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A. MIIArIONJU:: E~O~EI~ IIANEIII~THMIOY ISBN: 960-530-015-x E~O~EI~ IlANEIII~THMIOY IIavEmm:I'j!tLouJtoAI'j, PCo TI'jA.: 061-997.863, Fax: 997.864
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21. German Ideology. 245-247. a. a. o. Everyman's Library. 409. A atT] cpLAoao- Collected Works. Dialectic of Nature. 20. On Materialism. L:toV S. Ost. 9 xrrorsron MnArJONA~ 15. Law~ coto 6LacpOQEtLX~oxomn. 2.. r. 478-479 17. London-Moscow.0 O. 5. ~ExLvaH u:il:6 nQuy[!utLxa Coilected Works.JV nOAAoL xm [!Etu~1J aAAwv 0 G. r. 18. 16. t. 'Onw~ unoatT]QL~01. Collected Works.0 'EVYXEA~. a. t. t.50 Origin ofmaterialism. Bloch. 22. 1965. 1980. 243 1976. n. . 8EWQEL6tL 0 Boxcov xm 0 Aox ELa~YUynV tn ~LETUCP1JaLX~ ontLxtj CPLU.417-418. Marx. a. 671. 22 a. s..1987. Novack. r. London 1930. 6E6o[!EVa. nti-DUhring. Collected Works. 385 London 19. G. Y. R. a1J~LcpwvU[!E tOY 'EVYXEA~. 25.N. Timpanaro.1987. 0 onotoc. 3. The 16. Reuouvier et l' histoire du metenslismc. a. 25. Ex6. 5. a..
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AYrOYErOE
MllArIONAE
2:HMEIQ2:EI2: 1. 11, 81 XaL JtQoa8i!xE~, BA. Hegel's Logic, trans!. by W. Wallace. Oxford. oo. 15-16 XaL 115-119. 2. Hegel's Logic, a. 116 xm L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London, 1973.
a.
14 xm 22.
3. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 28, 80 xm JtQoa8iJxE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 113-115. 4. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 81 xm JtQoa8i!xE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 115-119. 5. H 6.JtO'IjJT] mi! yw tTl C'JLUAomxi! AOYLXi! u JtQoUJto8£tEL 6n aX£'ljJT] JtOtEAEL U «mrrorrvcmuooouevn 19, Hegel's Logic, a. 25. 6. E. V. Ilyenkov, Dialectical Logic, Moscow, 1977. a. 175 X.E. 7. E. V, Ilyenkov, 6.Jt. JtuQ., a. 169 8. Marx-Engels, Etudes Philosophiques, Paris, 1964, a. 211. London 1951, a. 873. J. T] OAOtT]ta». MtxQr} Aoytxr}
9. K. Marx, The Capital, aELQ6.Everyman, D. Bernal, Marx and Science, 1952, a. 17. 10. Anti-DUhring,
ust. E. Bums, London, 1934, a. 142. 1953,
11. Fr. Engels, Dialectic of Nature, tr. Clemens Dutt, Moscow,
a. 37,
259-262.
12. Dialectic of Nature, a. 295-299. 13. O.Jt. JtuQ. a. 292-294. 14. O.Jt JtuQ. a. 288-292. 15 Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classical Philosophy, London, 1934, a. 55, Dialectic of Nature, oo. 288-290.
16. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83. 17. Anti-DUhring, tr. E Bums, London, 1934, a. 69. a. 140.
18. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83, JtQBA,Anti-Duhring, 19. Dialectic of Nature, a. 296.
