, 'JTOU £'JTL'tQ£'JT£'tUL VU yiV£'tUL 5£K'tn erne 'JTi\nQw!L£~ uni 'tOU XQuaou. To !L£'tui\i\LKO 'JT£QL£X0!L£VO 'tOU~ KuBoQi~£'tUL £v't£i\w~ uuBuiQ£'tu 5LU VO!LOU KL ercn n VO!LW!LU'tLKn i\£L'touQyiu 'tOU~ uV£SUQ'tntO'JTOLeL'tUL U'JTO rnv usiu 'tOU~. 'Erot vtvetru 5uvu't0 'to £'JTO!L£VO ~n!Lu, n £YKu'tai\£L'tpn rorv uan!Luv'twv aU!L~oi\wv:

(2) 'tQU'JT£~oYQu!L!La'tLu, 5ni\u5rl, XUQ'tLVO XQn!Lu, 'JTOU £K5i5£'tUL U'JTO 'to KQa'to~ !L£ uvuvicucrtucri KUKi\OcpoQiu (£5w 5£v Bu au~ntnaou!L£ UKO!LU 'to 'JTW'tW'tLKO XQn!Lu).

M£XQL atLY!Ln~ 'to xaQ'two XQn!Lu U'JTUKOU£L orouc VO!LOU~ tn~ XQn!LU'tLKn~ KUKi\OcpoQiu~, eoocov 'JTQaY!Lu'tL KUKi\OCPOQeL em B£an 'tOU XQuaou XQn!Lu'to~. AV'tLKeL!L£VO £VO~ £L5LKOU VO!LOU !L'JTOQeL VU yiV£L !LOVOV n uvui\oyiu crmv ortotu 'to xaQ'tWO XQn!Lu uV'tLKuBw'ta 'to XQuao: n £K50an 'tOU XUQ'toVO!Liouceroc 'JTQ£'JT£L va 'JT£QLOQi~£'tUL crnv rrocomro rrmv orroto Bu £'JTQ£'JT£ vn KUKi\OCPOQeL 'JTQuY!LU'tLKa 0 XQuao~, 'tOY orroto UV'tL'JTQoaW'JT£U£L. 0 ~uB!LO~ KOQW!LOU rnc KUKi\OcpoQiu~ KU!LUiV£'tUL, 'JT0't£ O!LW~ 5£v 'JT£cp't£L Ka'tw U'JTO £vu £i\axw'to OQLO, 'JTOU 'JTUV'tOU KuBoQi~£'tUL £!L'JT£LQLKa. Auro 'to £i\axw'to XUQrovoiuouceroc !L'JTOQeL va £K50BeL. Av £K50BeL 'JT£Qwao't£Qo U'JTO 'to £i\axw'to OQLO, rore £vu rrooocro 'tOU uXQna't£U£'tUL u!L£aw~ !LOi\L~ 0 ~uB!LO~ KOQW!LOU 'JT£a£L oro OQLO. L' uu'tn rnv 'JT£Qi'JT'twan 'to ouvoauco rrooo 'tOU xaQ'twou XQn!LU'to~

I:YNOIIIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

[,Iiau orov KOa[.LO 'tOU £wrtOQ£U[.LU'tO~ uV'tL:rtQoaw:rt£U£L [.LOVO mv rrooornrc XQuaou, rrou KuBoQi~£'tUL nrro roue £aw't£QLKOU~ vO[.LOU~ nurou roo Koa[.LOU, KL £:rtO[.L£VW~ [.LOVO uunt n rrooomrc eLVUL UV'tL:rtQoaw:rt£Um[.Ln. E:rtO[.L£vw~, nv 'to rrooo rou XUQ'tLVOU XQn[.Lu'to~ nvurroootcrreuet 'to 5L:rtAUmO crro 'to rrooo rou XQuaou rrou [.L:rtoQeL V' u:rtoQQocpnBeL, rore 'to KuB£ XUQ'tOVO[.LW[.LU XUV£L rn [.Lwn cerro rnv oVO[.LUa'tLKn rou usiu. EivUL ouv vn £X£L UAAUS£L 0 i5w~ 0 XQuao~ ern A£L'tOUQyiu rou w~ [,Ii'tQo rcov 'tL[.LWV, rrmv usiu roo (a. 14°-141).

r. TO XPHMA

Arro 'tL~ u:rtUQX£~ 'tn~ uvu:rt'tusn~ rnc £[.L:rtOQ£U[.LU'tLKn~ KUKAOcpoQiu~ Y£VVL£'tUL crooc uvBQw:rtou~ n uvuYKn KUL 'to :rtuBo~ v' myouQ£'tjJouv 'to :rtQo'Cov rnc 5Lu5LKuaiu~ E-X, 5nAu5n 'to XQri[.Lu. AU'tn n ui\,i\,uyn [.LoQCPn~, nrro u:rtAn [.LWOAU~nan crnv UV'tuAAuyn 'tn~ uAn~, yiV£'tUL rnrtorncortoc, To XQn[.Lu U:rtOALBWV£'tUL ouv BnauuQo~ KL 0 :rtwAn'tn~ £[.L:rtoQW[.Lu'twv yiV£'tUL BnauuQw'tn~ (a. 143).

AU'tn n [.LoQcpn KUQLUQxoua£ UKQL~W~ rruc uQX£~ rnc eurtoQW[.Lu'tLKn~ KUKAOcpoQiu~. Aot«, M£ mv :rtuQu:rt£Qu uvu:rt'tusn 'tn~ £[.L:rtOQW[.Lu'tLKn~ KUKAOcpoQiu~, KuB£ :rtuQuywyo~ eurroQW[.Lu'twv :rtQ£:rt£L va £suacpuAia£L YLU 'tOY ecuro rou 'to nexus rerum, 'to XQn[.Lu'tLKo «KOLVWVLKO £X£yyuo». 'Erot rccvcou auaawQ£uov'tUL BnauuQoi. H uvu:rt'tusn rnc £[.L:rtOQW[.Lu'tLKn~ KUKAOcpoQiu~ UUSUV£L rnv WXU rou XQn[.LU'to~, rnc U:rtoAU'tU KOLVwvLKn~ [.LoQCPn~ :rtAOU'tOU rrou eLVUL rrdvtore <i[.L£au 5LUB£m[.Lo~ (a. 144). 0 :rtoBo~ rou BnauuQw[.LOU eLVUL cerro m qnion rou U:rt£QLOQW'tO~. Ilotorucd, ri oe auvuQ'tnan [.L£ rn [.LoQcpn 'tOU, 'to XQn[.Lu eLVUL riveu oQiwv -5nAu5n 0 KuBoALKO~ £K:rtQOororroc rou UALKOU :rtAOU'tOU- orrdst OAOU~ 'tOU~ CPQuy[.LOU~, 5LO'tL £iVUL u[.L£au [.L£'tU'tQ£'tjJL[.LO ce orroiooriarote £[.L:rtoQW[.Lu.

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

I1oaO'tLKU O[.LWe_;, KuB£ :rtQaY[.La'tLKO rrooo XQn[.La'toe_; eLVat rreQLOQW[1ivO KL E'tm EX£L :rt£QLOQw[1ivn a:rtO't£A£a[.La'tLKO'tn'ta we_; [.LEaOV ayoQa:rtwAnaiae_;. Au'tn n aV'ticpaan KUV£L mv cerrofmaavQwn EVa :rtQaY[.La'tLKU otomxpeto ([.Lu'taLO) EQYO oucotoQ£uane_;.

A1\Awa't£ n auaawQ£uan CPVAAWV XQuaov KL aan[.LLOV 5n[.LLoUQYeL rooo [.LLa vEa ayoQu YL' amu rc [.LE'taAAa, oco Kat [.LLa AavBuvouaa rrnvri XQn[.La'toe_;.

M£ 5£50[.LEV£e_; 'tLe_; aKa'tu:rtaua't£e_; 5LaKU[.LUVane_; 'tou ~aB[.Lov KOQW[.LOV 'tne_; £[.L:rtOQ£U[.La'tLKne_; KUKAocpoQiae_;, 0 BnaauQw[.Loe_; XQnm[.L£V£L ouv a:rt0X£'t£u'tLKOe_; n :rtUQOX£'t£U'tLKOe_; aywyoe_; 'tou XQn[.La'toe_; rrou KUKAOCPOQeL (a. 147)·

M£ mv avu:rt'tusn rnc £[.L:rtoQ£U[.La'tLKne_; KUKAocpoQiae_; £[.Lcpavi~ov'taL VE£e_; auvWK£e_;. H exrrotnon evoc £[.L:rtoQ£V[.La'toe_; urtoQeL va XWQLa'teL XQOVLKU cerro rnv :rtQaY[.Lu'twan 'tne_; 'tL[.Lne_; rou. Tu £[.L:rtoQ£v[.La'ta urrurroev 5LacpoQ£'tLKU XQOVLKU 5Laa'tn[.La'ta YLa vn :rtUQaxBovv' :rtUQuyoV'tat oe 5LacpoQ£'tLKEe_; £:rt0XEe_;' OQLa[.LEVa :rtQE:rt£L vn a:rtoa'taAovv oe [.LaKQLvEe_; ayoQEe_;, K.O.l<. LUv£:rtwe_; 0 A [.L:rtoQeL vn yivn :rtwAn'tne_; :rtQLV 0 B eLVat oe BEan vn :rtAnQwa£L. H :rtQaK'tLKn 5La[.LOQcpWV£L 'tLe_; auvWK£e_; :rtAnQw[.Lne_; we_; £sne_;: 0 A yiv£'tat rucrornic KL 0 B 0cp£LA£me_;. To XQn[.La yiv£Tat [.LEaOV :rtAnQW[.Lne_;. 'EWL n axEan [.L£'tasv mo-rortri Kat ocpnA£'tn yiv£'taL U[.L£aa rno uvtuvorvurtucri, (Airro [.L:rtOQeL vu aU[.L~eL av£sUQ'tn'ta cerro rnv £[.L:rtOQ£U[.La'tLKn KUKAocpoQia - :rt.X. crmv AQXato'tn'ta Kat 'to Meorucovu). (a. 148).

L' amn rn axEan 'to XQn!La A£L'tOUQYeL:

(I) we_; [.LE'tQO rnc asiae_; YLa 'tOY KaBoQw!Lo 'tne_; 'tL[.Lne_; :rtwAnone 'tOU £[.L:rtOQ£V!La'toe_;·

(2) we_; Eva L5£a'to !LEaOV ayoQue_;.

L'tn !LoQcpn rou BnaauQov, 'to XQn!La a:rtoavQ£Tat cerro rnv KUKAocpoQia. 'Ornv O!Lwe_; 'to XQn!La etvm !LEaOV :rtAnQW[.Lne_;,

I;YNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

rore [.L:rtaivEL [.L£v oe J<UJ<i\,ocpoQia ai\,i\,u [.LOVOv acpou :rtQonyOU[.L£VW~ to £[.L:rtoQ£U[.La £XEL ~Y£L cerro rnrtriv, 0 ocp£LMtn~ ayoQaatn~ :rtOUi\,U£L oxrre vn [.L:rtOQEL vu :n:lLnQwa£t, £LB£[.Ln n :rt£QLOuaia rou ~yaiv£L os :rti\,£LatnQLaa[.Lo. No, [.L£ srotov tQo:rto to XQri[.La vtverm curorncorroc rnc :rtwi\,nan~ ueo' cerro [.LLa J<OLvcovucri avuyJ<n, rrou ~£:rtnBuEL cerro tL~ ax£a£L~ tn~ iBLa~ tn~ BLaBLJ<aaia~ J<uJ<i\,ocpoQia~ (a. 149).

To y£yovo~ OtL at ayoQ£~ J<L at :rtwi\,na£L~ B£v i\,a[.L~UVOUV XWQa tautoXQova, nqi' evoc uev Bn[.LLOuQy£i tn i\,£LtouQyia ro» XQn[.LatO~ w~ [.L£aOU :rti\,nQw[.Ln~ J<L ozp' £t£QOU :rtaQUY£L [.LLa oucovoutn rou [.L£aOU J<UJ<i\,ocpoQia~, [.L£ tL~ :rti\,nQw[.L£~ vn auYJ<£vtQwvovtat a' tva J<aBoQw[.L£vO [.L£QO~. OL virements Ut£ta~L~ua£L~ XQ£wv cerro tov tva i\,oYUQLaa[.LO orov ui\,i\,o] ern ueorucovucri Auwv - tva ELBo~ YQacp£iou aU[.L1.!JncpWtLJ<wv £J<J<aBUQia£wv, orrou :rti\,nQwv£taL [.LOVOV £va~ J<aBaQo~ [.L£ao~ oQO~ rcov a[.LoL~aiwv cerrurrrioecov (a. 150).

'Orov aU[.L1.!Jncpi~ovtat at :rti\,nQw[.L£~, to XQn[.La i\,£LtOUQYEL LB£atu J<at [.LOVO: ouv i\,oYWtLJ<o XQri[.La ri ouv [.L£tQO rtov a~Lwv. 'Oruv :rtQ£:rt£L vn vtvouv :rtQay[.LatLJ<£~ :rti\,nQw[.L£~, tore to XQn[.La B£v £[.Lcpavi~£tat ouv tva [.L£aov J<UJ<i\,ocpoQia~, ouv [.LLa :rtaQoBLJ<n J<at [.LWU~Ouaa [.LoQcpn tOU [.L£ta~oi\,w[.LOU, ai\,i\,u ouv n atO[.LLJ<n £vauQJ<wan rnc J<OLvwvLJ<n~ £Qyaaia~, ouv n autOt£i\,n~ u:rtUQ~n tn~ avtai\,i\,aJ<tLJ<n~ a~ia~, ouv to a:rtoi\,mo £[.L:rtoQ£U[.La. Amn n U[.L£an cvuqxron ~W:rtU£L m atLy[.Ln £J<ELvn twv J<Qia£wv :rtUQaywyn~ J<at eurrootou, rrou OVO[.LU~£tat VO[.LLa[.LatLJ<n J<Qian. H VO[.LLa[.LatLJ<n J<Qian £:rt£QX£'tat [.LOVOV £J<EL orrou £X£L ava:rttuxBEL :rti\,nQw~ toao n ai\,uaaiBa rorv BtaBOXLJ<WV :rti\,nQw[.Lwv, ooo J<L tva t£)(VntO aUatn[.La aU[.L1.!JncpLa[.LOU rooc, 'Oruv :rtaQoumu~ovtat Y£VLJ<Ot£Q£~ BLataQax£~ mrrou rou [.Lnxavw[.LOu, err' orrou J<L nv :rtQO£QXovtat, rore to XQn[.La [.L£tatQ£:rt£tat ~acpvLJ<U xnt <i[.Lwa urro rnv a:rti\,w~ LB£atn [.LoQcpn rou i\,oYWtLJ<OU XQn[.Lato~ ce [.L£tQntO XQn[.La. To, ~£~ni\,a £[.L:rtoQ£u[.Lata B£v [.L:rtoQouv :rti\,£ov va to avtLJ<ataatnoouv (a. 151).

To :rtWtWtLJ<O XQn[.La ~£:rtnBu£L cerro rn i\,£L'touQyia rou XQn-

~PHNTPIX ENrKEA~

[.La:t0~ W~ [.Liaou JtAnQw[.Lrk OL XQ£wa'tLJ<i~ ctJt05£is£L~ J<uJ<AOCPOQOUV [.L£ m a£LQU 'tOU~, JtQoJ<£L[.Livou va [.L£'tct~L~UaOUV 'tct XQin oe UAAOU~. Mct~i [.L£ 'to mcrcoruco aua'tn[.Lct £Jt£J<'tdvnctL J<L n A£L'tOUQyict 'tOU XQn[.Lct'to~ w~ [.Liaou JtAnQW[.Ln~. Q~ [.Liaov JtAnQW[.Ln~, 'to XQn[.Lct ctJtOJ<'tU 'tL~ 5LJ<i~ rou [.LoQCPi~ uJtctQsn~, [.L£ 'tL~ orrotec J<a:tctAct[.L~UV£L rn acpctiQct rcov [.L£yuAn~ J<Ai[.LctJ<ct~ £[.LJtOQLJ<WV aUVctAActywv, £VW 'to VO[.LLa[.Lct ctJtwBd'tctL J<uQiw~ orn acpctiQct rou ALctVLJ<OU £[.LJtoQiou (a. 152).

'Otrrv n £[.LJtOQ£U[.Lct'tLJ<n JtctQctywyn cp'tua£L a' ivct oQLa[.L£VO £JtiJt£50 ctvuJt'tusn~ J<ctL ovicou, rcre n ALL'touQyict rou XQnuceroc w~ [.Liaou JtAnQW[.Ln~ erreicretvercu JtiQct cerro m oqxuQct 'tn~ £[.LJtoQ£u[.Lct'tLJ<n~ J<uJ<AocpoQict~. Ifverru 'to J<ctBOALJ<O £[.LJtoQ£U[.Lct rev aU[.L~oActiwv. OL yctLoJtQoa05OL, OL CPOQOL J<ctL 'tct JtctQO[.LOLct [.L£'tctaxn[.La:ti~oV'tctL cerro JtAnQw[.Li~ ce d50~, oe JtAnQw[.Li~ os XQn[.Lct. EA. m fctAAict rnv £Jtoxn rou Aou50- ~iJ<ou rou 1L1' (Boisguillebert J<ctL Vauban). Arro mv uAAn [.L£QLU, ~A. Aoto, TouQJ<ict, Iccrrcovto, J<.AJt. (a. 153).

H £siALsn 'tou XQn[.La:to~ w~ [.Liaou JtAnQW[.Ln~ J<UV£L arruQctL'tmn rn auaawQ£uan XQn[.Lct'to~, oxrre va JtAnQwBouv OL AnsLJtQoBw[.L£~ OCP£LAi~. 0 BnactuQLa[.Lo~ £sctcpctvia'tnJ<£ w~ ctU'to't£An~ [.LoQcpn JtAOU'tLa[.LOU [.LOAL~ ctVctJt'tuXBnJ<£ rreoioco't£Qo n icowcovtu J<ctL 'twQct £Jtctv£[.Lcpctvi~nctL [.L£ m [.LoQcpn rcov ctJtOB£[.Lct'tLJ<WV oe [.Liact JtAnQW[.Ln~ (a. 155).

L'tO JtctyJ<oa[.LLO £[.LJtOQLO nrrornioovrru OL rormcec [.LoQCPi~ rou voutouceroc (J<iQ[.La:tct icru XctQ'tOVO[.LLa[.Lct) xut [.LOVOV OL QU~5OL euvevorv [.L£'tUAAWV LaxUOUV w~ JtctyJ<oa[.LLO XQn[.Lct. Movo crnv JtctyJ<oa[.LLct ctyoQu 'to XQn[.Lct A£L'tOUQyd oe oAn rou mv iJ<'tctan w~ 'to £[.LJtoQ£U[.Lct eicetvo, rrou n qnxrucri [.LoQcpn rou dvctL ruu't0XQOVct J<ctL n <i[.Lwn J<oLVwvLJ<n £vaUqJ<wan 'tn~ ctcpnQn[.Livn~ ctvBQwmvn~ £Qyctaict~. E5w 0 'tQoJto~ uJtctQsn~ rou uvnorotXd amy iVVOLU'tOU (a. 155).

MEPOL ilEYTEPO

H METATPOIIH TOY XPHMATOL LE KE<l>AAA10

o fEN1KOL TYIIOL TOY KE<l>AAA10Y

Acp£'tnQLU rou J<ECPUAULOU ELVctL n J<UJ<AOCPOQLU rcov E[.LTIOQ£U[.L<l'twv. ETIo[.L£vw~ n TIUQuywyn 'twv E[.LTIOQEU[.L<i'twv, n E[.LTIOQEu[.Lu'tLJ<n J<UJ<AOCPOQLU J<ctL n UVETI'tuy[.L£vn [.LoQcpn rnc, 'to E[.LTIOQLO, UTIO'tEAOUV rrdvrore 'tL~ BE[.LEALUJ<£~ W'tOQLJ<£~ TIQouTIoB£a£L~ yLct rn y£vEan rou J<ECPUAULOU. H aUYXQovn W'tOQLU rou J<ECPUAULOU XQOVOAOYEL'tctL UTIO m 6n[.LLOuQyLU rou ouvXQovou TIuyJ<oa[.LLOU E[.LTIOQLOU J<ctL 'tn~ TIuyJ<oa[.LLU~ uyoQu~ J<u'tu 'to 160 ctLWVU (a. 159).

Av E~E'tuaOU[.LE [.LOVO 'tL~ OLJ<OVO[.LLJ<£~ [.LoQCP£~ TIOU TIUQuvovtru UTIO rnv E[.LTIOQ£u[.Lu'tLJ<n J<UJ<AOCPOQLU, Bu 60U[.LE on 'tEALJ<O TIQoi:ov 'tOU~ ELVctL 'to XQn[.Lu J<L O'tL 'to XQn[.Lu ELVctL n TIQw'tn [.LoQcpn [.LE rnv OTIOLU E[.LCPUVL~£'tctL 'to J<EcpUActLO. IcrroQLJ<U 'to J<EcpuAmo UV'tLJ<QU~EL rrcvrou TIQw'tu rn YULOJ<'tnaLu onv XQn[.Lu'tLJ<n TIEQLOuaLu, 'to E[.LTIOQLJ<O J<ctL 'to 'tOJ<oyAUCPLJ<O J<EcpUActLO. AJ<o[.Lu J<ctL an[.LEQu J<uBE veo J<ECPUActLO £QXE'tctL 0"(0 TIQoaJ<nvLO TIQw'tu [.LE rn [.LoQcpn XQn[.Lct'to~, ouv XQn[.Lu TIOU [Lia' UTIO J<uBOQW[.L£VE~ 6Lu6LJ<uaLE~ Bu [.LE'tU'tQUTIEL ce J<EcpUActLO.

To XQn[.Lu w~ XQn[.Lu J<ctL 'to XQn[.Lu w~ J<ECPMctLO 6LUCP£Qouv [.L£'tu~u 'tOU~, TIQLV UTI' OAU £a'tw J<ctL [.LOVOV UTIO rn 6LctCPOQErucri [.LoQcpn [.LE rnv OTIOLU J<UJ<AOCPOQouv. Kcerd rn 6Lu6LJ<uaLu

cI>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

E-X-E q.LcpavL~£'taL J<aL n [.LoQcpn X-E-X, BnAaon ayoQu~w YLa va nouAnaw. To XQn[.La rrou m;QLYQuCPeL uurri m [.LoQcpn J<UJ<AocpOQLae_;, YLV£'taL J<£CPUAaLO J<aBwe_; J<UJ<AocpoQd J<aL £LVaL nBn J<£CPUAaLO cerro 'tOY LBLO 'tOU rov nQooQw[.Lo.

To ano'tiAW[.La rnc X-E-X etvrn X-X, n i[.L[.Lwn aV'taAAayn XQn[.La'toe_; [.L£ XQn[.La. AyoQu~w ~a[.L~uJ<L nQoe_; 100£ J<aL 'to nouAw yLU llO£. T£ALJ<U, ixw av'tai\Aus£L ne_; 100£ [.L£ 110, XQn[.La [.L£ XQn[.La.

H BLaBLJ<aaLa mrrri B£v Ba dX£ vonuo uv anicp£Q£ 't£ALJ<U rnv iBLa XQn[.LanJ<n aSLa [.L£ mv aQXLJ<n (100£ cerro ne_; 100). KL O[.Lwe_;, erre 0 i[.LnoQoe_; ~yuAeL 100, ri 110, etre anAwe_; 50£ YLa ne_; 100£ ne_; orroiec errevouce, 'to XQn[.La rou BLiYQU'I.!J£ [.LLa LBLaiT£Qn J<Lvnan, rnv E-X-E, rrou BLacpiQ£L £V't£AWe_; urro eicetvn 'tne_; £[.LnoQ£u[.LanJ<ne_; J<UJ<AocpoQLae_;. 8' avaJ<aAu'tjJoU[.L£ 'tLe_; BLacpoQie_; n£QL£X0[.Livou uv £s£'tuaou[.L£ ne_; BLacpoQie_; [.LoQcpne_; [.L£'taSU rnc J<Lvnane_; amne_; [X-E-X] J<aL 'tne_; E-X-E.

