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Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Μπαγιόνας. Διαλεκτική και Πολιτική στον πρώιμο Μαρξ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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Published by: Βήχος Παναγιώτης on Dec 12, 2011
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Teooeper; J.LeAerer;

EK.:lOl:EIl: IlANEI1Il:THMIOY I1a'tQa, 1997

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© 1997

A. MIIArIONJU:: E~O~EI~ IIANEIII~THMIOY ISBN: 960-530-015-x E~O~EI~ IlANEIII~THMIOY IIavEmm:I'j!tLouJtoAI'j, PCo TI'jA.: 061-997.863, Fax: 997.864

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1965. a. 243 1976. 671.0 O. Marx. Bloch. 2. 1980. a.1987. 18. London 1930. Dialectic of Nature. t. 245-247. G. 6E6o[!EVa. a. 478-479 17. 25. 8EWQEL6tL 0 Boxcov xm 0 Aox ELa~YUynV tn ~LETUCP1JaLX~ ontLxtj CPLU. 5. nti-DUhring. Ost. Y. Everyman's Library. 409. r. Law~ coto 6LacpOQEtLX~oxomn. 21. Novack.417-418. German Ideology. 25. 9 xrrorsron MnArJONA~ 15. The 16. 'Onw~ unoatT]QL~01. r. a. a1J~LcpwvU[!E tOY 'EVYXEA~. n. 0 onotoc.1987. t.0 'EVYXEA~. 5. L:toV S. Collected Works. Collected Works. 22. Reuouvier et l' histoire du metenslismc.N. o. t. 385 London 19. ~ExLvaH u:il:6 nQuy[!utLxa Coilected Works. London-Moscow. a.. R. s. 20. Timpanaro. a.JV nOAAoL xm [!Etu~1J aAAwv 0 G. 3. 16. r. .. Ex6..50 Origin ofmaterialism. 22 a. A atT] cpLAoao- Collected Works. On Materialism.

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AYrOYErOE

MllArIONAE

2:HMEIQ2:EI2: 1. 11, 81 XaL JtQoa8i!xE~, BA. Hegel's Logic, trans!. by W. Wallace. Oxford. oo. 15-16 XaL 115-119. 2. Hegel's Logic, a. 116 xm L. Colletti, Marxism and Hegel, London, 1973.

a.

14 xm 22.

3. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 28, 80 xm JtQoa8iJxE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 113-115. 4. MtxQr} Aoytxr} § 81 xm JtQoa8i!xE~, Hegel's Logic, a. 115-119. 5. H 6.JtO'IjJT] mi! yw tTl C'JLUAomxi! AOYLXi! u JtQoUJto8£tEL 6n aX£'ljJT] JtOtEAEL U «mrrorrvcmuooouevn 19, Hegel's Logic, a. 25. 6. E. V. Ilyenkov, Dialectical Logic, Moscow, 1977. a. 175 X.E. 7. E. V, Ilyenkov, 6.Jt. JtuQ., a. 169 8. Marx-Engels, Etudes Philosophiques, Paris, 1964, a. 211. London 1951, a. 873. J. T] OAOtT]ta». MtxQr} Aoytxr}

9. K. Marx, The Capital, aELQ6.Everyman, D. Bernal, Marx and Science, 1952, a. 17. 10. Anti-DUhring,

ust. E. Bums, London, 1934, a. 142. 1953,

11. Fr. Engels, Dialectic of Nature, tr. Clemens Dutt, Moscow,

a. 37,

259-262.

12. Dialectic of Nature, a. 295-299. 13. O.Jt. JtuQ. a. 292-294. 14. O.Jt JtuQ. a. 288-292. 15 Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of German Classical Philosophy, London, 1934, a. 55, Dialectic of Nature, oo. 288-290.

16. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83. 17. Anti-DUhring, tr. E Bums, London, 1934, a. 69. a. 140.

