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Friedrich Engels, Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigentums und des Staats

ISBN 960-224-735-5

© ExMo£L~ «~UYXQOVll ErroX'r]» EnE

~6AOJVO~ 130, 10681 AOllva, TlJA.: 3820835, 3823649, Fax: 3813354

ITPOAOrOl: l:THN ITPQTH EK~Ol:H TOY 1884

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1:UIlCPWVU IlE Tl]V UALOTLxij UVTLAl]'\jJl], TO XU90QLOTLXO OTOLX£LO OTTJV WTOQLU Eivm O£ T£ALXij UVGAUOTJ: TJ nUQuywYt) xm TJ UVMUQuywyij TTle; CLJ,tWl]C; l;wijc;. Autit oJ,tWC; 11£ rn OHQG tlle; EX£l oLnAO XUQUX'tijQU. Ano Tll IlLU Il£QLG, TJ nUQuywYt) tWV IlEOWV OUVtijQllOlle;, UVTLX£lIlEVWV YLU tll OLUWOcpij, 'to VTUOl- 110, rnv XUTOlXLU xm TWV £QyuAdwv nou XQHCLl;ovTm Yl' UUTG. Ano rnv GAAll Il£QLCL, TI nUQuywyij TWV L6lWV trov uv9QwJtwv, l] uvuJtUQuywYit TOU E(601J~. Oi XOlVWVlxoi 9WIlOL oJt01J

1. Ancient Society, or Researches in the Lines of human Progress from Savagery. through Barbarism to Civilization. By Lewis H. Morgan. London. MacMillan and Co., 1877. (H a(!xaia xoivcovta fJS(!EVW; T1]; avOQWlftvT/; ng0600v an6 TT/V aygta xaTaaraaT/ xa: TT/ (3aQ{3aQ6TT/ra w; roy nOAtTtal-l6, rou Aou«; X. MOQYxuv, AOVDLVO, Mux!lLl..uV Xat ~LU, 1877). To I3tl3l..LO tuJtw8T]x£ O'tT]V A!l£Qtx'lj Xat !3QLOXEtat £satQ£ttx6. Moxol..u ow AOVOLVO. 0 OVYYQU~fW; Jtf8uv£ nQtV I..iyu XgOVta (oT]!lEiwoT] TOU 'Evyx£I..;).

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Ltl]V JtaQOUOlaOl] JtOU axoAouOd, 0 avayvooOtl]~ yevLxu Oa 6LaxQl VeL eUXOAa tL d VaL rou Moovxcv XaL tL JtQooOwa eyoo. Lta LOtOQLXU IlEQl] YLa tnv EUMa XaL rn Poolll] oev rteQLOQlOtl]Xa ore otOLxda rou Moovxcv, aAA.a JtQOoOwa O,tL elxa orn 6LUOWi} uou, Tc IlEQl] YLa tOU~ KEAte~ XaL tOU~ feQunvoix uvrpcouv XUQl{J)~ 0' euevo. 0 Moovxov e600 6LEOete Jtl]YE~ 0XEMv llovuXa ceto 6EUtEQO XEQL XaL YLa tL~ yeQllavLXE~ ouvOi}xe~ -EXtO~ uno tOV TuxL to- llovuXa tL~ xaXE~ CPLAeAEuOEQe~ JtaQaJtOLi}oeL~ lOU XUQlOU <l>Qlllav. TL~ OLXOVOIlLXE~ E~yi}OEL~, rtou yw to OXOJtO rou Moovxcv coxooocv, Ila nou yw to 6LXO uou ElVaL aJtOAUta avmaQXEl~, tL~ mesEQYUornxo OAE~ savu. KaL tEAO~ elllaL CPUOLXU uJteuOuvo~ YLa OAa ta oU!lJteQuollata, ono» oev avacpEQEtaL Ql]tu 0 MOQyxav.

IUI1<poovu I1E rnv 'tE'tUQ'tT] EKOOOT].

rQl'xcprrpa, an' TOY l/>(}ivr{}tX EVYXfA~ yta TTJY nQWTTJ t"booTJ Tav t{}yav rou H Kmuywyi) 'tT]~ OLKaYEvELU~, 'tT]~ U'tOI1LKi)~ LOLOK'tT]oiu~ KaL rou KQI't'tOU~, Zv(}iXTJ 1884.

Marx-Enge/s- Werke, 't611. 21, OEA. 27-29.

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IIPOAoro~ ~THN TETAPTH EK~O~H TOY 1891

OL 31aALot£Q£~ Il£YUA£~ £XMOH~ mrrou t01) EQY01) £~avtAiJ8lJxav tOW xm IlLOO XQovo oX£Mv, xm 0 £xMtlJ~ a310 xmQo xLoAa~ 1101) ~i]tlJO£ va <PQOVtLow YLa Ilta YEa EXOOOlJ. Ilto £3t£LY01)O£~ 001)AHE~ 11' £1l3t00LOaV W~ tWQa va to xUvw. A310 tore 3101) (3yi]x£ lJ 31QWtlJ EXOOOlJ 31EQaoav £<ptU XQOVLa, 0- 3101) lJ YVWOlJ tWV 31Qwtoyovwv 1l0Q<PWV tlJ~ OLXOYEVHa~ OlJIl£LWO£ OlJllavtLXE~ 31QOOOO1)~. 'E31Q£3t£ AOL310V tOW vo YL V01)V 11£ £3tqlEAHa OLOQ8wOH~ xm 01)Il3tAlJQWOH~. Krn IlUALOta to- 00 31£QLOOOt£QO 3101) lJ 31Qo(3A£3t0Il£VlJ Ot£Q£Ot1)31La t01) tWQLYOU XHIlEV01) 8a 1101) Ot£Qi]OH tn 01)vatOtlJta YLa Eva OLUOtlJIla va xuvw 31aQa31EQa aAAayE~.

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H £QyaoLa 1101) ll£ta<pQUotl)X£ O£ OLU<pOQ£~ ~EV£~ yAWoO£~. llQwta oro LtaALxu: L 'origine della famiglia, della proptiete privata e dello stato, Versione riveduta dall' autore, di Pasquale Martignetti, Benevento 1885. 'Yot£QU ore QOwuvLxa: «Originea familiei, proprietatii private ~i a statului», Traducere de Joan Nadejde OtO 31£QLOOLXO t01) Iootou Contemporanul, ~£3ttEIl(3QlJ~ 1885-MulJ~ 1886. E31LolJ~ oro oavLxu: «Familjens, Privatejendommens og Statens Oprindelse», Dansk, af F orfatteren gennemgaaet Udgave, Beserget af Gerson Trier, Kebenhavn 1888. MLa yaAALxi] IlEtu<pQaolJ tou A vQL Pa(3E, 3101) EXH YL VEL ono ami] rn YEQllavLxi] ExOOOlJ, (3Q(oxEtm ore 3tLWti]QLa 1•

1. Frederic Engels, L' origine de Ja famil/e, de Ja propriet« privee et de J' etat. Traduction francaise par Henri Rave, Paris 1893 (aT]l-\. Y€QI-\. mrvr.).

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H LOtoQLa tile; OLxoYEVELa~ XQOvoAoyd tm uno to 1861, uno rote nou ExM811XE to M'f/T(JlU6 oixau: tOU MnUxocpEV. L' auto 0 OUYYQucpEa~ OLatunWVEL roue E~iJ~ LOXUQLOJ,lOUe;: 1) 'On OL uv8QoonoL Otl1V aQxiJ ~ouoav EXOvtae; oE~ouaALXEe; OXEOEL~ XooQLe; nEQLogLOJ,lOU~, nou tL~ XuguXtl1gLl;,EL J,lE til Aa-

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TLe; uJtooE(l;ELe; YL' UutEe; tLe; 8EOELe; tLe; j3Q(OXEL 0 MJtuxoqJEV OE JtOAUUQL8I-Lu XWQ(u tlJe; JtUALUe; xAuoLxi]e; qJLAoAoY(Ue; rtou OUYXEvtQWOE I-L' El;mQEtLxi] EJtLI-LEAHU. LUl-LqJWVU I-L' cutov, lJ El;EALl;lJ crro toy «EtmQLOI-L6» orn 1-L0voYUI-L(u xm uno to I-LlJtQLx6 OtO JtutQLx6 o(xmo y(vEtm, HOLXU otou; 'EAAlJVEe;, oov OUVEJtELU I-LLUe; JtUQUJtEQU El;EALl;lJe; tWV 8QlJOXEUtLXWV nnQUOtUOEWV, I-LLUe; ELOOoxi]e; VEWV Beotrrrrov nou UVtLJtQOOWJtEUOUV to YEO toone UVt(AlJ'PlJC;, oro JtUAL6 JtUtQoJtuQuooto Jtuv8w, nou EXJtQOOWJtOUOE tLe; JtUALEe; UVtLAi]'PELe;, EtOL rrou OL JtQwtEe; 6AO xm JtEQL006tEQO JtuQuyxwv(~ouv to OEUtEQO. LUl-LqJWVU I-LE tOY MJtUX0qJEV, AOLJt6v, OEV E(vm lJ El;EALl;lJ tWV JtQuYI-LUtLXWV ooorv ~wi]e; rorv uv8QwJtwv, UAAa lJ 8QlJOXEUtLxi] UvtuUyELU UutWV tWV oocov ~wi]e; orn XEqJUALU rorv LOLWV tWV uv8QwJtwv, rtou JtQOXUAEOE tLe; LOtOQLXEe; UAAUYEe; OtlJV UI-LOLj3U(U XOLvwvLXi] 8EOlJ rou UvtQu xm tlJe; yUVULXUe;. LUI-LqJWVU I-L' mrtn, 0 MJtUX0qJEV JtUQOUOLU~EL rnv Ooeoteia rou ALOXUAOU ocv rn OQUl-LatLXi] JtEQLYQUqJi] tou uywvu UVUI-LEOU OtO I-LlJtQLx6 o(xuw nou EOUE xm OtO JtutQLx6 o(xmo nou OtlJV lJQWLxi] EJtOxi] UVutEAAE xm VLXOUOE. H KAutml-Lvi]OtQu YLU XUQlJ tou EQUOti] tlJe;, A(YL080u, OX6twOE tOY uvtQu tlJe;, toy AYUI-LEI-LVOVU nou YUQLOE cere tOY tQWLx6 Jt6AEI-L0. OOQE-

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OtlJe;. 0I-lWe;.ltOU iltav ywe; tlJe; KAutml-lvilotQae; xm tOU AyaI-lEI-lVOVa. EXOLxELtm to cpOVO tOU ltatEQa. oxorrovovro; tn I-llJtEQa tOU. I'i.' auto tOY XataOLWxOUV OL EQLWEe;. OL OmI-lOVLXEe; UltEQaOltLOtQLEe; tou I-llJtQLXO'IJ OLXaLOU. nou 8EWQeL rn I-llJtQOXtOVLa oov to mo ~aQu. to mo aVE~LAEWtO EyxAlJl-la. 'OI-lWe;. 0 AltoAAwvae;. rtou I-lE to XQlJ0l-l0 tOU EOltQW~E tOY OQEOtlJ O· autil rnv ltQa;lJ. xm lJ A8lJva.ltoU rnv xaAouv YLa oLxaotil -OL OUO 8WL nou EXltQOOWltOUV EOW to XaLVOUQYLO xa8wtwe; rou ltatQLXOU OLXaLOU- tOY ltQOOtatEUOUV. H A- 8lJva aXOUEL xm ne; OUO ltAEUQEe;. '01..0 to oLacpLAovLXOUI-lEVO tiltlJl-la OUVO\j!Ltetm ouvrouc om outiltlJOlJ nou YLVEtaL tWQa ovcueoc OtOV OQEOtlJ XaL ne; EQLVUEe;. 0 OQEOtlJe; EltLXaAELtm OtL lJ KAutml-lvtlOtQa EXaVE OLltAO EyxAlJl-la: oxorovovrcc toy aVtQa Tr/~ OXOtWOE l-latL xm tOY ltatEQa rou Turrt AOLnov OL EQLVUEe; XataOLWXOUV mrrov XL 0XL EXELVlJ.ltOU eLVm ltOAU mo cptaLXtQa; H anavtlJOlJ eLVm xtUltlJtil:

o cpOVOe; EVOe; av8Qwltou nou OEV 0UYYEVEUEL I-lE aLI-lU. axouo XL av etvoi 0 avtQae; tlJe; cpOVLOOae;. E~LAEWVetm. OEV EVOLacp£QEL ne; EQLVUEe;. L\oUAELa toue; ELVm I-l0vaxa va xoroOLWXOUV to cpOVO ovoueoo OtOUe; OUYYEVeLe; cno aLl-la XL EOW. OUI-lcpwva I-lE to I-llJtQLXO OLxmo. to mo ~aQu XaL to mo aVE~LAEwtO eLvm lJ I-llJtQOXtOVLa. TWQa El-lcpavLtEtm 0 AltoAAwvae; oo» OuvtlYOQOe; tOU OQEOtlJ· H A8lJva ~tEL roue aQWltaYL tEe; -tOUe; a8lJVaLOUe; OLxaOt£e;-va \j!lJcpLOOUV. OL \j!ilcpOL eLvm LOOL yta rnv a8wwolJ xm rnv XataOLXlJ. TOtE lJ A8lJva. oov ltQOEOQEUouoa. OL VEL rnv \j!ilcpo tlJe; UltEQ tOU OQEOtlJ xm tOY a8wwvEL. To ltatQLxo oLxmo VLXlJOE to I-llJtQLXO oLxmo. OL «8wL tlJe; vEae; YEvLae;». OltWe; rou; xaQaXtlTQLtouv OL LOLEe; OL EQLVUEe;. VLXOUV ne; EQL WEe; nou ltEL80Vtm oro t£Aoe; va avaA.a~OUV Eva YEO a~LWl-la OtlJV UltlJQwLa tou VEOU xa8wtwtoe;.

Autil lJ xmvouQYLa. aAA.a altoAuta owotil EQl-llJVeLa tlJe;

1. «L1fv Ijrav aJr6 aiua avYYfv1j~ rTJ~ 0 uvtQ<l<;;. nou oxotcooe.» 0 6050<;; OttXo<;; nov «Eouevtoerv» tOU ALOXUA.ou. nou aJtotEA.Et tnv tEA.Eutata tQ<lYWbtu tT]<;; tQLA.Oyia<;; tOU Ooeateui (onu.t, uer.).

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Ooecteuu; EL Val EVa uno tc OOQaLOtEQa XaL xaA UtEQa f,lEQlI 0- AOU tOU {3L{3ALOU, 0Jt06ELxvEL Of,lOOe; tautOXQova on 0 MltaxoqJEV ltWtEUEL tOUAaXL(JtOV (Jne; EQLvUEe;, otov AJtoAAoova XaL ornv Aollva, 0(J0 XaL 0 AL(JXUAOe; ornv moxi] tou, nWtEUEL aXQLj)We; OlL otnv EAAlIvLxi] lIQOOLxi] moxi] Exavav to oauf,la ve YXQEf,lL(JOUV to f,lll'tQLXO 6LXaLO ue to ltatQLxo 6LXaLO. ELVaL qxrveoo OtL f,lLa 'tE'tOLOU EL60ue; avtLAlI'\j!lI, nou oEOOQEL rn oQlI(JxELa altoqJa(JwlLxo f,loXM tlle; ltayxo(Jf,lWe; WtoQLae;, tEALxa Sa ltQEltEL vc XataAi]YEL (JE xaoaQ6 f,lu(Jnxwf,lo. ELVaL AOLltOV axaQlI, 6EV ELVaL xaooAou aitoOOtLxi] 60UAELa, nnvtc va 6La{3a~Et xavEie; roix XOVTQOUe; TOf,lOUe; TOU MltaX0qJEv. Of,lWe;, 0- Aa auta OEV f,lELWVOUV rnv a~La tOU, aVOLYEL VEOUe; OQOf!OUe;. Auto; ltQwtOe; avtLXatE(JTlI(JE tll qJQa(JlI YLa f,lLa ayvoo(Jtll aQXLxi] xata(Jta(JlI OJtEQLOQWtOOV (JE~ouaALxwv (JXE(JEOOV ue rnv altooEL~lI OtL 1I ltaALa xAa(JLxi] qJLAoAoYLa f,lae; OELXVEL Eva (JOOQ6 LXVlI, (Juf,lqJoova ue rc onoto ltQLV 0Jt0 rn uovovmuc Ulti]QXE ltQaYf,lanxa (JtOUe; 'EAAlivEe; XaL roue Aourte; f,lW xata(JTa(JlI OltOU, 0XL f,lovaxa Evae; avtQae; ELXE (JE~ouaALxEe; (JXE(JELe; ue JtEQW(JO'tEQEe; yuvaLxEe;, aAAa XaL f,lW yuvaLxa dXE (JE~ouaALXEe; (JXE(JELe; ue ltEQL(J(JO'tEQOUe; aVtQEe;, XOOQLe; auto vc ltQO(JxQOUEL otn ESLf,la. On auto to EoLf,lO OEV E~aqJavL(JtllXE XOOQLe; v' aqJi](JEL ltL(JOO tOU LXVlI, ue tll f,loQqJi] f,lLae; ltEQLOQL(Jf,lEvne; EXOO(JlIe;, ue rnv oxotc OL yuvaLxEe; EltQmE va E~ayoQa(Jouv to OLXaLOOf,la otn uovovcutc. On YL' auto aQXLxa T) xatayooyi] f,lltOQOU(JE va AoyaQLa~EtaL f,lovaxa (JE yuvaLxELa YQaf,lf,li], alto f,llltEQa (JE f,lTJtEQa. On auti] TJ f,lOVaoLxi] L(JXUe; 'tTJe; yuvaLxdae; YQaf,lf,li]e; OLatTJQi]STJXE oxouc yw ltOAU XaL (JTTJV moxi] tlle; f,lOvoyaf,lLae; ue tTJV E~a(JqJaAWf,lEVlI i] ltavtOOe; tTJV avayvooQWf,lEVTJ nnroorntn XaL on auti] TJ aQXLxi] oE(JTJ tOOV f,lTJtEQOOV, ocv TOOV f,lOVaOLXwv (JL youQWv yOVLWV tOOV nruOLWV tOue;, E~a(JqJaAL~E (J' autEe;, XaL f,la~L f,l' autEe; or«; yuvatXEe_:; YEVLX<l, f,lw avwTEQlI XOL VOOVLXi] SE(JlI zrou OEV rnv ~avOJtEXTTJ(Jav nore uno tore, A utOUe; toue; xovove; 0 MnaX0qJEv {3E{3aLa OEV roix 6LatUnoo(JE Etm xaoaQ<l - (J' auto tOY Ef,lJtOOL~E TJ f,lu(Jnxwnxi] rou avtLAlI'\j!TJ. Of,lOOe; rou; EXEL aJtOOEL~EL, XL auto to 1861 (Ji]f,laLVE oroorn mava(Jta(JlI.

o XOVtQoe; rouo; rou Mn<lxoqJEv nrov YQaf,lf,lEVOe; ore YEQf,lavLX<l, ollAaoi] (J'tTJ YAw(J(Ja tou EOvOUe; nou rote EVOLaqJE-

-15-

QOWV J..LyOt£QO an' OA.a YLa mv nQo'Co'tOQia tl]~ Ol]f,l£QLVl]~ OLxoyEvELa~. I'i.' auto Ef,lEL V£ ayvWOto~. a af,lWO~ tOU OLMoXO~ OtOV LOLaV roueo euqxrvtorrp« to 1865, XWQL~ nOtE vc EX£L oxooca YLa tOY Mnaxocp£v.

a btaboxo~ auto~ i1tav 0 n,. <1>. Max. AEvav, to xat£uSeLav aVtWHO tOU nQoxatoxou ton. Ltl] 8EOl] tOU l!£yaJ..ocpul] I!UOtLXLOtl] EXOUI!£ eow tOY seQo VOI!LXO. Ltl] 8EOl] tl]~ unEQf,lnQl]~ nOLl]tLXl]~ qxrvruotcc, rou; eUAoyocpav£L~ ouvoucOf,lOU~ TOU OLXl]YOQou nou ayoQ£uEL. a Max AEvav I3QloXEL oe noA.A.ou~ aYQLau~, l3aQl3aQou~, oxouc xm nOAL tLOI!EVOU~ AaOU~ tl]~ naALa~ xm tl]~ vEa~ mOXl]~, I!La 1!0QCPl] ouvoixeotou, onou 0 yaI!JtQo~, I!ovaxo~ l] f,le rou; CPlAOU~ TOU, ltQEltEL qxuVOl!eVLXa v' aQna~EL I!£ tn I3La rn vUCPl] uno rou; ouyyev£L~ Tl]~. Auto to E8LI!0 8a nQEnEL vc elvm UnOAeLl!f,la evo; ltQOl]youl!£vou £8Ll!ou, OltOU OL avtQe~ I!La~ CPUAl]~ aQna~av nQayl1atLxa w; yuvaLx.£~ tow; us tl] j:)La uno aAAe~ cpUAE~. nw~ £11- qxrvtornxe tWQa auto~ 0 «Al]OtQLXO~ yal!o~»; '000 xmQ6 OL avtQ£~ EI3QLoxav aQXetE~ yuvaLxe~ om OLXl] tou~ CPUAl], oev unl]QX£ anOAUtW~ Xaf,lLa acpoQf,ll] YL' auto tOY toone yal!ou. BQLoxoU!!£ OI!W~ tWQa mlOl]~ ouxva on O£ I!l] avantuYI!Evou; Aaou~ unaQXouv OQLOI!EV£~ ol!Me~ (nou YUQw OTO 1865 tL~ ouvtautL~av ouxva oxouo I!£ tL~ lOL£~ tL~ cpUA£~), OltOU anayoQ£unm 0 yal1o~ I!EOa 0' autE~, EtOL rtou OL avtQ£~ vo dvea unoXQEWI!EVOL va nalQvouv tL~ yuvalx£~ roix xm OL yuvaLxe~ tOU~ avtQe~ tOU~ E~W uno rnv OI1Ma, £vw O£ aAAe~ unaQXEL to E8Lf,l0 OL avtQe~ I!La~ OQLOI!EVl]~ of,laoa~ va elvm unOXQEwl!EVOL va nalQvouv tL~ yuvalxe~ TOU~ I!ovaxa I!Eoa ceto m OLXl] TOU~ oucoo. 0 Max AEvav ovol!a~EL tL~ nQwte~ eswyaI!LXE~, tL~ O£utEQe~ £vooyal!LXE~ xm Ol]I!LOUQY£l XWQL~ neQLOtQoCPE~ f,lLa axal!ntl] avtL8wl] oveueon oe £~wyaI!LXE~ xm evooyal!LXE~ «CPUAE~». Km naQa to yeyovo~ OtL l] OLXl] rou EQ£uva yta mv £swyal!La tOU CPEQVEL I-tltQoota orn I!Utl] tOU to yeyovo~ OtL autl] l] avtL8wl] OE' nOAM~, av 0XL OtL~ Jt£QLOOOTeQe~ l] axol!a xm oe OA£~ tL~ n£QLJttwOEL~, unaQXEL I!ovaxa om qxrvrcotc rou, coorooo rnv xavEL j:)aol] OA.6XAl]Ql]~ tl]~ 8EwQLa~ TOU. Oi £sw'YaI-UXE~ cpuM~ 1!Jt0QOuv ETOL va naLQvouv tL~ yuvaLx£~ TOU~ I!ovaxa alto aAA£~ cpuM~ xrn, ornv aOLaxonl] xataotaOl] nOAEI10U cvoueoc OTL~ CPUAE~ rtou avtLoTOLxel

-16-

OtTJv moxiJ tTJe; aYQLOtTJtae;, auto ~OQOUOE va YL VEL Ilovuxa IlE tTJv aQnayiJ.

Kat 0 Max AEvav QffitUEL orn owEXELa: Ano nou nQOEQXEtat auto to ESLIlO tTJe; El;wyaIlLae;; H avtLAlfIIJTI tTJe; oUYYEVELae; 101; aLllatOe; Xat tTJe; at!lOIlEL~Lae; 6EV unoooeoov vo EXOW xallLa OXEOTJ u' autiJv, autEe; iJtav qxn vouevo nou avaJttux8T]xav IlOAte; nOAu aQyOtEQU. 'lowe; 0IlWe; auto va OqJEiA.Etat 01'0 noA.u- 6LaoollEvo croix uYQwue; ESLIlO, vc OXOtWVOW rc xOQLtata aIlEOWe; IlOALe; YEVVTJSOUV. 'E tat 6TJIlLOUQyEt tat Eva nAEovaolla ano UvtQEe; 010 xaSE I;EXWQLotiJ cpuA ii, rtou avaYxaLa allEOTJ OWEnELU rou etvm noA.AoL uVtQEe; va XatEXOUV cno XOLVOU IlLa ywaixa: 6TJAabiJ TJ noA. 1JavbQia. H ouvrnELa nUAL iJtav OtL iJsEoov nOLa iltav TJ IlTJtEQa EVOe; nat6LOu, 0XL OIlWe; noio; iJtav 0 natEQae;, YL' auto Xat TJ 0UYYEVELa AoyaQLu(;Etat Ilovuxa uno tTJ yuvatxELa YQalllliJ XL anOXAELEtat TJ avtQLxiJ· AUto rrtov to IlTJtQLXO 6Lxaw. Kat IlLa 6EUtEQTJ O1JVEnELa tTJe; EAAEL'¢TJe; YUVatxwv !lEOa OtTJ qJUA.iJ -!lta EAAEL'¢TJ rrou tTJ IlEtQia(;E, aA.A.a bEV rnv El;aqJuvL(;E TJ nOA.1JaV6QLa- iJtav aXQLj3We; TJ ouOtTJ!latLxiJ i3LatTJ anaywYil YWatXWV uno I;EVEe; qJuAte;.

«EnEL6il TJ El;wyallLa xat TJ nOA uav6QLa nTJya(;ouv uno tTJv L6ta attLa -tTJV EAAEL'¢TJ LOaQLS!lLae; aVU!lEOa ore 6uo cpuA.a- nQEnEL va SEWQOV!lE ott 6AE~ at E;Wraf1txt~ rp1JU~ aQXtxa 1]TaV nO).1Jav(jQtxi~ ... Kat YL' auto nQEnEL va SEwQOVIlE a6La!lCPLoi3iJtTJtO on cvoueoc OtLe; El;wyallLxEe; qJuAEe; to nQwto ovotTJ!la 0UYYEVELae; iJtav Exd vo rtou YVWQL(;EL 6EOlloVe; otuoro; Ilovuxa uno tTJ IlTJtQLXiJ nAEuQu.» (Me Lennan, «Studies in Ancient History», 1886, Primitive Marriage, 0101... 124).

H unTJQEOLa nou nQoocpEQE 0 Max AEvav d Val OtL tQui3TJ- 1;10 tTJV nQoooxiJ OtTJ YEVLXiJ 6LabOOTJ Xat tTJ IlEyaATJ onucotc curou rtou OVOIlU(;EL El;wyallLa. KaSoAou 6EV avaxa). mjJE rnv vnaQ~TJ tWV El;wyallLxwv oucoorv xat axo!la 010 XallLU nEQLntwOTJ bEV tLe; xatUA.a!3E. Exro; cero nQOTJyoVIlEVEe;, usuovcoIlEVEe; 0TJIlELWOELe; nOAAwv naQatTJQTJtwV -nou iJtav OL nTJYEe; tOU Max Atvav-o AuSall (Descriptive Ethnology, 1859) etXE nEQLYQu'¢EL OWOtU XaL IlE aXQLf)ELa to 9EOIlO auto 010Ue; L v- 60ve; MayxuQ I Xat ELnE on EL vat YEVLXU 6La6E60IlEVOe; XaL rov

1. TIuAL<1 CPUAT\. nou mi!!EQU anoTEAEL E8vO'tTltu tOU limLXOV NmUA (all!!.

YEQ!!. ouvr.),

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j3QLOXOU"_U:: OE OAEe; ne; TptELQOUe;. To OTJIlELO auto uno to EQYO rou Aa8all to ava<jJEgEL XaL 0 ('bwe; 0 Max Aevov, KaL 0 OLXOe; Ilae; 0 MOQyxav uno to 1847, ore ygallllata rou YLa toUe; lQOXE~OUe; (oro AJ.lE{JLiWV PL{3WV) XaL to 1851 OtO LiE ALYX ocp {)£ Iooxoixi tOY rutOOELXVEL XaL tOY JtEgLygaqJEL ooxrrc, EVW, 0- Jtwe; 8a bOUIlE, to OLXTJYOQLXO lluaM rou Max AEvav Ol]!-lLOUQYl]OE EOW !-lLa JtOAU !-lEyaAUtEQl] ouyxuol] rut' o.n TJ !-lUOtLXLOtLXi] qxrvrcot« rou MJtaX0qJEv orov rouse tOU !-ll]tQLXOU oLxaLou. MLa JtagaJtEga uJtl]QEOLa nou JtQOOqJEQE 0 Max AEvav ELVaL OtL avayvwQwE tl] YEVEaAOYLXll oELQa oUllqJwva IlE to lll]tgLXO o(,XaLO oov to aQXLxo, nv XaL, oJtwe; avayvwQL~EL aQYOtEga, tOY JtgoAaf3E EOW 0 MJtaxoqJEv. Ma XaL EOW bEY f3AEJtEL xa8aga, !-lLAaEL OLaQXWe; YLa «OuYYEVELa !-lovaxa OE vuvaLxELa YQa!-llltl» (kinship through females only) XaL XQl]OLlloJtOLEL aOLuxoJta auti] rn OWOti] YLa !-lLa JtQOl]YOU!-lEVlj j3a81lLOa EXqJQaOl] XaL OE XatOJtLVEe; f3a8!-lLOEe; avaJttU~l]e;, onou Jtaga to YEyovoe; on l] xataywytl %aL l] XATlQovollLa AoyagLasoVtaL cxouo aJtoxAEwnxa oU!-lqJwva ue tn YUVaLXELa yga!-l!-ltl, eveYVWQL~EtaL O!-lWe; XaL EXqJQa~EtaL l] OUYYEVELa XaL cno rnv avtQLXtl JtAEuga. EL Val TJ OtEVoxEqJaALa rou VO!-lLXOU, nou Ol]!-lLoUQYEL IlLa Ota8EQtl VO!-lLXtl EXqJgaol] XaL E~axoAou8EL va tTJV EqJaQ!-lO~EL a!-lEtaj3ATJtl] OE xcrcorcoe«; rtou oro !-lEta~u rnv Excvcv cveqnouoorn.

IIaQ' OATJ tl]e; rnv EUAoyoqJavELa, qJaLVEtaL rootooo OtL TJ 8EwQLa tOU Max AEvav OEV E!-lOLa~E OUtE XaL orov LOW tl]e; to ouyygaqJEa agxEta YEQa 8E!-lEALW!-lEVl]. TOUA.aXLOtov tOU xaVEL EVtUJtWOTJ on EL Val «a~wJtagattlgl]tO Jtwe; TJ !-logqJtl tl]e; (qJaL VOIlEVLxi]e;) aQJtaYtle; YUVaLXWV EL Val JtLO xagaXtTJgLonXtl XaL EXqJQUsEtaL JtLO xaAa axgL{3we; otoix AaOUe; EXELVOUe; 0- rtou EJtLxgatEL l] avr{JLxrj OUYYEVELa (8EAEL vc nEL TJ xataywytl OE aVtQLXtl YQalllli])>> (OEA. 140). KaL oxouo: «ELVaL JtEgLEgyO YEyovoe; on, aJt' ooo ~EgoullE, TJ JtaLboxtovLa bEY aOXELtaL ouotTJ!-lanxa Jtou8Eva EXEL onou uJtaQXouv JtA.aL-JtA.aL l] E~Wya!-lLa XaL TJ agXaLotatTJ !-logqJtl oUYYEVELac;» (OEA.. 146). KaL ro ouo YEyovota XtuJtouv xata!-loutQa toy rooao tTJe; E~r]YTJOtle; rou XaL bEY EXEL vc avtLJtaQa8EoEL 0' auta JtaQu Ilovuxa XaLvougYLEe;, mo !lJtEQbEIlEVEe; UJt08EOELe;.

IIag' oA.a auta, ornv A yyMa Tl 8Ewg(,a rou EJtLOOXL!-laotTl-

• -18-

XE rtoM xm f3QiJXE lA-eyuAT] artiJXT]oT]: 0 Max AEvav rtEQVOUOE E6w YEVlXU Yla l6QUTt]~ TT]~ lOToQLa~ TT]C; OlxoYEVEla~ xm Yla rtQWTT] auSEvTLa OTa rtE6LO aUT6. H aVTLStat] TOU ovcueou oru; El;ooyalA-lXE~ xm Tl~ Ev60yalA-lXE~ «cpuAE~», rtaQu 'tl~ onoiE~ El;mQEOEl~ xm TQOrtOrtOliJOEl~ nou 6lartWTWVOVTaV, EIA-El VE ooOT600 T] avayvooQWIA-EVT] j3UOT] TT]~ xUQLaQXT]~ aVTLAT]'lVT]~ xm EYLVE T] rtaQoortL6a, rtou ExavE a6UvaTT] XUSE EAEUSEQT] El;ETaOT] TaU EQEUVWIlEVOU rtE6LOU xm mOIlEvoo~ ExavE mLOT]~ a6uvaTT] XUSE artocpaolO'tlxiJ rtQ6060. LTT]V UrtEQEXTLIlT]OT] TOU Max AEvav OTT]V A YYALa, nou ouvT]SLI;ETm XaTU TO aYYAlx6 rtQ6TUno xm aAAou, EXOUIlE xaSiJxov v' aVTlrtaQaSEooullE TO yeyovo; on IlE TT]V xaSaQu rtaQEl;T]YT]IlEVT] aVTLetat] TaU aVUlltaa or«; El;ooyalllxE~ xm 'tl~ Ev60yalllxE~ «cpuAE~» rtEQw06TEQO Ej3Aa'IVE rtaQu ooCPEAT]OE IlE 'tl~ EQEUVE~ TOU.

LTO IlETal;u, EQXOVTaV OTO cpoo~ 61.0 xm rtEQw06TEQa YEvovor« nou 6EV TaLQwl;av OTO xOIA-'lV6 TaU rtAaLOlo. 0 Max AEvav YVWQll;E Ilovuxa TQEl~ 1l0QCPE~ TOU YUIlOU: rtOAuyallLa, rtoAuav6QLa xm uovovcuto. Ano TT] O'tlYlA-iJ 61loo~ nou OTQUCPT]XE T] rtQoooxiJ 0' mrro TO OT]lltLO, I3QLoxovTav 61.0 xm rreQW06TEQE~ art06ELl;El~ yw TO ore 010 aVEl;EAlXTOU~ Aaou~ UrtiJQxav 1l0QCPE~ yUIA-OU, onou Illa OElQU UVTQE~ xaTtLxav uno XOlVOU Illa OElQU yuvaLxE~. Ki 0 AOI1JWX (The Origin of Civilization, 1870) rtaQa6EXTT]XE uuro TOV ouoorxo YUIlO (Communal marriage) oov lOTaQlX6 YEyov6~.

AIlEOoo~ IlETU, TO 1871, EIlCPavLOTT]XE 0 MOQyxav IlE VEO xm cno rtOAAE~ art6'IVEl~ artocpaownx6 uAlx6. ELXE rtHOTtL 6- n TO l~h6IA-oQCPo OUOTT]lla OUYYEvHa~ rtou lOXUH OWU~ IQoxEI;ou~ EL vru XOl vo 010 6Aou~ TOU~ aUT6xSoVE~ xorotxou; nov Hvonuvorv IIoAlTHwv, 6T]Aa6iJ artAWVETm 010 Illa oMxAT]QT] iJrtHQO, av xm cvnqxtoxa nueon IA-E TOU~ l3aSllou~ OUYYEVEla~ 6rtoo~ rtQOXUrtTaUV rtQaYlA-anxu uno TO OUOTT]lla YUIA-0U nou WXUH Exd. IIagaxLVT]OE AOlrt6v TT]V aIlEQlXUVlXT] 01l0- Ortov6laXt] XUI3EQVT]OT] va OUYXEVTQWOEl rtAT]QOCPOQLE~, IlE l3uOT] EQooTT]llawMYla xm rtLvaxE~ rtou 6laTUrtooOE 0 L6LO~, Yla ru ouoTiJllaTa OUYYEVEla~ torv urt6AolrtooV Aawv xm cno TlC; artavTiJoH~ I3QiJxE 1) 6n TO aIlEQlxaVO'Cv6lUVlXO OUOTT]lla OUYYEvHa~ lOXUH 010 rtoAAE~ CPUAE~ xm OTT]V AOLa xm IA-E XUrtoo~ rtaQaUaYIlEVT] 1l0QCPiJ OTT]V AcpQlXiJ xm OTT]V AuoTQaALa.

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2) 6'tL Esl1YELtaL JtEQa YLa JtEQa aJt61lLa IWQCPiJ oj.taoLxou yauou nou aQl(L~Et va Esacpavi~EtaL orn Xat)aTJ XaL a' a"AAa «uatQaALaVa VTJaLa, 3) 6tL 6j.twe; oro LOLa VTJOLa, JtA.aL a' UVtiJ tTJ j.toQCPiJ yaj.tov, LOXUEL Eva auatTJj.ta aVYYEVELae; nou j.tJtOQEL vn ESTJYTJSEi [.tovaXa [.tE j.tLa ax6[.tu mo JtQwt6yoVTj XaL aiJ[.tEQU EsacpavLO[.tEVTJ [.toQCPiJ rou o[.taoLxou ya[.tov. Tu; JtATJQOcpOQLEe; rtou ouvxevrocooe j.ta~L ue rn aV[.tJtEQaa[.tata tOV r« OTJj.tooteuoe to 1871 oro t)Lt)"ALo rou Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity XaL ECPEQE EtOL tTJ av~iJtTJaTJ a' Eva aJtELQa JtLO EVQU JtEOLO. :::EXL vwvtae; uno tu avatiJj.tata aVYYEVELae; OLXOOO[.touoe sava 'tLe; aVtiatOLXEe; a' aVta [.tOQcpEe; OLxoYEVEtae;, uvotvovtae; EtaL Evav XaLVOUQYLO OQ6[.t0 EQEvvae; XaL [.tLa avaax6JtTJaTJ rtou EcptaVE oxouc JtLO JtLaw at11V JtQo·CatoQLa tTJe; uv9QwJt6tTJwe;. ME rnv EmXQatTJaTJ av'tiJe; 'tTJe; j.tES6()ov ()LaAv6wv onv xaJtv6e; 'to xaQLtWj.tEVO xorcoxeucouo tOV Max AEvav.

o Max AEvav VJtEQaamaE tTJ SEwQLa tOV om YEa EXOOaTJ tOV Primitive Marriage (<<Studies in Ancient Histrory», 1875). Evdi 0 LOLOe; axaQwvEL [.tLa ESaLQE'tLXa tEXVTJtiJ LatoQLa 't11e; OLXOYEvELae; UJtOX"AELO'tLXa cno vJtoSEaELe;, ~TJtaEL uno 'toy A6- [.tJtox Xat 'tOY M6Qyxav 6XL uovo aJtoOEtsEte; yw 'tOY XaSE 'tOve; LaxvQLO[.t6, aAA.a anOOELSELe; ue rnv axata[.taXTJt11 EXELVTj aXQLt}ELa, nou j.tovaXa a' Eva axOtaE~Lxo oLXaatiJQLO YL vovrm OEX'tEe;. KL rnrro 'to XaVfL 0 LOLOe; avSQwJtoe;, rrou coro 't11 orsvn aXEa11 avO. ueoc orov aOEQcp6 tTJe; I.lTJtEQae; XaL to yLO 't11e; aOEQcpiJe; oroix rEQl.laVOUe; (Tacitus, Germania, c. 20), crto rrrv JtATJQocpoQLa rou KaiaaQa on OL BQEtavoi avO. ()EXa iJ OW()EXa EXovv XOLVEe; ne; yvvaixEe; rou; XaL cero 6AEe; tLe; aAAEe; JtATJQOcpOQiEe; tWV aQxaiwv aVYYQacpEWv YLU XOL VOXtTJI.l0aUVTj tWV YVVaLXWV oroix f3aQf3aQove;, f3ya~EL aoiawxw 'to aV[.tJtEQaouo 6tL a' 6AOVe; avtOue; rou; AaoUe; XVQLaQxouaE TJ JtoAvavoQLa! eaQQEi xavELe; on axouEL Evav uaaYYEAEa, rtou YLa tTJV rcxroaomon 'tTJe; JtEQlJt'tWOlle; tOV Em'tQEJtEL orov emrro rou XaSE EAEvSEQLa, EVW coto to avviJyoQo aJtaLtEL 61.lwe; tTJV mo tVJtLXiJ, V0I.lLXa LOXVQiJ an60usTJ YLa tTJV XaeE rou AEs11.

IaxvQt~EtaL on 0 0[.ta()Lx6e; yal.l0e; EivaL xaSaQi) cpavtaoto, xru EtOL JtECPtEL JtOAU mo ntoco UJt6 tOY MJtaxocpEv. Ta avatiJl.lata aVYYEvELae; tOV M6Qyxav ELVaL taXa anAoi xcvoVEe; XOLVWVLxi)e; EVYEVELae;, XL mrro anooEixvEtaL ceto to yEYO-

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VO~ on OL IVOUIVOL nQooqJoovouv aOEQqJo ti natEQa XaL tOV;EVO, to A.EUXO. EtVaL cov vc 9EA.a~E vc unootTJQL;ou~E on OL xaQaxtTJQw~oL natEQa~, ~TJtEQa, aOEQqJO~, aOEQqJti eL Val anA.E~ nQooqJoovtiOEL~ xooQL~ vOTJ~a, EJtELoti tOU~ Xa90A.LXOU~ nanaOE~ XaL tL~ TJYOU~EVLOOE~ tOU~ nQooqJOOVOUV natEQa XaL ~TJtEQa, EVW OL xaMYEQOL XaL OL xaMYQLE~, axo~a XaL OL unOOVOL XaL OL ayyA.OL OUvtQO«:pOL EVO~ EJtaYYEA.~atLxOU oroucretou, nQooqJoovouvtaL ~Eta~U rou; OE EJtLOTJ~E~ OUVEOQLaOEL~ ~E tL~ A.E;ELC; aOEQqJE XaL aOEQqJti. KovtoA.oyL~, TJ unEQaomOTJ tou Max AEvav titav qJO~EQ<l a6Uva~TJ.

'E~EVE oxrrooo axo~a Eva OTJ~ELO, nou OEV to eLXav maOEL. H avtL9wTJ cvcueoo OtL~ E~ooya~LxE~ XaL tL~ Evooya~LXE~ «qJUAE~», navoo OtTJV onotc OtTJQL~OtaV 01.0 tOU to OUOtTJuo, OEV TJtav ~ovaxa axMvTJtTJ, aA.M tTJV avaYVWQL~av XLOA.a~ ocv a;ova OA.TJ~ tTJ~ wtoQi,a~ tTJ~ OLXoyEVELa~. IIaQaMxovtav OtL TJ nQOona9ELa tOU Max AEvav vo E;TJYTJOEL aut" tTJV avtL9wTJ ELVaL avEJtaQxti~ XaL avtLqJaoxEL ~E tu YEyoVOta nou 0 LOLO~ anaQte~TJOE. O~oo~, TJ avttewTJ TJ LOLa, TJ unaQ;TJ ouo aA.A.TJA.OanOXA.ELO~EVooV ELOWV uno aUtOtEA.eL~ XaL aVE~aQtTJtE~ qJUAE~, oaou to Eva eLOO~ EnaLQvE n~ yuvai,xE~ tOU ~Eoa cero tTJ qJUA.ti, EVW auto anaYOQEUOtaV anoA.uta oro aA.- 1.0 ELOo~ - auta Loxuav ocv aOLaqJLA.OVLXTJtO EuayyEA.LO. fl.EV EXOWE naQa vc OUYXQL VOWE, YLa naQaOELy~a, to Origines de fa famille tOU ZLQO- TEMv (1874) XaL cxouo to Origin of Civilization rou Ao~ox (4TJ EXOo(1), 1882).

Ano to OTJ~ELO auto mnverm to XUQLO EQYO tOU MOQyxav: Ancient society (1877), to EQYO nou EXEL oov ~aoTJ t1)t; tourn TJ EQyaoLa. Auto rtou to 1871 oxoun 0 MOQyxav to OLaL09avotav 90M uovo, uvcorruooetrn EOW ~E nATJQTJ OUVELOTJoTJ. H Evboya~La XaL E~ooya~La bEV anotEA.OUv xa~La avtf9Eon. E~ooya~LxE~ «qJUAEt;» OEV ~QE9lJxav oot; tWQa nou9Eva. O~oot;, rov XaLQo rtou EJtLxQatoUOE oxouc 0 o~aOLXOt; ya~ot; -XaL xata naoav JtL9avotljta xanotE EJtLxQatouOE rtnVtoU--lJ qJUA.ti OLaxA.a600votav OE ~La oELQa OUYYEVLXEt; E~ ut~atot; O~MEt; uno tn ~lJtQLXTJ nA.EuQa, oro YEvlj, nou ~Eoa tou; anayoQEuOtav auotlJQa 0 ya~ot;, EtoL WOtE OL avtQEt; EVOt; YEVOUt; unooonocv ~E~aLa vn naLQvouv n~ yuvaLxE~ tout; ~Eoa orro rn qJUA.ti, XaL xata xovovc tLt; naLQvavE an' autti, E-

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JtQmE 0I-tWe; vo tLe; JtaLQVOUV ESW cno to YEVOe; roue, Eroi wOtE av to ytvoe; rrtov auOtYJQa ESwyaI-tLXO, YJ cpuAi) nou JtEQLEM!-tf3aVE to oovoso tWV YEVWV, iJtav ano tOOO auotYJQa EVooyal-tLxiJ. Erot sExa8aQLOtYJXE oQWtLXa xm to tEAEutaLo uJtoAELl-tl-ta tou xctcoxeixiourrro; rou Max AEvav.

o Moovxcv 0I-tWe; OEV aQxEOtYJXE 0' auto. To YEVOe; rorv Ivoicvcov tYJe; AI-tEQLxiJe; rou XQYJOLI-tE1jJE aX0l-ta yw va xavEL tYJ OEUtEQYJ anocpaoLOtLxiJ JtQoooo oro JtEOLO rtou EQEUVOUOE. ~tO YEVOe; auto rtou iJtav oQyaVWI-tEVO oul-tcpwva I-tE to I-tYJtQLXO OLxruo, avaxaAU1jJE rnv aQXLxiJ 1-t0QCPiJ aJt' ortou aQYOtEQa eveJttUX8YJXE to YEVOe; rtou iJtav oQyaVWI-tEVO oul-tcpwva I-tE to nntQLXO o('xmo, to YEVOe; oJtwe; to I3QLoxoul-tE croix aQxaLOUe; JtoALtLOI-tEVOUe; Aaoue;. To EAAYJvLxo xm QWl-ta'(xo ytvoe;, nou aJtotEAouoE aL VLyl-ta YLa oAoue; roix we; rote WtoQwYQacpoue;, ELXE EsYJYYJ8d I-tE to LvoLavLxo xrn EtOt ELXE I3QE8E(, I-tLa XatvouQYLa j3aoYJ YLa oAYJ tYJV JtQWtoyovYJ urrootc.

AutiJ YJ EX VEOU avaxaAmjrr] tau aQXLxou I-tYJtQLaQXLxou YEvoix oov JtQWtYJe; j3a8I-tLOae; rou JtatQLaQXLxou YEVOUe; tWV noALtWI-tEVWV Aawv, EXEL YLa tYJV JtQo'(OtoQLa tYJV LOW oYJl-taOLa nou EXEL YJ 8EwQLa tYJe; EsEALsYJe; tou ~aQj3L YOU YLa tYJ I3wAoYLa xm YJ 8EwQLa tYJe; uJtEQasLae; tOU MaQs YLa tYJV JtoAL tLxiJ OLXOVOI-tLa. 'Eocooe tYJ ouvatotYJta otov MOQyxav va oxLaYQacpiJOEL YLa JtQwtYJ cpoQa tYJV urrootc tYJe; OLxoYEVELae;, onou EXOUV OLatuJtw8EL OtLe; YEVLXEe; roix YQaI-tI-tEe; xm 000 to em tQrnEL to yvwOtO oiJl-t£Qa uALxo, touMxwtov OL xAaOtxEe; tYJe; j3a8I-tLOEe; ovnJttusYJe;. Etvca qxrveoo YLa oAoue; on EtOt aQXLtEL I-tLa veo moxiJ OtYJV mEsEQyaoLa tYJe; JtQO·(OtoQLae;. To I-tYJtQLaQXLxo YEVOe; EYLVE 0 asovae; YUQW cno tOY OJtOLO OtQEcpEtm oAYJ amiJ YJ emornI-tYJ. Alto tOY xmQo nou avaxaAucp8YJxE, SEQOUI-tE JtQOe; JtOLa xotEu8uvoYJ xm YLa JtOLO aVtLXELI-tEVO JtQEJtEL vn EQEUVOUI-tE xm Jtwe; JtQrnEL vc taSLV0I-tOUI-tE rc anOtEA£0l-tata tYJe; EQEuvac;. Kru m0I-tEVWe; YLvovtm tWQa OtOV tousc auto JtoAU mo YQiJYOQEe; JtQ6000L an' O,tL ytvomv JtQLV Ex008EL to I3$ALo rou MOQyxav.

