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Άμεση Δημοκρατία και Γενικευμένη Κοινωνική Αυτοδιεύθυνση (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Άμεση Δημοκρατία και Γενικευμένη Κοινωνική Αυτοδιεύθυνση (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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7

"avanTU~lle;" YI' aUTOUe;,E~aVTAOUVTat OTO "napaOEIOO" rnc anoxau-

1•.II08WTtle; OKAaplae;. OAll rn nconvoouevn rteplo00,01 EPyaTlKEe; KIVllTOnOltlOEIe; Kat OIEKOIKtlOEIe; ic KaAUTEpEe; OUVv 8tlKEe; OOUAElae;Kat vm OUOIaOTIKOEAEYXO novo OTllV epvcolc Kat rnv nconvovn ~E orroxopuqxouc TIe; E~EYEpOEIe;Kat rc ertuvorrrcrnKa KIVtl~aTa TWV OEKaETlWV TOU '70'80, Elxav oov ortorexeouo va KAovloTEI 0XI ~OVOTO OIKOVO~IKO OUOTll~a, aAAa OAOKAllPOTO KOIVWVIKO Kat nOAITIKO KamTaAIOTlKO ~OVTE.AO.Hapxouoa TO~ll EmOIWKEI Xomov va ~EnEpOOEI rnv KPIOll ~Eoa an' rnv avaolop8pWOll Kat va opvnvcccer rnv aVTEnI8E0tl Tlle; EVaVTla OTO Aao. va TO nETUXEI aUTO II apxouoa TO~n. rtoerter va nETa~EI E~W crt'rnv napaywYtl OAOUe;tl 0XEOOV OAOUe;TOUe; EPYOTEe;,WOTE va TOUe;EMYXEI anOAUTa ~E POOll rc OU~CPEPOVTO rnc EmTpEnOVTae; ~OVO ouvolaXEIPllOll rnc oucovoutcc OE ~Ia ypacpEIOKpaTIKtl apIOTOxpcrtc EIOIKEU~EVWVeovcrcov ~E 10lalTEpa npovourc nAal OTllV 0AOEva mo E~EIOIKEU~EVllypacpEIOKpaTIKtl Kat TEXVOKpaTlKtl VO~EVKAaToupa. To 1010IOXUEI Kat vm 'rnv xorvcovtc YEVIKOTEpa, ortou uio 0lEU8UVTlKtl EA1T (nOAITIKO( TEXVOKpaTEe;) dpprjcru OUVOEOE~EVll~E rnv OIKOVO~IKtloAlyapXla, OUVTaUTlO~EVll oovovixc Kat (owe; TEAIKO OUYXWVEU~EVllu'curr], nou anOTEAOUV rn VEa apXouoa TO~ll II 0note 8a Z;EIOE papoe; oAlle; rnc urtoxomnc xoivovtcc olOcpuAaoovTae; ru rroovouui rnc ueoc OTllV ncccvovn Kat cvoncocvovn EAEYXO~EVWV nAllPocpOPIWV, 10EWV,a~IWV, nporuruov, OKE\lJlle;Kat oourreoroopnc; rc ortotc 01 nEpl8wplonOlll~EvOI UntlKOOI rnc, nAtlPWe; ncarrnxortotrjuevot, E~aTo~IKEU~EVOI 8a KaTavaAwvouv aOla~apTuPllTa. Aroue ri (TO nOAU) nUPllVIKEC;OIKOYEVEIEe; ouvcsoorouevc EUKatpla'KO Kat nEplOOIKa OE acpllPll~Eva OUVOAa (\lJllCPOCPOPOI, KaTavaAWTEe;, CPOPOAOYOU~EVOI, 8EaTEe;) 8a E1Vat aVTIKe:(~Eva TllAEKaTEu8uvO~Eva OTa XEpla currie rnc Ta~lle; nou 8a 0lEU8uVEI 'rnv KOIVWVla ueoc orto TIe; olaolKaolEe; TOU 8Ea~aTOe;, rnc nvopnc Kat TOU TOU ~OPKETlVYK olacptl~llOlle;· AUTtl elvoi II "ouronic" rnc opxouoae; Ta~lle; TOOO naAla Kat ~E8wplao~tvn. aAAo TOOO cvcvxolc vtc rn OlatWVIOll rnc YI'aUTO Kat rnv rroocoaet urrouxo, E~~e:aa. ea TO nETUXEI; nOAU OUOKOAaYI'aUTtlV, ceou O'OAO TO 0XEOIO rnc OTllP(Z;ETat OTllV ~ETacpUOIKtl (KUpIOAEKTI... Ka) erueuutc tl OlaOTpocplKtl cvcvxn rnc apxouoae; TO~lle; va xuoropXtlOEI anOAUTa, cncovm, va EMY~EI OAOKAllPWTlKO nrt'rn ncvco rnv xorvcovlc onoZ;OVTae; OAEe;TIC; cno KOTW 0XEOEIe;,nV(YOVTae; TIe; 0norse a~EOEe; KOIVWV1KEe; OlaOIKaO(Ee;,KaTapYOVTae; TEAIKa rnv (ola rnv xorvovtc Kat rnv av8pwmVll Z;Wtl. KI av cxouc o~we; OEV TO nETUXEI 8a rrrcv TpaYIKO TO YEyovoe; urcc vecc ornosozoouncnc Kal napaK~tle; rnc xoivovtoc Kat rnc av8pwnOTllTae;.

xonotnonc Kat rnc

voonc Kat rnc ~.1IZ;Eplae; PIVTEO,Tlle;~..IQZ;IKtle; TOU xouxrouooc, rnc napa nA llPOcpOPllOlle;a rtonoxi rucortol none, rnc nEpI8wplonol noncncsnn-

rIO

8

9

TO KINHMA THL rENIKEYMENHL A YTOAIEYE>YNLH:E
TIAPILINH KOMMOYNA 1871
no. va E~aoq)QA(OOU~E TOV 8p(a~~0 TTlC; encvcororucnc KQl KOlVOTlKrlC; lO£ac;, TTlC;onotcc EnLOlWKOU~E TTlV ElPTlVlKrl OAOKArlPWOTl, rtoener va npOOOlop(OOU~E TIC; YEVlKEC; apXEC; KQl. va OlaTunWOOU~E TO rtoovoouuo nou 01 exnooocortot coc 8a rtoenet va UnOOTTlP(~OUV KQl va nonvucrortomoouv. H Kouuouvo (KOIVOTTlTa) E(VQl Tl ~o.0Tl TOU Ko.8E KpaTiKOU oovoviouou orroc Tl OIKOYEVEla E(VQl TO E~PPUO TWV KOIVWVIWV. npEnEI va etvm aUTOVO~Tl, oTlAaorl va OIOIKE(TQl ~OVTl TTlC; avo.Aoya ~E TTlV nveoucruoi TTlC;IOIQlTEpoTTlTa, ~E TIC; napaoooEIC; TTlC;,~E TIC; avo.YKEC; TTlC;.Na uno.PXEI wc; Tl8lKrl OVTOTTlTa nou olaTTlpd ueoo OTO nOAITIKO, E8vIKO KQl ouoortovorcxo OUVOAO, TTlV nArlPTl TTlC;EAEU8Ep(a, TOV· IOIOTuno xapaKTrlpa TTlC;.TTlV anOAUTTl aUTE~OUOlOTTlTo. TTlc;,OnWC;aKpl~WC; TO o.TO~0 ~EoaOE ~Io. nOAT). no. va E~aO(paAIOTE( Tl EUPUTEPTl xnru TO ouvaTO OIKOVO~IKrl avo.nTU~Tl,Tl aVE~apTTlo(a, Tl E8VIKrl KQl EoacplKrl aocpo.AEla, I.mOPEl Kat OCPElAEI va OUVEpyo.~ETat xcn vc OTl~IOUPYE( o~oonOVO(EC; ~E OAEC;TIC; o.AAEC;KOIVOTTlTEC;rl EVWOEIC;KOIVOTrlTWV. nou anOTEAOUV TO E8voC;. rlo. va TO crtoonotcet aUTO 8a noertei va Ao.PEI unOljJTl TTlC;TIC; cpuAETIKEC; O~OIOTTlTEC;,TTl YAwooa, TTl YEwypacplKrl 8EOTl, TIC; KOlVEC; aVa~VrlOE1C; Kat rc KOlVo. OU~cpEpOVTa. H curovoutc TTlC;K01VOTTlTac; E~aocpaA(~El OTOV nOAlTTl TTlV EAEu8Ep(a Kat OTTlV nOATl TTlV To.~T). Ta ~EATl TTlC; ouoortovotcc OAWV TWV K01VOTrlTWV au~o.vouv ~E TTlV a~OlPatOTTlTa, TOV nAOUTO, TTl OUva~Tl, TOUC; OIKOVO~IKOUC;rtopouc Kat TIC; OUVaTOTTlTEC; cvopcov TTlC;Ko.8E ~1o.C;,EnE10rl EnwcpEAOUVTat ana TIC; noocndaaec OAWV TWV o.AAWV.. (lHaKrlPU~Tl TTlC; ernroonnc TWV 20 ola~Eplo~o.Twv TOu Ilcptotou Mo.pTloC; 1871). H naplOIVrl Kouuouvo KaTapYE( TOV TUnLKO KOlVO~OUAEUTIO~O Kat KaToxupWVEI TTlV o.~EOTl OTl~OKpaT(a. ~laAUETat 0 naAIOC; TaKTIKOC; OTpaTOC; Kat aVTIKa8l0TaTOl ana TO YEVIKO E~onA10~O TOU Aaou (~1o.Tawa TTlC; 29 TOU Mo.PTTl)· KaTapyd TTlV noruvoulc Kat TTlV UnaAATlA(a, EnLpo.AovTac; TTlV EKAOYrl TWV UnaAArlAwv. E~O~OIWVEI rc eooco TWV ~lo8wTWV ~E TO ~EOO ueooxoucro EVOC;Epyo.TTl(~1o.Tayuc TTlC; 2 Anp(ATl). XWp(~EI TTlV EKKATlola ana TO Kpo.TOC; (~1o.Tay~a TTlC;3 Anp(ATl)· Ka81EpwvEI TTlV oWPEo.V EKnaloEUOT). EKO(OEI olo.Tay~a Ylo. TTlV KOIVWVIKrl aocpo.AIOTl TWV eovorov Kat TWV UnaAArlAwv. Artcvooeuer TTlV VUXTEPIVrl epvcotc OTOUC; corecvcrec Kat xarupvet TIC; xpTl~aTIKEC; norvec,

10

KPONLT AAH 1921
"8q.1EAlW911KE 1.110YEa oKAa~lo. I:Tll "OO~IETlKrl" oixovouln 0 cvoo~avoYlvE OOUAOe;. EPYOTlle; Y(VETOI cnxoc ~109wTOe; Epya~o~E0 VOe;OTa KpaTlKo eovoo rcoio. To orpcouo TWV nVEU~aTlKWV epvoTWV EXEl E~OA08pEuTE( 0XEOOV OAOKAllPWTlKO.011.01 0001 8EAlloav va 0Ia~apTup1180uv .. plXTllKav o nc <puAaKEe;rnc TOEKO.Kl 0001 OUVEXloav rn oPOOll TOUe; oTrl811Kav OJOV TO(XO TOU EKTEAEOTlKOlJcrtoortcouo roc. OAOKAllPll 11 Pwola EXEl uercrportet OE urc reoco no <puAaKrl·H Ka811IlEplVrl ~wrl TOU rtoxlrrt £XEl Y(VEI uovorovn KOI KOlVOrurrn OE 0111lElOsovcrou utc KOI pU81l(~ETQl ou~<pwva IlE Tie; ernrcYEe;TWV apxwv. AVT( vm inc ~wrl nou ~WOYOVE(TOIort'rnv EAEu9EPll eovooto xcn rnv EAEu8EPll cvorrrutn TOU rrrouou 8E~EAlW911KEurc crttoreurn KOI xwp(e; rtoonvoouevo oKAa~lo.H xcruorcon curn £XEl YlVEl ceoorrrn mo. H enovocrorrusvn KPOOTovoll ElVQl 11 rtocorn nou ortdei Tie; aAUO(OEe;KOI rc KOYKEAa rnc <puAaKrle;. Aywvl~ETQl YIO rnv aA1191vrlI:u~~ouAlaKrl 6111l0KpaTla TWV eovnrcov ortou 0 lOloe; o nopovcovoc 8a E(VOI KOTOxOe;TWV npolovrtov rnc eovcotcc TOU KOI 8a IlnoPEI va ru 01a9£TEl ortcoc 8£AEI." (IO~EOTIa Tile; Ertcvcrrru'rnuevnc KPOOTOVOllC;, OpTlle; 1921.) M

rnc

TO MAXNOBITIKO KINHMA, OYKPANIA
'fkoc 8a npovuo rcocouue cum rnv anEAEu9£pWOll; ME rnv cvcrroorm TOU ouvnornouou TWV ~ovapXIKWV, TWV pertouIlnAlKOvwV, TWV 000laAoll1l0KpaTWV, TWV KO~~OUVIOTWV KOI TWV IlnOAOEpIKWV.I:Tll 8£011 TOUe;KOVOUIlEEKKAll011vin EAEu8EPll EKAOYrl eovunxov OUIl~OUAlWV nou OEV 8a KU~EPVOUV~E au9a(pETOUe; vo... 1l0Ue; vicrt «cvevc aA1191vo OUIl~ouAlaKo ouoTll~a OEV unooel va etVOl E~OUOlaOTIKo.H uooen oooioxtouou nou npoTE(vOUIlE E(VOI xosooc aVTIE~OUOlaOTlKrl KOI aVIKupEPVllTlKrl, olaKllPuxvEI rnv EAEu9EPll oPYOVWOll rnc KOIVWVlKrle;~wrle; TWV eovurcov, aUTOVOila KOI xwple; E~ouola, 1110~wrl ortou 0 K09E eovcrnc OE EAEu9EPll OX£OIl IlE ro aotp<Pla TOU,unooet va 9E~EAIWOEIrnv EUTux(a TOU KOI rnv EUll1lEp(a TOU ouuqxovo I1E Tie; apxEe; rnc aAAllAEYYUlle;, rnc Guvao£A<pWOlle; KOI rnc 100TllTae;. TI ElOOUe;OUIlPouAlaKo ouoT~a 8£AOUV 01 Maxvo~(TEe;; 01 (0101 01 EPYOTEe;nperter va EKAE~OUVrc OIKO TOUC; U~~ouAla YIO va EK<PPOO oouv rn 8£11.11011 va EKTEAEOOUVTIC; EVTOAEC;ourov TWV (OIWV KOI TWV eovo rcov. Ta OUIl~ouAla 8a E(VOI EKTEAEOTIKOoovovc TWV EP-OYQ3 OT ,ITY H .;>UOToven 0)OUO~3 i)Jl.jO)! VUOX3 08 V30 JD)! VWTOY -0 OV 13TI3QTI.TI;;')!;>3QOCPOT3~0 ,013xuQo OT ,;>130rlQI3XITI3 .ororrro , 1 10 ,0QuoooQTI~ IT)!IT)~ovxoM) ".inuo 30 IOTVO~DYQ3 ;>uooa 30 VUO)!rlV (tset

11

Il:IIANIA 1936
"Bo8po rnc noxrrucnc unc EKq>paOlle:; etvor 01 nopoxdrt» rpetc EVvotsc 1) TO OTO~O 2) 11xouuouvo 3) 11Ouoortovolo. Meoo OTO nxoloto TWV opaOTllPlOTnTWV nou 8a OO~OUVTQl crto TO Eva OKPO rnc Xeocovncou we:; TO OAAO 11oleU8uVOll 8a etvcr xo80AlKOU runou ue KOlVWVlKO xapaKTnpa. H BOOll currie rnc oleU8uVOlle:;, 8al elver aoq>aAwe:; 11Kouuouvn, AuTEe:;01 xouuouvec 8a etvm curovouec KQl ouoortovsicxec, E8vlKO KQl rornxc, YlO rnv ouvoeOll ovoucoo OTa yevlKo aVTlKEl~EVlKO xapaKTllPlOTlKO TOUe:;. To olKa(w~a rnc nurovoutuc, OEV 8a anoKAE(El ro Ka8nKOvTa nou ortoooeouv orto rnv OUAAOYlKn oUV~(wOll, crcv 8a urtdpxouv EKTl~ncere nou so Y(VOVTQl ortoosxrec OTa YEVlKO TOUe:;011~e(a. ME aUTOV TOV rpono KQl 11 xouuouvc TWV xcrovoxcorcov e8eAOVTlKn crnv ~O011 rnc KQl Xwp(e:; rteprootouo 8a avaYKaOTE( va OE~aOTe( EKE(va aKPl~We:; ro YEVlKO 011~E(a nvotpopdc, nou covoreoo 8a ouuqxovouVTQl crto TO OUVOAO ue TOV OlOAOYO. AVT(8eTa, OAAee:; KO~~OUVEe:; nou cxoxousouv OAAOUe:; rporrouc OU~~(WOlle:;, xwp(e:; va EXOUV lOla(TEpEe:; 0XEOEle:; ~E rnv napaywyn, 0nwe:; aUTEe:; TWV q>UaLOAaTpWV KQl YU~VlOTWV 8a onoxcupovouv KQl aUTEe:; TO OlKa(w~a rnc aUTOOlaXE(Pll0lle:; (anOOEXO~EVEe:; ~EPlKOUe:; YEVlKOUe:; U~~l~ao~oUe:;). O EnElOn aUTOU TOU runou Ol xouuouvec OEV urtooouv ~OVEe:; TOUe:; va ixcvonomoouv TIe:; aVOYKEe:; TOUe:; 8a EKAEYOUV cvnnoooccnouc nou ec napEup(OKOVTQl OTa ouvecoro rnc l~l1plKne:; Luvo~oonovo(ae:; EAEu8~plaKWV AUTOVO~WV KOlVOTnTWV (KO~~OUVWV) KQl 8a unopouv va KAElVOUV OU~q>WVlEe:;OlKOVO~lKOU xapaKTnpa ~E TIe:; unoxomec KO~~OUVEe:;cvoorucec n EPYOOTaaLaKEe:;. npOTe(vou~e Xomov; a) Tnv LUOTaOll rnc xouuouvnc we:; uovcocc rtoxrnxnc KQl aUTOOla xelpl~O~EVlle:;. ~) H xoupuouvc va E(VQl aUTOVO~l1 KQl 110XEOll rnc ue TIe:; OAAEe:;, va E(VOl 01l00nOV01eKn y) Or KO~~OUVEe:;Sa 011~lOUPY1180uv KaTO EnapX(Ee:; KQl rortouc, opt~OVTae:;01 (OlEe:;rn YEwypaq>lKO TOUe:;ooic ouuqxovcovrcc va OUVEVWsouv OE ~lO xouuouvo, xwp(a KQl ~lKPEe:; Kw~onOAEle:;. H OUVEVWOll aUTWV TWV KO~~OUVWV 8a anOTaAEOEl ~lO Luvo~oonovo(a TWV EAEU8EplaKWV KQl AUTOVO~WV KOlVOTnTWV. EKToe:; ernonc orto rnv EKnQlOEUTlKn rnc npootpopo OTa nocoro xpOVla rnc ~wne:;, 11E.K. KOlVWVla 8a q>POVTl~El va Et;aOq>aAlOEl OE 0AOUe:;aVEt;QlPETWe:; TO OlKalw~a KQl rnv npoo~aOll YlO rnv erncrrum rnv TEXVn. rnv EpEuva, ortcoctrnrc KQl YlO rnv napaYWYlKn opao rnorornrc won: 11 coxnon TOUe:;va EYYUOTQl rnv UYE(a KQl rnv lcoooontc rnc av8pwmVlle:; q>UOlle:;· 12

E.K. KOlVWVla 5EV 8a 51axwpl~OVTat OE XElPWvurrt 01 ~EV Sa YlVOVTat O,TI etvm Kat 01 5E, 8a etvor EAEUSEPllll nooopccn OTllV erncrrun Kat rnv TEXVll. vmrt 0 xpOVoe; anaOXOAllOlle; ~E aUTEe; 8a aVnKEl OTO crouo Kat 0Xl OTllV xotvovtc, nou Sa etvcn XElpa<pETll~EVOva KaVOV(~ElKat rnv aAAll TOU opaOTllPlOTllTa we; rtopovovou Yrtdpxouv nVEU~aTlKEe; cvcvxec napaAAllAa ~E TIe; UAlKEe;nou OE ~la KOlVWVla nou TIe; uccvortoret Kat ernroener rnv XElpa<pETlloll TOU crouou EK511AWVOVTat EVTOVOTEpEe;. Ortcoc 11E~EAl~ll E1Vat ~Ia OUVExne; voouun av Kat 0XI novrc EUaeto, rtcenei ncvrc va nalpvEI npWTopOUA1Ee;nou Kavouv Til ~wn TOU EUKOAOTEPllKat unooet va OUVTTlPnOElTOUe;YOVEle;TOU, TOUe;51KOUe; at TOV EaUTO TOU. K 01 aOXOA1Ee;~E rnv OUVTnPllOT'],rnv 511~loupYla (AOYOTExvla, ernorrum K.a.) rnv EK<ppaOll OE ~Ia KOlVWVla nou paOl~ETat novo OTllV EAEUSEPll EK<ppaOll TWV aVSpWnlVWV EK5T1AWOEWV Tile; ~wne; 5EV unooouv va nV1YOVTat rtooc xapll Ka~~lae; UAIKne; oxoruuornruc, 5EV npOKEITat va TIe; KTunnOEI onoc Y1VETat rtooo, av 0XI aVT1SETa Sa TIe; EVIOXUOEIKat Sa TIe; KaAAIEpynOEl rtcvco OTO OKEnTlKO OTI 0 ovSpwnoe; 5EV ~EI ~OVO ~E 4JW~l Kat OlxalvETat TTIV ovsoconorrrrc nou ~El ~OVO~E aUTO. flEV elvci AOYIKOva nlOTEUOU~E OTI OTllV 51Kn ucc KOlVWVla 01 avSpwnOl Sa 51aKaTExoVTat orto EnlSU~lEe; EnEKTaTl-

01 napaywyol

ornv

vcxrec Kat OE rtveouaroc

ouou

-,

LTle; aUToVO~Ee; EAEUSEplaKEe;KO~~OUVEe; a oPl~ouv ueocc YEVlS Kne; ava4JUXne;, nou Sa cnoccotzouv 01 OUVEAEUOEle;, ernonc Sa KaSoPl~ouv OU~POAIKEe; ll~EpO~llV(Ee; Yla rnv ct>uOllKat rnv krroolc ... " (01 EAEu8EplaKEe;KO~~OUVEe; at 11AEITouPy(a TOUe;.Artoortcoun K ano TO npovocuuo anO<paOEWV TOU OUVE5plou TWV AvapXIKWV OTTIV Lapayooa TOV AnplAll TOU 1936)

ovrr APIA

1956

'na ro xpovla nou EPXOVTat OAa rc Oll~aVTlKa ~llTn~aTa nou anaoxoAouV TOUe;ertovcordrec 8a nEplAa~pavOVTat OTa anAa EPWrruro ro: E10at unep n evovrtov TOU rrpovpduunroc rnc OuyyapE~Ixnc Ertcvdrrrconc; E10at urtep n evovrtov rnc eovcnxnc aUT051EUSUVOlle;Tile; rtopcvcovric; E(Oat unep n evovrtov TWV epvcrnxcov OwPOUA1WV; Arto rnv rtporrn ueoo Tile; ertcvnorconc, Eva aAllSlva eovcmxo Klvraro EK<ppaOTTlKE rnv cusopunrn 5T1~loupYla OU~POUAlWVOE OAll ~E rnv Ouyyapla. Ta OU~pouAla cure, EV J,lEPElanO~OVW~Eva ana TOV EpuSpo LTpaTo rtooortdsnocv va ouoonovzsonomsouv a~EOWe;. LTO TEAOe; Tile; rtoornc Ep50~a5ae; Elxav OTllV OUOla EYKa815puOEl ~Ia LU~pOUAlaKn flll~OKpa rto,