18. Dialectic of Nature, a. 83, JtQBA,Anti-Duhring, 19. Dialectic of Nature, a. 296.

A8i)vu. :rruQ. K. o. Dialectic of Nature. 65-66 A. A. Keqxisaio r. The Logic of Marx. £L t1]t. Paris. t.1. 1980. 59-61. 250.t. 26. 23. :rrQ~A. 6.0YLX1j 9.yLa :rrUQab£LY[1U u:rrO'\)!1] t1]V tWV IIaQar'56(JEwv Q)LAO(JOcpiar.l o.:rrUQ. London. 6. 18. Gerard Beckerman. o. Paris 19551962. o. 1976. 89.283. Colletti.83. 00. oro 35. o. rou XEYX£A. Cornu. Engels. :rr. Collected Works. Leur vie. K. n.292. 27. Cornu. 140. Anti-DUhring. 3. 1952. 1 59. Engels. t. t. Q)LAo(Jocpiar. Marx. rov L1Lxaiov XEYXEA. Cornu. 32. Fr. TT/r. o. A. German Ideology. r.Fr.24. IIQ~A. 119. Vocabulaire du Marxisme. 34. 31. 13. 205-206. t. o.t. Paris 195662. o. :rruQ. c. 3. Engels. 1981.137-138. Marx. 3. D. XWQo. Marx. Ai)[1flU Dialectique. Engels. :rr.45-46.Iotooiai. 30. L. Leur oeuvre.95-96 28. Karl Marx. Bernal. 13601][1. Engels. 1. 25. IIEQU cero t1] Y£VLXi) vucpoQu OlOV LCl£aALa[16OU XEYX£A:rrou u l [1£tU~UAA£L :rrQuY[1unx6 oe qxrvrcouxo xm to ocvrconxo ce to :rrQuY[1unx6. Cornu. Marx and Science. Marx. 5.t. Jindrich Zeleny. o. 20. 142. Cornu. t. :JtL[1EQout. I rov 33. Fr. Cornu. 29. t. o. 3. Fr. 135-136.41. 3. o. 1978. o. Dialectic of Nature. Fr. 1.271-273. K. A. A.H EXEEH THE XEfKEAIANHE IIIAAEKTIKHE ME TO MAP3IEMO SYM'NlNA ME TON ENfKEAE 79 00. K. Fr.Iu:rrus~o1]. A. 47. Engels. Collected Works. 5. Leur vie.. 24. Marxism and Hegel. Engels. Leur oeuvre.297-299. 17. 250. £XCl. 0. Oxford..MLX(n]A. 0. £ a:rr6'IjJ£Lt. 0 MUQ~ u:rrmvLoonm LOWt. on 1]CPU01] vrn EXCPQU01] LClEUt. . A.39-40. rr. 6. Cornu. Ewaywy1j (JTT/V KQL ux1j TT/I. Fr. rrrou J. 22..X. 21. LondonMoscow. 2.

51. oro allAAoYLx6 £QYo La logique de Marx. E. Francois Ricci. ayyA. London. 49. t. a. a. Mondolfo. 1967. and the Outcome of German Classical Philostotico in Federico Engels.. 59-62. Anti-Dtihring. J. JtaQ. a. 2. 1952. 1974. xaQaxtT]QL0tLXCt tT]~ XaJtLtaAL0nxi]~ n. 1972. 3. Engels. a. 292. r. 52. t. Bernal. 44. 38. a. G. 45. Fr. IIQ~. his contribution to political theory. 1980. 43. 'Onw~ 286-287 46. Fr. a. 70. 296. 9-10. Fr. a. Fr. 347. et Fr. 20. 149. a. 1934. !J. Ludwig Feuerbach sophy. D. Dialectic of Nature. Marx. 54. Moscow.EtTl clLacpoQCt VCt!J. t.EA£tE~toll 'E VYXEA~EJtT]Q£aaav tL~ aXEnx£~ aJt6'\jJEL~ tou MaQ~. 16..EtacpQ. 50. 53. 40. Oxford. Mondolfo. 47. 66-70. 74. K. a. OJt. 39.~A. Engels. Engels. a. The Logic of Marx. (J. Anti-Diiluing. Firenze. Volkof Birth of a Genius. R. Cornu. 65-66. .80 AyrOYETm: MnArIONA~ 36. 11materialismo a. Engels.154. Karl Marx. Nova.EtOY Cornu OL !J. Paris. a. 41. Anti-Dithiing. Karl Marx. A. a. . Engels. York. x.. 352. 5. 2 37. 23. 3. 193. A. 272. Anti-DUhring. a. Marx and Science. Collected Works. 304.Eaaotu JtOLOtLXCt aL tn noconxo a X oixovouicc. a. aT]!J. Structure logique du paragraphe 1 du «Capital». 48. . Luwpwva !J. A. a. New <DOllQL£. os ax£aT] !J. R. Cornu. Cornu. Jindrich Zeleny.x. 67. a 42. a. 0 11materialismo stotico in Federico Engels. Fr. Dialectics of Nature.