Av n<lQou[.L£ XWQw'tu ne_; Buo cpua£Le_; 'tne_; BLaBLJ<aaLae_;, Ba Bou[.L£ on £LvaL iBL£e_; [.L£ mv E-X-E. Yn<lQXeL O[.Lwe_; [.L£yuAn BLacpoQu om auvoALJ<n BLaBLJ<aaLa. L'mV E-X-E 'to XQn[.La ano't£Ad 'to [.Lwu~oV'ta, £vw 'to £[.LnoQ£u[.La rLVaL n acp£'tnQLa J<aL 'to 'tiQ[.La. L'mV X-E-X 'to £[.LnoQ£u[.La riVaL 0 [.Lwu~oV'tae_;, £vw 'to XQn[.La riVaL n acp£'tnQia J<aL 'to 'tiQ[.La. L'tnv E-X-E 'to XQr1[.La soB£u£'taL [.LLa J<aL J<aAn, £vw crrnv X-E-X 'to XQn[.La £n£vBu£'taL yLU V' anocpiQ£L XQn[.La. Ema'tQicp£L BnAaBn £J<£L an' orrou s£J<ivna£. Erroueveoc ixou[.L£ J<LoAae_; £Bw [.LLa X£LQOrnccrri BLacpoQu avu[.Lwa crnv J<UJ<AocpoQLa rou XQn[.La'toe_; we_; XQn[.La J<aL 'tou XQr1[.La'toe_; onv J<£cpUAaLO.

L'tnv E-X-E 'to XQn[.La [.LnoQrL vu £nw'tQi'tjJ£L crnv acp£'tnQia rou [.LOVO [.Lia' cerro mv £navuAn'tjJn oAne_; rnc BLaBLJ<aaLae_;, [.Lia' arro rnv nWAnan veou £[.LnoQ£u[.La'toe_;. H £navaJ<uJ<AocpOQia roo XQn[.LU'toe_; riVaL AOLnov, £Bw, aV£S<lQ'tn'tn cerro rnv LBLa rn BLaBLJ<aaLa. Arrevcvncc o-rnv X-E-X, n £navaJ<uJ<AocpoQia rou XQn[.LU'toe_; J<aBoQi~£'taL cerro 'to nwe_; soB£u'tnJ<£ [.Liaa ornv LBLa rn BO[.Ln rnc BLaBLJ<aaLae_;, n orrotn [.LiV£L [.L£'tiwQn nv urro'tUXeL n £navaJ<uJ<AocpoQia (a. 162).

I;YNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

'Yorrrtoc oicorroc 'tn~ E-X-E eLVat n usiu XQnan~, £vw 'tn~ X-E-X n iBLU n uV'tui\i\uKnKn usiu.

L'tnv E-X-E, Kat ro Buo UKQU £Xouv mv iBLU OLKOVO[.LLKn [.LoQcpn. Kat 'tu Buo eLVat £[.L:rtoQ£U[.LU Kat !Lui\w'tu ian~ usiu~. TuU't0XQovu O!L<u~ eLVat :rtOLO'tLKU BLUCPOQ£'tLK£~ usi£~ XQnan~ KL uu'tn n BLuBLKuaiu £X£L W~ :rt£QL£X0!L£VO rov KOLVWVLKO !L£'tU~oi\W[.Lo. L'tnv X-E-X n oi\n BL£Qyuaiu [.LOLU~£L [.L£ [.LLU :rtQwrn !Lunu 'tuU'toi\oYLKn KL doicortn, MOLU~£L :rtuQui\oyo 'to V' uV'tUi\i\US£L KUVeL~ 100£ [.L£ IOO£ Kat [.Lui\w'tu £[.L[.L£au. 'Eva rrooo XQn[.Lu'to~ BLUCP£Q£L cerro £vu ui\i\o rrooo XQn!LU'to~ !LOVO KU'tU 'to !L£y£Bo~ rou. Errouevo»; n X-E-X U:rtOK'tU 'to von[.Lu rnc !LOVO [Lia' cerro [.LLU rroooruert BLUCPOQU !L£'tusu rrov BUo UKQWV. To XQn!Lu rrou ~yuiv£L £Sw urro rnv KUKi\OcpoQiu eLVat :rt£Qwao't£Qo urro £KeLVO rrou !L:rtUiV£L a' rnrniv, To ~U!L~UKL rrou uyoQua'tnK£ YLU IOO£, :rtoui\nBnK£ u~ :rtOU!L£ :rtQo~ IOO+IO. Erroueveoc n BLuBLKumu uKoi\ouBeL rov 'tu:rto X-E-X', orrou X'=X+AX (to aU[.L~oi\o 11 :rtuQLa'tuv£L rn BLUCPOQU, 'tnv ui\i\uyn rrooou). AU'to 'to AX, uU'tn n :rtQoauusnan, eLVUL n u:rt£Qusiu. H usiu rrou £:rt£vBu£'tat UQXLKU, 0XL [.LOVO BLU'tnQ£L'tat U'tOCPLU KU'tU rnv KUKi\OcpoQiu, ui\i\u Kat :rtQoaB£'t£L crov emrto rnc !LLU u:rt£QuSiu, uu'to-£:rtuusuv£'tat. Au'tn £Bw n Kivnan uerc'tQ£:rt£L 'to XQn!Lu oe K£cpMUW.

L'tn BLuBLKuaiu E-X-E [.L:rtOQeL ernonc vu U:rtUQS£L BLUCPOQU usiu~ [.L£'tusu trov Buo UKQWV, ui\i\u etvct £v't£i\w~ 'tUxuiu a' uU'tn rn !LoQcpn KUKi\OcpoQiu~ Kat n E-X-E B£v XUV£L 'to von!Lu 'tn~ oruv 'tu UKQU eLVat tou, Av'tW£'tu, rotrm eLVat !Lui\i\ov n uvuYKuiu ouvfnucn YLU rnv tcrrvovucri £s£i\Lsn rnc.

H £:rtuvui\mjJn 'tn~ BLUBLKuaiu~ E-X-E QuB!Li~£'tat cerro evov ua'tu'to a'toxo, rrou ~QiaK£'tm £sw cerro mrrriv: rnv KU'tuvui\wan, mv ucuvorrotnon KuBoQw!L£vWV UVUYKWV. Arrevnv'tiu~ rrmv X-E-X, ucp£'tnQiu KUL 't£Q!LU 'tuu'ti~OV'tUL, eLVat 'to XQn!Lu, KL uU'to 'to y£yovo~ KUV£L uU'tn rn BLuBLKuaiu u't£Q!LOvn, Etvca ui\nB£Lu :rtW~ 'to X+AX BLUCP£Q£L arocorucd nrro 'to X, ui\i\u KL mrro B£v eLVUL :rtuQu £vu oQW[.L£VO rcooo XQn!LU'to~. Av soB£U'teL, B£v Bu etvru :rti\£ov K£cpUi\atO. Av ~Y£L £sw nrro

<l>PHNTP1X ENrKEAI:

rnv I<UKi\ocpOQLa, rore Ba naQa[.l£Lv£L crrdouio ouv OnouoQO<;. Arro m a'tLY[Ln rtou £LVat 6£60[.Livn n avciYKn £nau~nan<; me a~ia<;, rnrrri n uvrivicn WXU£t roco yta 'to X ooo Kat yta 'to X. H xrvnon rou K£cpai\aiou 6£v YVWQL~£t i\Olnov Kaviva cpQaY[Lo, 6to'tt 0 a'toxo<; 'tn<; 6£v £ltl'tuYXciv£'tat oirre crro 'tii\o<; rnc, oure Kat crmv UQxn rnc (a. 164-165). 0 t61OK'tnm<; rou XQn[La'to<; vtvetru K£cpai\alOKQci'tn<; W<; £KnQoawno<; au'tn<; 'tn<; 6ta6tKaaia<; .

Evoi Ka'tci rnv £[LnoQ£V[La'tLKn KUKi\ocpoQia n av'tai\i\aK'ttKn a~ia anoK'tci 'to noM noM [Lta [LoQcpn av£~ciQ'tntn cerro rnv a~La XQnan<; rcov £[LnoQ£v[Lci'twv, £6w £K6ni\wv£'tat ~acpvucd onv [Lta urroorcon rrou KLVet'tat Kt uvurrniooetru cerro uovn tnc, Kat yta mv orrotn 'to £[LnoQ£V[La Kat 'to XQn[La ano't£i\ouv ani\i<; [LOQcpi<;. Eltlni\iov, n UQXtKn a~La 6tacpoQoatoterrut cerro 'tOY euuto tnc w<; un£Qa~La. fiv£'tat KLVOU[L£VO XQn[La Kat, W<; KLVOU[.I£VO XQn[La, vtverrn K£cpcii\ato (a. 168).

H 6ta6tKaaia X-E-X £[Lcpavi~£'tat nQciY[La'tL ouv [Lta [LoQcpn rrou XUQaK'tnQi~£t £L6tKci 'to £[LnoQtKO K£cpcii\atO Kat [LOVO. Ai\i\ci Kat 'to ~lO[LnxaVtKO K£cpcii\alO etVat XQn[La rrou [L£'ta'tQin£'tat a' £[LnoQ£u[Lata, 'to, orrotn [L£ rnv nwi\nan roue ~ava[L£'tatQinov'tat oe n£Qwao't£Qo XQn[La. Ot orroiec nQci~£t<; auv't£i\ouv'tat i~w oaro rn acpaiQa 'tn<; KUKi\ocpoQia<; [L£'ta~u ayoQci<; Kat nwi\nan<;, 6£v ai\i\ci~ouv rtrrore a' curo 'to y£yovoc, Tii\o<;, oro 'tOKOCPOQO K£cpcii\ato n 6ta6tKaaia £[Lcpavi~£'tat ouv X-X XWQi<; KU[.L[Ltci [Lwoi\ci~nan, ouv [Lta a~ia rrou etvm, 'tQono<; 'tou i\iynv, [L£yai\u't£Qn nrro 'tOY ecuro rnc (a. 168).

ANTIAI:EII: TOY fENIKOY TYI10Y

H [LoQcpn rnc KuKi\ocpoQia<; Katci mv orroia 'to XQJi[.La yiv£'tat K£cpcii\ato, uvnqxioicet [L£ oi\ou<; roue nQonyou[L£vou<; VO[Lou<; rrou wxuouv yta rn qnion rcov £[LnoQ£v[Lci'twv, rnc a~ia<;, 'tou XQn[La'to<; Kat rnc L6ta<; rnc KUKi\ocpoQia<;. eO, [LnoQoua£ ciQa-

l:YNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

Y£ VU nQOJ<ui\,ea£L J<a:n 't£'tOLO J<UnOLU rurruoi J<m [.LOVO OLUCPOQU 'tne_; uv'tia'tQocpne_; a£LQUe_; OLUOOxne_;; E:rttnMov: umn n UV'tLa'tQocpn rnc a£LQUe_; OLUOOxne_; UnUQX£L [.LOVO YLU 'to evu uno 'tu 'tQiu auvui\,i\,uaaO[.L£vu nQoaumu. Qe_; J<£cpui\,UWJ<QUrnc uYOQU~w £[.LnoQ£U[.LU'tu uno 'tOY A J<m 'tu noui\,w crrov B. o A J<L 0 B £[.Lcpuvi~oV'tm ouv uni\,oi nwi\,mee_; J<L uyoQua'tee_; £[.LnoQ£u[.Lu'twv. Kat erne ouo n£QLn'twa£Le_; roue Uv'tL[.L£'twni~w we_; unMe_; J<u'tOxoe_; XQn[.LU'toe_; n £[.LnoQ£u[.Lu'twv: 'tOY evu we_; uyoQua'tn ri XQn[.Lu, 'tOY ui\,i\,ov we_; nwi\,mn n £[.LnoQ£u[.Lu. f'o..£v UV'tLJ<Qu~w O[.Lwe_; xovevcv uno 'toue_; ouo ouv J<£cpui\,uwJ<Qu'tn ri ouv £J<nQoawno J<unowu nQuY[.Lu'toe_; rrou etvct J<U'tL na,qunuvw uno XQn[.Lu ri £[.LnoQ£U[.Lu. fLU 'tOY A n auvui\,i\,uyn uQXi~£L [.L£ [.LLU nwi\,nan' YLU 'rov B 't£i\,£LWV£L [.L£ [.LLU uyoQu, oni\,uon onwe_; UJ<QL~We_; aU[.L~UiV£L rrtnv £[.LnoQ£u[.Lu'tLJ<n J<uJ<i\,ocpoQiu. EnLni\,eov, uv a'tnQL~u 'to oLJ<uiw[.Lu 'tne_; un£Qu~iue_; rrmv J<Uvovucri a£LQu oLuooxne_;, tore 0 A Bu urroqouoe va noui\,na£L J<u't£uBduv crrov B J<L ercn o£v Bu unnQX£ J<U[.L[.LLU n£Qin'twan v' urroorrdoto un£Qu~iu.

Ae_; unoBeaou[.L£ nwe_; 0 A J<L 0 B uyoQu~ouv J<u't£uBduv £[.LnoQ£u[.Lu'tu 0 evue_; uno 'tOY ui\,i\,ov. L£ O,'tL ucpoQu mv urrsQu~iu, [.LnoQouv vu £nwcp£i\,nBouv iccn at ouo. 0 A [.LnoQd va na,qu~£L n£QLaao't£Qo uno 'to £[.LnoQ£u[.Lu rrou [.LnoQd vu rmQU~£L 0 B oro iow XQOVLJ<O oLua'tn[.LU, xrn uv'tLa'tQocpwe_;. AQu J<m at ouo nui\,L Bu urrooououv va £nwcp£i\,nBouv. f'o..£v ouu~UiV£L O[.Lwe_; 'to iow [.L£ mv uv'tui\,i\,uJ<'tLJ<n u~iu. Eow uv'tui\,i\,uaaov'tm [.L£'tu~u roue ia£e_; u~i£e_;, uJ<O[.LU J<L uv nUQ£[.L~UiV£L 'to XQn[.Lu we_; [.Leaov J<uJ<i\,ocpoQiue_;. (a. 170).

Av £~£'tuaou[.L£ ucpnQn[.L£vu umn rn OLuOLJ<uaiu, Bu oou[.L£ 0'tL 'to [.LOVO rrou auV't£i\,£L'tm rrmv uni\,n £[.LnoQ£U[.Lu'tLJ<n J<uJ<i\,ocpoQiu etvct (£J<'toe_; uno rnv cvruccrdorcon 'tne_; [.LLUe_; u~iue_; XQnane_; uno [.LLUV ui\,i\,n) [.LLU ui\,i\,uyn [.LoQcpne_; rou euaroQ£U[.Lu'toe_;. M£XQLe_; £ow, uirtri n OLUOLJ<uaiu o£v £:rttCP£Q£L nUQu [.LLU ui\,i\,uyn [.LoQcpne_; ornv uv'tui\,i\,uJ<'tLJ<n u~iu J<L errouevox; auv£nuy£'tuL uV'tui\,i\,uyn [.L£'tu~u LaOOUVU[.LWV, edv 'to qxnvouevo mrro £J<'tui\,iaa£'tm crmv LouvLJ<n rou [.LoQcpn. IIQuy[.Lu'tL, 'tU

cf>PHNTPIX ENrKEA~

£~ltoQ£l)~a'ta urrooouv va ltouAnBouv ce ·tL~£'!; BLacpoQ£'tLK£'!; alto mv a~La 'tOU'!; aAAci mrro Ba oriuorvs ~La ltaqa~Laan 'tOU vouou rnc £~ltoQ£V~a'tLKn'!; aV'taAAayn,!;. LTnV LBavLKn ~oQCPn rnc, eLVat ~La av'taAAayn taoBuvcittwv KL £ltO~£vw'!; B£v alto't£AeL ~£ao yta vn ltAou'tLa£L KaVeL'!; (a. 171).

Alto £Bw ltQOKUlt't£L 'to AciBo,!; OAWV £K£LVWV rrou ltQoaltaBouv va ltaqaa'tnaouv rnv KUKAocpoQLa £~ltoQ£v~ci'twv ouv ltnyn Ult£Qa~La'!;. Condillac (a. 171), Newman (a. 172).

A'!; ultoB£aou~£ o~w'!; ltW'!; n av'taAAayn B£v £K'tuALaa£'taL crnv LBavLKn ~oQCPn me, BnAoon O'tL B£v aV'taAAciaaov'tat taoBuv~a. A'!; ultoB£aou~£ ltW'!; 0 KciB£ ltWAmn'!; ltouAcin 'to £~ltoQ£u~ci 'tou Ka'tci 10% ltcivw alto rnv a~La 'tou. Ttrroru B£v aAAci~£L. EKeLVO rrou 0 KaB£va'!; K£QBL~£L w'!; ltWAmn'!;, 'to XciV£L em auv£X£La w'!; ayoQaa'tn'!;. ELVat cov vn ciAi\,a~£ altAw'!; n a~La 'tou XQ~a'to'!; Ka'tci 10%, BnAaBn ouv OL ovoQaa't£'!; v' ayoQa~av 'to, rtdvru Ka'tci 10% Kci'tw alto TnV a~La roue (a. 173, Torrens a. 174).

o taxuQta~o'!; ltW'!; n Ult£Qa~La vevvierru alto ~La civoBo rcov 'tL~WV, ltQoUltOB£'t£L ltW'!; UltUQX£L ~La 'tci~n rrou ayoQci~£L aAAci B£v ltoUAci£L, BnAaBn atou Ka'tavaAWv£L aAAci B£v ltaqciY£L, ~La 'tci~n rrou Tn'!; ltaq£X£'taL aa't~ci'tma BWQ£civ XQn~a. To vn ltOUAaeL KaVeL'!; £~ltoQ£u~a'ta ltcivw alto mv a~La 'tOU'!; a' au'tn rnv 'tci~n, an~aLv£L 0'tL ltaLQv£L ruoro ~£ rrrtrrrecovui tva ~£Qo'!; 'tou XQ~a'to'!; atou Tn'!; £X£L BoB£L BWQ£civ. (MLKQci Aotc Kat pw~n). KL o~W'!;, £~alta'tn~vo'!; ltaqa~£v£L ltciv'to't£ o ltWAn'tn,!; KaL B£v ~ltoQeL va ltAou'tLa£L It£Qtaao't£Qo, Bni\,aBn B£v ~ltoQeL v' ccrroorrdcer Ult£Qa~La.

A'!; ltUQOU!L£ mv It£QLlt'twan Tn'!; £~altci'tnan'!;. 0 A ltouAci£L orov B KQaaL a~La'!; 40£, tt£ aV'tcii\,i\,ay~a a'tUQL a~La'!; 50£.

o A K£QBLa£ IO£. 'O~w'!; 0 A KL 0 B ~a~L £Xouv uovov go£.

o A £X£L 50 KL 0 B uovo 40. A~La ~£'ta~L~ciaTnK£, aAAci B£v Bn~LOuQyn&K£' l'1£v ~ltoQeL AOLltOV n K£cpaAaLOKQa'tLKn 'tci~n, W'!; ouvoxo, oe KciltOLa XWQa, va £~alta'tci 'tOY ecuro rnc (a. 176).

Erroueveoc; av £XOU~£ av'taAAayn taoBuvci~wv, rore B£v

~YN01pH TOY «KECl>AAAIOY»

ltQOJ<:Ult't£L J<:a[L[.wi Ult£Qasia. KL uv B£v av'taMcWaov'tat WO- 5UvU[.Ia, miAL B£v ltQOJ<:Ult't£L Ult£Qasia. H £[LltoQ£U[La'"CLJ<:n J<:UJ<:AocpoQia B£v Bn[LtouQyEi J<:a[L[LLa J<:aLvouQYLa asia.

I'i' carro 'to AOYO B£v £s£'taSou[L£ £Bw '"CLe; ltaALo't£Q£e; J<:at rno yvwa't£e; [LoQcp£e; J<:£cpal\aiou, 'to £[LltOQLJ<:O J<:at 'to 't0J<:0- YAUCPLJ<:O J<:£cpaAato. Av teen n avalt'tusn 'tou £[LltOQLJ<:OU J<:£cpaAaiou B£v £sny£i'taL [L£ rnv altAn £saltaman, [Lae; l\£iltouV ltOAAOi £vBLci[L£aOL J<:QiJ<:OL rrou cerrurrotrvtru YLa mv £Q[LnvEia tnc, To iBto J<:L aJ<:o[La It£Qwao't£Qo WXU£L YLa 'to 'tOJ<:0YAUCPLJ<:O J<:aL 'to 'toJ<:ocpoQo J<:£cpaAatO. eO, BOU[L£ UQyo't£Qa ltWe; rooo 'to £[LltOQLJ<:O ooo xru 'to 'toJ<:ocpoQo J<:£cpaAato EiVat ltUQaywy£e; [LoQcp£e;, J<:at {1a £s£'tcWOU[L£ YLa'ti £[Lcpavisov'tat w'toQLJ<:a ltQLV alto 'to aUYXQovo J<:£cpaAato.

Ll£isa[L£ ltWe; n ult£Qasia B£v [LltoQEi vu ltnyaS£L alto mv J<:uJ<:AocpoQia. Mrirtcoc O[LWe; ltnyaS£L alto J<:MOU aAAou £sw alto mrniv; 'Esw alto mv J<:uJ<:AocpoQia, 0 J<:a'toxoe; £[LltoQ£u[La'toe; £ivaL 0 altAOe; ltUQaywyoe; rou J<:at n asia rou eurroQ£u[La'toe; rou £sUQ'ta'tat alto mv arooomru 'tne; BLJ<:ne; 'tou £Qyaaiae;, srou £[Llt£QL£X£'taL a' ouro J<:aL n orrotc [L£'tQL£'tat aU[Lcpwva [L' tva J<:a{1oQw[L£VO J<:OLVWVLJ<:O VO[Lo. Atrrri n asia £J<:cpQaS£'tat [L£ 'to UltOAoYW'tLJ<:O XQn[La, It·x· [L£ [LLU '"CL[Ln IO£. 'O[LWe; n asia mrrri B£v etvoi 'tamoXQova [LLa asia II£. H £Qyaaia 'tou Bn[LtouQyEi asi£e;, aAAa 0XL asiEe; rrou mrro£ltausavov'tat. MltoQEi vc ltQoa{1£a£L It£Qwao't£Qn asia ornv nBn ultUQxouaa, aAAa au'to aU[L~aiV£L [LOVO [Liaa alto rnv ltQoa{1wn It£Qwao't£Qne; £Qyaaiae;. Errouevo»; 0 £[LltoQ£u[La'toltUQaywyoe; B£v [LltoQ£i vu ltUQaS£L ult£Qasia £sw alto rn acpaiQa me; J<:uJ<:AocpoQiae;, XWQie; vc £Q{1£L a' errozpri [L£ aAAOUe; J<:a'toxoue; £[LltoQ£u[La'twv.

To J<:£cpal\ato ltQ£lt£L AOLltOV vo, Y£WL£'tat alto 'to £[LltoQw[La, aAAa 0XL [L£aa 0'[0 £[LltoQ£u[La (a. 178).

