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Λουδοβίκος Φόυερμπαχ και το τέλος της κλασσικής γερμανικής φιλοσοφίας (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Λουδοβίκος Φόυερμπαχ και το τέλος της κλασσικής γερμανικής φιλοσοφίας (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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Published by Βήχος Παναγιώτης

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Published by: Βήχος Παναγιώτης on Jul 16, 2010
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Friedrich Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach und der Ausgang der klassischen deutschen PhiIosophie

Karl Marx, Thesen uber Feuerbach

ISBN 978-960-224-734-1

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-16-

tou nOA1J nEQL(JOOtEQ'Y] «oxA'Y]Q~ nVE1J~attx~ bouAELa» an' o.n 'Y] ~£OoM; TOU. Kern to tfA'Y] t'Y]; bEXaEtla; 1830-40 YlVOrev 01,.0 xat JUO cpavEQ~ 'Y] blaonao'Y] t'Y]; OxoA~;. H aQL(JtEQ~ ntfQl-,ya, ot AEy6~EvOl vEOXEyxEAWVOl, otov aywva tOU; ~E t01J; 'ljJE1JtOEuAaBEle; oQ80bOS01Je; xrn TOUe; cpEOubaQXEe; ovnbQaOtLx01Je;, EyxaTfAHnav xouunn-xouuct, tn qJlAooo<:Plx~aQLOtoxQatLX~ EJtlqJ1JAas'Y] cnevcvn oro qJAfyovta s'Y]t~~ata trle; Y]~fQae; rtou Esao<:paAlsE we; rots rnv xQatLx~ avoxl'j, oxo~a Xat nooornot« yw tn blbaoxaAla roue, Ki orov ~aAlota to 1840 Y] OQ8obos'Y] 'ljJEUTOEUAaBHa Xat Y] cpE01J6aQxo-anoA uWQXlX~ cvrtooorm aVfBy]xav OTO 8Qovo ~E tOY <l>QHbEQlXO rOUAlfA~O Ll " unoXQHi)8y]xav va taxOoliv aVOlxta ~E t'Y] ~w ~ tnv aAAY] ~EQlba. 0 aywva; blESaYOtav oxouo ~E <:plAoooqJlxa onAa, aAAa 6Xl rue yw a<:py]QY]~fVOlle; CPlAoooqJlxoue; oxonolJe;. Enooxerro a~wa yw rnv EsaAH'ljJy] ty]; nutQonaQa60- tY]e; 8Qy]oxdae; Xat TOU xQatolJe; non UJt~QXE tore. Ki av or« FEO/.JavLlul Xoovvux' oi nQaXtLXOl tEAlXOl oxonot E~<:pUVlSOvrov oxouo ~E <:plAooo<:plx6 XUQlWe; ~av(n'Ja, ornv Ecp1]f1fOiDa TOV Pitvou' toll 1842 Y] V£OXEYXEAWVl'j OXOA~ aJtoxuA1J<:p8y]xE

1. Deutsche Jshrbucher tiir Wissenschalt und Kunst (/FQIl(JVDui XQoVlxc1 via T'IV Eiturtnun xai T'IV 7fXV'I). q:lAOAOYlXO - qJtAOOOCflXO ;TEQlO(')lX01([)V vroXEyxEAla\,(llv ;WU fr)ymVE 011'] AnWLU U;T<l 1OIJ; A. POl)YXE xm T. 'EXIEQf.l<1YlEQ a;TO 10 1841 f.lI'XQl 10 fEV<1Q1'] 1(1) 1843 rrou 1'] £xilo011 TOll U;tUYOQEtI11']XE orro l1']V x IJr)fQV1']01'] 11']S: Ln~oVLUC; (<Hlf.l. yEW. OUVl.).

2. Rheinische Zeitung tiir Politik, Handel und Gcwcrbe (ECf'lWQiba WI!

Ptivou yw TIl" nOA~W(lj, TO FpJToQw xai T'I Bwrrxv[a),1']f.lEQJjma ECf1']WQiila rtou XllXAOCfOQOIJOE 011']V Koxnrvio «no 10 rrvcon toll 1842 we; to Mc'!Ql1'] lOU 1843. EXE ;tQ(t)10XUXAOcrOQJjOEl n7I<l fX;TQomll;touc; 11']C; aOTLxJj; la~l1; 11']:; JTEQLOXJj; tou PJjVOli 7IOU «vn lLOovmv 011']V rrQ(,)OlxJj unOA IlmQxia. EXf oov O1IVCQYUW; x«t xU~mOOOl)C; VEOXE'/XCAWVOU;. A;t<l10V A;TQiA1'] ton 1842 EQyns<lmv xrn ° KnQA MnQ~ otnv ECf1']~lEQiila, Ev(il oao TOV OX1(i,r)Q1']111C; illlaC; XQOVlUC; EYlVf aQXWllVlUXT1']e; 11']C;. H Eqi1']~lEQiDa D1']f.l00LEUOE xrn uQ()ga tou <PQ[VIQlX 'EVYXEA::;. 'ETOl. UQXLOE vc naLQVfl EVUV <lAO xm 7IW sExMluQo snnvnorrrnxo - 1l1']f.lOXQ<HlX<i X<!QuxIJjQa. II Xa1f1j()llV01'] aUTJj 11']S: fCf1']f.lEQiilu::;. xu8(iJ::; xrn 1'] atls1']01'] T1']C; D1']f.l0nXOT1']Tc'!; Tll<; orn r(Q~LUVLU. nQoXUAEOav Of xu0EQV1']tlXOI)::; XI)X},OIl:; aV1']ouxia xrn D1IoaQEoxaa, aA},U XCH T1']V OQyJj lOU avnDQaUTlXOI) TI)7Iou. LTLC; 19 fEvciQ1'] 1011 1843. 1'] ;tQ(])mxJj xu0tQv1']01'] EstilWOf DlumYf.la nou annYliQEU( 11']V Xl'XAOlfOQia 11']:; EQ;'1WQibac; TOll Pttvou U7I<i T1']V I A;TQiA1'] TOl) 1843 xrn f.lEXQlHiTf T1']<; f7IE[)aAAE f.lw f~mQETlXa auOT1']QiJ Ao,/oxQwia (01']f.l. YEQf.l. OUV1.).

-17-

oueoc ocv CPlAOOOcpLa tT]e; Ql~OOnaonxi)e; aOtLxi)e; tasT]e; non aVEf)m V£ xm non to A£JttO CPLAOOOCPlXO llaVDlla tOY XQ£W~Otov mn 1l0VO XaL uovo Yla v« naQanAava tTl AOYOXQwla.

TT]v £Jtoxi) exet VT], WOtOOO, T] nOAltlxi) i)tav EbacpOe; 11£ nona ayxaOla Xl EtoL 0 XllQLOe; aY(DVae; OTQacpT]Xf evovnc orn OQT]oxda. Mo Xl 0 aY(DVae; evcvnc OtT] 8QT]oxda nrcv Xl curoc, li'li,we; ano to 1840 xm nEQa, Ellllwa nOALTlXOe; aywvoc. TT]v nQwTT] wOT]OT] £i,x£ i'lwou T] Zwtj TOV 1r/OOI11oll LtQaou; TO 1835. Evovn« OTT] O£(DQi,a yw TO nwe; y£vvi)OT]xav oi IlUOOl t011 ElJayy£A.lou, nou avanTUOOOVTaL 0' cuto TO f)lr1Ai,0, ovn TaxOT]X£ aQyc'>1£Qa 0 Mnoouvo Mncouso xm ensb£LS£ on.juo OAOXAT]QT] oUQa ant} tu; WTOQl£e; TOU EuaYY£AI,ou EXOUV XaTaOXWaaTfL «no TOUe; i,bLOue; TOUe; oUYYQacp£i,e; roix, H blallaXT] avallwa otoix ouo bl£SaYOTav 11£ TO CPLAOOOCPlXO llavbUa TOll aY(DVa TT]e; «allTOOUv£LbT]OT]C;» evovnc OTT]V «ouotc». To ~i)TT]lla, av Ol LOtOQL£e; HDV 8auIlaTwv TOlJ EuaYY£AloU y£vvi)8llxav aTOUe; xOAnoUe; Tlle; xorvotntr«; xaQll ornv aoUvdbT]Tll naQaboowxi) bT]lllouQYLa lluOWV i) av EXOllV xctuoxeuootet cno roi»; i,bLOue; TOUe; EuaYYfAWtte;, 11£yaAonOli)OT]X£ oto ~i)tT]lla, av T] «ouoto» i) T] «mrtoouvetonon» ElVaL T] arrocp<Xowtlxi) XLVT]ti)Qta MvallT] 0Tr]V nayxOOllta LOTOQi,a. Krn i)Q8£ tEAOe; 0 LtLQV£Q, 0 nQocpi)tT]e; TOll OT]Il£QlVOU cvcoXLOIlOU - 0 Mnoxouv, v ni)Q£ naQa nOAAa an' cutov - rtou s£JtEQao£ tnv xUQi,aQXT] «am0011VdbT]0T]» 11£ TO X1.1Qi,aQXO «atOIlO» tou',

f1£ Oa £Jt£XWOoull£ n£QLOo6t£Qo 0' ami) trrv nA£uQa TT]e; arroouvOWT]e; tT]e; X£YX£Awvi)e; oxoAi)e;. Ito Ilae; mo oT]llavnxi) dvm T] nA£uQa on T] Ilal;,a TWV mo arrocpaoLOTlx(iw VEOX£YX£ALavwv ObT]yi)OT]X£ «no ne; nQaXTlXEe; avayx£e; tou aydwa tT]e; evcvn« OtT] OftlXi) OQT]oxda ntoco OtOV aYYAoyaAAlxo UAL- 0110. Kt £bw i)QOav O£ OllYXQOUOT] 11£ to OllOtT]lla tlle; oxoA.r)e; roue. EVlD 0 llAWIl6e; 8£wQ£i, TT] CPllOT] oov TO 1l0VO nQawanxo, OTO XEYXfAlaVo OUOTT]lla T] CPUOT] f( vet Ilovaxa T] «£SWTfQI,xenon» tT]e; anoAUTT]e; lbEae;, oav v« AEIl£ T] lJJtOf)aO!lLOT] tT]e; LbEae;. Ev naoT] n£QLJtt(ilOH T] OXE1jJT] xm TO vonnxo TT]e; nQo·L-

1.0 EVY)(EA; evvoet TO fQYO TOll Ma~ LTLQVEQ (1j!El"'\WVU~O lOU KamtaQ L~lt): Der Ein,dgeundsein Eigentum(ToaWIlO)(W 11 LbwxTl10ia roV):ilOUE)(M8fJ)(E TO 1845 (OfJ~. en. OUVT.).

-18-

OV, l]lota, dVUl fOW 10 n:QwtaQXlXO, fVW l] qJUOl] dVUl to nnQaywyo, nou Un:agXH YfVlXa !J,OVO XaL !J,OVO Ylatt xata6tx8l]xs vo xatEBH l]lOEa wC; auto TO onueto. KaL ueoc 0' aut'll rnv avttcpaoll BOA6bfgvav onox-omoc.

TOTf l'jQ8f l] Ovota TaU XOWTWVWIWVI 10U <fJ6lfQ!lTI:ax.

Mf!J,tac; exove 8glnjJaAa rnv aVttcpaoll aml'j, savavfBa!;ovtac; xcuQtC; mQWtQocpEC; toy UAWflo oto 8g6vo tou, H CPUOll un:aQXH aVfseXQtllta nrto xa8f CPlAooocpta. An:otfAd tn Baoll nou n:avw Tl]C; !J,fYaAwoa!J,f f!J,dc; ot av8Qwn:ol, nou d!J,a01f Xl ot tOLOl n:Qo'(OVTa Tl']c; cpUOl]C;. 'EsCU an:' tn CPUOll XaL tOUC; av8Qwnou; Of V un:aQXH rtnorc, XaL W ovorreoo ovro nou bll~UOUQYllOf II 8QllOXfunxl'j ~wC; qxrvrcoto lOt Val !J,ovaxa II qxrvtcottxl'j avtaVaXAaOl] LOU L6LOU!!UC; T01) E( voi, To !J,aYla ftXaV onnou, To «cuornuc» avanveXX8llxE XaL n:naXTllxE ornv unovro; II aVTtcpaoll bWAU8llXE, Ylatt an:AouOTaw an:oxaAucp8llxE on BQwxoTav !J,ovaxa orn eovrooto !J,aC;. IlQEn:El vo. EXH !;l'jOfl xavr(c; ° t6LOC; tn AUTQcunxl'j m(6Qaol] uuto» TOU j3lBAtm), Yla va !J,n:OQEOfl v« OXll!J,atlOH ~ua t6Ea Yl' auto. OEv80uowo!J,6C; nrcv YEVlX6C;: ytVa!J,E OAOl !J,E!J,lac; cpo"tEQ!J,n:aXlxoL Me n:OOO Ev80uOlao!J,0 XaLQEtWE ° MaQs rnv XaL vouQYla aVttA l]'\jJl] XaL nooo - n:aQ' OAfC; nc; XglTlXEC; fJtlqJl)MsuC; - mllQfaoTllxf an:' cutnv, to olaBeX!;u xavdc; OTllV Ayia Oixoveveux.

Axouo XaL r« M8ll tou j)lj)AlOU ouvHEAwav ornv eXfl£Oll Em T1)Xla rou, To EUXOAO AOYOtEXVlX6, 010 flEQlxa OllflEta fleXAlOTa oWflcpw6fC; ucpOC; TOU, fsaocpaA10f flfYaA'llTfQo XOlVO XaL an:otEAWf O1[CUOOl'jn:otE uio ava!;woyovllOl], u01EQa cno W n:oAM XQovla acpllQllflEV01) xm OUOVOllTOU XfYXfAlavwflOU. To lblO LOXUfl xru ue mv umQj)oAlxl'j 8wn:OtllOl] tllC; ayaJtllC;, nou, flJtQoC; ornv acpoQl]tl] Hl)Qa xUQwQx(a tllC; «xa8aQl'jc; OXE'\jJllC;», !J,JtOQOUOE vu ouyxwQE8d 0Xl O[lCuC; xm vc OlxmwOd. Auto rtou bEV JtQEJtEL, WOtOOO, va sExva!J,E EtVm on aXQlj)wc; aJt' aUTtc; nc; buo aouVafltfC; rou <fJolfQ!lTI:ax rucornxe 0 «aAll8LVOC; oornoxiouoo-', rtou crto to 1844 6tablMtav oov Em- 6llflta ern «uooqxousvn» rEQflaVta, XaL rtou OTY] 8EOll tlJC; em-

I. To fllBAlO TOU <t>(\lfQ!l-"1UX Wesen des Christenthums(H ouoia rov XQtotuxviouoo; flyip(f TO 1841 rrrn AWj!lCl (O!][1. EAA. OlJVT.).