OL avaxaAU1jJELe; rou MOQyxav EXOUV tWQa avayvwQLOtEL YEvLxa, iJ l-taAAov tLe; EXOUV LOWJtOLYJ8EL OL EQEUVYJtEe; tYJe; JtQO'(otootcc, oxouc xm OtYJV AyyALa. OI-tWe;, 0XEMv OE xavEvav OEV I3QLoxoWE tYJV aVOLxtiJ Ol-toAoYLa on OtOV MOQyxav XQworcue tOUtYJ mv snnvcoruon or«; avtLAi)1jJELe;. ~tYJv AYYALa

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cotoouonnouv, 000 iJtav ouvcro, to fh[3t.LO tOU xm !!E tOY L6LO I;E!!ltEQ6E'\IlaV!!E ouyxataf3atlXOU~ ErtaLVOU~ YlU tl~ JrQOT/YOV/JEVEr; EQyaoLE~ rou, Evm I;EOxat.L~ouv !!E Ertl!!EAEla tl~ AErttO!!EQElE~ tTJ~ nEQl YQUCPiJ~ tOU, crtoouonouv ErtL!!OVa tl~ nQay!!atlXU !!EYUt.E~ aVuxaA.U'\IlEl~ rou. H nQwtTJ Ex600TJ tOU Ancient society EXEl El;avtATJed. LtTJV A!!EQlXiJ OEV unuQXEl Yla naQO!!Ola nQuy!!atu al;loAoYTJ xataVUAWOTJ. LtTJV AYYALa cpuLVEtm nw~ Envll;av ouomucnx« to [3lf3t.LO xm TJ !!OVa6lxiJ Ex600TJ autou tOU EQYOU, rtou UcpTJOE moxiJ, TJ Ex60- OTJ nou xuxAocpoQd oxouc oro [3l[3ALOnwAELa, ELvm TJ YEQ!!aVlXiJ !!EtucpQaOl}.

flatL autiJ TJ Emcput.al;l}, OtTJv onoto etvru OUOXOAO vo un 60U!!E !!la OUVW!!OOLa olwniJ~, l6laL tEQa av nUQoU!!E uno'\llTJ tl~ tOOE~ nEQlxonE~ nou avacpEQovtm ant.ouotata Yla AOyou~ EUYEVEla~ xm tl~ Ut.t.E~ Ex6TJt.wOEl~ OUVU6Et.CPlxotl}tac; uno tOU~ avayvwQLO!!EVOU~ !!a~ EQEUVTJtE~ tTJ~ nQo'COtoQLac;; MiJnw~ YlatL 0 Moovxov etvrn A!!EQlxavo~ xm etvru nOAu OXATJQ6 Yla tOU~ ayyt.ou~ EQEUV1JtE~ tl}~ nQo'COtoQLa~ to yEYOVO~ on, naQa rnv El;mQEtlXU al;LEnm vTJ Ertl!!EAElU tOU~ OtTJ OUAt.OyiJ rou UAlXOU, dvm unoXQEW!!EVOL va xUtacpEUyouv oe 6uo !!EyaAocpuEL~ I;EVOU~, OtOV MnuxocpEv Xal OtOV MOQyxav, yw tL~ a:rto'\llEl~ rrou LOXUOUV YEVlXU OtTJv taXtOnOLTJOTJ xm tal;lVO!!l}OTJ autOU tOU UAlXOU, !!E 6uo MYla Yla tl~ L6Eec; toix; To fEQ!!aVO ea unooouoev oxouc va tOY aVEXeOUV, tOY Aueoixcvo, O!!WC;; Anevcvn orov Aueoixcvo 0 XUeE AYYAOC; YLVEtal natQlwtl}e;, EL6a retour 6laOXEOUOtlXU naQa6ELy!!arc Otl~ HVW!!EVEe; nOt.LtELEe;I. KaL oav v« !!TJv EcptaVav mrtn, nQOOtEeTJXE xm to OtL 0 Max AEvav rrrcv, oov va AE!!E, 0 ErtLonuc avayvwQLO!!EVOe; LOQutiJe; Xal aQXTJyoe; tTJe; aYYALxiJC; nQo'COtOQlxiJ~ Oxot.iJ~. Avcueoo OtOUe; EQEUVTJtEe; tTJ~ nQo'COtoQLae; eEwQdto oav roono; xaAiJ~ OU!!ltEQLcpOQUe; va !!lA6.VE !!E to !!EYUt.UtEQO OE[3aO!!O yw to tEXVljtO rou LOtOQLXO xcrooxencouo, rrou uno rnv nm60XtOVLa oOTJyd OtTJ !!TJtQlaQXLxiJ OLXoYEvELa !!EOW tlje; nOAuav6QLae; XaL tOU t.ljOtQLXOU

1.0 'EVYXfA<;, lW~i ue TOV Evrotxrovt Af3fAL vv», TTJV EAEav6Q MaQl;-Af3£ALVYX xrn TOV KaQA IEQAf!!fQ, mwxEcptTJXaV tOV AUyouoto-ImtE!!f3QT) tOU 1888 tL<; HTIA xm tov KavaM, fLa n<; evnruooeu; tOU 'EVYXfA<; uno to ta1;iliL curo f3Amf Marx-Enge/s- Werke, tou, 21, OfA. 466-468 (OTJ!!, yfQ!!, cirvt.).

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yaj.tou. E>£WQELTO rutQmtlC; aLQETLX6C; 6JtOLOC; ELXE XaL TTJV noQalUXQtl aj.tcpLf30ALa YLa TO 6TL uJtaQXow «cpuMC;» Eswyaj.tLXEc; XaL Evboyaj.tLXEc;, JtOU an TJAOrutOXAELOVTaL rut6A mao EnousVWC;,O Moovxov ExavE Eva ELOOC; LEQOouALac; bLaAuoVTac; oov xcnvo 6Aa ama rc aywoj.tEva MYj.taTa. KaL tn bLEAUOE j.taALala j.t' Evav TQ6JtO nou ECPTaOE va ExcpQaon TLC; rut6'1j!ELC; TOU yw va YLVOUV aj.tEowc; oAocpavEQEC;. 'ETOL nou OL 8aUj.taoTEc; TOU Max AEvav, nou wC; TWQa TQLxALc;av rutEA.JtLOj.tEva cvoueou OTTJV Eswyaj.tLa XaL OTTJV Evboyaj.tLa, avayxaOTTJXaV va XTUJttl00UV TO XEcpaAL lOUC; ue TLC; YQ08LEC; lOUC; XaL va qxovcsouv: nWC; j.tJtoQoUoaj.tE va tlj.taOTE T600 XOUTOL XaL va j.tTJv TO ~QOUj.tE am6 j.tovaxOL j.tac; T600v XaLQ6!

KL av bEV EcpTaVaV aUTa rc EyxAtlj.taTa YLa v' rutaYOQEUOW OTTJV mLOTJj.tTJ OXOAtl xa8E aAATJ j.tETaxELQLOtl TOU EXT6C; an6 Eva XALaQ6 naQaj.tEQLoj.ta lOU, 0 Moovxov exove va SEXELALon TO JtOTtlQL, 6XL j.tovaxa YLaTL XQLTLxaQE TOV JtOALTLOj.t6, TTJV xorveovtc TTJC; Ej.tnOQEUj.taTLXtlC; JtaQaywytlC;, TTJ !3aOLXtl j.tOQCPtl TTJC; OTJj.tEQLvtlC; j.tac; XOLvwvLac; u' Evav TQ6Jto JtOU 8Uj.tLsEL TOV cf)OUQLE, aAM XaL YLaTL j.tLAaEL ax6j.ta YLa J,lEAAOVTLX6 j.tETa0XTJJ,laTLOJ,l6 amtlC; TTJC; XOLVWVLac; J,lE MYLa JtOU 8a j.tJt0- QOUOE va £LXE nH 0 KaQA MaQs. Tou USLc;E, AOLJt6v, JtOU 0 Max AEvav TOV xaTTJyoQEL ayavaXTLOJ,lEVOC; 6TL «TJ LOlOQLXtl j.tE8oboC; lOU ELVaL rut6A.uTTJ aVTLJta8TJTLxtl» XaL JtOU 0 xa8TJYTJTtlC; XUQLOC; ZLQ6- TEMv OTTJ fEVEUTJ TO mL!3E!3aLWVEL aUT6 oxoj.ta XaL TO 1884. Av XaL tlTaV 0 LbLOC; 0 XUQLOC; ZLQ6-TEMv nou TO 1874 (Origines de 18 famiJle) OTQLCPOYUQLc;E ax6j.ta aJ,ltlxaVOC; j.tEoa OTO Aaf3UQLV80 TTJC; EswyaJ,lLac; TOU Max AEvav, rut' ortou XQnaOTTJXE va TOV rutEAEU8EQWOEL 0 M6Qyxav!

I'ic TLC; uJt6AOLm::c; JtQ06bouC; nou XQwoTaEL TJ JtQO'LoToQLa OTOV M6Qyxav, bEV XQELaC;ETaL va mExTa8w E6w. ~TTJV EQyaoLa J,lOU !3QLOXETaL 6,TL XQELaC;ETaL YL' aUTEc;. Ta bEXaTEOoEQa XQ6vLa nOU JtEQaoav uno TTJV ExbooTJ lOU XUQLOU EQYOU TOU M6Qyxav, JtAOUTLOaV nOAU TO UALx6 J,lac; YLa TTJV LOTOQLa TWV nQwT6yovwv XOL VWVLWV TWV avSQwJtwv. ~TOUC; avSQwJtoMyouC;, OTOUC; TaSLbLWTEC; XaL OTOUC; maYYEAJ,laTLEC; EQEUVTJTEC; TTJC; nQO'LOlOQLac; nQOOTE8TJxav OL J,lEAETTJTEC; TTJC; OUYXQL TLXtlC; VOJ,lOAOYLac; rtou, uno TTJ J,lLa J,lEQLa, EcpEQav VEO UALX6 XaL, an6 TTJV anTJ, VEEC; an6'1j!ELC;. 'ETOL XAOVLOTTJXav tl XaL aXQTJ-

-24-

OtEutYJxav IJ,EQtXEI!; cero ttl!; IJ,EIJ,OVOOIJ,EVEI!; UnoStoEtl!; tOU M6Qyxav. 'OIJ,OOI!;, nouSEVU to VEO UAtx6 nou OUYXEVtQ<bSYJXE 6EV !LJt6QEOE v' cvnxutuornon IJ,E VEEt;, ttt; IJ,EYUAEI!; tOU XUQtEI!; an6'IjJEtt;. H tU~YJ nou $aAE 0 M6Qyxav OtYJv nQo'COtOQLa tOxuei, OW; XUQtEC; YQaIJ,IJ,EC; tT]C;, cxouc Xat oitlJ,EQa. MUAtOta, !LJtOQEL vn nEt xaVELt;, tTJV avaYVOOQL~OUV 6AO xm nEQtOo6tEQO OtOV LOW f3aS1J,6 nou xQatoUv uixrnxo to YEYov6e; on aut6t; ELvm 0 aQXLx6t; 6T]lJ,wuQy6t; amite; tYJe; IJ,EYUAYJe; nQ0660u.1

Aov6LVO, 16 IoUvYJ 1891

IVI-lCfWVa ue r'lv rtraQr'l tx(jOaT/ tn; KaTay(t)yt\~ TTJ~ OLKoYEVEta~, TTJ~ a'tOI!tKt\~ tbtOKTTJOta~ KaL 'tOU KQ<lTOU~.

n(!(1Jr06'1l-loatEVrl7xE I-lE rov rirAO «I'ui tnv lfQWr6yoVTJ urtooia r'lt; oixovtveuu» 0'tT/ Note Toarr, 1891.

Marx -Engels- Werke, TO[l. 22, OEA. 211-222.

I. 1:TO tal;tot [lou, otnv YUQt~a ceto tTJ NEa YOQKTJ, to 1:mtE[lI3QTJ tOU 1888, ouvcvrnoo ivo» reQ<i>TJv j30UAEUTt\ rou KOYXQEOOU TTJ~ EKAOYtI(t\~ reEQLqJEQELa~ 'tOU POtOEOTEQ, nou EtXE YV(t)QtOEL 'tOY AOUL~ MOQYKav. ~EV t\I;EQE ouOtuxw~ va [lou OLTJYTJ8Et reOAA.a YL' nurov, 0 MOQYKav E~TJOE ow POtOEOTEQ onv L6LwtTJ~ KL aoxoALOtaV [lOVUxa ue tL~ [lEAEtE~ tOU. 0 aOEQqJO~ tOU t\Tav oUV'taY[latuQXTJ~, OtoQLO[lEVO~ OtTJv OUUOLYKtOV 0'tO unouoveto 1:tQUtLWtLKWV. ME tTJ [lEOOAuf3TJOTJ tOU aOEQqJou 'tOU KatUqJEQE vo EVOtaqJEQ8Et TJ Kuf3EQvTJOTJ YLa tu; EQEUVE~ ton KaL vc EKOWOEL [lEQLKU coro tc EQya tOU ue EI;0OO 'tOU onuootou, 0 Wto~ 0 aqJTJYTJtt\~, ore(t)~ [lou etxe, XQTJOL[loremt\8TJKE yw 'to OKOreo aUTO reOAAE~ qJOQE~, tOY KaLQO nou t\tav j30UAEUTt\~ (OTJ[l. tOU 'EVYKEA~).

-25-

H KATAfQfH TH}: OIKOfENEIA}:, TH}: ATOMIKH}: I~IOKTH}:IA}:

KAI TOY KP ATOY}:

I

nror LTOPIKEL BAE>MI~EL nOAITILMOY

o Moovxov Ei. vm 0 rtQo:noe; rtOU,lLE YVWOll tOU EQYOU, rtQOOrta8EL va j3aAEL ILLa OQLOILEVll ta;ll ornv rtQO'LOtoQLa tlle; av- 8Qwrtotlltae;. H ta;LvolLllOll rtou xaVEL 8a LOXUEL, j3Ej3ma, 000 tva 0ll!!aVtLXa EUQUtEQO UALXO 6EV 8a lLae; avayxaoEL va xaV01J!!E aAAayEe;.

Aao tLe; tQELe; XUQLEe; moxEe;: aYQLa xcrcorcon, j3aQj3aQotnro, rtOAL nOILOe;, tOY artaOxoAouV cpuOLxa !!ovaxa OL 6uo rtQWtEe; xm to rtEQaolLa ornv tQL rn. Tnv Xa8E!!La crto ne; 6uo, tnv urt06LmQEi. OE ILLU xatWtEQll, !!EOll xm avwtEQll j3a8!!L6a, avaAoya !!E rnv rtQo060 tlle; rtaQaYWyr1e; tWV !!EOWV OllVti]QllOlle;. Iurrt, ono»; MEL:

«H ErtL6E;Lotllta 0' auti] rnv rtaQaywyi] ELvm cnoqxiotOtLXi] YLa to j3a81L0 tlle; av8QWrtLVlle; UrtEQOxi]e; xru xUQLaQXLae; orn CPUOll. Ano oAa to ovrc !!ovaxa 0 av8Qwrtoe; xatacpEQE va cptaoEL OE !!La 0XEMv artoA1Jtll XUQLUQXLa rtavw otnv rtaQaywyi] nov ILEOWV 6LatQOcpi]e;. OAEe; OL !!EyaAEe; moxEe; tlle; av- 8QwrtL Vlle; nooooou OUI!J'tLrttOUV rtEQLOOOtEQO i] AL YOtEQO aILEOa!!E moxEe; OrtOU 6LEuQUvOVtm OL rtllYEe; ouvti]QllOlle;.»

H E;EAL;ll tlle; OLxoYEVELae; ou!!I3a6L~EL, 6EV rtaQouOLa~EL 0- !!We; tOOO xaQaXtllQLOtLXa Oll!!a6La YLa to XWQLO!!O tWV rteQL06wv.

1. ArPIA KATA~TA~H

1) Kattbteon /3a8j1ioa. EL vor 11 rtm6Lxi] llALxLa tOU av8QilirtLVOU yEVOUe;.- OL av8QWrtOL E!!EVaV axo!!a oroix aQXLXOUe; roix ronoo; 6La!!Ovne; ore tQortLxa i] unoroomxc MOll. Zouoav EV !!EQEL touAaXLOtOV rtavw ore MvtQa. Movo EtOL 1!J't0- QEL va E;llY1l8Ei. on ow8l1Xav uno ru ILEyaAa 811QLa. Lav tQoCPi]

-27-

tOUe; XQT]OLIlEUaV cpQOuta, XaQUOLa, Qtl;Ee;. H OLaIlOQCPooOT) EvaQOQT)e; YAOOOOae; ELVaL to XUQLO aJtOtEAEOlla aUtl)e; tT]e; EJtOxite;. AJt' OAOUe; rou; AaOUe;, JtOU EYLVaV YVooOtOL OtT]V totOQLxit JtEQLoOO, XaVEVae; me OEV avitXEL 0' aUtit tT]V JtQootoyOVTJ XatUOtaOT). 'OOEe; XLALEtLEe; XL nv XQUtT]OE, OEV IlJtOQOUIlE 00- OtOOO vc tT]V anooE(,1;ouIlE IlE UIlEOEe; llaQtUQLEe;. MLa XaL nnQaOEXtitxaIlE, 0llooe;, tT]V XatayooYit 1:OU av8QooJtou crto 1:0 ~ooLXO f3aoLAELO, JtQEJtEL aJtaQaL tT]ta vn JtaQaOEXtOullE autit tT] IlEtaf)atLxit JtEQLOOO.

2) Meaaiaf3aO/lic5a. AQXL~EL IlE tn XQT)OLIlOJtOLljOT] torv 1paQLOOV (0' amu JtEQLAa!lf3uvouIlE XaL rc xaf)ouQLa, tc oorocxc XaL uAAa uOQof3La) YLa tQOCPit XaL IlE rn XQitOT] tT]e; cpootLUe;. Autu to Mo OUIlf3aOL~ouv, EJtELOit tn 1puQLa 1l0VO IlE rn cpootLU YLvovtm oA.6tEAa XQT]OLIlOJtOLitOLIlT] tQOCPit. ME tTl vEa 0llooC; autit tQOCPit OL uV8QooJtOL EYLvav aVE;uQtT)tOL nrro XALlla XaL tono, AXOAouOoovtae; rc Jto'tullLa XaL tLC; aXtEe; unooououv, axouo XaL OtT)V uYQLa xcrccrcon, vo aJtAooOouV OtO IlEYaAUtEQO IlEQOe; tT]e; YT]e;. Tc xovtQOcptLaWEVa, axatEQyaOta JtErowe EQyaAELa 'tT]C; JtQootT]e; AWL VTJC; EJtOxite;, rc AEyollEva nnAaLOAL8LXU, nou avTtxouv oA.6tEAa it 01:0 IlEyaAUtEQo rois; IlEQOC; OE amit tTIV JtEQLOOO, ue tT) OLUOOOtj 1:OUe; 0' OA.£e; ne; T)Jt£LQoue; anOOELXVOUV aUtEe; ne; JtEQLT]ytjOELe;. OL VEOXatELAT)flflE~ VEe; ~OOVEe;, xaOooe; xaL 'to EVOtLXtO YLa EQEuva, nou OQOUOE aOLUXOJta, OE ouvouccuo ue tn qxono nou EflaOav vc JtaQuyouv IlE tT)V tQLf3tj, JtQoocpEQav VEa flEoa OLatQOCP'!)C;, OJtooe; etVaL OL aflUAOOOELe; QL~Ee; XaL OL f3oA.j3oL, 1pT)flEVa OtT) X0f30AT) '!) OE Aaxxouf3Ee; (xooflunVOue; CPOUQVoue;), OJtooe; dVaL rc OT)QUllata nou us tT)V ECPEUQEOT] trov JtQootooV OJtAooV, QoJtaA.o XaL cxovno, JtQOOtEOT]XaV XL autu JtOU XaL JtOU OtT)V tQOCP'!). Aoot aJtOXAELOtLXU XUVT)YEtLXOL, OJtooe; roue JtaQouOLU~OUV oro f3Lf)ALa, OT]Aao,!) AaoL nou vn <;;OUV /lOVC1Xa coro to XUV'!)YL, OEV uJt'!)Q;av JtOtE, YLatL to JtQO'COV 1:OU XUVT]YLOU ELVaL noM af)Ef3aLo. ~av OUVEJtELa tT)e; aOLuXOJtT)e; af3Ef3aLOtT]tae; nov JtT)Yoov OLatQOcp'!)e; cpa(,vEtaL Jtooe; 0' aut'!) tn f3a8flLoa EflcpavLOtT)XE T] avOQooJtocpaYLa, nou uno EOOO XaL IlJtQoe; OLUQXEL JtOAU. OL AuO'tQUAOL XaL JtOHOL nOAUV'!)OLOl f)QLoxovtaL XaL o'!)IlEQa cxoflU 0' uut'!) tn flEOT) f)aOflLoa tT]e; UYQLUe; xatuotaoT)e;.

. 3) A VWrEQT/ f3aOp,ic5a. AQXL<;;EL ue mv ECPEUQEOlj 1:OU to;ou

-28-

XaL rou ~EAOU~ JtOU EXaVaV taXtLxij tQOCPij ta Ol]Qullata, XaL to XUvijYL xcvovixo XAMo EQyaoLa~. To t61;0, l] xoQ6ij XaL to ~EAO~ anOtEAOuV xL6Aa~ Eva JtOAU OUVOEtO EQyaAELO, rtou l] ECPEUQWij rou JtQOUJtOOEtEL llaxQ6XQoVl], OUOOWQEWEVl] JtELga XaL aXOVLOIlEVE~ JtVEUllatLXE~ bUVUIlEL~, bl]Aabij tamOXQova XaL tl] YVWOl] JtAiJOou~ UAAWV ECPEUQEOEWV. A v OUYXQL VOUIlE tOU~ Aaou~ JtOU YVWQL~OUV to tOI;O XaL to ~EAO~, 6XL OIlW~ axouo XaL rnv aYYELOJtAaOtLxij (aJt' onou 0 MOQyxav XQovoAoyd to JtEQaolla orn ~aQ~aQ6tl]ta), ~QLOXOWE JtQaYllatLXU xL6Aa~ IlEQLXE~ aQXE~ tl]~ EyxatUOtaol]~ OE XWQLU, IlLa xuJtOLa xUQLaQXLa Jtuvw ornv JtaQaywyij torv IlEOWV oUYtijQl]Ol]~, l;uALva OOXELa XaL EQyaAELa, ucpavtOuQYLa IlE ro MXtUAa (XWQL~ aQyaAL6) IlE LVE~ orro CPAOUOE~ OEvtQWV, JtAEYIlEva xcMOta crto CPAOUOE~ ij ~ouQAa, yuaALollEva (VEOALOLXU) JtEtQLvo EQyaAELa. Tu; JtEQLOOOtEQE~ CPOQE~ l] CPWtLU XaL to JtEtQLVO toEXOUQL Eowoav tl] ouvat6tl]ta vo cpttaXtd to 1l0VOl;UAO XaL OE oQLOIlEva IlEQl] ooxuQLa Xat oavLOLa yta to XtLOLIlO OJtLtLWV. OAE~ autE~ tL~ JtQo60ou~ tL~ ~QLOXOWE, YLa JtaQMELYun, ctou; Ivourvo»; tl]~ ~OQELOOUtLxij~ AIlEQLXij~, nou yvwQL~OUY to tOl;o xrn to ~EAO~, 6XL 61lw~ Xat rnv aYYELoJtAaOtLxij. Ito rnv uYQLa xatuotaol] to t61;0 Xat to ~EAO~ rrrov O,tL etVat to OLOEQEVLO oJtaOL YLa tl] ~aQ~aQ6tl]ta XaL to JtUQO~AO 6JtAO YLa tOY JtOAL n01l6: to cnoqxrournxo 6JtAO.

2. BAPBAPOTHTA

1) Katdrteot; {3a()l1ic5a. XQOVOAOYEL tal an6 rnv ELOaywyij tl]~ aYYELoJtAaOtLxij~, nou aJtoOELYIlEva OE JtOAAE~ JtEQLJttWOEL~ XaL JtLOavov ncvrou, YEwijOl]XE uno rnv EJtLXUAUtVl] tWV JtAEYIlEvWV ij I;UALVWV OOXELWV IlE Jtl]AO, YLa v' avtEXOuv orn CPWtLU. fQijyoQa 61lw~ ~Qijxav on 0 cpoQllaQLollEvO~ Jtl]AO~ EI;UJtl]QEtOUOE Xat XWQL~ to WwtEQLXO ayydo.

Q~ EOW unooonocue va OEWQOUIlE rnv JtoQELa tl]~ EI;EALI;l]~ EVtEAW~ YEVLXU, onv JtoQELa EI;EALI;l]~ rtou LOXUEL YLa IlLa OQLOIlEVl] JtEQLOOO yta OAOU~ tOU~ Aaou~, aVEl;uQtl]ta urto toy t6- no, ME rnv EIlCPUVLOl], 6IlW~, tl]~ ~aQ~aQ6tl]ta~ cptUOallE OE iuo j3aOIlLoa, oJtOU EJtL~UAAEtat l] OLacpOQEtLxij CPUOLxij OLa-

-29-

IA-OQCPWOTl tWV DuO IA-EYUAWV TlncLQwv tTle; YTle;. To xaQaxtTlQLOtLXO OTlIA-ELO tTle; nEQLoDou tTle; j3aQj3aQotTltae; d VaL TI ESTlIA-EQWOTI XaL TI EXtQOCPtl ~wwv XaL TI XaA.A.LEQYELa qnrrorv. H evetOA.LXtl tlnELQOe;, 0 A.Ey0IA-EVOe; naA.LOe; XOOIA-Oe;, ELXE 0XEMv oA.a ru xatuUTlAa yta £STlIA-EQWOTl ~Wa XaL oAa rn xaAAL£QYtlOLlA-a dDTI OL tTlQwv, ExtOe; «no Eva. H DUtLXtl tlnELQOe;, TI AIA-EQLXtl, ano xatuA.A.TlA.a YLa ESTlIA-EQWOTl 8T1A.aOtLXU dXE IA-0VUxa to MIA-a, XaL auto nUA.L IA-0VUxa 0' Eva WtllA-a tOU Norou, XaL ono 0- A.a ta XaA.ALEQYtlOLlA-a OLtTlQU IA-0VUxa Eva, aA.AU to XaA.UtEQo: to xaA.alA-nOxL. Autot OL DtaCPOQEtLXOL CPUOLXOL OQOL xovouv uno EDw XaL IA-nQoe; va tQaj3uH 0 nATl8uolA-oC; tOU XU8E TlIA-LocpaiQLOu to (>LXO tOU LDtai tEQO DQOIA-O, XaL ta oQOOTjlA-a tWV DLacpoQwv j3a8IA-Lbwv va dVaL DLacpoQEtLXU OtTjV Xa8ElA-LU uno tLe; Duo JtEQLJttWOELe;.

2) Mwaia{3a(){lic5a. AQXL~EL OtTjV AvatOA.tl IA-E to TjIA-EQwlA-a tWV OLXLaxwv ~wwv, orn dUOTj IA-E rnv xaAALEQYELa notumxorv CPUtwV DLatQOCPtle; XaL IA-E rn XQTjOLIA-0nOLTjOTj nA.Lv8wv (tOUj3AWV sEQalA-EVWV OtOV tlA.LO) XaL nEtQae; YLa XtLQLa.

AQXL~OWE IA-£ tTj dUOTj, ytatL EDw DEV sffiEQUOtTjXf nou8Evu amtl Tj j3a8IA-LDa we; rnv xatuxtl]Ol] tTje; AIA-EQLXtle; «no toue; EUQwnaLOUe;.

~tOue; IVDLUVOUe; tTle; XatwtfQTje; j3a8~LDae; TTje; l3aQj3aQotTltae; (0' amoue; uvrpeouv OAOL 000l j3QE8T1xav avatOA.LXU ano TO Munourn) UntlQXf tOY XaLQO XLOA.ae; nou avaxaAucp8l]xav, xunOLa XTlnouQLXtl IA-E xaA.a~OXL XaL LOWe; IA-E XOA.OXU8La, JtEJtOVta XaL aAAa xTjJtE'UtLxa nou unorexouocv Eva JtOAU ouotoouxo oUOTatlXO TTle; TQOCPtle; roix. Krrroixououv Of SUALvc onL no, OE nEQLCPQaY~Eva XWQLU. OL j30QELODmLXEe; cpUA.Ee;, LDiwe; EXEL VEe; nou XaTOLXOUOav OTTjV nEQLOXtl tou norouo» KoA.ou~nta, I3QLoxovtav oxouc OtTlV avwTEQTI j3a8~LDa TTje; aYQLOtTltac; XaL DEV yvwQL~av OUtE TTIV aYYELonA.aotLxtl, OUtE xavEVOe; ELDOUe; XaA.A.LEQYHa rputeov. AVTL8na, OL IvDLuvOL nov AEYO~VWV nOUE~AOC;1 OtO NEO MEsLXO, OL MEsLxavoL,

1. XaQm("tllQwIlO~ IlLa~ ollaoa~ LV/)LCtVLXWV qJUAWV nou ~ouaav oto NEO MEl;LXO (or«; allIlEQLv£~ VOtLo/)UtLX€~ HVWIlEVE~ nOALtE(E~ xm oro BOQELO MEl;LXO) xm ouvoeovrcv IlEtal;u tOU~ IlE XOLVi) iorootc xm noALtWIlO. 0 0- QO~ uuroc, nou nQoEQXEtm cero rnv wnavLxi) AEl;ll pueblo (Aao~, OLXLOIlO~,

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OL KEvtQoallEQLxavoL xm OL ITEQouf3LaVOL tOY xmQo tlJ£ xctaxtlJOlJ£ ~QLOXOVtaV orn IlEOlJ ~aOIlLba tlJ£ ~aQ~aQ6tlJta£. Kcrotxoaocv OE 03tLtLa a3tO 3tALOLa iJ 3tEtQE£ 3tOU EIlOLatav IlE <pQOUQLa, XaAALEQyouoav to XaAaJ.t3tOXL xm aAAa <paywoLlla <pUta, avaAoya IlE rnv t03tOOWLa xm to xALlla, OE tEXVlJta aQbEUO!lEVOU£ xiJ3tOU£ 3tOU a3totEAOuoav rnv xUQLa 3tlJyiJ roo<PiJ~, xm Elxav !laALo'ta E~lJIlEQWOEL xrn IlEQLxa ~Wa - OL ME~LxavoL to bLavo xm aAAa 3tOUALa, OL ITEQOU~LaVOL to Mila. rVWQLtav oxoun xrn rnv E3tEI;EQyaoLa nov !lEtaAAwv, EXtO£ orto to Oi.bEQO, YL' auto xm tOU£ iJtav axolla aJtaQai.tTjta ta 3tEtQLva 03tAa xm EQyaAEi.a. H L03taVLxiJ xataxtlJoT] EXO'ljlE tore xaOE 3taQa3tEQa mrrovoun ESEALl;lJ.

~tT]V AvatoAiJ, lJ IlEOlJ ~aOIlLba tlJ~ ~aQ~aQotT]ta~ aQXLoE IlE to T]IlEQWl1a twwv 3tOU bLVOUV yaAa xm xQEa~, EVW <paLvEtm 3tW~ nrov ayvwo'ti) T] xaAALEQYELa <pUtWV YLa Eva IlEyaAo bLaOtlJlla autiJ~ tlJ~ 3tEQLObou. To lJ!lEQwlla xm T] EXtQO<piJ tworv xm 0 OXlJllatLO!lO~ IlEyaAwv X03tabLWV <paL vetru 3tW~ EYLvov lJ m tLa va sEXWQLOOUV OL AQLOL xm OL ~lJ!lL tE~ uno rnv u- 3tOAOL3tT] Ilata trov ~aQf3aQwv. Ta ovoucrc rorv ~wwv EL vrn axouc XOLva OtOU~ EUQW3ta(,ou~ xm oroix aOLa'tE~ AQLOU~, rn ovouoro OIlW~ tWV xaAALEQYlJllEvWV qnmov 0XEMv nnvru iJtov bLa<poQEtLxa.

o OXlJ!latLO!lOC; X03taOLWV ooiJYlJoe, 03tOU iJtav XataAATjAO to !lEQO~, OtlJV 3tOL!leVLxiJ twiJ. ~tou£ ~lJIlL tE~, OtL~ 3tEOLUOE£ xru ore AL~aoLa rou EU<pQatT] xm tOU TLYQlJ, croix AQLOU£ ow; mOLUOE~ tWV Ivouov, tOU OI;OU xru tOU Iai;aQtT]i, tOU Ntov xm tOU ~vEi.3tEQOU. ~tL~ aXQE~ nutcov tWV ~OOXOt03tWV 8a 3tQE3tEL va 3tQWtOYLVE to lJl1EQwlla tWV twwv. 'EtOL, OtL£ xntom VE~ YEVLE£ <paL vstru OtL OL 3tOL!lEVLXOL AaOL xatayoV'tm uno 3tEQLOXEC; 3tOU 0XL 1l0VO OEV unooououv va Ei. vrn to ALXVO ton avOQwm YOU YEVOU~, aAM aVtLOEta 3tOU bEY nrov 0XEMv

X!\lQlO), 'tOU<; M8tJxe <mo 'tOU<; wltavou<; Xatax't11'tE<; My!\l 'tOU lllml'tEQOu xaQaX'tr]Q<J. mmov nov OLXW[!WV, nov am ruov nou rrrcv xno[!Eva 'to Eva miv!\l r] /)lltAa ow uno, oov xourexro, xru aJWtfAOuoav Eva a1;f6luAUTO OUVOAO.l:' outu 1;,ouoav [!EXQl xm XLAla6f<; Uv6Q!\lltOL. 0 oQo<; ltOUEf-lltAO XQ110L[!OltOLr]ll11xf xm yw to X!\lQLU mrrdrv tWVQJ1JAWV (Ol1[!. yfQ[!. ouvt.),

1. '01;0<; xm Ia1;uQt11<; Elvm rc aQxala ovouutu torv notoucov t11<; KeVTQlXr]<; AotOl; Auou-Nrcour xrn l:LQ-NtaQLu (Ol1[!. fAA. ouvr.).

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xa80AOU xatoLxilOLfJ,Ee; YLa tOUe; UYQWUe; JtQoyovoue; roue XaL oxouc XaL YLa roix av8Qwrwue; tTle; xatWtEQTle; l)a8fJ,Lbac; tTle; I3aQI3aQOtl)taC;. Anevovttoc, orou; f3aQf3UQOUe; tl)e; fJ,EOl)e; f3a8- fJ,Lbae; rtou ouvil8wav ma OtTlV JtOLfJ,EVLxiI tooil, bEY 8a unoQOVOf, JtOtE va roix JtEQUOEL uno to j,lUaAO, va ;avayuQLOoUV 8EATlj,latLXU uno ne; JtEbLMEe; XaL rc ALf3ubLa tOOV notafJ,wv ore baoTl ozou ~ovoav ot nQ6yovoL roue, MaALOTa XL orov onQWxtTlxav mo f30QLVU XaL mo bunxu, rrrov aMvaTO OtOUe; L1'Jj,li TEe; XaL TOUe; AQwue; va tQal)n;ouv one; bUTLXOaOWTLXEe; XaL ne; EUQooJta'CXEe; baOWbELe; nEQWXEC;, JtQOtov xatoQ8woouv j,lE rnv xaAALEQYELa tOOV <JLt1'JQwv va tQEqJOUV rc ~wa rou; XaL noonrrvnov.vc bLaXELllutouv OE roirro to ALy6tEQO EUVO'Cxo EbaqJOe;. ELVaL nEQLo06tEQO uno m8avo on Ebw TI xaAALEQyua tOOV OL tTlQwv ;EJtnbTlOE nQwta uno rnv avuYXTI tQOqJile; YLa tc ~Wa XaL j,lOVO aQYOtEQa EYLvav rc OL tTlQU ortoubaLa tQoqJi] YLa rou; av8QwJtoue;.

H aVwtEQTI E;EAL;TI nov bUO mmov qJUAWV, tOOV AQLOOV XaL nov LTlIlLtWV, toooe; va OqJELAEtaL OtTlV uqJ80vTl tQoqJi) OE XQEae; XaL YUAa XaL LbLatuQa Ot1'JV EUVO'Cxi) EJtLbQaOTl tOOV tQOqJwv uutrov OTTIV avuntu;TI rrov naLbLwv. IIQaYllanxu, OL IVbLUVOL nouEllnAOe; tOU NEOU ME;LXOV, rtou nEQLoQi~ovtav 0XEMv aJtoXAELOtLXU Ot1'J XOQtoqJayta, EXOUV j,lLXQOTEQO EYXEqJaAo uno roue IVbLUVOUe; tTle; xatWtEQTle; l)a8j,lLbae; TTle; f3aQf3aQotTltae; nou tQWVE JtEQLOOOtEQO xQEae; XaL 'ljJuQLa. Onooobi)noTE, orn f3a8j,ltba ami) E;aqJavLtnaL OLYU-OLYU TI av8QooJtoqJaYLa XaL bLatTlQd tal fJ,6VO ouv 8Q1)OXEUtLXn JtQu;TI i) onv IlEOO j,laYELae;, JtQuYlla nou Ebw d Val nEQLJtou to tbW.

3) Avwu(}'f/ {3a8(liba. AQXL~EL j,lE to ALWOLj,lO LOU OLbTlQOf.,lEtaAAEvllatOe; XaL JtEQVUEL OLOV nOALtLOj,lOIlE tnv EqJEVQEOTI tTle; aAqJal)l)TLXne; YQaqJ1)c; XaL tTl XQTjOLj,lOJtOLTjOn T1'Je; YLa qJLAOAOYLx1) bTlj,lWuQyLa. H 13a81ltba ami] nou, ono»; fLJtaIlE, E;fAtX8TjXf aVf;uQt1'Jta fJ,OVUXa oro avaLOALxo TjllwqJaLQw, EiVaL JtAOUOLOtfQTI Of JtQOObOUe; tTlC; JtaQayooy1)e; aJt' OAfC; lla~L tLC; JtQOTlYOVIlEVEe;. L' auti]v ovnxouv OL 'EAATIVEC; tTle; TjQOOLx1)e; EJtox1)e;, OL LtaALXEe; qJUAEe; ALYO JtQLV uno rnv LbQUOTl tl)e; PWIlTlC;, ot fEQllaVOL ton TUXL rou, OL Noouovoot tTle; EJtOx1)c; tOOV Bi:XLvyxe;.

IIQWta aJt' OAa ouvcvmue Ebw to UQOtQO IlE OL6EQEVW U-

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vI, nou to OEQVOUV sooa XaL nou EXaVE Ouvati] rnv XaAALEQYELa tWV XWQacpLooV OE IlEYUAl] xALllaxa, tl] yewQyia, XaL EnollEvw~ IlLa ouotorrnxc aJtEQLOQLOtl] YLa n~ rote OUVei]XE~ aUI;l]Ol] tWV IlEOWV OLatQOcpi]~. nOU ExaVE ouvnto EJtLOl]~ to I;EXEQOWIla rou ()UOOU~ xru tl] IlEtatQoni] tOU OE XWQucpLa xm AL[3U()La - nQuYlla nUAL rtou i]tav aMvato OE IlEYUAl] xAlllaxa XWQl~ to OL()EQEVLO tOEXOUQL XaL tl] OL()EQEvLa rocno, Masl OIlW~ Il' autu i]QeE XaL l] YQi]yoQl] aUI;l]Ol] tOU nAl]eUOIlOU, l] EYxatuoroon nuxvou nAl]eUOIlOU OE IlLXQO xooQo. KaL nQLV nrto tl] yEwQYla ea EnQEJtE va Elxav naQoUOLaOtEl nOAu El;aLQEtLXE~ ouvei]xE~, YLa va EVWeOUV IlWO EXatOlllluQW UVeQwnOL xutw anollLa XEvtQLXi] ()WlXl]Ol]. 'Ioox; auto va unv ElXE oUIlf3El nore,

Tnv 'U'ljJl]AOtEQl] UVel]Ol] tl]~ avootEQl]~ f3aelll()a~ tl]~ [3aQf3aQotl]ta~ rn [3AEnoWE oro OIll]QLXU Enl], L()lW~ ornv [Aul(ja. EI;EALYIlEva OL()EQEVLa EQyaAEla, to CPUOEQO, 0 XELQOIlUAO~, 0 xEQallLxo~ tQOXo~ (roovo; tOU roouxoxc), l] naQaoxEui] Aa()LOU XaL xQaowu, IlLa EI;EALYIlEVl] EJtEI;EQyaola nov IlEtUAAWV rrou IlEtatQEJtEtaL OE xaAAL tEXVLXi] XELQotEXVla, to allul;L XaL to uQlla, l] vauni]YlJol] IlE ()OxuQLa XaL ocvtoio, OL aQXE~ tl]~ aQXLtEXtOVLxi]~ ocv tEXVl]~, nEQLtELXLOIlEVE~ nOAEL~ IlE nUQyou~ XaL EJtUAI;EL~, to OIll]QLXO Eno~ xm OAOXAl]Ql] l] IlUeOAOYla - auti] Elvm l] xUQLa xAl]QOVOIlLU nou EcpEQav Ilasl tou; OL 'EAAl]VE~ uno tl] [3aQ[3aQotl]ta orov noALtLOIlO. Av OUYXQlVOWE u' autu mv JtEQLYQacpi] rcov aQxalwv I'eoucvorv, uno tOY KaloaQa xat cxoun uno tOY TUXLtO, rrou [3QloXOVtav oru; aQXE~ tl]~ l()La~ [3aelll()a~ tOU nOALtLOlloU, an' ortou OL 'EAAl]VE~ rnv EJtOxi] rou OIli]QOU EtOLIlUsovtav va nEQuoo'UV OE IlLa aVootEQl], rots [3A£noWE tL nAOUto EI;EALI;l]~ tl]~ naQaywyi]~ XAElVEL IlEOa tl]~ l] aVootEQl] [3aelll()a tl]~ [3aQ[3aQOtl]ta~.

H ELXOva tl]~ EI;EALI;l]~ tl]~ aveQwnotl]ta~ cno rnv UYQLa xatUotaOl] xm tl] [3aQf3aQOtl]ta W~ n~ aQXE~ tou nOAL nOIlOU, nou tn OXLaYQucpl]oa E()oo OUIlCPwva IlE tOY Moovxcv, ElVat XLOAa~ aQXEtU nAouma OE vEa XaL, nQUYlla onOU()mOtEQO, a()WCPLAovlXl]ta xaQaxtl]Qwnxu, a()LacpLAOVlXl]ta YLatl ElVaL naQIlEva Ullwa «no rnv naQaywyi]. QOtOOO ea cpaVEl ealll'tTJ XaL cptWXLXi], av tn OUYXQl VOUIlE IlE rnv ELXOva rtou ea I;EtUAL-

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Xtd OtO tEAO~ tTJ~ JtEQLJtMVTJoi)~ J.la~. Movo rote 8a dVaL ()lJvoro va CPWtlOOlJJ.lE OAOJtAElJQa to JtEQa0J.la uno tTJ j3aQ!3aQotTJta OtOV JtOALtL0J.l0 XaL tTJ XtlJJtTJti) aVt(8WTJ tWV ()lJO toix. Fie tTJV wQa J.lJtOQOUJ.lE va YEVLXttjJOWE W~ Esi)~ tTJ ()LalQWTJ OE JtEQLO()OlJ~ nou XUVEL 0 MOQyxav: AYQLa xcrcorcon - d VaL TJ JtEQlO()O~ OJtOlJ EJtLxQatd TJ L()LOJtOlTJOTJ Et0LJ.lWV JtQO'(OVtWV tTJ~ CPUOTJ~, tu tEXVTJtU JtQo'(ovta tou avSQwJtOlJ ElVaL XlJQlW~ j30TJ8TJtLXU EQyaAda YL' ami) tTJV L()LOJtOlTJOTJ. BaQj3aQotTJta

. - d VaL TJ JtEQlO()O~ onou OL UvSQWJtOL aJtOXt0UV tTJV xtTJVOtQocp(a XaL tTJ YEWQYLa XaL J.la8aLVOW J.lE8o()OlJ~ YLa va JtaQuyow JtEQLoOOtEQa CPlJOLXU JtQo'(ovta J.lE tTJV av8QWJtLVlJ ()QaOtTJQLotTJta. IIOALtLOJ.lO~ - ElVaL TJ JtEQlO()O~ onou OL uv8QwJtOL J.la8aLVOlJV va EJtEsEQYU~OVtaL JtaQaJtEQa tu CPlJOLXU nootovrc, JtOlJ J.la8aLVOlJV tTJV xa8amo j3LOJ.lTJxaVla XaL tTJV tEXVlJ.