13

... 1 OUYYPDI eovcrcc aVTlAnCPSnKaV EVOTIKTWOIKa1l0AOVOTl (OW<; 0 OEV OlaKnpU~aV oacpw<; OTl EnpEnE va anaAAayouv EVTEAW<;cno EKElvE<; ric napaOOOlaKE<; covcvorucec 1l0PCPE<; nou E1Xav YIO nOAAO xpovla naYIOEUOEI TOOO aUTOU<; TOU<;(OIOU<;000 Kat TnV EPyaTIKn TO~n rnc ~Uon<;. AUTn nrcv n ouvalln TOU<;.~nllloupYnSnKav VEa opyava nOAn<;. Ta epvurucd OUIl~OUAla nou evocoxcovov EIl~puaKO rn VEa xotvcovlu TnV ortotc enll;nTOUOav va npovuorcooouv,"

rAAAIA,

MAHL 1968

H ertcvcorcruoi EKpn~n TOU Mon TOU '68 EVOVTla OTnV KaTEOTnIlEVn TO~n noovudrcov, EVOVTla OTnV IEpapXIKn KaniTaAIOTlKn E~OUala, EVOVTla OTOU<; nOAITIKou<;, KOIVWVIKOU<; at nOAITIOTlKOU<; SEK OIlOU<;,EVOVTla O'OAE<;rtc 1l0PCPE<; KaTaoTOAn<;, OIKOVOIlIKn<;, OAITIn Kn<;,KDlVWVIKn<;, OIKoYEvElaKn<;,oE~ouaAIKn<; KAn. OVTAnOE rn uovuorKOTnTa Kat Tn onOUOatOTnTO rnc orro TO YEYOVO<;6Tl anaox6AnOE TO KCt8ECtTOIlO oav OTOIlO Kat EnOIlEVW<; OEV urtooeoe va rteproptOTE( OE ilia OUYKEKplllEVn xcrrnvootu. OADI 0001 OTnV KaTavaAWTIKn xorvovlc nou EnI~IWVOUIlE,EpXOVTalOE OUYKpOUOnKOSE OTIYlln rnc KaSnllEpIVn<; TOU<;l;wn<; IlE TnV KOIVWVIKnIEpapXla, atOSOVSnKav 0ueon OUVOEOEIlEVOI ourn TnV E~EYEPOn.01 cpOITnTE<;E~EYEpSnKav IlE EVOVTla OTO SEOIlO TOU ncvernorrutou EVOVTla OTOU<;uovonptvouc, EVOVTla OTOU<;rtovernorruroxouc "EYKECPOAOU<;" TnV aAAOTpIWTlKat Ki] oloaoKaAla TOU<;.01 EPYOTE<; E~EYEpSnKav EVOVTla OTnV EKIlETCtAAEUOi]TOUC; rto ro acpEVTIKOKat rn uercroorm TOUC; E oounor c O nou EKTEAOUVatWVla rtc (OIE<;KIVi]OEI<;, 1 nOA1TE<;E~EYEpSnKav EVO0 vnc OTO KPOTO<;Kat TI<; aOTUVOIlIKE<;TOU OUVOIlEI<;,01 vuvclxec E~EYEpSnKav EVOVTla OTn OIKTaTop(a TWV avopwv, 01 VEOI E~EYEpSnKav EVCtVTla OE OAa aUTO xrn nooncvroc EVOVTla OTnV OIKoyEVEla.Kat nOEl MyovTac;. Ka8Eva<; OIlW<; aywvll;6IlEVO<; EVCtVTla OTnV xuruOTaATIKi] IEpapx(a nou AEITOUPYOUOE OTn KaSnllEplVn TOU l;wn, aywY(OTnKErouroxpovc vtn TnV KaTaOTpOCPtlOAWV TWV IEpaPXIWV. rt aUTOV aKpl~W<; TO AOYO,TO K1Vnlla TOU Mon nrtorexet TO apXEruno TnC; EnavaOTaTIKnC; Kplon<; OTO ouyxpOVO KOOIlO. Ken YI'aUTOV aKpl~W<; TO Myo, 0XEOOV xcvevoc OEV KaTOAa~E TI EYIVE. AKOlla Kat 01 VEOI. Hrov onWOOtlnOTE aouvaTO va rteorootoret aUTn n EKpn~n OE ilia CPOPIlOUAa, E ilia OxnllaTlKi] cvormcdcruonortou OADI Sa O urtoooucov va ovcvvcootoouv TOV EaUTO TOU<;,vicrt 0 Mon<; IlIAOEI OTO npWTO npoocorto TOU EVIKOU.KI aUTO etvrn TO orjuovruco: n YAwooa TOU Mon, n OUVnSIOIlEVn, EAEuSEplaKn, aVTlEpapXIKn OIOAEKTO<;,cncorttorov uno dneioec IlEIlOVWIlEVE<; CPWVEC; nou K08E ilia IlIAOUOEYla TOV EaUTO rnc

14

A YTOAIEY8YNI:H

KAI IEP APXIA

OUj.lE OE iuc ,Kolvwvla nou n oPYOV~Oll TTlC; etvcn IEP~PXIKi], Kat OTTlV epvocnc Kat OTTlV ncoovovn Kat OTTlV EmXEIPTlOTl Kat OTTlV OIOlKTlOTl,Kat OTTlV nOAlTlKi] Kat OTO KPOTOC; cxouc Kat OTTlV EKnalOEUOTl Kat OTTlV EmOTTlj.lOVIKi] tpwva. H IEpapXla OEV etvrn Eq>EUPEOTl TTlC; OUYXPOVTlC;KOlvwv'lac;. 01 Pl~EC; TTlC; XOVOVTat paSEIO OTO xpOVO tOTW KI av OEV uni]pXE nOVTa, tOTW KI av uni]p~av j.lTl iepopXIKtC; KOIVWVlEC;nou AEITouPyouoav SaUj.lOOla. Mtoa OTTlV OUYXPOVTl KOlVWVla OJ.lWC;TO IEpapXIKO (i], KOTI nou elver 0XEOOV TO lOIO, TO vpnqieroxpnruco) OUOTTlj.la tYIVE rtpcxrucd OIKOUj.lEVIK6. An'TTl OTIYj.li] nou rtopouoroceror urc ortorconnore OUAAOYIKi] opaOTTlPlqTTlTa, opvovcovsror ouuqxovo us TTlV IEpapXlKTl apxi], KI n IEpapXla TOU 010TO~EIV Kat TTlC; E~OUOlac; ooururrret OAO Kat nEpIOOOTEPO ue TTlV IEpapXla TWV j.lI08WV Kat TWV EIOOOTlj.lOTWV. ETOI nou 01 QvSpwnOI OE q>TOVOUV0XEOOV rue va q>aVTaOTOUV nwc; Sa j.lnOpOUOE va YlVEI aAAlWC;, ncoc Sa urtopouonv 01 lOIOI vc'voi KOTI nou va npOOOlOPl~ETat j.l'OAAOV rpono ort'rn stOTl TOUC;OTTlV lEpapXlKi] nUpaj.llOa. 01 anOAOYTlTtc; TOU TWPIVOU oucrrjpo roc rtooortosouv va TO 01KatOAOyi]OOV oav TO j.lOVO "AOYlKO", "OPSOAOYlKO", "OIKOVOj.llKO". npoortdsnoo i]OTl va anOOEl~W moe aUTO ro "EmXElpi]j.laTa" OEV a~l~OUV TlnOTE, rtcoc etvcn AaSEj.ltva av ncosocv TO KaStva XWPIOTO KI aVTIq>aTlKO av SEWPTlSOUVOTO OUVOAO TOUC;.8a'XOUj.lE TTlV WKatpla va EnavtAeoUj.lE o'curo ncpcxdrco. napouOlO~OUV OJ.lWC;EnlOTlC; TO TWPIvo OUOTTlj.la oav TO j.lOVO ouvaTO, nou 0i]8EV EmpAi]STlKE orr'nc avaYKatOTTlTEC; TTlC; OUYXPOVTlC; ncocvovnc, ort'rnv OUVSETOTTlTa TTlC; KOlVWVlKi]C; ~wi]c;, TTl j.lEyOATl KAlj.laKa OAWV TWV opaOTTlPloTi]TWV, KAn. ea rtooortcenco v'anOOEl~W nwc; OEV OUj.lpalVEI KaSOAOU erot Kat nwc; Tl unap~Tl j.llOC; lEpaPXlac; etvor Pl~IKO aOUj.lplpaOTTl ue TTlV aUTOOlEUSUVOn.

Z

AYTO~IEyeYNLH KAI IEP APXIA TOY AIATAZEIN
1.LY AAorIKH AIIO<l>ALHKAI IIPOBAHMA THL EKIIPOLflIIHLHL

Tl OTlj.la(VEl, KOlVWVlKO, TO lEpapXlKO OUOTTlj.la; nwC; tva OTpWj.la TOU nATl8uoj.lOU OIWSUVEl TTlV KOIVWVla Kat ruoc rc OAAa OEV tXOUV rtnpd va EKTE.\OUV TIC; anOq>OOElC; TOU EnlOTlC;, nccc aUTO TO crocouo, nctoVOVTac; rc uevoxureoo Eloooi]j.laTa, KEPOl~El cn'rnv napaywyi] Kat TTlV epvcoto TTlC;KOlVWVlac; noAU nEplooOTEPO ana T'OAAa. KOVTOAOYlC;, ncoc Tl KOlVWVla etvcn XWPIOj.ltVTl cvoueoc c'evo crpcouc nou xcTtXEl TTlV E~OUOla Kat ru npovoum xnt rrrn unoxomc nou OEV tXOUV TlnOTE urt'curd, H lEpapXlKOnOlTlOTl i] Tl ypaq>ElOKpaTlKonO(TlOTl OAWV

15

TWV KOIVWVIKWV OpaaTnpIOTi]TWV elvm ai]~Epa n OAO Kat neorooorepo ETIlKpaTOUaa ~Opcpi] rnc Ola{pEane; rnc KOlVWV{ae;. ray TETOla,E£Vat ouvcuc anOTEAEa~a Kat olno rnc ola~oxne; nou ortnpdooet TnV

xorvcovtc.

Av elver ETOl aUTO, KaTaVTO YEAO{O vuvcconouooren aUTOOIEU8uvan, n ~EIToupy(a Kat n unap~n EVOe; aUTOOIEU8uvO~EVOU KOIVWVIKOU auaTi]~aToc;,~nopouv va au~plpqaTouv ~E TnV olaTi]pnan rnc IEpapx{ae;; ray v'cvcpcmouccrre av n KaTopynan TOU TWPIVOU ava~OPCPWTlKOU oucrruoroc unooet va au~pIPaaTE{ ~E rn olaTi]pnan OEO~OCPUAOKwv,apXlcpUAOKWVKat 0lEu8uVTWV TWV cpuAaKWV. Ortcoc 0~we; ~EpOU~E, aUTO rtou etvcn aUTOVOnTO av OEV ElTIw8E( Y(VETat aKO~n rteorcocrepo aUTOVOnTO av ElTIw8EL AKO~n rteotcooreoo rtou Eow Kat xIAIETnp(OEe;, EKavav va neoccei aTO rtveeuo TWV cvsocortcov crt'rnv TIl6 TPU<pEpi] natolKi] TOUe; nAIK{a n lOEa noc etvot "<PUOlKO" xortoror va OlaTo~ouv Kat KonOIOI va unaKOUV, KonOIOI va'xouv urtepPOAIKO nOAM ETIlPOAi] Kat xcrtoior OUTE xnv TnV crrcocrrnrn eEAOU~E ~IO aUTOOIEu8uvOllEVn xorvcovtc. TI 8EAEI va nEI aUTO; Mia xorvovto rtou olaXElpl~ETat, rtou 0lEU8UVEI TOV EaUTO rnc, Oucoc aUTO noerter va y{VEI aKO~n TIlO aUYKEKpI~EVO. Mia aUToolEU8uvO~EVn KOIvovtc elver ~IO «oivovtc ortou OAEe; 01 crtoodoerc ncfpvovrcn ana TnV KOlVOTnTa nou anaaxoAE(Tat, K08E oopd, ~E TO aVTIKEl~EVO TOUTWV TWV orroccceov, !lnAaon Eva oucrrnro ortou aUTOl nou ETIlTEAOUV ~IO opaaTnplOTnTa crtoeootzouv aUAAoYIKO vto TO TI va KOVOUV Kat YIO TO rtcoc va TO KOVOUV, ~E ~OVOue; rtepioptououc aUTOUe; nou TOUe; ETIlPOAEI n auvunap~n ~E OAAEe; aUAAOYIKEe; ~OVOOEe;. ETOl, cnoecoerc nou noopouv TOUe; Epya~o~EVOUe; o'evc epvco rnoro rroenEI va rtnfpvovrnt on'curouc rtou EPYO~OVTat a'aUTO TO eovoornoro aUTEe; nou coooouv nOAAO auyxpOVwe; ecvcorrpro, ort'ro aUVOAO TWV Epya~o~EvwV a'aUTO i] ort'rouc EKAEY~EVOUe; KlavaKAnTOUe; EK-. rtoocortouc TOUe; aUTEe; nou nrpopouv OAn TnV ETIlxElpnan, an'OAO TO npOaWTIlKO rnc ETIlxElpnane; aUTEe; rtou neocouv ~IO aUVOIK{a, ort'rouc KaTOlKOUe; rnc aUVOIK(ae; KI aUTEe; rrouceooouv OAn TnV KOIvwvla, ort'oxouc, OVTpEe; Kat vuvolxec rtou ~OUV o'ournv. TI an~alVEI ouoc ano<paal~W; Ano<paal~W slvrn cnoecottco EYW 0 (010e;. !lEV elver v' a<pi]vw TnV crtoecon ce "ap~OOIOue; av8pwnoue;", nou urtoxetvrtn o'evcv xcnoiov "EAEYXO". OUTE, okoun neoroooreoo. va ETIl<POPTl~W OAAOUe; av8pwrtouc va crtoccotcoov aUTOl. To OTI 0 yaAAIKoe; nxnaoouoc ETIlCPOpTl~EI K08E 5 xpovla xdrtorouc va KOVOUV TOUe; vououc, OEV an~alvEI rrcoc KOVEI aUTOe; 0 (010e; TOUe; vououc. To OTI ETIl<POPTl~EIK08£ 7 XPOvia KOnO\OV v'ono<paa(~EI YIO TnV noxmxn rnc xwpae;, OE an~a(vEI rtcoc ano<paal~EI aUTOe; 0 (010e; yt'auTi] TnVnOAlTlKi]. !lEV ano<paal~Et, . aAAOTpIWVEI TnV E~oua(a TOU v'ano<paa(~Ei oe "EKnpOaWl1OUe;'; nou crt'curo aKpIPWe; TO YEyovpe;, OEV etvor KI OUTE~tlOPOUV va ElV(;U Ol~ KO{ TOU exnpooconoc BEPatQ, n erneoornor] exrtooocortcov i] EVTOAo06~ XWV ort'nc OIOcpOpEe;KOIVOTnTEe;,Ka8we; Kat n unap~n oovovov ETIl16

rponcev i) OU~POUA(WVnou oXll~aT(~oVTat ana TETOlOUe;e:VTOA0(50xOue; Sa'Vat, oe nOAMe; rteorrrrcooerc, unoxpe:wTlKi).9a'vat oucoc OU~plPaOl~l1 ue rnv aUTo(51e:USUVOll ~OVOV av 01 e:VTOA0(50XOlexrtpoocortouv aAllS1va rnv xorvornru on'rnv ortoto npOEPXOVTat,Kl aUTO unovoet rtcoc Sa unoxeivrcr OTllV e:t;ouo(a rncxcn nou ue rn oe:lpa TOU ol1~a(ve:l rtcoc OXI uovo TOUe;e:KMye:l,aAAa Kal urtooet va TOUe;nvoxcAe:(KaSe: <popa nou TO Kp(V€1cncocrrnro. Apa, va M~e: moe unapxe:l uro le:papx(a TOU (51aTa~e:lv nou 0Xll~aT(~ETal ana "ap~o(510ue; avSpwnoue;" Kat vrc Aoyoue; apxi)e; oueroxtVllTOUe;,i) va M~e: noc unapxouv cuercxtvrrror vrn uro (5e:(5o~Evllnep(o(5O (Kat nou, ortoc TO onooeixvuer 11rtetco.vtvovror npaKTlKa vrc ncvrc a~e:TaK(VllTOl)"e:KnpoownOl",e:(Vat va AE~e: noc (5e:v unapxe:l OUTe:aUTo(51axe:(Plloll,OUTe: xcv "(511~oKpaTlKi) (51axe:(Plloll". AUTO 100(5uva~E( crnv rtocvuurucorrrrc ~E TO va AE~e: nwe; 11KOlVOTllTa (51EUSUVe:Tat ana av9pwnoue; vic TOUe; ortolouc 11(51EU9uvOll TWV KOlVWV un09EoEwV EXEl EKTOTE vlver 11El(51KEU~EVll anoKAe:lOTlKi) crtcoxoKl All0ll,Kat 01 ono(0l,(51KatW~aTlKa i) OTllV npat;l1,t;E<pe:uyouv ana rnv Et;ouo(a rnc KOlVoTT)Tae;.

2_LY AAOrIKH

AIlO<I>ALH,LXHMATILMOL KAI IlAHPO<I>OPI-JLH.

THL

An'Tllv aAAll ~Epla, ano<pao(~w, ol1~a(vEl ano<pao(~w ue enlvvoon !:le:v elvor 11«oivorrrrc nou ano<pao(~e:l, EOTW Kat av rumxc "4Jll<p(~e:l", av ~OVOKanOlOe; i) xnrtoio; KaTEXOuv rtc nAllPo<pOp(e:e;Kat npoooroot~OUV rc KplTi)pla ern paoll TWV. ortotov Aa~paVe:Tat ~la cnoecon AUTO orjuolvet rtcoc curet nou crtoocotzouv O<pe:(AOUV KaTEXOUV va OAe:e;rtc KaTaAAllAe:e; rtxnooeootec Ertionc o~we;, rtcoc 9a urtooouoav 01 (5101va npoo(510p(~OUV rc KplTi)pla ern paoll TWV ortokov ano<paa(~ouv. Kat, Yla va TO xovouv aUTO, moe Sa oXll~aT(~ouv eucovc ooo TO (5uvaTov nAllPEaTe:Pll. MIa le:papx(a TOU (51aTa~e:lV,rcooo, UnOVOE(rrcoc aUTO( nou crtoocottouv KaTEXOUV i) ~aAAOV, rtooonottoVTat nwe; KaTEXOUVTO uovonoxro TWV nAllPO<pOPlWVKat TOU aXll~aTla~OU eucovcc, Kat ncoc ev rmoet neomrcocet unopouv rtoovourcxc va r'ortoxrnoouv. H le:papx(a paa(~e:Tat rtnvco a'aUTO TO ye:yovoe; Kat relvei (5lOpKwe;va TO cvortopdvei. Ftcrrl ueoo ce ~la le:papX1Ki) opvcvcoon oxec 01 nAllPo<pop(e:e; ave:pa(vouv ort'rn paall nooc rnv nveoto xcn OUTe:t;avayup(~oUV o'ournv OUTe:KUKAO<pOPOUV rnv rtoovucn(o KOTllTa, KUKAO<pOPOUV, evcvno o~we; aTOUe; KaVOVe:e;rnc lEpapXlKi)e; opvdvcoonc), AKO~l1, OAEe;Ol ortococac KaTEpa(vouv ort'rnv nveotc rtpoc rn paall nou (5EVEXEI napa va rtc e:KTe:Ae:L (Vat axe:(5ov TO (510 E TO va M~e: ncoc unapxe:l ~la le:papx(a TOU (51aTa~E1V Kat TO va M~e: moe aUTEe; 01 (5uo KUKAO<pOp(e:e; vtvovroi 11xoae ~la uovoopouo: 1111veotc aUAMye:l xm orroooooc OAEC;rtc nAllPo<pop(e:e; nou ave:pa(vouv rtpoc nurnv Kat t;ava(51aXEe:l aTOUe; EKTEAe:aTEe;TO e:AaXlaTO cocrnoc cncporrnro vic rnv e:KTEAe:OllTWV (51aTaywv nou roue ane:u9uve:l xcn nou npOEPXOVTat ~OVO nnuurnv. Ie: ~Ia reroic xcrc17

OT0011, E1VQl nOpaAOYO vo oxerrrouccrs moe 80 IlnOpOUOE vo XEl OUTOOlOXE1P11011, eOTw "ol1IlOKPOTlKTl oloXdp11011". Tl