2. 0 «ClA!]8lV(\C:;» 11 «YEQ[.lClVlXOc:; OO(JlClALO[.lOc:;» nrnv [LtCl ClvnOQnonxn TaO!] nou (')luM8!]XE OT!] OEXClETlCl TOU 1840 orn rEQ[.lClVln, XUQl(JlC:; [.lEon orn

-19-

OTlj!J,OVlxi]e; YVWOlje; fBa1;;E rnv E'\JXOAlj AOYOTEXVlXi] cpgaOlj, orn efOy] tY]e; XElQacpEtljOlje; lOU JtQOAftaQtatOU !J,E tov OlXOVO!J,lXO !J,ETaOX'Y)!J,ano!J,o T'Y)e; Jtagay())yne;, fBa1;;E tnv aJtEAEUOfQ())Olj Tlje; av8gwJtOTljTae; !J,EO()) Tlje; «ayaJtlje;», XOVTOAoyie; xavorcv !J,Eoa OTY]V aljblaonxi] EUxOAlj AOYOTExv(a xm om oroucp(llblXlj ayaJty], JtOU xagaXTljQwnXOe; EXJtQOOCllJtc)e; tY]e; i]taV 0 XUQLOe; KaQ"- fXQtv.

Koi xan aAAO oxoun rtou bEV JtQma va SExva!J,E d vrn on, o» xm blaAuOrrxE lj XEYXEAlUvl] <JXOAi], OEV srnEgCtOTrfttE, ouox, XQlTtxa 'Y) Xf)"AEAWVi] CPlAOoocpiu. 0 LTgaou; xm 0 MJtaOllfQ Jti]QUV o XUOEVUe; a:'IO !J,lU Tlje; JtAEUQa xm rnv fOTQE'\jJUV JtOAE!J,lxa Evavue OTljV aAAY]. 0 <Pc)lEQ!1JTaX OlfOJtUOE TO OUOTlj!J,U xru (Lt:AOUotero TO JtETal;E OTY]V unovtc. Aev SE!J,j'TfQbEl1ELe;, WOTc)OO, !J,E !J,la CPtAooocpia!J,E TO va XY]QUxvue; (Lt:A0110TaLa on Eivm AuHE!J,EVlj. Kt iv« TOOO ouvrrro fQYO, c)Jtwe; 'Y) XEYXEALaVi] CPlAooocpia rtou aOXljOE !J,la Tc)OO TEQaona E .. mgQoi] O1ljV JtvEwanxi] ava."tTllSlj LOll fOV01)e;, OEV [L-t:oQfi va LO JtaQu!J,fQiofl xavELe; MAn:); ayvo(ilvror; TO. 'EJtQrnE va «UvmgEeEi» !J,E Tlj ()LXla TOU t'Y)V evvotc, blj"-ubi] !J,E TlJV evvoto on EVW lj !J,oQCPi] TOU mQrnE vc: ESaAElcpTEi ue mv XQl nxi], mgrnE va owOEi TO YEO JtEQlEXc)!J,EVO rtou EiXE MOXti]OEL. fw to Jt(ile; EYl VE rnrto, ea !J,LA,iJOO1J!J,E JtuQuxatw.

LtO !J,EWS11 o!J,we;, lj enrrvootcon TOll 1848 tj3UAE aVEvc)X"-11Ta OTlJV unnvrc OAlj rn CPlAooocpia, <xxQtBwe; c)Jt(ue; 0 <Pc)lEQ!lJt<XX TOV XfYXEA TOU. Ma1;;i T11; OJtQWXTljX£ Xl 0 ibLOe; 0 <Pc)L£Q!lJtUX 010 neQleci)QlO.

[llXQOuoux1\ ourvonon. Ot EXTIQ60W7[OL len) - KUQA fXQlV .. M6~E~ Xrc, XEQ[lUV KQiYXE x.n. - rurrnocv one; OOOlUALOllXE~ lOEE; fVU O\lvmoflruwllxo x1\Ql.lY[1<X mQL uy{mYi~ xru UOEA(f'0Ol)VTj; xrn uQv1\flTjXUV ITjV cvcvxototnt« ITj~ UOllXOOTllloxgunxJj; E;raVa01(10Tj<;. Oi MaQ:; xm 'EVYXfAC; U(i)(Tjoav uuO1TjQJi XQlTlxJi 0' amJi ITjV TaOTj, xl.lQimt; am EQyn TOU; H YEO/taW)") ioeo) .. ovia, Mavuieato TOU KOPllOUVWTlXOt; Kouuato: x,«, (OTj~l. '(EQ!C (1)VT.).

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II

To f!EyaAo f"~a(JLxo ~irr'Y)f!a xa8E qllAooo<:plm;, LbWltEQa nit; VEOtEQytt;, stvrn to ~Yttytf!a t'Y)t; 0XEOytt; tytt; vonon; us to EtVal. Ano rou; rroAl) rraALOUt; XaLQOUt;, orov ot <iv8Q(J)rroL nvvoorvtcc; oAc)tEAa oxouo rnv xaWOXEvYt toll lbLOV rou owf!aTclt; toix xm rraQaXLV'Y)fJ,EVOL am) W OVELQa' £<:ptaoav va <:pavt(i~ovtm on 'Y) oxbjJ'Y) touc xru 'Y) ctlo8'Y)orj 1OVt; bEV El voi ?lQ(l(J'Y) to u (JC\)f!atclt; toVt;, l1a 6Qao'Y) I1Lctt; I;EX(J)QlOtYtt; 'jlllXYtt; nou xatoLxd ueoo (J' ouro to (J(ilf!a xrn nou to EYXaTctAElrrEL ue to 8<ivato - «no tore XLOAa:; OL <iv8Q(J)rrOt vrrOXQEwO'Y)xav v« (Jtox<i~OVtm yw tn 0XEO'Y) avtrj:; t'Y):; 1jJ1)xrj:; fJ,E toy EI.;WtEQLXcl X00I10. Av 1110 to 8<ivato 'Y) \jJUXYt aJtoX(J)QL~6tav arr6 to XOQf!L XL EsaXOAou80uOE va ~EL, tote bEV VJtrjQXE Myot; v« qxrvrnorouv YL' avtYtv aUo sEXUlQLOtO Ocvoro. 'EWL ()'Y)f!LOuQyrj8'Y)XE 1) JtaQaota(1) )'Lct t'Y)V aOavaOla t1']:;, 0' EXElV1) t1'] [)ct8fJ,Lbct ctvarrn)I.;'Y)t; bEV rraQouoL<i~Etm 010 xaf!La JtEQLrrtW01'] ouv rtnQ1']YOQLa, !la onv EL!laQ!l£V1), non evovnc t1']t; bEV !lrrOQEl xoVEL:; vn x<iVEL rurorc, xm aQxn<i (JllXV<i, clrrWt; croix EU'Y)VEt;, ocv aA'Y)8LVYt Oll!lCPOQ<X. LlEV dvm 'Y) OQ'Y)oxEunxYt av<iyx'Y) t1)t; rraQ'Y)YOQL<it;, !la'Y) a!l'Y)XctVla nou rrQoEQXOWV «no tn YEVLxrj xaOuot£Q'Y)OlJ YLa to u £JtQE:tE va xovouv t'Y)V \jJUXYt !lEta to 8<iVaTO ton ocourrtoc, !lLa£ xm dxav rraQabExtEL t'Y)V uJtaQsYt t'Y):;, rtou ObYtY'Y)OE YEVLxa OtlJV aVLaQrj <:pavwonxYt EVVOta tlJt; rrQoowmxrjt; aOctvaota:;. ME rroM rraQoW)Lo roono YEVVrjOlJxa.v ILf. t11V JtQo(J(!JrcOJtO(XP11 t(!JV <:PU(]u(.wv (\ UV<Y.ILf.(!JV Ol JtQ(Ilrot Geot, non Ot'Y)V ruo rrEQa bW!lclQ<:PCUO'Y) trnv 8Q'Y)OXEL(ilV ErraLQvav OAO XaL J(f.QW06tEQO EsUlXOO!lLXrj !loQ<:Prj, worrou tEAO£, !lE !lLa bwbLxaola acpalQEO'Y)t; - Sct 'AEya OXEb6V IJ.E IJ.W bLaC'lLxaOta bLUAW'Y)t; - nou ytVETaL <:pVOLOAoYLxa orn

1. Kru OliJ.lfga «xou« orou; aYQlou; )((L orotx )(a.t(llTfQOlI; j)uQ()agou; E;tl)(QcnEl YEvlxa 11 avtlA111i'11 <in OL uvOQ(i);tlVE; !lOQqJEC; rtou E!lq;uvl~ovt«L am (iVflQU elvm 1jI\IXEC; ;tOU EY)(UtEAfl1I'UV TIQ(io)((LQ<X to )(oQl-ll. !"t' mrto 0 J[QU'l~WTlx6; avflQ(j)T[oC; OE«lQfL HH U;tE\)Ouvo; yw tu; ;t"gasw; TIOU x<iVEL OtO OV£LQO (l;tEVUVtl ow ;tQ()o(r);w nou roy ovaocnrnxe. AlITO to c'iWTItOT{[)(JE, YlU ;tuQac'inYl-l«, 0 'I!l(loQv (Imthurn) TO 1884 orou; lvourvou; tile; rou'Lava; (Oill-l. TO\.I'EvYXEAC;).

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OLaQXEla TT]r; nVEll~aTLXnr; aVanTUST]r;, «no tou; J[OA,A,OUr;, rteQLOOOTEQO n A,LY01fQO n£QLOQLO!!£VOUr; Xat anT]A,On£QLOQL~OIlEVOUr; BEaur;, OT]IlLOUQynOT]XE OTa XUpaA,La TWV avBQwnwv T] naQaowoT] YLa TOV evo» anoxA,Elonxc) BlOc) TWV 1l0VOBE"lOTLxorv OQT]oxwIw.

To ~nTT]lla TT]r; OX£OT]r; TT]r; VOT]OT]r; 1110 TO ELVaL, tou nVEUllaTOr; 1110 TT] CPUOT], 10 lJ'1jJLOTO ~nTT]lla C)A,T]r; TT]r; CPLA,ooocpLar;, £XEl A,OLnOV, 6XL A,L YOTEQO ana xa8£ BQT]oxda, TT] QL~a TOll otu; nEQLoQLOIl£VEr; naQamaoElr; rcou 0CPElA,OVTaL OTT]V allaOEla TWV avBQ(lmcov TT]r; aYQwr; xaTaOTaOT]r;. To ~nTT]lla nuro, OIlWr;, !1JtOQEOE va TEOd IlE OA,T] ron TT]V OSUTT]W, !-WLOQEOE va anOXTnOElOAT] ton TT] onuootc, Ilc)VOV orcv T] EUQ(lma"lxn cv- 8Qwn6TT]Ta SUnVT]OE coto TT] llaxQOXQOVT] XElIl£QLa vaQXT] lOU XQLOTLaVLX011 ueoetcovo. To ~nTT]lla TT]r; OX£OT]r; TT]r; VOT]OT]r; 1110 10 ELvaL, rtou anWOTE Xat OTT] 0XOAaOTLXn CPLA,ooocpLa TOU ueonkovo £nmsE 10 IlEyaA,O TOU Qc)Ao, TO ~nTT]lla: n etvrn TO nQUl1aQXLXO, TO rrveuuc n T] CPl10T]; -10 ~nTT]lla a1JTc) osuv8T]XE OTT] OLallaXT] 1110 TT]V EXXAT]o(a: 'EnAaoE 0 BlOor; toy XOOW) n unnQXE 0 xOOIlOr; ouovio:

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-22-

OWOtO avnxa8QfcptWIW Tne; ngaYl-lanXOtl]tae;; Ltl] CPLAoooCPLXi] YAwooa, to si]tl]l-la curo oV0l-laSEtaL si]tl]l-la tl]e; tontotl]tae; tl]e; VOl]Ol]e; XaL LOU ElVaL XaL l] I-lEYaAl] nAHo'ljJl]cpLa tWV CPLAooocpwv cnovtc Xatacpanxa 0' auto. LtoV XfYXEA, yw nagabHYl-la, l] xmacpanxi] anavtl]Ol] stvrn mnovonm, YWtL exetvo rrou YVWQLSOUI-lE OLOV nQaYl-lanXO X00I-l0 dvat axgtBw:; to VOl]nXO tou JtEgLEX0I-lEVO, auto rrou xaVH tOY X00I-l0 v« ELvat BaBl-ltaLa nQaYl-latonOLl]Ol] tl]e; anOAUtl]e; tbfae;, tl]e; anOAlltl]e; tbfae; rrou uni]QXE xanou ouovi«, aVEl;agtl]ta uno toy X00I-l0 Xat nQLV «no toy XOOI-lO. ELVat, OI-lW:;, oAocpavEgo on l] VOl]Ol] 1-lJt0Qd v« yVCOgLSEL Eva JtEgtEXOI-lEVO rtou «no rnv agxi] X LOAae; dVaL JtEgtEX61-lEVO vonnxo. Et Vat mlOl]e; os.oqxiVEgO on auto rtou JTQEnH Ebw vo anobHXtfi JtEgtEXftat OLWnl]Qa i]bl] otnv ngo'tinoOwl]. Auto, ol-lwe;, bEY fl-lJtobisH xa86- 1...011 toy XEyxfA, orto Tl]V anobHl;i] tou yta Tl]V tcutorntc tl]e; v6l]0l]e; XaL ron ElVaL, va ByaAH xat to naQaJtfga OUI-lJtEQaouo on, I-ltae; Xat YLa tn VOl]orj LOU fiVaL oWOTi] l] CPLAooocpia LOU, fivat Xat l] I-lovabtxa ooxrrn CPLAooocpia Xat on l] trnrtorntc tl]e; VOl]Ol]e; xrn LOU Eivut nQfJtEt vc fnLBEBatwBd I-lE to on l] avBQwJtotl]ta 8a I-lEtacpEQH al-lfOWe; tn CPLAooocpLa ton «no tn Of(ogLa ornv ngal;l] Xat Ba I-lEtal-lOgCPCOOH 01...0 tOY xo- 01-l0 onuqxovc I-lE tu; XfYXEAWVEe; aQXfe;. TIQ6XHtat yta I-lW autanatl] rrou rn oUl-lI-lEgisEtaL Alyo-noAU I-lasi I-lE 6Aoue; roue CPtAOOOcpOUe;.