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o MOQyxav, rtou n£Qao£ 'to !-l£yaAU't£QO !-l£Qot; 'tTJt; ~Wtlt; 'tOU avu!J,wa croix IQox£~ou~ nou xm otl!-l£Qa oxouc £L voi £yxa'tClO'tTJ!-l£VOL O't11v flOAL'tELa 't11t; N£a~ Y oQX11t; xm nou 'tOY uL08£'t110£ !J,La uno 'tL~ q),\)A£~ roix (11 qJUATJ nov L£v£xa), j)QtlX£ vu WXUEt 0' amou~ Eva ouo'tTJ!J,a OUYY£VEta~ nou j)QLOxO'tav O£ av'tLcpao'l') ue 'tL; nQaY!-la'tLx£~ 'tOU~ OLxOY£VEtax£t; OX£O£Lt;. EmxQa'touo£ 0' au'tou~ £xdvo~ 0 £uXOAobLUAU'tO~ XL nrto 'tLt; ouo nA£UQ£~ yU!-lO~, nou 0 Moovxcv ovo!J,ul;Et «l;£uyaQw'ttl OLXOY£V£W». OL anOYOVOL £VO~ rsrotou dbout; OUl;UYLXOU l;£'UyaQLOu tl'tClV AOLnov YVWO'tOL 0' OAO 'tOY xoouo xm avaYVWQLO!J,£VOL an' OAOUt;. ~£V unoooooe vc unuQXEt xa!J,Lu a!J,qJLj)oALa YLa 'tOY noiov £nQ£:Jt£ vn ovo!J,ul;ouv na't£Qa, !J,TJ't£Qa, vto, xOQTJ, a6£QqJo, a6EQCPtl. O!J,w~, TJ nQaY!J,a'tLxtl XQtl0TJ cutrov nov £xCPQuo£wv av'tLqJuox£L 0' mrro. 0 lQOx£l;ot; o£V oVO!J,Ul;£L !J,ovuxa tn OLXU rou nmOLU, aAM xm to nmOLu 'tWV aO£QqJwv 'tOU ywut; xm XOQ£t; rou, XL £X£[ va 'tOY AEV£ na'tfQa. Ta nmOLU 'tWV aO£Qcpubwv rou, av'tLe£'ta, rc /...EEt aVL\lnou~ xm aVL'Iln£~ xm au'tu 'tOY A£VE 8ELo. Avrtorooq«, 11 IQox£l;a, nML ore OLxu 'tT)~ nmoLu, /...EEt ywu~ 't11t; xm XOQEt; 't11~ rc nmOul nov ao£QqJuowv 't11~ xm amu 't11 AEvE !J,l1'tfQa. Tn nm6Lu torv aOEQqJwv 'tT)t;, aV'tLena, r« /...EEL aVL'Ilnou; XL aVL'Ijnf;, XL 11 LOLa A£YE'tm 8da touc, EnLO'l'); ro nmOLU 6uo aO£QqJwv ovouctovro, !J,E'tal;u roix aOEQqJoL xm aOEQcpf;, 'to LOW rc nmOLU 'tWV aO£QCPUOWV. Tu nmbLU, av'tL8na, !J,La; yuvaLxac; xru rc nmOLU tou aOEQcpou 't'l');, ovouctovto, !-lnal;u 'tou; saOEQqJLa xm I;aOEQqJE~. KL amu bEV ELvm anM XEVU ovoucro, aAM EXqJ¢OEt; YLa avnAtl'IjJEL~ rtou nQaY!J,a'tLxu LOXUOUV YLa 'tOY xOV'tLv6 xm 'to !J,axQL vo OUYYEVtl, YLa rnv LOO'tTJ'ta xm rnv uvioorntn 't11C; EI; ai!-la'tOt; OuyyEV£Lac;. Km OL aV'tLAtl'IjJEtC; a'U'tEt; XQ11(Jt!J,EUOUV YLa j)UOTJ Eva; OAO'tEAa mEI;EQyaO!-lEVOU ouornucro; OUYYEVEta;, nou EL vcr O£ 8£0l] va EXqJQU~Et nOAMc; EXa'tOV'tUOEC; OLacpOQE'tLXEC; 0XEOEtC; OUYY£VEtac; EVOC; xm !-lOVO ctouou, Krm naQanuvw. To oUO't'l')!-la mrro OEV LOXUEL !-lOVUxa nEQa YLa J'tEQa 0' OAOUC; rou; IVOLuvouC; 'tTJ; A!J,EQLXtlt; (Wt; 'twQa OEV

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(3QE8TlXE XalUU E~aLQEOTl), aAA.a LOXUEL EJtLOlJ~ 0XEMv ouercj3ATlto otou; nQwto'U~ XatOLXO'U~ tTl~ IvoLa~, oru; OQaf3lolxE~ qJ'UAE~ OtO NtEXUV xrn or«; qJ'UAE~ tWV rxuo'UQa oro Ivoouorcv. Ot EXCPQUOEL~ YW tn O'UYYEVELa tWV VOtlO'LVOWV TaltLA Xal tWV ~EvExa-IQoxE~WV OtTlV lloAltda tTl~ NEa~ YOQXTl~ O'U!tJtLJttO'UV Xal oijltEQa, Yla nnvro uno OWXO<JlE~ OWCPOQEtlXE~ OXEOEL~ O'UyyEVEla~. Kru 0' a'UtE~ EJtLOTl~ tl~ LVOlXEt; CP'UAE~, onw~ Xal 0' oAo'U~ to'U~ Ivoluvo'U~ tTl~ AltEQlXij~, Ol 0XEOEl~ O'UYYEVELa~ nou nlJYu~o'Uv crto tTl OTlltEQl viJ 1t0QCPij tTl~ OLXOYEVELa~ (3QLOXOVtal OE aVtLcpaOTl ItE to ouo'tlJlta O'UYYEVELa~.

nw~ va to E~TlyiJOO'UltE 'twQa curo: ME tOY anocpa<JlOtlXO QOAO rtou naL~EL Tl O'UYYEVELa Yla 'to XOlVWVLXO xa8EO'tW~ 0' 0- AO'U~ roue UYQLO'U~ Xal rou; (3uQ(3aQo'U~ Aaou~, OEV ItnoQEL xuVEL~ va naQaltEQLOEL ItE MYla tTl OTlltaOLa mrrou rou O'UO'tiJunro; nou dVal tOOO nAatlu OWOE00ltEVO. 'Eva ouotTllta, rrou ornv AltEQLxiJ LOXUEl YEVLXU, nou 'UnuQXEL EJtLOTl~ ornv AOLa OE Aaou~ ItLa~ OMtEAa oLacpoQEtlxij~ CP'UAij~, rtou ornv ACPQLXiJ Xal rnv A'UOtQaALa (3QLOXO'UltE AlYO'tEQO ij JtEQLOOO'tEQO naQaAAaYltEvE~ Ucp80VE~ 1t0QCPE~ rou, Eva rstoto OUOtTllta XQELU~EtaL va E~TlYTl8EL lOtOQlXU, OEV !tJtoQEL va to ~EJtEQVUltE ItE ItEQLXU AOYLa, ono»; Myo'U XUQTl nQoonu8Tlo€ va XUVEl 0 Max AEvav' . Ot xaQax'tTlQl0lt0L natEQa~, nalOL, aOEQCPo~, aOEQCPiJ OEV ELVal anAWe; tumnxot tLtAOL, aAA.a CPEQVO'UV lta~L roix tEAELw~ xa80QLOltEV€~, nOAu ooJ3aQE~ altOl(3aLE~ 'UnoXQEWOEl~, nou to OUVOAO 'to'U~ anotEXEL onucvnxo ItEQP~ tlJ~ XOLVWVLXiJC; o'UyxQo'tTlOTlC; «ov Aawv EXE.lVWV. Kru Tl f~ijYlJOlJ (3QE8TlXE. ~ta VTlOlU kUVtO'Ul'tC; (Xa(3ulJ) 'UnijQXE aX0lta 0'W nQwto ItlOO rnnou rou nuovn ItLa 1t0QCPij tTlC; OLXoYEvELa~, rtou

1. 0 'EVYXEA~ XQIlOLI-WltO(IlOE YLa rnv EQyao(a rou to E~rj~ ~L~A(a 'tOU Max Aevcv: Primitive marriage. An inquiry into the origin of the form of capture in maniage ceremonies, EIiLI-$mlQYo 1865, Studies in ancient history comprising a reprint of "Primitive marriage. An inquiry into the origin of the form of capture in marriage ceremonies», Aovotvo 1876. Kma'tIlIiLaQxELa 't1\<; ltQoE'tmfl.<lG(a~ 't1\~ 41\<; ExOOGIl<; tou ~L0A(OU H Iwmywylj T1JC; DtXoyevHac; ... (1892) [.lEAE'tT)OE aVa[!EOa or' aAAa xm n~ VEE~ ExMoEL~ 'tOU 1886 'tOU rsAEUta(ou curou ~L~A(OU 'tOU Max M:vav 0'tO Aovotvo xm 0'tT) NEa YOQXT) (OT)[.l. YEQ[.l. ouvr.).

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dXE UXQLj3<b; tEtOWU; JtUtEQE; xm I!TJtEQE;, U()EQqJOU; xm U()EQqJE;, yLOU; xm XOQE;, 8dou; xm 8ELE;, UVL'IlJLOU; xm UVL'lInE;, oJtoo; tOU; uJtmtEL to UI!EQLxavLxo-JtuAmo·LV()LXO ouornuc OUyyEVELU;. Me tL JtEQLEQYO! To OUOtTJI!U OUYYEVELU; nou LOXUE OtTJ Xu~aTJ JtaAL ()EV UVtUJtOXQLVOtUV OtTJ 1!0QqJiJ tT]; OLXOYEVELU; rtou UJtiJQXE JtQUYI!UtLxa exsi, Exet, ()TJAU()iJ, OAU tc Jtm()La U()EQqJooV xm u()EQqJMoov d vet XooQL; E1;uLQEOTJ U()EQqJOL xm U()EQqJE; xm 8EooQoUVtm xOLva Jtm()La, 0XL I!Ovaxu tT]; I!TJtEQU; tOU; xm nov u()EQqJMoov tTJ; iJ tOU JtatEQU rou; xm trov U()EQqJooV tOU, uAAa Jtm()La OAooV nov U(lkQqJoov xru nov u()EQqJMoov torv YOVLooV roue XooQL; XUI!La ()LaxQWTJ. Av AOLJtOV to UI!EQLXUVLXO OUOtTJI!U OUYYEVELU; JtQOUJt08EtEL I!LU mo JtQootoyOVTJ 1!0QqJiJ OLXOYEVELU; rtou ()EV uJtaQXEL me OtTJV AI!EQLXiJ, nou Ol!oo; tTJ ~QLOXOUI!E JtQuwutLxa UXOI!U OtT] X~TJ, rots UJtO tTJV aAATJ JtAEuQa to OUOtTJI!U OUYYEVELu; tTJ; Xu~aTJ; I!U; JtUQUJtEI!JtEL OE I!LU UXOI!U mo JtQootoyOVTJ 1!0QqJiJ OLXOYEVELa;, rtou ()EV 1!Jt0QOUI!E ~E~mu Jtou8Eva JtLU VU UJtO()EL1;ouI!E OtL uJtaQXEL, nou Ol!oo; Jr(}fJrt:t vc EXEL uJtaQ- 1;EL, YLatL UAALoo; ()EV 8u I!JtOQOUOE VU EXEL ()TJI!LOuQYTJ8d to UVtLOtOLXO OUOtTJI!U OUyyEVELU;.

«H OLXOYEVELU», AEEL 0 MOQYxuv, «etvci 10 EVEQYO oroiXELO, ()EV dvm JtOtE OtaOLI!TJ, una JtQoxooQaEL altOI!LU XatootEQTJ OE I!LU UvootEQTJ 1!0QqJiJ, OtO ~u81!0 Jtou TJ XOLVooVLU E1;EALOOEtm «no I!LU XUtootEQTJ OE I!La uVootEQTJ {)U8I!L()U. Tc ouOtiJl!UtU OUYYEVELU;, uvtL8Etu, dvm Jtu8TJtLxa. Movaxu OE I!EyaAu ()LuOtiJl!atu xutuYQaqJouv tL; JtQOO()OU; nou EXUVE TJ OLXOYEVELU OtO JtEQUOI!U rou XQovou, xm uAAal;ouv QLl;Lxa tore I!Ovaxu, orcv EXEL UAM1;EL QLl;Lxa TJ OLXOyEVELU.»

«Kru», JtQ008EtEt 0 MUQ1;, «to L()W OUI!{3UL VEL I!E tn JtOALtLxa, ro VOI!LXa, rc 8QTJOXEUtLXa, rc qJLAOOOqJLxa ouOtiJl!utU YEVLxa.» Evr» TJ OLXOYEVELU l;EL xrn E1;EALOOEtm, to OUOtTJI!U OUYYEVELa£ cnocteorverm, XL EVoo to OUOtTJI!U OUYYEVELU£ E- 1;UXOAou8EL VU uJtaQXEL I!E tTl MVUI!TJ tTJ£ ouvit8ELu;, TJ OLXOYEVELU uvuJttuooEtm xm 1;EqJEUYEL cno to JtAuLOLa rou, ME rnv L()LU OL youQLa, ouox, nou 0 KWU{3LE I!JtOQEOE VU OUI!JtEQaVEL coto ro l!uQOLmu oorc EVO; OXEAEtOU rtou {)QE8TJXE xovrc OtO IIuQLOL, OtL uuta uvitxuv 0' EVU I!UQOLJtOqJOQO l;ooo xm 0- tL Exd l;ououv xaJtOtE I!UQOLJtOqJOQU nou EXOUV mo E1;uqJUVL-

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oret, ue tnv Ltna OLYOVQLU IlrroQoull£ vo oVllrr£Quvovll£ cno Eva LOtOQLXCt xAlJQOVOlllJllEVO OUOtlJIla OVYYEVELa~ on EXEL urrCtQI;EL lJ aVtLOtOLXi) rou 1l0QCPi) OLXOYEVELW; nou EXEL run £I;aqxrvurrel,

To OVOti)llata OVYYEVELa~ XaL OL 1l0QCPE~ tlJ~ OLxoYEvHa~, rtou IlOAL~ avacpEQall£, oLacpEQouv uno tu OVOti)llata XaL n~ 1l0QCPE~ rtou £rtLxQatouv tWQa oro OtL xuS£ rraLOL EXH rroAAOu~ rratEQ£~ XaL rroAAE~ IllJtEQ£~. LtO all£QLxavLxo OUOtlJIla OVYYEvHa~ nou 0' auto avtLOtOLXEL lJ OLxoYEVELa tlJ~ Xa~CtlJe;, o aOEQCPo~ XaL lJ aO£Qcpi) oev IlrroQouv va £L Val rratEQa~ XaL IllJtEQa rou [owv rraLowu, to OUOtlJIla OVYYEv£La~ OIlW~ trt~ Xa~CtlJe; rrQourroSEtEL IlLa OLXoYEv£La onou auto, aVtLS£ta, anorexouoe tOY xovovc. Metcqeoouoore £ow oe Ilw OELQu ano OLxoY£VELaXE~ 1l0QCPE~ rtou aVtLcpCtOXOVv oueoc one; 1l0QcpEe; nou we; tWQa S£wQouoallE ovvi)Swe; on LOXUOVV arroxAELonxo, H rratQorraQCtootlJ avtLAlJ'Pll YVWQL~EL 1l0VCtxa tn 1l0- vovcutc XaL, rrAuL 0' ami), tT]V rroAvyallLa fv6~ cvro«, to rroAu-rroAu axolla XaL rnv rroAvavoQLa IlLae; yuvaLxae;, XaL axoouonc £OW, orrw~ aQIlO~EL orov nSLxoA6yo cpLALOtaLo, on lJ rrQul;T] OLWrrT]Qu, Ila av£voXAT]ta, I;Ert£QVU£L tu oQLa autCt rrou ~U~EL lJ ErtLOlJllT] xorvcovto, H Il£A£tT] tT]e; rrQo'LOtoQLae;, oxrro- 00, Ilae; rraQovOLCt~£L xataotuoEL~, onou OL UVtQ£~ ~ouv O£ rroAvyallLa XaL OL yuvab,£~ rou; oUYXQova OE rroAvavoQLa, XaL YL' auto to XOLva rraLOLU tn SEWQOUV OtL ovnxouv 0' 0- AOv~ ano XOL YOU, xataotaoEL~ nou XL avtt~ Il£ tll oELQa rou; neovove orro IlLa oA6xAllQlJ oELQa aAAaYEe;, worrov va oLaAvBouv t£ALxu IlEoa OtlJ uovovcuto. Aure; OL aAAaYE~ dVaL tEtOLOV £LOOVe;, nou 0 xuxAoe; rtou rrEQLAall~CtVEL 0 XOLVO~ yalli)ALo~ OWlloe; XaL nou aQXLxCt i)tav rroAu EVQU~, Ot£v£UEL 01.0 XaL rtEQLOOOt£Qo, worrov oro tEAOe; acpi)vEL 1l0VCtxa to utotuxo ~£VYCtQL, nou ErtLxQatd oi)Il£Qa.

ArroxaSLOtwVtW; Il' auto toy roono O£ cvuorooon tCtI;T] mv LOtoQLa tlJe; OLXOYEV£We;, 0 Moovxov, O£ OVIlCPwvLa IlE rnv rrAELovotrtta tWV ovvaoEAcpwv tOU, xataAi)YEL oro OV!lJtEQaoun on vrri)QI;£ IlLa rrQWtoyoVll xcrcoroxm, onou usoo oe uio CPVAi) ErtLxQatOUOav o£l;ovaALxE~ 0XEOELe; XWQL~ xavEva neQLOQLOIlO, EtOL rtou xaS£ yvvaLxa avilx£ OE xaS£ uvtQa XaL £rrLOrte; xaS£ CtvtQa~ O£ XCtSE yuvaLxa. Ito IlLa retoio rrQwtoyo-

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Vll 'XutUotUOll IlLAUVE 'XLOAUC; UJtO tOY JtEQUOIlEVO uuovo, UAAU 1l0VO IlE YEVL'XEC; q:JQUOELC;. Iloorro; 0 MJtUXOq:JEV, 'Xm JtQO'XELtm YLU IlLU UJtO ttC; IlEYUAUtEQEC; UJtllQWLEC; nou JtQOOq:JEQE, rnv J'tllQE OtU oof}uQu 'Xm t;;r']tllOE vo f}QEL LXVll UUtr]C; tllC; 'XatUorconc one; WtOQL'XEC; 'Xm 8QllO'XEUtt'XfC; JtuQuMoELC;. I 3fQOUIlE OllllEQU ott to LXV'll nou f}Qtl'XE 6EV lluC; 06llYOUV 'XU80AOU OE !J,LU 'XOL VWVL'Xtl f)U81lL6u OE~OUUAL'XWV 0XfOEWV XWQLC; xovovc, UAAU OE IlLU JtOAU JtLO 'XUtOJtLVtl!J,oQq:Jtl, orov 0!J,U6L'X0 YU!J,o. E'XEL vn n JtQWtoyovll f)U8!J,L6u tllC; 'XOL VWVLUC;, UV UJttlQ~E JtQuY!J,Utt'Xu, UVtl'XEL OE !J,LU rooo JtUALU mOXtl nou MO'XOAU !J,JtOQOU!J,E VU JtEQL!J,fVOWE ott 8u f}QOU!J,E aueoe; UJtO()€LsELe; YLU rnv uJtuQStl tllC; oro JtUQEA80v, OE 'XOLVWVL'XU UJtOAL8w!J,uro 'Xm OE 'XU8UOtEQl]llfVOUC; UYQLOUC;. H USLU tOU MJtUX0q:JEV ELvm U'XQLf)wC; OtL f8wE to JtQOf}Al]!J,U mrro OtO JtQoo'XtlVLO tllC; fQEUVUC;.2

TEAEmuLu EYLVE tllC; !J,06uC; v' uQvouvtm rnv UQXL'Xtl UUttl f)u81ltDU Tl]C; OESOUUAL'XtlC; ~wiJe; TWV uv8QwJtwv. efAOUV v' uJtuAM~ouv rnv uv8QwJtOtlltU UJt' uuttl rnv «vroonn». Kru EJtL'XuAouvtm !J,UALOtU, E'XtOe; uno rnv EAAELtVl] 'XU8E U!J,Wlle; uJtODELSlle;, LDLWe; to JtuQ<i6EL WU rou UJtOAOLJtOU ~WL'XOU 'XOouou, AJt' uutov 0 Aerouovo (L 'evolution du manage et de 18 temille, 1888) OUY'XEVtQWOE JtOAuuQL81lu YEYOVOtU, nou oU!J,-

1. BAEJtE Bachofen, Das Mutterrecht. Eine Untersuchung iiber die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religibsen und rechtlichen Netur, kl0U1YUQIiT] 1861 (0T]1l. yEQIl. ouvr.).

2.0600 J.iyo 0 MJtUxocpEvxmaMI3aLVE u EiXE avaxaAlr\jlEL i] IlUAAOVn EiXE llavtE\jlEL, 10 aJtoliEixvEL 10 YEYov6r; on xaQaxlT]Qi~EL aUli] IT]V JtQw16- YOVT] xrrmotnon oav fTat(JtaI10. OL 'EAA T]VEr;, orcv ELOi]yayav IT] AEl;T] EWLQL- 01l6r;, evvoouocv 11' aUli]v nr; 0XEOELr; «vtocrv ovuncvtorov i] aV1Qwv nou ~ouoav OE uovovcuic IlE avuJtavlQEr; yuvaLXEr;. 0 ElaLQLOIl6r; JtQouJtoBhEL mrvrc IlLa OQLOIlEVT] 1-10QCPi] YUIlOU, rtou El;w aJt' aU16v UJtUQXEL aUli] T] OXEOT] XaL JtEQLXAELVEL xL6Aar;, 1OUACtXLOlOV oav IiUVa161T]W, tT]V noovetc. ME UAAT] EWOLa IiEV XQT]OLlloJtOLi]BT]xE JtOtE T] Ml;T], XaL 1-1' ami] tnv evvoio rn IlEtaXELQi~OllaL XL EYW Ila~i IlE lOV M6Qyxav. TLr; El;aLQEnxu oJtouliaiEr; avaxaAU\jlELr; tOU MJtUXOCPEV nr; IlUotLXOJtOLOUv ncvtou cntctenrc, l;EXLvwvtar; cero tT]V aUlaltCtlT] 1OU, on OL LOtOQLXCt 1iT]IlLOUQYT]IlEVEr; 0XEOELC; aVCtIlEOa otov Uvroc XaL rn yuvaLxa JtT]yU~01JV cno r«; XUBE cpoQ<l BQT]OXEUnXEr; JtaQa01UOELr; tWV aveQwJtwv XaL 6XL cno rc; JtQaYllatLXEr; oUv8ilxEr; IT]r; ~wi]r; roix (0T]1l. tOU 'EVYXEAr;).

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qxovc !L' aUtu XL Ebw EJtLOlJe; OL oAwobLOAOU XWQLe; xavovo OE;ouaALXEe; oXEone; JtQEJtn V' aV'rlXOUV OE !LLa xatWtEQlJ j3a8!LLba. AJt' 6Aa O!LWe; aU"tu tc YEyov6'ta !LJ'tOQW va (3YUAW !LOVUxa to OU!LJtEQaO!La OtL bEY aJtobdxvouv aJtOAUtwe; tLnote yw tOY uv8QwJto XaL ne; JtQWtOYOVEe; ouv8itxEe; ~wite; tOU. Ta ~EuyaQW!Lata YLa XU!LJtooo XQOVLXO OLuotlJ!La oro OJtOVOUAWtU E;lJYOUVtaL aQXEtU crro qJUOLOAOYLXU aL tic, yw JtaQa6nY!La oro JtOUALU cno tnv avuYXlJ [30it8ELW; JtOU EXEL to 8T1AUXO toy XaLQO JtOU XAWOOUEL. Ta JtaQabELYllata motite; 1l0voya!LLae; JtOU [3AEJtOU!LE OE JtOUALCL, OEV aJtoodxvouv tLJtOta YLa toix av8QwJtoue;, IlLa XaL OEV xatuyoVtaL uno to JtOUALU. KL av lJ aUOtTlQit uovovcquo ELVaL to cnoxoooqxouc XU8E aQEtite;, rots to j3Qaj3do avitxEL OtTlV rowtc, not: OE xo- 8EIlLU uno ne; 50-200 JtQOYAwttLbEe; tTle; it tllitllata rou xOQ!LLOU tTle;, tXEL Evav JtAitQlJ 8T1AUXO XaL cooevixo YEVVlJtLXO IllJxaVLO!LO xm JtEQvaEL OAlJ "[lJe; 'tlJ ~wit ouvOUOLa~OI1EVlJ IlE'tOV eouro tTle; oro xa8Eva cno tc 'tllitllata 'tTle;. Av ltEQLOQWtoUIlE OIlWe; otn 8T1Aaonxa, (3QLOXOUllE OAEe; 'tLe; !LOQqJEe; tlJe; YEVEtitowe; ~W'rle;: LXEOELe; XWQLe; xovevc xovovo, OTlIlUOLa tou 0- llabLxou yallou, JtOAuyallLa, uovovoutc. AELJtEL Ilovaxa lJ JtOA uavbQLa, autit Ilovaxa OL av8QwJtoL unooouocv va tn OlJIlLOUQyitoouv. Axoun XaL OL mo xovnvot Ilae; oUYYEvde;, OL 'tEtQUX£LQEe;, Ilae; bELXvOUV OAEe; ne; bUvatEe; JtOLXLALEe; OtO ~EuyaQwlla rou aQoEvLxOU XaL rou 8lJAUXOU. KL av xaQa;ouIlE oxouc crevoteoo oQLa XaL JtaQatlJQitoOU!L£ 1l0VO roue 'tEoo£QLe; av8QwJt0IlOQqJoUe; JtL8lJxoue;, tors 0 AEtouQvO;EQEL !Lovaxa va Ilae; JtEL O'tL nore ELVaL 1l0voya1lLXOL, nors JtOAUyallLxOL, EVWO LOOLQ, xata toy ZLQo-TEAOV, uJtOOtT)QL~n OtL £L Val !Lovoya!LLxoL 1 Axou« XaL OL vEOL WXUQLO!LO( nou oLa'tuJtWOE 0 Bto'tEQllaQx (The history of human marriage, AOVOL vo 1891), OtL EmxQa'tEL TI uovovoutc OtOUe; av8QwJtof-l,oQqJoue; m8'rlxoue;, OEV aJtOtEAOUV xa80Aou aJtobEL;ne;. KoVtOAOYLe;, OL JtAT)QOqJOQLEe; etvru tEtOLEe; nou 0 tLIlLOe; AEtoUQVO Of-l,OAOYEL: «AnWOtE, oro 8T)AaO'tLxa bEV UJtaQXEL Xaf-l,La auotlJQ'rl

1. 0 ZLQa- TEAOV avacjJEQ€L autl\ rn i)l\AUlOl] tOU ~ooLQ OtO j3L{:1ALo ton Les origines du mariage et de fa famille, rEVEUl] xm I1aQLoL 1884, OEA. XV (onp; YEQJl.OUvt.).

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0XE011 aVUIlEOa 0'(0 ~a81l0 t11e; JtVEUllatLXiJe; avumul;l1e; xm t11 IlOQCPiJ t11e; OEI;OUUALXiJe; 0XE011e;.» I KL 0 Eom VUe; (Des societes animaJes, 1877) AEH aVOLxtu: «H aYEA11 dvm 11 aVWtEQ11 XOLVOOVLXiJ ollMa, rtou IlJtOQOUIlE vn JtaQat11QiJooUllE ow ~wa. cI>aiverat Jtooe; aJtOtEAdtm orro OLXOYEVHEe;, OOOtOOO ono rnv aQxiJ xLoAae; f3Qiaxovrat at: avtavowiouo TJ OLXOYEVt:ta Xat TJ ayf)"TJ, uvosrruooovtru cvnotooqxo; avuAoya.»2

'OJtooe; odxvouv tu JtaQanuvoo, OEV I;EQOUIlE 0XEMv tLJtOrc to OUYXEXQLIlEVO yw ne; OLxoYEvHaxEe; xru tLe; UAAEe; XOLVOOVLXEe; OIlMEe; ttov av8QooJtollOQCPOOV m8iJxoov. OL JtA11QOcpOQLEe; cvnqxioxouv ullEOa IlEtal;U tOue;. KL auto OEV dvm JtEQLEQYO. Ilooo EL vet aVtLcpanxEe;, nooo XQHU~Etm vc EAEYX80uv xm vn XOOXLVLOt0UV xQLnxu oxouo xm OL JtA11QoCPOQLEe; Jtou' EXOUIlE YLa UYQLEe; cpUAEe; nov av8QwJtoov! AAA.a cxoIla JtLO MOXOAO xm uno ne; av8QwmvEe; xmvOOVLEe; dvm vc JtaQat11QiJooullE ne; XOL VOOVLEe; torv m8iJxoov. rLa t11V wQa Amrtov JtQEJtH vc anoQQL'ljJouIlE XU8E OU!lJtEQaolla uno tEtOLEe; aJtoAuta aval;LomOtEe; Ex8EOELe;.

A vtL8Eta, 11 <PQU011 tOU Eorn vue; rtou avacpEQallE Ilae; nooOCPEQH xaAUtEQ11 ~U011. H aYEA11 xm 11 OLxoYEvHa ore aVWtEQa ~wa OEV OUIlJtA11QWVOUV 11 IlLa t11V UAA11, aAA.a aJtotEAoUv avn8EOHe;. 0 Eomvc; avacpEQH JtOAU OOQaLa Jtooe; 11 ~iJAW trov aQoEvLxWV tOV XaLQo tau oovcouou xaAaQwvEL iJ OLaAUEL JtQOOOOQLVU XU8E XOLVOOVLXO OEOIlO Ot11V ayEA11.

«EXEL onou 11 OLxoYEVELa ELVaL 0CPLXtOOEIlEV11, IlOVO OE OJtUVLEe; El;mQEOELe; oX11llatL~OvtaL ayEAEe;. AVtL8Eta, Exd 0- rtou xUQLaQXouv EAEU8EQEe; oEl;ouaALXEe; 0XEOHe; iJ JtoAuyauto, cvcmuooerct 0XEMv «uroucrc 11 ayEA11 ... Itc v' eveJttUX8EL Ilw aYEA11, JtQEJtH vc EXOUV xaAaQwoH OL OLXOYEVHcxot OEOIlOL xm to Ut01l0 vo EXEL l;avaYLVEL EAEU8EQO. I'r' auto ~QLOXOUIlE rooo oJtuvw oQyavOOIlEva olliJv11 ow JtOUALU ... Lta 811AaOtLXu, avtL8Eta, ~QLOXOUIlE xuJtooe; oQyavOOIlEVEe;

I. Ch. Letourneau, L 'evolution du mariage et de /a famil/e, TIaQLOt 1884, oEA. 41 (Oll~. yEQ~. OUVT.).

2.0 'EvyxEAe:; avmpEQEt TIlV ltEQtX01tTl TOU EoJttvue:; ou~cpwva ~E TO j'ltj'lHo lOU ZtQ6- TEAOV, oEA. 518, OltOU ltEQtEXEtat onv ltaQuQTIl~a Eva xouu«n aUtlle:; Tile:; ~EMtlle:; (onp; yEQ~. OUVT.).

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XOLVWVlE~, aXQLj3d>~ YLa'tl EOd> 'to orouo OEV OLaAVE'tm ueoc O'tTJV OLxoyEVELa ... To al08TJj..la 'tTJ~ xoivornrcc; 'tTJC; aYEA1']C; O'tTJ YEvWi) ron OEV 1ffi0QEL AOLJtOV va EXH UAAOV rno j..lEyUAO EX8Qo uno 'to al081']j..la 't1']~ xorvorntce; 't1']C; OLxoyEvHac;. AC; j..lTJ OLo'tUOOUj..lE va 'to JtOVj..lE: av avamVx8TJXE uic XOLVwvLXi) uoocpi) awimQTJ aJto rnv OLxoYEvHa, a1JTOlffioQWE va y£ VEL j..lOVUxa YLa'tL aJtoQQ0<P1']OE OLXOYEVHEC; nou dxav unooret iuo QL1;Lxi) aUayi), JtQuYj..la nou aXQLj3wc; YL' mrto OEV aJtoxAdH OL OLXOYEV€LEC; au'tEC; vo j3Qi)xav aQyonQa 't1'] ouvcrotntc va ouyxQo'tTJ80vv t;avu j..lEOa 010 uJtHQa mo EUVO·lXEC; OUV8i)XEC;.» (Eomvuc;, i.e., ava<pEQE'tm uno 'toy ZLQo-TEA.6v, Origines du mariage et de 1a famille, 1884, OEA. 518-20).

AJt' amu <paLVE'tm on OL XOLVWVLEC; torv 1;wwv EXOUV j3Ej3ma xuJtow at;La, orov JtQOXH'tm va j3yUAOUj..lE OUj..lJtEQUOj..latc YLa nc; av8QwmVEC; XOLVWVLE~ - aAA.a j..lovUxa aQV1']'tLxi). To avw'tEQo oJtovouAw'to1;wo yvwQL1;H, aJt' o.n t;EQOUj..lE, uovuxa ouo j..lOQ<PEC; OLxoYEvHa~: 'tTJV JtoAuyaj..lLa xm 'to orouixo 1;EuyuQWj..la. Kru on~ ouo Em'tQEJtE'tm j..lovuXa tva Evi)ALxO aQoEvLxO, j..lOVUXa tva~ov1;uyoc;. H 1;r)AW 'tOU aQOEVLXOV, WU'toXQova OWj..lOC; xm <PQayj..lo~ 't1']C; OLXOYEVHac;, <PEQVH 'tTJV OLXOYEVHa 'twv1;wwv 010 av't(8WTJ us 't1']V ayEATJ. ME 'tTJ 1;i)ALa 'tOU aQOEVLXOV, TJ aYEATJ, TJ avw'tEQl) j..lOQ<Pi) XOLVWVLxo'tl)'tac;, aAAOV YLVE'tm aMva'tl), aUov xaAaQwvH r) OLaAvE'taL rnv enoxi) 'tOU oovoouo», xm O'tTJV xaA V'tEQl) Jt€QLJt'tWOl) EIlJt00l1;EWL 1'] JtaQaJtEQa Et;EALt;r) 'tTJC;. Auto xm uovo <p'tUVEL YLa v' aJtoodt;H on TJ OLxoYEvHa torv 1;wwv xm l) av8Qwm vTJ JtQw'toYOVl) XOL vorvtc d vrn JtQuYj..la'ta aOUj..lj3Lj3ao'ta, on OL JtQW'toyovOL uV8QWJtOL nou JtQooJta80vv va j3youv uno 'tTJ 1;wwOTJ xcrccreon EL'tE OEV yvwQL1;av xa80Aou OLxoYEvHa, i) 'to JtOAV-JtOAV dxav j..lLa OLxoYEvHa rtou OEV uJtuQXH orn 1;wa. 'Eva rooo UOJtAO 1;wo, oJtWC; 0 OWj..loQ<PWVOj..lEVOC; uv8QwJtoC;, ea unoQOVOE LOWe; va rc j3YUAEL JtEQa 010 j..lLXQO aQL8j..l0, axoj..la xm ornv cnouovoxm rtou TJ avw'ta'tr) 'tTJC; XOLVWVLxo'tTJ'ta etvru to a'toj..lLxo1;EuyuQWj..la, oov rnrro rtou aJtoOLOH 0 BEO'tEQj..laQx oro YOQLAa xm 'to XLj..lJta't1;r), oVj..l<pwva ue JtATJQO<pOQlEC; nou JtQOEQXOV'taL ana xuvTJyove;. I'io va j3YH 0 uv8QwJtoC; ornv 10- t;EALt;r) rou uno 'tTJ 1;wwoTJ xcrcorcon, yw va XUVH tn j..lEyaAv'tEQTJ JtQoooo nou EXH va JtaQouoLuOH l) <pVOTJ, XQHa1;o'tav E-

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vo naQanEQa OtOLXElO: XQELal;otav v' avtLxataotlloEL rnv ) Ef,,,AHtjJTJ tTJ<; afluvnxi!<; LxaVOtTJta<; rou orouou flE rnv EVWflE- ) vTJ Mvaflll xm ouveovcotc tTJ<; ayEAll<;. Ano ouvSiJXE<; onv XL autE<; onou l;ouv oiJflEQa OL avSQwnoflOQqJOL nWllXOL, Sa iJtav OMtEAa aVE;iJYTJtO to nEQaOfla ornv XataOtaOll rou avSQwrtou, OL nL8llxOL curot bLVOUV nEQLOOotEQO mv EvtUnWOTl on ELvm naQaOtQatllflEVE<; nMYLE<; YQaflflE<;, nou mya-oLya E;aqJavLl;ovtm xm nou onwobiJnOtE [3Qloxovtm OE naQaxfliJ. Auto Ilovaxa aQxEL YLa vc anoQQL'ljJOUIlE xaSE oUllnEQaolla naQaAAllALollOU trov IlOQqJWV tTJ<; bLXiJ<; roix OLxoYEVELa<; IlE tL<; IlOQqJE<; OLxoYEVELa<; tWV nQwtoyovwv avSQwnwv. H u- f. lloL[3aLa AOLnov avoxiJ nov EviJALxwv aQoEvLxWV xm TJ anaAAayiJ rou; uno tTl l;iJALCl iJtav 0 nQwto<; ooo; yLCl vc oX'rtllatLOtOUV tEtOLE<; IlEyaA UtEQE<; xm bLClQXEOtEQE<; OllabE<;, onou Ilovaxa unooouce vu YlVEL TJ E;avSQwmoll tOU l;wou. Km nQaYllatLXa, u [3QlOXOUIlE oov tnv rno naALa, aQXLxiJ IlOQqJiJ tll<; OLXOYEVELCl<; nou unooouue abLa'ljJEUOta vo rnv cnooetSOUllE IlE rnv torooto, xru rtou oiJllEQa cxouo IlnoQoullE vn tll IlEAEti!ooUllE Ebw XL EXEl; Tov 0llaOLxo yallo, tll IlOQqJiJ onou ( OMXAllQE<; ollabE<; cno avtQE<; xm OMXAllQE<; o!J,abE<; uno yu- ) valxE<; XatEXoUV a!J,OL[3ala II IlLa mv aAAll xm nou aqJiJvEL no- ) AU ALYO roao YLCll;iJALa. KL axo!J,a [3QlOXOWE 010 xntomvn [3aSfliba ESEALS7J<; oov E;aiQwTJ tTJ IlOQqJiJ t7J<; nOA uavoQia<;, nou xtuna nEQLOOOtEQO xatall0utQa oAa tn m08iJIlata t7JC; l;iJALac; xm YL' auto El vet ayvwot7J oto l;wa. OL yvWOtEC; OflWC;

0' E!J,ac; flOQqJEC; 0llabLxou yallou ouvooenovrci uno rooo LbLolloQqJa IlltEQbEIlEVOUC; ooouc nou avayxaotLxa Ilac; ncoonEflnouv 010 naALOtEQEC;, anAOuOtEQEC; flOQqJEC; tWV oESouaALxwv 0XEOEWV xm EtOL, 010 tEALXiJ avaA U07J, 010 IlLa ltEQLobo 0XEOEWV XWQlC; xcvevo xcvovc nou aVtLOtOLXEL ow nEQaofla ano rnv xorcorcon tOU l;wou OtTJV xcrcorcon tOU avSQwnou. I'i.' auto OL naQanollnEC; croix yaflouc; tWV l;wwv Ilac; savaqJEQVOUV aXQL[3wc; ow OllllELO an' onou flLa xm xaAiJ EnQEJtE vc fla<; anotQa[3iJl;ouv.

TL Sa net, 0IlWC;, oE;ouaALxEC; 0XEOELC; XWQLC; xovovo; Sa nEL on OEV ioxuav tote OL anaYOQEUtLXOL qJQaYflol rtou LOXUouv tWQa iJ nou loxuav 010 nQOTlyoullEVll EJtOxiJ. To qJQaYllo tllC; l;i!ALac; tOV El&aflE xLoAa<; vn nEqJtEL. Av unaQXEL xatL to

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~t~aw, ELVaL on l] (;'tlALa ELVaL tva aL08l]lla rtou avan't1.lx8l]XE OXEnxu aQYu. To L6LO LOX1.lH XaL yta rnv av'tLAl]'ljJl] 'tl]~ aLIlO'.IHI;La~. 'OXL Ilovuxa 0 a6EQCPo~ XaL l] a6EQCPtl rrrov aQXtxu uv'tQa~ XaL yuvaLxa IlEtal;1.l roue, aAAa XaL ot oEl;ollaAtxt~ oxtow; «voueoc 010 yOVEL~ XaL ltaL6tu EltL'tQtltOv'taL oxouo XaL OtlllEQa 010 ltOAA01.l~ Aa01.l~. 0 MltuvxQocpt (The native races of the Pacific States of North America, 1875, 'toil. 1) 'to f3Ef3aLWVEl rnrro yw rou; Kaf3tu't rou BEQLYYELOll IIoQ81l01.l, rou; Kavnnx 'tl]~ AAaoxa~ XaL rou; Tt VE~ ton EOWtEQtX01.l 'tl]~ f3QE'taVLXtl~ BOQHa~ AIlEQtXtl~. 0 AE'tOllQVO 6LVEt ltAl]QOCPOQLE~ yta to L6w YEYOVO~ yta toix Iv6tuvoll~ TOlltE(3t, roix K01.lXOll 'tl]~ XLAtlC;, tou; KaQaT(3E~, toix KUQEV 'tl]~ Iv60xLva~, YLa va unv avacptQollllE YLa 'tL~ acpl]ytlOEt~ torv aQxaLwv Entlvwv xrn Prounkov yta 'tOll~ IIuQ80ll~, 'tOll~ IItQOE~, tou; Lx1.l8E~, roix 01.lVOll~ XAlt. IIQo't01.l ElttVOl]8EL l] aLllOIlHI;La (XaL eivai emVOl]Ol] XaL IlUAto'ta ltOAlJ'ttIlO'taLl]), OL oEl;ollaAtxt~ OXtOH~ avUIlEOa 010 yOVEL~ XaL ltaL6tu 6EV IlltOQ01.l0E va ELVaL mo cnoXQOllO'ttxtC; an' o.u ELVat avullEOa 010 uAAa ltQoowlta nou UVtlXOUV 010 6tUCPOQE'tLXt~ YEVLtC;, Xat mrro ollll(3al VH OtlllEQa Xat OtLC; mo cptALO'ta·Lxtc; XWQE~, XWQlC; va ltQoxaAEL IlEyUAl] CPQlXl]. Axouo xru «YEQOV'tOXOQE~» ltUVW uno ro 60, ltav'tQE1.lovtm XUltOtE, orcv ElVat aQXE'tU ltA01.lOlEC;, veoix UV'tQEC;, tQWvtUQl]6E~. A v uCPaLQtoollllE OIlW~ alto ttC; mo ltQwtoyoVE~ 1l0QCPtC; tl]C; OlxoytvHac; rtou YVWQl(;,OllIlE tt~ ltaQaO'tuoH~ yw aLllOIlEtl;la rtou ouvoeovtrn IlU(;,L roue -ltuQao'tuOEt~ nou EL Val oAO'tEAa 6tacpoQE'tLxtC; alto 'ttC; 6txtC; Ilac; Xat nou OllXVU cvrupcoxouv oueoc u.' amt~- tore CP'tUVOllIlE 010 IlLa J.tOQCPtl OEI;OllaAtXWV OXtOEWV nou urtoos] va xaQax'tl]QtO't01.lV Ilovaxa oov 1l0QCPtl XWQl~ xovovo. XWQl~ xovov« IlE rnv svvot« on 6EV lllttlQXUV oxouc ot ltEQLOQLOIlOl nou Eltt~a_AUV aQyo'tEQa tc t8tlla. An.' curo OIlW~ 6EV f3yalvH xa80AOll on n xa8l]IlEQtVtl ltQUI;l] nrcv lllt0XQEW'ttXU tva ltUQ6aAO avaxutWlla. Arourx« (;,ElJyaQwllaLa YLa ootouevo 6tao'tl]llu bEV altOXAElOV'tat XU80AOll, OltW~ Xat O'tOV (6to 'tOV ouootxo YUllo altO'tEA01.lV tWQa rnv ltAElO'ljJl]cpla nov ltEQtlttWOEWV. KL o» 0 veororo; aQvl]'ttlC; Iltac; rstou«; ltQw'toYOVl]C; xorriotcOl]C;, 0 Bto'tEQllaQx, xaQux'tl]Ql(;,El yallo XU8E xaLao'taol] onou rc 6110 cp1.lAU uevouv (;,EuyuQwlltva wc; rn ytvvl]Ol] tou ltat6w1.l,

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nQEmL vc nO'lJIlE on mrtou 'tOU dooue; 0 yalloe; 1!:lt0QOUOE noA.U xaM vc naQouOLa~ELm rnv moxi! nov 0XEOWlV XWQLe; xavovo, XWQLe; mrro vc avncpaOXEL ornv EAAEL'ljJT) xcvovo, OT)A.aoi! ornv anOUOLa tWV CPQawwv rtou E~aA.E 'to E8LIl0 one; OE);OUaA.LXEe; 0XEOELe;. 0 BEOtEQllaQX );EXL vcei, ~E~ma, nrto rnv aVtLA.T)'ljJT) on «T) EA.A.EL'ljJT) xovovc nEQLA.all~VEL rnv xcmoroATJ tT)e; atoIlLxi!e; XA.LOT)e;», EtOL nou «T) nOQvELa dvm T) mo yvi!aLa tT)e; 1l0QCPi!».1 EIlEva 1l0U cpaLVELm amVaVtLae; nwe; dvm aMvato vu xcrcvonoooue rnv nQwtoYOVT) xoroororrn, 000 rnv XOLtallE IlEoa coto rc llatoyuaA.La tWV IlnOQVtEAWV. ea );avayuQLooUIlE 0' auto to OT)lldo, orov 8a IlLATJOOUIlE YLa rov 0llaOLXo yallO.

Kntn tOV Moovxcv, an' auti! rnv nQwtoYOVT) xataotaOT) rcov XWQLe; xcvovc 0XEOEWV avantux8T)XE m8avwe; noA.U VWQLe;:

1) H oixoveveux I1f (3aoTf rTf ovyyevfw f; aiuatoc; T) nQwtn ~a81lLOa tT)e; OLxoyEVELae;. EOw, OL ollaOEe; yallou XWQL~Ovrru xata YEVLEe;. OAOL OL nannouOEe; xm OL ytaYL<XOEe; IlEoa ore oQLa tT)e; OLxoYEVELae; EL vci IlELa);u tOUe; avtQae; xm vuvctxo, to LOW xru tn nmoLa roix, OT)Aaoi! OL natEQEe; xm OL llT)tEQEe;, onwe; xm to nmoLa roue; rrou IlE tTl oELQa roix unotEAOUv Evav tQLtO XUxAO XOLVWv oU~Uywv, xm tn nmoLa ttov tEAEmaLwv, ro oLOEyyova nov nQwtwv, ivo» rerooro XUXAO. ~' auti!, A.OLnOV, tTl 1l0QCPi! OLXOYEVELae; unaQXouv Ilovaxa noovovo, XaL unovovoi, yovELe; XaL naLOLa anoxAELOvtaL cno ta oLxmwllata XaL tn xa8i!xovta (onwe; 8a AEyallE EIlELe;) tOU yallou IlEta);u roix, AOEQCPOL xm aOEQcpEe;, );UOEQCPOL xm );aOEQcpEe; nQwtou, OEUtEQOU xm llaxQUtEQOU ~a81l0u d Val OAOL aOEQcpoL XaL aOEQcpEe; avullEOu toix XaL ax(}~{3w~ y~ , avr6 etVal uvtQae; XaL yuvaLxa IlELa);u roue. ~' ami! tn ~a8IlLOa, T) 0XEOT) aOEQcpou XaL aoq;?cpi!e; nEQLxAELVEL ono IlOVT) tT)e; tT)V uOXT)OT) tWV alloL~aLwv oE);ouaALxwv 0XEOEWV.2 H tumxi! 1l0Q-

1. E. A. Westermarck, The history of human marriage, o.n., OEA. 70-71 (OTlfA. YEQfA. OVVT.).

2.~' Eva YQufAfAa nou EYQa'\jJE TTlV avotsTl TOU 1882,0 MaQs EXCPQU~ETaL fAE w; mo evrovs; EXCPQuon~ YLa TTlV OAOxATlQomxi] ltaQaltOLTlOTl TTl~ ltQwT6- yOVT]~ EltOXi]~ OTO ()ayxvEQLX6 XELfAEVO TWV NL[AJtEAOVVYXEV. «AXOVOTTlXE noTE 0 a/)£QCP6~ v' ayxaALu~n onv ov~uyo TlIV a/)EQCPi];»~' auTOv~ TOU~ «eEOV~

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cpij ,.aU(; 'tEtOLae; OLxoyeVELae; Sa rutO'tEAEL'tO nno rou; cnovovou; EVOe; <;EuyaQLOU, ono» Jt<lAL OL cnovovoi rou XUSE ~aSI-l0U ELVaL aOEQcpOL XaL aOEQcpee; XaL aXQL~We; YL' auto UV'tQEe; XaL yuvaLXEe; I-lHaSU roue,

H OLXOYEVELa I-lE ~UOl1 't11 ouyyeVELa ES aLl-latOe; eXEL Esaqxrvroret, Axouo XaL OL mo axaAALeQYlJ'tOL AaoL nou avacpeQEL lJ LO'tOQLa, OEV OL vouv xovevc anOOELX'tLXO naQUOEL Yl-la YL' autijv. 'O'tL owue; noexei vc eXEL unuQSEL, auto I-lae; avayxu<;EL vo to naQaOEXtOUI-lE to ouornuc OUYYEVELae; tl1e; X~UlJe;, nou LOXUEL cxouo XaL oijl-lEQa 0' OAl1 rnv IIOAUV110La XaL nou EXCPQU<;EL ~aSI-lOUe; ouyyevELae; ES aLl-lmOe; rtou urtooouv vc OlJ-

tT)~ UOEA yELU9> ton BayxvEQ, nou UXOAOueWvtU~ to oUQ[.lO xavo1JV tL~ EQWtOOOUAELEt; TOU~ mo ltLxavnxu us ALyaxL aL[.lO[.lELI;LU, cncvrcei 0 MUQI;: «~tT)v JtQootoyOVT) moXt\ 'I UOEQCPt\ Ijrav ou~UYOt; Xt avro Ijrav T/8txo.» ~tT)V EXOOOT) tou 1884 tEAELWVEL EOW 'I OT)[.lELooOT) TOU 'E VYXEAt;).

'Evu~ yaAAot; CPLAOt; XaL 8uu[.luott\~ rou BayxvEQ OEV ouuqxovet [.l' U1Jtt\ tn OT)[.l£LooOT) XaL JtuQutT)QELon ornv rruALOtEQTl XLOAUt; «Evtr» (H «Evtn(Edda) ELVaL OUAAOyTj vOQ(:lT)YLXWV [.lU80AOYLXWV uoucrcov. OL A~OL XaL OL BeVOL ELVaL 8WL 'tTlt; j30QELOE1JQooJtU"Lxt\t; [.lU80AOyLut;. H «'IVYXALVYXU-'liJ.yyu» ElVUL 0 8QUAOt; nov OXUVOLVU~WV ~mALaooov 'IvyxALVYXu - OTl[.l. uer.), alt' onou I;ExLva 0 BayxvEQ rrtnv «EYXWvtQEXU», 0 i\OXL [.lUAWVEL tn <l>QEYW [.lE tn Mytu: «Mrtoo; orou; 8wut; uyxaALuOEt; tOY UOEQCPO OOU.» 0 ya[.lot; uetcI;U UOEQCPWV urruyoQEuOtuV Xoutov taxu ono tors. H «EYXWVtQEXU» ELVaL EXCPQUOTl [.lwt;€JtoxTjt;, onou ElXE orraOEL OMtEAU 'I morn otou; rrUAWut; [.lU- 80ut;. ELVaL [.lLU oanQU YLU tout; 8wut; EVtEAWt; OTO onA rou i\ouxLUVOU. Av o i\OXL oov MEcpwtocpEAt\t; [.lUAWVEL YL' coro tn <l>QEytU, cuto [.laAAOV [.lLAaEL xuta tOU BayxvEQ. 0 i\OXL, ALyout; O'tLXOUt; mo xrrnn, /,.fEL UXO[.lU 010V N LEQvtQ: «ME rnv UOEQCPTj oou Ecpnul;Et; EVUV (tEtOLO) yw» (vidh systur thinni gaztu slikan meg). 0 NLEQvtQ OEV ELVaL ~E~aLU A~Ot;, uAAa Bnvoc, XUL AEEL OtT)V <<IVYXALvyxu-Zayyu» on 0 ya[.lot; [.lEtUI;U UOEQcpWV OUVTl8L~E'tUL otn xwQa tcov Bnvorv, rrQay[.lu rtou (iEv OU~L VEL otoix A~out;. Auto taxa OTl[.laL VEL OLL OL BavOL ELVUL rraALO'tEQOL 8WL cero TOut; A~out;. OJtoooOt\rrO'tE 0 NLEQvtQ ~EL uva[.lWu OTOut; A~out; oov O[.lOLOt; tout; XaL Etm 'I «EYXWV'tQEXU» ELVUL [.laAAOv UrrOOELI;Tl OtL lOV XULQO nou 0Tl[.lLOuQyoUvtav OL VOQ~TlYLXOL [.lU8OL YLU tOUt; 8€OUt;, 0 ya[.lOt; UOEQCPWV OEV rrQoxuAOUOE CPQLXTl, lOUAaXWTOV eveueoo OE 8€Out;. A V 8EAU[.lE VU OLXaLOAOyTjOOU[.lE tOY BayxvEQ, 8u nrcv LOoot; XUAU'tEQO, UV'tL YLU rnv «Evtu- va EltLXUAWlOU[.lE tOY Fxcrre rrou otnv unnAavtU rou 8wu XUL tTlt; [.lrruywvtEQUt; xavEL EVU avaAoyo Aa80t; 0XELLxa us tTl 8QTlOXEunxTj EXOOOT) torv YUVULXWV xm tnv rruQO[.lOLa~EL rraQu rroAU ue tn VEOtEQT) JtoQvELa (OTl[.lELooOTl tOU 'EVYXEAt; otnv tEtUQtT) EXOOOTl).