AQa: n [L£'ta'tQoltn 'tou XQn[La'toe; oe J<:£cpaAato ltQ£lt£L va £snyn{1Ei [L£ ~aan rooc ww't£Qoue; VO[LOUe; 'tne; aV'"CaAl\ayne; £[LltoQw[La'twv, [L£ mv aV'"CaAAayn woBuva[Lwv vo XQnat[L£U£L oov acp£'tnQia. OL J<:a'toxoL rou XQn[La'toe; rrou UltUQouv aJ<:o[La

cf>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

!10VO ouv £KKol\a:rn:O!1£VOL K£cpaAaLOKQ<i'!:£e;, ELVat avaYKaa!1EVOL V' ayoQa~ouv 'to, £!1:rtOQ£V!1a'ta roue crnv asCa roue, va 'to, :rtWAOVV cmv asCa 'toue; KL O!1We; oro 'tEAOe; 'tne; 8La8LKaaCae; va EXOUV urroorrdost :rt£QLam)'"(£Qn asCa cerr' oon EXOUV errev- 8va£L. H !1£'ta!1oQcpwan 'toue; cerro XQuaaAC8£e; oe :rt£'taAov8£e; :rtQE:rt£L vu auv't£A£a't£C am acpaCQa rnc KUKAocpoQCae;, aAAa 0XL !1Eaa ce oarniv. AU'toC ELVat OL OQOL 'tou :rtQo~An!1a'toe;. Hie Rhodus, hie salta! [I80v n Po80e;, L80v Kat 'to :rtn8n!1a] (a. 178-179).

ArOPA KAI IIQAHI:H THI: EPrAI:IAKHI: ilYNAMHI:

H aAAayn me; asCae; roo XQn!1U'toe; rrou :rtQOK£L'tat vo, uero'tQa:rtEL ce K£cpaI\aLO, 8£v !1:rtoQd vc auV't£A£L'taL !1Eaa oro C8LO 'to XQn!1a, 8LO'tL 'to XQn!1a we; !1EaOV ayoQa:rtwAnaCae; :rtQaY!1a'tWV£L !1ovaxa 'tnv 'tL!1n rou £!1:rtoQ£V!1U'toe;, £vw orcv :rtaga!1EVEL a:rtAwe; XQn!1a 8£v aAAa~£L 'to !1Ey£Boe; 'tne; asCae; 'tou. Arro rnv aAAn, cmv :rtWAnan !1£'ta'tQE:rt£L a:rtAwe; 'to £!1:rtoQ£u!1a cerro -mv qruoucri !1oQcpn rou am XQn!1a'tLKn rou !1oQcpn. I:uv£:rtwe; n aAl\ayn :rtQE:rt£L vu auV't£A£L'tat oro £!1:rtOQ£U!1a rnc osiQae; X-E-X. 'OXL O!1We; rrmv av'taAI\aK'tLKn rou asCa, erpooov av'taAAaaaov'taL La08vva!1a. Mrroqet va :rtnya~£L !10VOV cerro rnv asCa XQnane; KaB' ernrrri, 8nl\a8n cerro rnv KU'tavaAwan 'tou. Tt' au'to 'to mcorro a:rtat't£L'taL Eva £!1:rtoQ£U!1a, rrou n asCa XQnane; 'tou EX£L rnv L8Lo'tn'ta vo, dvat :rtnyn aV'taAAaK'tLKne; asCae;. Aoro 'to £!1:rtoQ£u!1a U:rtUQX£L :rtQaY!1a'tL Kat dvat n £QyamaKn 8Uva!1n (a. 179-180).

Ito. vu ~QCaK£L O!1We; 0 L8LOK'tn'tne; 'tou XQn!1a'toe; 'tnv £12- voouncri 8Uva!1n oov Eva £!1:rtoQ£U!1a ornv ayoQa, au'tn Ba :rtQE:rt£L vu :rtWA£L'tat cerro 'tOY Ka'toxo 'tne;. IIQE:rt£L 8nl\a8n vn dvat £A£vB£Qn £QyamaKn 8Uva!1n. Eqiooov, we; aU!1~aAAO!1£Va !1EQn, 0 ayoQaa'tne; Kat 0 :rtWAn'tne; dvaL Kat at 8uo VO!1LKWe; Caa :rtQoaw:rta, n £QyamaKn 8vva!1n :rtQE:rt£L va :rtwAd'tat :rtQo-

I:YNOWH TOY «KEcf>AAAIOY»

aWQLvu KaL lLOVO - O£OOlL£VOU on ce lLLa nwi\nan rrou o£v £LvaL nQoawQLvn, 0 nwi\mne; o£v naga[Ltv£L nwi\mne; ai\i\u yivercu au'toe; 0 iOLOe; £lLnoQ£ulLa. Tore OlLWe;, 0 KU'tOXOe; me; £QyamaKne; ovvalLne; o£v lLnoQEL vu noui\un £lLnoQ£vlLa'ta a'ta orroto £vaagKwv£'taL n £QyamaKn rou ovvalLn, ai\i\u OCP£Li\£L lLui\i\ov va noui\un rnv iOLa rou rnv £QyamaKn ovvalLn oov £lLnoQ£wa (a. 181).

[La vc lL£'ta'tQan£i i\OLnov 'to XQnlLa rou ce K£cpui\aLO, 0 KU'tOXOe; rou XQnlLa'toe; nQ£nn va ~QiaK£L cmv ayoQu 'tOY £A£vB£Qo £Qya~olL£vo - £A£vB£Qo ue oLni\n evvoic: ouv tva £A£vB£Qo uvBQwno atou lLnoQEL vc oLaB£'t£L mv £QyamaKn 'tou ovvalLn we; OLKO 'tou £lLnoQ£ulLa' Kat onv evov uvBQwno rrou o£v £X£L ui\i\a £lLnoQ£vlLa'ta vu noui\na£L, o£v £X£L O£alLOVe;, ELVat ccrrooeoueouevoc cerro KaB£'ti rrou XQ£LU~£'tat YLa mv nQaYlLu'twan me; £QyamaKne; rou 0VvalLne; (a. 181-182).

Ac rrooue naQ£vB£'tLKU nwe; n ux£an lL£'ta~v rou Ka'toxou XQnlLa'toe; KaL 'tou Ka'toxou £QyamaKne; ovvalLne; o£v £ivat lLLa rpuoucri ux£an, oiire lLLa KOLvwvLKn ux£an KOLvn nvd roue atwv£e;, ai\M lLLa La'toQLKn ux£an, nQoLov noi\i\wv OLKOVOlLLKWV errcvcordceorv. To iOLO LUXV£L Kat YLa 'tLe; OLKOVOlLLK£e; iccernYOQi£e;, srou £~£'tuaalL£ we; £ow Kat CP£Qouv rnv acpQayioa 'tne; LCJ'toQiae; 'toue;. 'Eva nQo'Cov yiv£'tat £lLnoQ£ulLa lLOVO uv rtuQaxB£i ouv ulLWO lL£aov £m~iwane;. H lLu~a 'twv rrootovcov lLnoQ£L vn n<iQ£L rnv £lLnoQ£ulLa'tLKn lLoQcpn lLOVO lL£aa a' evov LOLai't£Qo 'tQono naQaywyne;, 'tOY K£cpaAaLOKQa'tLKo 'tQono nagaywyne;, nag' 071,0 rrou n £lLnoQ£ulLa'tLKn nagaywyn KaL KUJ<i\ocpoQia lLnoQOVV va i\alL~uvouV XWQa aKolLa KL £K£L orrou n lLu~a rcov nQo'Cov'twv o£v yiv£'tat rrore £lLnoQ£vlLa'ta. IIaQolLOLa, 'to XQnlLa lLnoQ£L va un<iQX£L oe oi\£e; £KELV£e; 'tLe; n£QLOOOUe; rrou £cp'taaav a' tva OQLalL£VO ernrreoo eurrooeulLa'tLKne; KUJ<i\ocpoQiae;' OL LOLai't£Q£e; XQnlLanK£e; lLOQcp£e;, cerro 'to ani\6 LCJ00VValLO £we; 'to rrovicootuo XQnlLa, nQoDnoB£'touv oLucpoQa £nin£oa avun'tu~ne;. Qa'toao, lLLa £i\uXLCJ'ta nven'tuYlL£vn KUKi\ocpoQia £lLnoQ£UlLu'tWV lLnoQEL va 'tLe; vevvrioei oi\£e;. Arrevcvucc, 'to K£cpui\aLO ~£nnou£L lLOVO KU'tW cerro rnv

cf>PHNTPIX ENrKEAI:

ltUQaltcivw ltQoDltoB£an Kt aunt n ltQoDltoBwn It£QtKJ\eLV£t !l£aa 'me; rnv ltaYKOa!lta w'tOQLa (a. 182-183).

H £QyamaKn 8uva!lri ELVat !lta av'taAAaK'ttKn a~La rrou, OltWe; n av'taAAaK'tLKn a~La oAwv 'twv £!lltoQw!l<i'twv, KaBoQL~£'tat alto 'to XQovo £QyaaLae; rtou altat't£L'tat yta rnv rtuQaywyn me, ciQa Kat yta 'tnv avaltUQaywyn me, H a~La 'me; £QyamaKne; 8UvU!!ne; ELVat n a~La rcov uecorv £1tL~LWane;, rrou ELVat altUQaL'tn'ta yta m ouvrriqnon rou t8LOK'tn'tn 'tne; - 8nAa8n yta vn ouvmoerrca rooo ooo vn !lltOQEL vu 80UA£U£L. Auro £~aQ'tci'tat alto 'to KAL!la, 'tLe; cpumK£e; ouvfnucec, K.Alt., aAAci ict alto 'to 8£80!l£VO W'tOQtKO £ltLlt£80 ~wne; KciB£ XWQae; Kat KciB£ w'tOQtKne; It£Qt080u. ElttltAtov, n ouvrriqnori rou It£QtAa!l~civ£t 'to, !l£aa ouvrriononc oorov £~UQ'twv'tat alto au'tOY (It.X. 'to, ltat8tci rou), ltQOK£t!l£VOU vn 8tatWVL~£'tat n cpuAn au'twv 'twv t8to!loQcpwv Ka'toxwv £!lltoQ£u!la'toe;. No, ltQoaB£oooue Kat 'to Koa'tOe; rnc £KltaL8wane; yta rnv £~£t8tK£U!l£Vn £QyaaLa (a. 183-184).

To £Acixw'to OQLO 'tne; a~Lae; 'tne; £QyamaKne; 8Uva!lne; ELVat n a~La rcov cpumKci avaYKaLwv !liawv £1tL~LWane;. Av n 'tt!ln rnc £QyamaKne; 8uva!lne; It£a£t Kci'tw alto curo 'to £Acixw'to, ro're It£cp't£t Kci'tw alto mv a~La me, 8to'tL n a~La 'tne; £QyamaKne; 8uva!lne; ltQoDltoB£'t£t KaVOVtKn Kat OXt cpBLvouaa rroiomrc £QyamaKne; 8uva!lne; (a. 185).

H qnion rnc £QyaaLae; £X£t we; £ltaKoAouBo 'to y£yovoe; 0'tL n £QyamaKn 8uva!ln avaAwv£'tat !lOVOV !l£'tci rn ouvcapn rou aU!l~oAaLou. Kat KaBwe; 'to XQn!la £LVat auvnBwe; 'to !liaov ltAnQw!lne; yt' aU'to 'to £!lltoQ£u!la oe oA£e; 'tLe; XWQ£e; OltOU £1tLKQa'tEL 0 K£cpaAatoKQa'tLKoe; 'tQOltOe; ltUQaywyne;, ercn Kt n £QyamaKn 8UvU!!n ltAnQwv£'tat !lOVOV acpou ltQonyou!l£VWe; £X£t avaAwBEL. Errouevox, rrovrou 0 £Qya~o!l£voe; ltW'tWV£L 'tOY K£cpaAaLOKQci'm (a. 187).

H 8ta8tKaaLa avciAwane; 'tne; £QyamaKne; 8uva!lne; ELVat 'tau't0XQova n 8tOOtKaaLa ltaQaywyne; £!lltoQ£u!lci'twv Kat urrsQa~Lae;, Kt au'tn n avciAwan auV't£A£L'tat £~w alto m acpaLQa 'tne; KUKAocpoQLae; (a. 188).

MEPOL TPITO

H IIAPAfnfH THL AIIOAYTHL YIIEPA3IAL

H EPf ALIAKH MA~IKALIA KAI

H ~IAMKALIA IIAPAfnfHL YIIEPA3IAL

o ayoQ(w'tne; rnc £QyamaKne; OtJvap,ne; mv KmavaAwv£L ~a~ov-rae; rov nWAmn 'tne; vn 50Ui\t'ljJ£L. Au'tn n £Qyaaia, rrou yiv£'tat [L£ otcorro mv naQaywyn £[LnoQ£U[La'twv, naQaY£L Ka'tUQxnv asi£e; XQnane; KaL we; nQoe; au'tn mv L5Lo'tma me; eivaL aV£sUQ'tmn cerro mv L5LaL't£Qn axEan [L£'tasu K£cpaAaLOKQa'tn KL £Qya~o[L£VOU ... II£QLYQacpn me; £QyamaKne; 5La5LKaaiae; KaB' wU'tne; (a. 190-197).

H £QyamaKn 5La5LKaaia oe [LLa K£cpaAaLOKQa'tLKn nUQaywyn nUQouma~£L 5uo L5LO[LoQcpa XUQaK'tnQLanKa:

I) 0 £Qya~o[L£voe; 50UA£U£L Ka'tw cerro rov EA£yxO rou K£cpai\aLOKQa'tn'

2) 'to nQo'Lov rrou nUQaY£L £ivat L5LOK'tnaia rou K£cpaAaLoKQa'tn, 5£5o[LEVOU on n £QyamaKn 5La5LKaaia eiVat ni\tov anOKAeLa'tLKa Kat [LOVO [LLa 5La5LKaaia [L£'tasu 5uo ttoavuamov, 'to, orroto EX£L ayoQaa£L 0 K£cpaAatOKQa'tne;: 'tne; £QyamaKne; 5uva[Lne; KaL rcov [LEaWV nUQaywyne; (a. 198).

'O[Lwe; 0 K£cpaAaLOKQame; 5£v BEA£L yw itoyagLaap,o TOU mv nUQaY0[L£vn asia XQnane;. Tn BEA£L [LOVO we; cpoQEa aV'CaititaKTuai~ a~ia~ Kat £L5LKO't£Qa un£Qasiae;. Krrtco cerro au'tn rn rnrvfrrucn, onwe; 'to £[LnoQ£U[La eiVat [LLa evomru asiae; XQnane; KL av-raAAaK'tLKne; asiae;, E'tm KL n £Qyaaia yiv£'tat cerro mv

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

nM:uQa 'tn'!; [LLa evomro 'tn'!; nagaYWYLKn'!; 8La8LKaaia,!; Kat 'tn'!; 8La8LKaaia,!; nagaywyn'!; asia'!; (a. 199).

IIQ£n£L I\OLnov va £s£'taaou[L£ rnv rrooomrc £Qyaaia,!; rrou £vaw[La'twv£'tat oro nQoi:ov.

A'!; nUgoq.L£ yta naga8ny[La 'to vriuo, A'!; unoB£aou[L£ nw'!; YLa vo 'to CP'tLasOU[L£, XQ£La~ov'tat 10 l\i~Q£,!; ~a[L~aKL rrou Koa'ti~ouv 10 a£l\ivLa, KaL £Qyal\eia 80ul\£La,!; (rrou n cpBoQa rooc eiVat uvurroqieincm Ka'ta 'to KI\Wat[LO, nQaY[La rrou £8w ovo[La~ou[L£ [L£ ouvtouto; «cpBag[L£vn [La~a a8QaX'tL01J,,) rrou Koa'ti~ouv 2 a£l\ivLa. To, [L£aa nagaywyn'!; curou rou nQoi:ovroc Koa'ti~ouv I\omov 12 a£l\ivLa, rrou n£QLl\a[L~aVouv:

I) 'to nQoi:ov rtou £YLV£ [LLa nQaY[La'tLKn asia XQnan'!;, 8nl\a8n 'to vn[La YLa 'to naga8£Ly[La [La'!;, Kat

2) 'tOY KOLvwvLKa avaYKaio XQovo £Qyaaia'!;, rrou £[Ln£QL£X£'tat a' au'ta 'to, £Qyal\eia 80ul\£La,!;.

TL nQoa'tiB£'taL oe au'ta [L£ m 80ul\£La rou Kl\wai[La'to,!;; E8w £s£'ta~£'tat n £QyaataKn 8La8LKaaia Ka'tw cerro [LLa 't£l\eiw'!; 8LacpoQ£'tLKn orrtucri ywvia. Meou ornv asia 'tou nQoi:ono,!;, OL £Qyaai£'!; 'tou ~U[L~aKoKaI\I\L£Qyn'tn, rou Ka'taaK£uaa'tn 'tou a8Qax'tLOu, J<.l\n., KaBw,!; KaL 'tou Kl\wa'tn, eivaL aU[L[L£'tQ£,!;, atotcrucd iaa [L£Qn 'tn'!; vevucric avBQwnLvn'!; £Qyaaia'!; rrou eivaL avaYKaia YLa rnv nagaywyn asia'!;. Errouevox; urrooouv va 8LaKQLBouv [L£'tasu 'tou'!; [LOVO nOLO'tLKa Kat YL' au'to 'to I\oyo urrooouv va aUYKQLBouv [L£'tasu roue rrooorucd [L£ ~aan m XQovLKn 8LUgK£La, n orrotc £X£L va Kav£L [L£ 'tOY KOLvwvLKa avaYKaio XQovo £Qyaaia'!;, rrou [LOVO aU'to,!; naQaY£L asia.

A'!; unoBeaou[L£ nw'!; n asia [LLa'!; £Qyaat[Ln'!; n[LeQa'!; eiVat 3 a£l\ivLa, O'tL av'tLnQoawn£u£L 6 wQ£'!; £Qyaaia'!; KL O'tL nagaYOV'taL 1% l\i~Q£'!; vn[La'to'!; rnv wQa. L'tL'!; 6 wQ£'!; £Qyaaia'!; Ba £XOU[L£ 1\0Lnov 10 l\i~Q£'!; vn[La'to'!; cerro 'tL'!; 10 l\i~Q£'!; ~a[L~aKLOU $1\. naganavw). Errouevroc, a'tL'!; 6 wQ£'!; £X£L nQoa't£B£i asia 3 a£I\Lviwv KaL n asia 'tou nQoi:ono,!; Ba eivaL 15 a£l\ivLa (10+2+3 adivLa) n 1,5 a£l\ivL YLa KaB£ l\i~Qa vriuceroc.

L'tnv n£Qin'twan O[Lw'!; mrtri, 8£v unUgX£L un£Qasia KL mrto 8£v £X£L Kav£va vonuo YLa 'tOY K£cpal\aLOKQa'tn. (H uno-

l:YNOWH TOY «KECl>AAAIOY»

KQWLa rnc xu5aLae; OLl<OVO~oi\OYLae;, a. 204).

Y"Jto{}£a~E "Jtwe; n aSLa 'tne; EQyamaKne; 5Uva~ne; ~lae; n~£Qae; rirov 3 aEi\Lvla, E"JtEl5n Evaw~a't(')vE'tat oe au'ta 'to Y, tne; EQyam~ne; ~£Qae;, 5ni\a5rt 6 WQEe;. To YEyovoe; o~we; "Jtwe; XQEla~E'tat uovo 'to Y, rnc EQyam~ne; ~Qae; Yla vc KQU'tna£l 'tov EQyatn em ~wn yLU 24 WQEe;, 5EV an~aLv£l Ka{}oi\ou "Jtwe; rov yi\U'tWV£l arr' 'to vu 50Ui\£UEl oi\oKi\nQn n~£Qa. H aSLa rnc EQyamaKne; 5uv~ne; Kat n aSLa mv orrotc "Jtagay£l, £LVat 5uo 5lacpoQE'tlK£e; rrocomrec. H XQnm~o'tn'ta rnc EQyamaKne; 5uva~ne; riruv a"Jti\we; ~la avaYKaLa ouvfhucn. Arroocotoruco o~we; etvoi: n l5laLTEQn aSLa XQnane; rnc EQyamaKne; 5Uva~ne; "JtQ£"JtEl v' a"Jto'tEi\£L rnv "Jtnyn "JtEQwao't£Qne; aV'tai\i\aK'tlKne; aSLae; cerro EK£Lvn rrou £X£l cerro uovn 'tne; (a. 206).

Errouevox; 0 £Qya~o~voe; 50Ui\£UEl 12 WQEe;, Ki\W{}El 20 i\L~Q£e; ~a~~aKLOU rrou Koa'tL~ouv 20 a£i\Lvla, ~£ 'to, a5QaX'tla va Koa'tL~ouv 4 a£i\Lvla Kat mv £QyaaLa rou va Koa'tL~£l 3 a£i\Lvla. LUVOi\O 27 aei\Lvla. 'O~we; oro "JtQo'Lov mrto £~"JtEQl£xov'tal: 4 n~£Q£e; £QyaaLae; ~£ 'tn ~oQCPn a5QaX'tlWv Kat ~~~aKLOU, ouv 1 n~Qa 50ui\£lae; 'tou Ki\watn, 'to auvoi\o 5 ~£Q£e; "JtQoe; 6 a£i\Lvla n uio, srou "JtaQayouv aSLa "JtQo'LoV'toe; 30 a£i\wLwv. 'Exou~£ i\OL"JtOV ~la U"Jt£QasLa 3 a£i\wLwv: 'to XQn~a ~£'ta'tQa"JtnK£ oe K£cpai\ato. (a. 207). 'Erot i\u{}nKav Oi\Ol 01 OQOl rou "JtQo~M~a'toe;. (AE"Jt'tO~£Qwe;, a. 206-207).

Qe; 5LU5lKaaLa "Jtagaywyne; aSLae;, n £QyamaKn 5la5lKaaLa YLV£'tat 5l00lKaaLa "Jtagaywyne; U"Jt£QasLae; ~£awe; ~oi\le; agXLa£l vn E"JtEK't£Lv£'tal "Jt£Qa cerro 'to onueio £K£LVO orrou rmQaY£l a"Jti\we; ton aSLa ue tnv aSLa "Jti\nQw~ne; tne; EQyamaKne; 5Uva~ne;.

H 5la5lKaaLa "Jtagaywyne; aSLae; 5lacp£QEl cerro rnv a"Jti\n £QyaalaKn 5la5lKaaLa we; "JtQoe; 'to ou n 5£u't£Qn £s£'t<i~£'tat uovov ttourtuai, Kat uovo oro ~a{}~o rrou E~"JtEQt£X£l KOlveovucd avaYKaLo XQovo EQyaaLae; (a. 208). A£"Jt'tO~£Q£l£e;, a. 207-208.

Qe; evomtu £QyamaKne; 5la5lKaaLae; Kat 5la5lKaaLae; rruQaywyne; aSLae;, n "JtagaywYlKn 5LU5lKaaLa etvcn "Jtagaywyn

Cl>PHNTPIX ENrKEA~

qLTIOQ£U!la:rwv. Q'!; evo-mro £QyamaJ<rL'!; OLaOLJ<aOta'!; xcn OLaOLJ<aOta'!; TIaQaywYrL'!; UTI£Qa~ta'!;, n TIagaYWYLJ<rL OLaOLJ<aOta eLVat n OLaOLJ<aata rnc J<£cpaAatOl<Qa'tLJ<rL,!; TIaQaywYrL'!; £!lTIOQ£U!l<i'twv (0. 209).

AvaywYrL rnc ovvBnn'!; £Qyaota'!; oe aTIArL £Qyaata (0. 209- 211).

LTAElEPO KAI METABAHTO KEAAAIO

H £QyamaJ<rL OLaOLJ<aOta TIQOOB£'t£L v£a a~ta oro av'tLJ<eL!l£VO 'tn'!; £Qyaota'!;. Taun)XQova O!lw'!;, !lna~L~a~£L mv a~ta 'twv £QyaAetwv 'tn'!; £Qyao(a'!; oro TIQOLOV J<L £'tm m oLa'tnQeL, TIQooB£'tov'ta,!; 'tou aTIAw'!; v£a a~(a. Auro 'to OLTIAO aTIo't£AW!la £TIL'tuyxav£'taL !l£ 'tov £~rL'!; 'tQOTIo: 0 £LoLJ<a XQrLm!lo,!; TIatO'tLJ<o,!; xagaJ<'trLQa,!; 'tn'!; £Qyaota'!; !l£'ta'"CQ£TI£L !lLa a~ta XQrLon,!; oe !lLav aAAn J<L etrn oLa'tnQeL rnv a~ta' cerro 'tnv aAAn O!lw'!;, 0 acpnQn!l£va Y£VLJ<O'!;, 0 TIOOO'tLJ<O,!; xaQaJ<'trLQa'!; 'tn'!; £Qyaota'!; TIOU TIagaY£L a~ta, TIQOOB£'t£L a~ta (0. 213).