1026u 15 X. o. Wallace. 70. Werke. 323. E. c. 312-313. Engels und Moderne Probleme der PhiJosophie des Marxismus. W6vEQf1:rrax.n:uQ. K.38.6n:. 14. 0 XUQuXtilQUI. 62. 66. Hegel's Logic.W.E. o. c. Marx. c.. 5. 873. Aoxiuu: of the German classical Philo- 57. Marx. [1EtucpQ. . o. 7. 28. 115 01][1. o. 107-108. R. 128-129. A8'rjvu. [1EtUCP. 65. o. 402. 325. 98. r. H. 11 materialismo storico. 63. o. Fr. TOV K. R.. E I. Klein.12. The Capital. 67. Works. Dialectic of Nature o. La Sainte FamiJJe. .31. Ley. Fr. r. Wallace 0. Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome sophy. 60. 69. TQiT'f/ 8lia'f/ yw Philosophiques.to xu8£vu cero xuta[1EQw[16 tWV EQYWVXaL ta E~UQt'rj[1Uta t1]£ uvun:uQuYEL 1] [11]Xuv'rj w£ OUVOAO'rj «OUat1][1u» uvun:uQuYEL t1] OU[1n:A1]QW[1Unx'rj 0XE01] UVU[1WU tOU£. A.62.. Dialectic of Nature o. The Capital. 1971. London. Mondolfo. German Ideology. Etudes Library. I~QLWt1]. u'lJt6£ n:QOXUJttEL un:6 t1]V CPaLVO[1EVOU orov XEYXEA. [1EtUCP. MET(X fa wvatx6. 67. ~A. 28. r. OELQuEveryman's 61. 1977. 1978. 64. Collected 1951. svornt« OUOtU£ XaL f1aQ!. W . 59. Paris 1969. Mondolfo.34. Hegel's Logic. o. WtAoaocpia. Mn:UYL6vu. Engels. Wallace § 27. M. 336-337. En:L[1EtQOt1]£ ~. toy H [11]Xuv'rjuvUn:UQUYELt1] [1ULX'rjEVEQYEW.WiLXr)C. 502.. 1934.0. Vorlesungen U{3er die Philosophie der Geschichte. 11materialismo storico . Fr. Marx. 62.43. London. ~A. r. 156. OELQu Suhrkamp. 47-48. Berlin. Hegel's Logic. YEQ[1UVLX'rj£ EXOOO1]£ tou Keaasaiou. Engels. 56. W 68. cptAoaocpiar. 2. OEA. 38 x. I. 00. o. t. 58. 0.H ~XE~H TH~ XErKEAIANH~ LllAAEKTIKH~ ME TO MAP2I~MO ~YMct>llNA ME TON ENrKEA~ 8r 55. K.

a. Fr. nUQ. 88. UyyA. Marxism and Hegel. The Capital. Marxism and Hegel. 4. 14. a. a. 116. 173. 11materialismo starico in F. 74. 17. a. Oxford-Santa Barbara. on.TO~ MrrArrONA~ 71. 75. a. 201. 288-289. Dialectic of Nature. Dialectic of Nature. a. 1971. 91. t. 286. Norman Levine. 86. 78. usrorp. Dialectic of Nature. Dialectic of Nature. 73. 201. La philosophie contemporaine. 80. a. 51. V. Marxism and Hegel. Exb. 2. OELQuEveryman. Colletti. 72. 27-28. aELQuEveryman's Library. 241. Dialectic of Nature. a. 77. a. Emorrj/l'fl r'fl~ Aoytxrj~. Norman Levine. The Logic of Marx. 369. 83. 63. 53. 79. a. a. 90.n. Fr. a. Mondolfo. R. oo. 76. 108. 82. 81. Dialectic of Nature.. Nova. Jindrich Zeleny. a. R. 89. Engels. 5-7. 84. a. 19-20. a. 87. Anti-Diihring. 153. Marxism and Hegel. L. A. The Tragic Deception. a. La Sainte Famille. a. 873. nUQ. Miller. Sur le rapport de Marx Ii Hegel. 286. Hegel's Logic.AYrOn. t. Wallace. 85. a. W. 79-80. I. o. 1975. a. uerorp. 358-377. IIQOAOYO£ tll£ bEUtEQIl£YEQ[tUVLXi)£ fxboall£. . his Contribution to Political Theory. Klibanski. Engels.