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,.uouQYTl80uv ILovuXa 0' amiJ 'tTl ILOQCPiJ OLXOyEVELUI;. Me; 'to Em~UA.A.EL TlOA.TI ltaQanEQa ESEA.LSTI 'tTl~ OLXOYEVELa~, nou xa- 80QL~EL oov avayxaLa nQO~a8ILLOa EXELvn rn ILOQCPiJ.

2) H Jl'OVVaAOvav~ oixoveveux. Av TI nQwtTl nQoooo~ tTl~ oQYUVW01]C; rrtov on anEXA.ELOE n~ OEsOUaA.LXE~ OXEOEL~ ovcueoo 010 YOVEL~ XaL naLOLU, TlOEUtEQTI iJtav v' anoxA.ELoEL tL~ OEsOUaA.LXE~ OXEOEL~ cvcueoc 010 aOEQcpiJ XaL aOEQcpo. EsaLtLa~ tTl~ ILEyaA.UtEQTI~ OILOLotTlta~ OtTlV TlA.LXLa, TI nooooo; au'tiJ rrrov unELQa nLO onouoaLa, aA.M XaL ruo MOXOA.TI nno rnv nQwtTl. 'EYLVE OLYU-OLYU, aQXL~ovta~ LOW~ ILE tov anOXA.ELOILO rorv oILoILiJtQLWV aOEQcpwv (oTlA.aoiJ nov aOEQcpwv nou ELxav rnv LOLa f.lTltEQa), uno n~ OEsOUaA.LXE~ OXEOEL~, nQwta 010 SEXWQLOtE~ JtEQLntwOEL~, oxmou EYLVE ~a8ILLaLa xovovcc; au'to~ o anOXA.ELOILO~ (orn Xa~uTI uniJQxav axoILa XaL auto tOV mwva ESaLQEOEL~), wonou XatEA.TlsE ornv anayoQEUOTl 'tOU yuILoU cxouc XaL ovcuso« 010 aOEQcpo XaL aOEQcpiJ uno nA.uyw OUYYEVELa, 0TlA.aoiJ OUILCPwva ILE tTlOLXiJ ILa~ ovouootc evcueoo 010 naLOLU, EyyovLa XaL oLOEyyova aOEQcpwv. Auto orrote- 1.101., xatu tOV Moovxcv, «Eva nEQLcpTlILO naQUOELYILa YLa to nw~ oQa TI aQxiJ tTl~ CPUOLxiJ~ EmA.oyiJ~».

~EV unuQXEL aILcpL~A.i.a on OL CPUA.E~, onoi: IL' mrrnv tnv nQoooo nEQLOQL~OtaV TI aLf.lof.lELsLa, 8a EnQEJtE vo ESEA.LX80uv YQTlyoQo'tEQa XaL nA.TlQEOtEQa uno n~ CPUA.E~ onou 0 aOEQcpLXO~ YUILO~ EILEVE xcvovce; XaL EV'tOA.iJ. KaL nooo evrovc ci- 08T1tiJ rrrov TI EJtLOQaOTl autiJ~ tTl~ nQoooou, to anoOEl.xvEL to OUOtTlf.la rou yevov~ (gens), nou ~yiJXE Uf.lEOa an' autiJ XaL rtou SEnEQvUEL noA.u to oxono tTl~. To YEVO~ anOtEA.EI. tn ~UOTI 'tTl~ XOL vwvLXiJ~ OLuQ8QwoTl~ rorv nEQLOOOtEQWV, av 0XL OA.WV, torv ~uQ{3aQWv A.awv tTl~ YTI~, an' rnv onotc ornv EA.Moa XaL ern PWILTI JtEQVUILE uILwa OtOV nOA.LtLOILO.

Ku8E nQwtoyovn OLXOYEVELa EnQEJtE 'to aQyotEQO UOtEQa uno ILEQLXE~ YEVLE~ vn oLaonaOtEl.. To nQwtoyovo xOILILoUVLO'tLXO XOWO VOLXOXUQLO, nou EmxQatEi. XWQL~ EsaLQwTl w~ ~a8Lu OtTl ILEOTI ~a8ILLoa tTl~ ~aQ{3aQo'tTlta~, xa80QL~E tc nvcotEQa oQLa tTl~ OLxoYEVELaxiJ~ XOL vornrcc, ztou UA.A.a~E avuA.oya us n~ Ouv8iJXE~, aA.M nou 010 XU8E ILEQO~ iJtav aQxE'tu OQL- 0ILEVO. MOA.L~ YEvviJ8T1xE TI aVtLA.TlW1l0'tL OEV EnL tQEnEtaL vn EXOUV OEsOUaA.LXE~ OXEOEL~ avuILwu tou~ ro naLOLU uuu; ILTltE-

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Q<l~, EJtQEJtE va EXOTlAW8EL TI EJtioQaoi) tTl~ OE tEtOLE~ OLaonaOEL~ naALWV OLXLaXWV XOLVOtiJtwv XaL OtTlV iOQuoTl VEWV (nou roorooo OEV avttotOLXOuoav avayxaOtLxa J.LE rnv OLXOYEVELaxi) oJ.LMa). MLa i) nEQLoOOtEQE~ OELQE~ ana aOEQCPE~ YLvovtnv 0 nUQi)va~ tTl~ J.LLa~ OLxLaxi)~ oJ.LMa~ XaL OL ana J.LTltEQa aOEQcpoi roix 0 nUQi)va~ tTl~ aAATI~. 'EtOL iJ nagOJ.LOW ;Eni)OTlOE ana rnv OLXOYEVELa J.LE f)aOlJ tlJ oUYYEVELa E; aLJ.Lata~ lJ J.LOQCPi) rtou 0 Moovxcv ovoJ.La~EL nouvaAouavi) OLxoyEVELa. Kurn to E8LJ.L0 tlJ~ Xaf)aTl~, J.LLa OELQa aOEQCPE~, nQaYJ.LatLXE~ i) mo J.LaXQLvE~ (OlJAaOi) ;aOEQCPE~ nQwtou, OEUtEQOU iJ mo J.LaXQLVOU (:3a8J.L0u), i)tav ana XOLVOU yuvaLxE~ tWV XOLVWV roix aVtQwv, ana tOU~ onotoix OJ.LW~ anOXAELOvtav OL aOEQcpOL rcov yUVaLXWv. Autoi OL avtQE~ tWQa avaJ.LEta;u rou; OEV AEyovtav ma aOEQcpLa, onw~ OEV i)tav XaL avaYXlJ va ELVaL, aAAa «nouvaAoua», OlJAaoi) OtEVOL OUVtQOCPOL, oov va MJ.LE ouVEtaLQOL. To lOW J.LLa oELQa nQaYJ.LatLXOl i) rno uoxorvot aOEQCPOl ElXav J.LLa oELQa yuvaLxE~, 0Xl n~ aOEQCPE~ tOU~, OE XOLVO yaJ.Lo XaL aUtE~ OL yuvaLxE~ AEyoVtaV avaJ.Lwa tOU~ «nouvaAoua». Ami) dVaL lJ xAaoLxiJ J.LoQCPil EVO~ OLxoYEVELaxo» 0XTlJ.LatLOJ.L0U, zrou aQyotEQa mEtQE'ljJE J.Lw oELQa naQaAAaYE~, XaL rrou to ouoiconxo tou xaQaxtTlQLOtLxO ntov: aJ.LOLf)ala xorvornr« nov avtQwv XaL nov YUVaLXWV J.LEOa 0' Eva OQLOJ.LEVO OLxoYEVELaXO XUXAO, ana tOV onoto OJ.LW~ unoXAELOVtav OL aOEQcpol tWV YUVaLXWV, nQwta OL nQaYJ.LatLxOl, aQYOtEQa XaL OL mo J.LaxQLvoi XaL avtiOtOLXa EJtiolJ~ OL a6EQCPE~ tWV avtQwv.

Auti) lJ J.LoQCPi) tlJ~ OLxoYEVELa~ J.La~ OlVEL tWQa J.LE rnv mo J.LEyaAlJ aXQLf)ELa tOU~ f)a8J.Lou~ OUYYEVELa~, onw~ rou; EXCPQa~EL to aJ.LEQLxavLxo ooornuc. Ta naLOLa rcov aOEQcp<lOWV tlJ~ J.LlJtEQa~ uou E;axoAou80uv va ELVaL naLOLa tTl~, to i.6Lo tn naLOLa tWV aOEQcpwv tOU natEQa uou ELVaL EJtlOlJ~ naLOLa tOU, XaL oAa ama EL Val aMQcpLa uou, Ta naLOLa OJ.LW~ tWV aOEQCPWV tTl~ J.LlJtEQa~ uou ELVaL tWQa aVL'ljJWL tlJ~ XaL aVL'ljJLE~ tT)~, tu naLOLa tWV aOEQcpaowv ton natEQa uou ElVaL aVL'ljJLoL tOU XaL aVL'ljJLE~ rou, XaL OAOL curot ;aOEQcpoL uou XaL ;aOEQCPE~ uou, I'urrt, EVW OL avtQE~ tcov aOEQcpMwv tTl~ J.LTltEQa~ uou E;axoAou80uv vo EL Val aVtQE~ tTl~ XaL to LOW OL yuvaLxE~ tWV aOEQcpwv tOU natEQa uou EL Val XaL yuvaLxE~ tou - VOJ.LL-

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xu, av 0XL nrrvtn nQaYllatLxu - T) XOLVWVLXi) nQoYQacpi) tWV OE;OUaALXWV 0XEOEWV aVUIlEOa OE abEQcpLa XWQLOE OE OUO xctTJYOQtE; to nmOLU trov aOEQcpWV xm abEQcpMwv nou w£ tWQa SEWQOUVtaV XWQL; OLUXQLOTJ abEQcpLa: n IUa xatnvooia IlEvouv, onw£ xm nQwta (JtLO llaxQL vot) aOEQcpOL xm aOEQcpE;, Tf aAATf, to nmOLU tOU aOEQcpou EOW xm tTJ; aOEQcpi); EXEt, &v IUWQOIJV rue va Et vru aOEQcpLa, OEV !lJtOQOUV me va EXOUV XOLVOU; yOVEL;, OUtE natEQa, OUtE IlTJtEQa, OUtE xat rov~ DVO xm YL' auto YLa nQwtT) CPOQU EOW YLVEtm avayxata TJ xatTJYoQta tWV aVL'IjJLWV xm tWV ;aOEQcpwv, nou IlEoa oro nQOTJYouIlEVO OLXOYEVELaXO OUOtTJlla Sa i)taV naQuAoYTJ. To allEQLxaVLXO OUOtlJIla oUYYEvna£, nou OE XUSE OLxoYEVELaXtl 1l0QCPtl ~aOLOIlEVT) OE onoioorptote doo; crouixo» YUIlOU cpaL vetrn 0- A.6tEAa naQuAoyo, E;TJYELtm AOYLXU IlE rnv nouvaAouav'll OLxOYEvna w£ tLC; naQallLxQE; tOU AEJttoIlEQELEe; xm m uoxoyEi. tm qJUOLXU. ~tO ~aSllo nou dX£ OtaOoSd auto to OUOtlJIla OUYYEvELa;, orov LbLO aXQL~w; ~aSllo tOUA.aXLOWV ea nQEnEL va £iX£ unaQ;n xm T) nouvaAouavi) OLxoYEvna i) Ilta naQolloLa tTJ£ IlOQCPtl.

I'r' auti) m 1l0QCPi} tT)C; OLxoYEvnac;;, xou 1] nQaYllanxi} unaQ;i) t1]; anoO£LXtTJXE OtTJ Xa~uTJ, Sa dXallE tow; nATJQocpoQL£C; an' OATJ rnv Iloxuvncto, av OL Euo£~d£ LEQanoOtoAOL, A.6you xaQTJ OL naALOt LOnavoL xaA.6YEQoL ornv AIlEQLXi), Sa unoooocov va oouv 0' mrtou tOU ELOOUC;; tL£ avtLXQLonavLxE£ oXEon; xun naQanuvw nrto anAtl «qJQtXlJ».I'Otav 0 KntonQa£ Ila£ acp1]YEL tm YLa roue BQEtavou;, rtou rote ~QLoxovtav OtTJ IlEOTl ~aSIlLoa tTl£; ~aQ~aQ6tlJta£. on «EXOUV OExa-oExa i) owbExa-owoExa tL£ yuvaLxEC;; tOU£ uno XOL YOU IlEta;U tOUC; xm llaALOta. ouvijSw£. aOEQcpoL ue aO£QcpouC; xm yOVELC; IlE

1. To lxVTJ nov XOlQle; xallu'L oLaxQWlj OEI;OOOALXWV OXEOEOlV, n Kata tOV MmlX0<jlEv AEYOIlEVTJ «rsxvonornon tOU 13<:>1JQXOU». rtou VOIlL~E nOl<; tu I'\QT]xE mrroc, avayovtat OtOV 0llaoLxo yallo. To YUIlO mrto OEV 1l1toQEl me vo tOV all<jlLol'\ljtilao1JV. «Av 0 MnUX0<jlEV I'\Qloxn "nvouots;" mrtou; rou; nouvoAOOOVOUe; yaI!Oue;. rots Evae; aveQOlnoe; TljC; Eltoxilc; EXElvljC; Sa Ej3QWXE cuioIlnxTLxou<; tOU<; nEQwOOtEQOUe; tOlQLVOUe; YUIlOU<; ovcueoc OE xovnvc xat llaxQLva l;aoEQ(jna anonatQLxil illlljTQLxilnAEuQa, Sa tou; SEOlQOUOE, 1\ljAa- 1\il. yallOU<; avallEaa OE a1\EQ<jlw EI; olIlOtO<;.» (MaQI;, onuetoion tOU 'EVYXEA<;).

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JtaLbLU»! - tore mrro E~TJYELtaL xaAUtEQa ocv 0llabLXOe; yu- 1lOe;. OL IlTJtEQEe; tTJe; f3aQj3aQotTJtae; &EV EXOUV bExa i] btOOEXa ywue;, aQXEtU IlEYUAOUe; YLa vc 1l3t0QOUV vc EXOW orro XOLVOU ywalXEe;, to allEQLxaVLXO 0IlWe; OUOtTJlla OUYYEVELae;, nou aVnOtOLXEL OtTJV JtouvaAouavi] OLXOYEVELa, blVEL JtoUOue; a&EQcpOUe;, YLatl oAa tc XOvtLVU XaL llaxQL vc ~abEQCPLa EVOe; Uvroo ELVaL abEQcpLa tau. To «YOVELe; IlE JtaLbLU» IlJtOQEl vc ELVaL Aa9EIlEVTJ aVtlATJ'ljJTJ tou Kctonoc. To on JtatEQae; XaL YLOe; i] IlTJtEQa XaL xOQTJ unooooouv vc j3QlOXOVtaL OtTJv lbLa olluba YUIlOU bEV aJtoXAElEtaL oxrrooo oMtEAa oro OUOtTJlla mrro, IlUAAOV 0IlWe; aJtoxAELOtaV vn j3QlOXOvtaL JtatEQae; XaL xOQTJ i] IlTJtEQa XaL yLoe; OtTJv lbLa oucoo. EJtlOTJe; auti] i] IlLa nnoouoic 1l0QCPi] 0llabLxou YUIlOU E~TJYEL EuxoMtEQa ne; JtATJQOcpOQlEe; rou Hooootou XaL UAAWV aQxalwv oUYYQacpEwv YLa rnv xOLVOXtTJIlOOUVTJ tWV YWaLXWV OE uYQwue; XaL j3uQ~aQoue; AaoUe;. Auto LOXUEL XaL YLa ooc AEEL 0 Otxrroov XaL 0 KEL (The people of India), YLa roix TLxouQ orov AOUvt (oro j36QELa tOU [UYYTJ): «ZoUVE Ila~l (bllAabi] OE~ouaALXU) 0XEMv XWQle; bLUXQLOll OE IlEYUAEe; XOLVOtTJtEe; XaL orov ouo uveQwJtOL 9EWQOUVtaL JtaVtQEIlEVOL 0 Evae; IlE tOV uUo, JtUAL 0 ou~UYLXOe; bWIlOe; ELVaL Ilovuxa OVOllaOtLXOe;.»

o 9WIlOe; rou YEVOV~ (gens) cpalVEtaL one; JtEQLOOOtEQEC; JtEQLJttwOELe; va j3yi]xE ullwa «no tTJV JtowaAouuvi] OLXOYEVEla. BEj3aLU XaL to aUOtQUALUVO OUOtTJIlU tWV tU~EWV2 blVEL IlLU UCPEtTJQlU YLa to yEVOe;. OL AUOtQUAOl EXOW YEVTJ, bEV EXOUV 0IlWe; oxouc JtouvaAouuvi] OLXOYEVELa, aUu IlLU mo XOVtQOXOllllEVTJ 1l0QCPi] 0llubLXOU yUIlOU.

L' OAEe; ne; 1l0QcpEe; tTJe; 0llubLxi]e; OLXOYEVELUe; bEV El VaL j3Ef3aLO JtOLOe; El VaL 0 JtatEQUe; EVOe; JtaL&WU, ot youQO 0IlWe; El VaL

I. r.1. KaLoaQ, Ynouvtuurca TaV yaAanxov nOAf/-lov, ~L~ALO Y, XEep. 14 (OT]!!. yEQ!!. ouvr.),

2. Ilg6xmm yw tal;fLI; ya!!ou tl ya!!tlALE£ O!!a<'\EI:;, ot«; OltOLE£ X(l)Qi~ovtm OL ltEQL<JOOtEQE£ epUAEI:; tT]£ AUOtQaAia£. YlttlQXav tEOOEQL£ tEtOU'<; taI;fLI;, coto w; onote; T] Xa8E!!La XWQL~OtaV 0' Eva aQOEvLXO XL Eva 8T]AUXO runIta. Avcueoc on<; tEOOEQL£ tal;ELI:; UlttlQXav OUYXEXQL!!EVOL xcvove; yLn rn Qu6!!L<JT] tou ya!!ou, <'\T]Aa<'\tl OL avtQEI:; !!La£ o!!a<'\a£ uxooououv vc JtaVTQfUtOUV !!OVO !!w epOQo.!!E yuvaiXEI:; !!La<; OUYXEXQL!!EVT]<; o.nT]1:; o!!<i<'la£ (OT]!!. YEQ!!.ouvt.).

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note Ei, Val lJ IllJtEQa rou, K L av oxouc ovolla~fL 6}.a rc naLoul tlJC; OUAAOYLXiJC; OLXOYEVELac; naLOLa tlJC; XL EXEL IllJtQLxa xa8iJxovto anEVaVtL tOUC;, ~EXWQL~EL WOtOOO cvcueon or' aAAa ta naLOLa nou autiJ yEVVlJOE. EL Val AOLnov cpaVEQO on 000 unaQXEL 0llaOLXOC; YUIlOC;, lJ xataywyiJ IlnOQEL V' anOOELXVEtaL 1l0VUxa uno rn J111TQtxrj nAEuQU, OlJAa01] avayvwQL~EtaL 1l0VO lJ vvvcaxeia YQaJ1J1rj. Auto nQaYllatLxa oullf3aLvEL 0' OAOUC; tOUC; UYQLOUC; Aaouc; XaL OtOUC; Aaouc; rtou aviJxouv ornv xctWtEQT] ~a81lLOa tlJC; ~aQ~aQotlJtac;. Auto EL Val lJ OEUtEQlJ IlEYUAlJ unlJQwLa nou nQoocpEQE 0 MnuxocpEv, to YEYOVOC; on nQwtOC; autoc; to aVaXUAU'lVE. XaQaXtlJQL~EL IlE tOY ooo IllJtQLXO OLXaLO autiJ tnv anOXAELOnxiJ avayvwQLOlJ tlJC; YEVEaAOYLXiJC; OELQUC; uno tTl IllJtEQa XaL tLC; 0XEOELC; XAlJQOvollLac; rtou IlE tOY XaLQo nlJya~ouv an' autiJ. KQatw tOY oQo auto yw tlJ ouvrouto rou. ELVaL 0IlWC; otQa~o, YLatL 0' autiJ rn ~a81lLOa tlJC; xorvorvtr«; OEV IlnoQEL oxouc vo Y(VEtaL MyoC; yLa oLxaLO IlE rn VOIlLX1] evvoic.

AC; naQoullE tWQa ceco rnv nouvcxoucvn OLXoYEvELa tlJ IlLa cno tLC; OUO unooELYllanxEC; OIlUOEC;, OlJAaoiJ tnv ouoou. IlLaC; OELQUC; 0IlOIl1]tQLEC; XaL nLO llaxQLVEC; aOEQcpEC; (nou xutrrvovtrn OlJAa01] uno ollolliJtQLEC; aOEQcpEC; nQwtau, OEUtEQOU iJ nLO llaxQLvou ~a81l0u) lla~L IlE tn naLOLU toix XaL roue 0110- lliJtQLOUC; iJ tou; JtLO llaxQLVOUC; aOEQcpouC; touC; coto IllJtQLX1\ nAEuQu (nou xatu tlJ OLxiJ llaC; nQoUn08wlJ &v ELVaL UVtQEC; tOUC;), XL EXOUIlE tots aXQLl3wc; tOY XUXAO tWV nQoownwv rrou aQYOtEQa EllcpaVL~OVtaL oov IlEAlJ EVOC; YEVOUC; OtlJV nQwtoyoVlJ 1l0QCPiJ mrrou rou 8WIlOU. 'Exouv OAOL IlLa XOLViJ rtoourrtoQa, XaL Myw tlJC; xataywyiJc; an' mrtrrv OAOL OL 8lJAUXOL unoYOVOL xa8E YEVLUC; EL Val aOEQcpEc;. 'OIlWC;, OL UVtQEC; mmov tWV aOEQcpuoWV OEV unoooov run vc ELVaL aOEQcpoL toix, OlJAaoiJ OEV unoooov va XatuYOvtaL an' autiJ rnv nQolliJtoQa, OEV avrpcouv Xourov OtlJV oucoo IlE ~aolJ tlJ OUYYEVELa E~ aLllatOC;, OtO xcromvo yEVOC;. Ta naLOLa toix 0IlWC; aVtlXOUV 0' aut1\ rnv ouco«, IlLa XaL cnoqxiournxo QOAO naL~EL Ilovaxa lJ xctaywyiJ orto tlJ IllJtQLXiJ nAEuQu, yLatL 1l0VUxa autiJ ELVaL OLYOUQT]. MOALC; y(VEL YEYOVOC; lJ anayoQEUOlJ tWV oE~ouaALxwv 0XEOEWV ovcueoo 0' oAa tn aO£QcpLa, axolla XaL oro nLO IlaxQLva nAuYLa aOEQcpLa cno IllJtQLXiJ nAEuQu, IlEtatQEJtEtaL

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xm II mo ltUVOO o!!CL()a 010 YEVOr;, <'illAa<'iil ouyxQotdtm 010 OqJLxto XUXAO uno OUYYEVELr; 101; aL!!ator; tllr; yuvmxdar; YEVWAOYLxilr; YQa!!!!i1r;, rrou <'iEV ErrLtQEltEtaL va ltavtQEUOvtm !!Et~1;u tOUr;, xm nou alto E<'iW xm !!ltQor; 01.0 xm ltEQLOOotEQO E<'iQmWVEtm !!E uAAour; XOL VOur; 8w!!our; XOLVOOVLXOU xm 8QllOXEUtLXOU xaQaxtilQa xm nou 1;EXOOQL~H alto t' uAAa YEVl] tllr; L<'iLar; qJuAilr;. I'i.' auto 8a !!LAiloou!!E <'iLE1;o<'iLXU aQyotEQa. Otnv O!!OOr; I3QLOXOWE on to YEVOr; E1;EAlX8llXE 0XL !!OVO avayxaonxu, aAAu xm mrrovonrc alto rnv ltouvaAouaviI OLXOYEVELa, ELvm qJUOLXO va 8EOOQiloOU!!E oXEMv OlYOUQll rnv ultaQ1;ll OtO ltaQEA80v amilr; tllr; OLXoYEvELaxilr; !!oQqJilr; YLa 0- AOUr; roue AaOUr;, OltOU !!ltOQOUV va I3QE80uv 8W!!Ol YEVOUr;, bllAa<'iilltEQlltoU YLa OAOUr; roue l3uQl3aQour; xm ltOALtLO!!Evou; AaoUr;.

Orcv 0 MOQyxav EYQaqJE to I3LI3Alo tOU, OL YVWOHr; !!ar; YLa tOV 0!!a6LXO YU!!O i1tav oxouo ltOAU ltEQLOQLO!!€VEr;. ALya ltQuy!!ata 1;EQa!!E yLa roix O!!a<'iLxour; YU!!OUr; tOOV AoorocAWV, nou i1tav oQyaVOO!!EVOL 010 tU1;Hr;, xm XWQLa an' auto 0 MOQyxav dXE <'ill!!OOLEUOH i1<'ill to 1871 nr; ltAllQOqJOQLEr; nou rou dxav EQ8n YLa rnv rtouvusoucvn OLxoY€Vna tllr; Xa~Ullr;. 1 H ltOUVaAouav'l] OLXOYEVHa cno tll !!La !!EQLU E1;llYOUOE ltEQa YLa ltEQa to ouornuc OUYYEVHar; rtou ErrLxQatd croix Iv<'iLuvour; tllr; A!!EQLxilr; xm nou XQllOL!!EUOE OtOV MOQyxav oov aqJEtllQla YLa OAEr; nr; EQEUVEr; rou, Alto rnv UAAll !!EQLU, altotEAOUOE rnv EtOL!!ll aqJEtllQLa YLa rnv E1;i1YllOll tllr; ltQO€AEUOllr; rou !!lltQLXOU yEVOUr;. Koi, tEAor;, EXltQOOOOltOUOE !!La ltOAU mo mjJllA1] l3a8!!L<'ia E1;EAL1;llr; alto nr; aUOtQaALavEr; tU- 1;nr;. 'Hrov AOLltOV suvonro on 0 MOQyxav rnv d6E ocv tll ~8!!L<'ia E1;EAL1;llr; nou avayxaonxu ltQOllyd trn alto to ~EuyaQOOto YU!!O xm on tll 8EWQllOE YEVLXU <'iLa<'iE<'iO!!EVll 010 ltaALOtEQOUr; xmQour;. Alto rore, YVOOQlOa!!E !!La OHQU UAAEr; !!OQqJEr; O!!a<'iLxou YU!!OU xru 1;EQOU!!E tWQa on E<'iW to ltaQuxaVE o MOQyxav. ELXE O!!OOr; tnv tUXll, !!E rnv ltouvaAouaviI OLXOYEVHU tOU va ltEOH ltUVOO ornv aVWtatll, ornv xAaoLxil !!oQqJiI rou O!!a<'iLxou YU!!OU, om !!oQqJiI Exd vn an' OltOU E1;llyd trn !!E

1. L. H. Morgan, Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family, Oucowxtov 1871 (aTl!!. Y€Q!!. mrvt.).

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tOY mo artM roono to nEQaOlLa OE ILLa aVootEQ'I] 1L0Q<Jlij.

Tov OUOLaOtLX6 E!!JtA.OUtLOIL6 tWV yvoom,oov lLa~ YLa tOY 0- lLac:'nx6 YUILO tOY XQWOtUILE OtOV UyyA.O LEQart60toA.0 A6QLILEQ <l><1Ll;ov, nou ILEA.Et'l]OE YLa noA.A.a xQ6vLa autij rn 1L0QCPij t'l]~ OLXOYEVELa~ OtO xA.aoLx6 t'l]~ E(l)acpo~, rnv AUOtQaA.La. T'I]V xctOOTEQ'I] l3a8ILLDa E~EA.LI;'I]~ rn I3Qi}xE OTOU~ lLauQou~ T'I]~ AuOtQaA.La~, OtO Mcouvr rXE!!JtLQ t'l]~ N6tLa~ AUOtQaA.La;. E&O oMxA. 'l]Q'I] 'I] CPUA. ij DLmQd tm 010 DUO ILEyUA.E; tU~EL;, tOU; xQ6- XL xm tOU; XOUILL te. OL OEI;OUaA.LXE; OXEOEL; ILEoa 0' autE; tL; tUI;EL; anayoQEuOVtm auot'l]Qu. A vtL8Eta, XU8E uvtQa; T'I]; ILLa; tUI;'I]; dvm 0 YEW'I]ILEVO; oul;uyo; t'l]; XU8E yuvaLxa; t'l]; UA.A.'I]; tUI;'I]; xm aUtijlLE t'l] OELQu t'l]; dvm 'I] YEW'I]ILEV'I] oul;uy6; tou, 'OXL ro crouo, aA.A.a OMXA.'I]QE; at 0ILUDE; ELvm ILEtaI;U tOU; navtQEILEvE;, tUI;'I] ILE tUI;'I]. Km a; O'l]lLw.08d 6tL EDOO DEV unuQXEL nou8Evu EJtLcpUA.al;'I] YLa DWCPOQU 'l]A.LXLa; ij YLa ELDLxi) 0UYYEvELa aLlLato;, Ext6~ an' 6,tL xa80QLl;Etm 'IJ.E to DLaXWQLOIL6 010 DUO E~ooyaILE~ tUI;EL;. 'Eva~ XQ6XL EXEL V6ILLIL'I] oul;uyo XU8E ywaLxa tWV XOUIJ.L re. EJtELDij6ILW~ 'I] x6Q'I] rou, oov x6Q'I] ILLa; XOUIJ.LtE, ELvm oUILCPwva ILE to lL'I]tQLx.6 DLxmo EJtL- 0'1]; XOUIJ.LtE, dvm taut6XQova YEW'I]ILEV'I] oul;uyo~ XU8E xQ6- XL, EJtOILEVW~ xm rou natEQa t'l];. TOUA.aXLOtoV 'I] tal;Lxij OQYUVWO'l], 6nw~ lLa; naQOuoLul;Etm, DEV l3ul;EL xovevc E!!JtOOLO O· curo. ELtE A.OLJt6v 'I] OQYUVWO'l] autij D'I]ILLOUQyij8'l]x.E 010 ILLa 10- noxit onou, naQ' 61.'1] rn 80M Em8uILLa vc nEQLOQLoOUV rnv m- 1L01LELI;La, DEV EI3Qloxav cxouc ruroro to LDLaLtEQa cpQLxt6 OtL~ OEI;OUaA.LXE; OXEOEL~ tWV YOVLOOV ILE tc nmDLU tOU; - xm t6TE to OUOT'I]lLa TWV TUI;EWV 8a EXEL I3YEL ulLwa coro ui« xatUcroon OEI;OUaA.LXOOV 0XEOEWV XWQL~ xovovo, ELtE, orov D'I]ILLoUQyi}8'1]xav at yalLi)A.LE~ tUI;EL;, to E8lIL0 fiXf xl6A.a; artayoQEljIEL tL~ OXEOEL~ ovcueoc 010 yovLOU~ xm nmDlu, xm rote 'I] tWQLvi} xatuotao'l] lLa; OD'I]YEL ntcco ornv otXoYEVELa ILE j3UOTl T'I] oUYYEVELa 101; aLlLatO~ xm ELvm to nQooto j3i}lLa YLa to SEJtEQao!J,u t'l]~. To tEA.EutaLO ELvm to m8av6TEQO. An' 6,tL sEQW, DEV avmpEQovTm uno rnv AuotQaA.La naQaDELwata yalLtlA.LWV 0XEOEWV ovouecc 010 YOVLOU; xm nmDLu, xm 'I] xcromvn !J,oQCPit t'l]; EswyaILLa;, to !J,'I]tQlaQXlx6 YEVO;, nQOUn08EtEL xcTU xovovo OLwn'l]Qu T'I]V artay6QEUO'l] mmov TWV OXEOEWV, ocv artay6QEUO'l] rtou T'I] j3QitxE vo unuQXEL xL6A.a; OT'I]V tDQuoi} tou,

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Ext6e; cno to Mcouvt rXEJ,UtLQ OtT) N6tLa AuotQaAta, to OuOtT)lla tWV Suo ta;EWV [3QLOXEtm mLOT)C; ruo aVmOALXa OtT)V :rtEQLOXi] rou norouo» NtaQAL vyx xm oro KOUL VOAaVt ore [30QfLOaVatoALXa, ELVm <'iT)Aa<'ii] :rtAatLa <'iLa<'iE<'ioIlEVO. A- 1tOXAEl€l f,tOVaxa rou; yaf,tOVe; aVaf,tWa or' aOfQqJLa, aVaf,tWa OE :rtm<'iLa a<'iEQqJWV xru OE :rtm<'iLa a<'iEQqJa<'iwV uno IllltQLXi] :rtA£1JQa, YLatL cvnxouv ornv L<'iLa ta~ll. To :rtm<'iLa WOt600 a<'iEQCPOU xm a<'iEQcpi]e; f,t:rtOQOUV vc ncvroeuovroa. 'Eva nnoc:rtEQa [3i]f,ta YLa vn Ef,t:rto<'iLOtEL T) mf,tOf,tfL~La [3QLOIt01J!lE OtOVe; Kaf,tLAaQ6L xovtn OtOV norouo NtUQAL vyx orn NEa Notte OvaALa, onou OL ouo aQXLXEe; ta~€le; ELvm XWQLOf,tEVEe; OE tEOOEQLe; xm II Xa8Ef,tLa a:rt' avtEe; ne; TEOOEQle; Tal;€le; Eivm zoVTQEf,tEvll OVVOALxa f,tE f,tLa anll OQLOf,tEVT) ta~ll. OL :rtQWTEe; OVO Ta~fLe; ELvm YEWT)f,tEVOL OU!;UYOL T) f,tLa tT)e; aAAT)e;. AvaAOya ue to av II IlllTEQa avi]xfL OTT)V :rtQWTT) i] tll <'iEUTEQll, ro net<'iLa nvrpcouv OTT)V 1QL rn i] tT)V tEtaQtT). Ta :rtm<'iLa outrov tWV <'ivo ta~EWV, rtou mLOlle; Elvm :rtaVtQEf,tEVEC; II f,tLa us rnv aAAT), ovnxouv :rtaAL o111v :rtQWtll xm tn <'iEUtEQT). 'Erot ztou nrrvrc II ,.ua YEvLa avi]xfL ornv 1tQWTT) xm 'IT) <'iEUTEQT), T) mOf,tEVl'1 O1T)V tQL tTl xm rnv rsrcom, T) f,tE8m6f,tEVTj :rtaAL 01T)V :rtQWtT) xm tn <'iEUtEQT) tU~T). Erot ro :rtm<'iLa rcov coeoqxov (uno f,tlltQLxi] 1tAEuQa) <'iEV f,t:rtoQouv va Eivm ovroovuvc, f,t:rtoQouv ouo»; vc ELvm to £yyovLa tWV a<'iEQcpwv. Ami] T) L<'iLOf,tOQCPT) :rt£QL:rtAOXT) OLata'~T) J,UtEQ<'iEUftm ax6f,ta :rtEQLOOOtEQO ue rnv --o:rtwo<'ii]note xatomvi]- :rtQ608WT) f,tT)tQLaQXLxwv YEVWV, 0IlWe; oev J,UtOQOUf,tE vo mfxta80uf,tf 010 oT)f,tfLo auto. BM:rto1J!lfaxQL~we; :rtwe; fm[3aAAftm ~ava xm I;ava II taoT) vc fJ,UtO<'iLOtEL T) mf,tOIlEL~La, mL[3aAAftm Of,tWe; oA01EAa fV01Lxtw<'iwe;, 'ljJllAacpT)1a, XWQLe; ~fxa8aQT) ouvetonon tOU oxonou.

o Of,ta<'iLxoe; yaf,tOe;, rtou E<'iW OtT)V Avo1QaALa ELvm oxouo yalloe; ta~Ewv, f,ta!;Lx6e; yaf,tOe; f,tLac; OAOXA T)QT)e; ta~T)e; avtQwv, 1tOV ouxva Eivm oxoomouevot 0' 6AT) tT)V EXtaOT) tT)e; T):rtELQOu, ue IlLa to i<'iw OXOQ1tLOf,tfVll tasll yvvmxwv - 0 Of,ta<'iLx6e; aut6e; yaf,tOe;, alla tOY fSftaOOVf,tf uno xovrn, <'iEv EL vm xa8oAov rooo avatQLXLaonx6e;, o:rtwe; VOf,tL!;fL T) OUVT)8Wf,tEVT) OtT)V noovetc qxrvrcoto rcov cpLALo1aiwv. AvtL8Eta, :rtEQaoav :rtoAM XQovLa Wo:rtou vo v:rto:rttEu80uv xov 1T)V u:rtaQ~i] tOV, xm :rtaAL 1wQa tEAEmaLa 1T)V af,tcpLo[3T)toUV ;ava. ~tOV enuro-

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Amo rraQatljQljti) flUpaVL~Etm oav xaAaQi) uovovcutc xm rrou xm rrou oav rroAuyallLa rrAaL ornv EUXmQLaxi) cmort«. llQErrEL va XatavaAooOEL xaVELC; XQOVLa, orrwc; 0 ct>aL~OV xm 0 XaOULt, yLa v' avaxaAU'\jJEL to Qu81lwtLXO vOIlO ueoc ornv rrQaxtLxi) El;aOxljOlj mrtorv tWV yalli]ALWV xataOtUOEWV, 0- nou 0 OUVlj8WIlEVOC; EUQwrraLOC; ELvm <')LatE8ELIlEVOC; va ~AErrEL o.n YLVEtm orn XOOQa tau - to VOIlO, ouwpwva IlE tOY 0- nolo 0 I;EVOC; llauQoc; tljC; AUOtQaALac;, XLALMEC; XLALOIlEtQa llaxQLu cxo tOY reno rou, ovcueoo OE av8Qoorrouc; rrou lj YAooooa roix tou EL vm axatavoljtlj, ~QLOXEL oxrrooo ouxva ano AljllEQL OE AljIlEQL, coro cpuAi] OE CPUAi), yuvaLxEC; nou XWQLC; cvrtorcon xm rrOVljQLu ELvm orn <')La8wi) rou, to vOIlO OUIlqxovo IlE tOY onoto EXEL voc; nou EXEL rrEQwootEQEC; yuvaLxEC; rraQaxwQEL iuo arr' autEC; OtOV CPLAOI;EVOUIlEVO YLa rn vUxta. EXEL onou 0 EUQwrraLoc; ~AErrEL aVlj8LXotljta xm ovouio, xuQLaQXEL ornv rrQaYllatLXotljta auotljQoC; VOIlOC;. OL yuvaLxEC; cvrpeouv ern yalli]ALa tUl;lj rou ;EVOU xm ELvm EtOL YEvvljIlEVEC; OU~UyOL tau. 0 L<')LOC; lj8LXOC; VOIlOC;, rrou rrQooQL~EL tOY Eva YLa tOY aAAov, arrayoQEUEL IlE rrOLvi] rrQoYQacpi)c; xa8E OXEon E;W arro tLC; yalli]ALEC; ta;ELC; nou aVi)xouv lj IlLa ornv UAAljV. Axouo XL EXEL onou aQrra~ouv tLC; yuvaLxEC;, orrwc; ouu~aLVEL ouxva xm OE rrOAAEC; rrEQLOXEC; ELvm xavovac;, tljQELtm IlE rrQoooxi) 0 vOIl0C; YLa nc; yalli)ALloC; ta;ELC;.

~tljV aQrrayi) nov yuvmxoov, UAAWOtE, EX<')ljAooVEtm XLOAac; xarroLO LXVOC; rrEQaOllatOC; otn uovovcuto, tOUAaXWtOV orn IlOQCPi) tOU ~EuyaQWtOU YUllou: Ornv 0 VEOC; IlE tn ~i)8ELa tWV CPLAWV tOU aQrra;EL i) arrayaYEL to XOQL tOL, rote EQxovtm OE OEl;ouaALXEC; 0XEOELC; IlE to XOQL tOL IlE tn OELQa OAOL OL CPLAOL rou VEOU, 0IlWC; UOtEQa an' auto 8EWQELtm yuvaLxa tOU VEOU nou UrrOXLVljOE rnv aQrrayi). KL cvnotoorpc, av to oxcOEL uno toy avtQa lj aQrraYIlEVlj yuvaLxa, XL av mv maOEL UAAOC;, rote YLVEtm yuvaLxa <')LXi) tOU xm 0 rrQootoc; xaVEL rc <')Lxmoollatu tou, llAUL XaL IlEoa orov 0f.W<')LXO YUIlO, nou YEvLxa E;axoAou8EL va urraQXEL, <')ljllLOuQyoUvtm AOLrrov 0XEOELC; arrOXAELOtLXotljtac;, ~EuyaQoollata YLa IlEyaAutEQo i) IlLXQotEQO XQOVLXO <')ulOtljlla, rrML 0' auta urruQXEL xm lj rroAuyallLa, EtOL nou 0 0lla<')Lxoc; yalloC; xm E<')oo ~QLOXEtm OE rraQaxlli] xm lllTaL VEL 1l0VO to EQootljlla, rroLOC;, xatw coto rnv EUQwrra·Lxi) E-

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rrLOQaOl], Sa E~acpaVLOtEL rrQwta uno to rrQOoxiJvLO: 0 o~aOLXoe_:; yu~oe_:; iJ OL ~aUQOL tl]e_:; AuotQaALae_:; nou tOV EcpaQj.t6l;ouv.

o yu~oe_:; xatu tU~ELe_:; OMXAl]QEe_:;, orrwe_:; EJtLXQatEL ornv AUOtQaALa, ELVaL rrUVtwe_:; ~La rrOAu xa~l]AiJ XaL rrQwtoYOVl] ~QCPiJ tOU o~aOLXOU YUIJ,OU, EVW l] rrouvaAouavi) OLXOYEVELa, rut' O,tL ~EQOWE, dVaL l] avwtatl] j)aSIJ,LOa avurrtu~iJe_:; TOU. 0 rrQwtoe_:; cpaLvEtaL va dVaL l] lJ,oQCPiJ nou cvrcnoxotvero; OTl]V XOLVWVLXiJ xatuotaOl] nEQLnAavw!J,EVWV aYQLWV, 0 OEUtEQOe_:; nQOurroSETEL XLOAae_:; OXEtLXU OtaSEQoue_:; OLXLOIJ,OUe_:; XOlJ,lJ,OUVLOtLXWv XOL vorrruev XaL oOl]yd U!J,EOa OTl]V alJ,Eowe_:; EJ'tO!J,EVlJ mjll]MTEQl] j)aS!J,Loa E~EAL~l]e_:;. AVU!J,EOa orou; OUO, Sa j)QOU!J,E otvouoo aXOlJ,a !J,fQLXEe_:; EVOLUIJ,EOfe_:; j)aSIJ,LOEe_:;. Eow EXOU!J,f I!J'tQOOtU !J,ae_:; Eva rrEoLo EQEuvae_:; rtou 1J,0ALe_:; UVOL~f XaL nou !LEVEL oxouo 0XEMv aVE~fQEUVlJtO.

3) H l;EvyaQom'l oixoveveux: Axouo XaL IJ,EOa OtOV OlJ,aOLXO yU!J,O iJ XaL nLO I!J'tQOOtU, YLvoTav Eva xnnoto l;wyuQwlJ,a YLa IJ,LXQOtEQO iJ IJ,EYaAutEQo XQOVLXO OLUOTl]lJ,a. 0 uvtQac; etXf IJ,La xUQLa yuvaLxa (Of V IJ,rrOQOU!J,E aXOlJ,a va nOUIJ,E fUVOOU!J,EVlJ), aVUIJ,EOa otu; nOAAEe_:; yuvaLXfe_:;, XL iJtav YL' autiJv 0 XUQLOtEQOe_:; oul;uyoe_:; aVUIJ,EOa croix UAAOUe_:;. To YEyOVOe_:; auto ouvEj)aAf aQxEtU om oUyXUOl] nou EnaSav OL LEQUnooTOAOL nou OtOV OlJ,aOLXO YUIJ,O (3A.EnOUV :1tOtE XOLVOXtl]!J,OOUVl] tWV YUVaLXWV XWQLe_:; xovovo, note auSaLQEtl] IJ,OLxda. Ouox, Eva tEtOLOU dooue_:; OUVl]9LOIJ,EVO l;EuyuQw!J,a ErrQEJ'tE va OTEQEWVEtaL OAO XaL :1tEQLOOOtEQO, 000 OLalJ,oQcpwvotav to YEVOe_:; XaL 000 YLVOvtaV:1tLO rroAuuQL9!J,Ee_:; OL xatl]yoQLEe_:; tWV «aoEQqxov» XaL TWV «aoEQcpuoWV», aVUIJ,EOa croix O:1tOLOUe_:; nrov tWQa aMvatoe_:; 0 yUlJ,oe_:;. H wSl]Ol] nou EOWOE TO YEVOe_:; ornv a:1taYOQEUOl] TOU YUIJ,OU aVUIJ,EOa OE oUYYEvde_:; E~ aLlJ,aToe_:; oOiJYl]OE aXOlJ,a :1tLO :1tEQa. 'EtOL, (3QLOXOUIJ,E OtL croix IQoXEl;oue_:; XaL oroo; :1tEQLOOOTEQOUe_:; UAAOUe_:; IVOLuvoue_:; :1tOU j)QLOXOVtaL ornv xatwTEQl] (3a91J,LOa tl]e_:; j)aQj)aQotl]tae_:;, a:1taYOQEUETaL 0 YU!J,oe_:; aVU!J,EOa 0' 6)"ov~ toue_:; OUYYEVELe_:; rtou aQL91J,EL TO OUOtl]IJ,U roix, XaL rc dOl] autwv tWV OUYYEVWV dVaL aQxETEe_:; ExatovTMEe_:;. ME to aU~aVOIJ,EVO aUTO 1J,:1tA.E~LIJ,O nov a:1tayoQEUOEWV YLVOVTav OAO XaL :1tLO aOuvaTOL OL OlJ,aOLXO( yUIJ,OL. Ot YU!J,OL aUTOL :1taQaIJ,EQLOTl]XaV cero tl] l;EvyaQWTr'I oixovtVEta. ~tl] (3aS!J,Loa autiJ Evae_:; UVTQae_:; l;EL lJ,al;L IJ,E IJ,La yuvaLxa,

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E'tOL 6j.tooe; non TJ JtOAuyaj.tLa XaL TJ EUXaLQLaXtl amO'tLa va j.tEVEL bLxaLOOj.ta torv avtQ<l>V, eotro XL av TJ JtQW'tTJ YLa OLXOVOj.tLXOue; Myoue; JtaQOUOLutE'taL OJtUVLa. Evw «no ne; yuvaLXEe; OUvtlSooe; corcrroev auo'tT)Qtl JtLO'tT) 0'tT) bLUQXELa 'tT)e; XOL Vtle; Sootle; XaL T) j.tOLXELa roix nj.tooQd'taL OXAT)QU. 0 yaj.ttlALOe; bE- 0j.t6e; 6j.tooe; J.t3tOQEL va bLaAuSd XaL uno ne; ouo j.tEQLEe;, XaL rc JtaLbLU cvrpcouv, 6Jtooe; XaL JtQWta, j.tovUxa 0'tT) j.tT)'tEQa.