IIaQao£LY!la. A'!; UTIoB£oou!1£ TIW'!; n TIaQaywYLJ<o'tma 'tn'!; J<AWO'tLJ<rL,!; £Qyaota'!; £~aTIAama~£'tat !l£ J<aTIotOv 'tQOTIo. Q'!; XQrLm!ln (TIatO'tLJ<rL) £Qyaota ounnQeL orov tOtO XQovo 6 cpoQ£'!; TI£Qtaoo't£Qa £QYaAeLa OOUAeLa,!;. IIQooB£'t£L O!lw'!; !lOVO rnv tOLa v£a a~ta, OTIw'!; TIQonyou!l£vw'!;. AQa oe J<aB£ pound VrL!la'"Co,!; £!lTI£QL£X£'tat !lOVO 'to 1/6 'tn'!; v£a,!; a~ta'!;, TIOU TIQoo't£&J<£ TIQonyou!l£vw'!;. Lav £Qyao(a TIOU TIagaY£L a~ta, o£v TI£'tuxatV£L J<a'tL TI£Qtaoo't£Qo aTI' O,'tL TIQLV (0. 214). ATI£vanta'!; oU!l~atV£L 'to antB£'to uv n TIagaYWYLJ<O'tn'ta 'tn'!; J<AWO'tLJ<rL,!; £Qyaota'!; TIaQa!leLV£L tOLa aAAa au~nBeL n a~ta 'twv £QyaAeLWV (0. 215).

To, £QyaAeLa £Qyaota'!; !l£'ta~L~a~ouv oro TIQOLOV !lOVO £J<eLvn rnv a~ta TIOU xavouv 'to, tOLa w'!; TIagaywYLJ<a !l£oa (0. 215). Airro oU!l~atV£L oe OLacpOQOU'!; ~aB!lov'!;. To J<<iQ~ouvo, m ALTIaV'tLJ<a, KATI. avaAwvov'taL OAOOX£Qw'!; - at TIQw't£'!; VAL'!;

I:YNOIJIH TOY «KECl>AAAIOY»

JtaiQvouv lLLa v£a lLoQcpri. To, EQyaAEia, 'to, lLnxaVn[LQ,'ta, K.AJt., lLE'ta~L~U~OUV mv a~ia myu myu KaL ~a{}lLLaia, EVW n cp{}oQu 'tOU<; lLJtOQel va UJtOAOYLa'tel ElLJtELQLKU (a. 216-217). To EQyaAelO OWu<; JtaQa[L£V£L JtUV'tO'tE oAoKAnQo cmv EQyamaKn oLaoLKaaia. EJt0lL£VW<; 'to iow EQyaAelO lLE'tQU£L W<; OAOV lL£aa ornv EQyaataKn oLaoLKaaia, aAAu lLOVO Ka'tU £va lL£QO<; 'tou crm oLaOLKaaia JtQ,Qaywyn<; uJtEQa~La<;, lLE aJtot£AwlLa n oLacpoQu avulLEaa a' au't£<; 'tL<; ouo oLaoLKaaiE<; v' anavaKAu'taL EOW crooc UALK01J<; roue JtQ,QUyOV'tE<; (a. 217). Arrevcvrtco; at JtQW'tE<; VAE<;, rrou at lLOQCP£<; 'tou<; cp{}elQov'taL, lLJtaivouv lLEV OAOKAnQE<; am OLaOLKaaia JtQ,Qaywyn<; uJtEQa~ia<;, aAAu lLOVO Ka'tU £va lL£QO<; 'tou<; rrmv EQyamaKn OLaOLKaaia, OEOO[L£VOU on ElLcpavi~onaL oro JtQOLOV uetov rn cpvQa 'tou<; (a. 217- 218).

LE KalLlLLU JtEQiJttwan 0lLW<; OEV lLJtOQEL £va EQyaAelO oouAELU<; va lLE'ta~L~ua£L neoioooteon anaAAaKnKn a~ia cerro exetvn srou £XEL 'to iow: ornv EQyamaKn oLaoLKaaia oQa lLOVO ouv a~ia XQnan<; KL EJt0lL£VW<; lLJtOQel vu owaEL lLOVO rnv av'taAAaKnKn a~ia rrou elXE JtQLV lLJtEL a' mrtriv (a. 218).

Amn n OLa'tnQnan m<; a~ia<; aJtocp£QEL lLEYUAO K£QOO<; crov KEcpaAawKQU'tn XWQL<; vn rou Koati~EL rtrrorc (a. 219).

'Orro»; 0lLW<; 'to oEi~a[LE:, lLOVO n oLa'tnQnlL£vn a~ia errcveucpavi~E'tat rrtnv a~ia rou JtQOLoVtO<; Kat lLOVOV n EQyamaKn OLaOLKaaia JtQoa{}£'tEL v£a a~ia. ME MAo, AOYLa, JtQoa{}£tEL uJtEQa~ia rrmv KEcpaAaWKQa'tLKn JtQ,Qaywyn, onAaon 'to JtAeovooua 'tn<; a~ia<; rou JtQOLOV'tO<; oe ax£an lLE rnv a~ia rcov avaAwmlLwv a'tatXEiwv rou ([L£aa JtaQaywyn<; KL EQyamaKn ovvalLn) (a. 221).

M£XQL anYlLn<; £Xouv JtEQtyQacpel at lLOQCP£<; vJtQ,Q~n<;, 'tL<; OJtOiE<; JtaiQv£L n Q,QXLKn a~ia 'tou KEcpaAaLou orcv aJto~UAeL 'tn XQnlLanKn lLoQcpn rou Kat lLE'ta'tQaJtel orouc JtaQuyov'tE<; 'tn<; EQyamaKn<; OLaOLKaaia<;:

I) mv ayoQu rcov EQYaAelWV OOUAeLU<;' 2) tnv ayoQu rnc EQyamaKn<; ovvalLn<;.

LUVEJtW<;, 'to KECPUAatO rrou EJtEvovE'taL oe EQyaAela EQya-

q,PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

OLa~ bev t1£'Ca~ui\£L 'Co [.Iiy£Bo~ rnc aSLa~ 'COU Ka'Cu rnv TIUQaYWYLKn 8La8LKaoLa. Airro 'Co ovo[.L<i~OUt1£ l:TAElEPO K£cpui\mo.

To rrooocro TIOU £TI£v8u£'Cm O£ £QyamaKn 8uva[Ln 11£"Ca-

f3aititt:~ mv aSLa 'Cou Km TIaQuY£L:

I) m 8LKn rou aSLa' 2) mv UTI£QasLa.

Auto 'CO OVO[LU~OUt1£ METABAHTO K£cpui\mo (0. 221).

To K£cpui\mo etvrn o'CaB£Qo [LOVO O£ axton [L£ rnv L8LaL'C£Qn TIaQaywYLKn 8La8LKaoLa, Ka'Cu mv OTIOLa 8£v [L£'Ca~ui\i\£'Cm. MTIOQ£L va ouvLo'Ca'CaL ui\i\o'C£ O£ TI£Qwoo'C£Qa KL ui\i\o'C£ O£ i\LY0'C£Qa £Qyai\da 80Ui\£LU~' [LTIoQd £TILOn~ 'C' ayoQao[.liva £Qyai\da v' aSL~ouv TI£Qwoo'C£Qo ri i\LYO'C£QO, O[LW~ ouro 8£v £TInQ£u~£L rn axton 'COU~ [L£ rnv TIUQaywYLKn 8La8LKaoLa (0. 222-223). IIUQo[LOLa, [LTIoQd v' ai\i\us£L 'Co TIOOOa'CO a'C0 OTIOLO tva 8£80[L£vo K£cpui\mo UTI08LmQ£L'CaL O£ o'CaB£Qo (0) xru O£ t1£'Ca~i\mo ([L) K£cpui\mo, O[LW~ O£ KuB£ TI£QLTI'Cwon 'Co 0 TIaQa[L£v£L o:caB£QO Km 'Co [L [L£'Ca~i\mo (0. 223).

TO IIOLOLTO THL YIIEPA3IAL

(K£cpui\mo) K = 500£ = 4 torr + gOll

L'CO 'C£i\o~ rnc £QyamaKn~ 8La8LKaoLa~, ornv OTIOLa 'Co II t1£'Ca'CQ£TI£'CaL 0' £QyamaKn 8uvU[,Ln, £xout1£: 4IOa+goll+9ou=5go [OTIOU u=UTI£QaSLa].

A~ UTIoB£oou[L£ TIW~ 'Co a aTIo'C£i\£L'Cm cerro 312£ TIQW'C£~ ui\£~, 44£ ~onBmLK£~ ui\£~ icrn 54£ cpBoQu rcov [Lnxavn[Lu'Cwv: 'Co ouvoao 41O£. A~ TIou[L£ TIW~ oitoKitnen n aSLa rtov [Lnxavnumxov dvm 1.054£. Av au'Cn n aSLa XQnaL[LoTIOLnBd O'CO avvoito rnc, 'C0'C£ Ba £xou[L£ O£ K<iB£ TI£QLTI'Cwon 1.410£ a, £vw n UTI£QasLa Ba TIUQ£t1£v£ go£ OTIW~ xrn TIQw (0. 225).

Eoooov n aSLa rou a saVa£[LcpavL~£'CaL O'CO TIQOLOV, n aSLa rou TIQOLOV'CO~ TIOU TIaLQvOUt1£ 8Lacp£Q£L cerro 'Cnv aSLa TIOU

l:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

onlLwuQyrWnJ<£ J<O:tU tn OLUOLJ<UmU. Aurri £OW i\OLltOV O£V W01J"taL lL£ a+{I+v, ui\i\u ue {I+V. Elt0lL£VWe; "to lL£y£Boe; rou a O£V £ltnQ£U~£L Ui\LJ<U m OLUOLJ<ua(u onlLwuQY(Ue; Ult£QU~(ue;, ciQu a=o (a. 226). To (ow aUlL~U(V£L crnv ltQu~n J<UL [L£ "tOV £lLltOQLJ<O Ultoi\OYWlLO, It.X. O"tUV Ultoi\oY(~OV"tUL "tU J<£Qon rtou £xn lLLU XWQU cerro m ~WlLnxuv(u "tne; u<pou u<paLQ£Bouv OL £WUYOlL£V£e; ltQw"t£e; ui\£e; (a. 226). Bi\. "tOV TOlLO III YLU "to rrooooro "tne; Ult£Qu~(ue; oro auvoi\LJ<O J<£<pui\UW. LUV£ltWe; "to rrooocro Ult£Qu~(ue; dVUL al{I, oni\uon go/go=roo% oro ltUQUO£LYlLU lLue;.

o XQovoe; £QyuaLue; J<U"tu rov OltOLOV 0 £QYU~OlL£vOe; UVUltUQUY£L tnv U~LU "tne; £QyumuJ<ne; rou ouvUlLne; -cs J<£<pui\aLOJ<QU"tLJ<£e; ri ce ui\i\£e; auvWJ<£e;-, dVUL n ANArKAIA EPrAl:IA. 0 ortotocorirrore £ltLlti\tov XQovoe; £QyuaLue;, rrou ltUQUY£L tnv Ult£QU~LU YLU "tov J<£<pui\aLoJ<Qu"tn, dVUL YllEPEPrAl:IA (a. 22g- 230). H Ult£QU~LU £LVUL UltoJ<Qua"tui\i\w[L£vn Ult£Q£QyuaLu J<UL lLoVOV n {Iogcpn {It: rnv oitoia astooraiica, OLU<POQOltOLd roue ltOLJ<Li\oue; J<OLVWVLJ<OUe; axnlLu"tWlLoue; (a. 22g).

IIUQuonylLU rou a<pui\lLU"tOe; va aUlLlt£QLi\~uvoulL£ "to a (Senior) (a. 235-24°).

To uBQOWlLU "tne; UVUYJ<ULUe; £QyuaLue; J<aL rnc Ult£Q£QyuaLue; WOU"tUL [L£ mv £QyumlLn n[L£Qu.

H EPfAnMH HMEPA

o UVUYJ<ULOe; £QyuaL[LOe; XQovoe; dVUL O£OolL£vOe;. H Ult£Q£QYuaLu [L£"ta~ui\i\£"taL, ui\i\u lL£au oe oQW[L£VU OQLU. Ll£V lLltoQd lto"t£ VU YLV£L lLno£vLJ<n, OLO"tL rore ltUU£L n J<£<pui\uWJ<Qu"tLJ<n ltUQuywyn. Ll£V lLltoQd vo <p"tua£L "tLe; 24 wQ£e; £~aL"tLUe; ~wi\OYLJ<WV OQLWV J<aL, £ltLlti\tov, "to uvorrcro OQLO "tne; rrdvrore £ltnQ£u~£"taL £~Laou urro n&J<oue; <pQuwoue;. 'OlLWe; ro OQLU uu"tu dVaL ltoi\u £i\ua"tLJ<u. H OLJ<ovolLLJ<n arrurmon dVaL O"tL n £QyumlLn nlL£QU O£v lLltOQ£L vn ltUQu"tuBd It£QU cerro tnv

cI>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

KUVOVLKn £SUV'tAnan 'tOU £Qyu'tn. TL dVUL O[.LW~ KUVOVLKO; E8w £XOU[.L£ [.LLU UV'tLVO[.LLU, :n:OU [.LOVOV n ~LU [.L:n:oQd vc Aua£L. Erro[.L£vw~: :n:uAn UVU[.L£au ornv £QYU'tLKn 'tusn KUL 'tnv K£<pUAaLOKQU'tLKn 'tusn YLU 'tOY :n:Qoa8LOQW[.LO rnc KUVOVLKn~ £Qyum[.Ln~ n[.L£Qu~ (a. 243-246).

H u:n:£Q£QyuaLu ce :n:Qonyou[.L£v£~ KOLVWVLK£~ £:n:oxt~. 'Ooo n UV'tUAAuK'tLKn USLU 8£v dVUL rno onucvrucri cerro tnv USLU XQnan~, n u:n:£Q£QyuaLu dVaL nrnoreon (:n:.X. rrrouc UQXULOU~). H u:n:£Q£QyuaLu rimv <PQLKw8n~ [.LOVO £Kd orrou :n:aguyo'tuv u[.Lwn UV-caAAuK'tLKn USLU (xQuao~ KL UarL[.LL) (a. 247). IIuQo[.LOLU, a'tL~ 80uAoK'tn'tLK£~ IIOAL'td£~ rnc A[.L£QLKn~ ornv dxu[.L£ [.LU~LKn :n:aguywyn ~U[.L~UKLOU YLU £suywyn. To L8LO KaL [.L£ mv uyyagdu, :n:.X. o-m POU[.LUVLU.

H uyyagdu aUYKQLv£'taL 't£A£LU [.L£ tnv K£<PUAULOKQu'tLKn £K[.L£'tuAAwan, 8LO'tL crnv uyyagdu n u:n:£Q£QyuaLu KuBoQL~£'tUL onv £VU~ Uu'tO't£An~ UVUYKua'tLKO~ £Qyum[.LO~ XQOVO~. 0 Kw8LKU~ «Reglement Organique» ern BAUXLU (a. 247-250).

OL uyyALKoL Factory Acts [NO[.LOL YLU 'tu Eovocrdota] dVaL agvn'tLKn £K<pQuan 'tn~ L8LU~ u:n:Ana'tLu~ YLU U:n:EQ£QyuaLu, UKQL~W~ o:n:w~ OL :n:Qonyou[.L£vOL rircv n B£'tLKn roue £K<PQUan.

OL FACTORY ACTS. 0 No[.LO~ rou 1850 (a. 251): 101, wQ£~ EQyuaLu~ -en [.L£Qu KaL 7 X wQ£~ 'to LU~~U'tO = 60 WQE~ rn ~80[.Lu8u. OL L8LOK'tn'tE~ 'twv [.LUAWV KEQ8L~OUV KI\t~OV'tU~ (a. 252-255).

KAu80L XWQL~ (n [.L£ £K 'tWV ua't£Qwv) VO[.LOBE'tLKO :n:£QLOQL-

a[.LO 'tn~ £K[.L£'tuAAwan~:

• LlUV't£AO:n:oiiu (a. 255)

• AYY£LO:n:AUa'tLKn (a. 256-258)

• IIaguywyn a:n:LQ'twv (a. 258)

• EQyoa'tumu 'tu:n:£'taUQLU~ (a. 258-260)

• Aororrouc (a. 260-265)

• LL8nQ08Qo[.LLKOL u:n:uAAnAm (a. 265)

• KU:n:£Aou8E~ (a. 266-267)

• LL8EQu8£~ (a. 267-268)

I:YNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

• EQyci:c£e; :n:OU ooul\£uouv tAiQU VUX'CU om tL£'Cai\i\OUQYLU Kat tn tL£'CUi\i\oPLOtLnXUVLU (a. 268-276).

Aurd 'CU vevovoru U:n:OO£LKVUOUV on 'Co K£<pUi\atO pAi:n:£L 'COV £Qyu~OtL£VO tL0VO ouv £QyuaLaKn ouvutLn, rtou oi\oe; 0 XQovoe; rou dvat £QyumtL0e; XQovoe; tL£XQLe; £~uV'Ci\na£we; tL£au a' £vu oQWtLEvO :n:i\uLmo· KL U:n:OO£LKVUOUV :n:we; OL K£<pUi\atOKQU'C£e; o£v VOLU~OV'Cat KuBoi\ou rrooo XQovo Bu ~na£L uu'Cn n £QyumuKn ouvutLn (a. 277-278).

Mrirrcoc 0tLWe; ouro uvnpuLv£L ore autL<P£QoV'Cu rou K£<pUi\uLOKQu'Cn; Ilwe; uV'CLKuBimu'Cat uU'Co :n:OD <pBdQ£'Cat YQnyoQU; To oQyuvwtAivo oOUl\£tL:n:OQLO rrro WW'C£QLKO rrov R.Il.A. £KUV£ OLKOV0tLLKO U~LWtLU tn YQnyoQn £~oV'Cwan rcov aKi\cipwv, o:n:we; UKQLPWe; auv£pn crnv EUQw:n:n tL£ 'Co u:n:oB£tLu £QYu'Cwv rrou :n:Qo£QX0V'Cuv cerro 'CLe; UYQO'CLK£e; :n:£QLOX£e;, J<.i\:n:. (a. 279). To «u:n:oB£tLu» cerro 'CU :n:'CwxoKotLdu (£QyumuKn ouvutLn rrou :n:UQ£X£'Cat cerro 'CU :n:'CWXOK0tL£LU) (a. 280-281). 0 K£<pUi\atOKQU'me; pAi:n:£L uovo 'Co tL0VLtLU oLuB£mtLo u:n:£Q:n:i\nBuatLo Kat tov £KtL£'CUi\i\£u£'Cat £~OV'CW'ClKU. Ti ta av a{3vae~ asrtoc a K6ap,0~; Apres moi le deluge [M£'Cu crro tL£VU 'Co xuoe;]! To K£<pUi\atO uOLu<poQd YLU mv uydu Kat 'Cn OLciQK£LU ~wne; rou £Qyu~OtL£VOU, £K'COe; KL nv n KOLVWVLU 'Co UVUYKua£L VU 'CLe; U:n:oi\OYL~£L ... 0 £i\£uB£Qoe; uV'CuywVWtLOe; £TILPUi\l\£l roue aUtL<pu'Coue; V0tL0Ue; rnc K£<pui\uLOKQunKne; :n:uQuywyne; oe KuB£ ~£xwQW'Co K£<pui\uLOKQu'Cn ouv £~W'C£QLKO KU'CUVUYKUatL0 (a. 282-283).

o KuBoQWtL6e; tLLUe; KUVOVLKne; £QyUatt-tne; nt-t£Que; dVUL cerro'C£l\£atLU ULWVWV :n:cii\ne; uv~au rrrov J<£<pai\aLOJ<QU'm KUL 'COV £Qyu~OtL£VO.

AQXLKU <pnux'CnKuv V0tLOL yta vo ttaoateivouv 'COV £QY~

XQovo. TWQu, yLa va 'COV tL£LWaOUv (a. 283).

• To :n:Qw'Co «Statute of Labourers» [Kcrco-rceruco ytu 'Coue; EQyu~otL£voue;], 230 £'Coe; 'me; paml\£iae; rou EoouciQoou rou r, 1349, 1.jJn<pLa'mJ<£ tL£ 'Co :n:Qoaxnt-ta on n :n:uvou!<i\a cerrooeKuna£ oe 'C£'COLO puBt-to 'Cov :n:i\nBuOtLo oxrte £:n:Q£:n:£ vo, OOUI\£uouv oi\m :n:£Qwao'C£Qo. Ertouevo»; 'Co uvw'Cu'Co OQLO rcov

cl>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

[.u,aBwv KaL m,> EQyaaq.l,n,> Il[.IiQa,> KaBOQLmnK£ vo[LOBE'nKU. • To 1496, rrm ~ami\da rou EQQLKOU 'tOU Z', n EQyum[.Ln n[.l£Qa rrov EQya'tWv yn,> ret oi\wv 'twv XELQO'tE)(VWV BLUQKOUce alto 'tL'> 5.00 'to ltQWL W'> 'tL'> 7.00 ri 8.00 'to ~QuBu YLa 'to Kai\oKaLgL (alto 'to MciQ'tLO iw,> 'to LElt't£[.L~QLO), [.L£ BLUi\EL[.L[.La [.LLa,>, [.LLU[!wn,> Kat [.Lwn,> wQa,>, auvoi\LKu 3 WQE,>. To XEL[.LWva rrrcv alto 'tl'> 5.00 'to ltQWL [.L£XQL rtou aKo'tdvLa~E. Auto 'to Ka'taa'ta'tLKO rrore BEV 'tnQnBnKE aua'tnQu.

• To 180 nuovc, 'to KEcpui\aLO BEV dXE Ka'tacpiQEL aKo[.La va YLVEL KUQLO,> oi\n,> rnc EQyum[.Ln,> E~Bo[.LuBa,> (EK'tO,> alto tnv aYQoKai\i\l£QYELa). Bi\. 'tL'> BLa[.LUXE'> EKdvn,> rnc erroxn,> (a. 287-290).

Au'to EltL'tEUXBnKE, KaL [.L£ 'to ltUQaltuvw [.Lui\w'ta, [.LOVO xciQn ern aUYXQovn [.LEyui\n ~LO[.LnxavLa. 'Enrrnoe 6ltou£, rooc cpQay[.Lou,> KL EK[.LE'tai\i\£U'tnKE 'tou,> EQYU'tE'> aKO[.La rno cvotaxuV'ta. To ltQOi\E'tUQlU'tO aV'tw'tuBnKE a[.Iiaw,> [.LOi\L'> [.LltOQEoe va aualtELQwBd.

OL rrevre VO[.LOl rou 1802-1833 i[.LELVav KEVO YQU[![.La, ECPOaov BEV ultnQxav errorrrec EQyaaLa,>. Movov 0 Nouoc rou 1833 ltQoaBLoQwE [.LLa KavovLKn EQyuaL[.Ln n[.L£Qa rrnc 't£aaEQEL'> ucpav'touQYLK£,> ~LO[.LnxavLE'>: alto 'tL'> 5.30 'to ltQWL W'> 'tL'> 8.30 'to ~QUBl, em BLciQKELa rnc orrotoc oi V£OL alto 13 iw,> 18 E'tWV EltL'tQElto'tav va BOUi\EUOUV [.LOVO 12 WQE'> [.LE [.LLU[.LWn,> wQa,> BLui\EL[.L[.La, 'to. ltatBLU alto 9 £W'> 13 E'tWV [.LOVO YLa 8 WQE'>, EVW altayoQEu'tnKE n VuX'tEQLVn BOUi\ELU YLa 'to. ltatBLU Kat roue Ecpn~ou,> (a. 292).