JIagaUl]Aa, OI-lWe;, maQXouv «xouo I-lW. OHQa aUm qnA(}ooCPOt, «urot rrou al-lcpwBl]tOUV tl] ouvcrornro vo yvwQiOOUI-lE i] tOuAaxwtO vn yvwgiOOUI-lE El;aVTAl]tLXa toy XOOI-lO. 2:' autOUe; «vnxouv, crto TOlle; VEOtEg011e;, 0 XtOUI-l XaL 0 Kovt, rtou EnaLl;av fvav nOA'U onucvnxo QOAo orn cptAooocptxi] avamlll;l]. O,n EiXE anocpaownxi] onucotc YLa v« everQfBd mlti] l] avtLAl]'ljJl], to fXH nH xLoAae; 0 XEYXEA, 000 BEBaLa nrov ouvnto v« yiVH auto cno LbwAwnxi] anO'ljJl]. Ooo ng(}08WE 0 <l>oLfgl-lJtax «no tnv uAwnxi] ano'ljJl] ElVaL JtEgwOOtEQO nVEul-latwbl] naga f)aBta. Hmo nEtUXl]I-lEVl] avaLQWl] auti]e; ono»; Xat xa8E anl]:; cptAOoocpLxi]e; Ml;ae;, ElVaL l] nQ(xl;l], bl]Aabi] TO JtELgal-la XaL l] BtOl-ll]xavla. Av unooouue v« anobEil;011l-lf mv ogB6tl]ta tl]:; avtLAl]'ljJi]e; I-lae; yta tva CPUOtxo qxn V0I-lEVO cpnaxvovta:; TO I-l0VOL I-lae;, naQayovtae; to «no TOlle; 6Q(Hle; ton XaL, fJtLnAfov, xrrvovrdr; TO v« El;unl]gEtd

-23-

LOUC; OXOlTOVC; 11(11;, tore ~OCPAUH TO a(1)AA1'}JT1:0 «lTQuYlla xo- 8Eauto» TOU Kovt. OL X1'}IlLX£e; OUOL£C; lTOU ;WQuYOVtaL or« cpunxu XaL ~(J)lXU (J(Dllara mXQ£llfVaV t£IOLa «lTQuYllata xoOEauru» (DC; t1') Onnn] non 1'} OQyaVLX'i) X1'}llfla UQXLOf vn nc; lTaQ(WXfUU~H t1'} lAta VOt£Qa (XlTO t1'}V UAA11. 'EWL TO «lTQuYfla Xa8EaUTC») EYLVf reQuYfla YLa flae;, GJ[(t)e; YLa lTaQubu Y!W 11 aALl;,aQiv1'}, 1'} XQ(J)onxl] ouoto TOU QL~aQLOU, no» oev HI ()YU~Ol'Il£ mo cno w; Qit;,fe; LOU QLl;,aQwlJ nou xaAAL£QYOU!l£ ora XWQUcpLa, 110. lTOA1, CPt11VOt£Qa XaL (mAOUOtfQa (me) to XatQUIlL tou m:tQoxuQBouvm,. To 11Alaxe) mJotllfla tOU Koneovixo» rotcxooto oA6xA1'}Qa XQovw £~t£V£ Ilw uJt68wy}, rtou JTUV(() T1'}C; unooouo«; v« OTOLX11!WtlOHe; ue exoro, XlALa XaL bbw XLAL<X?if; ow Eva, oxrrooo flLCI. l'Jto8wy). Otcv, Ofl(J)C;, ° A£r)fQL£, BaOWIl£vOe; 01(1 b£bOflEV(X uuto» tOU 01JOti}llaroC; UJTOAOYW£, 0XL flovuxa on JTQfJtH v« UJtcXQXH £vac; cXYVCt)CHOC; JtAavi}t1'}C;, 110. XaL T1'} tJE01'} cnou rrQ£lTH v« BQLoxftaL autoe; 0 lTAavi}T1'}; orov 01JQav6 XUl otrrv uOTfQa 0 rXcXA£ BQl]x£ JtQanwtlxcX aurov TOV lTAavi)T1'}, TOT£ TO 01,ot1'}fla toll Konsovtxou ElX£ uno- 6£LX8EL. Av, lTaQ' OA' «ut«, <H1'} rEQllavLa OL veoxovuovot lTQooJ[(x801'v vu ~uvUl;,UlVtuVE\jJOUV ru; xavnuvEC; aVtlAi}\jJw; XUl OL aYV(()OUxWTt':C; w; avuAi}lj'H; TOll Xcouu (H1'}V AYYALa (6n01J lTOtE oev dxav £1;a<paVWtEl lTEQa yw lTEQa), auto £JTLOT1'}flOVLXcX (XJ[ot£A£l Eva f)l]!la ITQoe; to. mot», O£ 0XE01'} fl£ T1'} O£wQ11tlXl] xrn nQmmxl] UV(1LQWi} toix nou !',YLVC cno xmQ6, xm OTT]V lTQ<Xt;1') El Val llovUxa Eva; buM; tQ6Jto; v« naQabEXOVtaL TOV llALO!.lO ore XQllCP<X, EVeD by}1l0ma tOY alTaQvLOuvtrn.

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-24-

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-25-

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-26-

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-27-

moxi) not) cvcottuooovrnv 11 YfWAOYLa, 11 £!LfIQuOAOYlCl, 11 cpuOLOAOYLa t(J)V qnrtorv xrn tWV l;,(I>WV Xat 11 oQyavlxi] Xll!LELa Xat rtou, p,£ BUOll a1Jt£~ tu; Vf£~ mLOti]p,E~, E!LcpavLl.;,ovtav novtou !LEYaAocpUEL~ J£QoawOi)ow; Tn; xawmvi]s OE(J)QLW; tne; ES£Alsne; (YLa naQabElY!La 0 f'xaLtf Xat 0 Aa!LaQx), To oucmuc, O!L(t)e;, to «ncttouce «uto, XatE1:Ol EJ£Q£m, yw xaQn ton ouOtYJ!LaWe;, TI !LtOobO~ va xavEl amotla orov LblO tOY EaUtO tlj;.

H (bla !Ln LOtoQlXYJ avtLAll'ljJll emxoorouoe ital ow mbLo 1:lje; LOtOQLae;. E6co 0 aywvae; evcvnc am lJJ£OAfl!L!Lata tou !Lwa(wva nnoorrouoc 1:11V J[Qoooxn. 0 !LWalwva<; 8EWQOtlVTaV arr/.ll blaXOrrll tne; LOtoQlae; aT[() lua XlAl6XQovn YEVlXi] BaQBaQatnta. Aev EBAmav ne; !LfyaA£~ JtQoabotle; tOU !LwaLcav« - HI ?m:t)QUVOlj tou EUQ(J):;rabwu noxrnouxou JtEbt(nJ, to fhtoOl!La !LEyaAa tHVll non Elxav 0XllIWnatE( ornv EUQ(I>Jtll to tva JtAal ow ano, tEAO; ru; t!:Qa(mE~ tEXVlX£C; J£Q06601JC; LOU 140u xat 15011 alcova. 'EWl, owue;, tYlVE CI.bllvaw va xotovonoouv AOYlxa tn !LcyaAlj WWQlXn ouvacpaa, Xal lj totoQLa XQljO(!LEUf to J[OAl)-J[OAU ocvju« oUAAOyi) anc) rraQabdy!Lata Xal ELXc)VEe; vi« XQ1l0lj tWV cptAOOc)CPWV.

Ot Exxu6a'(on':c; YUQOAOYOl, Jt01J oro 1850-1860 EfLl:OQEUOVTaV orn f'EQ!wvLa tOY llAW!L6, bEV SEIT£Qaoav XaHOA01J a11- ta to ()Qw nov baoxaAUlv roix. 'OAEe; or nooooor nou YV(DQloav arr() tots Ol CPUOtXEC; mWtll!LE<;, 1:01J<; XQTlOlflEUav flovaxa ocv vtEe; arrobEi1;El<; yw to on bEV uJ[aQxcl bTlfl101JQy6e; 1:OU xoouou Xat JtQaw.anx(x bEY aOXOAnOljxav J£OtE va ovcnruS01JV JtaQanEQa tTl 8E(j)Qla. Av 0 l()EaALO~l6; rn £tXE xaflEva Xat E(XC xtuJtn8£i.8avaolfla uno rnv EJ[uvumaOll to» 1848, EVlu)OE, roorooo, tnv lXaVO:;rO(non on 0 UAlO116; yw flw ouvfli) dXE J[roEl ax6W1 mo XaflnM. 0 cI>alEQflJtux ElXE cvouqx- 0{3YJtTlta b(XLO OtUV «ovtorcv 1:nV E1J8uvn Yl' cutov LOV 1JAlouo. Movo nou bEV EnQEITE v« !LJ£CQbEUEl tn blbaoxuAla rorv JfAav66l(uv XTjQuxwv flE tOY 1JAtOflO YEvlxa.

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tlOAlOUTata tYLVlO bUVClTO va ernoxm:aOtaOd l'] ouvoxi) Xat Etm va rvrn tasl'j 0' aUTO to xaoe; TuN anaV(J)T(ilV avaxaA:tnIJfWV. Bf()ata, 0 <f>OLfQrvraX f1;l']OlO Xat tu; tOne; anocpaownxfr; «v«: xaAlnlJHr; -1:l']V aVaXaAll1jll'] TOl) xurrooo», tnv avaxaAU1!Jl'] 1:l']e; IlHClTQoni)e; 1:l']r; fVEQynae; Xat Tl']V aVaXaA1njJl'] Tl']e; OeroQtae; Tl']e; lOsfALSl']e; ITOU dvat YVWOTi) ue to ovouc LOU ~aQ0LYOU. I1(De;, O!l<tle;, Oa uxooouo« 0 fQ11Jl·LX6e; CPlAOOOcpOr; OT11V unmOQo vo naQaXOAoUOft aQxna T11v 10 JrlO1l11l11 , <.ilO1£ vo lOXTllla oA6nAlOUQa nc; avaxaAlnjJne; nou tots xt OL LbLOl oi {j)1JOto6(cpfe; i} tu; allCPwB11TOuoav ax61la i} bEV i]sEQav vo tu; !'X[.tftal,AflnolJV aQx£Ta; 'OAO 1:0 CjJTaU;l!.10 fb(il nfcpTH !lovcqa ot«; aHAlEr; ouvfhlxfr; Tl']r; f£Qllavlae; rtou £sat1:lae; TOUr; nr; fbQfr; Tl']r; <plAOOOqJtar; r«; XQaTOuoav fXA£xnXOL a£QOAOYOl nou bWAOyLt,oVTat, £v<il 0 <f>6lfQ!lITax ITOll otsxotnv aITELQ£e; cpOQfr;]flO 'IjJ11Aa an' 6AOUr; amollr;, rrmv XatablXaO!lfVOr; vu XWQtaTOITOl£lTat Xat vo qJuT01;w£l 0' Eva IllXQt'> XWQlt'>. ~10 <pTatH, AOln6v, 0 <f>6l£Q[.tnax, av TOll fIlHV£ aJ[Q()OlT1111lOTOQlXi) aVTlA111!J11 T11r; <pUOl'jr;, rr011 nrcv me rrQOOl Ti] xru rrou a<patQot)Of 6A11 Tl'] !lOVO!lfQHa «no TO yaAAlxo UAta!lO.

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XO TOU XHpaA.L - «utov, rtou n£QWOO'tEQO an' OA.Out; TOut; aA.A.OUt; <pLA.oo6<pout; irwv <pnaYILEvot; YLa XOLVWVLXEt; 0XEOELt; - ovtt va naQaYEL nt; oxbjJELt; TOU O£ <pLA.LXEt; it £X8QLXEt; ouvovrnoeu; IL£ aA.A.out; av8Qwnout; tl]t; bLXLat; TOU OA.xitt;. Ilooo Lb£aA.L<Jtl')t; EILEL V£ OTOV WILEa auto, 8a to OOUIL£ aQyot£Qa A.EnTOIL£QELaxa.

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-32-

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o nQaY!laTLx6~ l6EaALO!J,O~ LOU <l>ol£Q!J,nax cpav£Qwwtm !J,OAl~ CPHloou!J,£ 01Y) CPlAOOOcpLa ton Yla ty) 8Qy)oxda xm lY)V Y)fhxi]. M 8EAEl xa80AOU vc xmaQyi]OEl rn Oonoxetc, 8EAEl vo tY)V l£AElO7rOl i]OH. H Lbw Y) CPlAooocp(a nQEnEl v« 6laxu8d !1Eoc otr] 8Qy)ox£La.

«Oi mQL060l ty)~ avOQum61Y)ta~ ~EX(J)QLSOUV Y) !J,w uno tY)V aAAy) !J,ovaxa!J,£ OQY)OX£UTLXE~ aAAayE~. 'Eva LOLOQlXO xLvnuo cptavH l)a8la (J)~ tu 8E!J,EAla uovo orcv QLs(i)O£l OTl1V xaQ6la rou avOQwnou. H xaQ6ta b£v £LVaL !1ta fWQCPi] tY)~ eQY)ox£(a~, Etm no» oev !J,JtoQou!J,£ v« nOll!J,£ on Y) OQy)ox£La nQEmt vn unaQXEl xm !J,Eoa ornv xaQota, Y) xaQbla EL Val Y) ouOLa tY)~ eQY)ox£La~» (avacpEQEtaL nrto TOV LlaQx£ orn 0£A.168).

H OQy)ox£La xma TOV <l>6LEQ!J,nax ElVat Y) 0XEOy) cvoueoc O£ av8Q(1)JtO xm av8Qwno nou l)aoLs£1at oro ouvaLu8y)!J,a xm CHY)V xaQ6ta, !J,ta 0XEOy) rtou W~ lwQa avasy)10UO£ tY)V aM8na tY)~ 0' Eva qxrvtnortxo aVTLXa8QEcplw!J,a ty)~ nQaY!J,aTLxotY)ta~ - orn !J,£OOAaI)Y)oY) evo; i] nOn(llV 8£wv, nou ELvm cpavtoonxo aVTLXaOQfcptLO!J,a av8gwmvwv tbWti]t(DV - nou tWQa, 6!J,(J)~, tn I)QLOXEl a!J,£Oa XaL X(DQ(~ !J,£OOAaI)Y)oy) 01Y)V ayaJty) cvoueo« OTO Eyw Xat OLO Eo». K t srot t£AtXa yta lOV <l>ol£Q!lnaX 0 0£~011aAlxo~ EQuna; YL veror !J,W nrto TL~ nvorreQ£~, av 0Xl Y) aV(lltaly) !loQCPi] aoxY)oY)~ ty)~ vEa~ lOU OgY)oxda~.