KaL 0' mrrov EJtLOT)e; 'tOV aJtoxAEwj.t6 aJt6 'to yaj.ttlALO bEouo trov OUYYEVWV EI; aLj.ta'tOe; rtou JtQOwSEL'taL 6AO XaL JtEQLo06'tEQO, El;axOAouSd va EJtLbQu T) CPUOLXtl EJtLAOytl. 0 M6Qyxav AEEL OXE'tLXU:

«OL yUj.tOL avuj.tE<Ja 010 YEVT), nou 6EV ELVaL OUYYEvtl 101; a£uoroc, bT)j.tLOUQYTJOav j.tLa CPUOLXU XaL JtVEuj.tanxU buva't6n:QT) QU'tOa. !'J. uo cpUAEe; nou JtQ6xof3av, avaxUtEuovtaV, XaL ro XaL VOUQYLa XQaVLa XaL OL EYXEcpaAOL EUQuvOvtav CPUOLOAOYLxu WOJtou JtEQLEAuJ.tf3avav ne; Lxav6'tTJ'tEe; xai TWV bvo.» 1

'E'tOL tl'tav EJt6j.tEVO, OL cpUAEe; JtOU EcpUQj.tosav 'to OUO'tT)1-tU tcov YEVWV v' orroxrnoouv UJtEQOXtl unevcvn one; xaSuO'tEQT)j.tEVEe; tl va ne; JtaQaouQouv us to JtaQ<'t6ELYj.tU roue,

H .EI;EALI;T) 'tT)e; OLXOYEVELae; O'tT)V JtQo"CO'tOQLXtl EJtOXtl cno'tEAEL'taL, sroi, uno Eva OUVExEe; otsvsuc rou XUXAOU, nou JtQ<l>'ta JtEQLEAaj.t!3avE OMXAT)QT) 'tTl cpuA.i], tou XUXAOU nou j.tEoc ore JtAaLOLu rou SOUVE OE yaj.ttlALa XOL vomrc rc ouo yEVT). ME to OUVEXi] aJtOXAEWll6 JtQc.lna nov xovn V6'tEQooV, UO'tEQa 6AO XaL mo j.taXQLvWv, oro 'tEAOe; oxouo XaL trov EI; aYXLO'tELae; OUYYEVWV, YLVEtm aMvatoe; teALxa OJtoLOo6i]Jtot€ OllabLx6e; YUIlOe; XaL j.tEVEL oooiconx« 'to Eva, YLa Eva bLuo'tT)j.ta axouo xaAaQu OUVbEbEIlEVO SEUYUQL, 'to 1l6QLO rrou IlE 'tTl bLUAUOi] rou JtauEL YEVLXU 0 yUIlOe;. AJt' mrro xL6Aae; 'to YEyov6e; cpaLVE'tm Jt600 ALYT) 0XEOT) EXEL 0 a'tOj.tLx6e; Oel;ouaALX6e; EQO>'tae;, IlE 'tTl OT)IlEQL vtl evvoia tT)e; AEI;T)e;, IlE 'tTJ bT)IlLOuQYLa rou a'tOj.tLXOU yUIlOU. Axouc JtEQW06'tEQO 'to aJtobdxvEL «uro T) JtQul;T) 6AooV torv Aawv nou !3QLOXOVtaL 0' auti] tTl !3aSj.tLba. Evr» ow; JtQOTJYOUj.tEV€e; j.tOQcpEe; OLxoYEVELae; bEV EAELJtaV no'tE yuvaLxEe; o'tOue; UvtQEe;, avtLeEta j.tUAAOV roue Ecp'tavav xm us 'to JtaQaJtuvw, 'twQa EYLvav OJtUVLEe; xm JtEQLsi]'tT)tEe;. I'r'

1. L. H. Morgan, Ancient society, AOYOtYO 1877, Of"-. 459.

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mrro uno rov xaLQ6 tOU l;:,£'llyaQOOtOu YUIlO'll aQXLl;:,El Tl aQnaYrl XaL Tl ayoQu torv Y'llVaLXWV. Ilooxeum £bw YLa nAatLu ~lLaO£bOIlEva aVJ1JTTW'_Wra, XaL YW rtnoro n£QLO(J6t£Qo cno (JUIlJttwllata Illa~ aAAaYrl~ rtou (JUVt£AE(JtTlX£ XaL nou ~QL(JX£tal nOAu rno ~a8LU, YLa (JullntWllata nou ELVaL anAE~ IlE80- bOL va ~QL(JXOUV yuvaLx£~ XaL rtou 0 (JxoAa(JtLx6~ ~XOt(JEl;:,O~ Max Aevov IlEtaIl6QqJoo(J£ 00(Jt6(J0 (J£ «YUIlO aQnayiJ~» XaL «YUIlO ayoQu~». AAAw(Jt£, XaL otoix Ivbluvou~ tTl~ AIl£QLxiJ~ XaL aAAou «JtTlV Lbla ~a8IlLba), to (J'llVOLXEaLO oev ELVaL uno- 8wTl tWV £vbwcp£QOIlEvWV, nou (JUXvu oev QWtLOUvtaL xov, aAM tWV IlTltEQOOV roix. 'Etm, (JUXvu aQQa~wvLul;:,ovtaL buo UYVW(JtoL, rtou £VTlIl£QwvovtaL YLa rnv coroqxroiouevn ma (JUvaAAayiJ 1l0VUxa orcv nA Tl(JLUl;:,El 0 'X.aLQ6~ rou yUIlO'll. llQLV ano to YUIlO, 0 yallnQ6~ xuvElbwQa croix (J'llYY£VEL~ crto to YEVO~ tTl~ vUCPTl~ (bTlAabiJ (JtOU~ IlTltQLXOU~ (J'llYY£V£L~ tTl~ XaL 6- XL orov natEQa XaL to (JuYY£VOA6L rou), nou 8£wQouvtaL bwQa ayoQu~ YLa to XOQL tm rtou naQaxwQTl(Jav. 0 yUIlO~ 1llt0QEL va bLaAu8£L orov to mL8UllEL 0 Eva~ cno roue b'110 naVtQ£IlEvoix. Q(Jt6(J0 (JLYU-(JLYU (J£ nOAAE~ CPUAE~, yw naQMuYlla oroix IQoxEl;:,ou~, (JXTlllatL(JtTlx£ IlLa XOLviJ YVWIlTl nou uno(JtQECPEtaL nutouc tOU~ XWQL(JIlOU~. Orov bTlllLOUQYTl80uv 6WCPWVL£~, m£ll~aL VOUV (J'llIl~L~a(JtLXU OL (JuYY£VEL~ rou YEvoix XaL crto to buo IlEQTl XaL 1l0VUxa orov oev xaQnocpoQiJ(J£L Tl mEIl~a<J'll roix, YLVEtaL XWQL<J1l6~, onere to naL6LU IlEVO'llV om yuvaLxa, XaL 0 xa8Eva~ £LVaL £A£u8£QO~ va l;avanaVtQ£utEL.

H l;:,£uyaQWti) OLXOYEV£La, noAU aMvatTl XaL noAU corcm 'YI LbLa YLa va nQoxaAE(J£L rnv avuY'Xl] £v6~ bLXOU tTl~ VOLXOXUQLOU i) XaL YLa va to XUVElIlOVUxa £m8UIlTlt6, b£v bWAUEl xu- 86Aou to XOIlIlOUVL(JtLx6 VOLXOX'llQL6 rrou XATlQOVOlliJ8l]'X.£ arto naALu. KOllllOUVLOtLx6 VOLXOX'llQL6, 6IlW~, 8a nEl X'llQLaQXLa tWV YUVaLXWV (JtO ortttt, xa8w~ XaL anoxA£L(JtLxi) avaYVWQL(J'YIIlLa~ nQaYllatLxiJ~ IlTltEQa~, m£Lbi) iJtav aMvato va YVWQLl;:,OUV ue ~£~aL6tTlta rov nQaYIlatLx6 natEQa, 8a n£L 11£YUAO~ (J£~a(J!l6~ ttov YUVaLXWV, bTlAabiJ tWV !lTltEQWV. ELVaL IlLa cno tL~ ruo naQuAoy£~ avtLAiJtjJEl~, nou !la~ XATlQoMtTlocv OL bLacpOOtL(JtE~ rou 180u cuovo, 'YI avtLATltjJTl6tL l] yuvaLxa (JtL~ aQXE~ t'YI~ XOL vwvLa~ iJtav tuxa (JxA~a tou cvroc. H

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yuvui'Xu a' 6AO'IJ£ rou; aYQLO'IJ£ 'XaL 0' 6AO'IJ£ to'IJ£ j3aQ{3UQO'IJ£ tT]£ 'XUtWtEQT]£ 'XaL I!EOT]£, EV I!EQEL oxouc 'XaL tT]£ UVWtEQT]£ j3uOl!ibu£, 'XutEXEL I!LU OEOT] 6XL 1!0vaxu EA£1"OEQT] UAAa 'XaL noAU OEj3uOti). IIOLU dVaL T] OEOT] tT]£ Y'lJvui'Xw; oxouc 'XaL OtO l;E'lJyaQoot6 yal!o I!U£ to AEEL 0 AQOO'IJQ PaL t, no» E'XUVE noA.Aa XQ6VLa LEQun60toAO£ Oto'IJ£ IQO'XEl;o'IJ£ ~EVE'XU:

«'000 YLU tL£ OL'XOYEVELEt; roix, rov 'XaLQ6 Jto'IJ 'XutOL'XOUoov u'X6l!u OtU nUA.La I!U'XQO'IJAa onitLu ('X01!1!0'IJVLOtL'X6 VOL'X0'X'lJQL6 'Xal!noooov OL'X0YEVELWV) ... EJtL'XQatOUOE E'Xd navtu EVU 'XAUV (EVU YEVO£) Etat nou OL Y'lJvui'XEt; EnaLQvuv rou; avtQEt; roix crto t ' aAAu 'XA.UV (yEVTj) ... ~'IJvi)Ooo£ to OnLtL to 'X'IJj3EQVOUOE T] Y'lJvui'Xu, tc UnOOEI!UtU nrcv 'XOLva. AAil!OVO 6- I!oot; ow b'IJOt'IJXLOI!EVO oul;'IJYo i) EQUOti), rtou i)tUV nOAu U'XUl!atT]£ i) UbE~LO£ 'XaL bEV 1!Jt0QOUOE vo o'IJl!i3aA.EL I!E to bL'X6 tou I!EQLbLO ore 'XOL va anOOEl!atU. AbLaqJOQO rtooo naLbLa i) zoOT] 6L'Xi) rou nEQLO'lJoiu dXE oro onrn, 'XaOE OtLYI!i) 1!Jt0QOUOE vc naQEL bLUtUyi) vc I!Ul;E1PEL tn 1!Jt0YUAa'XLU rou 'XaL VU ~E'Xo'IJl!nLOtEi. KaL bEV rou mEtQmuv vn nQOonuOi)oEL v' ovnOtU8EL. Tou E'XUVUV uqJ6QT]w to onrn 'XaL 6EV W'IJ EI!EVE aAAo rtnorc nUQa vc Y'lJQioEL ow bL'X6 rou 'XAUV (YEvot;) i), 6noo£ O'IJvEj3aLVE 0'IJvi)8oo£, vo 'XavEL VEO yal!o a' aAAo 'XA.uv. OL Y'lJVUL'XEt; i)tuv T] I!EyaAT] Mvul!T] om 'XAUV (YEVT]) 'XaL ncvrou UAAOU. ,1.EV biotul;uv, orcv tUXaL VE T] E'IJ'XaLQiu, VU 'XUOaLQEOO'IJV EVUV uQXT]y6 'XaL vc tOV 'IJnoj3Lj3aOO'IJV OE 'XOLv6 JtOA.EI!LOti).» 1

To 'X01!1!0'IJVLOtL'X6 VOL'X0'X'lJQL6, onou OL nEQL006tEQE£ i) 6A.Et; OL Y'lJVUi'XE£ uvi)'XO'IJV OtO ibw YEVO£, EVW OL aVtQE£ uviJ'XO'IJV OE bLUqJoQEtL'Xa YEVT], UnOtEAEi tT]V nQuYl!utL'Xi) j3aoT] tT]£ 'X'lJQLuQXiu£ trov YWaL'Xwv rtou ornv nQoot6yovT] moxi) i)tUV YEvL'Xa bLUbEboI!EVT]. KL umi) Ei Val T] tQi tTl 'IJnT]Qwiu rtou nQ60qJEQE 0 MnaX0qJEv, bT]A.ubi) to YEyov6t; 6tL to uvu'XaA'lJ1PE 'XaL curo. ~'IJI!JtA.T]Qool!utL'Xa nUQatT]Qw oxouc 6tL OL nA.T]QoqJOQLEt; rtou nQoEQXOvtaL cero tU~LbLWtEt; 'XaL LEQan60toA.o'IJ~

1. 0 'EVYXfA£ avacp€Q€L TO YQa~l1a tou AQ80uQ Pan O1"~cpwva ue 'to I3tI3Alo'tOu Moovxcv Ancient society, o.n., UfA. 455. OMXAl']QO 'to JtfQLfXO~fVO 't01) YQa~~atO£, ue l']~fQo~l']vta 19 Mal'] 'tOU 1874 (XaL 0XL oJtw£ 'to avacp€Qft o Moovxov 1873), 6l']~OULfUtl']Xf oro JtEQW6LXO American Anthropologist, New Series, MEVaUa, OULUXOVULV, HTIA 1933, aQL8. 1, UfA. 138-140 (Ul']~. yfQ~. ouvt.),

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YLa to on OL aYQLOL XaL OL f3<lQ~QOL cpoQtwvoU'V UJtEQj30ALXi) OOuA.ELa on~ ywaLxE~, aEv ovrupcoxouv xa60A.ou J.tE 000. etneue. 0 xataJ.tEQLOJ.tO~ tll~ EQyaoi,a~ avaJ.tEOa ore auo cpUAa xaOoQi,~EtaL uno tEAEi.W~ aLacpoQEtLxt~ aLti,E~ aJt' O,tL II Otoll tll~ yuvai,xa~ ornv xorvoivtc. AaoL onou OL yuvaLxE~ ELVat uJtOXQEWJ.ttVE~ vc EQya~OvtaL JtOAU JtEQLOOOtEQO alt' O,tL JtQtJtEL oUJ.tcpwva J.tE tL~ aLxt~ J.ta~ aVtLAi)1VEL~, tQtcpoU'V ouxva noA.U JtLO JtQayJ.tanxo oEl3aoJ.to OtL~ yuvaLxE~ aJto tOU~ EUQwnctou; J.ta~. H xUQi,a tOU JtOAL tLOJ.tOU, tQL YUQLOJ.ttVlj aJto1VEutoJtQOOXuvi)J.tata xm ;EXOJ.tJ-tEVlj uno xaOE JtQaYJ.tatLXi) oouAELa, tXEL MELQa xatWtEQTJ XOt vWVtxit 8to11 cero rn OXA.llQa EQya~ouevn yuvai.xa tll~ l3aQl3aQotllta~ nou OtO 1.0.0 tll~ rnv EXtLuonocv onv JtQaYJ.tattxit xUQi,a (lady, frowa, Frau = xUQa), XaL ittav tttoW cno to xaQaxtitQa tTJ~ 8toll~ tll~.

Av oitJ.tEQa otnv AJ.tEQtXtl 0 ~EuyaQWto~ yaJ.tO~ tXEL JtaQaYXWVi,OEL oMtEAa toy oJ.taatxo yaJ.to, auto 00. to bEi.;ouv EJtLOtaJ.ttVE~ tQEUVE~ OtOU~ I3oQELOautLxou~ xat taLW~ OtOU~ votLOaJ.tEQtXaVtxoU~ Aaou~, JtOU I3Qi,oxovtaL oxouc OtTJV aVWtEQll l3a8J.ti,aa tll~ aYQLa~ xataotaolle;· I'i.' autou~ tOU~ tEAEUtaLOU~ aL1'lYouvtat rooc JtOA.A.a 1wQaad yJ.tata OE;OUaA.Lxit~ EA.EUOEQi.a~ nou bEY J.tJtOQOUJ.tE vn uJt08tOOUJ.tE OtL txouv ;EJtEQaOEL OMtEAa tOY JtaAto oJ.tabtxo yaJ.to. Onoxrorptore bEY E;acpaVLOtllXav axoJ.ta 01.0. rou to. LXVTJ. TOUA.UXLOtov OE oaQavro 130QELOaJ.tEQtxavLxt~ cpUAte; 0 avtQae; nou JtavtQEUEtUt tll J.tEyaAutEQll abEQCPil, tXEL to btXaLwJ.ta vo JtaQEt EJtLOlle; yuvai,XE~ tOU OA.E~ tL~ aaEQCP€~ tTJC;, J.tOA.t~ cptaoouv OtTJV aJtm ronusvn llA.txi.a: UJtoAEtJ.tJ.ta tou YEyovotO~ on J.tta OMXAllQll OELQa abEQcpte; ELxav uno XOtVOU toix avtQEe;. Kat yta rou; xotOLxOU~ tTJ~ XEQooviloou tTJC; KaA.tcp6Qvw~ (avwtEQTJ l3a8J.tLaa tYle; aYQLa~ xorcorconc), aCPYlYEi. tm 0 MJtavxQocpt ott txouv OQLOJ.ttVE~ YLOQtte;, onou J.ta~EUOvtat xaJ.tJtOOEe; «cpu Ate;» J.tE oxono va €Q80uv OE OE;OUaA.Lxtc; OXtOEtC; XWQi.~ bLUXQLOTJ.1 OJtw~ cpaLvEtm, JtQOXEttaL YLa ytVlj, nou u' aUla to. Jtav'llYuQta 6LatllQOVV rnv aJ.tu6Qit cvcuvnon tTJC; EJtoxile; onou oi yuvaLxEC; tOU Ev6;ytvou~ dxav XOLVOV~ 01J~vY01J~ OA.01J~ toix

1. H. H. Bancroft, The native races of the pacific states of North America, to!!. I, Aft1jJia 1875, af/... 352-353 (0111-1. YEQI-I. ouvr.),

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OvtQEe; 'tOOV OAAOOV YEVWV xm UvtLO'tQOCPU, To LOW E8q.tO emXQa'tEL cxouo ornv Auo'tQuHu, ~E flEQLX01Je; AUOUe; OUflI3ULVEL OL mo TJALXLOOflEVOL OvtQEe;, OL UQXl]YOL xm flOYOL-LEQde;, vc EXflEtUA.A.EuOvtm rnv xOLVOX'tl]flOOUVl] torv yuvmxwv yw AOYUQLUOfl6 tou; xm vo uovomokoirv ne; nEQLo06'tEQEe; yuvui.XEe; YLU 'tOY EaU't6 roue, ~E uvtLO'to8flLOflU, 6flOOe;, dvm unoXQEOOflEVOL, 010 OQLOflEvEe; YLOQ'tEe; xm flEYOAEe; AU'LXEe; OUYXEv'tQWoELe;, v« f30l;ouv ~uvo 010 ECPUQflOYiJ rnv nUALo XOLVOX'tl]flOOUVTJ xm v' uCPiJvouv ne; YUVULXEe; rou; vn ~ECPUvtWvouv ue 'toue; VEOUe;, MLU oA.6xAl]QTJ OELQO nUQuodYflU'tU cero 'tE'tOLOU dooue; nEQLOoLxO oU'tOUQVOALU I, onou LOXUOUV ~uvo YLU ALYO OLOO'tl]flU OL nUALEe; EAEU8EQEe; OE~OUUALXEe; 0XEOELe;, UVUCPEQOvroi cno 'tOY BEO'tEQflUQX, OEA, 28-29: YLU 'toue; Xoe;, roix ~uvtftA, rou; IIovtl;ue; xm roue Korco o'tTJV Iv6Lu, 010 flEQLXOUe; UCPQLXUVLXOUe; AUOUe; xAn, Kcrc nEQLEQYO 'tQ6no, 0 BEO'tEQfluQx ~yo~EL uno mno 'to YEYov6e; 'to oUflnEQuoflu on d vnr unOAELflfla'tU 6XL 'tau OflUOLXOU YOflOU, nou 'tOY uQvEL'tm, uAM 'tTJe; E:rtoX'tle; 'tOU OQYUOflOU, nou orov nQoo't6yovo ov8Qoono iJrev XOL vo; ue rc OAAU ~wu,

<I>'tOVOUflE 'twQu o'tTJV 'tE'tUQ'tl] flEYOAl] UVUXOAU'ljlTJ rou MnoxocpEv, ornv uvuxOAU'IjI1] 'tTJe; nAuno OLUOEOOflEVl]e; uetn~unxiJe; flOQCPiJe; crto 'tOY 0flUOLX6 YOflO oro l;EUYOQOOflU, Auto rtou 0 MnoxocpEv nUQLO'toVEL orrv E~LAUOfl6 YLU 'tTJV nUQo~u- 01] torv nUALwv 8E'LXWV EV'tOAwv: 0 E~LAUOfl6e;, nou u' ourov TJ YUVULXU E~uyoQol;EL 'to OLXULOOflU 'tTJe; uyv6'tTJ'tue;, EL vm ornv nQuYflunx6'tTJ'ta flOVOXU flUOnXLOtLxiJ EXCPQUOTJ tou E~LAUOflOU ue 'tOY onoto l] YUVULXU E~uyoQol;EL 't1]V EAEU8EQLU 'tl]e; nno 'tTJV nUALo XOL vomr« nov uv'tQwv XaL unox'toEL 'to OLXULOOflU vc nUQuoL VE'taL flOVftXU 0' tvav ovro«. 0 E~LAUOfl6e; uU't6e; OuvLo'ta'tm oro 6'tL OL YUVULXEe; EXOLOOV'tUV YLU OQLOflEVO XQovixo 6LOO'tTJflU: OL YUVU(XEe; 'tl]e; B~UAWVUe; iJ'tuv unoXQEoo-

I, AU'LXi! YWQ'ti! o'tTJV uQxulu PW!-lTJ, 11:01) vrvotnv rrQo~ n!-li! 't01) Q<O!-lU'Lxoll 6EOll ~m:ollQv (Koovoc) TOV XULQOlO1) XEL!-lEQLVOll TJ1.WOlUm01), !-lEla toy lE1.ELIll!-lOlIllV uYQonxwv EQYUOLWV. ~tTJ DU1Qxnu tTJ~ yLOQli!~, onou Enmovcv !-ltQo~ XUL OL oX1.u~oL XaL rruQuxu60V'tuv oto lQurrE~L trov E1.E1l6E-

• QIllV, vworov !-lU~LXO <puyorron XUL OQYLU. Emxocrononv OL E1.E1l6EQE~ OE- 1;o1)u1.LXE~ OXEOEL~, H 1.E1;TJ «OUt01)Qva1.LU» EYLVE 01)VWV1J!-l0 nov uxu1.l vomov oQyllllv (OTJ!-l. yEQ!-l, ouvr.).

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J.lEVE~ uio CPOQU to XQOVO vc ExoLoovtaL otou; UvtQE~ OtO vco tlJ~ Mu1..L ttTj~. AAAOL 1..aoL tlJ~ OUtLxi)~ AoLa~ EOtE1.. vov rc XOQLtOLa toix YLa xUlillooa XQOVLa oro voo tTj~ AvattLOa~, 0- rtou 0cpEL1..av vc EJUoLoovtaL orov E1..EU8EQO EQwta J.lE EWOOUJ.lEVOU~, nou roix OLU1..EYaV rc LOLa, nQL v tou; EJU tQamL vu ncvtoeutovv. Ilnoouoic E8qw J,lE 8QTjOXEUtLXO nEQL~1..lJJ,la ELVaL XOL vc 0XEMv OE 01..0U~ tOU~ aOLatLXOU~ 1..aOU~, cno tTj MwoYELO w~ to fUYYTj. 'Onw~ naQatTjQEL xLOAa~ 0 MnuxoCPEV, J,lE to nEQaOJ,la tou XQovou yL VEtaL 61..0 XaL JUO E1..acpQLu lJ EsL1..<lOti)QLa 8uoLa YLa rnv EsaYOQU:

«H ouvi)8ELa vc EXoLOEtaL Tj yuvaLxa crou; uvtQE~ XU8E XQOVO unoxwQd IillQo~ om ouviJ8ELa vo ExoLOEtaL J,lLa J,lOVUxa cpoQu, tOY EtaLQWJ,tO tWV navtQEJ,lEVWV YUVaLXWV OWOEXEtaL 0 EtaLQWJ,lO~ tWV XOQL tOLWV, rnv EsUOXTjOTj tou EtaLQLOJ,lOU orn OLuQXELa rou YUJ,lOU OLaOEXEtaL Tj ESUOXTjOTj nQLv an' curov, rnv naQMooTj OE 01..0U~ OLXW~ EX1..0yi), lJ naQMooTj OE OQWJ,lEVa nooocono» (Mrm;nx6 Aixaio, OEA. 29). ~E UAAOU~ 1..aou~ AELnEL to 8QTjOXEUtLXO nEQL~ATjJ,la. ~E J,lEQLXOU~crou; eQUXE~, KE1..tE~ x1..n., OtTjV aQXaLotlJta, OE nOAAou~ L- 8aYEvd~ tTj~ Iv(){,a~, OE J,la1..a·(xou~ Aaou~, ototx VTjOLWtE~ rou Nouou ELQTjVLXOU XaL OE no1..1..ou~ Ivoinvoix tTj~ AJ,lEQLXi)~, axoJ,la XaL oi)J,lEQa to XOQLtoLa w~ to YUJ,lO toU~ EXOUV tTJ J,lEya1..UtEQlJ oE!;ouaALxi) EAEu8EQLa. IOLaLtEQa auto yLvEtaL 0XEoov rtnvrou ern NOt La AJ,lEQLxi), XaL auto 1ill0Qd va to ~E~aLWOEL 0 xa8Eva~ rtou nQOXWQlJOE Myo oro EOWtEQLXO tlJ~. 'EtOL OLlJYELtaL 0 AyxaoL~ (A Journey in Brazil, Boorovn XaL NEa YOQxlJ 1886, OEA. 266), YLa J,lW nAouOLa OLxoYEVELa LVOLUVLXTJ~ xataywyi)~: Ornv tOU ouornoov tTJV xOQlJ, QWtTJOE YLa tOY natEQa tTJ~, VoJ,tL~Ovta~ nws 8a i)taV 0 uvtQa~ tTJ~ J,ll]tEQa~ tTj~, nou rrrcv asLWJ,latLXO~ XaL ~Qwxotav orov nOAEJ,lO Evcvno ornv IIaQayouul]. H J,lTJtEQa OJ,lW~ anuvtTJOE xaJ,loYEAwvta~: Na6 tern pai, e filha da fortuna. AEV EXEL natEQa, dVaL naLoL tTJ~ tUXTJ~.

«'EtOL J,lL1..0UVEJruvta, XWQL~ vtQoni) i) J,lOJ,lcPi), OL IVOLuvE~ YLa tc EswyaJ,la naLOLU toix. KL auto OEV d VaL xa8oAou oouviJ8wto, J,luH,ov to avtL8Eto cpaLvEtaL vc anOtEAEL E!;aLQWTJ. To naLOLu ... YVWQL~OUV ouxvu J,lOVUxa tTJ J,ll]tEQa tOU~, YLatL 01..E~ OL CPQovtLOE~ XaL OL Eu8uVE~ nEcptoW nuvw tTJ~. Itc tOY

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~E UAAOU~ JtUAL Aaov~, OL CPLAOL X<XL oUYYEvd~ tOU yaJ.tJtQou iJ OL JtQooxaAwllEvOL OtO YUIlO llLEXllLXOUV rn IlEQa tOU YUIlOU to JtatQoJtaQulloto llLxaLwlla OtT] vVCPT], EVcb 0 yaJ.tJtQ6~ JtaLQVEL tEAEUtaLO~ OELQu. Auto vworov OtL~ BaAEaQLllE~ X<XL otou; AUYLAEOU~ tT]~ AcpQLxiJe; ornv aQX<XL6tT]ta, X<XL oiJllEQa ax61la orotx MJtaQEa tT]e; A(3UOOT]VL<XI;. ~E UAAOUr; JtUAL, tnv XOLv6.tT]ta EXJtQOOWJtEL XUJtOLO mLOT]IlO JtQ60wJto, o nooeoro; tT]~ CPUAiJ~ iJ rou YEVOU~, 0 Xa~LXT]~, 0 oalluvo~, 0 LEQEa~, 0 JtQL YXLJta~ iJ onoiooorprore UAAO~, abLucpoQO Jtcb~ MYEt<XL, X<XL aoxd orn vUcpT] to llLxaLwlla tl]~ JtQcbtT]~ vUxta~. IIaQ' 6AOUe; tou~ vEOQollaVtLXOu~ El;ayvtOJ.,lOUr;, rnrto 'to jus primae noctis I uJtuQXEL ax61la X<XL oiJJ.,lEQa oov UJt6AELIlJ.,la rou OJ.,lallLXOU yUJ.,lOU OtOU~ mQL006tEQOU~ XaTOLXOU~ tT]~ AAUoxa~ (Mncvxooq», Native Races, I, 81), croix Taxov tou B6- QELOU MEI;LXOU (oro ibw, OEA. 584), X<XL 0' UAAOU~ Aaou~. EJtLOT]~, 0' 6AT] tn llLuQXELa tOU J.,lWaLWVa UJtiJQXE touAUXLOtOV OtL~ aQXLxu XEAtLXE~ XcbQE~, onou XAT]QollotiJ8T]XE ullwa «no tOY 0llallLx6 yUJ.,lO, YLa JtaQullEL Ylla ornv AQayovLa. Evr» ornv Kao'tLAT] 0 XWQLx6~ llEV iJtav JtOtE llOUAOJtUQOLXO~, ornv AQavovt« EJtLXQaT01'OE T] JtLO maLoxuVtT] llouAoJtaQOLxLa we; to llLutaYlla ron <I>EQllLVuvllou ron Ka80ALXOU to 14862• To EYYQacpo curo AEEL:

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«KQI,vOUIlE XaL ar[OcpaOL~OUIlE O'tL XaL ot XUQLOL (senyors, ~aQOVOL) 1£OU aVacpEQOV'taL JtLO 1£avw ... bEY Il1£OQOUV rnv 1£Qw'tTJ vUX'ta 1£OU ° XWQLXOe; 1£alQvEL IlLa yuvaLxa v« XOLIlTleouv Ila~t 'tTle; 1} 'tTJ VUxta 'tOU yallou XaL 0' EvbEL1;TJ 'tTle; XUQLaQXLae; rou; vn 1£EQaoouv 1£avw uno 'to xQEl3an xm va oQaOXEAlOOUV ami) tn yuvalxa, orcv me ea EXEL 1£AaYLaOEL. OU- , rs Il1£OQOUV OL 1£aQaJtavw XUQLOL va XQTlOLIl01£OLOUV rnv XOQTl i) 'to yLO 'tOU XWQLXOU IlE 1£ATlQWIli) i) XWQle; 1£ATlQWIli), 1£aQa 'tTl eO"Tloi) 'tOue;.» (AvacpEQE'taL oro XataAOvLxo 1£Qw'tO'tu1£o a1£' onou 'to 1£nQE ° ZouyxEvxa·(Il, O'tO EQYO 'tau LlOVAOJWQOLxia, llE'tQoU1£oATl1861, OEA. 35).

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Acpi)VO'\Jl-lE 'twQa tnv AI-lEQLXi), 'to xAamxo Eoacpo~ 'tTJ~ ~EUyaQw'ti)~ OLxoyEVELa~. Kcquc EVOEL;TJ OEV I-la~ Em'tQEnEL va OUI-lJtEQaVO'\Jl-lE on EXEL ELXE avamuxSEL I-lLa aVW'tEQTJ l-loQCPi) OLXOYEVELa~, O'tL EXEL nQLV coto rnv aVaXaAU'\jJTJ XaL rnv xataX'tTJoi) 'tTJ~ uni)Q;E note o'taSEQi) uovovcuto. ~LacpoQEnxu i)rev to nQaYl-lata orov naALo xoouo.

Eow 'to TJI-lEQwl-la terv oLxLaxwv ~wwv XaL TJ EX'tQOCPi) xonaoLwv aVEJt'tu;av I-lLa ayvwo'tTJ w~ 'twQa nTJyi) nAou'tOu XaL OTJl-lwuQYTJoav oM'tEAa VEE~ XOLVWVLXE~ OXEOEL~. Q~ 'tTJV xa'tW'tEQTJ ~aSI-lLOa 'tTl~ ~aQ~aQo'tTl'ta~, 'to I-l0VLI-l0 nAou'to cnoreAouoav 0XEMv I-lovaxa 'to omn, rc Qouxa, tn axa'tEQyao'ta X00I-li)l-lata XaL tu EQyaAELa YLa tnv cnoxrnon XaL HOLl-laOLa 'tTJ~ 'tQocpi)~: MQxa, onAa XaL noAU anAa OLXLaXU OXEUTJ. TTJv 'tQoCPi) btQEJtE va rnv XEQOL~OUV I-lEQa I-lE 'tTJ I-lEQa. TWQa, I-lE n~ aYEA£~ tu uAoya, tL~ Xal-li)AE~, rc ya"LoouQLa, rc ~ooLa, rc nQo~ata, rc YL6La XaL tn youQOuvLa, OL nOLI-lEVLXOL AaoL rtou OAO XaL nQoxwQouoav -OL AQWL ornv L vOLXi) Ilevronotmua XaL o'tTJV JtEQLOXi) rou faYYTJ, xaSw~ XaL O'tL~ rote cxouo nOAU rno nAoumE~ OE VEQa O'tEnE~ 'tOU O;OU XaL 'tOU Ia;uQ'tTJ, OL ~TJI-lL'tE~ orov EucpQa'tTJ XaL 'tOY TLYQT)-- anEx'tTlOav I-lLa nEQLouotc nou XQELa~o'tav I-l0VaXa EJtL~AE'\jJTI XaL O'tOLXELWOTJ nsQLnOLTJOTJ YLa v' avanaQaYE'taL 0' OAO XaL I-lEyaAU'tEQo aQLSI-lO xm v' anOOLOEL rnv mo acpSOVTJ 'tQoCPi) OE yaAa xm xQEa~. OAa to nQOTlyoUI-lEva I-lEOa E;EUQEOTJ~ 'tQocpi)~ nEQaoav OE OEU'tEQTJ I-l0LQa. To xuvilYL, nou nQOTJyoUI-lEVa i)'tav avayxaLotnrn, EYLVE 'twQa nOA mEAELa.

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fLatL tWQa Eixav ECP£UQ€t Xat tll bouA-Eia. fLa to f3aQ[3aQo tlle; xatwt€Ql']e;, f3aBI1Lbae;" 0 bouA.oe;, 6£v dX€ a1;La. I'r' auto xm OL Ivourvo; tlle;, AI1€Qtx.1\e;, CPfQVOVLaV €Vt€A.We;, 6tacpOQ€tLx.a croix 'l'Jtt'l'Jl1fVOUe;, €X9Qoue;, an' o.n YLVOtaV ornv avwt€Q'l'J {3a9I1Lba. ~xotwvav toue;, uvtQ£e;, iJ toix bfXOvtaV oov a6fQcpLa om CPUA1\ tWV VLXl}tWV. Ilovroeuovtov ne;, yuvaLX£e;, iJ ax.0l1a ne;, uw9Etouoav l1atL 1110 to nmOLu toi«; rtou dxav emtiJOEt. H av9QwmVTj €Qyanx1\ bUval1Tj 0' aut1\ t1'} (3aBI1LOa b€v bL VEL ax.0l-la xcvsvc a~tonQoo€xto nA.€ovaOl1a nfQa ana ro f- 1;ooa tlle;, OUVt1\Qllo1\e; t1'}e;,. M€ rnv Hoaywy1\ tl}e;, xrnvoroocpLae;" t'l'Je;, m€1;€QyaoLae;, tOU l1£tUAAOU, tlle;, ucpavtOuQYLae;, xm tfA.Oe; tl}e;, Y€WQYLae;" to nQuYl1ata uA.A.al;av. Onwe;, OL yuvaiX.€e;" rtou nQo1'}youl1€va ne;, fnaLQvav tOOO €Ux.oA.a, dxav nrtoKti]OH 'twQa av'taA.A.axnx.1\ al;La x.m ne;, ayoQatav, 'to i6w Eyt V€ Xat I-l€ ne;, €Qyanxfe; buvuI-lELe;" LbwL 1"€Qa coro 'tOt€ rrou rn x.onubLa nfQaoav OQLOnx.u 01"lJv OLxoy£vHax.i] LOWx.1"1'}OLa. H OLXOYfvHa o£v JtA.1\Bm V€ 1"000 YQ1\yoQa 000 ro ~wa. Itc va ta CPUA.aV€, XQuutovtav tWQa 1t€QLOOO1"€QOL uv9QwnOL. I'r' aU1"i) 1"1'} OOUAHU i)mv x.atuA.A.1'}A.oe;, 0 €X9Qoe;, mXl-luA.w'tOe;, nOAfl-l0U, rtou UA.A.W01"E I1noQOUO€ va nOA.AanA.aOLU~Etm ax.QLf3We; onwe;, x.m rc twa.

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ocv EVa X't1Jn1}J,ta Ot1}V XOL vcovto rtou f3aOL~otav OtO ~Euyaoorro yuJ,to xm OtO J,t1}tQlaQXlxo yEVOr;,. 0 ~E'UyaQwtor;, YUJ,tor;, ELXE EloayuYEl Eva xmvovQYlO otOLxdo ornv otxovevao, ALnAa ornv nQayJ,tanxtl J,t1}tEQa Ef3aAE to f3Ef3mwJ,tEvo nQaYJ,tanxo natEQa, nou m8avov vn tltaV oxouo YV1}OLOtEQOr;, coro nOAAour;, 01}J,tEQlVOUr;, «natEQuoEr;,». LUJ,tcpwva J,tE tOY tote xutaJ,tEQlOJ,tO t1}r;, EQyaoLar;, ornv OlXOYEVEla, OtO J,tEQLOLO tOU Uvroo EnEcptE 1} E~EVQW1} t1}r;, tQOCPtlr;, xm tu avayxaLa YLa t1}V 10- ~EVQWtl t1}r;, ueoo EQyaoLar;" EJtOJ,tEVWr;, xm 1} LOlOXtllo(a rorv tEAEutalwv. Ta enmQVE J,ta~L tOU 010 nEQlJttW01} XWQWI-l0V, 0- nwr;, 1} yuva(xa xQatovoE tn OLXlaXU t1}r;, OXEV1}. LVJ,tcpwva AOLnov J,tE to E8lJ,t0 t1}r;, tore XOlVWVLar;" 0 uvtQar;, tltav EJtL01}r;, LOLOxttltllr;, t1}r;, xmVOVQYlar;, n1}ytlr;, tQOCPWV, tWV ~WWV, xm aQyotEQa rou VEOU J,tEOOU EQyaoLar;" rcov OOVAWV. LVJ,tcpwva J,tE to E8LJ,t0 oJ,twr;, tllr;, LOLar;, XOLVWVLar;" rc nmOlU tou OEV J.l:1t0- ooooov vu tOY XA1}QOVOJ,ttlOouV, YlatL tu nQuYJ,tata ELxav wr;, EStlr;,:

LVJ,tcpwva J,tE to J,t1}tQlXO o(,xmo, 01}AaOtl 000 1} xataywytl AoyaQla~otav J,tovuxa ceto tll yuvaxda YQaJ,tJ,ttl Xat ovJ,tcpwva J,tE to aQXlXo XAllQOVOJ,tlXO E8lJ,t0 tou YEVOUr;" to OVvtQOCPO tOU YEVOUr;, not: nE8mve XAllQovoJ,tovoav aQXlXU OL oUYYEvdr;, tOU YEVOUr;, rou. H nEQLOuo(a EnQEJtE va J,tEVEl J,tEoa oro yEVOr;,. Ilctcvovrcc mO'IjJ1} on tc ovnxetuevc tltav aOtlJ,tavta, J.l:1tOQEL ornv JtQUsll aVExa8EV va neovooouv Ot1}V XUQlOtllta tWV xoVtlVOtEQWV OUYYEVWV tou oro YEVOr;" 01}AaOtl nov ouoouuov OUYYEVWV coto t1}V JtAE'UQU tllr;, J,tlltEQar;, rou, Tc nmOlU oJ,twr;, tOU JtE8aJ,tevou UvtQa OEV avi]xav OtO yevor;, tOU, aAAU OtO yeVOr;, t1}£ J,t1}tEQa roue. KA1}QOVOJ,tovoav aQXlXU rn J,tlltEQa roue J,ta~L J,tE tou; UJtOAOLJtOUr;, ouocuiotx auYYEvdr;, t1}r;, Xat aQYOtEQa (owr;, vn t1}V XAllQOVOJ,tovoav autu 010 nQwt1} YQaJ,tJ,ttl. Arto tOY JtatEQa tour;" ouo»; OEV uzooouocv va XA1}QOVOJ,ttlOOUV, YlatL OEV avi]xav OtO YEVOr;, rou xm II JtEQLOUOLa tou EnQEJtE va J,tE(VEl J,tEoa a' auto. Otov, AOlJtOV, JtE8mVE Evar;, lOLOXttlt1}r;, XOJtaOlWV, to xonuOla rou neovonocv JtQlbta croix aOEQcpovr;, xm nr;, aOEQcpEr;, lOU xm ore JtatOlU rcov aOEQcpuoWV tOU tl oroix aJtoyovour;, tWV aOEQcpwv tllr;, J,tlltEQar;, rou, Ta JtmOlU rou oJ,twr;, OEV dxav Olxa(WJ,ta Ot1}V XA1}QOVOJ,tLU.

Lto f3a8J,to AOLnov nou to JtAOVt1} J,tEYUAwvav, EOLvav, a-

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no rn ,.ua I-tEQLU, O'tOV UVLQa I-tLa JtLO OTJl-tavnXtl cero 'tTl yuvaLxa SEOT] O'tT]V OLXOYEVELa, xm cno 'tT]V uAA TJ OT]I-tLOUQyouoav 'to x(,vT]'tQO vn XQT]OLI-tOJtOLtlOOllV OL UV'tQE~ au'tl] 'tT]V EVWXUI-tEVT] SEOT] YLa vo aVULQE'ljJouv 'tT]V JtaALu OHQU OLaOOXtl~ JtQO~ OCPEAO~ rorv JtmOLWV 'tOU~. Auto OI-tW~ OEV vrvorcv 000 LOXUE T] xawywYrl oul-tcpwva I-tE 'to 1-tT]'tQLXO o(xmo. 'EJtQrnE AOLJtov 'to 1-tT]'tQLXO Olxmo vn avaLQaJtEL, xm aVULQUJtT]XE. KL nuto OEV tlWV xaSoAOU 'tOOO MoxoAo 000 !!a~ cpaL vetru Ol]I-tEQa. rLULL amtl T] rnavuo'taOT] -I-tLa cno n~ JtLO QL~LXE~ JtOU El;,T]OaV OL UVSQWJtOL- OEV XQ£Lal;,o'tav vo SU;EL OU'tE Eva nrto to l;,wv'taVU I-tEAT] 'tOU y£Vou~. "OAa to I-tEAT] 'tOU unooouocv vc I-tELVOUV o.n rrrov JtQLV. Eqnnve T] aJtt..Tj cotoqxron on O'tO I-tEAAOV OL aJtOYOVOL trov aQoEvLxWV I-tEAWV Sa E!!EVaV O'tO YEVO~, EVW Sa aJtoxAELov'tav OL cnovovoi 'tT]~ yuvaLxa~ xru Sa JtEQvouoav oro YEVO~ rou Jta'tEQa 'tou~. 'E'tO'L aVULQuJtT]XE 0 uJtoAoYLOI-tO~ 'tT]~ xawywyl]~ cero 'tTl yuvmxfLa YQal-tlltl xm 'to !!T]'tQLXO xAT]QOV0I-tLXO oLxmo xm EcpaQI-tOo'tT]XE T] av'tQLxtl YQal-t!!l] XULaywytl~ xm 'to JtULQLXO xA1)QOV0I-tLXO oLxmo. IIw~ xm JtO'tE EYLVE aml] T] rnavuo'taoT] croix JtoAL'tLOI-t£VOU~ Aaou~, OEV 'to ;EQOUI-tE xa8oAou. AVl]xEL ot..OLEAa ornv JtQo'CO'tOQLXl] rnoxl]. On O!!W~ EYLVE, aJtoodX'tT]XE I-tE'tO JtaQaJtuvw, orto ro JtAOUOLa LXVT] 'tOU 1-tT]'tQLXOU OLxaLOU, JtOU 01JYXEV'tQWOE XUQLW~ 0 MJtUXOCPEV. Ilooo EuxoAa OUV'tEAEL'taL, 'to ~AEJtOUI-tE OE I-tLa OHQU CPUAE~ IVOLuvwv, onou !!OAL~ 'tEAEmaLa EYLVE XaL Y(VE'tm oxouo, EV !!EQH xu'tw uno tnv EJtLQQOl] 'tOU aU;aVoI-tEVOU JtAou'tOu xm 'tOU aAAaYI-tEVOU 'tQoJtOU l;,wtl~ (I-tE'tULOJtLOT] uno rc MOT] otn AL~<iOLa), xm EV I-tEQH XU'tW cero 'tT]V 1)SLXl] emoQaoT] rou JtoAL'tWI-tOU xm rorv LEQaJtoo'toAwv. Arto OX'tW CPUA£~ ton MWOUQL, OL E;L EXOUV 'tT]V aVLQLxtl, EVW OL OUO EXOUV oxouo 'tTl yuvmxELa YQal-tl-tl] xULaywYl]~ xm OHQU XAT]QovoI-tLU~. L'tOU~ LOVL, 'tOU~ Ma'CUI-tL XaL 'tOU~ N'tEAayouEaQ QLl;,WOE 'to ESL!!O vu O( vouv oro JtmoLu Eva ono rc ovoucrc rou YEVOU~ rou JtULEQa 'tOU~, YLa vc !!JtOQOUV E'tO'L, unntvovrcc oro Jta'tQLXo YEVO~, vu XAT]QOV0I-t0UV 'toy JtU'tEQa roue, «Ejuputn JtavouQy(a rou av8QwJtou v' aAMl;,H ru JtQuYl-ta'ta aAMl;,oVLa~ tn OVO!!ULU roix! Kru vn ~Q(OXH JtaQa8uQuxLa YLa vc OJtul;,H 'tT]V JtaQUOOOT] I-tEOa ow JtAaLOLa TT]~ JtaQ<iOoOT]~ EXEL onou Eva UI-t£OO OUI-tCPEQOV l]'tav aQxE'to XLV1)'tQO!» (MaQ;).

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'Et(J'L, OTJIUOUQYtl8TJXE Iua aYL<ltQEmTJ oUYXUOTJ, rtou f..lJtoQOuOE vo oLOQ8oo8EL f.,lOVUxa, XaL EV f.,l£QU OLOQ8w8TJXE, ue to :n:£Qaof.,la OtO :n:atQLXO OLXaLO. «To :n:£Qaof.,la mrro <paLVEtaL YEVLxu vo ELVaL to <pUOLXotEQO :n:£Qaof.,la.» (MaQs). Auto rtou £XOUV vc f.,la£ nouv OL OUYXQLtLXOL VOf.,lLXOL YLa tOY roono rtou £YLVE auto to :n:£Qaof.,la OtOU£ :n:OAL tLOf.,l£VOU£ Aaou£ tOU :n:aALou XOOf.,lOU -XaL :n:OU :n:QOXELtaL <pUOLXU 0XEOOV f.,lOVO YLa u:n:08£0£L£- l!a£ to A.£EL 0 M. Ko~aA£<poxL OtO Tableau des origines et de l'evolution de 1a famille et de 1a propriete, ~toxXOAf.,lTJ 1890.

H avatQo:n:i) tTJ£ f.,lTJtQLaQxLa£ tltav TJ XOOflO i'OTOQ£Xij ijrra TOV vvvaixetou qnJ;"ov. 0 uvtQa£ :n:tlQE to :n:TJMALO XaL OtO O:n:LtL, TJ yuvaLxa ta:n:ELVw8TJXE, u:n:oooUAw8TJXE, £YLVE OXA.a~U nov OQ£sEWV rou XaL u:n:A.6 EQyaAELo YLU rnv :n:aQayooyi) netOLWV. TTJv ta:n:uvoof.,l£VTJ ami) 8£oTJ tTJ£ YUVULXU£, o:n:oo£ :n:Qo~A.A.U aVOLXtU LOLoo£ OtOU£ 'EA.A.TJVE£ tTJ£ TJQWLXi)£ XaL UXOf.,lU :n:EQLOOOtEQO tTJ£ XA.UOLxi)£ moxi)£, OL yU-OLYU rnv ooQaLO:n:OL TJocv U:n:OXQL tLXU XaL axof.,la :n:ou XaL :n:ou tTJ£ £ooooav mo cncM f.,loQ<Ptl, xa80A.ou Of.,loo£ OEV rnv xatuQYTJouv.

H :n:QwtTJ mLoQuoll tTJ£ f.,lovoxQatoQLa£ torv ovtocov, nou ELXE rue 8Ef.,lEA.Loo8d, qxuvetru OtTJv EVOLUf.,lWll f.,loQ<Pi) tll£ nntQLaQXLxtl£ OLXOY£vuu£ nou Ef.,l<PUVL~EtaL tWQa. Auro rtou xuQLoo£ tTJ xaQuXtTJQL~U OEV ELVaL TJ :n:oAuyaf.,lLU, YL' ami) 8u f.,lLMOOWE aQyotEQU, aA.A.a «TJ oQYUVooOTJ EVO£UQL8f.,loU EA.£1)8EQOOv XaL aVEA.EU8EQooV :n:Qoow:n:oov OE iuo OLXOY£VELd xcrco uno rnv :n:atQLxtl EsouoLa tOU aQXTJYou tTJ£ OLXOY£VELa£. ~tTJ OTJf.!L tlXll f.,loQQJll, 0 aQXllYo£ auto£ tTJ£ OLxoY£vua£ ~£L f.,lE :n:OA- 1...££ yuvaLxE£, OL UVEAEU8EQOL £Xouv YUVULXE£ XaL :n:aLOLU XaL 0 oxono; 01... TJ£ tTJ£ oQYUVooOTJ£ EL VaL to <puAayf.,lU nov XO:n:UOlWV OE f.,lLa xa80QLOf.,l£VTJ :n:EQWXi)>> I.