To «Relay System» [Evai\i\ay£,> ~UQBLa,>' alto mv ai\i\ayn 'tWV 'taxuBQO[.LLKWV ai\oywv an,> a'tuaEL'>, c.r.u.] ret n Ka'taltUrnori 'tou [.L£ atoxo mv EK[.LE'tui\i\wan (a. 293).

• TEi\LKu: 0 Nopoc rou 1844 EsLawaE 'tl'> yuvaLKE'> oi\wv rcov ni\LKLwv [.LE roue ECP~OU'>. 0 XQOVO,> EQyaaLa,> rcov ltaLBLWV [.L£LWBnKE rrnc 61. WQE,>. Mrrrucnv oQla oro relay system. Alto mv ui\i\n, oQLa'tnKE 'to 80 £'to,> W'> 'to Ka'tw'ta'to OQLO ni\LKLa,> 'tWV ltaWLWV rrou i~a~av va BOUi\EUOUV.

• Ev 'tii\£l, 'to 184 7 ECPUQ[.Lo~E'taL 0 ltEQLOQW[.LO,> 'tn,> EQ-

l:YNO'IIH TOY «KEcI>AAAIOY»

yaa4Ln,> n[.L£Qa,> a'tL'> 10 WQ£'> YLa 'tL,> yuvaLK£'> Kat -rou,> £cpn~ou,> (a. 297). Oi ltQoaltaB£L£'> rcov K£cpai\aLOKQU1:WV evnvnov mrtou rou VO[.LOU (a. 297-305). Ot a-r£i\£L£'> rou No[.LoU rou 1847 oorivnouv o-ro

• aU[.L~t~aa-rLKo Nouo -rou 1850 (a. 306), rrou KaBoQw£ rnv £Qyaa4Ln n[.L£Qa YLa roue £cpn~ou,> Kat -rL'> yuvaLK£'> ce: 5 n[.L£Q£'> rcov lOY, wQwv + 1 n[.L£Qa rcov 7Y, wQwv = 60 wQ£'> tnv £~oo[.Laoa, alto -rL'> 6.00 -ro ltQWL £W'> 'tL,> 6.00 ro altoy£u[.La. IIUQ£[.L£LV£ oe WXu 0 Nouoc rou 1844 YLa ro ltaLOLa. ESaLQ£BnK£ n [.L£-raso~LO[.LnxavLa (a. 306).

• To 1853 0 XQovo,> £QyaaLa,> rcov ltaLOLWV It£QLOQLa-rnK£ alto 'tL'> 6.00 ro ltQWL W'> -rL'> 6.00 ro altoy£u[.La (a. 308). • a «Printwork Act» [NO[.Lo,> yta -ra £Qyoa-rama rtou ore[.LltciQouv ~a[.L~aK£Qa, J<.i\lt.] rou 1845 o£v £~a~£ UX£oov Kav£va It£QLOQW[.LO· -ra ltaLOLa KL OL yuvaLK£'> [.LltoQouaav vc ooui\£uov 16 wQ£,> rnv n[.L£Qa!

• Bacpda KaL i\£uKav-rnQLa, 1860.

• L1av-r£i\OltOLLa, 186 I.

• AYY£LOlti\aa-rLKn KaL ltOi\i\OL ai\i\OL Ki\aoOL, 1863 ([1£ rov Factory Act 1.jJncpLa-rnKav £ltL[.L£QOU'> vO[.LoBnn[.La-ra YLa -ra UltaWQLa i\£uKanrtQLa KaL -ra aQ-roltOLda) (a. 309-310). LUV£ltW,> n [.L£yai\n ~LO[.LnxaVLa on[.LLOuQyd UQXLKa tnv ovd-

vicn It£QLOQW[.LOU rou £Qyaa4Lou XQovou, ai\i\a orn auv£X£La avaKai\Ult-rou[.L£ ltw,> n LOLa Ult£Q£QyaaLa erreictetverrn £sLaou ce oi\ou,> roue Ki\aoou,> (a. 312).

H w-roQLa OdXV£L £JtlltMov ltw,> 0 altO[.LOvw[.L£VO'> «£i\£uB£Qo,»> £Qya~O[.L£vo,> etvct avult£Qaaltw-ro,> alt£Vav-rL orov K£cpai\aLOKQa-rn Kat -r£i\LKa urroicurrtei, LOLaL-r£Qa [.L£ -rnv etonvcoyn -rn,> £QyaaLa,> -rwv yuvaLKOltaLOWV. KL £-rm uvcerrruooetru n -rasLKn ltai\n [.L£-rasu £Qya-rwv Kat K£cpai\aLOKQa-rwv (a. 313).

L-rn faMLa, 0 VO[.Lo,> rrou KaBoQw£ mv £Qyam[.Ln n[.L£Qa oe 12 WQ£'> YLa oi\£,> -rL'> ni\LKL£'> KaL -rou,> KMoou,>, 1.jJncpLa-rnK£ [.LOi\L'> ro 1846 $i\. coorooo a. 291, -rnv urroonuetcocn YLa ro yai\i\LKo VO[.LO It£QL ltatOLKn,> £QyaaLa,> tou 1841, rrou ciQxw£ va LUXU£L ltQaY[.La-rLKa ro 1853 Kat [.LOVO ern ~OQ£La fai\i\La).

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

Il/lliQne; «EQyamw<oe; cpti\£I\EuBEQW[.LOe;» G'tO BEl\yW. To J<ivn[.!,a yta to 8wQo erne R.Il.A. (a. 313-314).

E"JtO[.LEVWe; 0 EQya~O[.L£voe; ~yaiVEt cerro tnv "JtagaywYLJ<n oLaotJ<aaia tEI\ELWe; otacpoQ£ttJ<oe; urr' o,n [.L"JtnJ<£. To EQyamaJ<o aU[.L~ol\ato OEV ntav [.Lta "JtQu~n EI\EuBEQne; ouvofveonc. o XQovoe; yta tOY orrotov stvru EI\EuBEQOe; va "JtOUI\UEL rnv EQyamaJ<n rou ouva[.Ln, ELVaL 0 XQovoe; yta toy orrotov ELVaL avaYKaalLcvo~ va rnv "JtouI\U£t J<at uovov n [.La~tJ<n avtiataan rcov EQyatwV Ba "JtEtUxaLVE vo '4JncpwtEL Evae; VO[.LOe;, rrou B' a"JtEtQE"JtE roue EQyutEe; va "JtOUI\UVE toue; Eautoue; toue; oro J<ECPUl\atO [.LE EBEI\OVttJ<o aU[.L~ol\aw J<ataoLJ<u~ovtae; rn YEVLU roue orn aJ<l\a~tu J<aL to Buvato. ~tn BEan rou "JtO[.L"Jtwooue; J<atal\oyou rcov avacpaiQEtwv avBQw"JtLVWV OtJ<atW[.LUtwv [.L"JtaivEL n [.L£tQw"JtaBJie; Magna Charta tou Factory Act (a. 315-316).

IlO~O~TO KAI MAZA TR~ YIlEPA3IA~

Ma~i [.LE to aroooo-ro J<aBoQi~EtaL tct n [.Lu~a. Av n n[.LEQnma a~ia [.LLae; EQyamaJ<ne; ouva[.Lne; ELVaL 3 aEl\ivta J<aL to rrooocro u"JtEQa~iae; IOO%, n n[.LEQnma [.Lu~a rnc dvat 3 aEl\ivLa YLa J<UBE EQya~O[.LEvo.

A. Eqiooov to [.LEta~l\ntO J<ECPUl\atO ELVaL n XQn[.LattJ<n EJ<cpQaan rnc a~iae; ol\wv rcov EQyamaJ<wv OUVU[.LEWV rrou XQnm[.Lorroiouvroi tautOXQova cerro Evav J<Ecpal\atoJ<Qutn, n [.Lu~a rnc u"JtEQa~iae; orou "JtagUYEtat urro autEe; tooirtm [.LE to [.LEta~l\nto J<ECPUl\ato "Jtol\l\a"Jtl\amaa[.LEvo ern to rrococro tne; U"JtEQa~iae;. Kat OL OUO autoi "JtaguyovtEe; [.L"JtoQEL vn "JtOLJ<il\ouv, [.LE a"JtotEI\Ea[.La vo "JtQoJ<u"Jttouv OtUCPOQOL auvouaa[.Loi. Av aU~UvEtaL to rrocooro, onl\aon nv "JtaQatdvEtat n EQyum[.Ln n[.LEQa, rore n wisa me; u"JtEQa~iae; [.L"JtoQEL v' au~uvEtaL aJ<o[.La tct nv [.L£LwBd to [.L£ta~l\nto J<Ecpul\aw (a. 317-318).

I:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

B. AU'ni n uusnan a-to 1wa001:0 rnc u:rt£(~usiu,> m;QLOQi~£"CaL u:rtoi\mu urto "CO y£yovo,> on n £Qyum[Ln n[L£Qu 8£v [L:rtoQd :rt0"C£ VU CP"CUV£L "CL'> 24 WQ£'> "CO 24wQo. Errouevo»; n auvoi\LKn usiu "Cn,> n[L£Qnmu,> :rtuQuywyn,> evoc £Qyu"en 8£v [L:rtoQd :rtO"C£ VU icotrnu [L£ 24 £Qyum[L£,> wQ£'>.

'E"Cm, :rtQOK£L[L£VOU v' u:rtoa:rtua"Cd n (ow [LU~U u:rt£Qusiu,>, "Co [L£"Cu~i\n"Co K£CPUi\aLO [L:rtoQd v' UV"CLKu"Cua"CuBd cerro [LLU uusn[L£vn £K[L£"Cui\i\£uan "Cn,> £Qyuaiu,> [LOVO [L£au a' uu"Cu "Cu OQLU. Auto dVaL onucvruco YLU "Cnv £Snynan 8LUCPOQWV CPaLVOtL£VWV, orou :rtQOKU:rt"COUV cerro tnv uvruprrrucri rdon "Cou K£cpui\uiou:

I) No tL£LWV£L "Co [L£"Cu~i\mo K£CPUi\aLO KaL "cov agLB[Lo rcov u:rtuaxoi\OU[L£vwv £QYu"Cwv· KUL

2) No :rtagUy£L :rtag' oi\u umu "en [L£yw"en 8uvu"Cn [LU~U u:rt£Qusiu,> (a. 319).

r. rLU [LLU 8£80tL£vn usiu KUL YLU evov £siaou u'ljmM ~uBtLo £K[L£"Cui\i\euan,> "Cn,> £QyumuKn,> 8Uvu[Ln,>, n [LU~U rnc usiu,> KL n [LU~U tnc u:rt£Qusiu,>, "CL'> ortotec :rtaguyouv 8LucpoQ£nKu K£CPUi\aLU, dVUL £uB£w,> uvui\oy£,> w'> [L£y£Bn rcov :rtOLKii\wv ouo-rcrucorv uu"Cwv rcov K£cpui\uiwv (a. 320). Auro [LOLU~£L v' uvtupdoxet oi\ocpuv£Qu [L£ oi\u "CU £[L:rt£LQLKU 8£80[L£vu.

rLU [LLU 8£80[L£vn xowcovtc KaL [LLU 8£80[L£vn £Qyum[Ln n[L£QU n u:rt£Qusiu [L:rtoQ£i v' uusnBd [LOVO uv uusnBd 0 uQLB[Lo,> "CWV £QYu"Cwv, 8ni\u8n 0 :rti\nBua[Lo,>. Av 0 uQLB[Lo,> "CWV £QYu"Cwv dVaL a-tuB£Qo,>, "C0"C£ n u:rt£Qusiu [L:rtoQd v' uusnBd [LOVO [L£ rnv :rtagu"Cuan rnc £Qyum[Ln,> n[L£Qu,>. IIag' oi\u UU"CU, ouro £ivaL onuuvruco [LOVO YLU rnv an6itmn u:rt£Qusiu.

Arro oi\u umu :rtQOKU:rt"C£L :rtw,> 8£v dVaL [L£"CU"CQ£'ljJLtLO ce K£CPUi\UW "co catoioonstote rrooo XQn[Lu"CO,>, ui\i\u on U:rtUQX£L £vu £i\uXW"CO OQW: n "CL[Ln icoorouc [LLU'> uovnc £QyumuKn,> 8uvU[Ln,> KaL rcov u:rtuQuhmwv £Qyui\dwv 80Ui\£LU,>. Av 0 K£CPUi\UWKQU"en'> ~oua£ ouv £Qyu"Cn,>, "C0"C£ Bu £:rtQ£:rt£ VU £X£L 8uo £QYu"C£,>, VU ~yU~£L rrooooro u:rt£Qusiu,> 50%, KaL :rtUi\L 8£v Bu £SOLKOvO[LOUa£ "Ci:rto"C£. AKO[LU KUL [L£ 8 £QYu"C£,>, 8£v Bu

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

rrruv ltaQu ivae; [.Lu<Qou [.L£yiBoue; [.Lua'"COQae;. Tt' au'to xru oro Msoruorvn OL UVBQWltOL £[.Llt06i~ov'tav va yivouv alto [.Lua'toQ£e; J<£cpai\aLOJ<Qu't£e; [.Lia' alto rov It£QLOQW[.LO 'tou UQLB[.LoU rcov £Qya'twv arou [.LltoQoua£ va altaaxoi\£L 0 J<uB£ [.Lua'toQae; XWQw'tu. To £i\uxw'to OQLO lti\ou'tou rrou altaL't£L'tat oxrre vc y£vvnB£i ivae; ltQaY[.LauJ<oe; J<£cpai\atoJ<Qume;, 6LacpiQ£L ovdi\oya [.L£ 'tLe; w'toQLJ<ie; £ltoxie; J<at '"COue; £mX£LQn[.La'tLJ<oue; J<i\u- 60ue; (a. 322-323).

To J<£cpui\aLO £s£i\ixBnJ<£ a£ acp£v'tLJ<O rnc £Qyaaiae; J<aL rnv £i\tVX£L wa't£ va yiv£'taL icovovucd J<at [.L£ evrceruco QuB[.Lo. Emlti\tov, £savayJ<u~£L roue £Qyu't£e; va 60ui\£uouv It£Qwao't£Qo art' oco roue £Lvat avaYJ<aio YLa va £ltL~LWVOUV. Arroorrorvrcc roue rnv ult£Qasia, s£lt£QVU£L J<uB£ ltQonyou[.L£vO ltaQaywYLJ<O aua'tn[.La rrou a'tnQL~o'tav rrrnv ci[.Lwa J<a'tavaYJ<aauJ<n £Qyaaia.

To J<£cpui\ato orrordooet 'tnv £Qyaaia [.L£ roue 6£60[.Livoue; 't£xvLJ<oue; oQoue;, J<u'tw alto ue; orrotec rn ouvcvrd, It' ceoro xrn 6£v roue 'tQOltOltOL£L wBue; £sUQxne;. 'Ooo n ltUQaywYLJ<n 6ta6LJ<aaLa B£WQ£L'tat we; £QyamaJ<n 6La6LJ<aaia, 0 £Qyu'tne; ax£'tL~£'tat [.L£ 'to, ltaQaywYLJ<u [.Liaa 0XL ouv au'tu vc £LvaL J<£cpui\atO ai\i\u we; [.Liaa rnc 6LJ<ne; rou voriuovoc 6Qaa'tnQLom'tae;. To, ltQuY[.La'ta ai\i\u~ouv o[.LWe; orov £s£'tuaou[.L£ mv nnQaywYLJ<n 6La6LJ<aaLa we; 6La6LJ<aaia 6n[.LLOuQyiae; ult£Qasiae;. L' au'tn tnv It£QLlt'twan 'to, ltaQaywYLJ<u [.Liaa yivonat [.Liaa altoQQocpnane; rnc £Qyaaiae; 'twv ui\i\wv. Ll£v XQnm[.LOltOL£L lti\tov 0 £Qya~o[.L£voe; 'to, [.Liaa ltUQaywyne;, ai\i\u 'ta [.Liaa ltUQaywyne; XQnm[.LOltOLOUV rov £Qya~o[.L£vo (a. 325). AnL va 'to, avai\wv£L au'toe;, rov avai\wvouv £J<£Lva ouv vo etvct au'toe; n 'tQocpn rrou XQ£Lu~onaL YLa 'tn 6LJ<n roue ~wn. H ~wn 'tou J<£cpai\aiou auvLa'ta'tat a' mrrriv £6w mv ictvnon J<aL [.LOVO, we; aSLa rrou aU'to-ltoi\i\alti\amu~£'tat. H alti\n [.L£'ta'tQoltn rou XQn[.La'toe; ce ltaQaywYLJ<u [.Liaa, 'to, [.L£'ta'tQilt£L ce 'tL'ti\oue;, oe 6LJ<aiw[.La YLa 60Ui\£LU J<at Ult£Q£Qyaaia rcov ui\i\wv.

MEPOI: TETAPTO

H IIAPAfQfH THI: I:XETIKHI: YIIEPAEIAI:

H ENNOIA THI: I:XETIKHI: YIIEPAEIAI:

flo. [LLa 5E5o[L£vn EQyum[Ln n[LtQa, n unEQEQyaaia [LnOQ£L v' auSnB£L W)VO nv [LW.uB£L n avaYKaia EQyaaia. Auro [LnOQ£L va yiVEL (EK'tO,> nrto rn [L£iwan trov [LwBwv KU'tW cerro rnv asia rooc [LOVO [L£ 'en [L£LWan 'tn,> asia,> 'tn,> EQyaaia,>, 5nAa5n [LE 'tn [L£LWan rnc 'tL[Ln,> 'twv [Ltawv rrou £LvaL anaQaL'tma YLa mv Empiwan (a. 328-330). KL mrro [L£ 'en aELQu rou [LnoQ£L vn yivn [LOVO [L£ rnv ausnan rnc nUQaywYLKn,> BUvU[Ln,> 'en'> EQyaaia,>, [L£ rnv errnvaotrrtucorroinon 'tn,> i5La,> rnc naQaywyn,>.

H unEQasia rrou nUQuYE'taL [LE tnv naQu'taan rnc EQyum[Ln,> n[L£Qa,>, £LvaL n anoAmn unEQasia. H unEQasia rrou rmQUYE'tUL [LE 'tn ouvroueuon rou avaYKaiou XQovou EQyaaia,>, etvci n oyetuai unEQasia (a. 330).

fLO. vc n£aEL n asia 'en'> EQyaaia,> nQ£nEL vn ESanAwB£L n avsnan 'tn,> naQaywYLKn,> BUva[Ln,> a' EK£LVOU,> roue KAU50u,> 'tn,> pLO[Lnxavia,>, rrou 'to. nQo"loV'ta 'tou,> KaBoQi~ouv mv asia 'tn,> EQyamaKn,> 5uva[Ln,> KL crrouevo»; ovrucouv orov KUKAO 'twv ouvnfnouevrov [L£awv Empiwan,>, EK£LVWV rrou urtooouv vn r' uvtucrrmo'rrioouv, a'tL'> nQw'tE'> VAE'> roue, K.An. H urro- 5nsn rou 'tQonou [LE rov orrotov 0 aV'taywvw[Lo,> 5n[LLOuQY£L rnv ausn[Ltvn nUQaywYLKn BUva[Ln, EK5nAwvE'tUL [LE <pBnVO'tEQE'> 'tL[L£,> E[LnoQEU[Lu'tWV (a. 330-334).

H asia rcov E[LnoQ£U[Lu'twv (onw,> KUL n asia rnc EQyam-

cl>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

aKn~ OUva[.Ln~) ELVaL anwTgocpw~ avui\,oyn Tn~ :rtagaYWYLKOTma~ rnc £gyaaLa~, erretori d;agTuTaL a:rto rnv TL[.Ln TWV £[.L:rtog£U[.LUTWV. Arrevcvncc n <J)(£nKn u:rt£ga~(a ELVaL £u{}£W~ avui\,oyn rnc :rtagaYWYLKoTma~ Tn~ £gyaaLa~ (a. 334).

OL K£cpai\,aLOKguT£~ o£v £voLacp£gonaL YLa mv a:rtoi\,uTn a~La TWV £[.L:rtog£U[.LUTWV. EvoLacp£gonaL [.LOVO YLa rnv u:rt£ga~La rrou £vaw[.LaTWV£TaL oe mrrd, H :rtgaY[.LuTWan Tn~ u:rt£ga~La~ £[.L:rt£gL£X£L cerro [.Lovn Tn~ rnv ava:rti\,ngwan rnc :rtgoKaTa~£~i\,n[.L£vn~ a~La~. Erpocov, aU[.Lcpwva [.L£ rn a. 334, n LOLa OLaOLKaaLa au~nan~ rnc :rtagaYWYLKn~ OUva[.Ln~ [.L£LWV£L mv a~La TWV £[.L:rtog£U[.LUTWV KL aU~UV£L rnv U:rt£ga~La rrou £[.L:rt£gL£X£TaL oe aUTU, ELVaL ~£KuBago YLaTL 0 K£cpai\,aLOKguTn~, rrou [.LOvaOLKo £VOLacp£gov TOU ELVaL n :rtagaywyn anai\,i\,aKnKn~ a~La~, :rtai\,£u£L aaTa[.LUTma vu gLXV£L mv anai\,i\,aKTLKn a~La TWV £[.L:rtOg£U[.LUTWV $i\,. Quesnay, a. 335).

LTnv K£cpai\,aLOKgaTLKn :rtagaywyn i\,OL:rtOV, n £~OLKOVO[.Lnan Tn~ £gyaaLa~ [.L£ mv avu:rtTu~n Tn~ :rtagaywYLKn~ oUvU[.Ln~ o£v a:rto~i\,t:rt£L KaBoi\,ou crm ouvtoueuon Tn~ £gyuaL[.Ln~ n[.L£ga~. Arrevcvuac, n £gyuaL[.Ln n[.L£ga [.L:rtogEL KaL va :rtagaTaB£L. KaTai\,~aLvOU[.L£ i\,OL:rtOV YLaTL ce OLKOVO[.LOi\,oyou~ TOU ELOOU~ McCulloch, Ure, Senior KaL TWV O[.LOLWV TOU~, [.L:rtogEL vu oLa~uaOU[.L£ ern [.LLa a£i\,Loa on 0 £gya~o[.L£vo~ xgwmu£L euvvcopoouvn aTO K£cpui\,aLO oLon ovccrrrecoet n~ :rtagaywYLK£~ OUVU[.L£L~, KaL crmv ertouevn a£i\Loa va oLa~u~oU[.L£ :rtW~ :rtg£:rt£L vu £KcpgU~£L rnv euvveouooiivn TOU ooui\,£uona~ 15 wg£~ rnv n[.L£ga anL YLa 10. LTOXO~ amn~ Tn~ avu:rtTu~n~ TWV :rtagaywYLKwV ouv<i[.L£wv o£v ELVaL ui\,i\,o~ a:rto m ueteoon rnc avaYKaLa~ £gyaaLa~ KaL rnv au~nan rnc £gyaaLa~ :rtgo~ ocp£i\,o~ TOU K£cpai\,aLOKgUTn.

I:YNOIJIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

H LYNEPfADA

LU[Lcpwva [LE m a. 322, n KEcpaAaWKQa1:LKn :rcaQaywyn XQELU~E- 1:aL Eva a1:0[LLKO KEcpuAaw 1:E1:0WU [LEVE{1oue; Wa1:E vu [L:rcoQEL v' a:rcaaxoAEL 1:amoXQova Eva agKE1:U lLEYciAo agL{1[LO EQyaroiv. To uqievruco 1:ne; EQyaaLae; YLVE1:UL WQL[LOe; KEcpaAawKQurnc [LOVO orcv a:rcEAw{1EQwVE1:aL :rcAnQWe; cerro mv EQyaaLa. H 1:au1:0XQovn KaL orov {Ow 1:o[LEa EQyaaLae; oQaa1:nQw:rcoLnan EVOe; [LEyUAOU aQLB[Lou EQymwv YLa mv :rcaQaywyn 1:0U {Owu riirrou E[L:rcoQEu[La1:0e; KU1:W a:rco 1:Le; oLa1:aYEe; 1:0U LOwu KEcpaAawKQU1:n aUVLa1:U, W1:0QLKU KaL AOYLKU, mv acpE1:ngLa rnc KEcpaAawKQa1:LKne; :rcaQaywyne; (a. 337).