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nw<; unopooue v'cnoeoottouue ov OEV KOTexoullE 'nc OnOp01T11TEe; nA11POq>Op(Ee;YlO v'crtoccottooue OWOTa; KQl rtcoc IlnOpOUIlE vo OlOV01180UIlE v'onoq>OOl~OUIlE,OV ElIlOOTE naVTO neorooiouevor VO EKTEAOUIlE OUTa rtou eXouv cmoocotoer aAAOI; Ano T11 OTlYlltl nou EYK08l0PUETQl Illa lEPOPX10 TOU OlOT<J.~ElV,11 KOlVOT11TO Y1VETQl OOlOq>OVtle; Yla TOV EOUTO T11<;KOl EloaYETQl eve nEAwplO xaollo. rLVETQl oOloq>OVtl<;,YloTl Ol nA11Poq>oP1E<;KPOTlOUVTQl OT11v 11YE010. EloaYETQl eve xaollo, vicrt Ol onA11Poq>oP11TOl tl KOKa nA11Poq>oP11llevol EPYO~O!,lEY-OlOEV f;epouv TO 000 80'npEnE vo f;epouv Yla vo EKTEAOUV owOTa TO K08tlKOVTa TOU<; KQl rtportovrcov YlOT( Ol OUAAOYlKe<; TOU<; lKOVOT11TEe;V' OUTOOlEU8uv80uv, K08w<; KOl11 Eq>EUPETlKOT11TO KQl 11 nocrrorurttc ,Tiou ruruxo on00100VTQl OT11V 11YE010, nopEVOXAOUVTQl KQl Ellnoo(~OVTQl O'OAO TO ertlrtsco. Apo, vo 8EAOUIlE T11V oUToolOXE1P11011 Tl EOTW T11V "ol1IlOKPOTlKTl OlOXE1P11011", 11 AEf;l1 ol1IlOKpOT(O OEV XP11OlllonOlElTQl Yla K080pa cv OIOKooll11TIKOU<; oxonouc KQl vo 8EAOUIlE VO OIOT11PtlOOUIlE ilIa lEPOpX10 TOU oloTa~Elv E1VQl OVTlq>OOl1 OTOU<; opouc. eO'TOV noxu rno ouVEKTlKO, rurnxc, vo AEIlE ocv TOU<; cnoxovnrec TOU TWPlVOU OUOTtl1l0TO<;: 11lEPOPX10 TOU oloTa~Elv E1VQl cvortoccucrn dpo, OEV unooet vo unapf;El OUTOOlEU8uvOIlEV11 xorvcovto, Movo rtou OUTO ElVQl Aa80<;. OTOV Ef;ETa~OUIlE Tl<; AElTOUPY1E<; T11<; lEpOPxloe;, Ol1AOOtl TO Tl Ef;un11PETEl, olomoTwvoullE OTl, O'EVO uevcAO IlEPO<;, EXOUV V011IlO KQl urtcpxouv 1l0VO AOYW TOU nopOVTO<; KOlVWVlKOU OUOTtlIlOTOe; KQl OTl 01 aAAE<;, Ol OOE<; 80 OlOT11POUOOV KanOLO V011IlO KQl KanOlo XP11OlIlOT11TOO'EVO OUTOOLEU8uvOllEVO KOLVWVLKO OUOT11IlO, 80 urtooouocv EUKOAO vo vtvouv OUAAOYlKE<;. tJ.EV unopco, OTO nxctorc TOUTOU TOU KElIlEVOU, VO Ef;ETaow TO ~tlT11IlO O'OA11TOU T11V EKT0011. eo rtpoortcanoco vo q>WT(OW xortoiec 011110VTlKE<; TOU nAEupe<;, oVOq>EpoIlEVO<; rtoortcvrcov OT11V oovcvoon T11<; EmXE1P11011e; KQl T11<;rtcpovcovnc. MIa orto rtc Ol1IlOVTlKOTEpEe; AEITOUPY1E<; T11<;'TWPlVTl<; lEpoPXlo<; ElVQl vo oPYOVWOEl T11v KOTOOTOAtl. MEOO OT11V EPYOO(O nou YlvETQl nx. OTO EPYOOTTlPlO tl OTO ypOq>E(O, eve OUOlOOTlKO IlEPO<; T11<;"opoOT11PlOT11TO<;" OU lEPOPXlKOU ll11xaVlOllou, nn'rouc T ollooaPXE<; IlEXPl T11VOlEU8uv011, OUV10TOTQl OT11VEnl~AE~T), TOV eAEYXo, T11v K080y(0OT),T11V ellllEo11 Tl T11V cueon Em~OAtl T11e;"nEI80PX(0<;" KQl T11<;rnornc EKTEAE011<;TWV OlOTOYWV nou rtnlpvouv OUTO( nou rtoena VO 'nc EKTEAEoouv.KQl YlOT( npenEl vo oPYOVWVETQl 11 KOTOOTOATl, YlOT( npEnEl vo unapXEl KOTOOTOAtl; Ftcrt, YEvlKa, Ol EPYO~oIlEVOl OEV EKol1AWVOUV ou80PIl11TO rrnvoto Ev80UOlOOll0 Yla vo Kavouv OUTa nou 8eAEl vo xcvouv 11 OlEU8uvon. KQl YlOT( OUTO; flOT( OUTE 11 EPYOO(O TOU<;, OUTE TO rtpoiov T11<;TOU<; OVTlKEl,YlOT( voucsouv OAAOTplWllevOlonof;EYWllevOI KQl EKIlETOAAEUOIlEVOl, YlOT( OEV exouv onOq>OO(OEI OUTO( Ol (OlOl TO rt VO xovouv KQl moe VO TO Kavouv, OUTE KQl TO rt 18

v'ortovlver curo rtou'xouv KaVel. KOVTOAOY(C;, YlaTI unapxel ~16. (SlapKi)C;oUYKPOUOll cvcueoc O'aUTOUC;rtou epya~OVTat Kat O'aUTOU nou (SleuSUVOUV rnv epvcotc TWV aAAWV Kat Kep(S(~OuVcn'oornv. Apa, OUVO~(~OVTac;:ncena va unapxel lepapx(a Yla va oovovover rnv xcrrccroxn Kat rtoerter va unapxel KaTaoToAi), YlaTI unapxel (SiaxwPIO~OC; at ouvxoouon (SI1Aa(Si) laT( unapxel lepapx(a. K Y reVIKOTepa, rtcpouotdtouv rnv lepapx(a oav va unapxel Yla va (SlaKavovl~el TIC;ouvxoouoetc; Kpu~ovTac; TO yeyovoc; nwc; 11((Sla 11Unap~11 rnc lepapX1ac; etvor 11nllyi) uicc (SlapKouc; oUYKPOUOllC;. laTl r Yla ooov KatPO 8a unapxel Eva lepapXIKo oucrruo, 8a unapxel ukpt~WC;e~atTlac; TOU, ouvexi)c; cvcvevvnon ~lac; PI~IKi)C;oUYKPOUOllC;avoueoc a' Eva (Sleu8uvTlKO Kal npovourouxo orpceuc Kat OTIC;aAAec; «rrnvootec, rtou neplopl~ovTal ce POAOUC; eKTeAeollC;. nwc; dv (Sev unapxel KaTaoToAi), (Sev 8a unapxel Kallllia nei8apx(a, nwc; 0 Ka8evac; 8a Kavel O,TI TOU KaTe~a(vel Kal nwc; 8a'p8el TO xaoc;. AAAa, aUTO etvcn oootoun. To ~i)Tll~a (Sev etvcu va ~epoulle av xpela~eTat nel8apX1a i) Kat KaTaoToAi) oxouc Ka~~la q>opa aAAa TI e((Souc; neI8apx(a, nou TllV anoq>ao(~el rtoioc, rtou rnv eMyxel rtoioc, uno rtoiec uopeec Kat Yla rtoiouc oxonouc, 000 nepIOOOTepOI oxortot nou e~unllpeTe( ilia nel8apx(a elver ~tvol rtpoc TIC; ovcvxec Kat TIC; erneuulec aUTWv rtou Oq>elAOUV va TIC; npcvucrrcooouv, TOOO rteorooorepo 01 orroqxioerc rtou ntpopouv nurouc TOUC;oxortouc Kat TIC;~opq>tc; rnc neI8apx(ac; 8a TOUC; tvcn e~WTepIKO(, Kat TOOOrtepioe oorepo unapXel nvdvxn «crcoroxnc Yla va TOUC;Kavel oe~aoTouc;. Mia ourooreuauvouevn xorvornrc (Sev etvor ~Ia xoivornrc (S(XWC; nel8apx(a aAAa ilia xotvornru rtou anoq>ao(~el curn 11((Sia Yla rnv nel8apx(a rnc Kat, av nopooret avaYKll Kat Yla TIC;KupwoelC; rtou 8a em~aAAel o'aUTOUC;rtou rnv napa~a(vouv eoxeuuevc. EI(SIKOTepa Yla rnv eovooto, oev urtopoeue va e~eTaoou~e oo~apa TO ~i)Tlllla rtcpOUOIa~OWTac; rnv ourooreueuvouevn emxe(Plloll oav nuornon Tauroorjun ue TllV 011lleplvi) emxe(Plloll av rnc aq>atptooulle TO lepaPXIKO KtAUq>OC;. Meoa OTllV 011lleplvi) emXelPll0ll em~~aAOUv OTOUC;av8pwnouc; ilia epvcoto nou TOUC; tvoi ~evll Kat ncvco OTllV ortoin (Sev e exouv AOyO. To eKnAllKTIKO oev etvcn moe rnc aVTlT(8eVTat aAAa nwc; (Sev rnc aVTlT(8eVTat ortetooc neoiocoreoo orrooo rnc aVTITlsevrcn. h.ev urtoooeue OUTe AenTO va mOTt~oulle nwc; 11creon TOUC;' ortevcvn OTllV eovooto 8a ncocuevu 11((Sia orcv 8a rponortomset 11 0XEOll TOUC;ue rnv eovnotc TOUC;Kat 8'apx(00uv va Y(VOVTat KUpIO( 'rnc, Art'rnv aAAll ~epla, oxoun Kat ueoc OTllV 011lleplvi) emxe(Pll011. (Sev unapXel ~Ia nel8apx(a aAAa ouo. Ynapxel 11nel8apx(a rtou ue xcrcoroxn Kat OIKOVOIlIKEC; aAAec; KupwoelC; noooncset (SlapKWC;va i) em~aAAel 0 lepapXIKoc; ll11xaVlo~oc;. Kat unapxel 11nOAu AIyoTepo euq>avi)c; aAAa (SIOAOU xrvoreoo 10XUpi) nel8apx(a nou ~enll(Sa OTOUC; KOAnouc; TWV olla(Swv TWV epya~o~EvwV evoc rurucroc i) evoc eovco rrplou Kat nou Kavel rtx. va ~I1V elver ovexrot OUTe curot rtou (SouAeuouv unep~oAIKa oure ' curet rtou (Sev (SouAeuouv coxero, 01

"eve

19

aV8pWTIlVEC; OIlOOEC; OUTE umlp~av non: OUTE etvcn non: XOOTIKO auv08uAEUIlOTO aTOIlWV nou TO KIVEl onOKAElaTIKO 0 EywIalloc; TOUC; Kat nou TPWYOVTat lleTO~U TOUC;,ortcoc 8eAOUV vo 1l0C; KOVOUV VO TIlaTe~OUIlE 01 10EoA6YOI TOU xornrcxiouou Kat TTJC;ypmpEloKpoT10C; nou eKcpPo~oUv eroi 1l0VO TTJOIKn TOUC;OlOVOTJTIKOTTJTO.Meao erne 01J00ec;, KOl 10101TEpo o'ourec nou ouveeovrm o'evc olopKec; KOIVO KO8nKOV, ~EnTJOOUV ncvrore KOVOVEC;oloywynC; Kat ilIa aUAAOYlKO rueaTJ nou TOUC;KOVEI ae~oaTouc;.

3. A YTOAIEY8YNLH,APMOAIOTHT ATIO<l>ALH

A KAI

Ac; ep80ulle TWPO aTTJV OAATJ OUOlOaTlKn AEITOUPY(O TTJC;le:pOPX(oc;, nou rrooouotctsrcu aov OVE~OPTTJTTJuno TTJ aTJlleplVn KOIVWVlKn 00Iln: TIC; AEITouPY1EC; crtoeconc Kat 0IEu8uvaTJC;· To epwTTJIlO nou T1SETat etvor TO OKOAou80: Y[OTI 01 SewpOUlleVEC; KOIVOTTJTEC;OEV So unopouonv vo ertrrsxeoouv 1l0VEC; TOUC; OUTn TTJ AEITOUPY10 OTJA. VO oleuMvouv TOV eOUTO TOUC; KQI VO cmoeootzouv YIO TOV EOUTO TOUC;, YIOT( sc'ncerte vo unOPXEI EVO 1010(TEpO croouc nvsoconcov, opyoVWIJEVWV c'evo ~exwplaTO IlTJXOVlallO, nou v' ortocootzouvxcn VO 0lEu8uvouv; L'OUTO TO EPWTTJIlO, 01 ortoxovnrec TOU TWPIVOU oucrri1l0TOC;, olvouv OUO AOYIWV nrtovrnoerc H 1l10,aTTJPl~e:Tat aTTJV EnlKATJaTJ TTJC;"yvwaTJC;" Kat TTJC;"OPIlOOIOTT]TOC;": noerta v'orroqxiottouv ouTOl nou ~EPOUV, n 01 OPlloolOI. H OAATJ, ~e~atwVEI AlYO n noM KOAAUIlEVO, rtcoc noena onwaOnnoTE KonOlol v'crtoocottouv, YIOTl OAAIWC; So'xolle XOOC;, ll'OAAO AOYIO YIOTl TJ KOIVOTTJTO SO'TOV OVlKOVTJ VO OIEUSUVEI TOV EOUTO TTJC;. KavE(C; oev OPVElTat TTJ orrouccnornru TTJC;vvcoonc KOI TTlC; OPIlOOIOTTJTOC;,OUTE, nponOVTWV, TO YEYOVOC; nwc; oruie po ilIa eYKUPTJ vvoon Kat uui eYKUpTJ OPIlOOIOTTJTO ~plaKOVTat aTO xeplo uidc ueioVOTTJTOC;. AAO KI A OUTO TO yeYOVOTO TO ETIlKOAOUVTat 1l0VO YIO vo KOAU~OUV oootouurc. AUTO( nou YEVIKO oleuSuvouv aTO TWPIVO aUaTTJIlO, OEV etvcn OUTO[ nou'xouv TTJVIlEYOAUTEPTJ yvwaTJ Kat OPIlOOIOTTJTO.AUTOl nou OIEUSuvouv, etvm oooi OElXTTJKOV IKOVO( v'OVOPPIXTJ80Uv aTOV lepoPXIKO IlTJXOVlallo n oooi, AOYW TTJC;OIKoYEveIOKnC; KOI KOIVWVIKnC; TOUC; npOEAEUaTJC;,llnnKOV uno TTJV opxn aTO KOAO KOVOAIO, acpou OnOKTTJaOV IlEPIKO omAwlloTo. Kat eric ouo rtzprrrrcoaEIC;, TJ"OPIlOoIOTTJTO" nou crtorrelrm Yla vo 010TTJPTJ80UIle n vo O~EBouue aTOV IEPOPXIKO IlTJxovlallo ccopd noM rteprooorepo TTJV IKOVOTTJTO vo UnEpOaTIlaTOOlE Kat VO erunxeuooeue ueco aTTJ cuvxuolo ortou atWPOUVTat OTOIlO, KAlKEC; Kat OIlOOEC; aTOUC; KOAnouc; TOU IEPOPXIKOUYPOCPEIOKPOTIKOUIlTJXOVlallOU, nope TTJV KOTOAATJAOTTJTO VO olEuSUVOUIlE IJIO aUAAOYIKn epvcoto, KOTO OEUTEPO AOYO, 0 KOAUTe:pOC; rportoc YIO vo XPTJOlllOnOlTJ80uV xortoroc n Konolol nou KOTeXouv ilIa TExVIKn n ETIlaTTJIlOVIKn yvwaTJ n OPIlOOIOTTJTO, oe:v ElVOI vo TOUC; eurucreurouue TTJ OIEuSuVaTJ EVOC; ouvoxou opOaTTJPIOTnTWV. Mnopouus vaucore cprcror IlTJXOVIKOl aTTJv EIOIKOTTJTO 1l0C;, XWP1C;

eow,

20

vuucors ucavol va "~lEUS(NOU~E" TO OUVOAOT~n~aTO<; EVO<;EPYOorcotou I1EV tXOU~E napa va ~OU~E Tl ou~~a(VEl On~Epa cn'ourn
TTlV anO\IJTl.TEXVlKO(Kat El~lKO( TonoSETOUVTat,YEVlKa OTO l~lalTEpo nE~lO TOU<;.Ol"~lEUSUVOVTE<;" nEpl~aAAOVTat uno KanOlOU<;TEXVlKOU<; OU~~OUAOU<;,~TlTOUV YVW~E<;TOU<;Yla TlC; urtoqxicerc rtou Sa ncnc pOUV (YVW~E<; nou ouxva ~lacptpouv ~ETa~u TOU<;)Kat TEAlKa "ortocpaol~ouv". E~w ~MnOU~E KaSapa TOV ncocxoviouo TOU EmXElpn~aTo<;.Av 0 "~lEUSUVWV"ano<paOl~E ~E ~aOTl TTl "YVWOTl" TOU Kat TTlV "ap~O~lOTTlTa" TOU, ac'noene vo'vor ooeoc Kat ap~O~lO<; Yla oAa, ElTE cueoo, ElTE Yla v'anocpaOl~El rtotd ana 'nc ~lacpopETlKt<; YVW~E<;TWV El~lKWV etvcn Tl KaAUTEPfl. AUTO avor nooccvoc aMvaTo Kat Ol ~lEUSUVOVTE<;EmMyouv OTTlV nocvunnxorrrrc cusctoern, ~aoEl TTl<; "KPlOTl<;"TOU<;. AUTn Tl "KPlOTl" EVO<; uovou ~EV tXEl xovevc AOYO vo'vcu KaAUTEPTl nn'rnv KPlOTl nou Sa oXTl~aTl~E ~la aUTo~lEUSUVO~EVTl KOlVOTTlTa,EKKlvwvTa<; ana ~la eunaotc crtetooc lOXUPOTEPTl ort'curnv EVO<;uovo nrouou

4.AYTOAIEY9YNLH, EIAIKEYLH KAI OP90AOrILMOL
VWOTlKat couoororrrtu etvcu E~ OPlO~OUEl~lKEU~tVE<;, Kat Y(VOVTat ~tpa ~E TTl ueoo rreoroooreoo. Av ~yE£ ort'ro l~la(TEpo rteolo TOU, 0 TEXVlKO<;n 0 El~lKO<;~EV etvci rue ucovoc Yla T(noTE aAAo, OUTE Kat Yla va rtcpet ~la KaAn ortoeuon AKO~TlKat OTO EOWTEPlKOTOU l~lalTEPOU nE~lOU TOU, Tl oxornc TOU etvoi uorootc rteproptouevn. An'TTl ~la ~Epla, aYVOEl T'aAAa nE~la rtou uvcvxoo nxn oll~nMKoVTat ~E TO ~lKO TOU Kat TEL VEL,cpUOlKa,va rc cvvoet ETOl, ueoc OTl<; TWPlVt<; EmXElpnOElC; Kat OTTl ~lO(KTlOn.TO ~nTTl~a TOU "OPl~OVTlOU"OUVTOVlO~OU TWV ~lEUSUVTlKWV UnTlPEOlWV etvor ~lapKn<; EcplaATTlC;.EcpTaoav, E~W Kal KatpO,va ~Tl~loupYnoouv El~lKOUC;TOU OUVTOVlO~OUYla va OUVTOVl~OUVrtc ~paOTTlPlOTTlTE<; TWV El~lKWV TTl<; ~lEUSUVOTlC; nou ~E£XVOVTateroi ovuccvor va ~lEUSUVOUVTOV (~lO TOU<;TOV ecuTO. Arto ~la aAATl ~Epla Kat nportdvrtov, Ol El~lKO( rrouvci TOnOSETTluevot ueoo OTOV ~lEUSUVTlKO~TlxavLO~O etvor Yl'aUTO TO AOYO orroXWPlO~tVOl cn'rnv npay~aTlKn napaYWYlKn ~la~lKaOla, cn'rc 60a ou~~alVOUV EKEl, on'nc OUVSnKEC; ueoc OTlC;ortotec Ol Epya~o~EvOl 0CPElAOUV va rtocvucrorrorouv TTlV eovcotc TOU<;.Tov nEplOOOTEPO xmpo, Ol cnoecoerc rtou nalpvouv ro voceeto erterrc crto oocooc unOAOYlO~OU<;, \IJoyou<; novco OTO xapT(, ~E£XVOVTat aVEcpap~OOTEC; a ortoc etvoi, vinrt ~EV unOAOYTlOaV coxerc TlC; noovuurucec ouvanKE<;ueoc OTl<; ortotec Sa Ecpap~O~OVTouoav. AUTt<; 'nc rtpuvunrucec OUVSnKE<;, YVWPl~El, E~ OPlO~OU,~OVO Tl KOlVOTTlTaTWV Epya~o~trrc VWV. OAO<;0 KOO~O<; tPEl nw<;, OTl<; OTl~EPlVt<; EmXElpnOEl<; aUTO TO ~ YEYOVO<; tvor ~la nnvn ~lapKWV OUYKPOUOEWV e Kal reooonoc oneTaATlC;. AVTlSETa, YVWOTl Kat ap~O~lOTTlTa urtopouv va xpTlOl~OnOlTlSOUV AOYlKa av aUTO( nou rtc KaTtxouv ~avaplXTOUV ueoc OTTlV KOlVOTTl21

r

rc TWV rrcpcvovov, av YlVOUV ~lO ort'nc OUVlOTWOEe; TWV. cnoccOEWV nou EXEl va rtdpst ourn n KOlVOTTlTa. H aUTOOlEUSUVOTl ortorret TTl ouvepvcolc aVO~EOa o'aUTOUe; nou KaTEXOUV ~lO lOlalTEPTl YVWOTl tl couoororrrrc Kat o'aUTOUe; nou EmTEAOUV TTJV napaYWYlKtl EPvcotc ~E TTJV OTEVtl EVVOIa. E(Vat TEAE(We; aou~p(PaoTTl ~E TOV OLQXWPlO~O TOUTWV TWV 000 KaTTJyoplWV. Movo av KaSlEpwSEl ~lO TErotc ouvepvcotc Sa urtopeoouv va xPTlOl~onOlTJSOUV nAtlPWe; curn n YVWOTJKl aUTtl Tl ap~OolOTTJTa EVW otl~Epa, xpTlOl~Onole(TQl Eva tnKPO uepoc TOUe; a<pou curot nou Tle; KaTEXouv etvrn cnouovouevoi OE rteoroprouevc KaStlKovTa, nAtlPWe; xoacorouevc an'TOV xcrcueotouo TTJe;eovootcc OTO EOWTEPlKO TOU OlWSUVTlKOU ~TJxaVlo~ou. nportcvrcov. uovo nurn n ouvepvootc unooet va KaToxupwOEl moe yvwOTl Kat couoorornrc Sa unouv npawaTlKO OTTlV UnTJPEOla rnc KOIVOTTJTae;,Kat OXl ~EPlK6TEPWV oxortcov, ea ~nopOUOE ~lO TETOla cuveovcotc cvoueoo OTOUe; IElOlKOUe;" Kat OTOUe; OAAOUe; Epya~o~EVOUe; va EKTUAlOOETat OlxWe; va napouOlO~OVTat OUYKpOUOEle;; Av evcc ElOlKOe; PEpatwVEl, EKKlvwVTae; ana TTJV ElOlKEU~EVTJTOU YVWOTJ, noc TO· TaOE ~ETaAAO, EnElOtl KaTEXEl rtc TOOE lOlOTTJTEe;,etvcn TO rno KaTOAATJAO YlO TO TOOE E~OpTTl~a tl KO~~aTl, OEV pMnOU~E vurrt Kat EKKlVWVTae; ana Tl, KOTl TETOIO Sa ~nopOUOE va ~EOTJKWOEl aOlKaioMYTlTEe; cvnonoerc ana ~EpOUe; TWV eovcrov. AKo~a Kat o'ourri TTl neptrrrcoon OTO KOTW KOTW, ~lO OPSOAOYlKtl ortoooon cnorrel va ~TlV rnc etvcn ~EVOl Ol EpYOTEe; nx, vicrt Ol lOlOTTJTEe; TOU EmAEYO~EVOU UAlKOU na(~ouv xdrtoto POAO OTTJOlopKEla TTJe;EnE~Epyao(ae; TOU E~apTtl~aTOe; tl TOU KO~~aTlOu. AAAO 01 aATJSlVO OTJ~aVTlKEe; ortoecoerc nou ueopouv TTlV napaywytl, EmOEXOVTat nOVTa ~lO OUOlaOTlKtl OlOOTaOTJ 0XETlKtl ~E TO POAO Kat TTJSEOTl TWV avSpwnwv uecc OTTlV ncpovcovn. nOVW O'aUTa, OEV UnaPXEl E~ OPlO~OU Ka~~lO YVWOTJ Kat Ka~~lO couoerorrrrc nou va ~nopOUOE vc'voi EmKpaTEoTEPTJ an'TTJ oxomn curov nou Sa npay~aTonOlOUV aATJSlVO TTlV epvcoto. Ka~~lO OPYOVWOTJ uidc aAuo(oae; KaTaOKEUtle; tl ouvap~OAOYTJOTle; OEV unooet vo'voi OUTE OPSOAOYlKtl, OUTE napaOEKTtl, av EXEl ortoeootcret OlxWe; va'XEl napSEl urt' 04JlV TJon04JTl OOWV EPYO~OVTat o'ournv. EnElOtl OEV TTlV nalpvouv urt'o4JlV otl~Epa, aUTEe; Ol crtoedoerc elver 0XEOOV novro OOTOxEe;, Kat av EV TOUTTJC; Jrtopovcovri T npoxwpE! aUTO ou~palVEl vmrl Ol EPYOTEe; oovcvovovrcn ~ETa~u TOUe; YlO va TTlV KOVOUV va npOxwpEl, napapalvovTae; TOUe; ITumKOUe;" KaVOVEe; Kat EVTOMe; novw OTTlV opYOVWOTJrnc epvnotoc. AAAo, aKO~Tl Kat av SEWPTJSOUV10PSOAOYlKEe;" orto TTJVOTEVtl on04JTJ rnc ncoovovuoic anOTEAEO~aTlKtle; napaywYlKOTTJTae;,aUTEe; Ol onoeccerc E1Vat anapooEKTEe; aKplPWe; vurrt elval Kat OEV urtopouv va ~TJV etvoi, paOlO~EVEe; anOKAElOTlKO rtovco OTTJVapXtl TTJe;"napaYWYlKtle; anOTEAEo~aTlKOTTlTae;". AUTO SEAEl va rtet rtoc TE1VOUV va unorntouv nAtlPWe; TOUe; EPYQ~O~EVOUe; OTTlV olaolKaola TTJe;KaTaOKEUtle; Kat va TOUe; XElPlOTOUV oav E~apTtl~aTa TOU napaYWYlKOU ~TlxaVlO~OU. AUTO OEV 0<pE1AETat OTTlV KaK(a rnc