To OUOLaOtLXO EL Val TJ evotounnoon aVEA.EU8EQooV XaL TJ :n:atQLXi) ESOUOLU. I'r' auto TJ QOOf.,la·Cxi) oixoveveio EL Val 0 OAOXATJQoof.,l£VO£ tu:n:o£ amtl£ tTJ£ OLXOYEVELaXtl£ f.,loQ<Pi)£. H A.£sTJ familia aQXLxu OEV Olll!aLVU to LoavLxo tou OTJf.,lEQLVOU <pLA.lorntou, nou a:n:OtEA.ELtaL cero m0811f.,lUnXOtTJta XaL onrn-

1. L. H. Morgan, Ancient society, i\ovot vo 1877, OfA. 465-466 (OTJIl. yfQIl. owr.).

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'Xout; 'Xa~yu6ft;. LtOUt; Poo!!a(,OUt; aQXl'XU 6fV aVa<pEQf'tal xov OtO OU~UYl'XO ~fUYUQl 'Xal tu ltal6lU tou, aAM !!OVUxa croix 60UAOUt;. F amulus AEynal 0 60UAOt; tOU am tLOU 'Xal familia etVal to OUVOAO trov 60UAooV rtou avi]'Xouv a' Evav uvtQa. A'Xo!!a 'Xal tOY 'XalQo tOU fULOU, Tj familia, id est patrimonium (6TjAa6i] to XATjQOVO!!l'XO !!fQl6LO) 'XATjQ060tlOtaV!!f 6la8i]xll. H E'XqJQaOTj fqJfUQE8Tj'Xf alto tout; Poo!!alout;, Yla vc xaQaxtllQloret Evat; vEOt; 'X0l VooVl'XOt; oQyavw!!ot;, rtou 0 aQXTjyot; tou etXf 'XUtoo alto rnv fSouo(,a rou yuvalXft; 'Xal ltal6lU 'Xal Evav aQl8!!o 60UAOUt;!!f 6l'XalW!!ata ~ooi]t; xrn 8avutou Yla OAOUt;.

«H MSll AOlJtOV Of V ElVal 'ltahOtfQTj alto to OlOTjQoqJQaXtO oixoveveicxo OuotTj!!a turv AatlVl'Xwv qJ'llAWV, nou ovnlttUX8Tj'Xf uoteoo alto tnv fwayooyi] tTjt; YfOOQYLat; 'Xal tTjt; vo!!L!!Tjt; 60'llAdat;, xrn !!na to XooQLO!!O trov AQLooV ItaAwv uno tout; 'EA.A.llVft;.» 1

Kat 0 MaQs JtQ008EtEL a' autu: «H oUyXQOVTj OlXOYEVfta ltfQLEXH oov oJtEQ!!a 0XL !!OVUxa tTj OOUAEla (servitus), aAM xat tll bovAoJtaQoLx(,a, acpou aJto rnv aQxiJ oXeti~ftat !!f bouAfLEt; tTjt; YfooQyLat;. IIfQLEXfL Of fJ.LXQoYQwpia OAft; tlt; avtL8EOfLt; nou aQyot€Qa cvcorruooovrcc JtAatLU ornv xOLvoovia xat OtO xQUtOt; tnc.»

H teroto !!OQqJi] OL'XoYEvfLat; 6dxv€L to JtEQa(J!!a tOU ~€UyaQootou yU!!OU otn uovovcutc. I'ic vc fsaoqJaAWtd Tj ltLOtTj tTjt; yuva(,'Xat;, 6TjAa6iJ Tj ltatQotTjta rorv ltal6LWV, JtaQa6L6ftat Tj yuvaLxa XooQLt; oQO'llt; ornv €SOUOLa tOU avtQa: Av rn oxoreoa, aO'X€l !!ovaxa to 6lxa(oo!!a rou,

M€ rnv ltatQLaQXlxi] OlXOYEVfLa !AltaI, VO'll!!€ ornv ltfQLOXi] tTjt; YQaqJti]t; WtOQlat; 'Xat !!a~L u' auto O€ !!La Jt€QLOXi] OltOU Tj €ltLOti]!!Tj tOU oUY'XQLtLXOU 6L'XaLou !!ltOQ€( vo !!at; ltQOOqJEQfL OTj!!avtLxi] ~oiJ8fLa. Kat ltQay!!atL'Xu, !!at; EqJ€Q€ f6w !!La ouOWOtLxi] ltQo060. LtOV MaSl!! Ko~aAEqJol XQooota!!€ (Tableau etc. de le famille et de le proptiete, LtOXXOA!!Tj 1890, O€A. 60-100) rnv alt66fLSTj, ott Tj ltatQLaQXlxi] mXLaxi] ouvtQOqJLU, Oltoot; tTj ~QL(J'XO,-,!!€ oxouc Xal oi]!!fQa O€ LEQf30Ut; Xal BO'llA YUQOUt; us to ovouo «l;uvtQouy'Xa» (!!€taqJQul;nal Jt€QLltOU qJLALa) i] «!!JtQUVtot(3o» (a6€QqJotTjta), Xal!!f no-

1. L. H. Morgan, Ancient society, Of!... 470 (OTlIJ.. YfQIJ.. ouvt.),

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QaAAaYIlEVll 1l0QCPi] OE avatoALxouC; Aaouc;, anO'tEAwE rn IlEta~atLxiJ ~a81lLOa cvcueoo otnv OLXOYEVELa roo IllltQLXOU OLXaLOU, nou nllyu~EL coto tOY OllaOLXO YUIlO, XaL orn uovovcIlLa tOU OUYXQOVOU XOOIlOU. TouAuXLOtOV yw rou; nOALtL- 0IlEVOUC; Aaouc; rou naALOu XOOIlOU, YLa roue AQLOUC; XaL roix ~llIlLtEC;, auto cpaLVEtaL anOOELYIlEVO.

H VotLooAa~LxiJ ~UvtQouyxa anotEAEL to xaAutEQo ~wvrovo oxoun naQuOELYlla IlLac; tEtOLac; OLXOYEVELaxiJc; XOLVOtlltac;. nEQLAall~UVEL nEQLOOOtEQEC; YEVLEe; crto onovovoix Evo; natEQa, lla~L IlE tLe; yuvaLXEe; roue, nou oAOL lla~L XatOLXOUV OE IlLa aUA iJ, xaAALEQYouv «no XOL YOU rc XWQUcpLa tOUC;, tQECPOvtaL XaL vruvovrm coto XOLVO an08EIla XaL XatEXOUV ano XOL YOU to nEQLOOEUlla rou ELOooiJllatoe;. H XOL vornto ~QLOXEtaL XUtW urto rnv cvorrcrn OLOLXllOll tOU vOLXOXUQll (domacin), rtou rnv ExnQOOWnEL nQoc; ro E~W, nou tOU EJtL'tQEnEtaL vn EXnOLEL IlLXQOtEQa ovnxetuevc, nou XQatUEL to 'taIlELO XaL EL Val unEu8uvoe; YL' auto, xa8we; XaL YLa rnv xovoVLXiJ nOQELa rou VOLXOXUQLOU. Tov EXAEYouv XaL OEV XQELU~E'tal xa80Aou vo EL Val 0 YEQOVtOtEQoe;. OL yuvaLXEe; XaL OL OOUAELEe; rou; ~QLOXOVtaL XUtW crto rnv xa80oiJYllOll tllC; VOLXOXUQue; (domacica), nou ouviJ8wc; ELVaL yuvaLxa tOU domacin, H LOLa naL~EL onuovnxo, OUXvu «noqxrournxo QOAo XaL ornv EXAoyiJ ou~uyou YLa ro XOQLtOLa tllC; OLxoYEVELaxiJe; XOLVOtlltae;. H ovornrrn 0IlWC; E~ouoLa avilxEL OtO OLxOYEVELaXO oUIl~uALO, orn OUVEAEUOlj oAwv tWV EviJALxwv ouvrooqxov, yuVaLXWV XaL avtQwv.~' autiJv tlj oUVEAEUOll AoyoootEL 0 VOLXOXUQllC;. AutiJ naLQVEL tLC; OljllaVtLxEC; anocpuOELC;, aoxEL tll OLxaOtLxi] E~ouoLa oro IlEAll, anocpaoL~EL YLa ayoQEe; XaL moAiJOELC; rtou EXOUV xunOLa onacoto, LOLWC; YLa ayoQanWAljOLEC; YaLOXtllOLae; xAn.

MOALe; nQLv uno OExa XQovLa nEQLnou anoOELXtljXE on E~axoAou80uv vn unuQXouv tEtOLEe; IlEYUAEC; OLXOYEvELaxEC; OuvtQOCPLEC; XaL otn Pcooto. 1 ~iJIlEQa OAOL nagaoEXOvtaL on EL-

1. BAEJlE Ma~LI! Ko(3aAE<paxL, To JT(Jwroyovo oixau»; M6axa 1886. };tTjV EQyaaLa auti) 0 Ko(3aJ.E(jlaXL atTjQL~EtaL orn OTjI!OaLEUaTj tOU OQxavaxL (1875) XaL tOU f£(jlLI!EVXO (1878) YLa ~Tjti)l!ata JlOU a<poQOuv W; OLxoYEVELaXE<; aUYLQO<pLE<; ern Pcooto (aTjI!; yEQI!. onvt.).

-71-

VaL QL~Wf.,lEvEt; oro QWOLXa Aa'(Xa EOLf.,la 000 XaL Tl Of.,llTOtOLVa, tl aYQonXtl XOLVOtTlta. Avorpeoovrc, ue to (6t0 ovouo (f3EQ() OtOV naALotEQO QWOtXo xwbLxa, ornv nQaf3vta tOU I'icooOAaW, onwt; XaL otou; baAf.,lanxOUt; VOf.,lOUt;2, XaL f.,llTOQOUf.,lE va ttt; !3QOUf.,lE XaL OE nOAwvLxEt; Xat tOEXLXEt; WtOQLXEt; nTlYEt;.

Kat croix rEQf.,laVOut; EJtLOTlt;, xata toy XOLOAEQ (eW/lo{ TOV YEQ/laVLXOV Dtxaiov)3, Tl OLXOVOf.,lLXtl f.,lovaba bEV rrrcv aQXLxa Tl atOf.,lLxtl OLxoYEVELa ue tTl oUYXQOVTl EWOLa, aAM lj «OLXLaXtl OuvtQoqJLa», non anOtEAEL tat uno nOAAft; YEVLEt; tl uno ;EXWQLOtEt; OLXOYEVELEt; Xat nou aQxEta ouxva nML 0' autEt; nEQLAaflf3aVEL XaL aVEAEuOEQOUt;. Kat Tl QWf.,la"Lxtl OLxoYEvHa avaYEtat 0' auto tOY tuno Xat EJtOf.,lEVWt; nOA U af.,lqJw!3TltEL tat tEAEutaLa Tl anoAutTl E;ouoLa tou OLxoYEVELaQXTl, xaOwt; Xat to yqovOt; on anEvavtL rou rc aAAa f.,lEAlj tljt; OLXoYEvELat; bEV ELxav bLXatWf.,lata. <l>aLvEtat on Xat OL KEAtEt; dxav retOLOU dbout; oixovevetcxe; OUvtQOqJLEt; OtTlV IQAav6La. ~tTl faULa bLatTlQtl0ljxav OtO NLf3EQVE f.,lE to ovouc parconneries Wt; tTl raAALxit Encvootcon, xru ern <l>Qavt;-KovtE bEV E;aqxrvtotrpccv EVtEAWt; OUtE Xat oitf.,lEQa. ~tTlV nEQLqJEQHa rou Aouov (Saone et Loire) j3AEnH xavElt; f.,lEyaAa omrtc XWQLXWV ue f.,lLa 1VTlArl xOLvit XEvtQLXit ateouoa nou qJtaVH wt; tTl OXEJtit, Xat YUQw-yuQw tLt; xQE!3atoXaf.,laQEt;, ono» aVE!3aLvH xavELt; ue oxaAEt; nou EXOUV E;L wt; OXtw oMALa, XaL onou ~ouv nOAAEt; YEVLEt; tTlt; LbLat; OLXOyEVEWt;.

I'ic rnv Ivotn, 0 NEaQxot;4 uno tnv EJtOxit tou MqaAou AAE;avbQou f.,lLAaEL XLOAClI; yw OUvtQOqJLXO VOLXOXUQLO f.,lE a-

I. 'E tot OVO~U~EtaL to JtQwto ~EQOe; tile; JtUALOtEQIle; IiLatuJtWOIle; tile; PWOLllrlf; A),,1j8naf;, tilt; ounoYilt; vouorv tWV POUt;, rtou IiIl~wuQyi)ellxE tOV 110 XaL 120 mwva om f:)<ioll tou EeL~LXOU IiLXatOU EXEt VIlt; tilt; EJtoxilt; xm EX<PQa~E ne; OLXOVO~LXEt; xm XOWWVLXEt; 0XEont; tilt; tore XOLvwvtae; (onu, yEQ~. GUVT.).

2. ~UAAOYil vouorv nou tOxuav to ISo ~EXQL xm to 170 ouovc ornv TIoAt too, ~La JtEQwXil tilt; LlaA~attat;, xm iltav yvwotil ~E rnv ovoucotc Kataaranll6 TTJf; Ilokitoa (Oll~. yEQ~. OUVT.).

3. A. Heusler, Institutionen des Deutschen Privatrechts, tou, 2, An\jJtu 1886, OEA. 271 (onu. yEQ~. GUVt.).

4. H JtuQatilQlloll tOU NEUQXOU avu<pEQEtm orn rewYl}(1cpia tOU ~tQufkovu, 150 f3Lj3Ho, xE<puAmo I (Oll~. yEQ~. OUVT.).

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no XOL YOU XUAJ.LEQYELU tlle; Ylle;, nou uJt<lQXEL UXOJ,lU XaL Oi)J,lEQU otnv Ll'JLU JtEQLOXi), oro lluvt~o.J.l3t XaL 0' 61..0 to j30QELobunxo !!EQOe; tlle; XWQue;. ~tOV Krroxcoo J.l3tOQEOE vn aJtOl'JEL;EL tnv uJtuQ;i) tOU 0 Ll'JLOe; 0 KO(3UA.EqJOXL. ~to AI.. YEQL uJtuQXEL UXOJ,lU oroix Kaf3LA.OUe;. Axouo XaL ornv A!!EQLxi) qJULVEtaL on EXEL JtuQoUOLaotd, XaL JtQooJtueouv VU to UVUXUA.u\jIOUv OtU «Calpullis» tOU JtUA.LOU ME;LXOU nou JtEQLYQo.qJEL 0 E>oUQL tn.' AvtWEtu, 0 Kouvo(3 (Ausiand, 1890, uQ. 42-44)2, aJtEOEL~E UQXEto. XueUQU on OtO llEQOU tOY XaLQO tlle; XUtUXtlloi)e; rou, uJti)QXE EVU dl'Joe; XOLVOtLxoU ouornucto; (Markverfassung), onou xuto. JtEQLEQYO tQoJtO to !!uQx (XOLVOtlltU) to EA.eyUV !!UQXU, !!E JtEQLOl'JLXO !!OLQUO!!U tlle; Ylle; nou XUA.A.LEQYOUOUV, l'JllA.ul'Ji) UJti)QXE UtO!!LXi) XUA.A.LEQYELU.

OJt<.ool'Ji)JtOtE, II JtUtQLUQXLXi) OLXLUXi) OUVtQOqJLU !!E XOLvi) YaLOXtllOLU XaL XOL vi) XUA.A.LEQYELU uJtOXtUEL tWQu J,lLU on!!UOLU OMtEA.U l'JLUqJOQEtLxi) uJt' O,tL dXE JtQOllYOU!!EVU. Mv J,lJtOQOU!!E rturv' UJ,lqJL(3o.A.OUJ,lE JtEQWOOtEQO YLU to OJtOUl'JULO !!Etu(3unxo 001..0 ztou EJtaL~E croix JtOA.LtW!!EVOUe; XaL 010 !!EQLXOUe; o.A.A.OUe; A.UOUe; tou JtUA.LOU XOO!!OU, ornv ltEQLOOO eve!!EOU ornv OLXOYEVELU tou !!lltQLXOU l'JLXULOU XaL orn uovovo!!Lxi) OLXOyEVELU. lluQuxutW eu ~UVUYUQLOOU!!E OtO OU!!ltEQUO!!U nou Ef3YUA.E ltUQaJtEQU 0 KO(3UA.EqJOXL, on II ltUtQLUQXLXi)

I. nQ6xELTm YLU OLXLUXE~ O'IJVTQOIpLE~ TWV IvbL<lvWV TOU ME1;LXOU TT)V Enox!j TI]~ XUTUXTI]O!j~ TOU~ coro TOU~ Iomrvoug. KUOE OLXWX!j OUVIQOlpLU, nou La !tEAT) TT)~ Elxuv DAU XOLV!j nQOEAEUOT), xUTELXUV anD XOLVOU EVU xou!tUn Yl]~ nou bEV !tJ'tOQOUOE vc unUAAotQLwOEl OUIE xm vc !tOLQUOTEL UVU!tEOU OTOU~ XAI]QOVD!tOU~. [LU to xUAnouAL~ !tu~ EVT)!tEQWVEL 0 AADvOo VTE EloUQLTU OTO EQYO TOU Raport sur les differentes classes de chefs de la NouvelleEspagne, sur les lois, les moeurs des habitants, sur les trnpots etablis avant et depuis la conquete, etc., etc., nou nQwTobT)!tomEuTT)xE OTO ~LBALO Voyages, relations et memoires originaux pour servir 11 I 'bistoire de la decouverte de I 'Amerique, publie pour la premiere tois en trenceis, par H. Temaux -Compans, nUQLm 1840, TD!t.11, OEA. 50-64 (0T)!t. YEQ!t. ouvt.).

2. Cunow, «Die altperuanischen Dorf- und Markgenossenschaften», OTO nEQLObLxD Das AusJand, 20xaL 27 OxTWBQT) xm 3 NOE!!I3QT) 1890. To JtEQLObLXD EXUVE !tta EJtWXDnT)OT) TWV VEDTEQWV EQEUVWV OTOU; TO!tEl~ TT)~ IpUOLX!j~ LOtOQLU~, TT)~ YEWYQUlpLU~ xm TT)~ E8vOAOyLU~. KUXAOlpOQOUOE coro TO 1828 !tEXQL to 1893 (OtT)V uQX!j OE xa8T)!tEQLV!j BuoT), coto TO 1853 E~bo!tubLULU). AnD TO 1873 ExbLMTUV OTT) ITOUTYUQbT) (0T)!t. YEQ!t. OUVT.).

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oLxLaxit ouvrooqxc ittaV EJtLOTJe; TJ IlEtal3anxit BaellLoa uno tTJV OnOLa aVantUXeTJXE TJ aYQonxit XOLVOtTJta it llaQX IlE tTJV XaAALfQYELU tTJe; YTJe; uno XWQWtfe; OLXOYEVELEe; IlE to aQXLXa nEQWOLXO XaL uOtEQa ooconxo 1l0LQaolla tTJe; XaAALEQYtlOLIlTJe; YTJe; XaL tWV ALBaOLWV.

~XEtLXa IlE tTJV OLXOYEVELaXtl ~wit IlEOa 0' autEe; ne; OLXLaXEe; oUVtQOqJLfe;, nQfnEL va OTJIlELWOOUIlE on, tOUMXLOtov om PWOLa, 0 OLXOYEVELaQXTJe; fXEL tTJ qJtlllTJ OtL xataXQataL nnQa nOAu tTJ efOTJ tOU nnevcvn one; VEotEQEe; yuvaLXEe; tTJe; ouvtQOqJLae;, LOLaLtEQa unsvcvn one; vUqJEe; rou, XaL OtL ouxva qJnaXVEL 11' aUtEe; xaQfllL. I'r' auto IlLMVE aQXEta EUYAwtta rc Qwmxa Aa'Lxa tQaYOUOLa.

llQL v nEQaooullE orn 1l0voyallLa nou cvcorrnooetru YQitYOQa IlE tTJV avatQontl ton IlTJtQLXOU OLxaLOu, OUO A6YLa cxoIla YLa tTJV nOAuyallLa xaL tTJV noAuaVOQLa. KaL OL OUO autfe; 1l0QqJEe; yallou uaoooirv vo unaQt;ouv Ilovaxa oov Et;aLQEOELe;, ocv va AEIlE WtOQLxa nootovrc nOAutEAELae;, EXtOe; av nnQouOLa~OVtav TJ IlLU nAaL otTJV anTJ OE IlLa XWQa, nQaYlla nou, onwe; EL VaL vvoxrro, OEV oUIlj3aL VEL. EnELotl AOLnov OL anoxAEwllfVOL uno tTJV nOA uyallLa avtQEe; OEV IlJ'tOQOUV va nnQTJYOQTJeOUV IlE ne; yuvaLXEe; nou JtEQWOEUOUV uno tTJV noAuaVOQLa, EVW 0 aQL81loe; tWV avtQwv XaL nov YUVaLXWV, a- 0XEta ano XOL VWVLXOUe; eWJ,tOue;, ittav we; tWQa nEQLnou Looc, anOXAELEtaL uno 1l0VTJ tTJe; TJ EJtLXQatTJoTJ ouv YEVLxite; 1l0QqJite; tTJe; IlLae; it tTJe; aAATJe; an' aUtfe; ne; OUO 1l0QqJfe; yUIlOU. llQaYllatLXU, TJ nOA uyallLa £v6~ uvtQa nrcv OAOqJUVEQa JtQo"Lov tTJe; oouAEiae; XaL JtEQLOQL~OtaV OE IlEJ,tOVWJ,tfVEe; Et;aLQEtLXEe; JtEQLJttWOHe;. ~tTJ OTJIlLtLxi] natQLaQXLxi] OLXOYEVHa 110- vaxa 0 LOLOe; 0 JtatQLaQXTJe;, XaL to nOAu-noAU Evae;-OUO coto roi»; ywue; tou, ~OUVE OE JtOAuyallLa, OL unoAOLJtOL ELVaL unoXQEWIlEVOL va aQxouvtaL OE /1{ayuva(xa. BtOL y( VEtaL XaL OtlIlEQa oxouc 0' OATJ tTJV AvatoAtl. H nOAuyallLa ELVaL nQovoIlLO tWV nAoumwv XaL torv JtQOUX0vtWV, rtou OtQatOAOYOUV tLe; yuvaLXEe; XUQLWe; ayoQa~ovtae; oxMj3Ee;. H Ila~a rou Aaou ~EL uovovcqux«, MLa ncoouoio Et;aLQWTJ ELVaL XaL TJ noxuovOQLa OtTJV IvOLa XaL to 0LBEt, nou TJ EVOLaqJEQouoa omooonnote xataywyi] tTJe; uno rov ollaoLxo YUllo nQEnH oxouc va Et;EtaotEi uno JtLO xovtc. ~tTJV JtQUt;TJ qJaLvEtaL UAAWOtE va £i.-

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Val noJ..v mo BOJ..lXiJ orto 'to ~TJJ..6'tuno xaQE!uxo OVOtTJIW rcov I-lWallE8avwv. TOUJ..aXLO'tOV OtOU~ NUlQ OtTJv IVOla tQEl~, tEOOEQl~ iJ nEQLOootEQOl UVtQE~ EXOUV IlEV urto XOlVOV Illa vuvotxo, 0 xa8Eva~ TOU~ OIlW~ IlnOQEL naQUnA.EUQa, lla~L IlE TQEl~ iJ nEQLOOOTEQOU~ UA.A.OU~ UvtQE~, vo EXEl crto XOl voo IlLa i5EVTEQTJ yuvalxa, XaL IlE TOV LOW roono, Illa TQlTTJ, TETaQTTJ xA.n. ELVaL nEQlEQYO nw~ 0 Max AEvav, nou JtEQlEYQa'IVE 0 LDLO~ autE~ Tl~ yalliJA.lE~ J..EOXE~, XaL rtou La IlEA.TJ roix unooouv vc cvrpcouv Taut0XQova XaL OE nOA.A.E~ naQollOlE~ A.EOXE£, DEV avaXUA.U'lVE 0' aUTE~ TTJV XaLVovQYLa XaTTJyoQla rou A.WXLaXOv yUIlOU. AJ..A.WOtE, auto TO xa8WTW~ TOU A.WXLaXOV YUIlOU DEV ELVaL xa80A.ou nOA.UavDQla. ELVaL, aVTteEta, onw~ naQaTTJQEL XLOA.a~ 0 ZLQo-TEA.6v, IlW ElDLXEUIlEVTJ 1l0QcpiJ rou 0llaDlXOV yUf..I,OU. Ot UvtQE~ ~OUV nOA.uyaf..l,lXU, ot yuvaLXE~ nOA.UavTQLxu.

4) H {tovoya{tLXr1 OLXOyEVEW. I'evvietru, onw~ DdsallE, ano TTJ ~EuyaQwTiJ otxovevuc, OTO nEQaolla uno TTJ ueootc OTTJV avwTEQTJ Ba81lLDa TTJ~ l3aQl3aQoTTJTa~. H OQLOTlxiJ TTJ~ VLxTJ El VaL Eva uno to yvwQLOllaTa TOU nOA.l TLOIlOV nou aQxL~El. BaOL~EtaL OTTJV xUQlaQXla tou uVTQa, IlE QTJTO oxorto TTJ YEVVTJOTJ naLDlWV ztou TJ naTQoTTJTU tOU~ vc ELVaL aDwcplA.OVLXTJtTJ, XaL TJ noroomro aUTiJ nnru tEl Tal, YlaTL aUTU tn naLDLU 8a y(VOUV Illa IlEQa oi UIlWOl XA.TJQOVOf..l,Ol tTJ~ natQlxiJ~ nEQLOUoLa~. ~laXQlVEtaL «no 'to ~EuyaQWTO YUIlO ue tTJV noA.V IlEyaA.VTfQTJ oTa8EQOtTJTa rou yalliJA.wuDWIlOV, rtou tWQa me OEV A.VVEtaL IlE allOll3aLa OUValVEOTJ. TWQa, XaTU xovovc, Ilovuxa o UVTQa~ f..I,JtOQEl me v« 'toy A.VOEl XaL vc DlWSEL tTJ yuvalxa TOU. KaL oiJllEQa aXOlla 'tOUJ..aXLO'toV TO E8lll0 ton EsaocpaAt~El to OlxalWlla tTJ~ OU~UYlXiJ~ amOTla~ (0 VanOA.EOVTELO~ XWOlxa~ tou to avaYVWQl~EL QTJtU, ECPOOOV OEV CPEQVEl TTJV rraA.A.aXlOa OTO OU~UYLXO oni n I), XaL to aOXEL 01.0 XaL nEQLOOOtEQO, 000 nQoxwQUEL TJ XOLVWVlXiJ ESEA.LSTJ. Av 8UIlTJ8EL TJ yuvalxa tTJV naA.LU OESOUaA.LxiJ nQusTJ XaL 8EA.i]OEl vc TTJV sava~WVtaVE'lVEL, tlllWQELTaL rooo aUOTTJQU 000 note UnOTE.

TTJv XaLVovQYLa OlXOYEVEWXiJ 1l0QCPiJ tTJ ouvovrcue IlE 0-

1. 0 'EV'(%EA<; avacp£QEtUL EOO> 0,0 uQ8QO 230 lOU Code Civil des Francais nou l£!ll]XE OE LOX" 10 1804 alt010V NaltOAEOVla A' (OTU.l. YEQ[t. OUVl.).

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ATI rnv auo'tTlQo'tTl'tU 'tTle; O'tOUe; 'EAATlVEC;. Evw, onwc; naQa'tTlQEL 0 MaQ/;, TI SEOTI 'tTlC; SEUC; orn IlUSOAOYLa Ilac; DdxvElIlLa nQOTlyoullEVTJ nEQLODO, ono» OL yuvaLxEC; ELxaV oxouc IlLa nLO EAEUSEQTI, mo oE(3a0't11 SEOTl, O'tTlV TlQWLXtl mOXtl (3QLOXOUllE XLoAac; 'tTl yuvaLxa 'tanElVWIlEVTI ano rnv XUQWQXLa 'tOU Uvroc xm uno 'to ouvovcovtouo rtou 'tTle; xuvouv OL oxAU(3EC;. AC; DLa(3uOEl xaVELe; O'tTlV O{)VOOEta mile; 0 TTlAEllaXOe; llaAooVEl xm (3U~£l orn SEOTI 'tTle; 'tTl IlTl'tEQa 'tOU. ~'tOV OIlTlQO, OL mXllaAwnollEvEC; VEEC; yuvaLxEC; nQOOQL~OV'tm YLa rn oaQXLXtl unoAaUOTl 'tWV VLXTI'tooV. OL o'tQanwnXOL aQXTlYOL, IlE 'tTl OElQU xm Xa'tU {3aSllo, DLaAEYOuv YLa 'tOY emrto 'tOue; nc; WQmo'tEQEC;. Ono»; ELvm YVWO'to, OMXATlQTI TI IAu1c5a O'tQEqJE'tm YUQW uno tn DLallUXTI ovoueo« orov AXLAAEa xru 'tOY AyallEllvova yta Ilta reroic DOUATI. Itc XUSE 0Tlllavnxo 0IlTlQtXo tlQwa avaqJEQE'tm TI mXllaAWnOIlEVTI orov nOAEllo xonEAa nou IlOLQu~E'tm lla~L rou 'tTl OXTlVtl xm 'to XQE(3un rou. Ta XOQL'tOLa autu rc naLQVOuv mLOTlC; lla~L rou; O'tTlV na'tQLDa xm 0'tO ou~uytXo ontn, onwc; XUVEt O'tOV ALOXUAO 0 AyallEllvovac; IlE rnv Kuoocvooo. Ot ytot rtou YEWtoUV'tm crto 'tE'tOLEe; DOUAEe; naLQvouv Eva IlLxQo IlEQOC; uno rnv na'tQLxtl XATlQOVOIlLU xm SEwQouv'tm EV'tEAooC; EAEUSEQOL. 0 TEUxQOC; EL vm 'tE'tOWC; E/;ooyall0C; ytoC; 'tOU TEAalloova xm EXEl 'to DLxaLwlla va qJEQEl 'to 0- vouo tou na'tEQa rou. Ano rn ou~uyo cnruroov va tc DEXE'tm oAa au'tu, TI LDW 0IlWC; va IlEVEl auo'tTlQu ayvtl xm mo'ttl oro ou~uyo. Etvru aAi]SEla on tnv EAATlVLDa yuvaLxa 'tTlC; TlQWLXtlC; mOXtlC; rnv Exnll0Uv nEQLOoo'tEQO nno 'tTl yuvaLxa 'tTlC; nOAmOIlEVTle; nEQLoDoU, cootooo YLa 'toy cvtoo dvm 'tEALXU 1l0VUxa TI IlTl'tEQa trov vOIlLIlWV nmDLoov rou, nou Sa 'toy XATlQOVOlltloouv, TI avoo'tEQtl rou oixovouoc xm TI nQo·Co'taIlEVl] YLa ne; DOUAEC;, rtou IlnoQEL xa'tu 'to XEqJL rou va ne; XUVEl, xm nc; xuVel, naAAaxLDEC; rou, To YEYOVOC; on untlQXE TI DouAda nML otn uovovcuto, on untlQxav OL VWQEC; OIlOQqJEC; OXM(3EC; nou cvnxcv ooolla xm lj)UXtl orov aVTQa, DLVEl uno rnv nQoo'tTl O'tLYlltl orn uovovouto tov ElDLXO xaQaxTtlQa 'tTlC;, OTt DTlAaDtl dvm uovovcutc uovo yta TTl vvvaixa, 0XL 0IlWe; xm YLa 'toy uvtoo, Krn rnrrov 'to xaQax'ttlQa 'toy EXH oxoun xm OtlIlEQa.

~'tOue; xctomvou; 'EA.A.TlVEe; nQEnEl va XUVOUIlE DLUXQLOTI cvcueoc croix ~wQLde; xm 'tOUC; 'IWVEC;. Ot nQoo'tOt, nou xAa-

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OLXO rou; na¢OELY!.la eLVat l] LJt<1Qtl], EXOUV ya!.lilALEe; 0XEOHe; rtou ano nOAAEe; anOljJHe; EiVat mo aQxa"CXEe; aXO!.la XL an' autEe; nou aVa<pEQH Xat 0 iowe; 0 'O!.ll]Qoe;. Ltl] LJt<1Qtl] EmxQatEL Evae; ~EuyaQWtoe; ya!.loe; nou tQononOLil8l]xE uno 'to xQatOe; ouwpwva us ne; EXEl aVtLA.i]ljJHe; Xat rtou eu!.li~ouv aQxEta axO!.la 'toy O!.laOLXO ya!.lo. Toix atEXVOUe; ya!.lOUe; rou; oLaAuouv, 0 j3aoLALae; AvasavoQiol]e; (yuQw OtO 560 nQLv coro tl) XQovoAoyia !.lae;), nA.aL OtTJv atEXVTj yuvaixa rou, nilQE !.lLa OEUtEQTJ yuvaLxa Xat OLatTJQOUOE ouo VOLxoxuQLa. Tnv LOLa moxiI, o j3aOLALae; Aototrov nQo08WE 010 OUO OtEiQEe; yuvaiXEC; rou !.lLa tQL m, naQatl]OE ouo»; !.lLa uno ne; nQo)'tEe;. Ano tnv aAAt] nAEuQa, nOnOL aOEQq:JOL unooouonv vo EXOUV !.lLa yuvaLxa urro XOL YOU Xat 1.tJt0QOUOE 0 cpLAOe; rtou tOU aQWE xaA utEQa l] vuvctxo rou CPLAOU tOU, vn tt] !.lOLQa~Etat !.la~L tou, Kat 'to SEWQouoav aswnQ£JtEe; vc Ba~fL xaveLe; tl} yuvaixa TOU OTl} OLa8EOTJ EVOe; QW!.laAEOU «Emj3i1TOQa», onwe; 8a EAeyE 0 MnLOW1QX, Xat av aXO!.la to aTO!.lO aUTO OEV rrrov nOAL tt]e;. Ano Eva XWQLO TOU llAOUtaQXou, onou !.lLa LnaQnanooa naQanE!.lnH OTO ou~uyo tl]e; tOY EQaoTiI rtou tnv XUVTjYOUOE!.lE EQWTLXEe; rtootaOHe;, j3yaLvfL -xata TOV LE!.laV- on mLxQatOuOE axo!.la noAU !.lEyaAl} EAEuSEQLa l}Swv.! I'r' auto rrrov xan TO ayvwoto l} nQaY!.latLxiI !.lOLxeLa, l} cmortc tTJe; yuvaLxae; moco uno tnv nA.aTT) TOU avtQa. Azo TlJV aUT) !.lEQLa, OTT) LnaQTl}, TOUA.aXLOTOV OTl}V XaAUtEQl] moxil Tl}e;, iltav aYVWOTl} l} OLxwxiI OOUAEla, OL OOUAonaQOLXOL ELAWTEe; ~ouoav XWQW OTa xtil!.lata. I'r' aUTO rrrov !.lLXQOtEQOe; 0 nHQaO!.lOe; YLa tOUe; LnaQnatEe;2 vc OQEYOvtat ne; yuvaLxEe; TWV HAW'tWV. Keno an' OAEe; aUTEe; ne; ouv8i)xEe;, rrrov nOA U CPUOLXO OL yuvaLxEe; Tl}e; LnaQTl)e; vo EXOUV!.lW nOAU rno oEj3aoTiI SEOl] crto Tl] SEOl] rtou dxav ot yuvaLXEe; oroo; unoAOLnoUe; 'EAAl]VEC;. Ot LnaQuanoOEe; Xat 0 av86c; rorv ETaiQwv TT)C; A8i1vac; eivm OL !.lOVfC; fAAT)vibfC; yuvaiXfe; yta ne; onote; !.ltAOUV ue Ofj3aO!.lO OL aQxaLm xru nou BewQouv on aSL~fL TOV xono vc Ol]!.lfLWVOUV ne; YVW!.lfe; TOUe;.

1. Schoernann, Griechische AlterthUmer, to!-l. I, BEI~OAlvo 1855, OEA. 268 (<TI]!-I. YEQ!-I. ouvt.).

2. Tu1;T) ltOALt(Ov !-IE ltAT\QT) C)L)muo!-lutu OtT)V uQxulu ~ltUQtT) OE OLUXQLOT) cero tOu~ ElAWtE~ nou OEV Elxuv OLXaLW!!UtU (OT)!!. EAA. oovt.).

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OMtEAa OlacpOQEnXa i]taV ro :rtQaYllata croix 'IWVEe; rtou toix EX:rtQOOW:rtEL xaQaxtTJQLOtlXa TJ A8i]va. Ta XOQL tala lla8al vav 1l0vaxa va YVE8ouv, va ucpaL vouv, va Qa~ouv Xal to :rtOAV-:rtOAVALYTJ avaYVWOTJ Xal YQacpi]. 'Htnv 0XEMv cpuAaXlOIlEVEe;, ouvcvccroeqovrcv 1l0vaxa aAAEe; yuvaiXEe;. 0 yuvaxwvi tTJe; i]tav ~EXWQLOt6 OlallEQLOlla OtO :rtavw :rtatWlla i] oro moto IlEQOe; tOU onmou, onou OEV Ell:ltalVaV EvxoAa avtQEe;, loiwe; ~EVOl, Xl 6:rtou a:rtotQa~l6vtav Ol yuvaixEe; otrrv EQXOvrov avtQEe; E:rtlOXE:rttEe;. Ot yuvaixEe; OEV E~YalVaV E~W XWQie; va ne; ouvooeuei uic OOVATJ. ~tO onrn tle; emrnoououv xuQLOAExtlxa. 0 AQLOtocpaVTJe; IllAnEl yw 1l0AOOOOVe; nou toix Eixav Yla va tQolla~ouv Ol Ilolxoi, Xal one; aOlatlXEe; toUAaXLOtoV :rt6AEle; ELxav Yla tTJV E:rtlti]QTJOTJ rorv YUValXWV EUVOVxoue;, nou tOY xalQ6 tOU Hooootou xl6Aae; roue Ecpnaxvav OtTJ XLO yw to EIl:lt6QlO, Xal oVIlCPwva IlE tOY Ba~llout 1, roix Ecpnaxvav 6Xl Ilovaxa Yla roix ~aQ~aQoue;. 0 EUQl:rtioTJe; xaQaxtTJQi~El tTJ yuvaixa onv oixouonuc, oov Xatl nou cpQovti~El to onrn (TJ AE~TJ Eival oUOEtEQTJ), Xal Yla tOY A8TJvaio TJ yuvctxo Ext6e; nrto IlEOO Yla tTJV :rtaQaywyi] :rtalOlWV OEV i]tav ttrtore aAAo cno uur emotcroic nov OOVAWV. 0 avtQae; EiXE tle; YUIlVaOtlXEe; tou aoxi]oEle;, ne; OTJIl6olEe; OU~TJti]OEle; rou, a:rt' onou a:rtoxAEl6tav TJ yuvaixa. Ext6e; a:rt' auta ELxE ouxva xru OOVAEe; OtTJ ola8wi] tOU, Xal OtTJV E:rtOxi] tTJe; av8TJoTJe; tTJe; A8i]vae; Illa :rtAana OWOEOOIlEVTJ nooveto nou to xgatoe;, toUAnXLOtov, tTJV EUVOOVOE. Kru aXQl~We; nrrvro OtO EoacpOe; auti]e; tTJe; :rtoQvELae; ava:rttvx8TJxav ot 1l0VaOlXEe; EAATJVlXEe; yUValXELEe; CPUOLOYVWIlLEe; nou, IlE to :rtvEvlla roix Xal tTJV ovcrcru~TJ tOU xaAAltEXVlXOV tou; YOVOtou, ~EXWQL~OUV :rtavw uno to YEVlX6 E:rtL:rtEOO nov YUValXWV tTJe; aQXal6tTJtae;, 6:rtwe; ~EXWQL~OUV Xal ot ~:rtaQnatLOOEe; IlE to xaQaxti]Qa toUe;. To yEyov6e; 61lwe; on E:rtgE:rtE :rtQwta va YLVEl £taLga yw va YLVEl yuvaLxa IlE ovromrc, a:rtOtEAEL rnv mo auOtllQi] xataOLxll tTJe; «8llva'Lxi]e; OlxoyEVElae;.

Auti] TJ a8llva'Lxi] oixovevac, IlE to :rtEgaolla tou XQ6vou, EYLVE to :rtQ6tu:rto Yla tll ~a8lllaLa Olall6Qcpwoll tWV OlXWXWV

1. Wachsmuth, HeJ/enische Alterthumskunde aus dem Gesichtspunkte des Staates, ~EQO£ <'lfUlfQO, l~i)~a <'lfUlfQO, XUAf 1830, afA. 77 (aT]~. yfQ~. ouvt.),

-78-

0XEOEWV 6XL Ilovuxa tWV UJt6AOLJtWV Iorvorv, aAA.a XaL 6A,wv tWV EAAi]VWV tllt; IllltQ6JtoAllt; XaL rcov aJtOLXLWV. Ilcu' 6AOUt; 61lwt; tout; JtEQLOQLOllout; XaL tnv EJtaYQuJtvllOll, OL EAAllVLbEt; E~QLOxav aQXEtU ouxvu EUXaLQLa v' unrrrouv roue UVtQEt; roix. 'GOOL VtQEJtovtav va ExbllAWOOUV onotcotptote ayuJtll JtQoe; tLt; yuvaLxEt; roue, bLaOXEba~av OE XU8E AOyi]t; EQWtLXEt; JtEQLJtEt€LEt; IlE EtaLQEt;. 0 EsEUtEALOIl6e; 61lwt; tWV YUVaLXWV Ex6txi]811xE tout; uvtQEt; XaL roix ESElJtEALOE XL alJtout;, WOJto" xUAlloav OtO aLoXOe; tlle; JtaLbEQaOtLat; XaL EsElJtEALOaV XaL roix Bwue; roix XaL toy emrro roix IlE to lluBo rou favvlli]bll.

Auti] i]tav II xataywyi] tlle; uovovcuu«; 600 IlJtOQOUIlE va tnv JtaQaxoAou8i]00ullE OtOV JtLO JtOAL tLOIlEVO XaL tOY Jt£QLO- 06tEQO avaJttvYIlEvO Aa6 tlle; aQXaL6tlltae;. ~EV i]tav OE xcIlLU Jt£QLJttwOll xaQJt6e; tOU crouixo» OEsouaALXOU EQwta, rtou bEV EXEL xallLU 0XEOll u' curov, acpou OL YUIlOl, 6Jtwe; XaL JtQWta, EIlELVaV OU~atLXOL YUIl0L. 'Htov II JtQWtll 1l0QCPi] OLXOYEVELae; nou bEV OtllQL~6tav OE cpUOLXOUe;, aAAU OE OLXOVOIlLXOUe; 6Qoue;, bllAabi] orn VLXll tlle; atOIlLxi]e; LbLoXtllOLae; JtUvco ornv aQXLxi] CPUOLXi] XOL vi] LbLoXtllOLa. H XUQLaQXLa tou Uvroo ornv OLXOYEVELa XaL 1] JtaQaywytl JtaL()lWV, nou va IlJtOQOUV va ELVaL Ilovuxa bLXU tou, XaL nou JtQOOQL~ovtav va XAllQOVOIlOUV rc JtAOutll tou - mrrot Ilovuxa tltav OL unoXAELOtLXOl OXOJtOl tllt; 1l0voyaIlLae;, Jtou oi 'EAAllVEe; ExcpQa~av aJtEQlcpQaOta. Korn tn uAAa tout; rrruv ~uQoe;, xa8i]xov aJtEvaVtL croix 8wut;, to xQUtOe; XaL roix JtQoy6voue; roue, nou EJtQEJtE aXQL~We; va to ExtEAOUV. ~tllv A8i]va 0 vouo; bEV EJtE~aUE Ilovuxa to YUIlO, aAAa XaL rnv ExJtMQwOll uno tOY uvtQa Ev6t; EAUXLOtOu OQlOU uno tc AEy61lEVa OU~llYLXU xu- 8i]xovta.

'EtOL II 1l0voyallLa 010 xallLU JtEQLJttwOll bEV EllcpavL~£taL ornv LOtoQLa oav OUIlCPLALWOll tOU uvtQa XaL tlle; yuvaLxat;, xaL JtoM ALy6tEQO oav II ovorrurn 1l0QCPi] tllt;. AvtLeEta. Ellcpavl~£taL onv "JtO()OUAWOll toll evo; CPUAOll uno to uUo, oov XtlQUsll JtOAEIlOU ovcueoc oro b"o cpuAa, evo; JtOAEIlOU uYVWOtOU 0' 6All rnv JtQo·COtoQLa. ~E Eva JtaAL6 ovexooto XELQ6YQacpo nou YQU1/JaIlE 0 MaQs XL EYW to 1846, ~lOXW ta naQaxutw: «0 nQwtOt; xatallEQLOll6e; tlle; EQyaoLae; El Val 0 xctaIlEQLOIl6e; ovcueoc otov UvtQU XaL tn yuvaLxa yw tnv nn-

-79-

Qaywyi) :rtm6LWV.» 1 Km oi)IlEQa J.tj'[OQW va :rtQOoeEow: H :rtQW'tll 'taI;Lxi) av'tl8wll nou EIlCPavl!;Etm ornv torootc ouJ.tj'[lmEL IlE rnv avumul;ll rou aV'taYWVLO!-lOU tOU ovroo xm tlle; yuvalxae; orn uovovojuc, xm II :rtQWtll tal;Lxi) Xata:rtlWll IlE rnv xctcnteon tou yuvmxdou CPUAOU nrto to ovroixo. H !-lOvoyallla i)tav IlLa IlEYUAll LOtoQLXi) :rtQooboe;, taU't0XQova OIlWe;, :rtAaL orn bouAEia xm tOY nrotuxo :rtAOUto, Eyxm vtuos rnv moxi) nou 6WQXEl IlEXQL oi)IlEQa xm onou XU8E nooooo; Ei vci Ila!;l xm Ilw 0XEtLXi) om080xwQllOll, onou II :rtQoxo:rti) xm l] ovo:rttul;ll rou Ev6~xatoQ8wvEtm IlE toy novo xm rnv xata:rtlwll tOU aUovvov. H uovovcquo Ei vru II xu't'taQLxi] IlOQCPi] 'tlle; noALtL0IlEVlle; xovvorvtcc; oaou J.t:rtOQOUIlE xLoAae; va IlEAEti)OOUIlE tll CPUOll nov avtL8EoEwv xm cvnqxroecov nou cvcnroooovtru :rtEQa yw :rtEQa IlEoa tlle;.

H :rtaALu 0XEtLXi] EAEU8EQla tWV oEl;ouaALxwv 0XEoEwv xa80Aou 6EV El;acpavlotllxE IlE tn vlxll ton !;EuyaQWtou YUllou i] xm 'tlle; uovovcuu«; oxouc.

«To :rtaALo ouornuc yUIlOU, :rtEQWQLOIlEVO OE orevoreoo 0- QW IlE to [3a8llLalO o[3i]oLllo tWV rrouvckoucvrov 0llu6wv, El;axoAou80uOE oxouc va :rtEQL[3UAAEL rnv OLxoYEvELa nou avanruooorcv xrn :rtaQEIl:rtobL!;E rnv avumul;i] tlle; we; tnv auyi) tOU :rtOAL'tLOIlOU ... El;acpavlOtllXE tEAoe; ueoo orn YEa !-loQCPi) tOU EtaLQLOIlOU, nou onv OXotELVOe; f3aQue; lOXWe; :rtuvw ornv OLxoY£VELa xatabLwxn roix av8Qw:rtoue; we; IlEoa orov :rtOAL-

, 2

tLOIlO.»