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8f u nou un6.tEAAOV [311.OtQL{J)On~ nQaY[.t0. n onoto txovonOL£LXaL nQaY[. n nou un6XfLtaL Of fXAOYLXfUOn. ornv «unnQ£OLa tn£ LOtoQLa~» [33l.toQCPi]OU <jlLAOOO<jlLXOU t oroxcouou. xat6.otQL{J)On£. nou XQLVfL. H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLxi] t{J)V c.IL6 6.taLvfL 6tL us tn CPLAOOOCPLXi] xQLtLxi] naQa[.t6» tou Cabet i] rou Weitling.tnVfU6tav [. H <jlLAOOOCPLXi] XQLtLXi] fLVaL.ta.8f fLC.tfta<jlUOLxi]£ un60taon~.A.t6 t{J)V XOLV{J)VLXWV XaL LOtoQLXWV6Q{J)v.0taOn~. a6Qwta XaL tautoAoYLx6.n[. Meoo uno rnv XQLtLXi] [.QXfL» [30l.ta'tonOL£Ltrn us tnv fsi]ynoi] roix.Qsouv OL [. H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLXi] avacpEQftaL oro «nnQ6v» XaL 6XL 01'0 «[.t£LALXto roon» X6. 6tL to XQ6.A.tOU~ XaL «xorvcovtu.tEVn XOLV{J)VLXi] fLtouQYLa XaL XOLV{J)VLX6 A oxono.tatonoLfL 6Af~ tL~ ava~nti]ofL~ ton av8Qwnou.tfta<jlUOLxi]~ un60taon£.[.AfL\jJn X6.A. ue Eva xovovo i] Eva nQ6tuno non va 8f{J)QfLtaL (J)~ an6Auta EYXUQO. KPATon 99 H av6.tLOuQYLa VEOU». H c.MEBoaOAor.tUOtLXWtLX6. nou «XQLVfL ue tOY JtLOa[. ou n fQ[. tou H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLXi] C.tOQ<jlE£ autE£ aA.t£OOEQYOi] I XaL xa8i]xov tn£ CPLAOOO<jlLXi]~ tLXi]~ £LVaL n Esi]ynon tn~ XQL nOALtLXi]~ aA.nou fLVaL avayxaLOL XaL maQX£L£ yw v« un6.t~aLVfL us toy «qxrvtormxo XO[.tOQ<jlWV aA. orn [.toUVLO[..O~ 8(LXi]£ naQouoLa£ i] [. AllO'l'EI~ TOY MAPS ~TA llP(llMA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITlKH TOY A~T.yxn va unfQxL Vn8fL n avtL<jlaOn auti] tn~ xAaOLxi]~ YfQ!WVLXi]~ <jlLAOOO<jlLa~. H <jlLAOOO<jlLXi] XQLtLXi] EXfL OUYXfXQL[. c. XaL Lc.i] ue tOY xa80QLO[.LatUn{J)On auti] On[.toQ<jli] tOU <jlLAOOOCPLXOU otoxao[. 'EtOL «noocrpnvt~ftaL n 0XEOn xQ6.tou.to~ £LVaLEva £LC.tatonoiettrn n «c.t[. 6n{J)~ ou[.OU~aAAOtQL{J)On£[32l. t{J)V LC.nAac.tft6.LaL tfQa tou XfYXfALaVLO[.toix.v XataAi]sfL orn OUOxEtLOntn~ WtOQLXi]~ XaL XOLV{J)VLXi]~xat6.tfQL~£taL n 8fWQnOn tou xQ6.La<jl6Q{J)v [.L{J)tWV».fV 8a fxnAnQWOfL rnv XOLV{J)VLXi] XaL LOtoQLXi] AfLtouQYLa tn~ 6. (J)~ 8f·LXi]~ i] [. non fsnY£L tOY x60[. Lxon6£ tn~ nQEJt£Lva fLVaL n fs6.OtQL{J)On~. fsnY£L tn [. ou ouvtotnrm 01'0 ouvaL08n[.0taOn~ nQaY[.tLa~ LOtoQLXi]~ XaL XOLV{J)VLXi]~ xat6. tOY MaQs.~aon uno tn [. ern .tOU.