22

5IEUSuvallC;, ornv llAISIOTllTa rnc, OUTE anAWC; aTO KUVnYI TOU KEP50uc;. (Ano5EIl:;ll: II "opvdvcoon rnc EPyaa(ac;" ElVOl uuornoo II (51a o nc avaTOAIKEC; KOl erne 5UTIKEC;XWpEC;).AUTO E(VOl II nueon xcn avortcoeucrr: cnoooorc EVOC; uormcroc ortou 01 crroqxioerc nutpvoo vrm ana aAAOUC;,KOl 0XI ana aUTOUC;nou Sa TIC; uAonOlnaouv Eva TETOIO oucrruc 5EV unooet va EXEI 6.AAll AOYIKn". Mia aUT051EUSUVOllEVll xorvovto OIlWC;,5EV urtopel va cxoxouset ourn rn AOYIKn". H AOYIKn rnc ElVOl TEAdwC; aAAlwTIKll, ElVOl II AOYIKn rnc anEAEUSEpwallC; T<.oW avSpwnwv KOl rnc avanTul:;nc; TOUC;. H xotvorrrrc TWV Epya~ollEvwV urtooet KaAAlaTa va cnoecotoer KOl Sa'XEI, «rrc rn YVWllll 1l0U 5LKI0 va TO KaVEI rtcoc YI'aUTnV, E(VOl artetococ npOTIIlOTEPEC;AIYOTEPO ~aaaVlaTlKEC;, AIYOTEPOnapaAOYEC;, ruo EAEUSEPEC; KOl rno xapoullEvEC; EPyaOlIlEC; IlEPEC;ana KanOIEC; Ernrtxeov rtcoorrrrec aa~oupac;. KOl, Yla TETOIEC;,cnoxuro SEIlEAIW5EIC; EmAoYEC;, 5EV UnaPXEI xcvevc "erncrrjuovuco" n "aVTlKEIIlEVIKO" KpITnpIO: TO 1l0Va51KOKplTnplO ElVOl II Kpiall rnc i5lac; rnc KOIVOTllroc ndvco aTO TI rtoonud, EKKIVWVTac;ort'rnv euneiolo, TIC;aVaYKEC; KOl TIC;EmSUIl(EC;rnc, AUTO aAllSEUEI KOl crnv KAillaKa OAOKAllPllC;rnc xotvovtcc KaVEva "EmaTllIlOVIKO" KplTnplO 5EV EmTpEnEI ce xcvevcv va anoq>aa(~EI moe EiVOl npOTIIlOTEPO Yla rnv KOIVWVLava'XEI TOV EPXOIlEVO xpOVO neorooorsoec KaTOIKLEC; aVT( Yla rteotcoorsoc KaTaVaAWTlKa cvcac n TO aVTLSETO,ilia AIYOTEPOn neoroooreoo vonvoon avanTul:;ll, KAn. Onoioc MEL noc unapXOUV TETOIa KplTnpla ELVOln aaXETOC; n anareovcc To 1l0Va51KOKplTnplO nOU'XEI KanOIO voruo o'ourn rc nE5(a, etvcn TO TI SEAOUV01 aVTPEC; KOl 01 vuvofxec rtou anapTL~OUV rnv KOIVWVLaKOl aUTO 1l0VO aUTO( urtopouv va r'ortoecottoov Kal KaVEvee aVT( Yla aUTOUC;.
I I

B.AYTOAIEYSYNLH KAI IEP APXIA TON MILSON KAI EILOAHMA TON
1.AEN YIIAPXOYN ANTIKEIMENIKA KPITHPIA IIOY NA EIIITPEIIOYN NA OEMEAIOOEI MIA IEP APXIA TON AMOIBON

Onoc 5EV aUIl~l~a~ETOlIlE ilia IEpapXLa TOU 5IaTa~EIV II aUT05IEUSUVOIlEVll xorvcovtc 5EV aUIlPI~a~ETOl KOl IlE ilia IEpapXLa TWV IllaSwv KOl TWV Ela05llllaTWV.
KaT'apxnV II IEpapx(a TWV IllaSwv Kal TWV Ela05llllaTWV cvrnrroKPLVETOlanllEpa ornv IEpapXLa TOU 5IaTa~EIV nAnpWc; aTIC; 5UTIKEC;, oe IlEyaAO IlEPOC; one avaTOAIKEC; XWpEC;.npEnEI aKOlla va 50UIlE rtcoc Enav5pwVETOl au Tn II IEpapx(a. 0 YOVOC;TOU nAOUOIOU ac'vcr nAOUOIOC;, YOVOC;TOU aTEMxouc; EXEl OAEC;TIC; EUKOlPLEC; Y(VEl 0 va KI'aUTOC;aTEAEXOC;. Tal, o'evc IlEyaAO IlEPOC;,ro croouorc nou xoE

23

TaAa~povouv TI<:; U4JllAOT€:pee;SEoele; rnc lepapXlKi}e; nupa~(oae; 0IOlWV1~OVTOl KAllPOVO~IKO. va KOlVWVlKO E oocrruo retva ncvrc va uuroovortcpcverm. Av Konola KOlVWVlKOcrocoucro EXOUV npovouio, ro ~EAll rnc Sa KOVOUVO,TI urtoooov KOl Ta rtpovoutd TOUe;on~a(vouv aKpIPWe;nwe; unoooov va KOVOUVnapa nOAAo un'ourn rnv On04Jll YlO va ro ~eTaPlpoooUV OTOUe;cnovovouc TOUe;.rTO ~ETPO ortou ueoo c'evc TETOIOOUOTll~a, aUTO rc crpoucrc EXOUVrnv aVOYKll"VEWV avSpwnwv" YlaTI 01 oleuSuvTlKOI oovcviouot enexretvoVTOl KOl nOAAanAaOlO~OVTOl payoala emAEYOUV, crt'rouc vovouc TWV 'xnrcorepcov'' OTPW~OTWVTOUe;rno "KaTOAAllAOUe;"YlO va TOUe; eVToI;ouv OTOUe; OAnOUe; OUe;. aUTO TO ~ETPO,unooet va cctveror K T r nwe; ll"epyaola" KOl 01 'ucavornrec" ourcev nou emAEXTllKav EnOlI;av xortoro POAO OTllV KaplEpa TOUe;,nou aVTO~el4Je rc "xaplo~aTo" TOUe;.AAAO, AEW yt'OAAll ~IO cpopo aKo~a 'uccvorrrrec" KOl "xaplo~arc'' orjuulvouv eow OUOlaOTlKOrnv ucovornru nooocouovnc OTO KUp(apxo ouorruo xcn KaAUTeplle; e~unllPETlloi}e; TOU. Terorsc ucovornTee; oev EXOUVvOll~a YlO ~IO ourooteusuvouevn «orvovtc KOl orto rn OIKn rnc oxorno, BtPOla 01 ov9pwnol urropet va OKECPTOVTOl nwe;, nxoun KOl oe ~IO aUTooIEU9uvO~EVll xorvcovto, 01 rno 9appaAEol, 01 rno epvcrnxot, 01 rno ernuovot. 01 mo "emTnoelol", sc'ncene va olKalOUVTOl ~IO 10IalTEPll"avTa~oIPn",KOl nwe; uurn sc'noerte vo'vcn xpll~aTlKn. Kal aUTO TpEcpel TIlV 4JEUoal09lloll nwe; 9a unooouoe va unoPxel ~IO lepapXla TWV elOOOll~OTWVnou vc'vm OIKOlOAOYll~tVT). AUTn II 4JEUoa(09lloll oev aVTExel oe eI;tTaOT). AKpIPWe;onoc OTO unopxov oucrruc, oev pAEnou~e novw oe TI 9a unopouoe va 9E~eAlwge( AOYIKOKal va 0lKOlOAOYll9el oUYKeKpl~Eva II olacpopo o nc a~OIPEe;. icrt II rcee enrrneerornro 9a ocpelAe va o(vel OTO KOTOXO r 'rnc rerocnxdoro Elo60ll~a orto rn oElva, KOl OXI otnAOOlO n owoeKanAoolo; TI venue EXEl va AE~e nwe; II emrncetorrrrc evoc KaAou XEIPOUPYoua~(~el aKpIPWe;n AlyoTepo n neoroooreooooo KOl ourn Evoc KaAou ~llxavIKou; KOl vmrt oev aI;l~el aKpIPWe; 000 KOl cnrrn evoc KaAou oOllYOU TPEVOUn evoc KaAou nOloaywyou; Av PYOU~Eono xortotc nOAu creve KOl creooouevc yevlKne; Oll~aolcc, neola,oev undpxouv ovruceuievucc KplTnpla YlO va uerpooue KOl va OUYKPlVOU~E ~eTaI;u TOUe;TIe; emTlloeloTllTee;, TIe; YEVlKEe;KOl TIe; ElOlKEe;YVWOEle;OIOCPOPWV aTO~WV. KOl, av II «orvovtc etvor nou nAllPwvel rn EI;ooa YlO rn ~OPCPWOll voc nrouou ortoc etvcn nOll e npaKTlKo II KaTOOTaOll oev pAEnou~e YlaTI TO OTO~Onou'xel nOll EUvonsa ~IO cpopo ~E TO npOVO~IO nou OUVlOTOuno uovn rnc cum II onosmon ao'noerte va euvonset yt'auTnV KOl ~IO oeuTepll eooo ue rn ~opcpn evoc ovoreoou eloOOn~aTOe;.Tl (010 10XUEI«n YlO TO "XOptoun" n rnv "eI;unvooa". YnoPXouv ptpOla, nroun nou vevvrouvrcn rno noouaouevo cno OAAa we; rtpoc ootouevec opaoTllPloTllTee;, n nou Y1VOVTOlETa!. AUTEe;01 olacpopEe; yevlKo nEplopl~OVTOl, KOl II avonTuI;n TOUe;eI;apTOTOl KUp(We;orto TO OlKOYEVElaKO, KOlVWVlKO KOl 24

~Opq>WTlKOnEPl~aAAOV. Ev ncoer nEpmT<.00El O~WC;,OTO ueroo nou KanOlOC;EXEl Eva "XaPlO~a", 11aOK11011 OIJTOUTaU "xap(o~aTOC;" elver T ana ~OVI1 TI1C;~la nl1Yrl Euxap(oTl1ol1C; av 2>EVE~no2>(~ETal. KOl, Yla ro ortdvic o rouo nou ElVOl E~OlPETIKa xaplO~Eva, aUTO nou Ev2>laq>EPElOEV E(VOl ~la xpl1~aTlKrl "aVTa~Ol~rl", aAAa va 2>11~lOUPYrlOOUV aUTO nou WSOUVTOl cvcnococcrc va 2>11~lOUPYrlOouvE. v a AIvA OTalV Evolaq>EpovTav Yla TO xprl~a, OEV Sa'XE YlVEl A"iVOTalV Kal £1VOl rnaovo va'XE Y(VEl xonoio llETPlO aq>EVTlKO rl KanOlOC; ~ETPlOC; XPllllaTlOTrlc;· npO~aAAOUV Ka~la q>opa TOUT TO an(OTEUTO EmXElpl1~a, rtoc 2>(a XwC; ~la lEpapXla TWV ~lOSWV 11KOlvwv(a 2>EVSa ~nopOUOE va ~PEI avSpwnouc; nou va OEXOVTOl va ernrcxouv TlC; rno "MOKOAEC;" AElTouPYlEC; KOl naPOUOla~OUV oav TETOlEC;TlC; AEITOUPY(EC; TOU OTEMXOUC;, aU 2>lEuSuvOVTa,KAn. rvwpl~OU~E TI1 q>paOI1 nou TOOO OUXva T EnaVaAa~~aVOUV Ol "unEuSUVOI":"Av OAOl KEp2>l~ouv ru 12>la, a rtoortS ~rlOW va ndoco TI1 oxourtn'' aAAa OE XWPEC;oav TI1 I:oullola 6nou TO dvorvuc TWV ~lOSWV EXEl Y(VEl noM ~lKPOTEPOana OTi OTI1 raAA(a, Ol EmXElPrlOElC;OEV AElTOUPYouv XElpoTEpa ana OTi OTI1 raAAla, KOl 2>EV ~Mnou~E oTEMXI1 va nnocv TlC;OKOUnEC;. AUTO nou olamOTWVOU~E OAO KOl nEplOOOTEPO OTIC; aVEnTUY~EVEC;XWPEC;, lVOl ~aAAOV TO aVTlSETO: rc nrouo nou evknrcxelrtouv E TIC; EmXEIPrlOEIC;,ElVOl aUTO. nou KaTEXouv TIC; aAI1SIVa 2>UOKOAOTEPEC;anaOXOArlOEIC; 2>I1AaorlTIC;rno paoavloTIKEC; KOl TIC;AIYOTEPOEVolaq>EpouoEC; eovcotec KOl 11aU~l1ol1 TWV ~lOSWV TaU aVTlOTOIXOU nooocoruxou 2>EVercva Yla va crcucrnca TI1V curoocvto. rt'aUTO, TOUTEC; l eovoolec aq>rlVOVTOlOAO KOl ruo no AU OTOUC; ETaVaOTEC;. O ~ AUTO TO q>OlVO~EVO EP~I1VEUETOlav vvcootoocus TOUTO TO rtooonVEC;,nwc;EKTOC; Ol av avaYKaOTOUV ana TI1 q>TWXLO, aVSPWnOl upK Ol VOUVTal OAO KOl rno nOAU v'anaOXOAOUVTOl OE I1AlSlEC;2>OUAlEC;. !:lEV napaTI1PrlSllKE nOTE TO aVT(OTpOq>Oq>alVO~EVO, rtooooue Xomov va u OU~nEpaVOU~E rtcoc Sa OUVEXlOTElTO (OlO.<bTaVOU~EETOI o'aUTO TO cuarteooouo.couocovo ~E TI1V 12>laTI1 AOYlKrl aUTOU TaU EmXElPrl~aTOC;, oe 011A.sc'npene v'a~ElpOVTOl AlYOTEPOOl nEplOOOTEPO Ev2>lam q>EPOUOEC; eovootec, rtaTl. c'crtorecennore OUVSrlKEC;, aUTEC;Ol epvcO(EC;Tpapouv neorocoreoo TOUC;avSpwnouc; 2>I1Aa2>rl K(VI1TPOvio TO va TlC; olaM~ouv KOl va TIC; erurexeoouv pploKETal rlol1, xoro uevcAO ~EPOC;, eoo OTl1v (ola TI1 q>UOI1 u TI1C;2>OUAElaC;.
f

2.AYTOAIEY9YNLH, IIAP Arnrn

KINHTPO rIA EPr ALIA KAI rIA TIL AN ArKEL

LE TI o~wc; ortoxnvouv TEAlKa OAa ro EmXEIPrl~aTa nou anOOKOnoov va 2>IKOlOAOYrlOOUV I1V IEpapx(a OE lllaV aUT02>lEuSuvO~EVI1 T xorvcovlo, rtoid ElVOl 11KPU~~EVI1lMa rtdvco OTI1V ortoto SE~EAlWVOVTOl; E(val OTi Ol avSpwnol OEV olaMyouv llla epvuolc KOl 2>EvTI1V KaVOUV napa uovo Yla va KEpO(~ouv nepiooorepc orrrouc aAAOUC;. AUTO O~WC;,napOUOla~O~EVO oav OlWVla aArlSEla nou OXET(~ETOl ~E

25

rnv avSpwmvll <PUOllOEV etvci crnv rtocvucruccrnrc T(nOTE aAAO crt'rnv KamTaAIOTlKtl OlaVOllTiKOTllTa nOU'XEI A(YO nOAU OlanEpaOEI rnv KOIVWV(a(Kat nou onoc TO OelXVEI II aVTOXtl rnc IEpapx(ac; TWV 1l10SWVOTIC; aVaTOAIKEC; XWPEC;,EXEI eruxoarnce. Kat EKE(). AUTtl II

OlaVOllTlKOTllTa etvm ilIa ana TIC;OUVStlKEC; nap~llC; Kat OlatWVlOllC; u TOU TWPIVOU OUOTtlllaTOC; Kat aVT(OTpO<pa, OEV unopet va unapXEl napa Yla 000 Sa OUVEX(OEIva unapXEl aUTO TO oUoTlllla. 01 ovsoconor O(VOUVilIa orjucoln OTIC; Ola<popEC;ElOootlllaTOC;, EnEIOtl urtdpXOUV TETOIEC;Ola<popEC;Kat EnEIOtl OTO TWPIVO KOIVWVIKOOUOTlllla, T(SEVTat oav OllllaVTIKEc;. Av uno POUIlE va KEpO(~oUIlE 1 EKaT. aVT( Yla 100 XIA. TO Iltlva, Kat av TO KOIVWVIKO ouoTlllla TPE<pElun'oxec TIC; orroeerc 'rnv lOEa rtoc ouroc rtou KEpO(~El1 EKaT.a~(~El nEpIOOOTEPO, etvoi KaAUTEpoC;cn'curov rtou KEpO(~EI1l0VO 100 XIA. TOTE rtoovucrnKa, nOAAO( avSpwnol (OXI OAOl, aKollll Kat OtlllEpa) Sa'xouv Yla xlvnTPO va xovoov TO ncvrc Yla va KEpO(~OUV1 EKaT. napa 100 XIA. Av OIlWC;OEV unapXEI ilIa reroic ola<popa OTO KOIVWVIKOoucrruo, av SEWPelTat TO va SEAOUIlE va KEpO(~oUIlE neorocoreco ort'rouc aAAOUe;oav TOOO noooxovo 000 rropcxovo SEWPOUIlEorureoo (TOUAclXIOTOV 01 neprocorepor) va SaAoullE ndoer Suo(a va'XEl TO En(SETO unc TO NTE(oE(Ylla "EUYEVOUC;" xcrovccvnc OTIl) TOTE Sa unooouv va EIl<PaVIOTOUV va cvstoouv aAAa K(VllTpa nou Sa'xouv ilIa aAllSIVtl Kat KOIVWVlKtla~(a: TO Evola<pEpov Yla 'rnv (ola rn oOUAEla, II Euxap(OTllall va xovooue aUTO nou uovor ucc olaAE~allE va xovooue, II E<pEUPETIKoTllTa, II ollIlIOUPYIKoTllTa, II exrfunon Kat II cvcvvooron TWV aAAwv. Avrtorpoqxi, Yla 000 xoipo Sa unaPXEl aUTO TO EAEE"ivo OIKOVOIlIKOK(VllTPO, OAa rc aAAa K(VllTpO S'aTpo<pOUVKat Sa EUVOUX(~Ovroi tlOll ort'rnv natolKtl llAlKla TWV aTOIlWV.

crouov Kat OTOV

EnElotl Eva IEpapXIKo oucrruc ~aol~ETat OTOV cvrcvoviouo TWV noxeuo OAWV EVaVTla O'OAOUC;,nAaSEl olapKwc; TOUC; vSpwnou~ WOTE va OTPE<pOVTat01 IlEV EVaVTla OTOUC;OE Kat a va TOUC;wSe( va XPllOlllonOlouv OAa rn IlEOa Yla va "avE~ouv". Na nooouototouv TOV ~lato Kat curcrnoo aVTaYWVlOIlO nou EKTUAlOOETat IlEOa OTllV IEpapx(a rnc E~ouolac;, TOU olaTa~EIV, TWV EIooollllaTWV, oav ilIa EUYEVtl "aIlIAAa" on au KEpol~ouv 01 "KaAuTEpoI" o'evo Tl1110 natxvlol, elvcn va rtnlpvouv TOUC;avSpwnouc; Yla llAISIOUC;Kat va mOTEUOUVrroc (01 ovsocortot) OEV ~AEnouv TI TPEXEl npaYllaTlKa YUpw TOUC;, TO EPYOOTaOlO,OTa vooeeto, OTO naVEmOTtllllO Kat okoun O OAO Kat nEpIOOOTEPOKat OTllV ernorruovuoi tpEuva ana TOTE nou ourn EXEI KaTaVTtlOEI ilIa reoconc ypa<pEIOKpaTlKtl Emxe(PllOllH Unap~ll rnc IEpapXlac; ~aO(~ETat OTOV aVEAEllTO rtoxeuo OAWV EvaVTI.a O:OAOUC; TOV YEvva TOUTOTOV noxeuo. rt'auTO II ~OUYKAa vlKat VETat OAO Kat rno aOlanEpaOTll OTO IlETPO rtou ovepctvoure ro OKaAOnaTla rnc lEpapx(ac; YI'aUTO Kat ouvaVTOUIlE rn ouvepvcotc 1l0VO ern ~aoT'},EKE( ortou 01 ouvaTOTllTEC; "npo~l~aOllou" etvor rteotooroueVEC; l aVUnapKTEC;.Kat II TEXVlTtl EloaywYtl ola<poponOltlOEWV o'aUTO t TO En(nEOO ort'nc OIEUSUVOElC; TWV EmXEIPtlOEWV, ortooxortet nxpt-

26.