EtmQLollo OVOIlU!;EL 0 MOQyxav tLe; El;wyallEe; oEl;ouaALxEe; 0XEOELe; tWV aV'tQwv IlE avu:rtaVtQEe; yuvalxEe;, 0XEOELe; rtou u:rti]Qxav JrA(lt aTT! uovovauia xm rtou, o:rtwe; Eivm vvoxrro, av80uv IlE tLe; mo 6LacpoQEtLXEe; !-loQcpEe; 0' OAll rnv :rtEQl060 tou :rtoAmollou xm rtou OAO xm :rtEQLOOOtEQO IlEtatQE:rtovtm OE aVOLX'ri] nooveto, 0 EtmQLOIlOe; aU'toe; xatuyEtm u!-lwa ano toy o !-la6LXO yUIlO, uno tll8uola rtou exovov OL yuvalxEe; 0- rev Exbl60vtav yw va El;ayoQuoouv to bLxalwlla tlle; ovvorntae;. H Ex600ll tlle; yuvalxae; yw XQi]!-lata i)tav ornv aQxi] 8QllOXEU'tLXi) :rtQUl;ll, ywotav oro vco tlle; 8EUe; ton EQwta xm tn

1. KUQ!.. MUQ~-q,QLvtQLX 'EVYXE!..~, H YfQI-WVtXTj tc5eOAoyia.

2. L. R Morgan, Ancient society, OE!.., 504 (OTJIA. yEQIA. OWl.).

-80-

AEqnu JtlWaLvav aQXLXU 0't0 811oauQocpuAaXLO 'tOU voou. OL LEQObOUAE~1 'tll~ Avatnba~ ornv AQIAEVLa, 'tll~ AcpQObL'tll~ ornv KOQLV80, xa8w~ XaL OL JtQoOXOA.A.llIAEVE~ ctoix vaou~ 'tlle; IVbLa~, OL AEYOIAEVE~ IAJtaYLaV'ttQE~ (TJ At~1) EtVaL JraQacp80Qu rou JtOQ'tOyaALxou bailadeira, XOQEU'tQLa), tl'tav OL JtQWtE~ JtOQVE~. TTJv tXbOO1) OtOU~ UV'tQE~, rtou aQXLXU nrcv uJt0XQEWOll XU8E YUVaLXa~, rnv coxouoov aQY0'tEQa 1A0VUxa au'tte; ot LtQELEe; EXJtQOOWmuv'tae; OAEe; 'tLe; UAAEe; yuvaLXEe;. l:E UAAOUe; AaOUe; 0 EtaLQtOIAO~ xatUYEtaL cno rn OE~OUaALXtl EAEU9EQLa non JtaQaxwQEL'taL oro XOQL'tOLa JtQLV uno 'to YUIAO -JtQOXEL'taL bllAabtl mLOlle; YLa UJtOAELlAlAa rou 0lAabLXOU yu- 1A0U, 1l0VUxa JtOU Ecp'taOE 0' EIAUe; uno UAAO bQOIAO. ME rnv EIACPUVWTJ 'tWV JtEQLOUOLaXWv bLacpOQWV, EJtOIAEVW~ otnv aVW'tEQll XLOAa~ j3a9lALba 'tlle; j3aQj3aQO'tllW,e;, ElAcpaVL~E'taL OJtOQabLxu II IAW8w'ttl EQyaOta JtAaL O'tTJv EQyaoLa 'tWV bOUAWV xat.: 'tamOXQova, oov 'to avayxaLo ouvaxoAou80 '(1)e;, II maYYEAlAanx1] JtOQVELa EAElJ9EQWV YUVaLXWV JtML ornv avayxaonXtl EXbOOll 'tlle; bOUAlle;. 'EWL, II XAllQOVOIALU JtOU UCPllOE O'tOV noAL'tWIAO 0 OllabLXOe; YUIAOe; tXEL buo o'ljJne;, OJtWe; XaL 'to Xa8EtL JtOU JtaQuYEt 0 JtOAL'tLOIAOe; tXEL ouo JtAEUQte;, ELVaL bLCPOQOUIlEVO, btaOJtaOIAEVO, nvnqxrnxo: EbW n uovovcutc, EXEL 0 E'taLQtOIlOe; lAa~L IAE rnv aXQO'ta'tll 1A0QCPtl rou, rnv JtoQVELa. 0 E'taLQtOIlOe; ELVaL aXQLj3We; Evae; XOLVWVLXOe; 8EOIAOe; OJtWe; 0- JtOLOObi]rtO'tE UAAO~. l:UVEXL~EL rnv JtaALu OE~OUaALXtl EAE'U8EQLa - UJtEQ 'tWV av'tQwv. L'tTJV JtQaYlAanXO'tll'ta, OL XUQLaQXE~ TU~ELe; bEV TOV avtXOVTaL 1A0VUxa, aAAa XaL OUlAlAutXOUV aVOLXTU 0' «urov, EVW 'tOY XaTabLXU~OUV OTa AOYLa. 'OIlWe;, OtTJv JtQUYlAanxotTfta, Tf xa'tabLXll aUT1] bEV acpoQu xa- 86Aou TOUe; UVTQEe; JtOU OUIAIAEtEXOUV 0' aUTOv, aAM 1A0VUxa ne; yuvaLXEe;: AUTte; JtQOYQUCPOVTaL XaL E~OOTQax(.~OVTaL urto rnv XOLvWVLa, YLa va bLaxllQUXTEL tTOL UAAll IALa CPOQU ocv 8EIAEALaXOe; vouoc tlle; XOLVWVLae; II aJtoAmll XUQLaQXLa tWV aV1QWV JtUVW OtO YUVaLXELO cpUAO.

1. Ll.oUA.OL xm OOUA.E<; OlTJV UQ)(ULU EUuOa xm OtL<; UJtOLXLE<; lTJ<; nou aV!jxuv OlOU<; vuou<;. OL yuvalxE<; LEQOOOUA.E<; OE JtOA.A.U [.lEQTJ, LOLUllEQa OtL<; JtOAW; lTJ<; EyyU<; AValOA.!j<;Xat OlTJV KOQLveO, EJtLOloovtav OlTtV JtoQVEla [.lEoa orou; vuou<; (OTJ[.l. YEQ[.l. OWl.).

-8J-

'E tOL 0IlWe; cvcntuooetca IlLU bfUtfQTJ uvtL8£OTJ IlEOU OtTJv LbLU tTJ 1l0VOYUIlLU. IIAcn OtO ou~uyo, nou OIlOQqJULVH tTJ ~wi) tOU ue tOY EtmQLOllo, I3QLoxEtm TJ nUQUllfATJIlEVTJ ou~uyoe;. Km oev !lJtoQd xuvde; vc EXEL tTJ IlLU nA£UQU tTJe; UVtt8£OTJe; XWQLe; tTJV UAATJ, UXQLj3we; onwe; bfV EXEL XUVfLe; nLU oro XEQL tOU OMXATJQO to Ili)AO UIlU qJUEL to IlLOO. <l>uLVEtm 0IlWe; OtL bfV i)tUV Uuti) TJ YVWIlTJ tWV ovroorv, oxmou rou; Ej3UAUV uuoM OL YUVULXfe; roix. Me tTJ 1l0VOYUIlLU fllqJUVL~OVtm buo IlOvuie; XOL VWVLXEe; XUQUXtTJQLOtLXEe; qJuOLOYVWIlLfe; nou rrrov UYVWOtfe; nQLV: 0 IlOVLIlOe; fQUOti]e; tTJe; YUVULXUe; xm 0 XfQUtue;. OL UVtQfe; fLXUV VLXi]OfL tLe; YUVULXfe;, uAM OL VLXTJIl£Vfe; UVUAaf3UV IlQuM'ljJuxu vo OtfqJUVWOOUV toue; VLXTJtEe;. IIML orn 1l0VOYUIlLU xm OtOV ftmQLOIlO, TJ 1l0LXdu tYLVf cveoroqJ£UxtOe; XOLVWVLXOe; 8£Olloe; - rtou unUYOQfUOtuv, nou nj.tWQLOtUV OXATJQU, UAM nou bfV IlnOQOUOf vc 1;fQL~wed. H j3fj3mOtTJtu YLU tTJV nutQotTJtU tWV nmbLWV OtTJQL~OtUV onwe; xm nQLV to nOAu-nOAU Of TJ8Lxi) nmoieljOTJ, xm yw VU A.UOEL tnv UAutTJ uvtLqJUOTJ, 0 vunOAfOVtELOe; X<MLXUe; OQL~f ue to aQ8Qo 312: «L'enfant concu pendant Ie mariage a pour pere Ie mari», bTJAUbi] «to nmbL nou TJ OUAATJ'ljJi] rou EYLVf XUtu tTJ bLUQXfLU tOU YUIlOU EXEL nUtEQu to ou~uyo.» Auto fLvm to teALXO aJtOtEA£OllU tQLWV XLALMwv XQovwv 1l0VOYUIlLUe;.

'EtOL, OtLe; nfQLntwOELe; nou TJ 1l0voYUIlLXi] OLXOYEVHU IlEVEL nLOti] ornv LOtOQLXi] tTJe; nQoEAfUOTJ xm ono» fXqJQu(;,ftm xu8uQu 0 nOAfIlOe; UVUIl£OU otov uvtQU xm tTJ YUVULXU f;m'tLUe; tTJe; unOXAfLOtLxi]e; XUQLUQXLUe; rou UVtQU, EXOUllf Of IlLXQOYQUCPLU tTJV fLXOVU tWV LbLWV UVtL8EOfWV xm UVtLqJUOfWV IlEOU or«; onote; XLVd rru uno tTJV fllqJUVLOTJ tou nOAL tLOIlOU TJ bwonUOIlEVTJ Of tUsELe; XOLVWVLU, XWQLe; vu IlnOQfL vc tLe; AUOfL XaL VU tLe; ;fJtEQUOH. MLAW qJUOLXU £bw 1l0VUXU YLU exd Vfe; tLe; n£QLntwOHe; tTJe; 1l0VOYUIlLUe; onou TJ OU~UYLXi] ~Wtl xuM nQUYIlUtLXa oUllqJWVU ue tTJ OUvtUYtl tOU UQXLXOU XUQUXttlQU OAOU tOU 8£OIlOU, onou OIlWe; TJ YUVULXU encvcorctet fVUvtLU OtTJV XUQWQXLU rou UVtQU. OtL bEV fL vm rercio, OAOL OL YUIlOL, to sEQn XUAUtEQU un' OAOUe; 0 YEQIlUVoe; qJlAlOtULoc, nou bEV (moQd vc dVaL XUAUtEQO UqJEVtLXO oro OnLtL un' o.n d Val OtO XQUtoe;, xm rtou Yl' onto TJ YUVULXU tOU blxmwIlunxu qJOQU ru nuvtEMvw rrou bEV rou UsL~OUV exetvou,

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Kor O!!oo~ 8aQQEL toy W1J'tO tOU nOAU aVWtEQO cno to yaAAO 0!!OLona8i] rou rtou OUXVOtEQa na8aL VEL nOA U XELQotEQa.

AAAooOtE, TI !!Ovoya!!Lxi] OLxOY£VELa xa80Aou bEY euqxrvt~Etm nnvrou xm novt« !!E rnv XAaOLXa oo!!i] !!oQCPi] rtou ELXE OtOU~ 'EAATlVE~. ~tou~ Poo!!aLOU~, nou ouv !!EAAOVtLXOL xoo!!oxataxtTlt£~ £(3AEJtaV mo !!aXQLa, av xm AL YOtEQO AEJtta coto tou~ 'EAATlVE~, OL yuvaLxE~ i]tav mo EAEU8EQE~ xm tL~ oeBovrov nEQwOOtEQO. 0 Poo!!aLO~ 8EooQOUOE rn OU~UYLXi] nLOtT) aQXEta EYYUT)!!£VTl !!E to bLXaLoo!!a ~ooi]~ xm 8avatou nou ELXE ncvco orn yuvaLxa rou, EnLOTl~, av i]8EAE, !!nOQOUOE Ebw TI yuvaLxa, aXQL(3w~ onoo~ xm 0 avtQa~, vn AUOEL to ya!!o. QOtOOO, TI !!EyaMtEQT) nQoobo~ ornv ES£ALST) tT)~ !!Ovoya!!La~ £YLVE ava!!cpw(3i]tTlta!!E tnv etoooo torv fEQ!!aVWV O'tTlV LOtOQLa xm !!aALOta YLatL tote 0' a1J'tOU~, LOoo~ EsmtLa~ tTl~ cptwXHa~ roue, TI uovovciuo bEY cpaLVEtm axo!!a vc ELXE OAOXATIQootLXa ESEALX8EL uno to ~EuyaQootO ya!!o. To OUl-lnEQaLVOU!!E auto ceto tQLa nEQLOtatLXa nou avacp£QEL 0 TaxL toe; Iloorrc, naQ' OATI rnv ieoornt« tou ya!!OU - «aQxouvtm OE uux yuvaLxa, OL yuvaLxE~ ~ouv JtEQLCPQaY!!£VE~ !!E rnv ayvotTlta))ILOXUE roorooo TI JtoAuya!!La YLa toix JtQOUXOVtE~ xm tOU~ cpuAaQXou~, bTlAabi] !!La xcrcorcon JtaQO!!OLa !!E mv XataOtaOTl torv A!!EQLxavwv, onou LOXUE 0 ~EuyaQooto~ ya!!O~. ,1.EUtEQO, to Jt£Qao!!a urto to !!TltQLXO OtO JtatQLXO bLxmo !!JtOQOUOE vc £XEL YLVEL !!OAL~ ALYO xmQo JtQw, YLatL 0 abEQCPo~ tTl~ !!Tlt£Qa~ -() JtATlOL£OtEQO~ aVtQa~ OUYYEvi]~ tOU y£vou~ Xata to !!TItQLXO bLxmo-8EooQELtO axo!!a 0XEMv XOVtLVOtEQO~ OUYYEvi]~ XL uno toy Lbw toy Jtat£Qa, JtQay!!a nou aVtWtOLXEL EJtLOTl~ ornv 6.Jto\jJTI rcov Ivourvcov tTl~ A!!EQLXi]~, onou 0 MaQs, omo; £AEYE OUxva, (3Qi]XE to XAELbL YLa tnv xcrovonon tTl~ bLXi]~ !!a~ aQx£yovT]~ EJtOxi]~. Kru rotro, OL fEQ!!aVOL EXtLuoooov JtOAU tL~ yuvaLxE~, nou ELxav !!EyaATI EJtLQQOi] xm OtL~ bT)!!OOLE~ uJt08£OEL~, JtQaWa nou (3QLoXEtm OE a!!WTI aVtLeWT) !!E tT) !!Ovoya!!Lxi] xUQLaQXLa rou avtQa. 'OAa auto. oXEMv ELvm JtQay!!ata onou OL fEQ!!aVOL ouuqxovouv !!E roue ~JtaQtLatE~, OL OJtOLOL, orto»; dba!!E, bEY ELxav EJtLOTl~ SEJtEQaOEL oxouc OAOXAT]QootLXa to ~EuyaQooto ya!!o. KL an'

I. Tacitus, Germania, XEqJ. 18 xm 19 (onp, YEQ[.l. OUV1.).

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aut'll TT)'\' (mo'Vl] mimI'; ue TOUe; fEQ!laVOUe; KUQLUQXl]OE OTOV KOO!lO Eva OA.On:Aa KaLVOUQYLO OTOLXELO. H veo uovoyctuc nou ava:rtTuxOl]KE TWQa uno Tl]V aVU!lEL;lJ trov Aawv :rtuvoo OTa EQEL:rtLa 10U Qoo!la"LKou KOO!lOU, EVT1JOE rnv KUQLaQXLa TOU uVTQa !lE mo a:rtaAEe; !lOQcpEe; KaL EOooOE otn yuvalKa, E;oo'tEQLKU 1OuMXLOTOV, :rtOAU:rtLO n!ll]!lEVl] xm EAEUOEQl] SEal], TETOLa nou OEV YVWQLOE :rtOTE l] KAaoLxi] aQXaLOTl]Ta. 'ETOL, 60- Sl]XE yw :rtQw'tl] cpoQu l] OUVaTOTl]W vn !l:rtOQEOEL v' nvcorruxSEl uno 'tl] uovovouto -!lEOa Tl]e;, :rtML Tl]e; KaL evcvne Tl]e;, avuAoya XUSE cpoQu-lJ mo !lEyUAl] llSLxi] :rtQooooe; rrou Tlle; XQooOTU!lE: 0 oUyXQovoe; a1O!lLKOe; oE;ouaALKOe; EQWTae;, nou i]Tav UYVoo01Oe; 0' OAO TOV :rtQOl]YOU!lEVO KOO!lo.

H :rtQooooe; O!looe; aUTi] ;m'ljolloE ot youQa urto TO yeyovoe; OTL OL fEQ!laVOl l;,ouoav oxouc OTl]V :rtI>QlOOO Tlle; l;,EuyaQOOTi]e; OLKoYEVELae; KaL !lETEcpEQav otn uovovcutc, 000 i]Tav aUTO lluveto, Tl] SEOll nou ElXE l] yuvalxa OTO l;,EuyaQOOTO yU!lO. !1EV;E:rti]llllOE KaOOAOu uno rn !luSu'i], SawaoTi], CPUOLKi] KaSaQOrnrc nov llSWV trov fEQ!laVWV, rtou :rtEQLOQll;,ETaL OTO OTL 0 l;,EuyaQOOTOe; YU!lOe; ornv :rtQawanXOTl]'ta oev KLVElTaL usoc OTLe; lllLEe; EV1OVEe; l]8LXEe; aVn8EOELe; o:rtooe; II uovovcutc. AVTlSETa, OL fEQ!laVOL one; !lE'taVaOTEUOELe; roue, LOlooe; :rtQoe; rc vonocvcroxixe, moue; VO!lUOEe; rtou l;,ouoav one; OTE:rtEe; 'tl]e; MauQl]e; eGAaooae;, ;EJTEOaV :rtOAU l]SLKU KaL EKTOe; crto ne; L:rt:rtEunKEe; TExVEe; non !luSav aJT' au'tOue;, a:rtEKTlloav KaL u- 0Xl]!la :rta¢ CPUOl] EAanW!laTa, :rtQuWa nou TO !laQTUQEL Ql]TU 0 A!l!lLaVOe; YLa TOUe; Ta"CcpUAOUe; KaL 0 IIQoKO:rtLoe; YLa 1OUe; EQOUAOUe;.

Av O!looe;, cero OAEe; ne; YVooO'tEe; !lOQcpEe; OLKoytVELae;, l] uovoya!lLa stvoi II !lOQCPi} nouu' ami} !loVUxa !l:rtOQOUOE v' uvn:rt'tuXSd 0 oUYXQovoe; oE;ouaALKOe; EQooTae;, aUTO OEV Ol]!lal VEL on a:rtOXAELOnXU i] sorro KaL KUQlooC; 0' uutrrv ava:rt'tuxSl]KE oov EQOO'tae; aVU!lEOa O1OUe; oul;,uyoue;. OMxAllQl] l] CPUOl] 'tl]e; OTaSEQi]e; !lOvoya!llae; XUToo uno rnv XUQLaQXla TOU UVTQa TO a:rtOKAElEL aUTO. L' OAEe; ne; TU;ELe; nou EOQaoav L01OQLKU, Ol]Aaoi] 0' OAEe; ne; KUQlaQXEe; TU;ELe;, 'to OUVOLKEOLO E!lELVE O,TL i]Tav coto 10V XaLQO TOU l;,EuyaQOO1OU yU!lOU, u:rt08EOll ouvaAAayi]e; rtou rnv roxtonoiooocv OL vovetc. KaL l] :rtQWTl] !lOQCPi] TOU OEsouaALKOU EQOOTa nou LO'tOQLXU E!lCPavll;,ETaL oov :rtu-

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eo~, X<XL lluALOta onv 3tUeO~ 3tOU t<XLQLU~EL OE XUeE U'VeQW3tO (tOUA.aXLOtO'V tW'V XUQLaQXW'V tul;EW'V), ouv cvornrm IlOQCPtl rou YE'VEttlOLOU E'VOtLXtOU -3tQuYlla 3tOU a3tOtEAEL aXQLf:3w~ rov LbLaL tEQO rou xaQaxttlQa- auttllJ 3tQWtlJ lOU IlOQCPtl, 0 L3t3tOtLXO~ €Qwta~ tOU usootorvo, bE'V tlta'V OE xallLU 3tEQL3ttWOlJ ou~uYtXtl ayu3tlJ. A'VtLena. LtlJ'V XAaOLXtl tOU IlOQCPi}, otoix llQof:3lJyxLa'Vou~, tQaf:3u IlE OAa'VOLXta 3ta'VLu 3tQo~ rn lloLxda X<XL OL 3tOLlJt€~ tou~ rnv El;ull'VOW. 0 aveo~ tlJC; 3tQof:3lJyxw'Vtl~ EQwnxtl~ 3tOLlJOlJ~ EL'V<XL tc uAll3ta~, tu YEQlla'VtXU tQayoooLa tlJ~ auytl~ (Tagelieder). llEQLYQUCPOU'V IlE CPAOYEQU XQwllata 3tW~ 0 L3t3totlJ~ f:3QLOXEt<XL OtO XQEf:3UtL tlJ~ wQaLa~ tou -tlJ~ yU'VaLxa~ E'VOC; UAAOU- E'VW M€l;w Ot€XEL 0 cpuAaxa~ 3tOU ea tov cpw'Vul;EL IlOAL~ xaQul;EL lJ 3tQWtlJ auyi} (alba), WOtE vc Il3tOQEOEL vc l;ECPUyEL a3taQattlQlJtOC;. H OXlJ'Vi} lOU a- 3t0xwQLOIlOU a3tOtEAEL tore to a3tOXOQUcpWlla. OL f:30QELOL rUAAOL 03tWC; XL OL E'VUQEtOL rEQlla'VOL bEXtlJxa'V mLOlJ~ auto to ELbo~ tlJ~ 3tOLlJOlJ~ lla~L IlE tov avtLOtOLXO tQ03tO tOU L3t3tOtLXOU EQWta, X<XL 0 3taALO~ Ila~ B6A.cpQall CPO'V 'EOE'Vll3tax UcplJOE YL' auto aXQLf:3w~ to EAXUOtLXO eElla tQLa eaulluma tQayoubta tlJ~ auytl~, 3tOU tn 3tQOtLIlW ceto rc tQLa tOU I!EyuAa lJQWLXU 3tOLtll!ata.

To conxo OU'VOLXEOW tlJ~ mOXtl~ I!a~ EL'V<XL buo AOYLW'V.

LtL~ xaeOALXE~ XWQE~ El;axoAou8ou'V OL yO'VEL~ vc 3tQol!lJ8EUOU'V I!W t<XLQLaOttl vorpn oro 'VEaQo yw tOU coroo, X<XL lJ OU'VE- 3tELa, CPUOLXU, EL'Vm lJ 3tAlJQ€OtEQlJ a'Vu3twl;lJ tlJC; a'VticpaolJ~ 3tOU 3tEQLXAEL'VEL lJ I!O'VoyaI!La: ucpeo'VOC; EtmQLOI!O~ uno mv 3tAEUQU tou u'VtQa, 3tAOUma I!OLXELa uno tnv 3tAEUQU tlJ~ yu'VaLxa~. K<XL 03tW~ cpaL'VEt<XL, lJ xaeOALXtl EXXAlJOLa xatuQYlJoE to bta~uyLO IlO'VO YLatL ELXE 3tELOtEL on YLa tn I!OLXELa, 03tW~ X<XL YLa to eu'Vato, bE'V cputQW'VEL xa'VE'Va f:36ta'Vo 3tOU vc XQlJOLI!EUEL onv cvrtooro. LtL~ nooteorcvnxe; XWQE~, avtLena, o xcvovc; EL'V<XL va EltLtQE3tEt<XL OtO yw tOU coroo vc bLaMYEL, IlE XU3tOLa EAEu8EQia, IlW yu'VaLxa cero rnv tul;lJ tOU, XL Erot I!3tOQEL vo U3tUQXEL orn f:3UOlJ tOU YUI!OU E'Va~ OQLOIlE'VO~ f:3a8I!oc; aYU3tlJ~, 3tOU yta A6you~ al;W3tQEmLa~ 3tQOU3tOtLeEt<XL nnvro, 3tQuYl!a 3tOU a'VtLOtOLXEL OtlJ'V 3tQotWtavtLXtl U3tOxQwia. Ebw 0 Et<XLQLOI!O~ uno rnv 3tAEUQU rou uvtQa YL'VEt<XL 3tLO XOLI!LOIl€'Va xm lJllOLXELa tlJ~ yu'VaLxa~ MOtEAEL ALYOtE-

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QO 'tOV xcvovo, E:rm6ij 0I-lWC; OE xa8E d60uC; yal-l0 OL av8Qwnor I-lEVOUV o.r. ijtav nQlV uno to yal-lO, XaL EltEl6ij OL nOAttEC; ttov nQOtEOtaVnXWv XWQWV ouvij8wc; d Val cplAWtatOL, mJtij T] nQOtEOtaVnxij uovovcuto, oxou« Xl uv tT]V naQOUI-lE oro I-lEOO OQO nov XaAUtEQWV nEQllttWOEWV, XatacpEQVElI-lOVaXa vo cptaOEl OE I-lla OU~UYlXij xorvornr«, onou f3aQatVEl rtcvro tllC; oov 1-l0A Uf3l T] nvto rtou rnv OVOl-la~OUV OlXOYEVElaxij E1.ltUXta. 0 xaAutEQOC; xa8QEcptllC; Yl' a1.ltEc; tlC; ouo I-lE8060uC; yaI-l0U dVaL to l-lu8wtOQlll-la, yw 'tOV xa80AlXO roono 'to yaAAlXO, Yla 'tOV nQotEOtaVtlXO to YEQl-laVlXO. KaL ore 6uo «natQVEl»: oro YEQl-laVlXO 0 VEOC; 'to XOQt tal, oro yaAAlxo 0 Ou~uyoC; rn xEQata. /),.EV dVaL nnvro I;Exa8aQo noio; uno tou; 6uo tT]V EXEl XElQOtEQa. I'i,' auto, oro yaAAo coro T] ovtc 'tOU YEQl-laVlxou l-lu8wtoQijl-latoe; nQoxaAEt aXQlf3we; tT]V t6la aVatQlXtAa onwe; T] «avT]8lxOtllta» rou yaUlxou l-lu8wtoQijl-latoe; OtO YEQl-laVO cplAWtato. Av XaL tEAEUtata, crto tore rtou «to BEQOAtVO ytVEtaL I-lEyaAounoAll», to YEQl-laVlXO l-lu8wtoQT]l-la aQXt~El vn xavEl xanwe; AlYOtEQO to vtQonaM Yla rov etruQWI-l0 XaL tlll-lOLxda, rtou coto XaLQo dVaL vvoxrr« EXEC

KaL one; 6uo nEQlntWOEle;, OI-lWe;, 0 yal-l0e; xa80Qt~EtaL ano rnv tal;lxij 8EOll tWV OUI-lf3aUOI-lEVWV, XaL etrn El Val ncvrc yal-l0e; ouvaAAayije;. Aero; 0 yal-l0e; ouvaAAayije; XaL or«; 6uo nEQlntwOEle; I-lEtatQEnEtaL aQxEta ouxva ornv mo WI-lij nOQVEta -nOAAEe; CPOQEC; XaL uno ne; 6uo I-lEQlEe;, no AU OUVT]8EOtEQa uno rnv nAEuQa tlle; yuvatxae;, rtou sEXWQt~El uno tll ouvT]8wl-lEVll naAAaXt6a I-l0VO OtO rrn 6EV VOLXla~El to xOQl-lt tT]e; onv I-lEQoXal-lanaQwoa I-lE to xouucn, aAAa to nouAaEl I-lW XaL xaAij orr; oxAaf3la. KaL YW OAOUe; rou; yal-l0Ue; ouvaAAayije; lOXUOUV to MYla rou ct>OUQlE: «Orto»; otn YQal-ll-latlXij 6uo aQvijOEle; xavouv J1W xatacpaoT], etrn XaL Otll yal-lijAla T]8lXij ouo nOQVdEe; nEQvavE Yla J1w aQEtij.» 1

o OEl;ouaAlXOe; EQWtae; yw tTl yuvatxa yt VEtaL XaL l-lltoQd vo ytVEl nQaYl-latlxoe; xavovae; I-l0vaxa one; XatamE~OI-lEVEe;

1. TIQoxfL1:m YLU to VOllllU nou uJt<IQXEL OlO cnooncouc tou EQYOU ron Fourier, «Theone de I 'unite universeJle», Oevres Completes, rou, 3, TIuQLm 1841, oEA. 120. H rrQOOtll EX()OOll «urou rou EQYOU onuooieumxe IlE tL tAO «Traite de I'association domestique-agricole», rou. 1-2, TIuQLm-Aov()LVO 1822 (01]11. yEQIl· ouvt.),

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ta~ELI;, bllAabi] oi]!LEQaOto ltQOAEtaQLatO - a6LacpoQo av II 0XfOll alJti] dvm EltLOll!LOltOLll!LfVll i] 0XL. Ebw O!LW~ fXOUV ltaga!LEQLOtEL OAE~ OL ~aOH~ tll~ xAaOLxi]~ !LOvoya!LLa~. Ebw AELltH XaSE LbLOxtllOLa, rtou yLa tn bLati]QllOll xm rnv XAllQOMtlloi] tll~ bll!LLOUQyi]SllXE aXQL~W~ II uovovcutc xru II xuQLaQXLa tOU aVtQa, Ebw OUVEltW~ AELltEL EltLOll~ XaSE ncootQUVOll, YLa vn EltL~AllSEL II XUQLaQXLa tOU avtQa. Krrn ltaQaltavw, AELltOUV xm tc ueoc. To conxo bLxmo, rtou zooorotEUEL auti] tnv XUQLaQXLa, ultaQXEL !LOVO YLa roix ltAOUOLOU~ xm YLa tL~ OXfOEL~ tOU~ !LE tOU~ ltQoAEtaQLOu~. KOOtL~EL XQi]uorc xm YL' auto, E~mtLa~ tll~ cptWXELa~, 6EV ltaL~H xcvevc QOAO OtL~ OXfOEL~ tOU EQyatll !LE tll yuvaLxa rou, EbwaltocpaOL~OUV EVtEAw~ aAAE~ ltQOOWltLXf~ xm XOLVWVLXf~ ouvSi]XE~. Koi XWQLa alt' auto, alto tore noi: II !LEyaAll ~LO!LllxaVLa uereSWE rn yuvaLxa alto to OltLtL ornv ayoQa tll~ EQyaoLa~ xm OtO EQyoOtaOLO, xm rtou aQxEta ouxva rnv xaVEL vc EL voi auti] ltOU OUVtllQEL rnv OLXOYfVELa, acpmQf8llXE xaSE fbacpo~ YLa to tEAEUtaLO UltOAEL!L!La tll~ XUQLaQXLa~ tOU avtQa OtO oru tt tWV ltQOAEtaQLWV, EXtO~ LOW~ alto fva !LfQO~ tll~ ~avaUOOtllta~ nnevovn OtL~ yuvaLxE~ ltOU fXEL QL~WOEL alto rov xmQo tll~ Hoaywyi]~ tll~ uovovcquoc; 'EtOL, II oixovevao tou nooAEtaQLou bEV ELvm rue !LOvoya!LLxi] !LE rnv auOtllQi] fWOLa, axO!La xm otnv ltEQLlttWOll tll~ mo SEQ!Li]~ ayaltll~ xm tll~ oreSEQOtEQll~ ltLOtll~ xai TWV Mo, xm ltaQ' OA II rnv EvbEXO!LEVT} ExxAllOLaOtLxi] xrn XOO!LLXi] EuAoyLa. I't,' auto XaL OL mwvLOL OUVObOL tll~ !LOvoya!LLa~, 0 EtaLQLO!LO~ xm II !LOLXELa, ltaL~OUV E6w !Lllba!LLVO oXfMv QOAO. H yuvai.xa f')(fL OUOLaOtLXa 1;avcnoxtnoei to 6LXaLW!La rou bLa~uYLou, xrn otov bfV unoQOUV vc OUVfWOllSOUV 0 aVtQa~ xm II yuvaLxa, ltQOtL!LOUV vc tQa~i]~H 0 xaSfva~ to 6QO!L0 rou. KOVtOAOYL~, 0 ya!LO~ tWV ltQOAEtaQLwv ELvm !LOvoya!LLXO~ ornv EtU!LOAOYLXi] fWOLa tll~ M~ll~, XaeOAOU O!LW~ ornv LOtOQLXi] tll~ fWOLa.

OL VO!LLXOL !La~ ~QLOXOUV, ~f~ma, OtL II ltQoobo~ tll~ vo!LOSWLa~ acpmQfL 6AO XaL ltEQL006tEQO alto tL~ yuvaLxE~ xaSE A6yo YLa ltaQaltova. Ta OUYXQova ltOALtLO!LfVa VO!LOSEtLxa OUOti]!Lata avayvWQL~OUV OAO xm ltEQLOOOtEQO ltQwta 6- tL 0 ya!Lo~, YLa vc etvoi fyxUQO~, ltQfltEL v' altOtEAEL !LLa OU!LcpwvLa nou rnv fXAELOav EeEAOVtLXa xm rc ouo !LfQll, xaL

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OEUtEQO, OtL X.aL Xata tTJ OLaQXELa tOU yallou XaL OL OUO OUIl{3aAA.6IlEVOL JtQEJtEL vo EXOUV ta (Ow OLXaLWllata XaL ru (ow xaOiptovta 0 Eva~ anEVaVtL OtOV aAAov. Av AOLJtOV EqJaQllol;ovtav IlE ouvEJtELa OL ouo aUtE~ onru tiJOEL~, tots OL y1JVaiXE~ ea ELxav OAaooa 1!Jt0QOUV vc ~rrriJoouv.

A utiJ TJ yviJoLa VOIlLXiJ EJtLXELQTJllatOAoYLa Ei VaL aXQLf3<i>~ TJ iOLa nou XQTJOLIlOJtOLEi 0 QLl;ooJtaot1"]~ OTJlloxQatTJ~ octo; YLa vc OuOtt'!OEL orov rrQOAEtaQLO vc xatOEL qJQOVLlla. R ouJ.ttkxOTJ EQyaoia~ rrQErrEL vo Ei VaL IlLa OUllqJwvia nou XAd VEtaL E8EAOvtLxa XaL cno taOuo IlEQTJ. eEWQEitaL, OIlW~, EeEAOvtLxiJ IlOAL~ 0 VOIlO~ OLaxTJQul;EL (]'faxaQTui OtL tu Mo IlEQTJ d VaL Loa. R El;ouoia, nou TJ oLaqJoQEtLxiJ ta~Lxti 8EOTJ OivEL OtO Eva IlEQO~, TJ rriEOTJ nou aoxd rravw OtO aAAo IlEQO~ -TJ rrQaYllatLxiJ OLxovollLxiJ 8EOTJ xa: TCOV c5vo- auta OEV EvoLaqJEQOuv to vo- 1l0. KaL ",ata tTJ oLaQxEw tlJ~ ouJ,$aolJ~ EQyaoiw; 8EWQOUvtaL rraAL re ouo IlEQTJ iooupo, 000 to Eva iJ to aAAo OEV EXEL Q1"]ta rragaL tTJeEi. I'to to YEYOVO~ OtL TJ OLxovollLXiJ xcrcorcon eveyxa~EL toy EQyatTJ va JtaQaL tTJ8EL axolla XaL ano to tEAE'Utaio ixvo~ LOOtLllia~, yt' auto rraAL OEV qJtaiEL xaeOAO'U 0 VOIlO~.

LXEtLXa IlE to yallo, 0 VOIlO~, oxouc XaL 0 JtLO nooooeunXO~, LiwvorroLEL taL oA.6rrA£'UQa 1l0AL~ OL o'Ull(3aAA.6IlEVOL EXqJQaoo'Uv t'UrrLxa OtO rrQWtOXOAAO tTJV £AEU8EQTJ ouyxata8EOiJ roix. Ttn to tL o'U!J.(3ai VEL moro crto tc voiuxc rragaoxiJvLa, £XEt orcou (haOQallati~£tm 1"] rrQaYllatLxt'! ~wiI, YLa to rrw~ rrQoXUrrtfL amiJ 1"] EAEU8EQTJ ouyxata8E01"], YL' auto OEV 1!Jt0QoUv vc vOLal;ovtm 0 VOIlO~ xm 0 VOIlLXO~. Koi OIlW~, TJ JtLO anA.TJ OUyxQL01"] oLxaiou 8a mQEJt£ vc OEil;fL EOW OtO VOIlLXO, n yiVEtaL 0XEtLXa u' autil tTJV EA£u8EQTJ ouyxata8EOTJ. LtL~ XWQ£~ onou E~aoqJaAil;EtaL vouix« oro rraLOLa Eva urroXQ£wtLXO IlEQiOLO cno tTJV rr£QLOuoia tOU YOVLOU, onou o1"]Aaoil OEV unoQOuv vc ru anO"'ATJQwOOUv -<JtTJ fEQllavia, oru; XWQE~ tOU yaAALxou OLxaiou xAn.- rc rraLOLa OEOIlEUOVtaL cero t1"] ouyxata8EOTJ nov YOVLWV YLa to yallo roix. LtL~ XWQE~ tou ayY ALXOU oLxaio'U, orrou O£V anaL t£i trn cero to V0l-t0 TJ o'Uyxata- 8EOTJ torv YOVLWV YLa to yallo, EX0'UV XaL OL yovd~ nA.TJQTJ EA£1J- 8EQia oLa8EOTJ~ t1"]~ rr£QLouoia~ roix, IlnoQouv 000 8EAOUV v' anoxAl1QwVO'UV rc naLOLa roue, EiVaL AotnOV qJav£Qo nw~ naQ' oAa auta, XaL aXQL(3w~ YL' auta, TJ £AEu8EQia roo yallou

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OtL~ tU;EL~ onou urtUQXEL XUtL va XAT)QoVOI-lT)Sd., rtQUYl-latLXU 6EV ELVaL OUtE xatu 6LUVOLa I-lEyaAutEQT) OtTIV AYYALa XaL tT)V AI-lEQLXi], art' o,tL ELVaL OtT) faAALa XaL rn I'eoucvto,

Ta rtQuYl-lata 6EV ELVaL xaAutEQa 0XEtLXU I-lE tTl VOI-lLXi] Looruuc rou UvtQa XaL tT)~ yuvaLxa~ OtO yUI-lO. H V0I-lLxi] aVLoornrc nov 6uo, nou tT)V XAT)QOV0I-li]oaI-lE arto rtQOT)YOUI-lEVE~ XOLVWVLXE~ xataOtUOEL~, 6EV ELVaL T) cute, aAAU to MOtEAEouo T1]~ OLXOVOI-lLXi]~ XaTartLW1J~ T1J~ yuvaLxa~. LTO rtaALO X0I-lI-lOUVLOtLXO VOLXOXUQLO, nou rtEQLAal1f3avE rtOAAa cvrooyuva XaL rc rtaL6LU TOU~, T) 6LEUSUVOT) TOU VOLXOXUQWU, nou ELXE avatESEL OTL~ yuvaLxE~, i]tav E;LOOU 6T)1-l00LO, XOLVWVLXU avayxaLo AEL touQYT)l-la ortw~ XaL T) E;EUQWT) I-lEOWV 6LatQOcpi]~ MO TOU~ UvtQE~. ME T1]V rtatQLaQXLxi] OLXOYEVELa, XaL aX0l-la rtEQWOOTEQO I-lE tTl l-l0vOyaI-lLXi] ;EXWQWti] OLXOYEVELa, UAAa;av rc rtQUYl-laTa. H OLEUSUVOT) tOU VOLXOXUQWU ExaOE to 01]1-l00LO xaQaXti]Qa tT)~. Enrape va EVOLacpEQEL TT)V XOLVWvtc. 'EYLVE L&wnxr, vnr,(}wia. H yuvatxa, rtaQUI-lEQWI-lEVT) ano T1] OUI-lI-lEtOxi] OTT)V XOLvwvLxi] rtaQaywyi], EYLVE T) rtQwtT) UrtT)QEtQLa. Movuxa T) I-lEYUAT) I3WI-lT)xaVLa TT)~ rnoxi]~ I-la~ tT)~ UVOL;E ;avu to OQOI-lO rtQO~ tnv XOLvwvLXi] rtaQaywyi] - XaL rtUAL I-l0VO otnv rtQOAETUQwoa. QOTOOO, 000 ELVaL Urt0XQEWI-lEV1] va EXrtAllQWVEL rc xaSi]xovtu tll~ ornv LOLWtLXi] unnoeetc Tll~ OLxoYEVELa~, rtaQal-lEVEL artOXAEL0I-lEvll uno tnv XOLvWVLXi] rtaQaywyi] XaL OEV 1-lrt0QEL va XEQOU;EL ttnotu. Av SEA€L va rtuQEL I-lEQO~ Ot1]V XOL vwvLxi] EQyaoLa XaL va l3yUA.€L to '\jJWIlL tT)~ aVE;uQtllTa, OEV ELVaL OE SEOll va EXrtAllQWVEL tc OLXOYEvELaxu Tll~ xaSi]xovta. KL OrtW~ OTO EQYOOTUOW, TO LOW oul1f3aL VEL OTT) yuvaLxa OE OAOU~ roue XAaOOU~ EQyaoLa~ W~ rnv LaTQLxi] XaL tll OLXllYOQLXi]. H OUYXQOVlj ;EXWQWti] OLXOYEVELa ELVaL SEI-lEALWIlEVll rtuvw OTllV avoLXTi] i] xaAulll-lEVll OrtLTLxi] oXAaBLU Tll~ yuvaLxa~, XaL II OUYXQOVll XOL VWVLa ELVal IlLa Ilul;a rtou tu 1l0QLU Tll~ artOtEAOUVTaL 1-l0VUxa cno IlE- 1-l0VWIlEVE~ OLXOyEVELE~. 0 UVtQa~, orn IlEYUAll rtAEW'\jJllCPLa nov rtEQLrtTWOEWV, rtQErtEL oi]I-lEQa va ELVaL 0 I3LOrtaAaLOTi]~, 0 tQOCPOMTll~ Tll~ OLXOYEVELa~, tOUAaXWTOV OTL~ LOLOXti]TQLE~ TU;EL~, XaL aUTO tOU OLVEL IlLa XUQLaQXLxi] SEOll, nou OEV EXEL avuYXll uno xovevc EXTaXTO V0I-lLXO rtQOVOI-lLO. Meon OTllV OLXOYEVELa, 0 uVtQa~ ELVaL 0 uotoc, T) yuvaLxa EXrtQOOWrtEL to

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***

'EXOUIlE fJtOIlEVWe; 'tQELe; XUQLEe; 1l0QcpEe; 'tOU yUIlOU, JtOU OE YEVLXEe; YQUIlIlEe; ovnotoexoov O'tU TQLU XUQLU O'taoLU 'tlJe; ovSQwmvlJe; El:;E1..Ll:;lJe;. flu rnv uYQLa XatUOtaOlJ 'tOY 0llUOLX6 YUllo, yLa rn ~uQ~uQ6'tfl'tU 'to sEuyuQw't6 yUIlO, YLU 'toy Jt01..Ltiouo rn 1l0VOYUIlLU, OUIlJt1..lJQWIlEVlJ IlE rn 1l0LXdu XaL TlJV JtOQVELU. A VUIlWU 0't0 sEuyuQw't6 YUIlO XaL rn 1l0VOYUIlLU !lJtUL VEL, ornv UVW'tEQlJ ~USIlLOU 'tlJe; ~uQ~uQ6'tlJ'tue;, lJ xUQLaQXLU trov UVlQWV Jtuvw one; bOU1..Ee; XaL lJ Jt01..UYUIlLU.

'OJtwe; UJtEOELl:;E 61..lJ lJ JtEQLYQUCP1] Ilue;, lJ JtQ60ooe; nou cpuvEQwVnaL 0' uu't1] 'tlJ OELQU, OuvOEE'taL IlE tnv LOWIlOQCPLU on uno ru; YUVULXEe; 61..0 XaL JtEQL006'tEQO uCPaLQtL'taL lJ OEl:;OUU- 1..LX1] E1..EUSEQLU rou OIlUOLXOU YUIlOU, 6XL 61lwe; XaL uno roix UVlQEe;. KaL JtQUYIlUTLXU, El:;UX01..OUSEL XaL 01]IlEQU oxouo VU UJtUQXfL ouoiconx« 0IlUOLX6e; YUIlOe; YLU roix UV'tQEe;. EXEL VO rtou orn YUVULXU tL Val EYXAlJllU XaL ouvfJtuynaL ~UQLEe; VOIlLXEe; XaL XOLVWVLXEe; OUVEJtELEe;, SEWQEL'taL YLU 'tOY uv'tQu nunuxo 1], orn XELQ6'tEQlJ JtEQLJt'tWOlJ, E1..ucpQ6 lJSLx6 'lj!qubL, nou 'to EXfL XUVELe; u' EuxuQLo'tflOfl. '000 JtEQL006'tEQO 61lwe; ornv E-

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rwxi] !lac; 0 natQOnaQCtootoC; EtmQtO!lOe; !lEta!lOQcpwVEtm ano rnv XEcpaAmOXQanxi] f!l3tOQEU!lanxi] naQ<lywyi] xm nQooaQ!lo~Etm 0' curnv, 000 nEQtOOOtEQO !lftatQEnEtm Of anQOXCtAuJttll noovetc, rooo nEQlOOOtEQO us rnv EJtlOQaoi] tOU OlacpSElQEl. Kru !lCtAtOta olacpSdQEl rou; CtvtQEe; nOA u rteotoOOtEQO crto nc; yuvalXEe;. H nooveto fl;EUtEAl~El !lOVCtXa tle; OUOtUXtO!lEVEC; Exdvfe; yuvalxEC; rrou l;EnEOaV 0' currrv, Xl autEe; oxouo 0Xl oro j3aS!lO nou ouvi]Swe; VO!ll~OWE. Avrtaerc, El;EmfAl~El to xaQaxti]Qa OAOXAllQOU rou aVtQlxoU xoouou. IOlaltEQa, Evae; aQQaj3wvae; rrou naQatElvEtm nOAu, one; evVlCt uno nc; oExa nEQlJttWOEle;, anOtEAd nQaY!lanxi] nQonaLoEla Yla rn OU~UYlXi] cmorto.

TWQa tQaj3Ct!lf nQoc; !lla XOlvWVlXi] avatQoni], onou oi we; tWQa OlXOVO!llXEe; j3CtOEle; tlle; uovovoutc; Sa El;acpavtOtouv ue rnv lOW j3Ej3motllta nou Sa El;acpavLOtOUV xrn oi j3CtOEle; tOU OWnAllQW!latOC; tlle;, tlle; nOQvdae;. H uovovcquo Oll!lloUQyi]Sl]Xf crto tll oUYXEvtQWOll !lEYCtAOU nAoUtoU ore XEQla Ev6~ -xm !lCtALOta ore XEQW EVOe; CtvtQa- xm orro tnv ovnyXll vn XAllQOVO!lllSOUV amCt to nAOUtll nrro to nmOlCt cirrou ron ovroo xm xovevo; CtAAOU. I'i.' curo i]tav avayxala II !l0- vovcuto tllC; yuvalxac; xru 0Xl tOU cvroo, EtOl nou ami] II uovoyaj.lla tllC; yuvalxae; OEV E!lnOOl~f xaSoAou rnv aVOlXti] i] XaAUj.l!lEVll noAuyaj.lla tOU «vroo. H fmXElj.lEVlj OJ.lWC; XOlVWvlXi] «vcrooxn, ue rn !lftatQoni] touMxwtov tOU CtnElQa usyaAUtfQoU j.lEQOUC; cero to j.l6Vlj.l0 XAllQOVOj.li]Olj.lO nAoutotorv j.lEOWV naQaywyi]e;- Of XOl VWVlXi] lOLOXtllOla, Sa nEQlOQlOEl oro EMXLOtO 6All ami] mv EyvOla Yla rnv XAllQOVOj.llCt. Acpou AOln6v II uovovouto Yfvvi]SllXE «no OlXOVOj.llXEe; uttlfe;, Sa El;acpaVlOtfl orov El;acpaVLOtOUV autEe; or ru tlfe;;

en !l3tOQOUOE xavflC; ue to OlXLO tOU v' anaVti]OEl on 0Xl uovo Of V Sa El;acpavwtd, aAM avtl8fta uovo rote Sa nQayj.latOnOlllSfl nEQa Yla nEQa. I'urn ue tll j.lEtatQoni] rorv j.lEoorv naQaywyi]e; OE XOl VWVlXi] lOLOXtllOla El;acpaVl~ftm xm II j.lwSWti] fQyaola, to nQOAftaQlCttO, EJtOj.lEVWe; xm II aVCtYXll Yla iva» OQlOj.lEVO -nou Sa j.lnOQOUOE xaVfle; vc rov unOAOYlOEl OtatLOtlXCt- aQlS!l6 yuvmxwv vc EXolOOVtm yw XQi]ucro. H nOQvEla El;acpavl~Etm, II uovovcquo, cvrt vc xaSEl, Yl verm em tEAoUe; nQaYj.latlx6tllta - xm yw roue CtVtQEC;.