Oi OUvatoOy)!J,aTLXE~ (JXEOEl~, cootooo, ava!J,£Oa (J1011~ avOQwnou~, tOtaLt£Qa ovoueo« ore ouo cpllAa, unaQXouv an6 rots aou 117raQX01JV avOQwnoL 0 o£~ouaALx6~ EQ(llta~, l6taLt£ga ot« t£AEutaLa 800 XQovta, ni]Q£ !J,La reroic avaJt1u~Y) xrn XaTEXly)OE !J,La tELOw 8ECJy), nou EYlV£ 0 unoXQ£(lmXO~ a~ovu~ rtou YUQW TOU 7rEQLOtQEcpnm xa8£ JtOLY)OY) 0' OAy) uuli] lY)V n£QLobo. Oi 11naQXOuo£~ 8£TLXE~ 8QY)OX£L£~ mQLOgLotnxov U10 vn 6lV011V !J,la C1v<in£gy) EUAoyia OtY) QU8!J,LOy) «no to xQaTO~ tou 0£~011aALxou EQuna, 6Y)Aubi] orn VO!J,oOwLa LOU ya!J,ou, xrn !lJtOgOl1V aUQw vo £~acpavL0101JV 6A£~, X(t)Q(~ v' uAAa~H LO JtuQu!J,txQ6 01Y)V nQaxTLxi] tY); ayanY)~ XaL tY)~ CPtALU~. Eroi Y) XQLOTLUVlXi] 8Qy)CJxda ElX£ nQaY!J,aTLxa E~acpa-

-33-

vcoret tOOO orn raAALa nrto to 1793 (J)~ to 1798, non Xl 0 U"lO~ o NaJtoMovta~ oxouo b£v ~6Qw£ v« rnv savanoayaYH X{J)Ql,<; v« O1JVavt1l0H cvrtotnon xm bUOXOAl,£<;, £VeD ow blaotllu« rtou I-lwoMBl]O£ oev £Xbl]AeDOl]X£ Xal-lla avayxT] Yla Eva unoxctcctoro tll~ us rnv EWOW rou <f>6lEQJJJWX·

o lbwAWI-l<)~ tou <f>ol£Q~ax £b(D BQioxftm oro YEYov6<; ott tl~ OXEOU~ aval-lwa Ot01l<; avOQeDJtou~, rtou OtllQi1;,ovtm OtT]V al-lOlBaLa XALOT] OtO o£l;ouaAlxo EQ{J)ta, TT] qnALa, TT] ouunovic, tn Ouotc xAn., oev tu; naQabEXftm anAOUotata oov retote; non etvoi, X{J)Ql,~ vu n~ avayaYH OtT]V aVal-lVllOll xanow<; s£XCDQWtll<; 8QT]oxEia~, non xm yw tOY ibLO toy <f>Ol£QI-lnax aVllXfl oto naQ£A06v, I-la wXllQi1;,nm ott Oa nnoxrnOOllV OAT] toix tT]V asia !lovaxa orov tu; xaOaYLaOO1JV us to ovouo OQl]ox£ia. To X1JQLO yw tOY <f>ol£Q~-rax b£v £ivm o n unaQxollv a1JtE~ ot xaOaQa av8Q(D1TlV£~ OXEOH~, aAAa on n~ O£CDQOU!l£ oov YEa nQaY!lanxi] Oonoxeto, 0a anm ti]o01JV OAT] TT]V asia tou; !lOVO otcv naQollv tn OQT]ox£unxi] oC(JQayLba. H AESl]8QT]oxfia (Religion) nQoEQxnm ono to religare' non aQXlxa OT]!laLVH EVCDOT]. EnO!lEVUl~, xaO£ EV(l)OT] ouo av8QeDmov dvm OQT]Ox£la. Krrn tEtma ftU!lOAoYlxa t£xvao!lata £lvet T] t£A£1Jtala blEsobo<; tT]~ lbwAwnxi]~ C(JlAoooC(JLa~. ~tL~ AESH~ b£v anobLbouv tn onuoot« non anEXTT]oaV OU!lC(JCDva ue tT]V WtoQlXi] £sEAlST] TT]<; nQaY!lanxi]~ rou; XQi]OT]~, aAM tn o'Yl!laOla rtou Oc EnQ£Jt£ v« EX01JV ouuqxovc ue TT]V eruuoAOYlXi] TOU~ nQoEA£UOT]. Kt EWl, 0 O£souaAlx6~ EQUlta<; xm T] O£souaAlxi] EV{J)Ol] anoO£eDVovtm O£ «8Q'Yloxfia», Yla vn !IT]v tUXH xm xa8fi coto m YAeDOOa T] nOA1Jtl!lT] Yla mv lbWAWtLxi] ava!lvT]OT] AEsT] OQT]OX£La. AXQlBeD~ EWll-lLAOUOav TO 1840- 1850 oi naQwlvol !lEtaQQUO!lt(JTE~ tl]~ TaOT]~ TOll Ao uf Mrtxcv, JWU Xl «utot TOV av8QCDno XWQl<; OQllOXEla toy EBAEnov oov tEQa~ xm rtou !la~ EA£yav: Done, I' atheisrne e' est votre religion!' Otov 0 <f>oL£Q~-rax OEAU va OTT]QLSH TT]V aAl]Owi] OQT]oxEla J[avUl OTT] BaoT] !lW<; ouotccuxc lJAWnxi]~ aVTiAT]'\jJT]~ tl]~ C(JUOT]~, oT]!laivEl vo aVtlAa[lj3avnm xaVEl~ TT] oUYXQOVT] XT]!lELa onv TT]V aAT]Ehvi] aAXT]!lEla. Av T] OQl]oxfia

1. Religare, Afsl] AanYLy.~ YIOli Ol]palYfl: bEYW, OllybEw (onu, EAA. 01lYT.).

2. raAALxu OLO XEl[.lEYO: QutE 0 a8E'(o[.loS; rtvot l] OQl](Jy.Ela oa;! (omt.

EAA.OilYT.).

-34-

!J3tOQEl vc UJtUQXEL XWQle; LO 8100 IT]e;, 16110 !J3tOQEl va uJtUQXEL Xat T] aAXT]f.lEia Xf1lQie; IT] qJLAOOOCPLX'Ij IT]e; Aif)O. Y JtugXEL, UAAW01E, Evae; JtOAU OlEVOe; oeouo; cveueon OLT]V aAXT]IlEla xru IT] 8gT]oxEla. H CPLAOOOCPLX'Ij Al80e; EXEL JtOAAEe; LOL01T]lEe; nou IlOLaS01JV 1110 8E"lXEe;, Xat ot atYUJtLlOL Xat EAAT]VEe; aAXT]IlL01Ee; lWV ouo Jtg<1HWV atWVWV IT]e; XgovoAoYlae; Ilae; EBaAav XL au- 10l 10 baX1UAUXL 10Ue; 01T] bWIlOQCPWOT] LOU XQL01WVLXOU bOYllaLOe;, ono»; aJtobELXV110UV to OLOlXEla JtOU avacpEQOUV 0 Kon Xat 0 M;tEQ1EA6.

OJt<DOOr]Jt01E Aa8EIlEVOe; ELVat 0 10XUQLOIlOe; LOU <t>6LEgIlJtaX on «OL JtEgLobOL IT]e; av8QwJt01T]lae; SEXWgl~OUV T] IlW crto IT]V aAAT] Ilov(lxa 1110 8QT]OXEUnXEe; aAAayEe;».

MqUAEe; LOLOQLXEe; xa!J3tEe; ouvooevtnxav cuo: 8QT]OXEUnXEe; aUaYEe;, 1l0vuxa OOOV acpoQu or«; lQELe; JtaYXOOIlLEe; 8QT]OXElEe; JtOU lJJt'ljQSav we; lWQa: OLO BOllb101l6, LO XQ10uaV101l6 xat LOV 10Aall101l0. OL JtaALEe; OgT]OXElEe; lWV CPUAclw xrn lWV Eflvwv, JtOU YEvv'ljOT]xav au86QIlT]La, OEV nrov nooncvovb10tLXEe; xru Exavav xa8E Mvall T] ovuorconc, 1l0Ale; LOaXL~Otov T] aVESaQ1T]Ola lWV CPUAWV Xat lWV Amilv. Itc LOUe; agxal(me; [EQllaVOue; !J,C1ALOLa yw vu YlVEL aU10 coxouoe T] a;tAr] EJtacpr] 1110 IT] bWA110IlEVT] QWlla·lxr] xoouoxontoot« xat IT] XQLonaVLXr] novxooiuc OQT]OXEla, nou !J,C)ALe; IT]V ElXE u108nr]oEL Xat ;tOU cvrcoroxorvotrrv OLT]V OLXOVOIlLXr], JtOALUXr] Xat LbEOAOYlXij IT]e; XaLaOLaOT]. Movo 0' aULEe; tu; JtaYXc)0IlLEe; 8QT]OXElEe;, non avamUxOT]xav ;tEgw061EQO r] ALY01EQO lEXVT]la - Lblwe; OLO XQL01WVLO!J,C) Xat LOV WAallLOIlO - (3g10XOllIlE vn JtulQvouv Eva 8QT]OXEUnXo XUQaxlr]gu La YEVLX61EQU LOLoQLxa XLVr]llaLa. Axouo Xat OlT]V JtEgLOXr] LOU XQ10UaVL- 011011, 0 8QT]OXEUnXOe; xagaxlr]gae; or«; EJtUVaOlaone; IlE JtgaYllaLLXa rrayx60llLa onuoot« JtEQLoQl~ELat one; Jtg<1HEe; (3a81l1bEC; LOU aytiwa IT]C; aouxrjc; laSl}e; YLa IT]V aJtEAEu8EQWor] IT]e; nno 10 130 we; LO 170 cuovo Xat OEV EST]YEl LaL, 6Jtwe; VOP,l~EL 0 <t>olEQllrrux, «no IT]V xagoLa LOll av8g(imou xat IT] 8QT]oxwrtxr] LOU avayxT], aUa arr' OAT] IT] IlWaLCDVlXr] 10LOQla nou JtgOT]yijOT]XE xrn rtou bE yvwgL~E xallLa aUT] 1l0QCP'lj IT]e; ll'lEOAoYlac; EX10e; axgL(3ci)e; coto IT] 8QT]oXElu xm IT] OWAOyla. Otrrv, 6Ilwe;, LO 180 m(iwa T] aonxr] lasT] dXE ouvallwoH agxna YLa v« ()T]IlLOUgYr]OH xrn IT] bLXr] IT]e; lowAoYla, non latQLa~EL OlT]V LaSLXi] IT]e; aJtOtjJT], 10110 ExaVE 1T] IlEyaAT] xm

-35-

OQLOtLxi) Tll~ ennvoorcon, tn fanlxi) Encvcornon, emxoAOUl-lfVll a;TOXAfLOtlXa VOl-llX£~ XUl rrOAltlX£~ l6£f~ XUl VOW.- 1;;Otav Yla tn 8Qlloxfla I-l0vaxa UtO f1a8[10 rtou ami) OTfXOtaV fl-lrro6LO ow 6Q61-l0 Tll~. i1EV Tll~ i)Q8E, OI-lW~, note lllb£a vo f)aAfl I-lLU via OQllOxELa orn Oeon Tll~ ;raAla~. 3£00111-lE J'[(h~ oneTUXE 0 POf)fOJUEQO~ 0' auto to OllI-lELOI.

LTllV XOl vurvln, onou etuorrre urrOXQfWI-lEVOl vo sOlll-lE onI-lEQa Xal nou f1aOlSEtal rtcvoi ornv taslXi) aVTl8EOll Xal ornv Tat;lxi) XUQLUQXla, ElVal Etol Xl aAAl(h~ aQXEta ;LEQLOQLOI-lEVll 11 61lvatOTllTa xaHaQa avOQ(DJUV(tlV Ul0811l-laTWV on; OXEOfL~ ue aAA011~ av8Qwrrou~. L\EV EX011I-lE, mO!lEVW~, xovevo 1..0'10 va rnv XaVOU!lE oxouo mo rrEQLOQW!lEVll aytnj)(llVOVTa~ OE 8QlloxfLa Ulna to aw8i)l-latu. To lblO, 11 CJlJVllOWI-lEVll WtOQloYQacpla, l6L(t); orn ffQ!laVla, m)oxoTL1;;u aQxna tnv xutuvonon TWV I-lEyaAwv wtoQlxciw tuSlX<1lV aywvwv, EtOL r(01) vci I-lll XQfla1;;nal v« X<1V01J!1E arroAma aMvatll tnv xrrtovonof TOU~, I-lETaTQErrovTa~ rnv LOToQi,a aUTi) HuV aY(DVWV OE arrA6 rraQ<1QTlj!la Tlle; ExxAllOLaonxi); WTOQLae;. AUTO xloAa; 6ELxvu nooo EXOll!lf oi)!lEQa arro!laxQuvHd uno tOY <1>6lEQ!l.i·WX. 2:i)!lEQa bE 0011 xavEL mo 6QrSll v« 6LUB<10EL~ to «WQalOTEQa !lEQll» rou, onou ESwvd ami) tn via 80110xda Tlj; ay<1rrllC;.

H !lOVll OQlloxfla rtou fsETa1;,u ooBaQ<1 0 <1>Ol!,Q!lJ[ax £l Val o XQWTLUVW!lOC;, 11 novxooutn OQlloxEla TllC; AlJOllC;, lTOU ornQl1;;ETal OTO W)Vo8r'Co!l0. ArrO()ELxvl)EL on 0 XQLOTLUVlXO~ 8EO~ Elvm !lovaxa 11 cpavTaonxi) cvtcvoxxcon, to aVTLXa8QEcpTLO!la rou av8Qwrr01J. 'Op.we;, amoc; 0 (bLOC; Oroe; ElVal lTQo'COV I.lla<; !laxQoXQoVljC; 6Lablxaola~ acpalQf(Jll~, 11 OUllJrl1XV(J)uevn rrE!llTT01JOla TWV ;LQOljY01J!lEVWV OEWV TWV CPllAWV XUl TWV rOwDv. Krn aVTloTOlXa 0 avOQ(j)lTO~, rrou ElbwAo T(1) stvrn EXElVOe; 0 OEO~, oev etvci rrQ{1Yl-luTLXO~ <1vOQWlTO~, I-lU sntOll~ 11 neunrouoto. TWV lTOAAciw rrQCl.Y[lanxciw uvOQ(iJlTwv, 0 UCPllQll!lEVO~ <1V8Q(1)J(O~, mO!lEVW~ Xl curo; rraAL !lLU lbWTi) axovo. 0 l()lO~ 0 <1>6l!:Q~tJ[ax, non OE xa8E OEAL()a XllQUOOEL tnv UWOllTOT'Y)Tu, to Bl)OWIJU 010 (1)YXEXQl[lEVO xrn ornv rrQuY!J.cmx6Tllta, y(vnm IT£Qa YlU ntQu uCPllQll!l£VO~, !l()Al~ UQXlOEL VU !llAaEL yLU onotoorinote <1AAll OXEOll fXT6~ uno rnv

I. IIg<lXflTat yw Tl]V iTQoo;T6flna TOll POBW;TlEQOU vc EloayaYEl ilw OQlloxd<1 TOll «UiTfQTaTOU 6vTOc;» (Ollil. (t.L (liIVT.).

-36-

areAtl OE1;OUaALXtl ovcueoc croix av8Q(imou~.