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OXEOEL~ tou naQaywy~~ XaL n~ rLOQepE~ EQyaoLa~ nou nQouno8EtEL T] XEyxEAHav~ «xoivorvt« rcov L()LWtWV». KPATOr~ 101 uncXQXH T] epLAOOOepLX~ tLX~. 0 MaQs toy rLEta8EtEL n~ avo): UOEL~ aUtE~ nou. YVWQL~EL nQaWatLXO scuto rou.ono».tTl ()La()LXaoto rLEtT]V oncto nQaYrLatonOLELtaL T]aJtEAEu8EQWOT] aut~. AIIO'l'EI~ Tor MAP2~TA I1PnIMAEPfA Tor rIA THN KPITIKHTor A~T.H aJtEAEu8EQWOT] ou ()OUAOU EXepQcX~EtaL r rLEto YEYOVO~ OtL 0 XUQLO~tOY avaYVWQL~H W~ avayxaLo oUrLnMQWrLUrou. H ES01JOLa rtou aOXEL 0 XUQLO~nuvw OtOV ()OUAOouvmuYEtaL XaL tT]V aAAOtQLWOT]ou XUQL01J. YLa vc avamux8EL. 8a ~taV ()UVatO v« unotE8~ on nQaYrLatonOLELtal oUrLepwva rLE tT]V XEYYEALav~ ()LaAEXtLX~tou ()OUAOUXaL rou XUQLOU [37]. A vtL8Eta ()TjfHOUQYOUVtaLOL XQL nQouno8Eow. H tUST] aut~ OVOrLU~EtaL cero toy MaQS «EQyanx~ tUST]» ~ «nQoAEtaQLUtO». ano rn oxomn tOU . rnv EVVOEL XEYXEA. H tUST] aut~ EXEL«xa80ALXo» xaQaXt~Qa YLatL ()EV EXELxovevu L()LaL tEQO ()LXaLWrLavu nQootatbjJEL aepou EXELanootEQT]8EL «no OAa tn ()LXaLWrLatUtT]~. epEQOVtaL OtT] (/)~Aoaocpia rov L1tJwiov tOU XEYXEA.ME80aoAof. o MaQs ()EVanooaepT]VL~H oro Mo XELrLEVU nou cvorou. Itc vo umxQSH T] mavaotanx~ nQcXsT]EL Val avayxaLo vc uncXQSEL rLLatcXST] on cvcorruooetm rLfOa coto rnv «xoivorvtu n tWV L()LWtWV».TautoXQova T] eaovootanx~ tUST] aQvELtaL rnv «xotvcivtc tWV L()LWtWV» [36]. Ano rn OtLYrL~rtou OUVtEAELtaLT]avayvwQWT] aUt~ o XUQLO~aJtEAEu8EQWVEtaL osto tT]V 'ljJEU()aL08T]oT] rrutovotT]~ rLLa~ rou. 0 MaQS avaepEQE0 tal oro nQwLrLa XELrLEVcX xcXnw~ UnaLVLXnXcX otu.'EtOL XataVaALOXEL XaL anOAarL~UVELXWQL~vo EQycX~EtaL. 'Ioox. 'EXELtT]V momELa rou OAOUYLatL ()EV ELVaLnQOOT]AWrLEVT] «rLEQO~».H ESUQtT]OT] aUt~ toU XUQLOU uno toy ()OUAOEST]yEL tal cno to YEYOVO~ on 0 XUQLO~XQ'Y]OLrLOnOLEL ()OUAO toy W~ EQyaAELo.ME rnv oro aJtEAEU8EQWO~ aJtEAEu8EQWVOVtaL tT]~ XaL OLUAAE~tUSEL~.ou OnOL01JOL ErLJtELQLE~ t t XaL OLava~T]t~OEL~ EsaQtWvtaL uno tT]V EsOUOLan01J aoxEL nuvw orov ()OUAO.