~WC; va ortooer OUTl, 11 OUVEPYOOtO. Arr'rn o nvun nou So unapxouv onOtOOOtlnOTE, KUptO OIlWC; OtKOVOlltKtlC; <PUOllC;, S'OVOYEVVtETat OIlEOWC; 0 cvrcvcovtouoc OVallEOO OTO drou a, TOUTOXPOVO IlE rnv rnon v'opna~OVTat ana TO npovouto nou tloll KOTEXOUV Kat, ll'OUTO TO oxono, va nooonceoov va onOKTOUV nEptOOOTEPll E~OUOtO Kat va O<PETEPl~OVTat Kat 'rnv E~OUO[O TWV aAAWV. Arto KE(Vll 'rn o rrvun, OEV So unooet rue va TtSETat SElla oUTootEUSUVOllC;. TEAOC;, Ilta tEPOPX[O IltqSwv Kat Et0001lllaTWV etvcn TEAE(WC; OOUIl~(~OOTllIlE Ilta AOytKtl ocvcvoon rnc OtKOVOlltOC; IltaC; OUTOOtEUSUVOIlEVllC; KOtVWV(OC;. Fmrl Ilta TETOtO tEPOPX[O OtOOTPE~AWVEt dueoo Kat ~OPEta rnv EK<PPOOll rnc KOtVWVtKtlC;~tlTllOllC;· MIa AoytKtl oovcvoon rnc OtKOVOIl(OC;ilIaC; OUTOotEUSUvoIlEVllC; KOtvcovlcc unovoet, OTllV npoYIlOTtKOTllTO, Yla 000 KatPO TO rtootovrc Kat or unnoeotec nou nOpaYOVTOt nn'rn KotVWV[o So EXOUV OKollll Ilta "Ttlltl" yta 000 xoico OEV So unooouv va otOVEIlOVTat OWPEaV Kat So UnaPXEt Aomov Ilta "oyopa" yta TO cvcac nrouucnc KOTOVaAW01lC;, ncoc 11 noocvovn So KOTEUSUVETat OUIl<PWVO IlE TtC; EVOE[~EtC; OUTtlC; rnc nvoooc, OllAOOtl TEAtKa ana rnv oYOpOOTtKtl ~tlTllOll TWV KOTOVOAWTWV. Ftntt, yta v'oPX[OOUIlE, OEV UnaPXEt aAAO OUOTllllO yta va urtcornottooue. AVT[SETO rtpoc EVa rtoooccro OAOYKOV, nou IlnOpOUIlE va OEXToullE 1l0VO IlETO<pOptKa, OEV urtooooue va OWOOUIlE O'OAOUC; "OAO Kat OIlEOWC;". eo tlTOV, cn'rnv aAAll IlEPla, nOpaAOYO va nEptOp(~OUIlE rnv KOTOVaAWOll IlE OUTOPXtKO OKEnTtKO nou So 1OOOUVOIlOUOE IlE Ilta ovunoeopn Kat llAl910 TUPOVVlO ncvco OTtC; rtporumoerc TOU K09EVOC;. rtOTl va otOVEIlOUIlE OTOV K09EVO EVa OlOKO Kat TEOOEPO eiorrnoio KtVllilOToypa<pOU TO unvo, OTOV undpxouv cv9pwnOt nou npOTtIlOUV rn 1l0UOtKtl ort'rtc EtKOVEC; Kat aAAOI TO OVTl9ETO yta va 1l11lltAtlOOUIlE yta KOU<pOUC; at TU<pAOUC;;AAAa, ilIa "oyoK po" nvoecov OTOIlIKtlC; KOTOVaAWOllC; OEV E[VOt npOYIlOTtKa unoornPl~lllll napa uovo ov elvcu OA1l91va ollllOKPOTtKtl OllAOOtl, OV 01 ~tl<POt TOU K09EVO EXOUV TO (010 ~apOC;. AUTEC; ot ~tl<POI TOU K09EVO, etvm TO EIOOOtlllOTO TOU. Av cure TO EIOOOtlllOTO elver aVIOO, OUTEC; Ot ~tl<POI ~EUT[~OUV OIlEOWC;: unapXOUV av9pwnol nou 11 <pwvtl TOUC; etvat noM OUVOTOTEPll ana rn <PWVtl TWV aAAWV. ETOt, OtlIlEPO, 11 "~tleoc'' TOU nAOUOtOU Yla ilIa ~lAO OTllV Kuovtl AKTtl tl Yla EVa totWTtKO OEPOnAaVO ~OpO[VEI nOAu neoroccreoo ort'rnv ~tl<po EVOC; KOKa OTEYOOIlEVOU Yla ilIa KOAUTEPll OTEYll, tl EVOC; XElPOVaKTll yta EVa TO~(OI ern 211 9EOll IlE TpEVO. Kat rtoertei va urtoxovtooeue noc 11 En[opooll rnc aVIOllC; KOTOVOlltlC; TWV EtOOollllaTWV novo ern OOlltl rnc nopoywytlC; TWV KOTOVOAWTtKWV oy09wv elver TEpaOTtO. Eva opI91l11TtKO nopaoElYIlO, nou OEV etvor ortoxurc OKPI~EC; OAAa nAllOta~EI OE Ta~ll IlEYE90uC; rnv npoYIlOTtKOTllTO, 1l0C; EntTpEnEI va TO od~OUIlE. Av unoseoouue rtcoc unooooue va ~aAOUIlE OE ilIa 011000 TO 80% TOU YOAAIKOU nA1l9uoilOU IlE EloootlllOTO XOllllAa yupw O'EVO IlEOO 20000 TO xpOVO K090pa (TO XOllllAOTEPO EIOOOtlllOTO ern rOAAtO, nou coooouv ilIa OPKETa nOAUap191l11 KOTllYOP(O, TOUC; YE-

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tl IlE IlIKPtl ouvTaf;TJ, etvm xcru rtoxu XallTJAOTEpa TOU urtoxomo 20% yupw ana Eva IlEOO 80000 TO xpOVO KaSapa, pMnoullE u'evo a,nAo unoxoviouo nwe; aUTEe; 01 OUO KaTTJYoptec 1l01pa~OVTat ana 11100 TO aooeruc nou olaT(SEVTat Yla TTlV Karcvcxoon KaTw ana aUTEe; nc OUVStlKEe;, TO 1/5 TOU nATJSUOIlOU Sa KaTE1XE TOOTJKaTaVaAWTlKtllOXU OOTJKat TO aAAa 4/5. AUTo SEAEl Ernonc va rtsl nwe; yupw OTa 35% TTJe;ncccvovnc KaTaVaAWTlKWV aya9wv TTJe;xwpae; rroocovnroxlzovrcn anOKAElOTlKa oUIlCPwva IlE TTJ ~tlTTJOTJTTJe;rno EUVOTJIlEVTJe; ucccc Kat rtpooplcovrut YlO TTJV uccvoo nO(TJOTJ TTJe;,UOTEpa an'TTJV lKavonO(TJOTJ TWV "OTOlXElWOWV" avaYKWV currie TTJe;LOlae; oudocc tl aKollTJ, rtoc 30% OAWV TWV anaoxoAoullEvwv av9pwnwv Epya~ovTOl Yla va lKaVOnOltl00UV rtc IlTJ OUOlaOTlKEe; "avaYKEe;" TWV rno EUVOllIlEVWV. BMnoullE Xorrtov OTl 0 nooocvcroxtouoc TTJe;rtopcvcovnc nou 90 EnEpaAE «rrco crr'curec rrc OUVStlKEe; TJ 'rrvopc'' OEV s'ovrcvcxxouOE ric cvdvxec TTJe; xorvcovtcc aAAa Eva ncpouooqxouevo E(OWAO, IlEOa OTO ortolo TJ IlTJ ouorccruoi/crmocrrrrrn KaTaVOAWoTJ TWV EUVOTJIlEVWV o rocounrcov 9a'XE Eva ouoavoAoyo popoe;. E(VOI OUOKOAO va mOTEl.!JouIlE nwe; IlEOa OE ilia aUTooIEu9uVOllEVTJ xorvovlc, ortou aUTO ru YEYOVOTa sc'vcn O'OAOUe; EnaKpIPWe; YVWOTO,OI uvsocortor 9'aVEXOVTOl ilia TETOla KaTaOTaOTJ n nwe; 9a unopouccv, KaTw an' aUTEe; rtc OUV9tlKEe; va 9EWPOUV TTJV rtcpcvcovri oav OIKtl TOUe; uno9wTJ, KOI va vouosouv va TOUe; cooed KaTl nou olxwe; aUTO OEV Sa IlnOpOUOE OUTE OTIYlltl va T£9d 9EIla aUTool£U9uvoTJe;. H KaTapYTJOTJ TTJe;I£papx(ae; TWV 1ll09WV elver Xomov TO 1l0VO IlE00 va rtooccvcroxnoer TTJ napaywYtl OUIlCPwva 11£ rtc cvovxec TTJe; KOIVOTTJTae;,va Ef;aAE1\.IJEI TOV noxeuo OAWV evcvnc O'OAOUe; KOI TTJV OIKOVOlllKtl OlaVOTJTlKOTTJTa, Kat va EnlTpE\.IJEI TTJ oUllllETOXtlllE EVolaCPEpov, 11£ TTJV aATJ91vtl EVVOIa TOU ooou OAWV TWV avopwv Kat OAWV Tl0V YUVOlKWV crnv OlEU9uvon TWV ortoaeocov TnC; KOIVOTnTac;. oouc olxwe;
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0El<:;TWV TO~EWV KQl 11napIOlVn Kouuouvu TOU 1873, Yla va uvooeoooue ro rno af;10011~c1wTa napa5c1y~aTa. ApKcTa ~OVI~cC; OC OPIO~EVcC;neorrrrcccerc, cq>n~cpcc; oe aAAEC;,KQl O~OAOYOU~EVWC; EVTOva oTlv~aTlO~EVEC; ana nOAAa KaTamEoTIKa xapaKTl1PloTIKa nou 011~a5EUav OAEC;TIe; KOlVWV1EC; OTIC; EnoxEe; Tl1C; E~q>avlol1C; TOUC;, urtooouv ncooxo cure va XPl1Ol~EUOOUV Yla Tl1V cvortxccn Tl1C;EIKovac; ~lac; nOAITIKnC; cqxnpnc nou 5EV ElVQl OUTE KOIVO~OUAEUTIKn OUTE vpaq>ElOKpaTlKn, OUTE OUYKEVTpWTlKn OUTE EnaYVEA~aTonOll1~EV11.OUTE KOIVWVIKn ours KPGlTIOTlKn,aAAa ~aAAOV onoc ap~ol:;EI OE EAEUSEpOUe; nOA(TEC;OTO ~ETPO nou avayvwp(l:;EI TO POAOTl1C;noAl1C;Via TOV ~ETaOXl1~aTlO~O ~Iac; cucoenc cvsoomvnc oucooc n ~lac; uovcorolcc ouvcacoronc aTO~WV a' Eva OUVOAOrtoxrrtov BootO~EVOOE l1SIKOUC; OPSOAOYIKOUC; KQl rportouc OUV5E0l1C;.

npo0510pI0~0e; TOU KOlVWVlKOU, OU nOAITIKOU KQl TOU KpaTlOTlKOU T ueco OTIlV KaTl1YOplKn TOUC;151QlTEpOTl1TaKQl 11aVTI~ETwmol1 Tl1C; nOAIlC;OTl1V 10TOplKn Tl1C;Ef;EAlf;l1 wc; TOU oT1~ou ortou TO nOAITIKO aVa00ETQl f; E X W P a ana TO TO KOlVWVlKOKQl TI KpaTIOTIKO, av01VEI nEpIOXEe; EpEUvae; ~E reooo nc noovoouuuruoi onouocnornrc. H OUVXPOVl1 Enoxn oP1l:;ETQl"nOAlTlKa" ana Tl1V "aoTEon011l011", ~la xopKlVw51l ncocrtolncn rnc "rtoxeortolnonc" nou anElAE1 va KaTa~poxS1OEI TOOO Tl1V nOAl1 000 KQl rnv urtciaoo xcn va KavEI rnv 10TOpIKn TOUC;51aAEKTlKn 0XE06v aKaTaAl1nTl1 Via TOV ouyxpOVO rtopcrrnonTIl. H OUVXUOl1~ETaf;u co reortolnonc (urbanization) KQl nOAEonol11011e; (citification) E1VQlOn~Epa Ef;loou oKoTa510TIKn 000 KQl 11OUYXUOl1~ETaf;u KOlvwv1ae; KQl xpnrouc, KOAAEKTI~OnOl11011e; ESvlKonoll1ol1C; n, KQl an' curn Tl1V ano4J11.nOAITIKnC; KQl KOlVO~OUAEUTlO~OU. urbs rrrov H Via TOUC;Pw~a10ue; rc UAlKO OTolXE1a Tl1C;nOAl1C;,rc xrfprn, 01 nxcTE1EC; Ql 01 5po~01 Tl1C;,OE 51aKplol1 ana Tl1 civitas, rnv EVWOl1 TWV K noxrrcov n TO nOAITIKO ow~a (4). To YEYOVOC; TI 01 000 AEf;ElC;5EV O OUYXEovTav ~EXPI TIlV UOTEPl1aUTOKpaTlKn nEp(050, OnaTE 11151a 11 evvoio Tl1C;1510Tl1Tac;TOU "noA(TIl" E1XErtnpoxudce; Yla va ovnxurcOTaS£l OTl1 OuvEXEla ana ovoucolec ~E XPOIO xco roc KQl ana urmKOOUe; IlC; Pw~a"iKnc; Auroxporcotcc, ucc q>avEpwvEI ~IO EVTunWOlaT Kn KQl Ef;QlPETlKa oll~avTlKn xurdcruon 01 rpOKXOI E1xav rtooortcSnOEI va ~ETaTpE4JOUVTl1V urbs OE civitas, va cvcorunouovnoouv Tl1V aSl1va"iKn E K K A 11a 1 a EIC;~apoc; Tl1C;pw~a"iKnC; I:uVKAnTOU. AnETuxav, KQl 11urbs KaTappoxSlOE Tl1 civitas ~E Tl1 ~opq>n Tl1C;AUToKpaTootcc lowe; 01 ~IKpoKTl1~aT1Ee;noA1TEe; ou cnorexoucov Tl1 pnxoxon KaAlo Tl1C;~1l~oKpaT1ac; Sa unooouoov va TJ,V Elxav KavEI 511~oKpaTOU~EV11. aAAa ~OAlC;"KaTE~l1Kav ana TOUC; q>TOJ\oq>OUC;" E ortou 15puSl1KE11PW~l1 EVlvav "~IKP01",Yla va xpl1Ol~onolnOOU~E ro AOYla TOU xcrve. H "IOEa TIlC; PW~l1C;"WC;l1SIKn KAl1povo~la OUPPIKvwvOTav EUSEWC; vcxovc c rtpoc Tl1V EnEKTaOl1 Tl1C;nOAl1C;.ETOl, "000 ~EvaAuTE33

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PTl Y1VOTaV Tl PW~Tl, TOOO rreorcooreoo nAaTatVE curn Tl lMa, TO aTO~O xa8TlKE ~EOa rnc 01 ~EyaAOl aVOpEe; nou napa~EVOUV smocvetc E~UIJ,IWVOVTat an' curn TTlV lMa, Kl aUTO KaVEI TTl ~IKpOTTlTa TWV ~IKPWV cxouc rno KaTa<pWPTl".

1,1
I

r' OAa cure unapXEl Eva ~a8Tl~a 0XETlKa ~E TOUe; K1VOUVOUe;rnc l£papx(ae; Kat rnc "~EyaAoOUVTle;", aAAa eruonc Kal ~la 01at08TlTlKi) aVT(ATlIJ,ITl nc OlaKpIOTle; ~£Ta~u aOTEonO(TlOTle; Kat nOAEonO(TlOTle;, rnc r cvorrrutnc rnc urbs ere ~apoe; TTlC; civitas. Oucoc T(8£Tat Eva okouc £pWTTl~a: EX£1 voruo n civitas i) nO}..IT1KOocouo av o£v E v a a P K wV £ T a I KUP10A£KTlKa, i) ~aAAov rtocorortxnouuco: 0 Pouooco uac un£v8u~(~El OTl "rn onrnc xovouv TOV 0IK10~0, aAAa (uovo) 01 nOA(T£e; xovouv TTlV nOATl". ExoVTae; Y(V£I aVTIATlnTo( we; crtxo "otouo IJ,ITl<Po<popwv" i) "EKAOYIKi) rtepnpepem" i) oxouc; Yla va xpTlOl~onOli)oou~£ TOV rno £~axp£IWTlKO xapaKTTlP10~0 nou TOUe; EOWOE TO KpaTOe;, "<POPOAOYOU~EVOl" vae; opoc nou OUOlaOT1Ka anOT£AE( EU<PTl~IO~OaE VT( TOU 'urtrjcooi" 01 KaT01KOI rnc urbs usro roorrrxcv O£ oqxnoeoetc Kl ertousvoc OE anAa "rtpoouprrumru TOU KpaTOUe;", ou~<pwva ue TTlV cueoucovucn VO~IKi) opoxovlo Yla TO VO~IKO Ka8£OTWe; ~lae; OTl~Orucnc OVTOTTlTae;oi)~Epa. Evae; AaOe; nou n ~OVTl "nOAtTtKi)" A£ITOUPvln TOU avo. va IJ,ITl<P(~El TTlV aVaO£I~Tl cvnrtoooccncov, O£V etvoi vui OIOAOU AaOe;, etvcn "~a~a", ouvdsooron uovdoov, H nOAtTtKi), O£ OlaKPIOTl ana TO KOIVWVlKO Kat TO KpaTlOTlKO, OUVEnaY£Tat TTlV ertcvevOapKWOTl TWV ~a~wv O£ nOAunAEupa ouvooapcouevec OUV£A£UO£Ie;, TOV OXTl~aTlO~O EVOe; nOAtTtKOU coucroc a' Eva V OT(~O ouvourxtcc, OU~~£P10~EVTle; Op80AOYIKOTTlTae;, £AEU8£PTle; EK<ppaOTle; Kat pl~oonaOTlKa OTl~OKpaTlKWV rportov Ai)IJ,ITle; nO<paOEWV. a H 0la01Kao(a curn etvcn ~la 0la01Kao(a aAATlA£n(opaOTle; Kat aUTOOlanAaOTle;. Mrtopet va olaM~EI KanolOe; va ou~<PWVi)OEI ue TOV Map~ OTl 01 "av8pwnol" 0ianAa80uv TOV eouro TOUe; we; ncocvcovot UA1KWV aVTlKE1~EVWV, ~E TOV ¢(XTE we; Tl81KWe;rropcxrvoouevo nrouc, ue TOV AP10TOTEATl we; KaTolKOl ~lae; n a A EWe;, us TOV MnaKOUVIV we; ou<PIO~TlTEe;rnc exeuseotcc Av ouoc AEtnEI Tl aUTOOl£u8UVOTl a' OA£e; aUTEe; rtc oonloec rnc ~wi)e; OIKOVO~IKi), Tl81Ki), rtoxrnxn Kat £A£u8£PlaKi) TOTE A£(nEI KaTa ernoouvo rpono Tl xapaKTTlPOAOYIKi) OlanAaOTl nou ~£TaOXTl~aT(~£1 TOUe; 'uvsoconouc" ana na8TlT1Ka aVTlK£(~£va OE eveovc unoxefuevo. H "EaUTOTTlTa" etvoi OTOV (010 pa8~0 ouVapTTlOTl rnc "01£U8UvOTle;", i) KaAuTEpa rnc K01VOTlKOno(TlOTle;, 000 Kat Tl 01£u8UVOTl etvor OUvapTTlOTl rnc "EaUTOTTlTae;". Kal rc OUO cvriKOUV OTTl OlanAaoTlKi) OlaOlKao(a nou 01 rEp~avo( anOKaAOUV bildung Kat 01 EAATlV£e; rt a I 0 £ ( a. 0 "nOAtTtKOe;" we; n A n OIKIOTlKO ouvoAO E(T£ verrovid, etvor KUP10A£KTlKa TO A(KVO Yla TOV EKnOAtTtO~O TWV av8pwmvwv nxcounrcov neco ana TTlV xoivcovuconomruot olaolKao(a nou napEX£1 Tl oucovevero. Kat Yla va ~IAi)OOU~£ o(xwe; rtepiOTpO<pEe;,0 "EKnoAlno~Oe;" curou TOU £(ooue; etvor anAWe; ~Ia aAATl EK<ppaOTl Yla TTlV rt 0 A I T I K 0 rt 0 ( n a n Kat TTl uercroonn rnc uc. ~ae; O£ Ola~OUA£UTlKO, Op80AOYIKO, Tl81KOnOAtTtKO ocouo. H rtpof ,108£-

6

011yui va npaYllaTw8e( oum n tvvOIa rnc civitas etvor va unooouv rc av8pwmva nAaollaTa va ouva8po{~ovTat oov KaTI neorooorepo ana cnouovrouevec Ilova()ec;, va ouv()laMyoVTat cueoo ue rponouc tKq>paollC; nou nave "ntpa orto TIC;Mf;elC;", va ovorrruooouv OUAAOviououc ue dueoo roorto, rtooocorro ue npoocorto, Kal va qrrnvouv rlpella ce ilia xorvcrrrrc anoIVewv nou KaVEI TIC; onoeooerc Eq>IKTtC; Kat 'rnv eecouovri TOUC;OUIlq>WVll IlE TIC; ()111l0KpaTIKtc; apxtc;. luanAa80VTac; Kat AEITOUPYWVTac;OE reroiec ouvexeuoerc, 01 noxlrsc ()lanAa80uv Kat TOV eaUTO TO'_'C;, vrcrt 11nOAITIKrl ()ev elver T(nOTa av ()ev etvoi nat()aYWYIKrl Kat av 11vecoreprcrucn TllC; euournrc ()ev rtoooset rn xapaKTllPoAOY1Krl ()lanAaOll-