A UTtl YI 0XEOYl TOU reQoocpEQH uovcxo uio reAEuQa: TYlV Yl8Lxtl (Moral). KL Eb(i) Ila~ ~acpvLa!;H reaAL YI XarareAYlXnXtl CPTWXHa TOll <I>oLEQllreax OE OUYXQWYI IlE TOV XEYXEA. H Yl8LXtl tou XEYXEA tl YlbLbaoXaAla TOll YW TOU~ Yl8LXOU~ xovove; ElVaL YI CPLAOOOcpla TOU bLXatOU XaL nEQLAa!lBavH: 1) TO aCPYlQYI!lEVO blXaLO, 2) TYlV Yl8LX()TYlTa (Moralitat), 3) TOU~ Yl8LXOU~ XaV()VE~ (Sittlichkeit), ortou reaAL TCEQLAa!lBavOVTaL: YI OLXOYEvHa, YI XOLVWVta TWV reOALTWV, TO xQaTO~. '000 LbwALOnxtl ElVaL YI 1l0QCPtl TOOO QWALOnx6 El Val Ebu) TO TCEQLEXOIlEVO. 'OAO TO neb(o TOll bLxalOll, TY]~ otxovouicc; TYI~ reOALTLxtl~, TCEQLAa!lBaVOVTaL Eb(D !la!;( IlE TYlV Yl8LXtl (Moral). LTOV <I>6LEQ!lTCax ouuBalvH aXQLBw~ TO aVT(8£To. Ervot QWAWTtl~ OTYI !loQCPtl, SExLvaH crro TOV aV8Qwreo, Oll(t)~ bE IlLAaH xa80Aou YLa TOV xo- 0110 onou !;H aUT()~ 0 avOQW;tO~. KL ETm 0 avOQwrro~ aUTO~ !lEVH nnvrc 0 tbLO~ acpYlQYI!lEVO~ avOQwJto~, rtou EtXE TO Myo OTYI CPLAooocp(a TYI~ 8QYloxda~. 0 av8Qu)J[o~ a1JTo~ bEV EXH BYH a.,t:6 TYlV xOLALa TYI~ !lava~ TOU. ElXE ~£J[£TaXTd IlEOa UJ"tO to BEO TWV !l<)V08E"(onx(i)v 8QYlOXWDV, YL' mJT() bE!;H 0' evov ;tQawanxo, LOTOQLxa bYl!lWUQYYlIlEVO XaL WTOQLxa xa80QLousvo XOoIlO. Lxnl!;£TaL, BEBaw, !lE anOU~ av8Qwrrou~, Ila XL 0 xaOE aAAO~ aveQ(j)rro~ dvm TO (bw acpYlQYI!lEVO~ ()JtW~ XL outoc. LTYI <pLAooocp(a TYI~ 8gYloxda~ dXa!lE TOuMXLOTO va XavOU!lE oxouc !lE TOV aVTQa xaL TYI vuvotxc, OTYlV YlOLXtl (Ethik), WOTOOO, Esacpav(!;£TaL XaL TOUTYI YI TEAElJTala bLaxQLOYi. BEBaLa, BglOXOllllE OTOV <I>()LEQ!lTCaX OE aQma bwoTtlllara <pgaoH~ oov TL~ rragaxaTw:

«LTO rraAan OXECPWVTaL bLacpoQEnxa nrr' o.n OTO xaAuBL», «Otrrv orto TYlV TCE(va XaL TYlV EsaOHwoYl bEV EXU~ OQEJtnxE~ OUOlE~ OTO oco!la oou, T()TE bEV EXEL~ XaL ow xEcpaAL, ow YOU XaL OTYlV xaQbLa oou TQOCPtl yw TYlV Yl8LXtl (Moral)», «H ;tOALTLXtl JtQEJtH va Y(VEL YI OQYloxda Ila~» xArr.

O!lW;, 0 <I>oLEQ!lTCax bEV ~EQH xaOoAou u va xavH u' auTE~ ru; cpQaou;. Ilnoouevouv areAE~ cpgaoH~ ETOL rtou XL 0 (bW; 0 LTaQxE avayxa!;£TaL va reaQabEXTEl on YI JtOALTLXtl yw TOV <I>oLEQ!lTCax nrov EVU abLaBaro OllVOQO XaL on YI «EJtLOTtlIlYi TYI~ XOLvwv(a;, y] XOLVWVLoAoy(a, TOU tltav terra incognita»'.

I. AyvwotT] ~'T] (ow. en. OlIVT.).

-37-

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-38-

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-42-

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AllTEQO !-\EQo; 0.,)"1:0 w; xo.TEufJlIvnlQlE; ~o.mxfc; lbtc:;, lOlultEQa OTOV OlXOVO,"UXO XaL lOTOQlXO TO!-lEa, XaL UOlxa 11 TEAlX~ TOU::; mIOTT]Q~ oWT1IJt())(JT], UV~XOUV (HOV MUQ~. EXELVO nou JtQOOCPEQU Ey<i) =a» E~mQfoOll!-lE, f'lE('Ima, urQlXOU:; flOlXOUC; xAabouc;- ~w,,[OQOUOE, f)i:f)mu, V« 10 fiXE xrrvn 0 MUQs xru XWQiC; €!-lEva. n,n tbwoE 0 MUQS, bE 00. TO xmacpEQva q<i) llOvaxo:;. 0 MaQS OTEX<lWV mo WT]Aa, E~AEJtE mo !-lUXQlCt, xrn TO ~AE~I!-\a TOll UYXCtALasf JtEQLOO<lTEQO XaL mXIJTEQa nn.' o.n.oxo, (!-lEi; oi aAAm. 0 MaQs ~HlV ~IEYaAo<p\lTa, E!-!fie; ot (\.AAm TO JtOAtl-JtOAU TUAEVta. X(j)Qi; nurov, T] fJEo)Qla bE fJu rrrcv on!-lEQa XUOOAO\) ami} JtOlI Elvm. I't.' nuto blx(llU CPEQVH TO ovoun TOU (oT]!-ldllJaT] TOll 'EVYXEAC;).

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OAOXAJ]QUlTLXU OTOV EaUTe) TY]£ ue TY] XEYXEAWVi] CPLAOOOcpla. fLa TOV XEYXEA, AOLnOV, Y] bLaAEXTLxi] ESEALSY], nou Exby]AWV£tm OTy] CPUOY] xm OTY]V LOTOQla, bY]Aabi] Y] mTl(i)<'>Y]~ aAAy]A01JXla TY]£ nQoobE1.JTLxi]£ JTOQfla£ «no TO xaTWTEQO OTO aV<.inEQO -[lE~a an' e)AE£ ru; xLvi]OELe; ~LYX- ~ayx xm tn oTLy~uaLa mOWyuQlO!laTa- dvm [WVUxa Y] anElxe)vLOy] TY]£ amoxLvy]oy]£ TY]£ evvou«; rtou YL VETm uno TY]V cuovrotntn, bEY sEQOU!lE nou, ;tUVHO£, O!lW£, aVEsuQTY]Ta nrto XaElE OXECPTe)!lEVO «vOQwmvo EyxEcpaAo. H tbEOAoYLxi] ami] bta(JTQE~AwOY] btQEJtE va EsaAELcpOfl. E!lfl£ flbu[lE savu UALOTLXU TL£ LbEE£ TOU 11,10- cpaAL01J !la£ ocv TL£ anUXOVlOELe; TWV nQuY[lanX(ilV nQaY!luHOV, aVTL va ~AEn01J!lE tc nQuY!lUTLXU nQuY!lUTU oov unuxoVLOEL£ a1JTi]£ i] EXflVy]; TY]£ ~a8!lU')a£ TY]£ anoAmY]~ EVVOLU~. 'EWL, Y] bWAEXTLXi] nEQLOQloTY]XE OE mWTi]!lY] HOV YEVLXWV VO!l(!)V TY]~ Xl vY]oY];, TOOO TOU ESUlTEQLXOl'J X60!lOlJ ooo xm TY]; avOQw;tLVYlC; v6Y1oY]e; -()lJO OUQEe; am) vouoix, non EL VOl TauTe)OYl!lOL OTYlV OUOlU, bLUCPEQOUV, e)!lW£, OTYlV ExcpQaoi] TOU£ XUTU TO ou TO av8Qwm vo XECPUAL [moQEl va T01JC; ECPUQ!101;,u OUVUbYlTU, EVW OTYI cplJOYl, xtu WC; T(i)Qu OTO !lEYaAuTEQe) T01J£ !lEQOC; xm OTYlV avOQwmvYj iorooto, OL VO[l.Ot curet Em~uAAovTm !lE toono a01JVELbYlTO, [IE TY] !lOQCPi] Ty]C; ESUlTEQtxi]C; avayxme)TYlTa£, ueoo crto !lW UTEAElWTY] OELQu cpmV0!lEVLxcov ouuntrooerov. Etoi, 0WJ);, Y] lbta YI bLaAEXTLxi] TY]e; EVVOtuc; EYLVE u;tAd)C; YI mJVubY]T~ UVTUVUXAUOYI Ty]C; bWAEXTlXi]C; xLVl]Ol]C; TOU JtQaY!lanxou XOO!lOU xm £tOt l] XEYXEALUVl'j btUAEXTLxl'j avanoboyuQLOTy]XE i] !lUAAOV TOJtOOETi]Oy]XE OTa Jtobw TY]e;, Ewi) noorro rrrov ue TO XECPUAL XUTW. KL ami] TY]V UALOTLxi] bWAEXTLXi], rtou orto XQovw. nrnv TO XaA1JTEQ() !lUC; !lEOO EQYUOLa; xm TO ruo mX!lY]Qo !lac; onAO, XUHX ;tEQLEQYO toono, bEV avaxaAucpTY]xE !lOVUXU uno !la;, [la UVEsUQTY]TU (me) !lac; xm !lUALOTa XL coto TOV XEYXEA, uvaXUAucpTYjXE «no EVU YEQuovo EQYUTy], TOV ft61;,ECP NTtWYXEV'.

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I. BALLE Vas Wesen dcrmcnschlichen Kopierbcit, dargcstcllt von cincm Handarbcilcr(H (p)OI1 Tile; «v80(;)YrlVI1c: E'(Xf(pUAlXnC; £0'/UO[U<;, (i:1(1); 111v :1E- 0lY0aq;a Eva; XElQWVU)(llx(\C; £0'/(1111;), A~r)o\'QYo, Mrnovcu (0I1W[W(J111011 'EVYXEA;).

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uno to t()EaAlOnXa 'tlJ<; O'tOAL()ta non O'tOV XEYX£A E!-tJto()t1;av m OUV£Jti} £(paQ~oyi) 'tlJ<;. H ~£yaA lJ ~aOLxi} t()Ea on ()£V nQEnH vo avnAa~~avo~ao't£ 'tOY xoouo onv Eva O1"~nA£y~a uno E'tOL~a JroO.Y!1aW, aAAa ocv Eva (J1J!1JLA£y~a coto &abtxaaiEr,;, ortou to qxn vouevix« O'taO£Qa nQay~ata, 'to L()W onw<; xat OL t()Ea'tf<; anHxovLoH<; 't011<; 0'tO x£cpaAt [w<;, OL EVVOt£<;, rteovove ~la a()laxOJrlJ aAAayn YfVVlJOlJ<; XaL cqxrvcouou, orcou, naQ' OAlJ rn CPatVO~£Vtxi) ouuntrourrnxorntu xrn naQ' 6A£<; tu; ony~tal£<; ;rlOw()Qo~i}oH<;, £mBaAAE'tat T£AtXa ~ta nooo()£unxi) £SfAtSlJ - ami} lJ ~£yaAlJ ~a(JLxi} OXf'ljllJ fXH, L()tal't£Qa uno mv moxi} tou XEYX£A, mQaoH 't600 otnv XOLvi} ouvdblJolJ, rtou £lVat 1;i}'tlJ~a av rnv af,LcplOBlJ'ttL xavd<; 0' aU'ti} 'tlJ Y£Vlxi} 't1)<; [.toQCPi}. O[.t(.u<;, aAA.O va 't1)V naQabEXEOat ot« AOYta, Xt aAAo va rnv £cpaQf,L01;H<; ornv nQay~unxo'tlJta, O'tlJV xa8£ s£xwQlOti} mQlrrtWOlJ xat O£ xaO£ ()OOf,LfVO TO~Ea EQ£Uvnc. Av, Of,Lw<;, OtlJV EQ£11va s£xtva~£ rtcvtc an' ami) mv an01VlJ, rote otoucrcet ~ta yta ncvr« lJ cotcttnon yta OQLOUXE<; AUO£L<; XaL aLWVL£<; aAnO£L£<;. 'Exou[.t£ novt« 011WL()1)Olj on 611.£<; oi YVct)O£L<; rtou coroxrouue £l Val avayxaouxa neQLOQlO~EV£<;, on xaeoQi1;ovWL ano ru; ouv8i}x£<; xatw crro t«; onote; n<; crroxtnocus. Kat ()£ [.ta<; x<Xvouv mo £Vtl1nWOlJ oi as£JtEQaOt£<; aVn8EOEL<; YLa mv naAta ~E'tacpUOLxi} rtou etVat oxouo tlJ<; f,LOba<;, onw<; OL aVn8EOEL<; cvcueoo 0'tO aAlJ8tvo XaL TO 1jJE1JtLXO, 'to xaAo xat to xcxo, to taUtOOlJf,LO Xat TO ()tacpoQ£nx6, to ovcvxoto xrn 'to tuxaio. 3EQOllf,L£ on a1ltE<; OL avn8£oEL<; EXOllV f,Lovaxa ox£uxi) lOXU, on cuto nou tWQa avayvwQt1;E'tat onv aA lJOl vo EXH tnv XQU[.tI-lEVlJ '\)l£unx'Y] nA£1lQa tou, nou 8a s£JtQO~<XAH aQy6tEQa, o;rw<; xt £x£[ vo nou TWoo ro avaYV(l)QLl;,oU[.t£ YLa 1jJ£UTLXO £X£l 't1)V aAlJ8LVll tou nA£'I.lQ<X, non xaQlJ 0' ami}v [,lj'1:0QOUO£ nQO'Y]youI-lEVU va 8£<UQdTat aAlJOLV6. :::EQOU[.t£ ott aUT6 nou LOXllQLl;,6[.taotE on dvat ovoyxalo aJt()T£A£L Tat OAO «no OU!1JLTWO£L<; XaL ou 'to ()i}8£v ruxato d Vat 'Y] f,LOQCPi) non nuxo TlJ<; xQuBE'tat lJ avayxat6tlJwxrn AOLna.