:rruQ. LondonMoscow. 3. Marx.X.yLa :rrUQab£LY[1U u:rrO'\)!1] t1]V tWV IIaQar'56(JEwv Q)LAO(JOcpiar. Gerard Beckerman. 250. Engels. n. rou XEYX£A. The Logic of Marx. 47.39-40. London. rr. A. o.24. Cornu. Fr. 1976. Cornu.Iu:rrus~o1].. 5.41. Cornu. :rruQ.. 3. :JtL[1EQout. K. 1952. 5.t. 22. Dialectic of Nature. A. Cornu. o. 2. Fr.Iotooiai.:rrUQ. o. o.Fr. 1 59. 30. Engels. Marx. o. t. 140. Engels. A. Engels. 250. Leur oeuvre. o. r.137-138. o. 13.283. 6. IIEQU cero t1] Y£VLXi) vucpoQu OlOV LCl£aALa[16OU XEYX£A:rrou u l [1£tU~UAA£L :rrQuY[1unx6 oe qxrvrcouxo xm to ocvrconxo ce to :rrQuY[1unx6.0YLX1j 9. Ewaywy1j (JTT/V KQL ux1j TT/I. Marx and Science. 13601][1. Cornu. t. Engels. 119. £ a:rr6'IjJ£Lt. TT/r. Cornu. Jindrich Zeleny. 29. Marx. IIQ~A. 26. Collected Works. 205-206.1.t. o. rrrou J. Fr. Q)LAo(Jocpiar. :rr. 0. 89. t.45-46. t. Cornu. 59-61. Paris 195662. o. t.MLX(n]A. Fr. Paris. Leur vie. 1980. 24. K. 17. A8i)vu.83. Marxism and Hegel. Colletti. Karl Marx.l o. c. . Fr. Vocabulaire du Marxisme. 31. 3. A. 0. A. 3.271-273.95-96 28. 65-66 A. 21. 27. 1978. I rov 33. 135-136. o. D. 34. Fr. £L t1]t. Oxford. 1. :rr. 6. Dialectic of Nature. 3. 142. £XCl.H EXEEH THE XEfKEAIANHE IIIAAEKTIKHE ME TO MAP3IEMO SYM'NlNA ME TON ENfKEAE 79 00. Anti-DUhring. German Ideology. 6. 20. 18. Leur oeuvre. 32. 1. Leur vie. Paris 19551962. 0 MUQ~ u:rrmvLoonm LOWt.. K. 1981. 00.t. :rrQ~A. Engels. Collected Works. Ai)[1flU Dialectique. Marx. XWQo. rov L1Lxaiov XEYXEA. 23. Keqxisaio r. Engels. L. Bernal. 25. K. oro 35. o.292. A.297-299. on 1]CPU01] vrn EXCPQU01] LClEUt. t.
Fr. 149. 1980. 16. Marx and Science. Cornu. 11materialismo a. Moscow. Fr. 1952. York. os ax£aT] !J. Anti-Dithiing. Engels. A. 1934. 2. 50. r. a. t. Francois Ricci. t. E. Fr. 44. 0 11materialismo stotico in Federico Engels. 'Onw~ 286-287 46. 5. 272... Dialectics of Nature. 49. Engels. a. and the Outcome of German Classical Philostotico in Federico Engels. Volkof Birth of a Genius. Structure logique du paragraphe 1 du «Capital». London. Bernal. 9-10.. 193. Karl Marx. . Fr. Nova. a.EtacpQ.EA£tE~toll 'E VYXEA~EJtT]Q£aaav tL~ aXEnx£~ aJt6'\jJEL~ tou MaQ~. R. a. Cornu. D. 74. a.EtTl clLacpoQCt VCt!J. a. Marx. Engels. Mondolfo. 347. Jindrich Zeleny. 38. a. G. a. 66-70. A. et Fr. a. A. t. a. 65-66.80 AyrOYETm: MnArIONA~ 36. 51.~A. x. 54. 43. a. 53. Collected Works. Anti-Dtihring. 1967. 48. oro allAAoYLx6 £QYo La logique de Marx. 292. a.x. his contribution to political theory. Cornu. . Mondolfo. 352. The Logic of Marx. a. 296.EtOY Cornu OL !J. 45. 41.Eaaotu JtOLOtLXCt aL tn noconxo a X oixovouicc. 1974. Fr. a. 59-62. (J. Paris. New <DOllQL£. Anti-Diiluing. 23. a. 40. Karl Marx. IIQ~. 2 37. Engels. 52. 304. 70. !J. Anti-DUhring. JtaQ. a 42. Firenze. 1972. 3. ayyA. xaQaxtT]QL0tLXCt tT]~ XaJtLtaAL0nxi]~ n. 20. 39. 3. Engels. . Dialectic of Nature. Oxford.154. 47. 67. Luwpwva !J. a. aT]!J. J. Ludwig Feuerbach sophy. R. OJt. K.