IV
()rlIlOC; ()ev etvor Aomov anAwc; tva "Iltpoc;" ortou xcnoioc ~el, ilia "entV()UOll" 0' tva onrn, oe urmoeolec uverovouixnc nep{8aA\jJllC; Kat KOIVWVIKrlC; aoq>aAlollC;, ce ilia ()OUAela, oe PIPAI08rlKec; Kat nOAITIOTIKtC; cveceic H rroxeorrornon ortorsxece «rroouco ilia ococrrucn ueruPaoll rnc av8pwnoTllTac; ana q>uAeTiKOUC; "noAITIKOUC;"rponouc oe ~wrlC;, 11 ortolo nrov ef;(oou ertcvccruruoi us rn lleTapaOll ana TO KUVrlYI Kat rnv KapnoouAAoYrl crnv KaAAltpyela TWV TPOq>(IlWVern uerortotnon napa TIC;ooououorucec ()UVallelC; TOU xpdrouc, evoc xorornvou ()111l10uPYrlllaTOC;, nou xcrooaooe va OUVTaUT(OEI TO a(0811uo aq>OIlO(WOllC; TllV KOIVOTllTa TWV nOAITWV IlE TOV E8vIKIOllO Kat O rnv noxrruoi ue rn ()laxe(Plloll TWV KpaTlKWV onoaeceov. 11"AcreeKrl Ertnvdoruon", onoc 8a rnv crtoxcxocce 0 B. rKOpVTOV ToalAvT, ()ev unrlPf;e AIyoTepo OapWTlKrl ana rn rewPYIKrl Encvooroon Kat rn BlollllxavlKrl EnaVaOTaOll- EnmMov, ortoc KI OAOI 01 rtpokuroxor TOU,TO e8VIKOKpaTOC;ef;aKOAou8e( va txel OTO OTOllaXI TOU aUTO TO napeMov Kat ()ev TO txel xwvt\jJel nArlpwc;. H aOTeonO(11011urtopel KaAAIOTa va OAOKAllPwoel O,TI ()ev KaTaq>epav 01 PWlla(OI Knlocpec; 01 onoxurec uovooxtec Kat 01 aOTIKEC;()111l0KpaT(ec;va ef;aAelIVel aKOlla Kat 'rnv KAllPovollla rnc AOTeaKrlC; EnavaOTaOllc;aAAa aUTO ()ev EXel emTwx8el oxouo, npOTOU crpccooue OTa ertcvucrorucc cuvoxoxouao iliac; eAeu8eplaKrlC; ()111l0TlKrlC; orrnxric Kat OTllV eAw8eplaKrl nOAITIKrl ortou xcrcArlyel, xpela~eTat va aaXOA1180UIle us tva cxouc 8ewPllTiKo npopAlluc: rnv xorccrpoon nOAITIKrlC;oe ()laKplOll ana rnv anArl ()IOIKllTIKrl ()leKnepa(woll- r' aUTO TO 0111lelO0 Mapf;, ue 'rnv avaAUOrl TOU Yla rnv naplatVrl Kouuouvc TOU 1871,txel Kavel nOAu KaKo ern pI~oonaOTlKrl K01VWVIKrl8ewp(a. LTllV Kouuouvc 0 oUV()UaOlloc; rnc «rroOTPWOllC;nOAITIKrlC;ana nvnnooocortouc ue rnv eecouovn rnc rtoxirucnc ana TOV ()IKO rnc ()IOIKllTiKO Il11XavlOllo, tva xapaKTllPIOTIKO rnc nou ef;Ullvrl811Ke ana TOV Mapf;, nrcv ilia oopcpcrurn aTEAeia rnc, 0 POUOOWnoM OWOTa unoypalllll~e OTi 11ef;ouo(a TOU Aaou ()ev urtopet va lleTaplpaoTe( xwp(c; va KaTaoTpaq>eL E(n: unapxel

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35

,.lla AalKi] OUVEAEUOTl nAi]pEIe; EI;ouOlEe; ElTE n EI;ouola avi)KEI OTO ~E xpnroc. To ljJEyaol rnc ~ETaPIPa~O~EVTle;OE cvrmoooconouc EI;oualae; ~OAUVE caeodrteurc TO OU~pOUAlaKO OUOTTl~a (OopIET,raten), TTlV Kouuouvc TOU 1871,KQI pEPQla rc oTl~OKpaTiKa oucrmorc YEVIKa, E1TE nrov oTl~OTlKa E(TE ESVIKa. H EKq>paOTl"aVTlnpOOWnEUTlKi] oTl~oKpaTla" anOTEAEl AOYIKi] cvrteoon Evae; AaOe; OEV urrooet va «rrcrncoret ~E TOV rt 0 A I a a 0 v 0 ~ 0 TonoSETWVTae; TTl ola~opq>WOTl TOU v 0 ~ 0 u, TTl v 0 ~ 0 SEa ( a, OE urtoxarccrurc oovnvn nou TOV anOKAElOUV orto TTl OlapOUAEUOTl, TlV avanTuI;Tl OUAAOYIOTlT Ki]e; KQI TTl Ai]ljJTl anOq>aOEWVnou OUVIOTOUV TTlV 1010TTlV Ta(JTOTTlTa rnc nOAITIKi]e;. KQI, nocvao 0XI AIYOTEPO OTl~aVTIKo, OEV urtopet va napaowoEI OTTl olOlKTlOTlOTTlVanAi] Eq>ap~oyi] rnc nOAITIKi]e; TTlV EI;ouola va OPl~EI TI nosna va seoouooret xWple; va npOAElaVEI TO Eoaq>oe;Yla TO KpaTOe;. To npopaolo~a rnc OUVEAEUOTle; ola~opq>wTi] nOAITIKi]e; ortevcwe; VTI 0' ortorocnnors OIOIKTlTlKO opvovo ElVQI n ~OVTl EYYUTlOTlOTO ~ETPO nou urtdpxouv evvunceic Yla TO npopaolo~a rnc nOAITIKi]e; cnevcvn OTTl olaxEiPTlOTl KpaTlKWV urroaeoscov. Eva TETOIO a~ElWTO npopaolo~a ElVQI cxouo KPIOl~6TEPO OE ~Ia xorvcovtu rtou EXEI ~nMI;EI ~E eurteioovvouovec KQI olEKnEPQlWTEe; Yla Tie; AElTOUPYlEe;TTle; EI;QlPETIKa EI;ElOlKEU~EVTle; xotvovucnc ~Tlxavi]e; rnc, KQI TO npopATl~a rnc olaTi]PTlOTle; TOU npopaOlo~aTOe; me AalKi]e; OUVEAEUOTle; EVTElVETQI Kl aAAO OTTl OlapKEla rnc ortoicoorutore ueropcruoic nEplOOOU orto ~la OlOlKTlTlKa OUYKEVTpOnOlTl~EVTl E ~la anOKEVTpW~EVTl KOIO vovto, Movo av Ol OUVEAEUOEle; TOU Aaou, an' rrc YElTOVIEe;TWV ~EyaAwv nOAEWV ~EXPl Tie; Kw~onOAEle;, rnonoouv TTlV rno aTEYKTTl Ertcvourtvnon KQI TOV ruo EI;oVUXlOTlKOEAEYXOTWV ortoiovorjrrors OUVTOVlOTlKWVouvouoonovoroxcov opvcvov E(VQI Eq>lKTi] ~la EAEUSEplaKi] OTl~OKpaT(a. luapSpWTlKa aUTO OEV SETEI npopAi]~aTa. Arto a~VTl~OVEUTWVxpOVWV Olaq>opEe;KOlVOTTlTEe; TTlP(XTTlKaVOE eurteiO POYVW~OVEe; QI OlOlKTlTlKOUe; K o(xwe; va xaoouv TTlV EAEUSEpla TOUe;. H KaTaOTpOq>i] TWV KOIVOTi]TWV aUTWV rrrov ouvriacoc KpaTlOTlKi] npaI;Tl, 0Xl KaSaUTO OlOlKTlTlKi].Ta IEpapXlKa KQI apXTlYlKa ocoucrro OTTlP(XTTlKaVOTTlV lOEoAoy(a KQI, KaTi noM OTl~aVTlKO, OTTl oTl~oOla aq>EAEla Kl 0Xl KUplWe;OTTl p(a Yla va EI;aoSEv(oOUV KQI TEAlKa va EI;aAElljJouv TTl AalKi] EI;ouo(a. To KpaTOe; nOTE OEV ortoppotpnoe TO OUVOAOrnc ~wi]e; OTO noPEA8ov, tva YEyovoe; nou 0 KponOTKIV E~~Eoa unEOElI;E OTTlV A A A Tl A 0 -p 0 i] S E I a orov nEpIEypaq>E TTlV nxoooio olanAoKi] TTlC; KOlVOTlKi]C; wi]c; nou uni]pXE oxouo KQI OTIC;oAIyapXIKEC; ~EOQlWVI~ KEC;KOIVOTTlTEC; ("KO~~OUVEC;"). npay~aTI. 11 nOATl uni]pI;E ouvi]Swc; 11 KUPlOTEPTl vnorceuroruoi Mva~Tl ortevcvn OTa curoxocrooucd KQI c ESvlKa xocrn crto TOUC;apxalouc; KQlPOUC; EXPI TO npocqxrro rtn~ pEA8ov. 0 AUYOUOTOC; KQI 01 OLaooxo( TOU avi]yayav TTlV EI;aAELljJTl TTlC; Tl~OTIKi]e; urovoutcc OE aKpOYWVlalO AlSo TTlC;pw~alKi]c; aUTOO c KpaTopLKi]C; OLOlKTlOTlC;, TO lOLO EKavav OL onoxuror uovcpxec Kal 36

OTOUC; pOVOUC; nc MeTappu81-.u01lC;. "KaTE~acplOll TWV TElXWV TWV x r H nOAEWV" UnllPt;E ilIa oroaeon nOAlTlKi) TOU 1\0u~IPiKOU Jr' Kat TOU PlOEAlE, Illa nOAlTlKi) nou EIlEAAE va t;avaEp8El covoreoo OTllV ernecVEla orov 11 popEomEplKi) EmTponi) KOlVi)C;rWTllpiac; Klvi)81lKE ouetAlKTa Yla va nEplKo~El TlC; Et;ouoiEC; rnc Kouuouvnq TO 179394. rTllV rtoovucnxorrrrc 11 "AoTEaKi) Ertcvdoruorj'' KaTETpUXE TO KpaTOC;WC; aKaTapAllTll ~ U a ~ I K i) E t; 0 U a ( a, ~UVllTlKi) anElAi) Yla rn OUvxevrportormevn Et;ouoia, ern ~lapKEla IlEyaAou IlEPOUC;rnc lOTOplnc. H EVTaOll corn , unapXEl IlEXPl oi)IlEpa, ortoc rncrortorouv 01 ~lallaXEC; nvoueoc OTO OUYKEVTPWTlKO KpaTOC;Kat rnv ~1l1l0TlKi) auTO~lOiK1l01l OTllV AIlEPlKi) Kat OTllV AyyAia. rTllV rtooxeurevn neotrrrcoon OTO cueooreoo nEplpaAAov TOU nrouou OTllV KOlVOTllTa, rn verrovro, rnv KWIlOnOAll i) TO XWPIO ortou 11 l~lWTlKi) l;wi) apxil;El 01yaOlya va ouyxpOV(l;ETat IlE rn ~1l1l00la, 0 au8EvTlKOC; xwpoc; Yla ilIa AElToupyia OE ernneoo paollC; unapXEl OTO IlETPO nou 11 ccreonotnall ~EV TOV EXEl KaTaOTpE~El TEAE(WC;. rnv 11 aOTEonO(1l01l 8a EXEl O Et;aAEi~El rn l;wi) rnc rtoxnc TOOO OAOKAllPWTlKa WOTE 11 noxn va 1l1lV EXEl rue ~lKi) rnc TaUTOTllTa, KOUA roooo Kat XwpOUC; OUVEUPE01lC;,01 paOElC; rnc ~1l1l0KpaTiac; IlE ortorovennors OPlOIlO rnc AEt;llC; 8a EXOUVEt;acpaVlOTEi Kat TO l;i)Tlllla TWV EnaVaOTaTlKWV 1l0PCPWV 8a etvct Eva OKlW~EC; atXVi~1 acpatpEOEWV. n napaAAllAa Kallla pll;oonaOTlKi) aVTiAll~ll paOlOIlEVll OTlC;EAEU8EplaKEC;1l0PCPEC; TlC;~UVaTOTllTEC; TOUC; EV EXEl vorjuo av AE(m:l 11 Kat ~ pll;oonaOTlKi) ouvetonon nou 8a ~WOEl a' aUTEC;TIC;1l0PCPEC; nEplEXOIlEVO Kat Illa ai081l01l rtooouvaroxiouou AC; 1l1lV napayvwpil;ETat TO YEYOVOC; OAEC; 1 ~1l1l0KpaTlKEC;Kat EAEu8EplaKEC;1l0PCPEC; OTl 0 urtopouv va o rpceouv EVaVTla OTllV EniTEUt;ll rnc EAEU8Epiac; av yivouv aVTlAllnTEC; IlE 0XllllaTlKO rpono, oav aCPllPllIlEVEC;Em~lwt;ElC; ~iXWC;Exetvn rnv l~EOAOYlKi) ouotc Kat oovavucornrn an' ortou 11 Ka8E 1l0pcpi) aVTAEi TO anEAEU8EPWTlKO rnc nEplEXOIlEVO. EnmMov 8a nrov anAo'iKo va ruoreuooue OTl 1l0PCPEC; oav rn YElTOVla, TOV ~i)1l0 Kat TlC; Aa'iKEC;KOlVOTlKEC; OUVEAEUOElC; unooouocv 8a va coaouv OTO U~OC; ilIac; EAEU8EplaKi)c; ~1l1l00lac; l;wi)c; i) va erneeoouv TOV OXllllaTlOIlO EVOC; AEu8EplaKOU nOAlTlKOU OWllaTOC; xwp(C; Eva evrovc OUVEl~llTO, E KaAoopyavwllEvo Kat rtoovocuucrnxc OUVEKTlKOEAEu8EplaKO Kivlllla. Et;ioou unxouco 8a nrnv va ruoreoooue OTl Eva TETOIO EAEU8EPtaKO K(vlllla 8a IlnOpOUOE va EIlCPavlOTEl xwp(C; TllV cncoorrnrn pll;oonaOTlKi) l v TEA l Y K E v T a I a rnc onoiac; l;WTlKO nEplpaAAOV EiVat 11 (~la rnc 11 ocpul;ouoa OUAAOYlKi) l;wi) (E~W ucc EPXETat ern Ilvi)llll 11 yaAAlKi) lVTEAlYKEVTOIa TOU l11acpWTlOIlOU Kat 11 napa~OOll rnv ortoto ~1l1l10UPY1l0E OTa KapTlE Kat OTa KacpETOU Ilcprcnoo), Kl 0XlpEpata TO OUV08UAEUIla TWV cvounxov ~ I a v 0 0 U 11 E V W v nou Enav~pwVOUVTlC; aKa~lllliEC; Kat rc lVOTlTOUTa rnc ~UTlKi)C; xorvcovtcc (5). Av 01 avapXlKo( ~EV ovorrrutouv aUTO TO cp8(vov orpcoun OToxaOTWV nou l;ouv ilIa OCPPlYllAi)~1l1l00la l;wi) OE ~IEPEUVllTlKi) ernxorvcovlc IlE TOV KOlVWVlKOTOUC; eptvooo, 8a cvnuercomoouv TOV nOAU rtoovucn 37

TlKO Klvouvo va ~ETaTpE4JOlN TIe; IMEe; OE oov~aTa KOI va vivouv 01 4JEuoEUAapEle; OnOTT]pT]TEe; T KIVT]~aTWVTOU napEA8oVTOe; Kal av9pwnwv nou nvrxouv OE aAAT] IOTOPIKi] Enoxi]·

v
ElvOI ava~q>lopi]TT]Ta aAi]9Ela OTI urtooet KanOIOe; va XEIPl~ETOI rcxuoaKTUAOUPVIKa MI;EIe; ortcoc "oi]~oe;" KOI "KOIVOTT]Ta", OUVEAEUOEIe;" " KOI "a~wT] oT]~OKpaT(a", napapMnOVtTae; TIe; Olo<pOpEe;TaI;T]e;, eaveTT]Tae; KOI q>UAOU nou ~ETETpE4JaV MI;EIe; oav TOV "Aao" OE KEVEe;i] KOI OKOTaOIOTlKEe; q>OIpEOEIe;. o 1793 01 OUVEAEUOEIe; a T TWV TO~EWV OEV E~w9i]9T]KaV anAWe; OE OUVKPOUOT] TT]V aOTIKoTEPl1 naplOIvi] ~E Kouuouvn KOI rnv rU~paTIKi] E9voouvEAEU0l1, rrrcv KOI 01 101Ee; Tl1 an' q>uOl1TOUe;nEola ~aXT]e; ovoueoo OE crpcoucrc 10lOKTl1TWVKOI aKAl1PWV,paOlAIKwv KOI ol1~oKpaTwv, uerpioncscov KOI pl~oonaoTwv. H cvcvovn nurcov TWV o rpcoudrcov OE anOKAEIOTlKWe; OIKovo~IKa OU~q>EpovTa unopet va E(VOI E~loou noccnxovnruoi ~E TO va ovvonOOU~EnAi]pwe; TIe; Ta~IKEe;Olaq>opEe;KOI va ~IAa~E Via "aoEAq>oTl1Ta" i] "EAEu9Epla" KOI "IOOTl1TQ"ocunoc va nrcv ouxva 01 M~EIe; aUTEe; KaTl rtcoortcvo ano pnrooeto. Exouv ncvrcov vpaq>E( apKETa Via ~Ia ouorrumrucn ortouuaonotnon TWV ou~avloTIKWV ouv911~aTwv TWV ~EvaAwv "aoTIKwv" ertovccrcceov. OTl1V npcvucrnxornru EXOUVKaTapA119E(TOOEe;ncooncaaec Via va avax90uv OE anAa avaKAaOTIKa uidc orsvnc aOTIKi]e; 10IOTEAElae;WOTE rooo KIVOUVEUOU~E va xaOOU~E an' ro urmc unc Ka9E (xVoe; rnc Aa"iKIOTlKi]e;0 U Ton 1K i] e; TOUe;olaoTaol1e;· Aq>ou EXOUVrue Elnw9d rooo nOAAa Via TIe; OIKOVO~IKEe; Ola~aXEe; nou olxaoav Tl1V aVVAIKi], Tl1V a~EpIKavIKi] KOI Tl1 vaAAlKi] EnaVaOTa011. Ol ~EAAOVTlKEe;icrootec ourcov TWV ucvdAWV opa~aTwv 9a ucc xpl101~EUav rooo rteoroooreoo cv ortoxoxurrrcv TOV q>opo rnc ocnxnc Ta~l1e; Vla K a 9 E enovccrccn TOV E~q>UTO OUVTl1Pl1T10~0rnc KOI Tl1V rnon rnc Vla ou~plPao~o ~E Tl1V Ka9WTWTlKi] Ta~11-ea unc XPl101~Euav eruonc neorcooreoo av ortoxnAunav ruoc rc xcrcmeouevc croouorc me ertnvorrrnruoic Enoxi]e; EI;w911oav rrc "aoTlKEe;" ertovoorcoerc nEpa ano Ta creve opio nou E9wE 11lOla 11ccrucn Ta~11.rtooc a~lool1~dwTa nEola ol1~OKpaTlKwv apxwv ~E TIe; ortotec 11ocruoi Ta~l1 ncvrore E~TlOEOTa rtxolotc Evoc OTEvaXWpou KOI q>lAunonTou ou~plPao~ou. Ta olaq>opa "OlKOIWunrn'' nou olaTunwoav aUTEe; Ol ertnvcordoerc EmTEux911Kav 0Xl XaPl1 OTl1v corucn Ta~11.aAAa napa Tl1 9EAl1oi] TT]e;ana TOUe;A~EPlxcvouc ~lKpoKTl1~aTlEe; Tl1e;oEKaETlae; TOU 1770 Kl ana TOUe;AppaKwTOUe;HIe; OEKaET(ae; TOU 1790 KOI TO ~EAAOV TOUe; V(VETOI OlapKWe; rno a~q>(pOAOa' Evav OAOEva rno KopnOpaTlOTlKO KOI KUPEpvl1TonOll1~EVO KOO~O. AAAa aUTO aKplPWe; TO ~EAAOV Ka9we; KOI Olaq>opEe; rtoooqxrrec TEXVOAOVlKEe;, KOlVWVlKEe; OI nOAlTlOT1KEe;, ou KAovl~ouv Kat K n anElAOUv va crtocnpepcooouv rnv napaooOlaKi] Ta~lKi] oo~i] rtou 011-'

rcoac

38

~1l0upyi]8TJKE an' TTJ BlO~TJxavlKi] Ertcvdrrrncn YEVVOUV TTJV EAn(iSa 0Tl Eva YEVlKO OU~<PEPOV unooet va avaiSu8d orto ro eruuepouc TaI;lKo. ou~<ptpovTa nou iSla~op<pwoav Ol iSuo TEAEUTa(ol atWVEC;. H AtI;TJ "Aaoc;" urtopel Ko.AAloTa va ernorpeuei OTO pl~OOnaOTlKO AEI;lAOYlO 0Xl ocv OKOTaiSlOTlKi] a<pa(pEOTJ, aAAo. ocv ~lo. ~EOTi] vorumroc tKoooon Ylo. ro iSlapKWC; mo

noooueorouevc

crooucrc

I;EPl~w~tva, PEUOTo. Kat TEXVOAOYlKWC; nou iSEV unopouv mo. va evocouurcoaouv

OE ~lo. KU~EpVTJTlKOnOlTJ~tVTJ Kat tVTova EK~TJxaVlo~tVTJ xorvcovtc. LTa TEXVOAOYlKWC; rtcocueotouevo crpoucrc urtooooue va noooseOOU~E TOUC; TJAlKlW~tVOUC; xnt TOUC; vsouc nou cvnuercortttouv tva a~t~alO ~tAAOV o'tvav KOO~O 0 ortotoc iSEV unopet mo. va Op(OEl TOUC; POAOUC;, nou na(~ouv 01 o.v8pwnol OTTJV oucovoutc TOU Kat TTJV KOUAToupa TOU. Ta crooucrc aUTO. iSEV TatPlo.~oUV mo. npuovucd OE ~lo. unEpanAOUOTEU~tVTJ iSlalpEOTJ TWV TaI;lKWV aVTaYWVlO~WV nou 8Ewpla yupw ono TTJ "~L08wTi] EP-

ElXE iSO~TJ8d uno TTJ pl~OOnaOTlKi] vcoto'' Kat TO "KE<po.AatO".

evvoio:

"Aaoc;" urtooet va EmoTptlj}El 0' ourn TTJV Enoxi] ~E ~lo. oxouc OUYKEKpl~tva, oov tva "YEVlKO ou~<ptpov" nou nTJyo.~El uno TTJV KOlVi] <ppovTliSa Ylo. ~TJTi]~aTa OlKOAOYlKo., KOlvOTlKo., TJ8lKo., <puAOU Kat nOAlTlOTlKo.. ea nrov aVOTJTO va unonunoouie TOV KPlOl~O POAO aUTWV TWV <PatVO~EVlKo. oplaKWV "liSEOAOYlKWV" ~EAETTJ~o.TWV. Oncoc TOVl~E 0 ct>po.VTC; Mrtopxevnou 0XEMv rtevnvrc xpOVla rtptv, TJ

o

ro roplc TOU nEpaO~EVOU atWva ucc iSElXVEl I;EKo.8apa moe TO rtpoAETaplo.To urtopet va EYKOAnw8E( TOV E8VlKlO~0 rteptooorepo an'
TOV OOOlaAlO~O Kat va EnTJPEaOTEl nEplOOOTEPO orto Eva "rtnrpucrtKO" need orto tva "TaI;lKo" ou~<ptpov, onoc 8a iSlanlOTWVE ypi]yopa ortoioc 8a EmoKEnTOTav TlC; HVW~tVEC; nOAlTElEC; oruiepc, :::txwpa ano TTJV lOTOPlKi] ernppon nou ccxnocve liS€OAOYlKo. Klvi]~aTa ouv TOV XplOTlaVlO~O Kat TO IOAo.~, nou Kat rc iSuo TOUC; E ~ a K 0 A 0 U 8 0 U V va <pavEpwvoUV TTJ iSUVaTOTTJTa TTJC;liSEoAoYlac; va ulj}wvnat novo an' TO UAlKO OU~<PEPOV, ~Atnou~E EnlOTJC; TTJ iSUVaTOTTJTa TTJC; liSEOAOYlac; va Epyo.~ETat rtpoc ~lo. KOlVWVlKo. rtoooceuruoi KaTEu8uvOTJ EliSlKOTEpa liS€OAOYlEC; OlKOhOYlKEC;, <PE~lVlOTlKtC;, E8vOTi]TWV, TJ8lKEC;Kat cvrucouxrouocc, ueco OTlC; orrotec ouvaVTOU~E ~lo. ElPTJVlOTlKi] Kat ~lo. ouroruxn avapXlKi] OUVlOTwoa nou npOO~EVOUV TTJV EVOW~o.TWOi] TOUC; OE ~lo. OUVEKTlKi] aVTlATJlj}TJ. Oncoc Kat vaXEl TO nccvuc, yupw ucc avanTUOOOVTat 'vee KOlVWVlKo. Klvi]~aTa", Ylo. va XPTJ-

~lo. tK<ppaOTJ iSTJ~lOUPYTJ~EVTJ rto veouccaorec, ro 0o TE~VOUV TlC; napaiSoOlaKEC; TaI;lKEC; ypa~~tc;. An' ourn TTJ ~aYlo. unooet ~EAAOVTlKo. va oXTJ~aTlOTE( tva YEVlKO ou~<ptpov nou 8a El-

ourortomoouue

note

Vat EUPUTEPO OE EKTaOTJ, VEWTEPlKOTTJTa Kat iSTJ~lOUPYlKOTTJTa uno rc OlKOVO~lKWC; rtoooovcroxtouevo eruueoouc ou~<ptpovTa TOU nopEA8oVTOC;. Kl an' curnv aKpl~WC; TTJ.~aYlo. urrooet vo avaiSu8d

"Aaoc;" Kat va uopeortomsel OE OUVEAEUOElC; Kat rtcpouotec ~OP<PEC;, vee "Aaoc;" nou 8a unEp~alVEl rc oprn TWV EI;EliSlKEUTlKWV OU~<PEPOVTWV Kat 9a npooiSWOEl aUI;TJ~EVTJ onOUiSatOTTJTa 0' Eva V EAEU8Epla-

evoc t-

39

KO OTlI..lOTlKO rtooocvcroxiouo. LE ilIa EnOXYl ortou TJeucovc TOU OPYOUEA Yla TO "1984" urtopet 0AO(pavEpa vo uerceocoret OTTJ "IlEyaAoUnOATJ" EVO<; evrovo OUYKEVTPWTlKOU KpaTOU<; Kat Illa<; EVTova KopnOpaTIOTlKYl<; xorvcovtcc, rtpertet va OIEPEUVYlOOUIlE TTJ OUVaTOTTJTa va aVTtnapa8EOOUIlE a' curec TI<; KpaTIOTlKt<; Kat KOIVWVIKt<; E~EA(~EI<; ilIa Tp(TTJ oqxiloo av8pwmvn<; npaKTIKYl<;: TnV nOAITIKYl otpnlpc nou onlllOUPYTJOE 0 aUTOOIOIKOUIlEVO<;OYlIlO<;,tva IOTOPlKO rtootov rnc (Ola<; rnc AOTEaKYl<; Ertovccrconc nou OEV tXEI XWVEUTE( TEAE£w<; ana TO KpaTO<;. H ertoVaOTaOTJ naVTOTE IlETaq>pal;ETat OE ouaOIKYl E~ouo(a: TO !3IOllnxaVlKO OUVOIKaTO, OO!3IET Yl OUIl!30UAI0 Kat TJ'Kouuouvo, oAa TOU<; npooavcroxrouevc evovrtov TOU KpaTou<;. Mia EVOEAEXYl<;E~ETaOn TTJ<;1orootcc 8a Ila<; OE(~EI OTl TO EPyoOTaOlO, Eva onlllOUPYTJlla TTJ<;a.OTIKYl<; Op80AoYIKono(nOn<;, nOTE OEV unYlp~E rortoc TTJ<; ertcvdcruone, 01 ruo oneotcocoro ertovcororec epvdrec (01 lonavol, PWOOI, rOAAOI Kat trnxol) nrnv xnrd KUPIO AOYO IlETa!3aTIKE<; Ta~EI<;, Yla TnV aKp(!3Ela napaOOOlaKa anOOUVTl8EIlEVa aYPOTIKa croouorc nou uno!3oAAovTav OTnV ortoxxtvouoc Kat TEAlKO ola!3pWTlKYl erttopaon uicc !3IOllnxaVIKYl<; KOUAroopac nou Ylon YlVETat Kat n lOla napaooOlaKYl. LYlIlEpa, npuvucm, EKEl ortou 01 EPyaTE<; E~aKoAou80uv va KIVOUVTat, n Ilaxn TOU<; etvrn OE IlEyaAo !3a81l0 ouuvnxn {KaTa EIPWVIKO rporto, Ilaxn yla rn OlaTYlpnOn EVO<; !3IOllnxavlKou ouornunTO<; nou anEIAElTat IlE exrornouo ana tnc TEXVOAOy(d EVTaOn<; KEq>aAa(ou Kat OAOEva rno Ku!3EpvnTonOlnIlEVn) Kat nvrcvcxxc TOU<; TEAEUTa(ou<; ortoououc uicc OIKOVOllla<; nou o!3YlVEI. H no An rtsactver KI aUTYl aAAa IlE EVTEAW<; olaq>opETIKYl evvoio ano TO EPYOOTOOIO. To epvoorooio nOTE OEV rrrcv TJ oeotoc TTJ<;EAEu8Ep(a<;. YnYlPXE ncvrore TJoqmlpn TTJ<;Em!3lWOTJ<;,TTJ<;'uvcvscnornrcc', nou anooUVOIlWVE Kat OTEPEUE TOV uvsocornvo KOOIlO TPIYUpw rnc H EIlq>OVIOn TOU EPYOOTao(ou OUVOVTnOE rn oq>OOPYl nvrtOTaOn TWV TEXVITWV, TWV aYPOTIKWV KOIVOTYlTWV, KI EVO<; cvaocornvoreoc 01a!3a81l101lEVOUKat KOIVOTIOTlKOU KOOIlOU. Movo n aq>EAEla EVO<; Map~ KI EVO!:; EVYKEA<;, nou KaAAIEPynoav TO uuso OTl TO EPYOOTaOlO xpnOlllEUEI OTnV "nEI8apXTJoTJ", "OUVEVWOn" Kat "oPyavWOTJ" TOU npOAETaplaTOU, IlnOpEOE va unoxp£WOEI TOU<; pll;oonOOTE<;, nou E(xav ana 1l0VOI TOU<; oaYTJVEUTEl cn'ro uusortomrevo 10EWO£<; EVO<; "EmoTnIlOVIKOU ooorcxrouou; va nvvonoouv TOV E~OUOIaOTlKO Kat lEt papXIKO TOU pOAO. H KaTapYTJOn TOU EPYOOTOOIOU ana ilIa OIKOTEXVIKYl,ilia OnlllOUPYIKYl epvnotc Kat, vurrt OXI, EmVOYlOEI<; rnc Ku!3EpVnTlKi]C; noooprouevec va IKaVOnOIYlOOUV av8pwmVEC; cvdvxec, anOTEAEl utn ortorrnon TOU OOOlaAIOIlOU IlE TnV EAEu8EpiaKYl Kat OUTOnlKYl 1l0pq>Yl TOU, Kat OTnV nccvuorucornrc urc n81KYl rtoounoaeon rnc EAEu8tplac;. AVT(8ETa n AOTEaKYl EnavaOTaOn Enat~E nOAU Olaq>opETIKO pOAO. OUOlaOTlKa onllloUPynoE TTJV Il5ta Illa<; OIKOUIlEVIKYl<; humanitas Kal TnC; KOIVOTlKOno(nOnc; aUTYlC; TnC; av9pwnOTnTac; ncvco OE Op80AOYI-

40

Kte; KOl T]8IKte; KaTEU8uvOEIe;. AKUPWOE TOUe; nEpIOpIO~OUe; TT]e; av8pwmvT]e; cvcrrrutnc nou E1xav Em~AT]8E1 ana TOV OUYYEVIKO 5EO~0, TOUe; OTEVOUe; OPl~OVTEe; TOU <pUAETIKOU KOO~OU KOl TT]V ao<pUKTIKOTT]Ta TOU E8(~ou. H 51aAUOn TWV au8EVTIKWV aUT0510IKOU~EVWV 5iJucov ana TT]V aOTEOnOLT]OT] EnpOKEITO va OT]~aotlJJEl ~la oo~apiJ omo805po~T]oT] TT]e; KOIVWVlKiJe; ~wiJe;: TT]V KaTaOTpO<PiJ TT]e; anapa~lAAa av8pwmvT]e; 5IaOTaOT]e; TOU KOIVWVIKOU OUYXPWTlO~OU, TT]e; ~OVT]e; "nOAITIKiJe;" ~wiJe; nou 51KOlOAOyEi TT] XPiJOT] TT]e; M~T]e; "nOAITIO~Oe;" KOl TOU "nOAITIKOU ow~aTOe;" nou 5(VEI VOT]~a Kal TCiuTOTT]Ta OTT] M~T] "nOAITIKiJ". rTT]V nEp(nTWOT] aUTiJ, av T] 8Ewp(a KOl T] nocvucrucoTT]Ta tPXOVTOl OE OUYKPOUcJT], EXOU~E 5(KlO va naO(YVWOTT] napaTiJPT]OT] TOU rKEOPYK AOUKaTC;: Yla rc YEYOVOTa". H nOAITIKiJ nou TOOO EUKOAa TOUe; "nOAITIKOUe;" OE 5IaXElpT]OT] TWV KpaTlKWV va ~la EmKaAEOTOU~E TT]V "TOOO TO XEIPOTEPO uno~a8~(OTT]KE ana

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l;OUIlE 0' aUTOU<; TOU<; 10TOPIKOU<;seououc, va EllnAOUT[OOUIlE TO rtePIEXOIlEVO TOU<; IlE nc EAwSEplaKEe; uac napaOOOEI<; Kat KPlTlKE<; avaAUOEle;, Kat va TOU<; cvcooooure OTTJV eruoovero Ev6<; 10EOAOYIKO OUYXUOIlEVOU KOOIlOU, OTJlla(VEI ncoc SETOUIlE TO rtcoexsov OTTJV unnoeoto TOU rtcpovroc IlE OTJIlIOUPYIKOKat VEWTEPIOTlKO roono. Eva<; 0PIOIlEVO<; paSIlOe; rtveeucruoic aopOVElae; papa(VEI KOSE pIZ;oonaOTIKn TOOTJ,Kat TTJV avapXIKn 0XI AIYOTEPO uno TTJV OOOlaAIOTlKn. H aO<pOAEla TTJ<;napOOOOTJ<; urtopel va elvm TOOO avaKOU<pIOTlKn WOTE va anOKAE(EI KOSE EVOEXOIlEVTJKatVOTOIl(a, aKOlla Kat OTOU<; KOAnOUe; TWV aVTlEl;oUOlaOTWV. avapXIOIlOe; nEplKUKAWVETat am> TTJV aVTJOux(a TOU YIO TOV KOIVOPOUAWTlOIlO Kat TOV KpaTlOIlO. H aVTJOux[a aUTn EXEI OIKatWSE( nAnpWe; crto TTJV urrooto, aAAO unooet En[OTJ<; va OOTJynOEI OE ilia voorporttc nOAIopK[ae; nou OEV etvoi AIYOTEPO oOYllaTlKn OTTJ SEwp[a an' 000 etvcn oIE<pSapIlEVOe; 0 EKAOYIKO<; pIZ;oOnaOTlOIlOe; OTTJV rtpdl;TJ.KI OIlW<;, av 0 EAwSEplaKOe; OTJIlOTlOIlO<; Y[VEI KaTaVOTJTOe; we; 0 P Y a v I K n nOAITIKn, we; nOAITIKn nou a v a 0 U ETa I orto TO entrre00 POOTJe;TOU uvsocornvou oUYXPOTlOIlOU rtpoc TTJV nATJPOTTJTa EVOe; aUSEVTlKOU nOAlTlKOU ccoucroc Kat OUIlIlETOXIKWV 1l0p<Pwv TTJe; 1010TTJTae; TOU nOAlTTJ, unooet KOAAloTa va anOTEAEOEI TO TEAEUTa[o noonuovro YIO Evav OOOlaAIOIlO npooavaTOAIOIlEVO npoc anOKEVTPWIlEVOUe; Aa"iKoue; SEOIlOUe;. Eva SEIlEAIWOE<; yvwplolla TTJ<;EAWSEplaKne; OTJIlOTlOTlKne; aVT[ATJ4JTJe;etvcn on urrooet va EnlKaAEoTE[ PIWIlEVE<; rtupooocetc YIO va OTTJP[l;EI Tl<; orrorrnoerc TTJe;, rtoooeoOEIe; nou, 000 ortoortcoucrucec Kat KaTappaKwllEvE<; Kat av etvot, OEV nououv va nooceeoouv TTJoUVaTOTTJTa 1l10e; OUIlIlETOxIKn<; nOAITlKn<; IlE olaoTooEI<; nou SETOUV uno all<PIOPnTTJOTJTO KpOTOe;. H KOIluouvc El;aKoAouSd va etvoi scuuevn ueoc OTO OTJIlOTIKO OUIlPOUAIO. 01 OTJIlOTlKEe; OUVEAEUOEle; Ef;aKoAouSOUV va etvcn SaIlIlEVEe; uecc OTOV aUToolOlKOUIlEVO onllo. 01 ouvouoortovoroxec 1l0P<PE<;OTJIlOTlKn<; OUVOEOTJe; l;aKoAouSOUV va etvoi SaIlIlEvE<; ueoc OTa nEpI<pEpElOKO E o[KTua KWllonoAEwv Kat nOAEWV. Oruv l;avapp[oKoUIlE Eva ncpexsov nou urtooet va Z;nOEI Kat va l;avaOOUAWTE[ WOTE va El;unTJPETnOEI anEAEUSEPWTlKOU<; OTOxOUe;, OEV YIVOllaOTE MOIlIOI TTJe;napoooOIK ¢EPVOUIlE OTO <pwe; 1l0vaOlKO aVSpWnlVEe; EnlOIWl;Ele; councef;TJ<;nou evurtdpxouv 1l0VIIla OTO aVSpWnlVO nVEuIlaTJ a v a Y K TJ Y I 6. T TJv K 0 I V 0 T TJT a a a v T E T 0 I a Kat nou EXOUV avaPAUOEI EnaVEIATJllllEVa OTO rrcoexsov. I:nllEpa <pUTOZ;WOUV oav SVTJOlYEVE(e; EAn(OEe; nou 01 ovSpwnOl ric Pp[OKOUV IlEOa TOU<; 0' OAOUe; TOUe; xotoouc Kat nou EPXOVTat OTTJV eruecvero TTJe; ioroploc OE EIlnVWOIlEVEe; OTIYIlEe; OpOOTJe;Kal anoMOIlWOTJe;· TOUTEe; 01 SEOEle; npopoAAOUV TTJV ono4JTJ OTl evcc EAwSEplaKOe; OTJIlOTIOIlOe; eivoi E<pIKTO<;Kal ilia vee KOIVOTIKn nOAlTlKn etvcn npooOIOP(OlIlIl oav ouaOIKn El;ouo(a nou urtopel va aVTlnapaSEOEI TIe; 1l0P<PE<;TWV OUVEAEUOEWV Kat TTJe;oaoonovercxnc OUVOEOIl<; OTO ouYKEVTPWTlKO KpOTO<;. Ortcoc EXOUV rooo ro rtodvuarc OTOV 0PYOUE-

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AIKO KOO~O TT]e; OEKaET(aC; TOU 1980, aUTtl T] npoorrnxn oUaolKtle; E~ouolae; urtopel KOAAloTa va avo. uic ana TIe; OT]~aVTIKOTEpEe;, ava~q>(pOAa ~ETa~u OAAWV, nou 01 EAw8EplaKo( elver OE 8EOT] va EAn(~ouv ncoc 8a cvorrrutouv o(xwe; va OlaKupEUOUV TIe; aVTlEF;oUOlaOTlKEe; apxEe; TOUe;. Kat rtcportepo: TOUTEe; 01 8EOEIe; npopoAAOUV TT]V onoltJT] rtcoc urc opvuvucn nOAITIKtl paOlO~EVT] OE TETOIEe; pl~OOnaOTlKEe; OU~~ETOxIKEe; uooeec KOIVOTIKtle; ou~npaF;T]e; OEV anOKAE(EI TO 01Ka(w~a TWV avapXIKWV va bAAO~OUV TOUe; KaTaOTaTlKOUe; xOpTEe; TWV nOAEWV Kat Kw~onOAEWV ETOI nou va ETIlKUPWVOUV TT]V unapF;T]

oueoc OT]~OKpaTlKWV 8EO~WV. KI av urc TETOIOU E100ue; opaOTT]pIOTT]rc q>EPEI TOUe; avaPXIKOUe; OE OT]~OTlKO OU~pOUAla, OEV unOPXEl xoVE(e; Aoyoe; vrc va EP~T]VWTE£ ourn T] nOAITIKtl we; KOIVOPOUAEUTlKtl, 1Ola(TEpa av nEplop(~ETat OTO KOIVOTlKO En(nEOO Kat TOOOETClI OUVEIOT]TO EvaVT(OV TOU KpOTOUe;. E(Vat nEp(EPYO nou nOAAo( avapXIKo(, 01 onotor navT]Yup(~ouv vic TT]V unap~T] utcc "KOAAEKTlpOnOlT]~EVT]e;" PIO~T]xavIKtle; ETIlXE(pT]OT]e; EOW Kat EKe:( ~E ~nOAlKO Ev80UOlao~0, ~OAOVOTl E~q>aV(~ETat o'evn EVTEAWe; aOTlKO OIKOVO~IKO nAa(OIO, aVTl~ETwn(~ouv ~E ortocrpoori tnc OT]~OTlKtl nOAITIKtl nou OUVEnOYETat TIe; onOlOUOtlnOTE E(OOUe; "EKAOYEe;", EOTW Kat av um TETOla nOAITIKtl 00uerrct yupw ana OUVEAEUOEle; YEITOVIOe;, aVaKAT]TOUe; exrtpootortouc, pl~oonaOTIKO OT]~OKpaTIKEe; ~Opq>Ee; Aoyoooo(ae; Kat pa8Elo Pl~w~Eva TOTIlKO o(KTua.

H nOAT] OEV etvcn ouvuecouevn ~E TO KpOTOC;. Exouv nOAu olaq>opETlKEe; p(~Ee; Kat EXOUV Olaopa~aT(OEI IOTOPIKO no AU olaq>opETlKOUe; pOAOUe;. To YEyovoe; OTl TO KpOTOe; Otl~Epa OlanEpvo 0 A E c TIe; 0ltJEle; TT]e; ~Wtle;, ana TT]V OIKOYEVEla we; TO EPYOOTOOIO Kl ana TO OUVOIKOTO we; TT]V no AT], OEV OT]~a(vEI OTI 8a anOTpaPT]XTOU~E ocoroa'iaKo ana Ko8E ~opq>tl oovovouevov av8pwTIlvwv OXEOEWV, oT]Aaotl OTT]V npoF;T] ana TO (010 ucc TO nETO(, npoc Evav EnoupOVIO KOO~O Ka8apOTT]Tae; Kat ceclceonc, Evav KOO~O nou 8a ETIlKUPWVE TO xapaKTT]pIO~O TOU 'rpnvtdoutrroc" nou EOWOE 0 AVTOPYO OTOV avapXlo~o. Av undpxouv ecvrcoucro nou ucc KaTaOIWKOUV, rtolpvouv TT] ~opq>tl EVOC; ooy~aTlO~OU Kat urcc TUnOKpaTlKtlC; aUOTT]poTT]Tae; ~E TOOT] OUOKIVT]o(a WOTE va ~EnEq>TOU~E OE uro OlaVOT]TlKtl VEKPIKtl aKa~ltJ(a 0Xl Olaq>opETlKOU E(OOUe;ana EKE(VT] nou EYKa8(oTaTat o'evc rrnouo ~ap~apW~EVO ueoc OTT]V atWVIOTT]Ta TOU 8aVOTOU. H OUVaTOTT]Ta
XEl TOTE ~la TT]C;EF;ouo(ac; va Op(~El UAIKO TO OTO~O 8a EXEl nETUKaTOKTT]OT] TIlO nAtlPT] crt'ooo ro KEAEuo~aTa nou naEXEI POAEI XEPI OTO (010 TO av8pwva OKEq>TETat OT]~IOUPYIKO Kat va T] IKaVOTT]Ta TOU vro OPOOT] ~nAOYEyovOTa.