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Evro, ouo»; a' oAE; ru; nQO'Y]YOUIJ,EVE; JtEQLobouS; ntov aXEb6v aMvrno vc EQE1JV'Y]f)ouv ama tc XLV'Y]T~QLa aLna t'Y]S; LOTOQLar, -YLatt ~taV I-1JtEQbqlEVOr, xm XaA1JIJ,IJ,EVO; ° auaXETLOI-10r, trov aLTLwv I-1E T' aJroTEAEOlJ,rna TOUr,- 'Y] TWQLV~ l-1ar, ;rEQLO()or, aJ[AonoL'Y]aE TOOO «utov TO O1JOXETWI-10, JrOlJ !-1JtOQEOE vo Au8EL to aLvLYlJ,a. Arto T6TE rtou EXEL uoaxOEL 'Y] I-1EyaA'Y] BLOIJ,'Y]xavLa, b'Y]Aa()~ TOUAaXWTOV nrto T'Y]V EUQwJ[a'Lx~ ELQ~V'Y] TOlJ 1815 XL Eb(il, bEY ntov me 1-11JanXO yw xovsvov av8Q(I.)J[0 OT'Y]V AYYALa on EXEL 6Aor, ° J[oALTLXO; ayrilVae; OtQECPOtaV Y1JQeD uno tu; bLEX6LX~(JELe; XUQLaQXLar, ouo TasWlV, T'Y]e; aQwTOxQrnLae; trov ymoxT'Y]I-10VWV (landed aristocracy) xm T'Y]r, conx~e; TaSllr, (middle class). kT'Y] l'aAALa aJtExT'Y]aav ouvetonon YLa TO LbLO yEYOVOr, llOTEQa «no T'Y]V EmaTQocp~ TWV BouQB6- VWV. OL LOTOQLoYQacpOL T'Y]r, EJ[Ox~e; T'Y]r, JWALVOQ8wallr" «no TOV TtEQL (Or, TOV rXLl;o, TOV MLVLE xrn TOV 9LfQOO I-1LAavE JWVTOlJ YL' aUTO oov TO xAubL YLU rnv xcrcvonon tr]r, yaAALx~r, wTOQLae; nrto TO IJ,EOuLwva xru J[EQa. KL orto TO 183011 EQyanx~ Tas'Y], TO nQoAETaQLaTO, avayvwQLoT'Y]XE xrn one; (")uo xwQEe; onv TQLTor, bLEXbLX'Y]T~e; T'Y]e; X1JQtaQxLar,. Ot auvOijxEe; etxav a;rAonc)l'Y]Od Tl)OO, rtou Oa EnQmE xavELr, oxomuo vc XAElVEL TU l-1ana, YLa vc 1-1'Y] j)AfrrEL omv naA'Y] cuuov torv TQLWV I-1EyaAwv TaSEWV xru aT'Y] auyxQoua'Y] TWV OUI-1CVEQOVTlDV T01Jr" T'Y]V XLv'Y]T~QLa MvalJ,'Y] T'Y]r, oUYXQov'Y]; LOToQLar, - TCnJAaxLOTO oru; bUO rno JrQOObEUIJ,EVEr, xeilQEr,.

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ywyi]~. Tu; buo amE~ tUSH~ ru; aVEJttUsE to JtEQaO!-la nQona «no tn OUVtEXVlaxi] XHQotExvLa otn unvupoxtouon xm !-lEtU nrto tn !-lavlqJaxwuQa orn !-lEyUAl] BWfll]xavLa, nou AHWUQYEL ue toy at flo xm flE fll]xavE~. LE flw OQWflEVl] Ba8!lLba, OL xm V01JQYLE~ naQayUlYLxE~ bUVU!-lH~, nou EBaAE OE xL vl]ol] l] aonxi] tUI;l] -JtQona 0 xa'ta!-lEQwflO~ Tl]~ EQyaoLa~ xm l] ouVEVWOl] nOAAwv t!-ll]flanxcilV fQyatciw Of flla OUVOALXi] uoviqJaxTOUQa- xa8ci)~ xru OL OQOL xru oi aJtm tnos«; tl]~ av'taAAayi]~ rcou aVEJttUl;av aUtE~ OL naQayUlYLxt~ bUVUflH~, bE O1J!lBLBu~oV'taL mn ue TO WtOQLXU XAl]QobOtl]flfVO xru xaHaYWOflEVO «no TO V{)!-lO xa8£OTw~ naQayCt)yi]~ rtou lJJ[·i]QXf, bl]Aabi] ue to OUVtEXVLaxu xm ro avaQL8!ll]ta uAAa nQoowmxu xrn tomxc rtoovout« (nou unorexouoov wUQLO!la b£O!-lU yw n~ un nQovoflLOUXE~ tUI;H~) T01J qJfOubaQXLX01J xOLVWVLX01J xa8£OtwtO~. OL naQaywYLxE~ blJVci!-lH~ nou exnoooucrouoe l] aonxi] tUI;l], EI;EYEQOl]xaV evcvn« OTO OUOTl]!-la naQayUlyi]~ nou ExJtQoownouoav OL qJfOUbUQXE~ ymoxTi]flovE~ xru [lUOtOQE~ torv OUVtEXVLCi)V. To amnEA£O!-la stvrn YVW01{): to rpeoUbaQXLxu b£O[lU tooxtornxnv, OTl]V AYYALa Ba8flwLa, OTl] faAALa flEflLU~. Ltl] fEQflavLa bEV tEAHWOE axo!-la ami] l] bLabLxaoLa. OJtUl~, ()!-lUl~, l] ucvupoxtouon OE flLa OQLOflfVl] f1a8- [lLba aVUJtTUSl]~ i]Q8E OE OuyxQOUOl] ue to qJfOubaQXLX{) xa8EOTW~ JtaQaywyi]~, tWL XaL tWQa l] [lEyUAl] BW!-ll]xavLa i]QOE i]bl] OE 01JYXQ01JOl] flE to «onxo xa8wtw~ naQaywyi]~ rrou Jti]QE Tl] Oeon rou qJfOubaQXlxoU. H !-lEyUAl] f1Wfll]xaVta, oeoueuuevn «no auto to xaO£oTW~, uno to OtEVU OQLa TOU xomtoAwnX01J TQonou naQaywyi]~, «no tn flLa flEQLU naQUYH OAO xru ltEQLOO{)TEQO mv nQoAftaQwnoLl]ol] OA{)XAl]Ql]~ Tl]~ !-l£YuAl]~ flu~a~ rou AaolJ, «no Tl]V UAAl] JTaQuYH ()AO xm ruo fl£YUAl] nooornrc cero nootovr« rtou bEV unooouv vn nouAl]801Jv. Y nEQnaQaywyi] XaL fla~Lxi] El;aOALUlOl], to xa8tva at no tou UAA01J, ami] etvoi l] naQuAoYl] ovtupcon otnv onoto xataAi]yH l] flEYUAl] BLo!-ll]xavLa xm rtou «vovxcoux« aJTmtEl tnv altEAEu8tQUlOl] tWV naQaywYLxolV bUVUflEWV ue Tl]V aAAayi] TOU toortou naQaywyi]~.

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XO~ aywva~ £l Val nOAl uxo; aywva~- <JtQECPOVtal t£AlXa yuQW ono tT]V ()[}WVOIUX1j XHQacpEtT]<JT]. Eor», AOlnOV, aVa!lcplf)OAa, to xQato~, to noxvnxo xaO£<JtW~, £l Val to o£m£Q£uov Xal T] XOlVWVla tWV noAlt<.iw, to f)a<JlAHo torv OlXOVO!llX(iW <JXE<J£WV, to anocpa<JWtlXO <JtOlXelO. H natQonaQaootT] aVtlAT]'lI'T], rtou nQ£<JB£uEl Xal 0 XEYXEA, Ef)Am£ oro xQato~ to xaOOQlCinxo OtOlXelO, xru <JtT]V XOlVWVla rorv nOAlt(iw to otoixeto nou xaOOQl~OtaV an' to xQato~. Auto YlV£tal qxuvouevixn. Onw~ orov xaO£ !l£!lOVW!lEVO avOQwno OA£~ oi XlVT]ti]Ql£~ 011Va!lW; torv nQal;£rlW tou nQEna vo mQa<Jouv nrto to x£cpaAl toll, vc WtatQanouv <J£ XlVT]tQa tT]~ OEAT]<Ji]~ rou, Yla va tOV OOT]yi]<J011V orn bQa<JT], strn Xale)A£~ oi avayx£~ tT]~ XOlVWVla~ ttov nOAltWV - ablacpoQo note t(il;T] EXEl ami] tTl <JnY!li] tT]V £I;Oll<Jla - nQEnH va n£Qa<Jouv ano tT]V xQanxi] OEAT]<JT], yw v« «noxrnoouv Y£VlXi] wxu ue tTl !lOQCPi] VO!lWV. Autn ElVal T] tllJtlxi] nA£uQa tT]~ llnoO£<JT]~ non stvrn autovonn]. Movo nou !lnai VEl to £QWtT]!la, noio n£Ql£X0!l£VO EXH ami] T] tl1JtlXi] !lovaxa OEAT]<JT] - ron «touou xaO(i)~ Xal tou XQatol1~ - xrn uno nOll nQoEQX£tal auto to mQl£x0!lEVO. I'urtt vc OEAOUV aXQl~W~ auto Xal OXl xan aAAo. Kt av ovn~T]ti]<JOU!l£ £b(D to A6yo Oa BQoU!l£ on <JtT] <JUYXQOVT] torootc T] OEAT]<JT] ton xQatou~ or«; Y£VlXE~ tT]~ YQa!l!lE~ xaOoQl~£tal ane) tu; !l£ta~aAA6!l£v£~ avayx£~ tT]~ xotvurvtr«; tWV nOAlrorv, cno tnv llmQoxi] tT]~ !lla~ i] tT]~ aAAT]~ tal;T]~, <J£ t£AlXi] avaA u<JT] «no tnv aVamul;T] tWV naQaywYlxwV ouva!lW)v Xal tWV 0XEO£WV aVtaAAayi]~.

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aQLE; (r«; AEYO!!EVE; LvboEUQWJTa·LxE;). OL OEOl JTOll bLal1oQcpwOy)xav EHJL OE XUOE Aao nrnv EOVLXOL OEOL, JTOU TO ~aOlAUO toix bEY ;t1']YaLVE JTLO l1axQLU coto tnv EOvLXi] nEQLoxi] rtou etxav va JTQOOtatElJOOUV, EV(D nEQa «no tn ouvoo« ty); JTEQLOxii; ami]; UAAOL OEOL XllQLaQxouoav abLacpLAOVLXy)ta. El;axoAouOouoav va ~ouv ern qxrvrnoto !!OVUXa 600 llj"ti]QXE to EOVO; XaL erterprov I1E rnv JTtwoy) rou. TY)v JTtwoy) ami] trov JTaAL(ilV EOvotilt<tlv ECPEQE Y) QWl1a"lxi] xoouoxocrooto, JTOU bEY JTQe)XU trn Eb(l> va EI;EtUOOU!!E tou; OLXOVO!!LXOU; oooi»; ty); YEVVy)Oi]; ty);. OL naALOl EOVLXOl OWL EnEOaV OE j"taQax!!iI, oxoun XaL OL QWl1a"lxoL, rtou XL curet Ej"tLOy); ntuv XOI1I1EVOL - ga!!!!EVOL oto OtEVe) XUXAO ty); ;t()Ay); ty); PWI1y);. H avuyxl) vo OUI1JTAllQ(i)oouv rnv xcouoxoutootc !!f I1La novxooucc OQY)OXEla Exbl)AwVnaL xaOaQu on; JTQoonuOuE; vo. avayvwQloouv, JTAUL OtOU; VtOJTLOU; OEOU; ty); PW!!y);, XaL e)AOU; TOU; xatu XUJTOLOV toono aI;LOOEI)amou; I;EV01J; OEOU; XaL vc roue cpnul;01JV B<tl!!oll;. OWl);, !!La YEa novxoouro OQy)oxda OE by)!!L01JQYELtaL 11' nutov toy toone, I1E autoxQatoQLxu bLatUYl1ata. H YEa JTayxe)0I1La OQy)oxda, 0 XQwnavwl1e);, ElXE xle)Aa; by)!!L01JQyy)OEL OlWJTy)OU «no Eva !!lYlla YEvLXEU!!EVlJ; avatoAlnXlJ;, XUQL<tl; LOuba'Lxi]; OEOAoYLa; XaL EXXllba'LOI1EVlJ; EAAy)VLXi];, XUQlW; OtWLXi]; CPLAooocpLa;. Iloin nrov lJ coXLXi] tou 110QCPi]; Toirro nQEj"tu v« to EQEuvi]OOU!!E savu I1E xorto yLa v« to ~QOllIlE, XL curo yLatll) Ej"tlOY)!!l) 110QCPi] IlE mv ortoto l1a; naQaMOy)xE bEV d vrn naQu Y) 110QCPi] rcou ni]QE otov EYLVE xQatLxi] OQlJoxda, XaL yLa to axone) auto toy nQoOUQ!!OOE Y) Luvobo; tl); NlxaLa;'. To YEYOVe); XaL uovo ott UOtEQa coto 250 xL6Aa; XQOVLa EYLVE xQatLxi] 8QlJoxda aJTObuxvuu on ntov l) OQy)oxELa non cvnotoixouce on; ouvOi]XE; tl); moxi];. To ueonuovo, OtO I1EtQO aXQL~w; nou av«: nruooorov l) cpEOubaQXla, 0 XQwnavwl1e); nvnntuoootov OE OQy)oxELa JTOU cvrcnoxot votov 0' ami], I1E !!La avtLOtoLXY) CPE-

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oubaQXDnj LfQaQxla. KL orcv av£BmvE T) aOtLxi} taST), eveJttUX0T)XE, OE aVtWWT) ue to CjJEOubaQXLXO Xa80ALXLO[lO, T) JIQotEOtUVnXT) alQEOT), JIQuna OtT) Netic faAAla ue roi»; aABlYT)VOlle;', tT)V moxi} JIOll OL JI6AELe; ElxaV CjJtaOH EXEl OtT) ueyaAutfQi} roue av8T)0T). 0 [lWalWVae; ElXE ;tQooaQti}OEL otT) OEOAOYla 6AEe; tu; UAAEe; [lOQCjJEe; TT)e; LbwAOYlae;: TT) CjJLAOOOq;la, tT)V rroALuxi} xru to VO[lLXU, ru; ElXE [lEtaTQE1jJEL 010 unobL<UQ£OHe; tT)e; 8WAOylae;. Avuyxa~f Et0L X60E XOLVWVLXi} xrn JIOALTLXi} XlVT)OT) v« JIalQVEL 8EOAOYLXi} [lOQCjJi}. OL bw8EOW; torv [la~WV Elxav ()LallOQCjJWO!:l aJIOXAELOtLXa f,lE 8QT)OxEunxi} JIVEll[lanxi} tQoq;i} X(1L yw v« JTQOXA1l8d Eva OllEAA(ilbEC; xL vn[la i}Tav arraQulTT)TO vo ;taQOllOL(wOUV TU OU[lCjJEQovTa rorv [la~(ilV one; lbLEC; tu; f,lU~Ee; ue 8QT)OXEUtLX6 ;tEQlBAT)[lU. Kci 6JTwe; T) aotLxi} TaST) aJT6 TT)V aQxi} bT)[lLollQYT)OE Eva El.;UQtT)[lU nno oxrnuove; rrAT)Bdoue; HOV ;t6AWlV ;tOU bfV ovnxov Of XUf,lLa avaYVWQLOf,lEVT) XUOTa, UJTe) XU8E AOyi}C; f,lEQoXaf,lUuuQT)bEe; xrn UJTT)QETEe;, JIQObQOf,l(llJ(; TOU xctomvou ;tQOAEtuQLaTOU, EtOL xct T) alQEOT) orto VWQle; XLe)AUe; XWQU:,ETaL Of f,lW aOTlxi} f,lETQLOJTu8i} xm OE [lW ;tAT)Bdu mavaOTanxi} UlQEOll, JTOll TT)V urrExOUVOVTaV xm OL lbLOL OL «orot mQfuxoL