Errouevo»; n oLacpoQu oe axEan [LE 1:0 :rcagEA{1ov, orrou ALY01:EQOL EQya~O[LEvOL a:rcaaxoAounav cerro 1:0 LOW acpEV1:LKO, ELVUL, agXLKU, [LOVO rrooorucri, Tnv LOLa O[LWe; a1:Ly[Ln ouvreAEL1:UL [LLa aAAayn. 0 [LEyUAOe; agL{1[LOe; EQya~o[LEvwv E~aacpaAL~EL 01:0 acpEV1:LKO Eva :rcQaY[La1:LKO [LEao oQo EQyaaLae;, KU1:L rtou OEV aU[L~aLvEL [LE 1:0V a:rcAo [Lua1:OQa, 0 orrotoc :rcQE:rcEL omocorirro're vu :rcAnQwvEL m [LEan a~La rnc EQyaaLae;. L1:nV :rcEQL:rc1:wan rnc [LLKQne; :rcagaywyne;, OL aVLa01:n1:Ee; EK[LnoEvL~OV1:aL YLa mv xowcovta ouvoaucd, 0XL O[LWe; KaL YLa 1:0V Ku{1E [Lu01:oQa XWQW1:u.

Erroueveoc 0 VO[LOe; me; :rcagaywyne; u:rcEQa~Lae; :rcQaY[La- 1:WVE1:UL :rcArl,gWe; 01:0V KU{1E :rcaQaywyo XWQW1:U uovov oruv :rcaguYEL we; KEcpaAULoKQume; KL a:rcaaxoAEL :rcOAAOUe; EQya~o[LEVOUe; 1:au1:0XQova - cerr' orrou KUL :rcQOKU:rc1:EL 0 [LEaOe; oQoe; icorvrovucric EQyaaLae; (a. 339).

E:rtt:rcMov: n OLKovo[LLa 1:WV [LEawv :rcagaywyne; OEV [L:rcoQEL vu E:rtt1:EUX{1EL :rcaQu [LEa' cerro m [LEyuAne; KAL[LaKae; auvEQvooto, MLKQ01:EQn [LE1:a~L~aan a~Lae; 01:0 :rcQOLOV cerro 1:a aua1:a1:LKU 1:OU a1:a{1EQou KEcpaAaLou [L:rcoQEL va :rcQoEA{1EL uovov cerro rrw avciAwan 1:0U Ka1:U rnv EQyamaKn oLaOLKaaLa :rcOAAWV EQya1:Wv. M' curo 1:0V 1:Qo:rco ru EQyaAELa me; OOUAELUe; a:rcoK1:0UV Eva KOLVWVLKO xaQaK1:nQa :rcQtv aKO[La 1:0 KUVEL n

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

LOLa, n EQy<wLaJ<:n OLaOLJ<:aaLa - bL£XQL anbLEQa, a'Jtl\w~ 'JtaQobLoLE~ oLaoLJ<:aaLE~ n bLLa oL'Jtl\a amy ul\l\n (a, 340),

'Q~ 'twQa E~E'tU~E'taL n oucovouta rcov bL£awv 'Jtagaywyn~ bL<)VO J<:a'tu 'to 'Jtw~ cpBnvaLVEL 'to, EbL'JtOQEubLa'ta J<:L E'JtObL£vW~ J<:a'tE~U~EL rnv a~La 'tn~ EQyaaLa~. To ~aBbLo J<:a'tu 'tOY O'JtOLO bLE'ta~uI\I\EL 'to arooooro rnc u'JtEQa~La~ bL£aa oro cuvoauco J<:Ecpul\mo (a + tJ.), OEV Ba E~E'taa'tEL 'JtQLV a'Jto 'to BL~I\LO r Au'to~ 0 E'JtLbLEQLabLo~ rou anLJ<:ELbL£vOU bLa~ ana'JtoJ<:QLvE'taL oro 'JtVEubLa rnc J<:Ecpal\moJ<:Qa'tLJ<:n~ 'JtaQaywyn~, E'JtELon onl\aon ornv J<:Ecpal\aLOJ<:Qa'tLJ<:n 'JtaQaywyn OL OQOL EQyaaLa~ uvn'JtaQa'tLBEV'taL crov EQyu'tn ouv J<:U'tL 'to aU'tO'tEI\t~, n OLJ<:OVObLLa 'tWV bL£awv 'Jtagaywyn~ EbLCPaVL~E'tm ouv uio, ~ExwQW'tn I\EL'tOUQYLa 'JtOU OEV 'tOY acpoQu ubLEaa J<:L £'tm bLOLU~EL va bLnv auvotE'tm bLE 'tL~ bLEBooou~, bLE 'tL~ O'JtOLE~ 0 J<:Ecpal\aLOJ<:Qu'tn~ au~uVEL mv 'JtagaywYLJ<:o'tn'ta 'tn~ EQyamaJ<:n~ oUvUbLn~.

H bLOQcpn 'tn~ EQyaaLa~ ornv O'JtOLa 'Jtol\l\u 'JtQoaw'Jta EQyu~onm bLEBoOLJ<:U 'to tva OL'Jtl\a oro ul\l\o bL£aa amy LOLa 'JtagaywYLJ<:n oLaoLJ<:aaLa, n bL£aa oe OLUCPOQE~ auvacpEL~ OLaOLJ<:aaLE~, OVobLu~E'taL ouv-eovaota (a. 340). (Concours des forcestTubL'JtQa~n OUVUbLEWV. Destutt de Tracy).

To covoauco uBQOWbLa rcov bLnxavLJ<:wv OUVUbLEWV rcov ~EXWQw'twv EQya'twv oLacp£QEL QL~LJ<:U urro rnv wxuQn bLnxavLJ<:n ouvabLn, n ortotn ava'Jt'tuaaE'taL oruv 'Jtol\l\u X£QLa oOUI\Euouv bLa~L J<:aL 'tau't0XQova bL£aa amy LOla EVLaLa oQuan ('Jt.X. YLa vu orucoxrouv tva ~<iQ0~, J<.1\'Jt.). Am) 'to, 'JtQw'ta ~nbLa'tu rnc, n auvEQyaaLa onbLLOuQYEL bLLa 'JtagaywYLJ<:n ouvabLn, rtou ELVaL au'tn J<:aBau'tn bLLa bLa~LJ<:n ouvabLn,

E'JtL'JtI\£ov, erne 'JtEQwmhEQE~ 'JtaQaywYLJ<:£~ oouI\EL£~ n a'Jtl\n J<:OLvwvLJ<:n E'Jtacpn onbLLOuQYEL tva 'JtVEubLa ubLLl\l\a~, 'to O'JtOLO EVLaxUEL mv a'tobLLJ<:n a'Jto'tEI\EabLa'tLJ<:o'tn'ta J<:aBEvo~' 'Erot 12 EQyU'tE~ ~yu~ouv bLa~L 'JtEQwao'tEQn OOUI\ELU oe bLLa 'tau't0XQovn EQyumbLn nbL£Qa 144 wQwv err' 0,'tL 12 EQyU'tE~ oe 12 OLacpOQE'tLJ<:£~ EQyumbLE~ ~£QE~, n £va~ EQyu'tn~ oe 12 auvExobLEVE~ nbL£QE~ (a. 341).

IIaQ' 01\0 rrou 'JtOI\I\OL EQya~obLEvOL bL'JtOQEL vc cp'tLUXVOUV 'to

l:YNOIIIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

(OLO ri :reUQObLOLa, :reQUYbLa,Ta" n aTObLLKn EQya,a(a, TOU Ka,{JEVO<_; bL:reOQ£l V' a,:reOTEi\£( OLa,CPOQ£TLKE<_; cpua£L<_; Tn<_; (OLa,<_; EQya,ma,Kn<_; OLa,OLKa,a(a,<_; (a,Auaa(5a, a,vBQw:rewv, rrou :reEQVUVE KUTL 0 EVa,<_; orov UAAOV). KL EOW n aUVEQya,a(a, ~onBU£L ern covroueuon rnc EQya,a(a,<_;. To (OLO aUbL~a,(vEL OTa,V EVa, KT(QLO ~EKLVUEL vc XT(~ETm cerro :reOAi\E<_; bLEQLE<_; Ta,UTOXQOVa,. 0 auvoua,abLEvo<_; ri aUAAoYLKO<_; EQyuTn<_; EX£L XEQLa, Ka,L bLuna, Ka,L bL:reQomu TOU Ka,L rnoro rou, KL £lVa,L ce KU:reOLO ~a,BbLO :rea,na,xov :reUQwv (a. 342).

'OTa,V n EQya,a(a, £lVa,L :reOAv:reAOKn, TOTE n aUVEQya,a(a, E:reLTQE:reEL va Ka,Ta,bLEQLaTOVV OL E:reLbLEQOU<_; EQya,a(E<_; Km vu EKT£AEaTOVV Ta,UTOXQOVa" bLE a,:reOTEAEabLa, Tn ouvroueuon TOU XQOVOU EQya,a(a,<_; rrou a,:rea,n£l n Ka,Ta,aKwn OAOKAnQOU TOU :reQoi:ono<_; (a. 342).

LE :reOAAOV<_; t<i\uOOU<_; rnc :reUQa,ywyn<_; u:reUQXOUV KQ(mbLE<_; XQOVLKE<_; :reEQ(OOOL, Ka,TU n<_; orrotec urrcrroovrcr :reOAAO( EQYUTE<_; (BEQLabLO<_;, KOVQEbLa, :reQO~UTWV, K.A:re.). Eow bLOVO n auVEQya,a(a, bL:reOQ£l vu ~onWa£L (a. 343).

Arro rn bLLa, bLEQLU n aUVEQya,a(a, OLWQVV£L TO :reEO(O rnc :rea,Qa,ywyn<_; KL ETm Ka,{}taTa,Tm a,Va,YKa,(a, YLa, EQya,a(E<_; rtou EXOUV bLEYUAn OLUTa,~n oro XWQO (<iQowan, Ka,Ta,aKwn OQObLwV Ka,L CPQa,YbLUTWV, I<.A:re.). Arro mv UAAn, n aUVEQya,a(a, :reEQLOQ(~EL TO :reEO(O :reUQa,ywyn<_; Ka,Bw<_; aUYKEnQWVEL TOU<_; EQYUTE<_; a' EVa, bLEQO<_; bLE a,:reOTEAWbLa, vu E~OLKovobLovnm E~Ooa, (a. 344).

LE OAE<_; a,UTE<_; TL<_; bLOQCPE<_;, n auvEQya,a(a, £lVa,L n LotahEQn :rea,Qa,ywYLKn 5VvUbLn rnc auvoua,abLEvn<_; EQyciaLbLn<_; nbLEQa,<_;. E(vm bLta KOLvwvLKn EQya,ma,Kn OVVa,bLn, rrou a,:reOQQE£L cerro mv (OLa, m aUVEQya,a(a,. LTn auaTnbLa,nKn OOUA£LU urro KOLVOV, o EQYUTn<_; a,:reO~UAAEL TOU<_; a,TObLLKOV<_; :reEQLOQLabLOV<_; TOU KL cvarrcuccet n<_; LKa,VOTnTE<_; TOU £lOOU<_; TOU.

TWQa, OL bLLaBwTO( EQya,~ObLEVOL OEV bL:reOQOVV vu aUVEQYa,aTOVV, EKTO<_; KL uv 0 ibu»; KEcpa,AmOKQUTn<_; rooc :reQoaAU~EL Ta,UTOXQOVa" TOU<_; :reAnQWVEL Ka,L TOU<_; :reUQEXEL ru EQya,A£la, OOUAELU<_;. H KA(bLa,Ka, rnc aUVEQya,a(a,<_; E~a,QTUTa,L AOL:reOV a,:reo

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

'CO rrooo rou I<ECPUA,U(Ou rrou OLU{}E'tEL 0 I<ECPUA,UWI<Q(l'tn<_;. To EA,aXLa'to rrooo I<ECPUA,U(ou rrou UltUL1:EL1:at oxrre 0 LOWI<'tIl'tn<_; rou vo Y(VEL I<ECPUA,UWI<Qa'tn<_;, y(vnat 'twQu n UA,Ll<n ouvfnucn YLU 'tn [.LE'tu'tQOltn ltOA,A,WV OLUal<oQma[.LEvWv I<L uvd;Ug'tn'twv EQyumUl<wv OLMLI<UmWV oe [.LLa auVOUUa[.LEvn I<OLVWVLl<n EQyumul<n OLUOLI<Ua(u.

Kcerd lta,gO[.LOLO roorro, [.LEXQL a'tLy[.Ln<_; n OWLI<n'tLl<n E~oua(u rou I<ECPUA,U(ou rrdvro rrtnv EQyua(u OEV rituv lta,ga 'tUltLI<O UltO'tEA,W[.LU rnc axEan<_; [.LE'tU~U I<ECPUA,UWI<Qa'tn I<L EQYUSO[.LEVOU. TWQu ltA,EOV etvru n uvuYl<u(u ltQoUlto{}Ean rnc (OLU<_; rnc EQyumUl<n<_; OLUOLI<Ua(u<_;. 0 I<ECPUA,UWI<Qa'tn<_; ovurroocorrreu£L m auv{}Ean crnv EQyumul<n OLUOLI<Ua(u. L'tn ouveovcoto, o EA,EYX0<_; rnc EQyumul<n<_; OLUOLI<Ua(u<_; y(VE'tUL n l<u'tE~oxnv A,EL1:0UQY(u rou I<ECPUA,U(ou I<UL W<_; 'tE'tOLU ultol<'ta OQW[.LEVU LOLU('tEQU xa,gul<'tnQw'tLl<a (a. 346).

Au'to<_; 0 EA,EYX0<_; ELVUL ce ouuqxovto, [.LE 'to a'toxo rnc I<ECPUA,UWI<Qu'tLl<n<_; lta,guywyn<; -[.LEyw'tn ouvu'tn mrro-eareictuon. 'tau I<ECPUA,U(ou- I<at 'tuu't0XQovu Ulto'teA,EL m A,EL'tOUQY(u rnc [.LEYLa'tn<_; ouvu'tn<_; EI<[.LE'taA,A,EUan<_; rnc 1<0LVWVLl<n<; EQyumul<n<_; OLMLI<Ua(u<;. OonyEL EltO[.LEVW<_; ornv UVUlt0cpEUI<'tn un({}Ean UVa[.LEaU orov EI<[.LE'tUA,A,Eu'tn xrn rov EI<[.LE'tUA,A,EUO[.LEVO. ErnltMov: EA,EYX0<_; rnc l<u'taA,A,nA,n<_; XQnm[.Lolto(nan<_; rrov EQYUA,ELWV OOUA,ELa<_;. TeA,Ll<a, n auvoEan [.LE'tU~U rcov ltOLI«A,WV A,EL'taUQYLWV rcov EQYU'tWV y(VE'tUL E~W arro umou<_; 'tOU<_; (OLOU<_;, oro I<EcpaA,UW, [.LE Ulto'tEA,Ea[.LU n Evo'tn'ta 'tou<_; vu 'tOU<_; CPEQVEL UnL[.LE'tWltOU<_; [.LE m ~ouA,nan rou I<ECPUA,UWI<Qa'tn oov [.LLU E~w'tEQLl<n ~ouA,nan. 0 I<ECPUA,UWI<QU'tLl<o<_; EA,EYX0<_; ELVUL A,OLrrov oLcpun<_;:

(I) [.LLU I<OLVWVLl<n EQyumul<n OLUOLI<Ua(u YLU mv ltuQuywyn EVO<; ltQoLono<;' I<at

(2) [.LLU OLUOLI<a,a(U UU'tO-EltEI<'tuan<; 'tOU I<ECPUA,U(OU.

H [.LoQcpn mrtou rou EMvxou ELvat OEaltO'tLl<n. Au'to<_; 0 OEalto'tW[.Lo<_; uVUlt'tuaa£L 'twQu 'tL<_; OLI<E<_; 'tOU, LOLaSouaE<; [.LOQCPE<_;: a,gXLl<a 0 I<ECPUA,ULOI<Qa'tn<_; ultUA,A,aaaE'tuL urro m OOUA,ELa I<at 'twQu lta,gUxwQEL mv U[.LEan eruorcotc ce [.LLU

l:YNOIJlH TOY «KEcI>AAAIOY"

oQyaVW[.L£vn O[.LUOa UTIal\l\nl\wv Kat [.L£[.LOVW[.L£VWV £Qya1:WV, TIOU etvru ict aU1:0L [.LW{1W,;aL £Qya~O[.L£VOL 1:0U K£cpal\aLOU. L£ 0, n acpoQu 1:n ooul\£1a, ot OLKOVO[.LOI\6YOt [.L£1:QOUV 1:a £~ooa £mmaaLa~ W~ faux frats [[.Ln TIaQaywytKU £~ooa]. L"tnV K£cpal\aLOKQanKn TIUQaywyn O[.LW~, mv 1:aU1:L~OUV ~acpVtKU [.L£ mv £TIW1:aaLa, eqxioov aunt aTIoQQ££L cerro m cpU an 1:n~ KOLVWVtKn~ £QyaataKn~ OtaOtKaaLa~ (a. 347-348).

L1:n ~LO[.LnxaVLa, n uvorrum nveoto. YLV£1:at tOto1:ma 1:0U K£cpal\aLou, OTIW~ aKQt~W~ oro, XQovta 1:n~ cp£OuoaQXLa~ OL l\£t1:0UQYL£~ 1:0U a1:Qa1:nyou Kat rou OtKaa1:n riruv tOto1:m£~ 1:n~ yatOK1:naLa~ (a. 348).

o K£cpal\aLOKQU1:n~ aYOQU~£L lOO £QyaataK£~ OUVU[.L£t~U1:0[.La Kat oe anul\l\ay[.La I\U[.L~UV£L [.Lta ouvouoouevn £Qyaouncri OUva[.Ln 1:WV 100. LlEV TIl\nQwv£t yta m aUVOuaa[.L£vn £QyaataKn OUva[.Ln 1:WV lOO. 'Oruv OL £Qya~O[.L£VOL [.LTIaLVOUV ern auvOuaa[.L£vn £QyaataKn OtaOtKaaLa, £XOUV Ktol\a~ TIU'ljJ£L v' nvrucouv crrooc £aU1:0U~ 1:0U~ Kt £Xouv £vaw[.La1:w{1£1 a1:0 K£cpul\aLO. 'Ercn n KOLVWVtKn TIUQaywytKn OUva[.Ln £[.LcpavL~£1:at ouv TIUQaywytKn OUVU[.Ln 1:0U LOLOU 1:0U K£cpal\aLou (a. 348).

IIUQao£1Y[.La1:a auv£QyaaLa~ [.L£1:a~u 1:WV aQxaLwv AtYUTI1:Lcov (a. 349).

H TIQw1:oyovn auv£QyaaLa an~ aTIUQX£~ 1:0U TIol\tna[.Lou [.L£1:a~u I\awv TIOU ~ouaav cerro 1:0 Kuvnyt, VO[.LUOWV ri an~ KOLV01:m£~ 1:WV Ivfiiorv, a1:nQL~£1:at:

(I) rrmv KOtVOK1:naLa 1:WV [.L£aWV TIUQaywyn~ Kat

(2) om rpuoucri TIQoao£an 1:0U a1:0[.LOU [.L£ m cpul\n Kat rnv UQx£yovn KOLV01:ma.

H aTIOQaOtKn aUV£QyaaLa Ka1:U rnv AQxato1:ma, 1:0 M£aaLwva Kat a1:t~ aUYXQov£~ aTIOLKL£~ {1£[.L£AtWV£1:at TIUVW ctnv U[.L£an KUQtUQXLa Kat rn ~La, KUQLW~ rn ooul\£1a. ATI£VanLa~ n K£cpal\aLOKQanKn aUV£QyaaLa TIQOUTIO{1£1:£L rov £1\£u{1£QO [.Lta{1W1:0 £Qya~O[.L£vo. Icrooucd, uartri £[.LcpavL~£1:at ce U[.Lwn an({1wn [.L£ rnv aYQonKn OLKOVO[.LLa Kat rnv av£~<iQ1:mn X£tQ01:£XVLa (£11:£ TIQOK£L1:at yta n~ aun£XVtaK£~ rKLl\o£~, £L,;£ OXt), Kat a' aU1:n 1:n cuvoeon W~ [.Lta W1:0QtKn [.LoQcpn, n OTIOLa

cI>PHNTP1X ENrKEAl:

nQoat5La~EL rrtnv K£<pai\aLOKQaTLKn naQaYWYLKn 5ta5LKaaLa Kat rrou mv s£XWQL~EL ouv TET01a. AUTn ervru n nQWTn ai\i\ayn rrou 5LanWTwv£TaL crnv £QyaataKn 5La5LKaaLa OTav urrordocercc aTO K£<pai\atO. 'Erot £5w EXOU~£ 5La~La~:

(1) TOV K£<pai\atOKQanKO TQono naQaywyn~ va nagouata~£TaL ouv ~La WTOQLKn ouvtnucn, avaYKaLa YLa rn ~naTQonn rnc £QyaataKn~ 5La5LKaaLa~ oe K01vwvLKn 5La5LKaaLa'

(2) rnrrri n KOLVwvLKn ~oQ<Pn rnc £QyaaLaKn~ 5La5LKaaLa~ va aUTonagouata~£Tat ouv ~La ~EB050~, rrou XQnat~On01£L TO K£<pai\atO YLa vu £K~£Tai\i\£uT£L nLO K£Q50<poQa mv nagaYWYLKOTma rnc (a. 350).

H auv£QyaaLa am mOLXE:u{)on ~oQ<Pn rnc, onw~ £s£TamnK£ EW~ £5w, TamL~£Tat ue rn ~£yai\n~ Ki\L~aKa~ nagaywyn ai\i\a 5£v anoT£i\£L ~La naYLa, xagaKmQwnKn ~oQ<Pn ~La~ aUYK£KQL~vn~ £noxn~, 5ni\a5n rnc K£<pai\aLOKQanKn~ nagaywyn~. E' uutri rnv ani\n ~oQ<Pn rnc £saKoi\ouB£L vu vn<lQXEL Kat a~£Qa oruv TO K£<pai\aLO 5Qa oe ~£yai\n Ki\L~aKa, XWQL~ o KaTa~£QW~o~ Tn~ £QyaaLa~ n 01 ~nxavE~ vu naL~OUv an~aV1:LKO Qoi\o. Eno~Evw~, nag' oi\o rrou n auv£QyaaLa £LvaL n ~aatKn ~oQ<Pn oi\n~ Tn~ K£<pai\aLOKQanKn~ nagaywyn~, n mOLxnwonc; ~oQ<Pn Tn~ £~<pavL~£TaL ouv ~ta L5Lah£Qn ~oQ<Pn 5Lni\a an~ rno av£nWY~Ev£~ ~OQ<PE~ rnc (a. 351).

o KATAMEPIEMOE THE EPrAnAE KAI H BIOTEXNIA

H ~LOT£XVLa, Ki\aatKn ~oQ<Pn auv£QyaaLa~ nov mnQL~naL aTOV KaTa~£QLa~o rnc £QyaaLa~, KUQLagX£L n£QLnou arro TO 1550 EW~ TO 1750. E~<pavL~£Tat:

(1) Erte ~Ea' cerro rnv ouvevcoon 5La<pOQWv X£LQOT£XVLKWV £nayy£i\~aTwv, rrou TO KaBEva TOV~ KaTanLav£Tat ~£ ~La £L5LK£U~Evn £QyaaLa (n.x. Ka1:aaK£Un a~asLWv).

l:YNOWH TOY «KE«I>AAAIOY"

Meou oato au'tn rn aUVEVWan 0 a'tO[.LLKOe; XELQO'tEXVne; aUnO[.La xaVEL mv uccvomrd rou V' aaKd 0 tOLOe; oit6- KitnQn mv 'tExvn 'tou, EVW cerro rnv ai\i\n [.LEQLa aaKd'taL 011,0 KaL n:EQwao'tEQo ornv E~ELOLKEU[.LEVn EQyaata 'tou. 'Ercn n oLaoLKaata [.LE'ta'tQEn:E'taL a' tva Ka'ta[.LEQLa[.Lo rnc oi\ne; E:JtLxdQnane; a'ta En:L[.LEQOUe; oixrtrrtucd crrotxda 'tne; (a. 352).