I. Berlin. 325. r. The Capital. 65. 66. Aoxiuu: of the German classical Philo- 57. 2. 67. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome sophy. c.31. K. [1EtucpQ. 128-129. . R. o. ~A. 70. t. 56. Hegel's Logic. 59. 502. Engels.62. Paris 1969. OEA. TOV K.. TQiT'f/ 8lia'f/ yw Philosophiques. Wallace § 27. 00. The Capital. 1026u 15 X. 336-337. Engels und Moderne Probleme der PhiJosophie des Marxismus. W . OELQuEveryman's 61. 60. 11materialismo storico . o.38. E I. o. o. Engels.6n:. r. Wallace. YEQ[1UVLX'rj£ EXOOO1]£ tou Keaasaiou. Dialectic of Nature o. c. 58. Hegel's Logic. 11 materialismo storico.n:uQ. German Ideology... . r. ~A. W6vEQf1:rrax. 107-108. 1971. o. o. 62. London. 62. Works. 323. Marx. W 68. 67.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~ LllAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP2I~MO ~YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEA~ 8r 55. 1934. 156. Etudes Library. r. Dialectic of Nature o. Ley. 63. 312-313. 64. Werke. 28. La Sainte FamiJJe. c. 47-48. 28. OELQu Suhrkamp. A. Mondolfo. WtAoaocpia. Hegel's Logic. 115 01][1. o. 5. Fr. 402. 0. M. 98.W. Wallace 0. I~QLWt1]. K. toy H [11]Xuv'rjuvUn:UQUYELt1] [1ULX'rjEVEQYEW. svornt« OUOtU£ XaL f1aQ!. 0 XUQuXtilQUI. 1978. 1977.. u'lJt6£ n:QOXUJttEL un:6 t1]V CPaLVO[1EVOU orov XEYXEA. MET(X fa wvatx6. Marx. Collected 1951. Vorlesungen U{3er die Philosophie der Geschichte.12. Fr.0.WiLXr)C. A8'rjvu.34.E. 14. cptAoaocpiar. H.to xu8£vu cero xuta[1EQw[16 tWV EQYWVXaL ta E~UQt'rj[1Uta t1]£ uvun:uQuYEL 1] [11]Xuv'rj w£ OUVOAO'rj «OUat1][1u» uvun:uQuYEL t1] OU[1n:A1]QW[1Unx'rj 0XE01] UVU[1WU tOU£. [1EtUCP. 7. 38 x. Mondolfo. London. 873. 69. Klein. Marx.43. o. [1EtUCP. En:L[1EtQOt1]£ ~. Fr. R. E. Mn:UYL6vu.
Mondolfo. . a. 51. Jindrich Zeleny. Colletti. La Sainte Famille. nUQ. 4. 201. The Capital. uerorp. 108. t. 83. Dialectic of Nature. Dialectic of Nature. 63. L. 201. Norman Levine. Marxism and Hegel. 90. Fr. a. 80. a. 358-377. a. Oxford-Santa Barbara. a. his Contribution to Political Theory. 89. Hegel's Logic. 85. I. a. 116.AYrOn. a. Dialectic of Nature. Miller. W. t. Emorrj/l'fl r'fl~ Aoytxrj~. 81. The Tragic Deception. Exb. a. 84. oo. 1975. Sur le rapport de Marx Ii Hegel. 75. 173. V. 2. UyyA. a. A. 72. Marxism and Hegel. nUQ. a. 78. 88. R. a. 1971. 286. 87. 873. Wallace. IIQOAOYO£ tll£ bEUtEQIl£YEQ[tUVLXi)£ fxboall£. Engels.TO~ MrrArrONA~ 71. The Logic of Marx. 369. a. 73. R. 74. on. 153. Engels. a. 77. 241. a. 288-289. Marxism and Hegel. 11materialismo starico in F. a. a. 79. 53. usrorp. Fr. 82. Marxism and Hegel. 79-80. Nova. Dialectic of Nature. 86. 27-28. 286. 76. 19-20. Dialectic of Nature. OELQuEveryman. Norman Levine. 91. a. o.. a.n. Anti-Diihring. Klibanski. 14. 17. 5-7. Dialectic of Nature. a. La philosophie contemporaine. aELQuEveryman's Library.