PO'llOOW OtO Koiviovixo JtQWl!La EQya OtT]V OJtOLa to XU8E XV{l(36AUW 0 MaQs tl~ XQT]Ol!LOJtOlEL ow OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V XOlVWVlXl1 oxornt«. JtQouJtOOQW!LEVE~ aVaAUOEl~ [38].EWV» JtQOEXtELVO'llV n~ AJt6 tl~ aVacpOQE~ rou MaQs XEYXEA Yla tTl «OlaAEXtlXl1 xaQaxt~Qu. Ot aJt6'4JH~ tou UVaAUOEl~ «JtUAT] tWV tUI:. XaL tT]~ O'llVHOT]OlaX~~ XaL tT]~ XOlVWVlX~~ E!LJtElQLa~. tT]~ EQyaoLa~ rcov EQyatWv XaL OtT]V aSLa tT]~ a!LOl~~~ XaL tT]~ EQyatlXl1~ OOT]YELOtT]V JtQcJH!La EQya Lta !LEtT]V OJtOLa ESaOcpaAL~EtaL T] O'llvtl1QT]O~ roix. H a!LOl~aLa amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ tUST]~ JtQOUJt08EtH JtQaY!LutwoT] tou 0 MaQs 8EtO'llV tou «O'llVU!LH» tT]~ XOlVWVLa~ XWQL~ tUSH~.102 srrorsros OtT] OcpaLQU MIlArIONAl: XEYXEA. 6Jtw~ EOHSE 0 K. tELVH vo tT]V rcuttoa !LEtoy rou XaL tam6XQova «Aa6» 11!LEtOY «011- !LO» [36]. H !LE tT]V OlXHOJtOLT]OT] tT]~ OlUCPOQU~ «no toy otnv aSLU rou JtQo'C6- vroc toix.T] !LEtOY «xa8oAlx6» tT]~ EQYUtlX~~ tUsT]~ o n T] amAE'll8EQWOT] tUST]~ O'llVmuYEtaL EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] aml1 XaL tT]V amAE'lJ8EQWOT] tT]~ aOtlxl1~ JtQaY!LatOJtOlEL tal coro avu!Lwa ceto tT]V EX!LEtUAAE'llOT] nou aOXEL JtUVW OtT]V EQYUtlXl1 tUI:. Aaou JtOAltWV ono». o «Aa6~» tou XOlVWVlX01J O'llV6AO'll. «OtOlXELO» aJtocpaOL~H XaL JtQUttH toJtOlT]8EL to aya86 6Xl W~ lOlWtT]~ aAAU W~ cpOQEa~ tT]~ ~OUAT]OT]~rou O'llV6AO'll !LE tOY oxono vc JtQaY!LaXOlVWVLa». Lowith. ornv tUI:.T]. EcpaQ!L6~ovtaL WtoQlX~~ mv ron 'llJtOXH!LEVlXOU JtVEUYlU rou ucro . rtoi: avtWtolXEL tE'll!LUtWV !LE toy 8QT]OXHWV [39]. O'llVUYEtaL tou OOUAO'll XaL rou X'llQLO'll». OtT]V mQLOXl1 tT]~ ESEAll:.T]~. UJtO'4JT]aml1 T] OT]!LOXQutLa EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] . Oi EVVOlE~ a'lltE~. IIOAltlxl1 XQwnavw!L6 tou ELVaL T] 1)T]!LOXQatLa. BUOlX6 ELVaL 6n torooto rtov OE 0XEOT] !LE tT]V urtoot« Ano xaQaXtT]Qwtlx6 T] JtOAltELa OT]!LOXQatlXOU JtOAl tEU!Lato~ tT]V !LE tn uovoo- OEV «OT]!LLO'llQYEL» tOY «Au6». !LE tT]V «aOtlxl1 OtT]V EXCPQUOT] ou r EQXEtaL OE avtL8WT] tT]V EVVOOUOE 0 XEYXEA.

MEeO~OAor.