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OrtW<JbiptotE A.OLJtOV 8' aA.A.aI;EL JtOA.U lJ Xatu<JtaOlJ tWV avtQWV. AA.M~EL O!LWC; OlJ!LavtLXU XaL lJ xatuOtaOlJ nov yWaLXWV, OAWVtWV yUVaLXwv. ME to JtEQaO!La tWV !LEOWV JtaQaywyi)c; OE xOLvi) LbLOXtlJOLa, JtauEL lJ atO!LLxi) OLxoYEVELa va ELVaL lJ OLXOVO!LLXi) uovcoc tlJC; xOLvwvLac;. To atO!LLXo VOLXOX'UQLO !LEtatQEJtEtaL OE XOLVWVLXO A.ELtouQYlJ!La. H JtEQLJtOLlJOlJ XaL avatQocpi) torv JtaLbLWV YLVEtaL blJ!LOOLa 'UJtOSEOlJ. H xoworvtc CPQOVtL~EL WOtL!La yw oA.a rn JtaLbLU, ELtE ELVaL JtaLbLU VO!LL!LO'U YU!Lo'U ELtE voSa. 'EtOL JtauEL lJ EyvoLa YLa nc; «O'UVEJtELEC;», nou oiJ!LEQa aJtOtEA.EL to X'UQLOtEQO XOLVWVLXO -lJSLXO XaL OLXOVO!LLx6-- OtOLXELO, nou E!!J'tobL~EL Eva XOQLtOL va boSEi. aVEJtLcpUA.axta OtOV aYaJtlJ!LEVO tlJC; uvtQa. MiJJtwC; curo bEY Sa aJtotEA.EL aQxEtiJ aLtLa YLa va avaJtt'UXSouv OLYU-OLYU JtLO av'UJtoXQLtEC; OEl;o'UaA.LXEc; 0XEOELC; XaL !La~L !LLa JtLO xaA.aQiJ XOLViJ YVW!LlJ YLa rnv JtaQSEvLxiJ n!LiJ XaL tlJ y'UVaLXELa VtQoJtiJ; KaL tEA.OC;, !LiJJtWC; bEY dba!LE on oro OUYXQovo XOO!LO lJ uovovcquc XaL lJ JtoQvELa EL VaL I3El3aLa avtLSEOELC;, aA.A.a axwQLOtEC; avtLSEOELC;, JtOA.OL tlJC; (.bLac; XOLVWVLXi)C; xatuOtaOlJC;; MJtoQEL lJ noovetc vo El;acpavLOtEL XWQLC; vo nnQUOUQEL !La~L tlJC; OtlJV aj3'U000 XaL tn uovovcquo;

Ebw !LJtaLVEL OE EVEQYELa Eva XaLVOUQYLO OtOLXEio, Eva OtOLXELO nou tOY XaLQo nou bLa!LoQcpwvotav lJ uovovoutc f3Qwxotav to JtOA.U-JtOA.U OE E!LI3Q'UaxiJ xatuotaolJ: 0 ctouiXOC; EQWtac;.

IIQLV cno to !LEOaLWVa bEY !!JtoQEL va YLVEtaL MyoC; YLa ato!LLXO EQwta. On lJ JtQOOWJtLXiJ O!LOQCPLU, lJ orevn ouvcvcOtQoCPiJ, OL XOLVEC; XA.LOELC; XA.Jt., I;'UJtvouoav OE avSQwJto'UC; bLacpOQEnxou cpUA.o'U rnv EJtLS'U!LLa YLa OEl;o'UaA.LXEc; 0XEOELC;, OtL tOOO Oto'UC; UvtQEC;, 000 XaL onc; yuvaLxEC;, bEY rrrov tEA.ELwc; abLucpoQO !LE JtOLOV Sa ELxav a'UtEC; nc; orsvourre; 0XEOELC;, uuto ELvm cutovonro. AJt' auto O!LwC; wc; to bLXO !Lac; EQWta 'UJtUQXEL oxouc atEAELwtlJ unooroon. ~' OAlJ tnv aQXaLotlJta XA.ELvovtaL OL YU!LOL uno roix yovEiC; YLa roix EvbLacpEQO!LEVO'UC; xm curot to bExovtm iJo'Uxa. H EA.aXWtlJ O'U~'UYLXiJ ayuJtlJ nou YVWQL~EL T] aQxmotlJta bEY EL VaL xaSoAo'U 'UJtOXEL!LEVLxi) XALOlJ, !La aVnXEL!LEVLXO XQEOC;, 0XL l3uolJ, !La o'UvuQtlJOlJ tou yU!Lo'U. EQwnxoL bW!LOL, !LE tTJ OUYXQOVlJ evvoic, OtTJv aQxmotTJta JtaQO'UOLu~ovtm !LOVUxa EI;W uno rnv EJtLOlJ!LlJ

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xoworvto. OL j300XOL, rtou w; xaQEe; XaL toue; XaTlI.lOUe; rou EQWtU roue J.lae; tQayou60uv 0 0EOXQLtoe; XaL 0 Mooxoc, 0 AUcpVLe; XaL TJ XMTJ rou Aoyyou d VaL OAOL &OUAOL rtou &EV OUJ.lJ.lEtEXOUV xa80AOu OtO XQUtOe;, OtTJ ocpaLQa ~wi]e; rou EAEU8EQOU nOAL tTJ. Exto; OJ.lWe; uno tOUe; 60UAOUe; I3QLoxouJ.lE EQWtLXEe; nEQLnttELEe; J.lOVUxa onv nQo·COvta anoouv8wTJC; tOU naALOU XOOJ.lOU nou E6uE XaL J.lE yuvaLXEe; nou mLOTJe; I3QLOXOVtaL E~W uno tTJV mLOTJJ.lTJ XOLVWVLa, J.lE EtaLQEe;, 6TJAa&i] J.lE ~EVEe; i] anEAEu8EQEe;: otTJV A8i]va aQXL~OVtae; uno tTJV nnQaJ.lovi] tTJe; MOTJe; tTJe;, OtTJ PWJ.lTJ tTJV moxi] tTJe; cutoxocroQLae;. Av naQouma~otav nQaYJ.lanxu EQwtae; aVUJ.lwa OE EAEU8EQOUe; nOAL tEe; XaL nOAL tLOOEe;, ouro YL vorcv J.lOVO J.lE tTJ J.lOLxELa. KaL OtOV XAamxo EQWtLXO nOLTJti] tTJe; aQXaLotTJtae;, ow YEQO Avoxoeovrc, nrov rooo a&LucpOQOe; 0 EQwtae; J.lE tTJ &LXi] J.lae; EWOLa, rtou a6wcpOQOUOE aXOJ.la XaL YLa W CPUAO tou ayanWJ.lEVOU rroooontou.

H &Lxi] J.lae; OE~ouaALxi] ayunTJ &LaXQLVEtaL oumaonxu ano rnv anAi] OE~ouaALxi] EJtLSuJ.lLa, tOV EQWta, tWV aQxaLwv. nQWta, nQoUn08EtEL to ayanTJJ.lEVO nQ6o«)Jto vo cvrcotoxotVEtaL OtTJv ayunTJ. KaL 0' auto to OTJJ.lELO, TJ yuvaLxa d VaL LOTJ J.lE tOV UVtQa, EVW OtOV aQxaLO EQwta OE XaJ.lLU nEQLntWOTJ 6EV tTJ oorroeoov nrrvrc. AEUtEQO, TJ OE~ouaALxi] ayanTJ EXEL Eva l3a8J.l0 EvtaOTJe; XaL 6LUQXEWe;, rtou XUVEL vc cpaLVEtaL XaL ore ouo J.lEQTJ TJ OtEQTJOTJ XaL 0 XWQLOJ.lOe; J.lEyUATJ, av 0XL TJ J.lEyaAUtEQTJ OUJ.lcpoQu. Itn vc EXEL 0 Evae; tOV UAAOV, 6LaxLv&uVEUOUV, naL~ouv oxouc XaL tTJ ~wi] roue, nQuYJ.la nou OtTJV aQXaLotTJta naQouow~otav to nOAu-noAu OtTJ J.lOLxda. KaL tEAoe;, uvcrrnxroetm Eva XaLVOUQYLO TJ8LXO J.lEtQO YLa vn XQLvouv tLe; oE~ouaALXEe; 0XEOELe;, &EV QWtUVE J.lovuxa: i]tav yaJ.li]ALEe; i] 0XL, aAA.a XaL: i]tav nootov aJ.lOLl3aLae; ayunTJe; i] 0XL; EL VaL curovonto on TJ tUXTJ autou rou VEOU J.lEtQOU OtTJ rpeou&aQXLxi] XaL aOtLxi] nQu~TJ 6EV EL VaL XaMtEQTJ ano tTJV tUXTJ 0- AWV tWV UAA.WV J.lEtQWV tTJe; TJ8Lxi]e; - to ayvoouv. 'OJ.lWe; XaL 6EV tOU CPEQOvtaL XaL XELQotEQa uno rn uAA.a. To avayvwQL~ouv aXQLl3we; onwe; XaL t' uAAa - OtTJ 8EwQLa, oto xaQnu. KaL YLa tTJV wQa 6EV J.lnoQEL vc ~TJtUEL nEQLOOOtEQa.

o J.lWaLWVae; ~avaQXL~EL cero Exd onou otaJ.lUtTJOE TJ aQXaLotTJta rc nQwta 13i]J.lata tTJe; oE~ouaALxi]e; ayanTJe;, 6TJAa&i]

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an' tlJ IlOLXEla. IIEQLYQ(l'tjJaIlE ljOlJ tOY LnnOnx,o EQwta nou OlJllLOUQYlJOE ta tQaYOUOLa tlJt; auyrjt;. Ano rnv ayanlJ autlj, nou naEL va xaAaOEL to yallo, wt; tOY EQwta rtou ea tOY eEIlEALWOEL, unaQXEL ax,0lla nOA U OQOllot; nou OEV tOY nEQaoav nOtE OAOx,AlJQwnx,a OL LnnOtEt;. KL av cxouo nEQaooullE ana tout; EAa<PQolluaAOUt; QWllaVLx,oUt; AaOUt; croix EvaQ£tout; fEQllavout;. f)QlOX,OUIlE OtO EnOt; nov NLllnEAouvYXEV OtL lJ KQlJllXlAOlJ, av XaL OLa x,Qu<pa OEV ayanaEL ALYOt£QO tOY ZlYX,<PQLvt an' o.n tnv ayanaEL EX,ElvOt;, WOtoOO 0llwt; OtlJV ELOOnOllJOlJ rou fX,OUvtEQ on t1]V EXEL unooX£eEi IlE oQxo 0' Evav LnnOtlJ, non OEV tOY OVOllasEL, MavtaEL MAa: «~EV EL Val avayx,lJ va IlE naQax,aMtE. 'Onwt; IlE OLatal;EtE, EtOL ea ELllaL mrvrc. Aqevrn, curov nou IlOU OlVEtE avtQa, 8a tOY aQQaj3wvLaOtw EUXaQiotwt;.» ~EV tllt; nEQvaEL note ana to lluaM on IlnoQEi EOW va naQ8EL x,aeOAOU unO'ljJlJ lJ aycmlJ tlJt;. 0 IxouVtEQ slJtaEL rnv MnQouvXlAOlJ, 0 'EtO£A rnv KQlJllXlAOlJ, xwQlt; va tLt; EXOUV OEL note, To iOw ornv «I'xoutoouv» I, 0 ZtYXEllnavt tlJt; IQAavbiat; SlJtaEL tn NOQj3lJYEsa OUtE, 0 XEtEA qov XEYXEAWYX,£V rn XlA vre tlJt; IQAavoiat;, tEAot; 0 ZiYX,<PQL vr tOU MOQAaVt, 0 XaQtIlO1Jt tlJt; OQllaviat; X,aL 0 XEQf)LYX, tlJt; ZlJAavOlat; tnv Ixourooov. KaL Ilovaxa £Ow naQouOLas£taL to YEyovot; on Mo<paolSEL e£AlJllanXa lJ Ixoutoouv va rtaQEL tOY XEQf)LYX. Kern xevovc, tlJ vU<plJ tou vWQou rtQiyxLrta OLaAEYOUV OL yovEit; rou, av touv cxouo, aAALWt; rn OLaAEYH 0 lOWt; ue tn 0Wf)ouArj tWV ll£yaAwv nllaQLouxwV, nou OE oA£t; a1JtES; nt; nEQLrttWOut; 0 A6yot; tou; EXEL IlEyaA1] f)aQutlJta. Kct O€V !AJtOQ€l va yiV€L x,a8oAou OLa<poQ€nx,a. It« tOY mnotlJ lj to f)aQovo, OrtWt; X,aL YLa toy iOw toy aQxovta tlJt; XWQat;, o yallOt; €i vet rtOAL tLX,lj rtQal;1], IlLa E'UxaLQia va IlEYaAWOEL tnv El;ouola rou IlE VE€t; oUllllaxl£t;. Auto nou ano<paoltEL £lVaL to OUIl<PEQOV tou oixou X,aL 0XL lJ ErtL8uIlia tOU orouou. IIwt; unooooos AOLrtOV xatw art' autout; rou; oQout; va AEEL 0 EQWtat; rnv t£AE'lJtala AEl;lJ OtO sljt1]lla rou yallou;

~£V YLVOtav bLa<pOQ£nx,a X,aL IlE to OUVt£XVLax,o «oro nov IlEOaLWVLX,WV rtoAEWV. Ax,QLj3wt; tu xoovoiuc nou tOY rtQootcrsoov, OL x,wOLx,onOLlJIlEv£t; OUVt£XVLax,Et; OLatal;ELt;, tu

1. rfQl-!av~x6 EJto~ TOU 130u cuovu (01l1-!. YfQI-!. OUVT.).

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tEXVlJtU oovoo« JtOU tOY XWQL~aV VOIUXU EOW uno tLe.; uAAEe.; OUVtEXVLEe.;, EXEL orto roix LOWUe.; roix OUVtQOCPOUe.; tlJe.; OUvtExviae.; rou, xm uno rnv UAAlJ, uno roix xaAcpuoEe.; xm rotx; un- 8lJtEUoIlEVOUe.;, oreveuov xLoAae.; aQxEtu tOY xvxAo aJt' oJtOU IlJtOQOVOE va oLaMI;EL IlLa tmQLaotit Ovsuyo. Kat to sittlJlla, JtOLa avullwu rou; ittav lJ JtLO tmQLaOtit, auto, usoo OE tOVto to JtEQLJtAoxo OVOtlJlla, to anocpUOL~E XWQLe.; uAAo 0XL lJ atollLxit rou EJtL8ullia, aAM to OLXOYEVELaXO OUllCPEQOV.

'EtOL AOLJtov, OtlJV atEAELwtTJ JtAELo1VTJCPia trov JtEQLJttWOEWV, 0 YUIl0e.; EIlELVE we.; to tEAoe.; tOU IlWaLWVa o,n ittav aJto rnv aQxit, uJt08wTJ nou OEV anocpaOL~otav uno roix EVOLacpEQOIlEVOUe.;. ~tTJv aQxit, orcv YEVVLOtaV xavEie.;, ittav xLoAae.; JtavtQEIlEvOe.; IlE lAW oA6XAlJQlJ olluoa rou uAAou cpvAou. ~tLe.; xcromve; 1l0QCPEe.; tOU ollaoLxov YUIlOU EJtLxQatOVOE JtL8avwe.; IlLU JtaQollow 0XEOTJ, IlOVO nou TJ olluoa OtEVEUE 01.0 xm JtEQLOOOtEQO. ~tO ~EuyaQwto YUIlO etvrn xavovae.; OL IllJtEQEe.; vc 0UllCPWVOVV roix yUIlOUe.; nov JtmOLWV roue. KL EOW miolJe.; aJtocpaoisouv OL uJtOAOYLOlloi YLa VEOUe.; OUYYEVLXOVe.; OEOIlOVe.;, noi: JtQEJtEL v« EI;aocpaAioouv IlLa JtW OtEQElJ 8EOTJ YLa to VEaQOsEUYUQL oro YEVOc;, xm OtTJ cpuAit. KL otov IlE tTJV EJtLXQUt11011 tTJe.; atOIlLxite.; LOLOXtTJoiae.; urtevcvn OtTJV XOL viJ LOLOxmotc xm IlE to EVOLacpEQOV YLa tnv XA11QOVOIlLU XUQLUQX110E to JtatQLXo oixmo xm lJ uovovcuto, tore JtLU 0 yUIl0e.; EI;aQtit- 8TJXE YLa ro xaAu uno OLXOVOIlLXOVC_; uJtOAOYLOIlOVc_;. H lloQqJq tOU YUIlOU EI;ayoQue.; EsacpavisEtm, OtTJv ouoto 0IlWe.; EI;axoAou8Ei va EcpaQIlOsEtm 0' 01.0 xm IlEyaAvtEQo ~a81l0, EtOL 00- OtE 0XL !-lOVO TJ yuvaixa, aAM xm 0 UVtQac_; aJtOXtUEL !-lLa tL!-lit - 0XL avuAoya IlE tLe.; JtQOOWJtLXEe.; rou LOLOtTJtEe.;, aAM nvdAoya us t11V JtEQLouoia tOU. 'OtL 11 a!-loL~aia EAs11 tWV EVOLaCPEQOIlEVWV 8a EJtQmE va Eivm 0 EJtLXQatEOtEQOe.; A6YOC_; tou YUIlOU, auto uno tTJV aQxit xLoAae.; rrrov Ot11V JtQuI;l1 XUtL to JtQWtUXOUOto YLa tLC_; xUQiaQXEC_; tUI;ELe.;. Krrn tEtOLO YLVOtaV to JtOAV-JtoAvOta llu8LOtoQit!-lata it one.; xataJtLE~OIlEVEe.; rcsELe.; JtOU OEV AoyaQLusOvtav.

Autit ittav TJ xcrnotuon JtOU ~QitXE lJ xEcpaAawxQanxtl JtaQaywYtl, orov uno rnv moxi] tWV YEWYQacpLXWV avaxaAvljIEWV, IlE to JtaYXOOIlLO E!!JtOQLO xm t11llaVLcpaxtovQa, EtOL!-lasOtav yw tTJV XOOIlOXQatoQia. ea VOIlL~£ xav£ic_; on 0 tQO-

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Jto~ auto~ tOU YUIlOU Oa tlJ~ taLQLa~E E;aLQEtLXU, xm JtQayIlanxu EtOL tltav. KL WOtOOO -lJ ELQW'VEta tlJ~ JtaYXOOIlLat; L<JtOQLa~ Etvm aVE;U'VtAlJtrt-lJ XE<paAaWXQUnXtl JtaQaywYtl EIlEAAE vo JtQoxaAEOEL to aJto<paOLonxo QtlYlla 0' mrrov. MEtatQEJtoVtat; OAa ta JtQuYllata OE EJ.lJtoQEullata, OLEA UOE OAE~ tL~ XAlJQOVOlllJIlEVE~ JtatQoJtaQuOOtE~ OXEOEL~, XaL OtT] OEOT] tOU xAT]QOVOIlT]IlEVOU EOLIlOU tOU LOtOQLXOU OLXaLWllatO~, Ef)aAE rnv ayoQu XaL rnv JtWAT]OT], to «EAEUOEQO» oUIlI36Amo. 0 UYYAO~ VOIlLXO~ X. l:. MELVI JtLOtE'\jlE on ExavE IlLa tEQuona avaxuA 1J\jJT] AEyo'Vta~ on OA.6XAlJQlJ lJ JtQ6oM~ J.la~ aJtEvavtt ont; JtEQaoIlEVEt; mOXEt; ouvtotrmu OtO on EXOUIlE <ptuOEL from status to contract, uno XAT]QOVOIlLXU JtaQaooIlEVEt; OE EAEuOEQa 0W<PWVT]IlEVEt; OXEOELt;, JtQuYlla JtOU oro f)aOllo JtOU ELvm OWOto, ava<pEQOtaV xLoAat; oro Kouuouvuraxo Mavitpeoto?

fLa rn ouva'\jlT] OIlW~ oullf3oAaLwv XQELu~ovtm UvOQWJtOL JtOU va !lJtoQOuv va OLaSEtOUV EAElJeEQa rc utollU roue, n<; JtQ6.;EL~ tout; xm rrrv LOwxtT]oLa toix, JtOU ELvm LOOtLIlOL 0 Eva~ aJtEvavtL OtOV UAAOV. Kru IlLa cno w; XUQLE~ OOUAELEt; tT]~ xE<paAawxQatLxilt; JtaQaywYtlt; nrcv aXQLBw~ vu 0lJIlLoUQyiloEL atJtou~ tOU~ «EAEUOEQOU~» xm «LOOU~» avOQwJtou~. KL av ornv aQXtl auto YLVotav axolla IlOVO IlE IlLOOOUVELOT]tO tQoJtO XL EltLJtAEOV IlE OQT]oxEunxiI XUA U'\jlT], rrrcv OIlW~ auOtlJQU xaSOQLOJ.lEVO eero tlJ AOuST]QaVLxi) Xat xaABLVLOtLxi) IlEtaQQuOIlLOT] on 0 uvOQwJtO~ tore 1l0VO dvm JtEQa YLa JtEQa UJtEUeuVO~ yLa tL~ JtQ6.~EL~ too, orov tL~ EXEL XUVEL IlE aJtoAUrn EAEtJOEQLa POUAT]OlJ~ Xat on lOt vru T]OLx6 XQEO~ lJ cvttorcon OE XUSE pta rtou SEAEL va EltLB6.AEL aVtlOLXE~ JtQUSH~. nw~ 0- IlW~ taLQLa~av autu IlE tOY tQoJtO JtOU y(VOvtav W~ tWQa OL YUIlOL; 0 yUIlO~ xatu tT]V aOtLXtl a'VttAT]'\jlT] tltav oUIlBOAatO, VOIlLXi) uJtoSWTI, Xat IlUALOta lJ OJtOvOatOtEQlJ en' OAE~ n~ uJtOOEOEL~, YLatt a<PPQOUOE to OWlla Xat to JtVEUlla OUO avSQw-

1. H. S. Maine, Ancient Law, its connection with the early history of society, and its relation to modem ideas. Aovl\( vo 1866, Off... 170. H l'tg<i:rrT) E1<l\OOT) UUtoU ton EgyOU EYLVf oro Aovotvo to 1861 (OT)~. yfg~. ouvt.).

2. Bf..El'tf Kugf.. Mug~-cJ>Q(vtQLX 'EVY1<ff..~, Mavuptoto rov K0I1110VVLOTt}(Ov K61111aro;, £1<1\. «~VyxQOVT) El'toxTj», AflTjva 1994 (OT)~. fAA. om.).

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rtorv YLa OAT] tou~ rn ~wn. BE~ma, tumxu to ow~oAmo XAELvorov tore ESEAOVtLXU, XWQL~ rn ouyxatuSWT] trov EVOLUCPEQO'.u~VWV OEV YLVOtaV. 'H;EQaV O!!W~ JtaQu JtOAU xaM Jt(O~ YLvorov T] ouyxatuSWT] aUtn xm rtotot JtQay!!atLXU OU!!CPWVOUoav to yU!!O. Av O!!W~ YLa OAa ro UAAa OW~OAma XQELa~OtaV JtQay!!atLxU EAEUSEQT] cnoqcon, YLatL 0XL xm YLa tOUtO; ~EV ELxaV tUxa xm OL OUO vsot nou Sa ~EuyaQwVovtav to OLxaLw!!a vo OLaSEtOUV EAEuSEQa rov EaUtO roue, to XOQ!!L roo; xm rc oQyava tou~; ~EV ELXE YLVEL !!nJtw~ rou oUQ!!OU 0 EQwta~!!E tov LJtJtOtLO!!O, xm !!nnw~ !!nQo~ orov LnnOtLXO EQwta tT]~ !!otxda~, OEV ntav T] ayuJtT] rorv ou~uywv T] otoorn aotLXn uoocpi]; Ma av nrcv xaSnxov rorv ou~uywv v' ayanu£l 0 Eva~ tOV aUov, OEV rrtov to LOLO mLOT]~ XQEO~ trov ayarrT]!!EVWV va nnVtQEUOvtm !!Eta;u tou~ xm 0XL !!E xovevnv UAAOV; ~EV EOtEXE taxa mo 'IjIT]Aa auto to oLXaLW!!a nov ayanT]!!EVWV urto to oLXaLW!!a nov yOVLWV, rorv OUYYEVWV xm nov UAAWV ncrooJtaQuootwV !!WLtWV xm nQO;EVT]taOwv; Koi iuo rtou to OLXaLW!!a tT]~ EAEUSEQT]~ ato!!LXn~ EXAOyn~ eumnve aVEVoXAT]ta OtT]V EXXAT]OLa xm OtT] SQT]OXELa, nw~ ntav Ouvato va orcuctnOEL !!nQo~ OtT]V a~aOtaxtT] anaLtT]OT] tT]~ naALOtEQT]~ yEVLa~ va OLaSEtEL to XOQ!!L, tT]V 'IjIuxn, tT]V nEQLouoLa, tT]V euruXLa xm tn OUOtUXLa tT]~ vEOtEQT]~;

Ta nQo~An!!ata auto. ntaV CPUOLXO va tESOUV OE !!La moxn non XaAaQWVaV OAOL OL naALoL OW!!OL tT]~ xOLvwvLa~ xm XAOvL~ovtav OAE~ OL XAT]QOVO!!T]!!EVE~ naQaOtaOEL~. 0 xoO!!O~ EYLVE !!E!!La~ 0XEOOV OExa CPOQE~ mo !!EyUAO~. AVtL YLa Eva tEtaQtT]!!oQLO EVO~ T]!!LocpmQLou, OAT] T] yi]LVT] ocpaLQa ~QLoxorov tWQa !!JtQOOtu ore urrno tWV ~utLXoEuQwnaLwv rtou EOrtEUOaV vo naQOllV OtT]V xatoXn rou; xm tu aAAa Ecpta tstaQ'tT]!!oQLa. Ki onw~ ErtEOaV to JtaALU OtEVa oQLa tT]~ natQLOa~, EtOL snsouv xrn OL XLALOXQOVOL cpQaY!!OL rou nntoonnQUOOtOU !!WmWVLXou roono» OxE'IjIT]~. LtOV uvSQwno aVOLyotav tOOO nQO~ rov WwtEQLXO tOU 000 xm rov ESWTEQLXO rou XOO!!O Eva~ unELQa EUQUtEQO~ OQL~ov'ta~. Ti a;La dXE T] cpn!!T] tT]~ tL!!LOtT]ta~, n aSLa ELXE to n!!T]!!EVO ouvtExvLax6 JtQOVO!!LO, rtou XAT]QOoonotav uno YEVLa OE YEVLa, YLa to VEO nou rov xaAouoav rc nAOUtT] tT]~ IVOLa~, tn XQUOwQuXELa xm to aQyuQwQUXELa rou ME;LXOU xm tOU IIotoOL; 'Htcv T] sno-

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Xl] tou rrEQLrrAaVW!-lEVOU LrrrrOtLO!-lOU tlj~ aOtLXl]~ tuslj~. ELXE XL autl] to oouovnouo tlj~ xm rc EQWtLXU tlj~ OVELQOrrOAl]ucrc, aAAU nrivro OE aOtLXl1 MOlj xm OE tEALXl] aVUAUOlj JA,E aOtLXOU~ oxorrou~.

Etot 01JVEf3ljXE, AOLrrOV, xm lj aOtLxl] tUSlj rtou aVE[3aLVE, xUQiw~ OtL~ rrQot£OtaVtLXE~ XWQE~, onou 0uyxAOViOtljX£ neQLOOOtEQO to xa8£Otw~ rtou Urrl]QXE, V' avaYVWQi~H OAO xm rrEQWOOtEQO rnv EAEu8EQia TOU ou!-lf3oAa(ou xru YW to Yrl!-lO XaL va rnv £cpaQ!-lO~H ue tOY tQorro rtou rr£QL YQu'ljJa!-lE rraQartcvco, 0 yU!-lO~ E!-lHVE TasLXO~ yU!-lO~, anu !-lEOa oro rrAaima tlj~ tUslj~ rraQaxwQl]8ljXE ctoix 01J!-l[3aAAO!-lEVOU~ Eva~ OQLO!-lEVO~ [3a8!-l0~ EAEu8EQia~ ornv EXAOyl]. Km oro xaQtLu, orn 8£wQia tlj~ lj8LXl]~, xa8w~ xm ornv rrOLljtLxl] rrEQLYQacpl], ttnote bEV l]tav mo atQuvtaxta 8EJA,EALW!-lEvO, 000 lj aVlj8LXOtnrn XU8E YU!-lou nou bEV f3aoi~£tm OE a!-loL[3aio EQwta XaL OE rrQaY!-latLXU EAEU8EQlj OU!-lcpwvia tWV ou~Uywv. Kovtosovtc, o yU!-lO~ uno EQWta bLaXljQUXtljXE aveQwm vo bLxaiw!-la xm !-lUAWta 0XL !-lOVO droit de I 'hornme' aAAU XaL xat' EsaiQ£Olj droit de la femme",

'O!-lW~ auto to bLXaiw!-la LOU av8Qwrrou bLacpEQH 0' Eva olj!-lEio oao oAa rc uAAa AqO!-lEVa bLXaLw!-lata tou av8Qwnou. Evr» La UAAa OLljV rrQuslj rrEQLOQi~oVTaV ornv xUQiaQXlj tUslj, otnv aOtLXl] tUslj, XaL yw tnv xatam£~O!-lEVlj tUSlj, YLa to rrQOAEtaQLUto, EX!!lj()EVi~OVtaV U!-lwa 11 £!!!!£Oa, E()W YLa UAAlj !-lW CPOQU ExbljAWVEtaL lj HQWVEia tlj~ wtoQia~. H XUQLUQXlj tUSlj EsaxoAou8d vc xUQLaQxd trn uno tL~ YVWOtE~ OLXOVO!-lLXE~ Em()QUOH~ XL ELm !-lOVO OE ESaLQEtLXE~ rrEQLl'ttWOH~ EXH vc rraQoumUOH yU!-lOU~ rtou EYL va» rrQaY!-latLXu EAEu8EQa, EVW orrw~ Eiba!-lE, OL tELOLOU doou~ YU!-lOL dvm xcvovoc ornv tUslj nou xUQLaQX£l rei,

H rrAl1Qlj~ EAEu8£Qia orn OUV(l\jJlj rou YU!-lOU !-lrrOQ£l AOLnov rote !-lOVUxa vo rrQaY!-latorrOLlj8£i YEVLXU, otcv lj xatuQYljOlj tlj~ XEcpaAaLOXQatLXl]~ rraQaywYl]~ XaL trov 0XEO£WV LbLOxtljoia~ non Olj!-lLOUQYljOE [3YUAH uno tlj ueon OAOU~ tOu~

I. ALxalw~a tOU nvro«, ore yaULxu o1l~alV£L Xat I)Lxalw~a tou av- 9Qomou (O1l~. £/./.. onvr.).

2. ALxalw~a t1l£ yuvalxu£ (O1l~. £/./.. ouvt.)

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o£m£Q£uovtEl; OLXOVO'UXOU~ A.6yOU~ nou xm tWQa oxouo £nLOQOUV rooo nOAU OtT]V £XAOyi] ou~uyOU. Tore me O£V Il£V£t xav£va UAAO X( VT]tQO orro tT]V alloL(3a(a £A~T].

Kru £]t£LOi] 0 O£~OUaALXO~ £Qwta~ uno tT] qJUOT] rou £( vat anOXA£LOtLXO~ -av xm auti] T] anOXA£LOtLXOtT]ta nQaYllatonoist tru oi]Il£Qa n£Qa YLa n£Qa 1l0VUXa OtT] yuva(xa- 0 YUllo~ rtou (3ao(~£'tm OtOV £Qwta dvm uno tT] qJUOT] tou 110- vovcquxoc; ELOall£ rtooo OLXW dX£ 0 MnuX0qJ£v nou S£wQOUO£ tT]V nQoooo coto tOY 0llaOLXO OtOV rrrojuxo YUllo XUQLW~ ocv £QYo nov yuvmxwv. ~tO £v£QYT]tLXO tWV avtQwv !!JtaLv£L 1l0VO T] rtooooo; cero to ~£uyaQwto YUllo OtT] uovovouto, Kru T] nQoooo~ ami] oi]llm V£ LOtOQLXU tT]V ouoLaOtLxi] £JtLOd vwOT] tT]~ S£OT]~ tWV yuvmxwv xm tT] OL£UXOAUVOT] tT]~ aJtLOtLa~ tWV avtQwv. Orov Amnov A£Ltjlouv xm OL oixovouixot A.6ym, rtou exovcv tL~ yuvaLx£~ va o£xovtm ami] tn OUVT]SLOIl£VT] aJtLOtLa trov avtQwv -T] £yvma yw rnv unaQ~i] toix, XL oxouc n£QLOOOt£QO lJ £yvma YLa to Il£AAOV tWV nmOLwv- tors lJ Looruuo tlJ~ yuvaLxa~ nou Sa £JtLt£uxSd 11' auto tOY toone, XQLvovta~ an' OAT] tnv ndQa nou £XOUIl£ w~ tWQa, IlUAAOV Sa OUVt£A.£O£L O£ un£LQa mo Il£YUAO (3a8Ilo, vc YL vouv OL UVtQ£~ nQaYllatLxu uovovequxot, naQu va YL vouv OL yuvaLx£~ noAUaVtQLx£~.

Aur« OIlW~ rtou Sa XUO£L onwooi]not£ T] uovovoutc dvm oAa tn xaQaXtlJQLOtLXU nou an£xtlJo£ 11£ tT]V nQo£A£uoi] tT]~ uno tL~ OX£O£L~ LOloXtT]OLa~, xm tc xaQaxtlJQLOtLXU amu etvci nQwta T] xUQLaQXLa tOU uvtQa xm O£ut£Qo to uAUto tOU YUllou. H xUQLaQXLa ton uvtQa oro YUllo £L vrn anAi] ouveneic tlJ~ oixovoutxrj; tOU xUQLaQXLa~ xm n£qJt£L curoucro lla~L tT]~. To UAUto tOU YUllou £Lvm ev Il£Q£L ouvertet« tT]~ oixovoIllXi]~ xatuotaoT]~, Il£oa OtT]V onoto avaJttuxST]x£ T] uovovcIlla, ev Il£Qn naQuOooT] urto tnv £]toxi] rtou O£V xataM(3m vav xaM oxouo tlJ 0X£OlJ auti]~ tT]~ OLxovolllxi]~ xatuotaolJ~ 11£ tT] uovovcquo xm rnv un£Q£(3anav 8QlJox£utLxu. ~i]Il£Qa £XH xLoAa~ onuo£L uno XlAl£~ Il£QL£~. Av dvm lJ8LXO~ Ilovuxa o YUllo~ nou (3ao(~£'tm ornv ayunT], to (Ow naQall£v£L T]SlXO~ Ilovuxa 0 YUllo~ onou £~axoAou8d va unuQxn T] ayunT]. H OLuQxna OIlW~ tOU atOIlLXOU £Qwta OLaqJ£QH nOAu coro cto- 110 O£ nrouo, LOlW~ otou; UVtQ£~, XL eva ouotoonxo orcucrn-

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lJ.a 'tTJ~ EA~TJ~ i} 'to 3taQaIJ.EQLOIJ.U 'tTJ~ aJtOIJ.La xmVOUQYLa CPAOY£Qi} ayuJtTJ, XUVEL £u£Qy£nxo 'to XooQLOIJ.O, 'tOOO YLa tu 0tJ0 IJ.EQTJ, 000 xm YLa 'tTJV XOLVooVLa. TIQEJtEL IJ.OVO V' aJtaAAayouv OL UV8QooJtOL uno mv avuYXTJ vu waAaj30muvE IJ.EOa cno 'tTJV UXQTJO'tTJ MoJtTJ IJ.La~ 6LXTJ~ 6La~uyLou.

A uro AOLJtOV JtOU IJ.JtOQOUIJ.E oi}IJ.EQa vc UJt08EOOUIJ.E YLa 'tTJ QU8IJ.LOTJ torv o£l;ouaALxwv 0XEOEooV uO't£Qa crto 'to EJtLXELIJ.£VO oUQoolJ.a 'tTJ~ x£cpaAmoxQa'tLx11~ JtaQayooY11~, EX£L XUQLoo~ aQVT)nxo xaQax't11Qa, JtEQLOQL~E'tm ouv118oo~ O£ o.n JtQOXEL'tm vo AEL'ljJEL. TL 8a JtQOo'tE8d OlJ.oo~; Auto 8a xQL8d, otov av'tQoo8d IJ.La vEa Y£VLU, IJ.La YEVLU uno UV'tQE~, nou JtO'tE <J'tTJ ~oo11 roix 6£v 8a EXOUV j3QE8d ornv avuyxTJ v' ayoQuoouv IJ.£ AECP'tU 11 IJ.E una XOL VooVLXU IJ.EOa 'to MOLIJ.O IJ.La~ yuvaLxa~, xm IJ.La YEVLU aJto yuvaLxE~, JtOU JtO'tE oev 8a EXOUV j3QE8d ornv avuyxTJ vn 6080uv 0' Evav uv'tQa YLa xavEva UAAO A.6yo EX'tO~ uno mv aATJ8LV11 ayuJtTJ, OU"CE v' aQvTJ80uv 'to MOLIJ.O orov ayaJtTJIJ.EVO roix uno 'to cpoj3o IJ.JtQo~ oru; OLXOVOIJ.LXE~ OUVEJtELE~. Orov 8a uJtuQXouv mrrot OL UV8QooJtOL, 8a YQutpouv ore JtaALu tou; ro JtaJtou'tOLa amu JtOU JtLO'tEUOUIJ.E 011- IJ.EQa O'tL 8a JtQEJtEL vc xUvouv. ea cpnu~ouv 'tTJ 6LXi) roue ~oo11 xm 'tTJ 6LX11 "COu~ av'tL<J'tOLXTJ XOLvn YVWIJ.TJ YLa n~ JtQu~EL~ "COU xa8Evo~ xm - 't£Ada xm JtauAa.

A~ YUQLOOUIJ.E oxrrooo O"COV MOQyxav, uno 'tOV OJtOLO aJtolJ.axQuv8i)xalJ.E aQxE'tu. H LO'tOQLXi) EQ£uva rorv XOL VooVLxwv 8WWDV JtOU avamux8nxav orn 6LuQXELa 'tTJ~ EJtOxi)~ 'tOU JtOAL 'tLOIJ.OU, ~EJtEQVUEL tn JtAaLOLa rou j3Lj3ALOU tou, I'r' mrro TJ 1J.0LQa 'tTJ~ 1J.0voyalJ.La~ 0' mrro 'to XQOVLXO 6Luo'tTJlJ.a 'tOV nneoxoAd JtoM ALyO. KL amo~ j3AEJtEL ornv JtaQaJtEQa 6LalJ.oQqxoon 'tTJ~ 1J.0voyaIJ.Lxi)~ OLXOYEVELa~ IJ.La JtQ0060, IJ.La JtQOOEYYLOTJ ornv JtMQTJ Loo'tLIJ.La torv qJUAooV, XooQL~ OlJ.oo~ vn 8EooQd cpmOIJ.EVO 'to oxorro mrro. Ouox; AEEL, «otov JtaQa6EX"COUIJ.£ 'to YEYOVO~ O'tL TJ OLXoYEvELa JtEQaoE 'tEOO£QL~ 6La60XLxE~ 1J.0QqJE~ xm j3QLoxum 'twQa OE IJ.La JtEfJ.Jt'tTJ, rote YEVVLE'tm 'to EQW'tTJlJ.a, uv am11 TJ 1J.0QCPi) IJ.JtOQEL vc dvm IJ.OVLIJ.TJ YLa 'to IJ.EAAOV. H IJ.OVTJ 6uva-ci) aJtuV-CTJoTJ dvm on 8a JtQEJtEL vo JtQOxooQUEL oJtoo~ JtQOXooQUEL TJ xoworvtc, v' aAM~EL 0't0 j3a81J.0 nou aAM~EL TJ xorvcovto, aXQLj3<i>~ oJtoo~ vworov oo~ 'twQa. Eivru 'to 6TJIJ.LOuQYTJIJ.a tou XOL VooVLXOU ouo'ti)IJ.a-co~ xm 8a aV-CLxa8QE-

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<PtL~EL tTJV XatCtOtaOTJ tTJS; oLajl6Q<pwoi)s; tOU. KaL EJtELoi) TJ uovoyajlLxi) OLXOYEVELa f3EA tLOlSTJXE uno tTJV aQxi) tou JtOAL nOjlOU, XaL JtOAU aLOSTJtCt OTTJ OUYXQOVTJ EJtOxi), jlJtOQEL XaVEL~ tOUACtXLOtOV vc UJtOSEOEL 6tL EL VaL Lxavi) YLa JtaQaJtEQa rsAELOJtOLTJOTJ OlOJtou vn <ptaOOUjlE OTTJV ioomr« nov ()UO <puAWV. Av oro jlaxQLv6jlEAAOV TJ jlOvoyajlLxi) OLXOYEVELa ()EV Sa ELVaL OE SEOTJ vc EXJtATJQOlOEL tLS; aJtaLti)oELS; tTJS; XOLvwvLas;. EL VaL aMvato vc JtEL xaVEL£ cero JtQL v tL ELOOUS; Sa EL VaL TJ ()LCt()oX6S; tTJC;.» I

1. L. H. Morgan, Ancient society, OE).. 491-492 (aTIlt. yEQIt. oovr.).

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EQxoJA,aot£ tWQa O£ JA,W UAA:n avaxuAmjJ'rJ tOU M6Qyxav, rtou EXH tOUAUXLOtoV rnv l()la onouomotntc JA,£ rnv onoxcrccrcon tlJ~ nQwtoyoVlJ~ Olxoy£vHaX'tl~ JA,oQCPi]~ uno rc ouoti]JA,ata OUYYEV£W~, H ano()Hl;lJ on ot OUYY£VlXE~ £VWOH;, rtou Ecp£Qav ovouoto ~wwv, JA,Eoa O£ JA,la CPUAi] IV()luVWV tlJ; AJA,£QlXi]~, dvm ouotcrrnxc tam60lJJA,£~ JA,£ rc YEVlJ (gene a) torv EAA.i]VWV xm rc gentes (YEVlJ) nov PWJA,alWv, on n aJA,£Qlxavlxi] JA,oQCPi] dvm lJ aQXlxi] JA,oQCPi] xm lJ £AAlJvoQwJA,a'Lxi] lJ xcromvn, lJ naQuywYlJ, on OAOXAlJQlJ lJ XOlvWVlxi] oQYUVWOlJ tWV EAA.i]VWV xru torv Pcouotrov 'tlJ~ nQw'toyoVlJ~ £Jtoxi]~ O£ YEVr], CPQa'tQl£~ xrn cpuM~ ~QlOXH rov moro 'tlJ~ naQaAAlJA.LOJA,O ornv aJA,£Qlxavo'Lv()lUVlXT) XOl vwvLXi] oQYUVWOT), on (600 cp'tUVOUVOl nlJYE~ JA,a~ W~ 'twQa) 'to YEVO~ dvm 8£(JJA,o~ xorvo; O£ 6AOU~ 'tOU~ ~aQ~uQou~ W~ 'tT)V etoooo 'tOU~ orov nOAl tLOJA,6 Xl ax6JA,a xm xctom VU, T) an6()Hl;T) ami] l;£xa8uQLo£ JA,£JA,LU; ro ()UOXOAO't£Qa JA,EQT) 'tT)~ aQXEYOVT)~ £A.AT)VLXi]~ xru QWJA,a'Lxi]; Lo'tOQla~ xm 'tau't6XQova JA,a~ £l;i]YT)O£, JA,£ Evav 'tQ6no rtou OUte 'tOV unoateuoucotcv, rc ~aolxu xaQax'tT)Qlonxu 'tOU XOLVWVLXOU xa8£(J'tw'tO~ 'tT)~ nQw't6yoVT)~ £Jtoxi]~ - nQl v uno 'tT)V xa8lEQWOT) 'tOU xQarov~, '000 anAO XL cv cpalV£'tm 'to nQuYJA,a, orcv 'to EXOUJA,£ mn YVWQlOEL, WO't600 JA,OVO rov reA.£u'talo xmQ6 'to avaxuAmjJ£ 0 Moovxcv. ~'to nQolJyouJA,£v6 rou EQYO, rtou £xM8lJx£ 'to 18711, ()£V £lX£ oxouo avaxaAu'P£L mrro to JA,uO'tLx6, rrou T) anoxuAu'Pi] 'tOU Exav£ roue UYYAOU~ £Q£UVT)'tE~ tT)~ nQo'Lo'tOQ(a~, nou UAAO't£ dxav 'tOOT) curonenoWlJ0T), vc ~ou~a80uv Yla Eva ()Luo'tT)JA,a,

H Aan vLXi] AEl;T) gens, rtou XQlJOlJA,OnOld Y£VlXU 0 MOQyxav Yl' au'ti] rn OUYY£Vlxi] EVWOT), nQoEQX£'tm ono»; xm T) £1.A.T)VlXi] Ml;T) yevo~ (genos), nou EXEL 'tT)V ()La onucotc, nrto 'tT)V xOlVi]-UQW QL1;a gan (oro Y£QJA,avlxU kan, YLa'tL oUJA,cpwva JA,E 'to yvwo't6 xovovc 0'tT) 8E01] tou UQLOU g nQEnEL vo JA,nEL k),

I, L. H, Morgan. Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family.OuumYKwv 1871 (OTJIA. yEQIA. OVVt.).

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nou OTJJ!aLVEL YEWoo. H AanvLxi) AE;TJ gens, TJ EAATJVLXi) YEVOr;, TJ ocvoxot nxi) t~avar;, TJ YOtSLXi) (ouJ!cpoova J!E tOV 3tLO Jtavoo xovovo) kuni, TJ aQxaLOVOQ<')Lxi) xm aYYAooa;ovLxi) kyo, TJ ayYALXi) kin xm TJ J!EOoYEQJ!avLxi) kiinne onactvouv OAEr; YEVOr;, xatayooyi). H AE;TJ 0J!00r; gens ore AatL vLxa xm YEVOr; ore EAAllvLxa, XQllOLJ!OJtoLELtm EL<')Lxa YLa rn OUYYEVLXi) EXELVll evcoon nou JtEQllCPavEUEtm on EXEL XOLvi) xatayooyi) (E<')oo aJto XOLvo JtQOJtatoQa) xm ouvb£Etm OE J!La ;EXooQLOti) xowornrc J!E OQLOJ!EVOUr; XOLVooVLXOUr; xm SQllOXEutLXOur; SEOJ!OUr;, OE J!La xowornrc, nou JtaQ' oAa auta II xatayooyi) xm TJ CPUOll tllr; Euevov oor; tooQU OXOtELVEr; YLa OAOUr; tour; LOtOQLXOUr; J!ar;.

EL6aJ!E xLoAar; J'tL0 Jtavoo, ornv JtouvaAouavi) OLXoYEvELa JtOLa ELvm TJ OUVSEOll EVOr; YEVOUr; ornv aQXLxi) tOU J!oQCPi)· AJtOtEAEL tru aJto oAa rc JtQooooJta, nou J!E rov nouvcsoucvo yaJ!o xm ouuqxov« J!E nr; JtaQaotaoELr; rtou E3tLxQatOuv 0' mrtov avayxaonxa, altOtEAOW toUr; avayvooQLOJ!EVOUr; unoyovour; IlLar; ouyxExQLIlEVllr; 1l0va<')Lxi)r; JtQolli)toQar;, tTJr; L- 6QutQLar; tOU yEVOUr;. EJ'tEL6i) 0' auti) tllIlOQCPi) OLxoYEVELar; II JtatQotllta ELvm a(3E(3mll, LOXUEL 1l0VO II yuvmxELa YEVEaAOYLxi) YQalllli). EJtEL6i) OL a<')EQcpoL <')EV EJ'tLtQEJtEtm va JtavtQEuovrm nr; a<')EQcpEr; roue, aAAa Ilovaxa yuvaLxEr; aAAllr; xatayooyi)r;, to Jtm6La rtou JtQoEQXOvtm orto aUtEr; nr; ;EVEr; yuvaLxEr; (3QLoxovtm, oUIlCPoova IlE to IllltQLXO 6Lxmo, E;oo uno to YEvoc, MEVOUV AOLJtOV Ilovaxa OL aJtoyovOL rorv (}vyarfQwvxaSE YEvLar; IlEOa ore JtAaLOLa tllr; 0UYYEVLxi)r; EVooOllr;. OL unoYOVOL tWV yLWV JtEQVOUV om YEV1J tWV Illl't£QWV tOur;. TL YLVEtm tooQa auti) 11 IlE (3aoll rn OUYYEVELa E; aLllatOr; 0lla6a 110- ALr; oUYXQotllSEL oav ;EXWQLOti) 0lla<')a aJtEvavn OE aAAEr; JtaQoIlOLEr; OIlMEr; IlEOa otn cpuAiJ;

Lav xAaoLxi) 1l0QCPi) tOU aQXLxou y£vour; 0 Moovxuv JtaLQvEL to YEVOr; tWV IQoxE~wv, EL<')Lxa tllr; cpuAiJr; tWV LEV€Xa. H CPUAi) auti) EXEL OXtoo YEV1J, IlE ovouorc ~oowv: 1) AUXOr;, 2) aQxou6a, 3) XEAoova, 4) xaotoQar;, 5) EAaCPL, 6) J.l3tEXatOa, 7) '\jJaQocpayor;, 8) YEQaxL. LE xaSE YEVOr; E3tLxQatEL II JtaQaxatw ouvi]SELa:

1) EXAEYEL tOV oaX€1l rou (JtQO'LOtaIlEVO OE xmQ6 ELQi)vllr;) xm tov aQXllYo (JtoAEllaQXo) tllr;. 0 oaX€1l JtQEJtEL va EXAEYEtm cero to L6LO to Y€VOr; xm to a;Lwlla ton ELvm XAllQOVOIlL-

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