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H aJtEAEu8EQWOT] ou ()OUAOU EXepQcX~EtaL r rLEto YEYOVO~ OtL 0 XUQLO~tOY avaYVWQL~H W~ avayxaLo oUrLnMQWrLUrou.ME rnv oro aJtEAEU8EQWO~ aJtEAEu8EQWVOVtaL tT]~ XaL OLUAAE~tUSEL~. AIIO'l'EI~ Tor MAP2~TA I1PnIMAEPfA Tor rIA THN KPITIKHTor A~T. YLa vc avamux8EL. H ES01JOLa rtou aOXEL 0 XUQLO~nuvw OtOV ()OUAOouvmuYEtaL XaL tT]V aAAOtQLWOT]ou XUQL01J. Ano rn OtLYrL~rtou OUVtEAELtaLT]avayvwQWT] aUt~ o XUQLO~aJtEAEu8EQWVEtaL osto tT]V 'ljJEU()aL08T]oT] rrutovotT]~ rLLa~ rou. OXEOEL~ tou naQaywy~~ XaL n~ rLOQepE~ EQyaoLa~ nou nQouno8EtEL T] XEyxEAHav~ «xoivorvt« rcov L()LWtWV». H tUST] aut~ OVOrLU~EtaL cero toy MaQS «EQyanx~ tUST]» ~ «nQoAEtaQLUtO».tTl ()La()LXaoto rLEtT]V oncto nQaYrLatonOLELtaL T]aJtEAEu8EQWOT] aut~. A vtL8Eta ()TjfHOUQYOUVtaLOL XQL nQouno8Eow.ono». Itc vo umxQSH T] mavaotanx~ nQcXsT]EL Val avayxaLo vc uncXQSEL rLLatcXST] on cvcorruooetm rLfOa coto rnv «xoivorvtu n tWV L()LWtWV». 8a ~taV ()UVatO v« unotE8~ on nQaYrLatonOLELtal oUrLepwva rLE tT]V XEYYEALav~ ()LaAEXtLX~tou ()OUAOUXaL rou XUQLOU [37].ou OnOL01JOL ErLJtELQLE~ t t XaL OLava~T]t~OEL~ EsaQtWvtaL uno tT]V EsOUOLan01J aoxEL nuvw orov ()OUAO. 0 MaQs toy rLEta8EtEL n~ avo): UOEL~ aUtE~ nou. ano rn oxomn tOU .H ESUQtT]OT] aUt~ toU XUQLOU uno toy ()OUAOEST]yEL tal cno to YEYOVO~ on 0 XUQLO~XQ'Y]OLrLOnOLEL ()OUAO toy W~ EQyaAELo. rnv EVVOEL XEYXEA. 0 MaQS avaepEQE0 tal oro nQwLrLa XELrLEVcX xcXnw~ UnaLVLXnXcX otu. KPATOr~ 101 uncXQXH T] epLAOOOepLX~ tLX~. o MaQs ()EVanooaepT]VL~H oro Mo XELrLEVU nou cvorou.'EtOL XataVaALOXEL XaL anOAarL~UVELXWQL~vo EQycX~EtaL. 'EXELtT]V momELa rou OAOUYLatL ()EV ELVaLnQOOT]AWrLEVT] «rLEQO~».TautoXQova T] eaovootanx~ tUST] aQvELtaL rnv «xotvcivtc tWV L()LWtWV» [36]. epEQOVtaL OtT] (/)~Aoaocpia rov L1tJwiov tOU XEYXEA. H tUST] aut~ EXEL«xa80ALXo» xaQaXt~Qa YLatL ()EV EXELxovevu L()LaL tEQO ()LXaLWrLavu nQootatbjJEL aepou EXELanootEQT]8EL «no OAa tn ()LXaLWrLatUtT]~. 'Ioox.ME80aoAof. YVWQL~EL nQaWatLXO scuto rou.
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