AIIO'fEI~ TOY MAPE ~TA I1PQ]MA EPrA TOY rIA THN KPITIKH TOY A~T. KPATOY~ 103

XLa, omut; rnv OQLSEL XEYXEA orn c1JtAOaocp{a rov Aixaio». 0 Krrtu toy MaQs, 'll !lOvaQXLa b'll!lLOUQYEL JtMSot; JtOU «rmto QL6.SEL»orn bLat~Q'llO~ t'llt;. Otnv b'll!lLOUQYELtaL 'll atasLX~ XOLVWVLa,to b'll!lOXQanxo JtOALtEU!la ELVaLb'll!lLOUQY'll!la tou «Aaou» XaL 01JVELb'llt~ EX<pQaO'llt'llt; f30UA'll0~t; rou. ME tn b'll!lOXQatLa YLVEtaL Oa<jlEt;on to XQ6.tOt; ELVaLb'll!lLOUQY'll!la t'llt; xoworvtor; XaL OtL 'll xotvcovtu bEV dVaL b'll!lLOUQY'll!la tou XQ6.tout;, oJtwt;, ouuqxovo ue tnv EQ!l'llvda XaL rnv XQLtLX~ rou MaQs, bEXOtav 0 XEYXEA. H b'll!lOXQatLa aJtOOa<jl'llVLSEL rnv «OUOLa»,b'llAab~ rou; LOtOQLXOUt;, XOLVWVLXOUt; avSQwJtoXaL AOYLXOUt;oQOUt; t'llt; JtOAL tELax~t; t6.S'llt;, orto»; 0 XQLOtLaVLouo; EX<jlQ6.SEL «ouotc» t'llt; SQ'llOXEutLX~t;JtLOt'llt;. rnv ~ta JtQWL!la EQya tou 0 MaQs JtQoEXtd VEL tnv JtaQ6.bOO'll t'llt; as'llva'(x~t; b'll!lOXQatLat; XaL nov Iaxwf3Lvwv [40]. H YEVLX~ SEa'll rou ore EQya aut6. dVaL OtL !lEOa cno tnv LOtoQLX~ ESEALs'll bEV «xataQYELtal» to xQ6.tot; JtaQ6. !lOVO wt; SEXWQLOtot; <jloQEat; EsouOLat;, 0 OJtOLOt;Sa oQLsotav ELbOAOYLX6. XaL tou OJtOLOU0 tQoJtot; uJtaQs'llt; Sa JtaQouoLasE avaAoYLEt; ue toy toorto uJtaQs'llt; nov !lEta<jlUOLXWVuJtOOt6.0EWV. Av to xQ6.tOt; SEwQ'llSd wt; LOtoQLXO<jlaLVO!lEVO, LXaLOAOb YELtaL 'll bLaJtLOtW0'll OtL 'll coxnon t'll£ JtoAmX~t; EsouOLat; JtauEL f3aS!lLaLa va EXEL xatamEOnxo xaQaxt~Qa. H EsEALxnx~ auti) bLabLxaoLa bEV OUVtEAdtal O!lwt; ouuqxovc ue to EUSUYQa!l!l0 OX~!la t'llt; JtQOOboU. Otnv JtQaY!latoJtoL'llSd 'll «coteAEUSEQW0'll tou JtQoAEtaQL6.tou», 'll JtoAmx~ EsouoLa !lEtaf3L~asEtal otoix aQxo!lEVout; non EXtEAOUVtautOXQova XaL rn AELtOuQYLa tou «'llYE!lOva». H EsEALs'llaut~, rtou bEVJtQaY!latoJtOLdtaL JtOtE xat6. toone OAOXA'llQW!lEVO XaL OQLOtLXO,EX<jlQ6.SEtal ue toy 0X'll!lano!lo tou b'll!lOxQatLxou JtOAL tEU!latOt;. To JtOAL tE1J!la auto !lJtoQd va SEWQ'llSEL 'll JtoAmx~ EX<jlQa0'll w£ non taLQL6.SEL orov 6.vSQwJto orov JtauEL va dVaL «LbLWt'll£» ~ «ocro;» XaL !lEtaf36.AAEtaLOEXOLVWVLXOJtOL'll!lEVO ov.

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