(2) Etre orcv n:oi\i\ot XELQO'tEXVEe;, rrou Kavouv rnv LOLa n n:a,gO[.LOLa ooui\ELa, an:aaxoi\ounaL 'tau't0XQova a1:O LOLO EQyamnQLO KL E'taL OL E:JtL[.LEQOUe; OLEQyaatEe;, ant va EK'tEi\ouv'tm [.LE m aELQa roue cerro evuv EQya'tn, XWQt~onaL ~a{}[.LLata KaL EK't£i\oUnaL 'tau't0XQova cerro n:oi\i\oue; EQya'tEe; $£i\ovEe;, K.i\n:.). Eow 'to n:Qo'Lov, ant va dVaL ooui\ELa EVOe; XELQO'tEXVn, YLVE'taL ooui\ELa [.LLae; evroonc XELQO'tEXVWV rrou 0 Ka{}Evae; EK't£i\d [.LLa [.LOVOV E~ELOLKEU[.LEVn EQyaata (a. 353-354).

KaL a'tLe; OUO n:EQLn:'twaELe; 'to an:o'tEi\Ea[.La dvaL tvae; rruQaywYLKOe; [.Lnxavw[.Lo<;, rrou ru oQyava rou dvaL aV{}Qw:JtLva ana. H EQyaata ~aa'ta 'to XELQO'tEXVLKO xa,gaK'tnQa rnc KaL Ka{}E E:JtL[.LEQOUe; ooui\ELa YLvE'taL [.LE 'to XEQL. L'1EV dvaL En:O[.LEVWe; ouva'tn [.LLa n:QaY[.La'tLKa erucrnuovucn avai\uan 'tne; n:a,gaywYLKne; oLaOLKaatae;. Ka{}E EQya'tne; XWQLma ai\uaaooEVE'taL [.L£ [.LLa [.LOvon:i\EUQn E~ELOLKEU[.LEvn ooui\ELa t:~m'Cia~ 'tn<; XELQO'tEXVLKn<; cpuane; me; (a. 354).

Kcer' auto 'tOY 'tQon:o n EQyaata E~OLKOVO[.LE£'taL -aUYKQLrued [.L£ rou XELQO'tEXVn- KL au'to EVLaxUE'taL aKo[.La n:EQwao'tEQO an:o YEvLa oe YEvLa. 0 Ka'ta[.L£QW[.Loe; 'tne; EQyaatae; em ~LO'tExvta anw'tOLxd i\OLn:OV crmv rdon rcov n:ai\Lo'tEQWV KOLVWVLWV YLa Ki\nQoVO[.LLKn oLaooxn 'twv En:ayy£i\[.La'twv. Kdorec, fKti\oEe;. (a. 355-356).

H E~ELOtKEUan rcov EQyai\,t;tWv [.LEa' cerro mv n:Qoaa,g[.Loyn ce oLacpoQEe; En:L[.LEQOUe; oLaoLKaaLEe; - 500 don acpuQLwv oro Mn:EQ[.LLYXU[.L (a. 357).

Av E~£'taaOU[.L£ m ~LO'tEXVLa cerro m aKO:JtLa rou ouvoaucou

PHNTPIX ENrKEAI:

t.mXa,VW[LOU me, Ba, OOU[LE 01:L EX£L OUO Otp£L~: EhE ltQOK£L1:at YLa, [LLa, [Lnxa,VLKn auva,g[Loi\oynan Em[LEQOU~ a,U1:01:Ei\WV ltQOtovrcov (QOAOYLa,), EhE YLa, [LLa, a£LQU a,i\i\ni\OaxE1:L~O[LEVWV EQvaotorv [LEaa, a' EVa, EQya,a1:nQLO (j3£AOVE~).

L1:n ~L01:EXVia, n [LLa, O[Luoa, EQya,1:WV lta,gEXEL cmv ui\i\n 1:L~ ltQW1:E~ Ui\E~ me, EltO[LEVW~ ~a,aLKO~ oQo~ EOW £LVa,L n KuBE O[LMa, vu lta,gUyEL [LLa, oQW[LEVn rtooomrc 1:0U 1:£ALKOU ltQotovroc [LEaa, a' EVa,V OQW[LEVO XQovo. Alto EOW a,ltOQQEEL [LLa, auvEXELa" Ka,VovLK01:n1:a" O[LoLO[LoQcpia, KL evrcerucorromon 1:n~ EQya,aia,~, rrou OtaCPEQOUV 1:Ei\£Lw~ cerro rrw a,lti\n auvEQya,aia,. 'EXOU[LE i\OLltOV EOW 1:OV 1:EXVLKO VO[LO m~ lta,ga,ywYLKn~ OLa,oLKa,aia,~: 01:L n EQya,aia, ltQEltEL vu £LVa,L KOLVWVLKU a,va,yKa,ia, EQya,aia, (a. 361).

OL UVWOL XQOVOL rtou urrcrcoovrci YLa, K(WE Em[LEQou~ EQya,aia" On[LLOuQYoUV mv a,Va,YKa,L01:ma, OL OLa,CPOQE1:LKE~ O[LUOE~ EQya,1:WV vu etvea OLa,CPOQE1:LKOU [LEYEBou~ KL a,gLB[LoU (crnv 1:Ult0YQa,cpLKn PL01:EXVLa,: 4 XU1:E~ Kat 2 KOlt1:E~ YLa, 1 a1:Li\~wrri), 'E1:aL n ~L01:Exvia, On[LLOUQY£L [LLa, [La,{tn[La"tLKU ma,BEQn axEan o-mv ltOa01:LKn EK1:a,an [L£1:a,~u 1:WV ltoi\i\wv OQYuvwv 1:0U aui\i\OYLKOU EQYU1:n Ka,L n lta,ga,ywyn [LltOQ£L vu EltEK1:a,B£L [LOVO [LE rn XQnaL[Loltoinan EVO~ ltoi\i\a,lti\UaLOU rnc oi\n~ O[LUOa,~. Emlti\Eov, OQW[LEVE~ i\EL1:ouQyiE~ (OltW~ n ernorcotc n [LE1:a,CPOQU 1:WV ltQoi:onwv a,ltO 1:0 EVa, [LEQO~ oro ui\i\o, K.i\lt.) [LltoQouv vc yivouv a,U1:01:EA£i~ [LOVOV a,CP01:0U EltL1:EUXB£L EVa, OQW[LEVO EltiltEOO lta,ga,ywyn~ (a. 362).

MltOQ£L erttonc va nQoKutpEL 0 auvoua,a[Lo~ OLUCPOQWV PL- 01:EXVLWV ce [LLa, evuno. ~L01:EXVia" a,i\i\u [LEXQL 1:wQa, A£ilt£L n ltQa,Y[La,1:LKn 1:EXVLKn EV01:ma" rrou YEVVL£1:at [LOVO [L£ tn ~LO[Lnxa,via, (a. 363-364).

OL [Lnxa,vE~ EKa,Va,V a,no VWQL~ rnv euqxivtori 1:0U~, ortoQa,OLKU, am ~L01:EXVia, (a,i\WQO[LUi\OL Kat Kona,VW1:nQLa,), a,i\i\u o Qoi\o~ 1:0U~ rircv OEU1:EQEUWV. KUQLa, [Lnxa,vn rnc ~L01:Exvia,~ lta,Qa,~VEL 0 auvoua,a[LEVO~ aui\i\OYLKO~ EQyU1:n~, rrou £LVa,L ltoi\u nLO 1:£A£LOnOm[LEVO~ cerro 1:0V a,1:0[LLKO X£LQ01:EXVn Kat a1:0V orrotov Oi\E~ OL a,1:Ei\ELE~, rtou noi\'" auxvu ouvooeuouv

l:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

mv £~£LOLJ<:£U~EVn £QyaaLa, ~£'ta'tQbtonat oe 't£Iu::L()"(ma (a. 364-365). H ~LO't£X;vLa ovccrrniocei 'tL~ oLacpoQE~ ava~wa a' au'tou~ roue £Qya't£~, rrou OOUIu::UOUV oe ~La £m~EQou~ oouI\£La erre ELVaL £~ELOLJ<:£U~VOL erre av£wLJ<:£u'tOL, J<:aBw~ J<:aL ~La :rcMQn £Qya'tLJ<:n L£QagXLa (a. 365-366).

Ka'ta~£QLa~o~ rnc £QyaaLa~:

(I) [£VLJ<:O~ - aYQoJ<:aI\I\LEQY£La, ~LO~nxavLa, vuurtnvucri, J<:.I\:rc.

(2) ELOLJ<:O~ - J<:U'ta £:rcayy£l\~U'tLJ<:OU~ J<:l\aoou~ J<:aL u:rcoJ<:l\aoou~.

(3) A£:rc'to~£Q£LaJ<:o~ - J<:a'ta £Qyo'ta~LO.

o J<:OLVWVLJ<:O~ J<:a'ta~Qw~o~ 'tn~ £QyaaLa~ ovarrnxrcerci J<:aL arro oLacpoQ£'tLJ<:E~ acp£'tnQL£~:

(I) Meou crmv OLJ<:0YEVELa J<:aL m cpul\n 0 CPU<JLJ<:o~ J<:a'ta~£Qw~o~ 'tn~ £QyaaLa~ av'tw'tOLXEL oro cpul\o J<:at mv nI\LJ<:La, ouv tn ooul\ELa ~Eaw rnc ~La~ J<:a'ta rcov verroVLJ<:WV cpul\wv, n orrotn 'tOY £:rcL'tELV£L (a. 367).

(2) Aval\oya ~£ 'tOY 'to:rco, 'to J<:I\L~a, 'to :rcOI\L'tW~LJ<:O ernrre- 00, OL oLacpoQ£'tu<E~ J<:OLvo'tm£~ :rcagayouv OLUq>oQ£'tLJ<:a rrootovtc J<:at 'to, anal\l\aaaouv errore J<:L ortou EQXOvuu a' ertozprt ~£'ta~u 'tou~ (a. 368).

E:rcO~EvW~ n anal\l\ayn ~' aU'tE~ 'tL~ ~Ev£~ icowomrec ELVat Eva urro 'to, J<:uQLa ~Eaa oL<iQQn~n~ rcov CPU<JLJ<:wv ow~wv 'tn~ J<:OLvo'tma~ ~Ea' cerro mv :rc£QaL'tEQw ava:rc'tu~n rou CPU<JLJ<:ou J<:U'ta~Qw~ou rnc £QyaaLa~ (a. 368).

Kcerd ouverreto, 0 J<:a'ta~£Qw~o~ 'tn~ £QyaaLa~ em ~LO't£XVLa :rcQoD:rcoBE'tEL evuv OQW~EVO ~aB~o ava:rc'tu~n~ rou J<:OLVWVLJ<:OU J<:a't~£Qw~ou 'tn~ £QyaaLa~, 'tOY O:rcOLO ~£ m a£LQa rnc ava:rc'tuaaEL aJ<:o~a :rc£QLaao't£Qo - o:rcw~ I\.X. 'tOY £oacpLJ<:o J<:U'ta~£Qw~o rnc £QyaaLa~ (a. 369-370).

[La ol\ou~ aU'tou~ rooc I\oyou~ u:rcaQX£L rrdvrore n £~n~ OLacpOQa ava~£aa orov J<:OLVWVLJ<:O J<:a'ta~£Qw~o rnc £QyaaLa~ xrn 'tOY J<:a'ta~Qw~o rnc £QyaaLa~ em ~LO't£XVLa: 0 :rcQW'tO~ :rcagaY£L £~:rcoQ£u~a'ta, £VW oro o£u't£QO n £LOLJ<:£U~Evn-~£QLJ<:n £QyaaLa O£v :rcaQaY£L £~:rcoQ£u~a'ta. AQa EXOU~£: aUYJ<:£v'tQO-

cI>PHNTPIX ENrKEAI:

rromon I<t oQyuvwan o-m ~ton:XVLa: OtaaI<OQ:rrWlL<) I<t uvrcvcoVW[LO crtov icorvrovuco l<a-ca[L£QW[LO rnc £QyaaLa~ (a. 371).

H oQyuvwan rcov :rravUQxatwv tvOtl<ooV «owomrcov (a. 373). H fl<LAOa (a. 374). Evoo I<t £000 u:rrUQXet l<a-ca[L£Qw[Lo~ -cn~ £QyaaLa~ [Leaa rrmv I<OLVWVLa, 0 l<a-ca[L£Qw[Lo~ -cn~ £QyaaLa~ rrtn ~to-C£XVLa £LVat [Lta tOtaL-C£Qn on[LtouQYLa -cou I<£<paA,a,toI<Qa-ctI<01J -CQo:rrou :rrUQaywyn~.

'Orrcoc rrmv a:rrAn auv£QyaaLa e-cm I<at ern ~to-C£XVLa 0 OQWV oQyaVW[Lo~ rnc £QyaaLa~ ELVat [Lta [LoQ<pn u:rrUQsn~ rou 1<£<paAaLou. H :rraQaywytl<n OUva[Ln rrou s£:rrnouet Aot:rrOV cerro -co aUVouaa[LO rcov £Qyamoov, £[L<pavL~£-Cat ouv :rrUQaywytl<n ouva[Ln -cou 1<£<paA,a,Lou. 'O[LW~, £voo n a:rrAn auv£QyaaLa O£v [L£-ca~uAA£t Y£VtI<U rov -CQo:rro [L£ -cOV O:rrOLO OOUA£uet l<uB£ u-CO[LO, n ~to-C£XVLa rov ertuvurrtrrtucoatotet I<at aal<a-c£u£t rov £Qyum. Mn [L:rroQoov-ca~ va :rraQuyet I<u'tt aU-CO-C£Aoo~, 0 £QYu-cn~ I<a-cav-cuet eva a:rrAO YQavu~t [Leaa a-co 1<£<paAatoI<Qa'ttI<O £QyO-Custo. Ot OtaVomtl<e~ uccvornrec rnc £QyaaLa~ cvarrniooovtru [LOvo:rrAWQa £voo £sa<pavL~OV-Cat cerro :rrOAA.£~ UAA£~ :rrA£UQe~. A:rro-ceAw[La rou l<a-ca[L£QW[LOU -cn~ £QyaaLa~ rrtn ~to-C£XVLa: ot £Qya~O[L£VOL av-CtI<Qu~OUv -co Otavon'ttl<o Ouva[Lt- 1<0 rnc £Qyamal<n~ OtaOtl<aaLa~ ouv toto-cma l<u:rrOtoU UAAOU I<at ouv £soumaa-ctl<n ouva[Ln. Airtri n OtaOtl<aaLa XWQW[LOU aQXL~£t [La~L [L£ -cn auv£QyaaLa, cvcrrniooetm am ~to-C£XVLa I<at OAOI<AnQoov£-cat o-m aUYXQovn ~to[LnxaVLa, n ortota otaxwQL~£t mv emorriun ouv [Lta :rrUQaywytl<n ouva[Ln av£sUQ-cmn urro rnv £QyaaLa, ~u~OV-Cu~ -cnv rrtnv u:rrnQWLa -cou 1<£<paAaLOU (a. 377).

Evoetl<'ttl<e~ :rrUQaBeaet~ crrocrrcoudrcov (a. 378-380). Arro rn [Lta [L£QtU n ~to-C£XVLa ELVat [Lta oQw[Levn oQyuvwan tnc xotvcovucric £QyaaLa~ I<t cerro rnv uAAn o£v ELVat :rrUQu [Lta tOtaL-C£Qn [LeBooo~ urroorruonc ax£'ttl<n~ u:rr£QasLa~ (a. 381). H w-coQtl<n rnc onucotc.

E[L:rroota rrmv avu:rr-cusn -cn~ ~to-C£XVLa~ al<o[La I<at I<a-cu rnv I<Aaml<n -cn~ :rr£QLOOO: 0 :rr£QtoQW[LO~ -cOU UQtB[LOU -cwv aVetOLI<W-CWV £Qya-coov oe axean [L£ rcov £s£tOtI<W[Levwv' 0

EYNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

:rreQLOQW~O~ rnc eQyaaia~ rcov yuvml<o:rraLOWv esm'tia~ rnc aV'tia'taan~ 'twv avoQwv' n e~~ovn erne ~eBooou~ ~aBn'teia~ iw~ I<m :rrQoacpa'ta, al<o~a I<L orov eivm :rreQL't'toi' n OLaQl<n~ avu:rro'tasia rtov eQya'twv, ~La~ I<m 0 aUAAOYLI<O~ eQy(i'tn~ oev iXeL al<o~a iva :rrAaimo avesUQ'tn'to cerro roue eQy(i'te~' n uercvdo-reuon rcov eQya'twv (a. 384).

ESUAAOU, n ~LO~nxavia oev l<a'toQBwae va errnvorrtrrtucorrouioet 'to auvoAo tnc I<OLVWVLl<n~ :rraQaywyn~, otrte ia'tw va 'to l<aBu:rro'tuSeL. H orevri 'te)(VLl<n ~uan rnc aUYI<Qoue'tm ue 'tL~ :rrUQaywYLl<i~ a:rrm'tnaeL~, rrou n iOLa On~LOuQynae. 'Eroi iYLVav avaYl<aie~ OL ~nxavi~ I<m n ~LO'te)(Via eiXe I<Loi\a~ ~uBeL :rrw~ va 'tL~ cp'tLu)(VeL (a. 385).

or MHXANEI: KI H I:YfXPONH BIOMHXANIA

A. H ANAIITY3H TON MHXANON

H e:rravua'taan rrtov 'tQo:rro :rraQaywyn~, rrou sel<ivnae orn ~LO'te)(Via ue rnv eQyamal<n Mva~n, eow iXeL acpe'tnQia 'to, eQyai\eia n :rraQaywYLl<u ~iaa.

KuBe uverrruvuevn ~nxaVLl<n eYl<a'tua'taan a:rro'teAeL'tm

cerro:

(I) To ~nxavw~o I<ivnan~' (2) 'to ~nxavLa~o ~e'tuooan~'

(3) mv eQyai\eLO~nxavn ri eQyaaLO~nxavn (a. 388).

H ~LO~nxaVLl<n errovdoruon rou 180u aLwva sel<ivnae ue rnv eQyaaLO~nxavn. Airro rrou rn xaQal<'tnQi~eL, etvm O'tL 'to :rrUQaywYLl<o ~iao -~e ~La :rreQwao'teQo ri ALyo'teQo 'tQo:rrorromuevn ~oQCPn- :rreQvueL urro 'tOY uvBQw:rro ern ~nxavn icru OOUAeUeL ouv ~nxavn I<u'tw arro mv e:rrt~i\e'tjJn 'tou avBQwrrou, TeALl<u oev iXeL l<a~~LU an~aata nv I<LVn'tnQLa ouva~n eivm 0 uvBQw:rro~ ri ~La rpuoucri Mva~n. H eLoo:rrOLo~ oLacpoQu ~Qial<e'tm rrto on 0 uvBQw:rro~ XQnm~o:rrOLet 'to, OLI<U 'tou oQ-

<l>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

vcvc J<.at [LOVOV, EVW n [LnXUVn [LltOQEL vu XQnm[LOltOLEL, [LeaU ce oQW[LeVU OQtU, oon EQYUAdu XQEtU~OV'tat (to Q05uvt ELXE I u5QuX'tt, n J<.Aooa'ttJ<.n [LnXUvn «Jenny» 12 eoo<; 18 u5QuX'ttu).

L'tO Q05uvt, n ~to[LnxuvtJ<.n EltUVua'tuan 5EV 'tQoltOltOinaE uQXtJ<.u 'to lt050J<.ivn't0 ltEV'tUAt, 5nAu5n 'tnv J<.tvn'tnQtu 5uvuun, UAAU 'to u5QuX'tt. 0 uvBQoolto<; ESUJ<.OAouBouaE va ELVat n J<.tvn'tnQtu 5uvu[Ln J<.t erncrdmc rnc [Lnxuvn<;. Arrevcvrtco; n erruvdrrruon rnc EQyuato[Lnxuvn<; eJ<.uvE uvuYJ<.uiu 'tnv 'tEAEtorrotnon 'tn<; u't[Lo[Lnxuvn<; J<.Ut ern auvexnu rn XQnat[LOltOinaE (a. 389-390)" ernonc a. 391-392.

'EXOU[LE 5uo Ei5n [LnxuvtJ<.n<; EyJ<.U'tua'tuan<; o-m aUVXQovn ~to[Lnxuviu:

(I) Erre auvEQyuaiu 0[Lon5wv [LnxUVWV ([Lnxuve<; uqxrvone, [Lnxuve<; 5tltAW[LU't0<;, rrou auv5uu~ouv rn 50UAEtU ltOAAWV EJCt[LeQOU<; EQYU'tWV [Lea' cerro 'to ouvoocouo ltOAAWV 5tUCPOQE'ttJ<.WV EQYUAELooV). E5w n 'tEXVtJ<.n EVO'tn'tu EJCt'tUVXUVE'tat [Leau cerro rn 5uvu[Ln [LE'tu50an<; ri mv J<.tvn'tnQtu 5uvu[Ln.

(2) Etre oiiornun [LnxUVWV, auv5uua[L0<; 5tUCPOQE'ttJ<.WV ern [LeQou<; [LnxUVWV ([LnXUVtJ<.o<; UQYUAEtO<;).

<l>uatJ<.n ~uan rnc aUYXQovn<; ~to[Lnxuviu<; dvat 0 ~to'tEXVtJ<.O<; J<.U'tU[LEQW[LO<; EQyuaiu<;. AAAU n ~to'tExviu J<.at n ~to[Lnxuviu 5tucpeQouv ouotncrrucd, L'tn ~to'tExviu, J<.UBE EJCt[LeQOU<; 5tu5tJ<.uaiu eltQEltE va ltQoauQ[Loa'tEL orov EQyU~O[LEVO. Auto 5EV ELVat rue uvuYJ<.uio rrrn aUYXQovn ~to[Lnxuviu: n EQyumuJ<.n 5tu5tJ<.uaiu [LltoQEi v' uvuAuBEi UV'ttJ<.Et[LEVtJ<.U oro ouoru'ttJ<.U [LeQn 'tn<;, J<.t cuto UVUAU[L~UVEt va 'to J<.UVEt n ernorriun ri n 'tEXVtJ<.n E[LltELQiu, oxrre vu 'to UVUAU~OUV ern auveXEtU ot [Lnxuve<;. E5w n rrocoruoi axean uv<i[Lwu a'tt<; 5tUcpoQE'ttJ<.e<; 0[LU5E<; EQYU'tWV yiVE'tUt axean [L£'tUSu rcov 5tUCPOQE'ttJ<.WV O[LU- 500v [Lnxuvwv (a. 395).

Kat a'tt<; 5uo ltEQtlt'twaEt<; 'to EQyoa'tuato UltO'tEAEL eve [LEYUAO [LnxuvtJ<.o uU'tO[Lu'to (rrou [LOVO ltQoacpu'tu 'tEAEtoltotnBnJ<.E ce 'te'toto ~uB[Lo) J<.t mrtri ELVat n [LoQcpn rrou rou UQ[LO~Et (a. 396). H JCtO ESEAty[Livn [LoQcpn rou ELVat n EYJ<.U'tua'tuan

EYNOIJIH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

aU1:0~a'Cwv ~nxavwv, :n:OU Ka'C<iQvnm: rn X£LQO'CEXVLKn Kat ~LO'CEXVLKn ~cian 'Cn~ ~Evcii\n~ ~LO~nxavia~ Kat 5n~LOUQvnaE mv oi\oKi\nQW~evn ~oQCPn rnc ~LO~nxaVLKn~ :n:aQavwvn~ (a. 396- 397)·

Luv5Ean ~E'Ca~u 'Cn~ erccvcorutucorroinonc trov 5LacpoQwv

Ki\ci5wv Kat rcov ~eawv :n:aQavwvn~ (a. 398-399).