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I. 0011uxE\lnxll alQEUll ]WII 10 Ilo XCll 130 nuov« nrcv rrAcnul I)lul)ri'loIlEVTt U1Tt Nona ('aUla xut B<iOEIa IWAla, ~E XEV1\)O rnv ;ni),Tt AAf)l Til; Nonne; raUla;. Oi nA0lYllvol, nouruov evcvn« om ;rOA\lTfA~ ~Oll TTt; xuf)OAlX~C; EXXAllUlU; xcu ornv fXXATtmnUTlxlj lEQUQXLU. fxq;Qnl;,nv OE f)OllOXEUllXO erurrtoo Tlll)wllaQTIIQLn 1{JlV IllXQquoQcnv xrn XElQ01ExvcilV HOV rrOAECllV cvrrvn« 0111 q;EO\ll)nOXla, 2:' a\ltou; rrQouXCi)QTtUE Xl tva 1Illj~t(( TC!lV E\I'/EV{i)v TTtC; Nonce i'nUlu;. nou ljOfAE rnv urruUoTQlwOTt rorv rXXATtOl(J.OUx(i)v xrnWlW)V. 0 mha; IVVOXEVTlO:; I" OQY<1V(I)OE TO 1209 OWI)QocpoQlu evnvtiov nov aAf)lYllV(ilV xm IlE1('! cno iva» 2(}XQovo ;r()AEllo xut (JXATtQ<1 «vuaorvc, 10 xtvnu« TOU:; xcna;rvlY1lxE (OTtIL yE0lL OlIVT.).

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avam;UY!lEVl] yw vc 1-Wl0QEOEL vo EVWOH XCHW ano tn Ol]!lala 1l]; n; aAAE; ESEYEQ!lEVEe; XAEL01E; lasElI; -lOUe; nAl]BELoue; lWV :;toAEwv, roue xaninEQOUe; EllYEVELe; XaL roue XWQlXOUe; 1l]; llnaWQOU. IIQ(ina VLx~Ol]Xav oi EUYEVde;. Ot XWQLXOL SEOl]xwOl]XUV 01' !llU ESEYEQOl], rtou a:;t01EAEL 10 U:;tOXOQU<P(t)!lU oAou mnoll ton sncvcotrmxou xt v~!lmoe;. OL nOAHe; roue a<pl]oav !lOVOUe; XaL El0l l] ETwvaowOl] VLX~el]XE uno lOU; 01QU10Ue; lWV !lEyaAwv qJWllbuQXwv, rtou EbQE'ljJav oAu to oqJEAl]. AJ[O 10110 El;mpUVlsE1aL l] rEQ!lUVlU yw lQHe; aL<iWEe; (lJ[() rn OHQa lWV XWQCOV rtou :;tULs<)1lV aVESaQll]lO EVEQYO QO- 1.,0 O1l]V WlOQLa. ~L:;tAa, O!lWe;, 010 YEQ!lUVO AOllflT]Qo BQteT]XE o yaAAoe; KuABLvoe;. ME yV~(JLa YUAAlXi] OSUll]lU EqJEQE 010 J[QOOXi]vLO LOV UOllXO XUQUXli]QU IT]e; MEWQQlle!lLOT]e;, exon!lOXQalT]OE XaL Au'CxonOLT]OE IT]V EXXAT]OlU. Evo. T] AouOT]QUVlxi] MnUQQuO!lLOT] 01T] rEQ!laVlU Un01EA!lmWVOW.v XaL xoreO1QE<PE IT] rEQ!lUVLa, T] MnuQQll8!lLOT] lOU KCf.A(1lvo\l XQT]Ol!lE- 1jJE yta OT]!lUlU 01OUe; bT]!lOXQalEe; IT]e; I'eveunc; IT]; OAAuvbLue; XaL 1l]; LX01Lae;, UJIEAHlOEQWOE tnv OAAuv6lU cno IT]V IOJ[uVlU XaL IT] YEQ!lUVLXi] aUlOXQmOQla XaL nQOOqJEQE IT]V L6wAOYLxi] evouucotc YLa IT] 6Ell1EQl] :;tQaST] IT]e; uonxi]e; enovootcon; JtOU JtaLs<huv 01T]V AyyAlu. b,)(h, 0 xUABtVLO!loe; (lJ[0- (')ELX1T]XE T] yvi]ow OQT]OXEunxi] !lfLa!lqJlWT] lWV Oll!lqJEQOvtorv IT]e; 1()lE uonxi]e; lasT]e;, xrn Yl' mrto bEY uVUYVCOQl(J1T]XE OAoxAT]QWllxa 01UV T] E;[UVa01UOT] lEAELCOOE 10 1689 !lE 10 OU!lBtBao!J,<) !ltUe; !lEQL6ue; nov EllYEVCOV ue LOU; UOlOUe;. I H ayYALxi] xQunx~ ExxAT]ola uJ[oxuwola8T]XE sava, 0XL O!lWe; ue IT]V ;[QOl]YOU!lEVl] !loQqJi] IT]e; oov xu80ALxw!lOe; ue 10 BaOLAta yta m'mu, uo OE !lEyaAo Bu8!J,<) xaABL vonornuevn. H nUAla xQanxi] ExxAl]ola dXE ;[UVT]YUQlOEllT]V EUOU!lT] xa8oAlxi] KuQLax~ xru ELXE JIOAE!li]oH ll]V uvwQi] xUA(1lVW1Lxi] KUQlUXi]. H VEU conxonornuevn ExxAT]ola XU8LEQWOE IT]V xUABlvLOnxi] KUQwxi] rrou oxou« xrn lwQa O!loQqJalVEllT]V AyyAla.

I. T1Ql)xrt WI yLa TTl AEy(i~IEVlj «£vIiO~lj mava(J1uolj» ron 1688, O;T!JlC; Ul1- Vljfll~Ol1V v« tnv ovouotouv oi aOlOlLOlOQIXOLllj; AyyAlar;, IlE rnv onoto aVUlQ{l;TljXf n IilJVfW1Ela 1{J)V InOl)uQl, IlljAabi] rou iaXli)[-Iou B ', To 1689,0 nQ~LOO1i]c; tnc OAAavbiuc: l'ol1Ali'AIlOC; Tlj; OQfl,/YljC; avuxljQuXlljXE ~aOlALac; llj<; AyyHa;, onv rOl1),(£A]1O; r (Olj]l. yEQIl. cnrvt.).

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~trl faAAla, TO 1685, Y] xaABlvLOuK1l uaovornro xntnnvLyY]xE, nQooxwQy]OE orov xaOoAlXLO!lO i] EI_;oQLoty]xE.' Me noto TO c)CPEAOS;; Tots f)QLOXOtaV xloAa; 010 nAi]QY] bQuoY] Y] EAEUOEQOCPQoouvy] tOU Il l!~Q Mn(CA 2 xru to 1694 YEVVtjOy]XE 0 BOAtalQOS;. To !lEtQa r1las; tOU AOUbof)lXOU I~' blEuxoAuvav !lOVUXa tn yaAAlxi] aotLxtj tUsY] v« XUVEl tnv enovcotcon tY]S; us avuOQy]oXEuuxi], aJtoXAElOUXU JtOAltlxi] !loQCPi], tY] uovn !loQCPi] rtou talQlUt,H ornv avaJttlJY!lEVy] aotLxi] tUsY]. ~ty] OEOY] torv bla!WQtUQO!lEVWV JtaQaxuOoVtat OUS; EOVOOUVEAEUOHS; UVBQUl1tOL ue EAE1"BEQY] oxE'lJY]. 'EWl, 0 XQLOtWVLO!lOS; !l1ti]XE OTO tEAE1JtalO TOU OtUbLO. HXE Yl VEL ovtxovoc va XQY]Ol!lEUEl ow Esi]S; oov lbEOAOYlXO nEQLf)AYl!la Yla tu; EJtlbUl)- 1;ElS; onouroorptore JtQOObE1Juxi]; tUSYlS;. fLVOtaV OAO Xat JtEQLOOOUQO anOXAElOuxi] lbLOXty]ola tWV xUQLaQXU>v tUSEWV non tOy XQy]Ol!lOJtOlOUV oo» anAc) !lEOO i'>wX1Jr1EQVYlOy]S; Yla vo xQatUVE US; XmWtEQES; tusas; 010 1tEQlOQLO!lO. KaBE!llU, c)W.OS;, «no US; blUCPOQES; tUsw; XQYlOt!lOnOlEl TYl BQYlOXEla nou tYlS; tatQlUt,El: Ot yatOXti]!lOVES; YL01JVXEQ TOV xaBoAlxo lY]OOU'lUO!lO tj tnv nooreorcvuxn oQBobosLa, or CPlAEAEUOEQOL Xat Qlt,ooJtaOTlXOl cotot TO QaOloVaALO!lc). Kat bEV EXH Xa!llU onucotc, ov oi XUQLOl nutot mOtE1JOUV ot li'>LOl or«; BQy]OXELE; TOUS; i] oX t,

BAEJtOUW, AOl1tc)V, on orcv nw bW!lOQCPWOEL T] OQY]oxst«, rrEQlEXEl rtuvto UAlXO rtou to XAYlQOVO!lT]OE uno rnv rtnQUbOOYl naAlc)tEQWV EJt0XQ>V Xat orto»; 010 c)AOUS; TOUS; tb£OAOYlXOUS; toueu; eroi xat lObe\> T] ;[aQui'>ooT] anoTEAEL uio !lEYUAY] O1JVtYlQYluxi] I'>Uva!lY]. Ot aAAaYES;, 6!l<u;, Jt01J YlVOVTat oro lJAlXO aUTO sEJtT]bouv orro US; taSlXES; oXEoas;, by]Aabi] orto US; OtXOVO!HXES; oXEoas; TWV avOgw;[WV nou nQaY!laWnOLOUv amES; ns; aAAayEs;. Kt outo !l<xS; aQx£i. Eb(D.

1. !VIE T1]V aVaXA1]01] rou 'EblX101111]<; Navt1];, rtou ElXE ExboOEl1O 1598 xru E~aoq;<XAl~E 01011C; oUYEv610l);, LOU<; X(1A[)lVW1l; 11]<; 1'(1At-la;, loa ;roAlnx« xru tlQ1]aXEUTlXal\lXal(Of,l(na, 0 AOllllo[)lXOC; Itl.' OAOXA~Q([)OE w; JtOAL- 1LX£<; xm OQ1]aXflJTLxt; bL<i)~fLi; tWVOUYEVllTWV, nou a;r<i 10 1620buv<XWJ)vav OAO xrn :i1!'QWl)()1EQO, ME 11]V aVaXA1]01] TOU 'EIlLXHll111]<; Nav11]; 10 1685, Ey.alOv1<XbE; XLALtlbEC; 01lYEV(\10l EYX(1TtAfl~J(1V 11] rnAt-l(1 (amI. YEQ!-\, OUVL).

2, UIAAO; <ilLAl)(lO(f,O<; (1647-1706) rtou £xnvE xQmx~ Cl10 tlQ1]oxEunx6 bOY).lana!u) (orut. EAA, OUV1.),

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Oon £xOEoall£ ltaQa.JtaVW IlJWQOUV v« a.JtOT£AOUV uovnxa Eva Y£VLXO n£QLYQalllla nl~ aVTLAT]1!JT]~ TOU MaQs YLa TT]V LOTOQLa, TO nOAl)-noAu £mST]YT]IlEVO XaL 11£ Il£Qlxa :rr:aQabdyunto. TT]v anob£LST] nQEn£L vo. TT]V :rr:QOOCPEQ£L T] LbLa T] LOTOQla. KaL ox£nxall' a1JTo, a~ uou mLTQamL v« ruo on O£ aAAa OUYYQ<lllllata EX£L bo8d aQxna a1JT~ T] anob£LS1']. H aVTLAT]1!JT] a1JT~, Oll(l)~, BU1;£L TEAO~ OTT] CPLAooocpLa OTOV TOIlEa TT]~ LOTOQla~, aXQLBw~ onw~ T] bWA£xnx~ aVTLAT]1!JT] TT]~ CPUOT]~ xaV£L aXQT]OTT] XaL mQLTT~ xaO£ CPLAooocpLa TT]~ CPl)OT]~. ~~Il£Qa TO xa8~xov Ila~ b£v £L Val ma vc £CP£UQI,OXOUIl£ OXEO£L~ OW X£cpaAllla~, uo vo TL~ avaxaA1JJTTOUIl£ IlEOa OTa Y£YOVOTa. I'io TT] CPLAooocpLa, rtou bLWXTT]X£ nno TT] CPUOT] XaL TT]V LOTOQLa, IlEVU TOT£ 1l0vaxa T] mQLOX~ TT]~ xa8aQ~~ OXE1!JT]~ - £cpOOOV 8a £saxoAou8d va unaQX£l: bT]Aab~ T] bLbaoxaAla YLa TOU~ VO- 1l0U~ TT]~ LbW~ TT]~ bLablxaOLa~ TT]~ OXE1!JT]~, T] AOYlX~ XaL T] blaA£xnx~.