L'Cn ~LO'CExvia 0 auv5uaa~o~ rcov EQVa'CWV eivat U:n:OKEL~EVLKO~. L'Cn ~LO~nxavia U:n:<iQX£L eva~ aV'CLK£L~EVLKO~ ~nxavLKo~ :n:agavwVLKo~ oQvavw~o~, rov orrotov ~QiaKEL e'COL~o urrevaV'Ci rou 0 EQvci'Cn~ Kat :n:OU ~:n:OQei va i\EL'COUQvnaEL ~OVO ~a' cerro aui\i\oVLKn £Qvaaia. 0 auvEQva'CLKO~ xaQaK'CnQa~ 'Cn~ £QvaaLaKn~ 5La5LKaaia~ etvru :n:i\£ov ~La 'CEXVLKn avaVKatO'Cn'Ca (a. 40r).

OL :n:agavwVLKe~ 5uvci~EL~ rrou a:n:oQQeouv urro 'Cn ouveovaaia Kat 'Cov Ka'Ca~EQW~O rnc EQvaaia~, 5EV Koa'Ci~ouv 'Ci:n:O'CE o-ro KEcpcii\aLO. OL cpUaLKe~ 5uvci~EL~ (a'C~o~, VEQO) E:n:ian~ 5EV rou a'COLxi~ouv 'Ci:n:o'Ca. OU'CE KL OL 5uvci~EL~ rrou uvuKai\u:n:'CEL n erncmipn, 'O~w~ aU'Ce~ E5w at 5UV~EL~ ~:n:oQouv vn XQnaL~o:n:OLnBouv uovov uv U:n:<iQXEL eva~ :n:oi\u5ci:n:avo~ Kat Ka'Ccii\i\ni\o~ E~O:n:i\W~O~. IIago~atw~, at £QvaaLO~nxave~ Koa'Ci~ouv :n:oM :n:EQWG(S'CEQO urro ru :n:ai\Lci EQvai\eia. 'O~w~ aU'Ce~ at ~nxave~ exouv :n:oi\u ~Evai\u'CEQo XQovo ~wn~ Kat rre- 5io :n:agavwVLKn~ 5Qcian~ nrro ru £Qvai\eia. Erroueveoc ~£'Ca~L~ci~ouv ore :n:Qo"ioV'Ca roue aUVKQLtLKci :n:oM ~LKQo'CEQn rrooorrrru a~ia~ nrr' oon 'Ca EQvai\eia. 'E'CaL OL ~nxave~ i\ELtOUQVouv axE50v 5WQEciv oe axean ~E 'CO EQvai\£io (a. 402-402).

H uetcocn 'Cou Koa'Cou~ ~ea' cerro m ouvicevroorrotnon rnc :n:agavwvn~ eiVat :n:oi\u ~Evai\u'CEQn rrtn aUVXQovn ~LO~nxavia urr' O,'CL rrtnv ~LO'C£xvia (a. 403).

OL 'CL~e~ rcov ~nxavo:n:oin'Cwv :n:Qo"ioV'Cwv a:n:05ELKVUOUV srooo :n:oi\u eQQL~E n ~nxavn 'Co icooroc 'Cn~ :n:agavwvn~. A:n:o- 5ELKVUOUV emonc O'CL 'Co rrooocro a~ia~ rrou ocpeii\£'Cat ore :n:agavwVLKci EQvai\eia au~civE'Cat ~EV aX£'CLKci, ai\i\ci ~£LWVE'Cat a:n:oi\u'Ca. H :n:agavwVLKo'Cn'Ca 'Cn~ ~nxavn~ ~£'CQLe'Cat ~E 'Co ~aB~o orov orroiov aV'CLKafua'Cci mv avBQwmvn £Qvaaia.

cI>PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

IIaQaoELY[La:ta (a. 405-407).

A<; u1toB£aOU[LE 1tw<; tva a't[LOI<LVmO aM'tQL av'tLl<aBta'tci 150 EQyci'tE<;, 1tOU 0 erriotoc [LLaBo<; 'tOU<; q>'tciV£L 'tL<; 3.000 £. Aun)<; 0 etriotoc [LwBo<; Oev aV'tL1tQoaW1tEUEL oAn mv EQyama 'tOU<;, aAAci [LOVO mv avaYl<aLa EQyamal<n ouva[Ln xcn ~£~ata l<aBOAOU 'tnv U1tEQEQyaaLa 'tOU<;. Av O[Lw<; 'to a't[LOI<LVmO aM'tQL a'tatXL~£L 3.000 £, au't£<; at 3.000 £ ELVat 1tQaY[La'tLl<ci n XQn[La'tLl<n £l<cpQaan 6itn~ rnc EQyaaLa<; rrou E[L1tEQL£XE'tat oe mrro. 'Orcv AatnOV n [Lnxavn a'tatXL~£L ooo I<L n EQyamal<n ouva[Ln mv on ow, av'tLl<aBta'tci, rote n avBQwmvn EQyaaLa rrou E[LnEQL£XE'tat a' aurriv dvat 1tciV'tO'tE 1tOAU ALyo'tEQn ano exetvn rnv orrota av'tLl<aBta'tci (a. 407).

H [Lnxavn W<; [L£ao YLa m [Ldwan 'tou I<oa'tou<; rnc rtcQaywyn<; nQ£n£L va 1<0a'tL~EL ALYO'tEQO ano mv EQyaaLa rrou av'tLl<aBw'tci. flo, 'to I<EcpciAatO O[Lw<;, n a~La 'tn<; nQ£nEL va ELVat [LLI<Qo'tEQn cerro mv EQyamal<n ouva[Ln rtou av'tLl<aBta'tci. Errouevroc, [Lnxav£<; rrou OEV anocp£Qouv I<£Qon rrtnv AVVALa [LnoQEL vu ELVat I<EQOOCPOQE<; rrtnv A[LEQLl<n - n.X. [Lnxav£<; rrou a1tci~ouv mv n£'tQa. AQa: £nEL'ta urto oQW[L£vou<; VO[LLI<OU<; 1tEQWQW[LOu<;, [L1toQEL ~acpvLl<ci va urrouv oe XQnan [Lnxav£<; rrou nQonyou[L£vw<; OEV ritrrv anooo'tLI<£<; YLa 'to I<EcpciAaw (a. 408-409).

B. H lLUOIIOIHLH THL EPrAnAKHL ~YNAMHL MELQ TQN MHXANQN

Eoooov at [Lnxav£<; E[LnEQL£XoUV tnv I<LVmnQLa ouva[Ln 'tOU<;, n a~La rnc [LULl<n<; ouva[Ln<; 1t£cp'tEL. EQyaaLa rrov YUVatI<O- 1tatowv. A[Lwn au~nan rou aQLB[Lou rcov [LLaBw'twv EQya~o[LEVWV [LE rnv £v'ta~n OAWV 'twv [LEAWV 'tn<; oucoveveioc, 1tOU 1tQonyou[L£vw<; OEV EQyci~oV'tav W<; [LwBw'toL. 'Erm n a~La m<; avBQwmvn<; EQyamal<n<; ouva[Ln<; anAwvE'tat ce oAn mv aticoveveic, onAaon n£cp'tEL. TWQa rno, nQOI<EL[L£VOU va ~naEL [LLa oucovevetn, nQ£nEL 4 EQyamal<£<; OUVci[LEL<; ovu [Lia<; 0XL

l:YNOWH TOY «KE<l>AAAIOY»

[LOVO VU EQyU~OV'tat, UAAU va UnEQEQyu~OV'tat ytU AOYUQtUa[LO -COU KECPUAULOU. 'Erot UUSUVE-cat 0 ~UB[LO£ rnc EK[LE-CUAAEUone [LU~L [L£ -cn ol£uQuvan rou uvBQwmvou EK[L£-CUAi\£Uat[LOU UAtKOU (a. 410).

Ilconvouuevoac, n uyoQu Kt n nWAnan rnc EQyuatuKn£ 5UvU[Ln£ rirov [LtU ax£an [LE-CUSU EAEUBEQWV EvnAtKwV nQoawrnov. TWQu ESUyOQU~OV'tat Kat ot UVnAtKot n -cu natOtu. 0 EQyu-cn£ nouAUet rue rn YUVULKU -cOU Kat -CO natOL -cOU - YLVE-cat oouM[LnoQo£. IIUQuoeLy[LU1:U (a. 411-412).

HBtKn KU1:Un-cwan (a. 414-4'5). EKnatOEu'CtKn VO[LOBWLU Kat UV-CLa1:Uan -cWV XEtQO-CE)(VWV (a. 415-417).

H eLaooo£ rcov YUVatKWV Kat -cWV natotwv a-co EQyoa-CUato orrdet -CEAtKU rnv UV-CLa-cuan rcov UVOQWV EQYU-CWV un£vuv'Ct amy KUQtUQXLU -cou KECPUAULOU (a. 418).

Av ot [Lnxuv££ [LEtWVOUV -cov XQovo EQyuaLu£ rrou eLvat unUQui-cn1:o£ ytU rnv nUQuywyn EVO£ UV'ttKEt[L£VOU, oro X£QtU rou KECPUAULOU YLVOV'tat -co taxUQO-CEQO onAo ytU rnv nUQu-cuan rnc EQYUat[Ln£ n[L£Qu£ noM n£Qu uno KuBE CPUatKO OQLO. Arro -cn [LtU [LEQtU On[LLOuQYoUV V£E£ auvBriKE£, rtou Em-CQ£rrouv KU'Ct reroto a-co KECPUAatO, Kt uno rnv UAAn OLVOUV v£u KLVn1:QU nQo£ mrrri mv KU-CEuBuvan.

Ot [Lnxuv££ exouv rn ouvu-co-Cn1:U va KtvOUV-Cat u-C£Q[Lovu.

IIEQLOQL~ov-cut [LOVOV uno rnv UOUVU[LLU Kat ru CPUatKU OQtU rnc Em~Mnouau£ uvBQwmvn£ EQYUatUKn£ Ouvu[Ln£. Min [Lnxuvn rrou cpBeLQE-cat oe 7,5 XQOVtU ooui\£uoV'tU£ 20 WQE£ mv n[L£Qu, unoQQocpuet a-co [LWO XQOVO ytU -cov KECPUAatOKQum roon unEQEQyuaLu, oon [LtU UMn rrou Bu cpBuQeL ce '5 XQoVtU ooui\£uov-cu£ 10 WQE£ mv n[L£Qu (a. 419).

'Erot n, -CQono£ rou MYEtv, «nBtKn» cpBoQu rnc [Lnxuvn£ [Esat-CLU£ m£ n-cwan£ rnc UV-CUAAuK'CtKn£ USLU£ m£] ELVat AtYO-CEQO nUQuKtvOUVEU[L£Vn (a. 420).

EmnMov: [LEYUAn atooo-mrn EQyuaLu£ unoQQocpu-cat xwQL£ v' Uusuvov-cat ot EnEvOUaEt£ oe K-ctQtUK££ EYKu-cua-cuaEt£ Kat [Lnxuv££. 'Erot Oxt [LOVOV UUSUVE-cat n unEQuSLu [L£aw rruQu-cuan£ rnc EQYUat[Ln£ n[L£Qu£, UAAU [LEtWVOV-cat uvuMyw£

cI>PHNTP1X ENrKEAl:

Km -co, £sooa 'JtOU rrrrurrouvtru YL' mrtriv. Atrtri n 'JtaQu-caan £X£L arroqxtotctucoteon an[LaaLa orn [LEYUAn ~LO[LnxaVLa, OLon EOoo -co nrooorrro -cOU a-caBEQou KEcpaAaLOU dvm YEVLKU [LEyaAU-CEQO (a. 421).

Krrrri tnv 'JtQoo-cn 'JtEQLOOO rnc EK[LnXUvwn<;, orov aKO[La £XEL [LOVO'JtWALaKO xaQaK-cnQa, -co, K£Qon dvm -CEQUana. O'JtO-CE [LEyaAoovEL KL n OL1jJa YLa 'JtEQwaO-CEQa, YLa a'JtEQLOQw-cn 'JtaQu-caan -cn<; EQYUat[Ln<; n[L£Qa<;. KaBoo<; O[LW<; YEVLKEunm n XQnan rcov [LnxaVoov, nurri n [LOVO'JtOOAnan rcov KEQOooV EsacpaVL~E-cm KL Em~UAAE-cm 0 VO[LO<;, 0 O'JtOLO<; KaBoQL~EL 'JtW<; n U'JtEQasLa OEV 'JtnYU~EL cerro -cnv EQyaaLa 'JtOU £XOUV ovnKa-caa-cna£L OL [Lnxav£<;, aAAU nrro mv EQyaaLa 'JtOU au-c£<; a'JtaaXOAOUV' onAaon cerro ro [LE-ca~An'CO KEcpUAaLO. 'EXOU[LE AOL'JtOV vu KUVOU[LE EOoo [LE [LLa EYYEvn cvuqxicn tnc KEcpaAmOKQanKn<; XQnan<; -cwv [Lnxavoov: yta [LLa oQw[L£vn [Lu~a KEcpaAaLOU, [LEYEBuvouv rov tva 'JtaQuyona rnc U'JtEQasLa<; -COU (to rrococro U'JtEQasLa<;) [LELoovona<; -cOV UAAO (-cOV UQLB[Lo rcov EQYa'CooV). Arro rn a'CLy[Ln 'JtOU n asLa EVO<; [Lnxavo'JtoLn'COU E[L'JtoQEu[La-co<; yivE-cm n QuB[LWnKn KOLvwvLKn asia rou, mrrri n avnzpcon £QXE-cm a-co cpw<; Km -cau-C0XQova a'JtQOOXVEL crmv 'JtaQu-caan rnc EQYUat[Ln<; n[L£Qa<; (a. 422-423).

H EK[LnXUvWn, [LE tnv a'JtoAuan -cWV EQya-coov 'JtOU cvnKaBta-couv OL [Lnxav£<; Km mv £nasn ornv 'JtaQaywyn rcov vuvcucorrrnocov, 'JtaQUYEL tva 'JtUQa'JtavLatO EQyanKo 'JtAnBuouo 'JtOU avaYKU~E-cm vo u'JtaKouEL a-co vO[LO -cOU KEcpaAaLou. 'Errn n EK[LnXUVWn aVa'CQ£'JtEL oi\,a ro nBtKu Km CPUatKU OQLa rnc EQYUat[Ln<; n[L£Qa<;. 'EXOU[LE AOL'JtOV ro 'JtaQuooso on -co LUXUQO-CEQO [L£ao YLa rn ouvroueuon -cOU XQOVOU EQyaaia<; etvru -cau-C0XQova Km ro 'JtLO a'JtO-CEAEa[LanKO [L£ao YLa m [LE-Ca'CQo'Jtn OAOKAnQn<; -cn<; ~wn<; rou EQyu-cn KaL m<; OLKOY£V£LU<;

-cOU oe oLaB£at[Lo EQYUat[LO XQOVO 'JtOU aUSUVEL rnv asLa -cou

KEcpaAaLou (a. 423).

'ExoU[L£ nOn EsE-cuaEL [L£ 'JtOLOV -CQo'Jto av-ctOQu EOoo n KOLVWvia KaBoQL~oV-ca<; mv icuvovucri EQycim[Ln n[L£Qa. L' mrrri tn ~Uan aVaTC-cuaaE-caL -cooQa n evrurucorrotnon rnc EQyama<; (a. 424).

I:YNOWH TOY «KEAAAIOY»

AQXLKU ~E mv uu~nan rnc 'tuxu'tn'tu~ 'tWV ~nxuvoov EV'tU'tLKOnOLEL'tat n OOUA£LU Kat 'tUU't0XQOVU nUQU'teLVE'tat 0 XQOVO~ EQyuaLU~. I:UV'tO~U O~W~ iQX£'tat ~LU a'tLy~n ortou 'to ivu unoKi\ELEL 'to UMO. 'O'tUV ~ELWBeL 0 EQyUat~O~ XQovo~, rore ~noQeL V' uu~nBeL uovov n evrucn rnc OOUi\ELU~. Meou oe IO ooQE~ Bu YLV£L EV'tU'tLKU ~LU ooui\ELU, rrou KU'tW uno KUVOVLKi~ auvBriKE~ XQELU~O'tUV I2 ooQE~. Atrtri n evrorucorrouurevn EQyUat~n n~iQu i\OyUQLU~E'tat O'tL wxuQonOLeL mv EQyuatUKn Mvu~n. 'Errn n EQyuaLu OEV ~E'tQLi'tat uni\oo~ uno 'to XQovo EQyuaLu~ UMU uno mv iv'tuan rnc (a. 425). I:E 5 ooQE~ avuYKULU~ EQyuaLu~ ouv 5 ooQE~ unEQEQyuaLu~ nUQuYE'tat n LOLU unEQu~Lu rrou Bu nUQuyo'tuv ~E 6 ooQE~ UVUYKULU~ ouv 6 ooQE~ unEQEQyuaLu~ xu~ni\6'tEQn~ evruonc (a. 425).

ME: nOLO toon» evrrrtucorroierrc; n EQyuaLu; 'EXOU~E unoOeL~EL O'tL em ~LO'tEXVLU (urroonuetoxm I59, a. 426), n.X. mv uYYEwni\ua'tLKn, K.i\n., UQKeL n uni\n ouvroueuon rnc EQYUat~n~ n~iQu~ YLU v' uu~nBeL rrro inuKQo n nUQuywYLKO'tn'tU rnc EQyuaLu~. Airro eLVUL UKO~U nLO aLyouQo ern ~nxuvLKn EQYUme, AAi\u: ~i\. tnv unooEL~n rou R. Gardner (a. 426-427).

Moi\L~ Ku't0xuQwBeL OLU vouou n ouvroueuon rnc EQYUat~n~ n~iQu~, n ~nxuvn iQXE'tUL ouv 'to ~iao EKeLVO, ~E 'to orroto 'to KE<pUi\uw uno~u~u nEQLaao'tEQn evtrrrucortomuevn EQyuaLu uno 'tOY EQYU'tn, erre XUQn ornv uu~nan 'tn~ 'tuxu'tn'tu~, EL'tE ~E rn XQnat~OnoLnan i\LYO'tEQWV EQYU'tLKooV XEQLooV oe axian ~E 'tOY UQLB~o 'tWV ~nxuvoov (a. 427). rruQUOeLy~u'tU (a. 428-43I). ELVUL nQo<puvi~ nw~ 0 ni\ou'tw~o~ KL n EniK'tuan rou EQyoa'tUatou cvccrrnxroovcct 'tuu't0XQovu ~iau a' rnrro 'to ni\uLaLO (a. 432-433).

f. TO EPfOI:TAI:IO I:THN KAALIKH TOY MOP<l>H

I:'tO EQyoa'tuato n ~nxuvn uvui\u~~uvEL 'tOY Ku'tui\i\ni\o XELQW~o 'twv EQYUi\ELWV. 'Etot KU'tUQyouv'tat EOoo OL nOLO'tLKi~ oLucpoQi~ 'tn~ EQyuaLu~, rrou eLXUV uvun'tuxBEL ~E tn ~LO-

PHNTPIX ENrKEAl:

n:xvia. H EQyaaia Lao:rrE5wVE'tm 011,0 I<m :rrEQwaO'tEQO, !LE uovn 'to :rroAu :rroAu 5LacpoQo:rroinan aunt !LE'ta~u nALI<Lwv I<m cpuAou. 0 l<a'ta!LEQW!LO<'; rnc EQyaaia<,; ouvtctrrtut E5w oe !LLa l<a'taVO!Lri 'tWV EQya'tWV an<,; £L5LI<W!L£VE<,; !Lnxav£<,; I<m OL EQYU'tE<'; XWQi~ov'tm oe !3aml<ou<,; (El<eLVOU<,; rrou XELQi~ov'tm 'tL<'; EQyaAeLO!Lnxav£<,;) I<m !3onBou<,; (ov I<m aU'to WXUEL !LOVO yLa 'tL<'; aU'tO!La'tE<'; I<Awa'tLI<£<'; !Lnxav£<,; Jenny, ALyo'tEQo YLa 'tL<'; Throstle [j3U'tEQ] I<L EAuXLa'ta YLa 'to !LnxaVLI<O UQyaA£Lo Mule) - :rrQ£:rrEL va :rrQoaB£aou!L£ 'tOU<'; E:rrLa't(l'tE<';, 'tOU<'; !LnxaVLI<Ou<,; I<L a:rroBnl<uQLOu<,;, 'tOU<'; auv'tnQn't£<,;, I<.A:rr. 'EXOU!LE 5nAa5ri vu I<UVOU!LE !LE !LLa 'tu~n, rrou !LOVOV E~W'tEQLI<U evorverm oro EQyoa'tumo (a. 436-437).

H avaYl<mo'tn'ta :rrQoaaQ!Loyri<,; 'tou EQyu'tn ern auvExri I<ivnan EVO<,; au'to!La'tou !LnxaVLa!LOU Em!3uAA£L mv 'tEXVLl<ri EI<:rrai5wan crro rnv :rrm5Ll<ri nALl<ia, XWQi<,; O!Lw<,; au'to vu ouvertdvetrn O'tL 0 EQyu'tn<,; :rraQa!L£VEL wo!3La os !LLa xcn uovn urtoorrcouutucti 50uAELu, o:rrw<,; auv£!3mvE ern !3LO'tEXVia. To :rrQoaw:rrLI<O !L:rroQeL v' aAAu~EL al<o!La I<m crmv i5La EQyaAEw!Lnxavri (Relay system: aAAayri !3ciQ5La<,;) I<L E:rrEL5ri XQELu~E'tm EAUXw'to<,; I<o:rro<,; vtn va EI<:rrm5Eu'teL l<aveL<'; rrro XELQW!LO rtov !Lnxavwv, OL i5LOL EQYU'tE<'; !L:rroQeL vu 50uAEuouv ce 5LacpoQE'tLI<U eL5n !Lnxavwv. H EQyaaia 'twv !3onBwv erre Eivm :rroAu a:rrM<,; 50uAEL£<';, erre av'tLl<aBia'ta'tm 011,0 I<m :rrEQwao'tEQo urro !Lnxav£<,;. Qa'toao 0 !3W'tEXVLI<O<,; l<a'ta!L£QLa!Lo<,; 'tn<,; EQyaaia<,; 5Lmwvi~E'tm !L£aa oro EQyoa'tumo I<m vtvetru wxuQo'ta'to o:rrAo EI<!LE'tuAAEuan<,; rrru X£QLa rou I<EcpaAaiou. 0 EQyu'tn<,; yivE'tm wo!3w E~ciQ'tn!La !LLa<,; crcocrrcoucruoic, E~EL5LI<EU!LEvnc !Lnxavri<,; (a. 438).

'Orro»; 'to £XOU!LE 5EL !L£XQL a'tLY!Lri<,;, oAn n I<EcpaAmoI<Qa'tLI<ri :rraQaywyri 5EV eLvm !LOVO !LLa EQyamal<ri 5La5LI<aaia aAAu l<aL !LLa 5La5LI<aaia au~nan<,; rnc a~ia<,; rou I<EcpaAaiou. KOLVO onueto I<UBE I<EcpaAawI<Qa'tLl<ri<,; :rraQaywyri<,; eLvm on 0 EQYUrnc 5EV XQnm!Lo:rrOLeL 0 i5w<,; 'to, !L£aa EQyaaia<,;, aAAu av'tiBE'to, 'tOY XQnm!Lo:rrOLouV El<eLVa. Movov O!Lw<,; !L£a' a:rro mv EI<!Lnxuvwn nurri n 5Laa'tQocpri yivE'tm !LLa 'tEXVLl<ri, XELQomaa'tri

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Added to Scribd:	Jun 17, 2010
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I:YNO'llH TOY «KE<I>AAAIOY»