* * *

M£ tT]V maVaOTaOT] TOU 1848 T] «lloQcpwIlEVT]» f£Qllavla anOXaLQETLO£ tn 8£wQta XaL rteoooe OTO n£bLo TT]~ nQaST]~. H !uxQ~ f)LOT£XVLa rtou OTT]QL1;oTav OTT] X£LQwvaxnx~ £QyaoLa XaL 1'] llaVlcpaKWUQa avnxataota8T]xav «no IlLa nQaYl-lanxi] Il£Y<lAT] BLOIlT]xavLa. H f£QllaVla £IlCPaVLOTT]X£ saV<l OTT]V noYXOOIlLa ayoQa. H VEa IlLXQi] Y£Qllavlxi] a1JTOXQaTOQLa' nnQaIlEQLO£ to mo XQauyaAEa TOllAaxLOTOV £!l.i1:6bW rtou TO (1)otnuo TWV xQanbL(l)V, to UJTOA£Lllllata TT]~ cp£OubaQXLa~ XaL T] YQacpuoxQanx~ bWXdQLOT] £Lxav BaA£L ornv aVaJTTllS~ tT]~. ~TO Ba8llo, 61l(!)~, rtou T] 8W)QT]TLXOAoYLa eyXa.TEAUm TO qnAOOOCPlXO o;roubaOti]QLO YLU VU OTi]O£l TO VUO TT]~ OTO XQT]IlUnOTi]QLO USLWV2 OTOV (btO Bu81l<) T] 1l0QCPWIlEVT] r£QllaVLa EXUO£ £xd VT] TT] Il£Y<lA T] O£wQT]nx~ UL081']0T] nou amnEA£O£ TT] 66- sa TT]~ r£QIlUVLU~ TOV XaLQ6 TT]~ JUO Ba8L<l~ nOAL nxi]~ TT]~ tond VWOT]~ - tT]V UL08T]0T] TT]~ xuOaQa mWTT]I-lOVLxi]~ EQ£1JVa~,

I. H yEQ!l(!VIX~ aUTOxQUloQLa non ?lTJ!lI01'Qy~OTJXE X(llQL; TTJV A lJOTQLa to 1871, xCm,)(1.jT' TTJV TJYfllOvLa TTJ<; nQUJoLac; (OTJ~l. yEQ~l. 0\1VT.).

2. EO(D 0 'EVYXEAC; X('lvEI AoyoJt(xlyvLO ~IE TTJ AESTJ Spckulation rtou OTJ!lulVEL xrn OEOJQTJtlXOAoyla xrn XEQOooxo;rLa OTO XQTJ!latWt~QLO (UTJ!l. r. !lET.).

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al':lLaqJOQO ov 10 aJtOT£A£O!-lU TT]e; ntnv JtQaxnxa aSLOJtOli]OLuo i] OXL, avilTav aVTWETO ue ne; aOTuvOlHXEe; 6LaTaSUe; i] 0XL. ELVaL aAil8ua on OL YEQ!-laVLXEe; EJtLOT]!-lEe; qJUOLXEe; EJtWTi]!-lEe;, LbLW:; oro JIEbLO TT]e; abLXEU!-l£VT]e; EQE1JVae;, oTa8T]xav OTO tHVO:; TT]e; EJtOx-i):;, !-la cxouo X.aL TO a!-lEQLxaVLXO JIEQLObLXO Science (EJrwrtiP1]) JtUQaTT]QEL ('nxaLOAoYT]llEVa on OL ortoqxrOWTlX£e; noooooi OTOV 10l1£a HOV llEYUAWV oUOXETlOllWV ovoueoo OTa ubLxa YEYOVOHX, T] YEVLXElJOi] toix OE V6!l01Je;, YLVOVTaL TWQa JTOAtJ JIEQLOOOTEQO OTT]V AYYALU, JtUQU, ono»; UAAOTE, OTT] [EQ!-lUVlU. KaL OTO JtE6LO rorv WTOQlXCOV ernorn!-!COV, OU!-lJIEQlAallf)UVO!-lEVT]e; xm TT]e; qJlAOOOqJlae;, xa8T]XE oM1EAa llCl.l;,L llE TT]V xAamxi] qJlAOOOqJLCI. 10 nCl.ALc) 8HOQT]1lx6 JtV£lJP·a JtOU turotc bEV llJtOQ01JOE v« TO OTa!-laTi]OEL. ITll ()tOT] TOU p"jl:i]xuv 0 XOUqJLO:; EXAElnLXLOllOe; xru 0 qJOBW!-lEVOe; unoAOYLOllOe; YLU tT]V EsaOqJaALOT] xaQLEQCl.e; XaL HOobil!-laTOe;, non SEJtEqJtEL we; TOV JtLO XUbCl.LO aQlBw!-lc). Ot EJtLOT]!-lOL EXJtQOOWJtOL mnilc; TT]e; EJ[WTi]llT]e; EYLVUV at aVOlXlOL l6wMyOL Tlle; aonxi]c; TUST]e; XaL TOU XQaTOU:; non lJJtUQXEl - OE llLa EJtOxi], O!-lWC;, onou xrn tn buo BQLOXOVTaL OE aVOlXTi] aVT(8WT] ue TT]V EQyanxi] TUSll.

MovuXCI. OTllV EQyaTLxi] Tusll ESUXOAou8d VCI. UJtUQXEl C1.VaAAOLWTT] T] YEQ!-lUVlXi] OEUlQT]TLXr') aLOOT]Oll. E6w bEV llJTOQEL VU sEQll;,wOd. &'>CO 6E AOYCl.Qlal;,oV1aL T] XUQLEQa, to XEQbT], T] EWEvile; JtQOotcoto cno to JtaV<D. AV1WEta, 600 ruo C1.VEJtLqJ1JAmna xrn cueQc)AllJfTa JtQOX<tlQEl T] EJtWTi]llT] TOOO nEQWOOTEQO f)QLOXEnXl OE aQllovla !lE to Oll!-lqJEQOV1a XaL ne; EJtlbL(l)sU:; HOV EQymwv. H YEa TUOT], rtou OTT]V wTOQla TT]C; EsEAlST]e; Tll:; EQyaoLae; BQi]XE to XAU6L yw TT]V xctovonon oA6xAllQT]e; TT]:; wTOQlae; tT]e; XOlVWVLUC;, OTQuqJllxE coto mv uQxi] xat(i JtQOTLp'T]OT] JtQo:; TT]V EQyaTLxi] Tasll XaL BQilxE E6w rnv mOboxi] rtou 01JTE l;,T]T01JOE OUTE JtEQLllEVE orro mv emonun EJtWTilllT]. To YEQ!-lUVlXO EQyatLX6 XL vnuo ELVaL 0 XAT]QOV0l10C; TT]e; YEQ!-laVLxi]c; xAaOLxi]c; qJlAoooqJLae;.

Ll1fl«(!(I)Va W rnv Exho(lT] tot! 1888.

rQa{fTT]XE rcro TOY <l>QlYTQlX 'EyyxfAC; TO 1886. ;\T]1l0(llEi'TT]Xf OTT] Nou: Totu no 1886 xm Of XWQlOTO ~l~AlO TO 1888 (lTT] LTollTyaQhT].

Marx - Engels - Werke, rou. 21. oeA, 265 -107.

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KAPAMAP3

9El:EIl: rIA TON <l>otEPMITAX

H X1JQta EAAEL'IjJ'Y] OAOll TOU lTQO'Y]Y01JIlEVOll llALOIlO1J -(JlljllTEQLAaf-lBavollEvOll XaL TOU UAWIlO1J TOll <l>olEQjllTax- ElVaL on aVTlAaf-lBaVEtaL TO lTgaYlla (Gegenstand), T'Y]V JtQaYllanx6T'Y]Ta, toy aL<J8'Y]T6 x6<J1l0 (Sinnlichkeit) uovo 1110 T'Y] 1l0QCP~ toll avtixeuievou (Objekt) ~ fJ,E T'Y] fJ,og<:p~ T'Y]~ estosttetac (Anschauung) XaL 6XL ocv avOQwJClvT/ avyxfxQLflivT/ fJQaaT/, aav JCQaST/, 0Xl uJtOx£q.LEVlxa. fL' cuto 0 l6£aAL<JfJ,6~, (JE aVT(OW'Y]!.LE TOV 1JAW!.LO, aVE7rruSE T'Y] oQwaa JtAEUQa - aAM fJ,0- vaxa a<:p'Y]Q'Y]fJ,EVa, ytaTl 0 Lb£aAWfJ,6:; bE YV(J)Ql~EL <:pll<JLXa rnv JtQaYfJ,anx~ <JUYXExgLfJ,EV'Y] bga<J'Y] onv tETOLa. 0 <l>OlEQfJ,JtaX 8EAEl vc. EXEL v« xavEl fJ,E awfl'Y]ta ovnxetuevo, JtOU bla<:pEoouv JtgaYfJ,anxa uno tn vO'Y]Ta aVnX£LfJ,EVa, aAA.a T'I')V (bla t'Y]V avflQ(illTlV'Y] bQaaT] bEV T'Y] BAElTEl ocv avtixeuievixn (gegenstandliche) bQaa'Y]. Fi.' auto XaL <Jt'Y]V Ovaia TOV XQLaTWVWf.10V fl£(J)Q£L onv yV~<Jta av8QWJtlV'Y] bQao'Y] !.LOvaxa tn 8E(()Q'Y]tlX~ otoon, EVW t'Y]V JtoasT] T'Y]V avnAafJ,BavEtaL XaL T'Y]V JtQoa()LOQl~EL !.Lovaxa !.LE IT] BQO!.LOEI3QallX'Y] fJ,og<:p~ tT]~ Ex6~A(J)<J~~ tT]~. I'i.' outo XaL bEV xaLaAaBaLVEL 1'Y] <J'Y]fJ,aOLa t'Y]~ «10- Jtava<Jtanx~~», 1'Y]~ JtQaXtlxit~-XQlnx~~ bQa<J'Y]:;.

2

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3

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trov OW8rpaDv X'(u Trl~ bLaJtmbaywYr)Or)~ xm on mO~EV(()~ OL av8QwJtOL nou EXOUV aAAasH d voi nootovtc aAAWV ouv8r)xwv xm anaY~EVr)~ btaJtmbaywYr)Or)~, sEXvaH on n~ OUV- 8i)xE~ tu; aAM1;ouv aXQLBw~ OL av8Q(()JtOL xm OLL JtQEJtH v« bLarrmbaYWYr)8d XL 0 lbLO~ 0 Jtmbay«()yo~. 'El0L, r) bLbaoxaAla aUli) xmaAi)YH avayxaouxa OLO vo XWQL1;H tnv XOLV(()vin OE buo ~EQr), onou LO Eva ClJ'"[' aUla u1jJwVELm novco «no rnv xOLVWVla (YLa JtaQabHy~a, nuto xaVH 0 PO~JtEQl OOUEVI).

H (J1J~JtT(()Or) lr)~ aAAayi)~ torv ouv8r)xwv ~E tnv aUayi) lr)~ av8Qwmvr)~ bQaor)~ ~oQd vo 8E(()Qr)8d xm va xctovon- 8El ocoorc ~ovaxa oov avatoexuxn JrQasY/.

4

o <I>oLEQ~ax sExLvaH «no ro YEYOVO~ lr)~ 8Qr)OXEUUXi)~ aULOaJtosEV(()Or)~, LOU bLJtAaOLaO~Ou LOU xoouou OE Eva 8Qr)OXEULLXO, qxrvroonxo xrn OE Evav JtQay~anxo xoouo. H EQyaola LOU ouvtotctrn 010 on avaYH LO 8Qr)OXEUUXO XOO~O 01r)V evxoouio Baor) LOU. I1aQaBAEJtH, O~(()~, LO YEYOVO~ on olav EXH me lEAElWOH ami) r) bOUAHa, ~EVH cxouo vc yL VH 10 XUQL01EQO. LUYXExQL~Eva, LO YEYOVO~ on r) EyxoO~la MOr) urtoonrrtru aJtoLOV eouro ttj; xm EyxaOlolalm 010. OUVVEcpa oov aVESaQlr)10 BaolAHO, ~oQd v« ESr)yr)OEl aXQLBw~ uovcxa ~E rnv ourootconcon xm ~E rnv «utoovnqxrnxornto auli)~ lr)~ evxoouu«; Baor)~. H l6La, AOLJtOV, r) Baor) JtQEJtH JtQ(D- 10. v« xalavor)8EL ornv aV1lcpaoi) tr)~ xm enerro v« encvoOWLLXOJtOLr)Od 01r)V JtQasr) ~E tnv aQor) (J.1Jti)~ lr)~ cvrupcOr)~. EJtO~EV(()~, yta JtaQabELy~a, acpou aJtoxaAucp8r)xE on r) yi)LVr) OLxOYEVHa aJt01EAEl 10 ~UOLLXOlr)~ aYla~ OLxOYEVHa~, JtQEJtH T<DQa r) lbta r) yi)l Vr) OLXOYEVHa vu UJtOBAr)8d ern OE(()Qr)nxi) XQL1Lxi) xrn v« mavaOtanxoJtOLr)8El ornv JtQasr).

5

EJtH6i) 0 <I>oLEQ~Jtax bE ~EVH LxavOJtOLr)~EVO~ ~E t1)V acpY/Qy/flfVy/ vonon. EmxaAEllm rn ouvxexouievt; exoxteia.

1. AYYAOC; ouromxoc OOataAWT~;, 1771-1858 (o1][A. YEQ[1. ouvr.).

-66-

O!lW~, OEV aVtLAa!l~UVELaL TOV aWOTj'rO XOO!lO OaV.71Qaxnxll avOQWJtLVlj OUYXEXQL!lEVll DQUOn.

6

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It.' aUTO 0 <l>OLEQI..t.i'taX, nou DEV aOXOAEl Tal !lE Tl]V XQL nxi] mJTi]~ Tl]~ nQaY!lanxi]~ OUOla~, ElVal unoXQEW!l£VO~:

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2) va avnAa!l~UVETal EJtO!l£VW~ Tl]V av8Qwmvl] ouot« !lOVUxa oav «vsvoc» (<<Gattung»), oav WWTEQLXi] ~ou~i] YEVLXOTl]Ta nou OUVO£EL to nOAAu UTO!la !lOVUxa ue cpvmxov~ bEO!lou~.

7

I'i,' aUTO 0 <l>oLEQ!lnax bE BA£JtEL on Xal l] iOla l] «8Ql]oXEunxi] bLu8Wl]» ElVal xOtvwvtx6 .7l(}oi6v, xrn on TO orpnQl]!l£VO UTO!lO rtou avaAuH avi]xEl OTl]V nQaY!latlXoTl]Ta 010 uto xa80QLO!l£Vl] XOlVWVlXi] !loQCPi].

8

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9

To cvormto Oll!lElO nou CPTUVEl 0 m0.71Ttx6~ (anschauende) UALO!lO~, OllAaoi] 0 UALO!lO~ rtou OEV avnAa!lMvETal TOV m- 08l]TO XOO!lO oov nQaxTLxi] OQUOl], El Val l] enonreto TWV SEXWQLOTWV aTO!lWV ueoo OTl]V «xorvorvto TWV noALTwv».

-67-

10

H fut:otjJ'Y] TOll JtaALOlJ l)ALO!-lOl) £lVaL 'Y] XOLVUlVla «TWV JWA£TWv». H <XJtotjJ'Y] TOl) XaLVOlJQYLOll llALO!-lOlJ stvrn 'Y] aVeoO)JUV1JXOlVWVla i] XOlVWVlXOJtOl'Y]!-lEV'Y] avOQwJtot'Y]ta.

11

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