POYEI 0 an Me; E~avaYKao~oc;. ea TIlVO nveouo OTT]V EAw8e:p(a TOU aVTlOTEKETat ~E lOEEC;, EOTW Kl av KOPETat vic Eva OIOOTT]~a ana rc

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lJ£le; nou IJnopOUV o~lJ£pa va anaVT~OOUV o rnv rcropto nou npener va 011IJlOUPYIl9d 90 dVOl Ol encvocrcnxec oPyavwo£le; nou ovcrmkrcouv crnv 0VT[Alllllll lOU £YX£lp~IJOlOe; TWVOUIJ~ouMwv, Til ouvdOIlOIl lOU q9pou nou nperter va KaTOnOA£1J1l9d Kal TWV oUlJlJcixwv nou npertei va unooTIlPlX90uv. Mlci OlllJaVnK~ olllll curnc Tile; nciAIle; olaypciq>£TOl unpoord OTO udtto lJae; IJ£ rnv £1Jq>civlOIl cvoc dooue; OU'LOIJOU £~ouo(ae;. LTO cpvocrdoto, OTO ypaq>da, OTOUe;0pOIJOUe;,OTO orunc, OTO orpcroneoo, OTO 0xoAda, OlaIJOpq>wv£TOl IJlci vee npcvuoruccrnro, 11ncpreoovnor; TWVapXIlYwv av£~cipTIlTO ana rnv cnKKtTa TOUe; Ol rnv no~a nou nolpvouv orcv yauy[~ouv. nptn£l tcopc aUT~ 11 K ncprepovncn va q>Tcio£lOTIl AbYlK~ Tile; ouvencrcc anOO£lKVUOVTae;,IJ£ Til OUAAOYlK~ npwTo~ouA[a TWV £pya~OlJtvwv, on Ol llytT£e; O£V ctvoi 1J0vcixa a~lO«crccoovnror aAAci KOl ciXPIlOlOl KOl on IJnopOUIJ£ aKOlJa Kal ana Til OlK~ TOUe; inolllll va TOUe; q>av[ooulJ£ o[xwe; va uncip~£l KalJlJlci ouocip£OTIl nopec a vtpY£la. 15 H npootpcrq «rtopia o£v 90 apy~o£l va £KoIlAw9d,oTIl ouvdOIlOIl TWV 11Y£TWV Ka9we; KOl TWV cncvucrcrcov, IJ£ Til IJOpq>~uidc £vaAAaKnK~e; MOlle; nou TOUe; q>opci Kal roue ouo: 11y£vlK£UlJtvll aUTool£u9uVoll ~ TO xcioe; 11vco a xorvcovio Tile; aq>90v[ae; ~ 11 KOlVWVlK~cnoouvaecn, 11A£IlAao[a, 11 rpouoxpcrtc, 11KaTaoToA~. HOIl O£ nepfooo ouIolJoU £~ouo[ae; 0 aywvae; ctvci a~qwplOTOe;ana rnv tonoactncn unpoo rd o'curri tnv £vaAAaKnK~ MOIl.H OUVOX~ lJae; onorrct 11 nopoxuotc KOl 11 kcrco-rpoeri OAWV TWV 1J0pq>wv olaKu~tpvllorjc va IJIl olaKp[v£lOl ana Til 0lllJlOupy[a TWVOUIJ~ouA[wv 11 oTolX£lwotoT£PIl ouveori TOUq9pou 90 TOVKciv£l va oUIJ~l~a09d IJ£ IJlci opvdvcocn vtxov xc91l1J£PlVWVoxto£wv nou 90 £lJnOol~£ rnv cnsxrcon ourou nou tvae; £lOlKOe; Tile; alJ£plKaVlK~e; aOTUVOIJ[ae;~Oll anoKaAd ·0 £q>lciATIle;lJae;·, TWV IJlKPWV 0IJciowv £~£Y£PlJtvwv nou ~£nlloouv ana TO OTOlJla TOUIJ£TPO,nupo~oAOUV ana ne; oTty£e;,XPIlOlIJOnOlouv tnv £UKlvllo[a KOl ne; cncpropio tec OUVOlOTIlT£e;TOU cvropnxou TWV noxccov yLQ va XlUn~oouv TOUe; OlUVOlJlKOUe;,va oqxivtcouv a TOUe; nllptT£e; Tile; £~ouo[ae;, va npokcxecouv TOpaxte;, va KaTOoTptlllOUV rnv u OlKOVOIJ[a.L'.£velver OIJWe;OlK~ lJae; OOUA£lciva OWOOUIJ£roue llytT£e;.Ae; cpxcOTOUIJ£va npO£TOllJciOOUIJ£TO toaq>oe; Yla TO OUIJ~OUAlaxcn va £~aoq>aA[oouIJ£ TIlV ouroouuvd TOUe;J'OAa TO IJtoa. 0 Aont~ VT£ BtYKa OdXV£l 0' tva ono l TO tpya TOUnwe; kdtt XWPlKOl, £~OPYlOlJtvbl ana ne; au90lp£0[£e; cvoc ~aOlAlKOUa~lWIJOlOUXOU,TOV9avOlwvouV KOl cnovrouv OTOUe;crucopnoucvouc va avaKaMlIIouv TOVtvoxo IJ£ TO OVOlJa lOU XWPlOUFUENTEOVEJUNA. TIlV TOKnK~ FUENTEOVEJUNA tnv XPIlOllJOnOlouv antvavn OTOUe; nAIlPoq>0PlllOUe; erna crdrec nOAAo[ av9paKwpuxOl one; AOTOUp[£e;.H y£vlK£UlJtvll aUTOol£u9uVOIl 90 crtoaoopuvcr rnv «crocroxri (npdvuc nou urtopotiue va Kp[VOUIJ£ana rnv aouvalJ[a Tile; aOlUVOIJ[ae; xnrd Til OlcipK£la TWV KaTOA~lII£wv va ncpcunootoct rnv £voqOIJ£VIl ouceionotnon TWVXPlllJanKWV an09£lJciTWV TWVTpan£~wv ana TOUe;unaAA~Aoue; roue), npenci TOUTOXPova va £v9appUV£l rnv npoooo npoe; pro lJ£yaAuT£PIl cncvccrcnsn ouvox~.Ta OUIJ~OUAla cvnnpocconeuouv rnv Tci~1l orrevovn ornv ortoouvacon TOU xpdrouc, TO ortoio alJq>lO~IlT£lTOl o rnv IJOpq>~ lOU ort'rnv dvooo TWVTOnlKWV£9VlKlOIJWV Kal OTIlV ouoto TOUana ne; KOlVWVlKte;Ol£KOlK~O£le;.LTO £pWT~IJOla nou 9tT£l OTOV£aUTO me, 11ecruvoulo o£V unopct va ortovrnccr napci IJOVOunoAoyf~ovTOe; TOVapl9IJo TWV V£KPWV rnc, Movcixa TO OUIJ~OUAlaunooouv va OWOOUVuio oplonK~ ortdvrncn Tt £lJnOOf~£l Til A£IlAaofa;H opvdvcoon Tile; OlaVOIJ~e;xcn TOTtAoe; TOUcunopcuucroc. Tt £lJnOof~£l TO oalJnoTci~ Tile; napaywy~e;; H oocerortoinon TWV IJllxavwv ana Til OUAAOYlK~ 0lllJlouPYlKOTIlTO. Tt £lJnOof~£l nc £Kp~~£le; opy~e; Kal ~(ae;; H KOlcipYIlOIl TOUnpoxcropidrou IJ£ Til OUAAOYlK~0lllJlOupyfa Tile; Ka91llJ£plV~e; ~w~e;.L'.£v unciPX£l ciMIl OlKaloAoy[a TOUaywva lJae; ana TIlV ouccn l-

49

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50

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<l>yrH THr yrEIAr n ortoc TO 8ETOUV 01 ~IOAOYOITOU nEKxa~ ... "E~ETO~OU~Ecvsoccrtouc nou etvor EAEU8EPOI(ana rc OEO~O rnc cppcocreicc), EAEU8EPOIva ~nOOUV ortcoc 8EAOUV Kat va OWOOUVEKTaOTl one; EmSU~(Ee;TOUe;".rE ~IO nn'nc rtoxunuec cvceooec novo OTO netocuo TOU nEKxa~, 0 vrcrpoc T~ov KO~Epq>OPVT ~YO~EI TO E~ne; OUurteocouo: "~IO xorvcovlo KOTW ana TIe; KaTOAATlAEe;nEpIOTOOEIe; av aq>nOEITOV EaUTO rnc va EKq>paOTe:( U90p~TlTa, EnE~EpYO~ETat TTlV a OWTTlP(a rnc Kat nETuxa(VEI ~IO opuovlc npO~EWV nou Ka~~IO TlYEotc OEV8a ~nopOUOE va nETuXEI". To (010 aKpl~We; ouuneooouu ~YOI~EI Kat 0 AAOyouwp8 Poe; ana TTlV ~EMTTl TOU YIO TTlV E~EAI~Tl TWV noorortooroxov KOIVOTnTWV OTTlVA~EPIKOVIKTllluOTl TOV 190 cuovc. E~(oou OTl~aVnKo napaoE(waTa YIO TOU (OIOU E(OOUe;envouevo rrrcv 01 ov8pwnol nou rrrov TOOOTOA~TlPO(Kat E(Xav TETOla curorterrotanon WOTE va OTl~loupYnoouv aUTOOIEU8uvO~EVEe;, Tl "OWq>POVI~ o rucec" KOIVOTTlTEe; VEWV ~E 'perm rtpoc TTlVEYKATl~aTlKOTTlTa" (KOTI OTlAaOn nou Sa unooouccue va xapaKTTlPlOOU~E oav 'nvncvouooq>WTnpIO"). XO~EP AETlV nrov aUTOe;nou ~EKlVTlOETTlV "MIKpn Kotvo0 TTlTa TOU Koivou KaAOU" KaTaq>EpVOVTae; ro OIKaOTnpla aVTlAlKWV va OTE(AOUVEKEl apKETO nvoorc Kat xootrom, aVT( va rc OTEAVOUV OTa cvcucocccrnoro. 0 AETlV OlaKUPTlOEon: "Tl EAw9Ep(a OEV O(VETal. KaTaxnETat ana TO natol, ocv anOTEAEo~a E~EPEUVTlOTle; aKat vaKOAU\jJTle;·UVEnne; o'curn TTlV apxn, apVn8TlKa va aOKnOW nnvco r OTa natolo Eva OUoTTl~a E~ouo(ae;, rtcpouoro u'ouro TWV 8EO~WV TOU KOO~OUTWV EVnAIKWV. 0 aUTooIEUSUVO~EVOe;xapaKTnpae; rnc KOIVOTTlTae; vanTUxSTlKE ana ro (ola ro natolO, cove Kat OUOKOAa, a YIO va uccvortomoer Tie; OIKEe;TOUe;aVOYKEe;". o AUYOUOTOe;AIxopv stvci evcc E~(OOU TOA~TlPOe; nvrpcc nou OIEUSUVEI ~IO KOIVOTTlTaYIO 'urtooocpuoo rouc" VEOUe; TTl BIEVVTl. O KonOTE OU~TlTOUOau'evn rKaVOlva~o OTl~OOlOypOq>O nou ~OAOIe; E(XE EnIOTPE\jJEIana TTlV N.Aq>pIKn Kat Tl rno loxupn EVTunWOTl nou TOU E(XE ~E(VEI ort'curn TTl xwpa nrcv on 01 AEUKO(,cxouo Kat orcv OU~TlTOUOaV ~ETa~u TOUe;,0XEOOV oUpAla~av. Hrcv TOOO OUVTl810~EVOl ana TO va o(vouv olaTaYEe; OTOUe;uouoouc, WOTE curo ElXE ertnPEOOEI oxouc Kat TO rpono ~E TOV ortolo OU~TlTOUOaV~ETa~u TOUe;. Ka~~lo WYEVEla OEV unnpxE. To rteorcrcrruco aUTO ~OU ~avanpSE OTO uuoxo, (aAAo ovrsorpouevo) orcv ncpoxoxouanou OTO paoloq>WVO~IO exnourm YIO TTlV EnETEIO ana TTlV EIO~OAn TWV PWOlKWV TaVKe; OTTlVTOExooAo~aK(a, TO 1968. 0 cenvnrric cvcoepouevoc YIO TO KaAOKa(pl EKE(VOOTTlVnpoya, E(XE nEI: "OAOI E(Xav Y(VEl nEplOOOTEPO EUYEVIKO(, EplOOOTEPOrtoooexrucot To EYKATl~a Kat Tl ~(a E~an oovlorrucov. OAOI eclvovrov va KOVOUV~IO ~EYOATl nooonoaeio YlO va Y(VEl n ~wn unoeeorr] Ka8we; ~EXPl TOTE nrov TOOOcvunoecorr. Twpa nou Tl AVOlI;Tl me npoyae; rtepcoe OTTlV urroplc, apx(~ou~E va I;EXVO~E (av Kat Ol TOEXOl nOTE OEV 8a I;EXOOOUV). t IOTOplKO((aO naOXOATl~EVOI~E TOUe;nOAlTIKOUe;"q>EAAOUe;" nou ernnxeouv OTTlV E-

54

rnqxivero TWV YEYOVOTWVij ~E rnv TaOE ij rnv OElva cvcxotvocn rnc KEVTpIKije; EmTponije;) OEV ucc MVE T(nOTa Yla rnv al0811011nou KuplapXOUOE cvdueoc OTOUe;av8pwnoue; nou Elxav KaTE~EI OTOUe; opO~Oue;. 0 T~ov MnEPYKEp 8U~aTat: "Eloa nAij811 EPyan.0V OTOUe; opO~Oue; rnc npayae; ~E rc rtpoocono TOUe;CPWTlO~EVaana rnv cpaveon a(0811011rnc ioroouoic ouvxookic Kat TOU EmTEuy~aTOe;.~UOTUxwe; curn 11 crucceoioo rrrnv noooxmon Hrnv oucoc ~Ia EVOEI!;11 Yla rtc ~EXPI TOTE axpllOl~onOlllTEe; av8pwmVEe; ouvaToTllTEe;. rIa rnv TaxuTllTa ~E rnv onoto urrooouce va E!;acpavloTE( 11EAAEIlIJll ijsouc'. o Xoppu LYOUWPT~ ana TOUe;"TIMES" rnc N.YOpKlle; unc 8U~(~EI: "cpIAla, au80p~I1TlO~Oe;, ceooucxrouoc; !;EYVOlaOla. AUTEe; rrrcv 01 M!;Ele; nou 01 !;EVOI cvrcrroxorrec xpllOl~onOlouoav Yla va rteprvodlIJouv TOUe;!;ExEIAOUe;ana EUTuXla nOAlTEe; rnc npayae;." TI EKavE 0 NTou~nToEK rnv (ala o nvurt npoona80uoE va 8EOEI opio, va XElpaYWyijOEI curn rnv cusoourrrn encvcoruon nou E(XE !;EKIVijOEI. To E£XE unooXE8El aAAWOTE Kat OTllV OUVOOO TOU LU~CPWVOU rnc Sapoo~(ae; nou EIXE YlvEI OTllV ~pEOOn. rtcoc ol1Aaoij "8a E~a~E TEAOe;crnv avapx(a", Kal orov rn PWOlKa TaVKe; rrocvuorortotnocv rnv EIO~OAij Yla va Em~aAAOUV rn olKij TOUe;Ta!;n. TOTE rn 8EOll rnc cuaoounrnc snovcoroonc, rtnoe 11 cusoourrrn cvrtcrcon 0 Ka~(A rLVTEP, KaTOIKOe; rnc npayae;, MEL ... npEnEl va O~OAOyijOW rtcoc rtnoro OEV nrcv EK " TWV nporeocov oovcvcouevo, ro ndvrc AEIToupYlloav ousoounrc ... . " 000 Yla TOV "aVTlOAa~ MVaKO ana rnv MnpaTlOAa~a, aUTOe; EypalIJE:'Kcvetc OEV EOIVEolaTayEe;. Or av8pw)101 ij!;Epav ana ~OVOI TOL!e; Tl ertoerre va KaVOUV.0 Ka8Evae; EIXE rnv olKij TOU ... KUPEPVlloll", ~E " TIe; OIKEe; OU "OlaTaYEe;" Kat TOUe;OIKOUe; OU "KaVOVlO~OUe;". T T OTloijnors 01 OUVa~Ele;KaToxije; noocncanocv va napaAUOOUV, aUTO OUVEXI~E va AEITOUPYE(ij Kat AEITOUPYOUOE nxoun KaAUTEpa cn'on ouvn8we;. MEXPI TO ortoveuac. 01 aV8pwnOl E(xav KaTacpEpEI va AUOOUVaxouc Kat TO npo~AIl~a TOU Ecpoolao~ou rpotplucov". To (010 "OUVTO~OKaAOKa(pl Tile; avapx(ae;" napaTIlPij81lKE 12 xpOvm vcoolreoc OTIl nOAwv(a Kat TIlV Ouyyap(a. 0 oucovouoxovoc nijTEP rOU(Ae; (nou nrnv OTO no~vav xnrd Til OlaPKEla TWV E!;EYEPOEWV) erncrucve aUTO nou ovoucoe "KaTanKAIlKTIKij 1l81Kij aYVOTIlrn" Kat E!;IlYE(: "LTIlV nOAwv(a Kat nOAU nEpIOOOTEPOOTIlV Ouvvoptn, ern E~OO~aOEe;OEV unijpXE Ka~~la E!;ouo(a. 01 aV8PWnOl ~ouoav ~Eon OE Eva KA(~a avapXIKije; curortascoxtcc EVW oxouc Kat 01 KaKOnoiot OEV EKAE~av T(nOTa, OEV ueaouoov, OEV XTunouoav E~pa(oue;. EcpTaoav OTO OIl~E(O va AUVT~apOUV ~OVO TOUe;xacplEOEe;xwp(e; va nElpa!;OUV TOUe;KO~~OUVIOTEe;. Ta 1l81Ka erureovucrc elver (awe; aOUYKplTa OTIlV enovccro nxn «rroolo'. Evae; Ouvvpoc, ouronrnc udoruocc TWV (oIWV YEYOVOTWV AEEl: "Ga one nw OXETlKa ~E TIlV a(081l01l KOIVOTIlTae; nou unijpXE OTOUe; opO~Oue; rnv ueoc Tile; ertovdorconc. MIa ueoc OTEKO~OUVOTIlV OU-

55

pa Yla VO napw ",",WIl(Kat TOn; np8E EVO q>OPTTWO nou TO OOTWOUOOV OUO OYOPIO IlE noAupoAO. Moe; nopoKaAEoov vo OUVElOq>EPOUIlE OAOl Yla vo rtdpouv ",",wll( Yla TOUe; aAAOUe; 1l0XTJTEe; nou nTOV OTO 0ooq>paYlloTo. To IllOO q>OPTTJYO YElllOE IlE ",",wilL 0 omAoVoe;' 1l0U OTTJV oopd E(XE XOp(OEI OAO TOU TO ",",WIl(OTO natOla Kat TWPO 80 Ertoerte VO ~ovonaEloTo orun TOU Yla VO napEI AEq>Ta. Kat TOTE OU80PIlTJTO TJ"ouon'' ~ovaKOVE EPOVO Yla VO TOU uvopcoer ",",WilL To T~alllo O'OAO 0XEOOV TO 1l0YO~la E(XOV ortcca ana TOUe; nupoPOAlOIlOUe; OAAa KOVEle; OEV rtrjoe OTlOnnOTE ana KOllilla PlTp(VO. AKOIlO Kat TO T~alllO TWV ~oxoponAOOTE(WV E(XOV ortcoer OAAa TO natOla OEV EnatpVOV TlnOTO. OUTE KOV OTO 1l0YO~la IlE q>WToypOq>IKEe; IlTJXOVEe;n IlE KOOllnIlOTO. MEyaAo KOUTla OTi}VOVTOV KaBE npw( OTO OTOUPOOPOlllO nou navw TOUe; ypaq>OVE: OUTa etvrn Yla TOUe; nATJywIlEVOUe; Kat Yla TIe; OlKOYEVElEe; TWV VEKpWV. To ppaou rrmv veucro IlE xpi}IlOTO". Xwp(e; OIlq>IPOA(O, 01 av8pwnOl IlE cvcnn 8UIlOUVTat OUTn TTJ POOlAe:(O TTJe; E~OpOTJe; Kat TTJe; OU80PIlTJTTJe; OnAOTTJTOe; oov ilia Enoxn 0nou "at08aVEOat OTl ~oq>VIKa OVOOUEOat OE ilIa KOTaOTOOTJ 100TTJTOe; Kat EAEUBEp(Oe;, OTOV 01 avBpwnOl rtooortusouv vo oourteotoeoovrm oov avBpwnOl Kat 0XI OOV ypova~IO TTJe;KomTOAIOTlKne; IlTJXOVne;", 0moe ElXE ypa",",El 0 OPYOUEA oVOq>EpoIlEVOe; OTTJV EnOVOOTOTlKn BOPKEAWVTJ TO 1936. 0 AVTU AVTEPOOV, OVOq>EpOIlEVOe; OTTJV OUYYPlKn enOVaOTOOTJ TOU 1956, evocee; "H KOIVWV(O, IlEOO ana TTJ OKOVTJ Kat TO xortvo TWV OOOIlOXlWV, EPlXVE ilIa KAEq>Ti}1l0Tla OE ilIa KOTaOTOOTJ OTTJV onoto OEV ao XPEIO~OTOV nooeurtooovouc, KUPEpVnOEIe;, ertcvvexucrtec nOAITlKOUe;, OIEUBuVTEe; Kat Oq>EVTlKa nou vo OlVOUV OIOTOyEe;". rOV EVO TEAEUTO(O rtopdosrvuo, OUTO nou OVOlla~OUIlE OuBOPIlTJTO Kat EAEUBEPO nElpOIlOTlOIlO IlE VEEe; KOIVWVIKEe;q>OPIlEe;, OOe; OlVW IlEpIKa ortoortdoucro ana EVO onOAOYIOIlO TWV EnOVOOTOTlKWV EmTEUYllaTWV OE EVO nallq>TWXO lortnvuco XWPlO, TTJV MEllnplAO: "rTle; aBAIEe; KOAUPEe; TOU ~ouv 800 KaTOlKOI. 01 OPOIlOl OEV elvm AIBoOTPWTOI. /:'EV urtdpxouv KOq>EVE(O OUTE PlPAIOBnKTJ. YnnpxOV nOAAEe; EKKATJOlEC; 1 ortolec PEpatO KaTJKOV. AIlEOWe; IlETa Tl KlVTJIlO TOU Cl>pav0 KO, TJ YTJ onOAAOTplWBTJKE, OTTJ ~wn TOU XWPIOU TO naVTO KOAAEKTIpOnOlnBTJKOV. Cl>OYTJTO, pOUXO, EPYOAElO OLOVEIlOVTOVE~(OOU O'OAO TO nATJBuoll6. To xpnllo KOToPynBTJKE, TJ oouAEla KOAAEKTlpOnOlnBTJKE, 0AO TO cvcsd rtepcocv OTTJV KOIVOTTJTOKat TJ KOTOVaAWOTJ KOIVWVIKOnOlnBTJKE. Evo EKAEYIlEVO OUIlPOUAlO covcvooe IlEOW erurporuov TTJ ~wn TTJe;KOIlIlOUVOe; Kat TTJ 0XEOTJ TTJe;IlE TOV urtoxomo KOOIlO. /:'0BTJKE nEp(BoA",",TJ O'EVO IlEyaAo oplBIlO npooouvcov. /:'TJlllOUPynBTJKE ilia IlIKpn PIPAIOBnKTJ Kat EVO EPYOOTnplO 0XEOlOU. H MEllnplAO etvor oococ TO rno q>TWXO XWPIO OTTJV10nOVlO OAAa Kat TO rue /:'IKAIO". o NOOIl Toouoxu Yla TO rtcocncvo KElllEVO OVOq>EPEI: "Evoe; TETOlOe; crtoxovrouoc IlE TO EVOLOq>EPOVTOU Yla 'nc ovBpwmVEe; 0XEcere Kat Yla TO IOEWOEe; Illae; OlKOITJe;KOIVWVlOe;,sc q>OlVETat nopa~E56

VO OTOUC;IlEyaAOOXTlIlOUC;olavoouIlEVOUC;, 8a xapaXTTlPIOTE( "orpeMc;" rllnpwToyovoC;" rl Kat lavop80AOYIKOC;".Movo OTaV T!hOlEC; npoKaTaArllliEIC; l;EnEpaOTOUV, 8a IlnOpEOOUV 01 IOTOpIKO( va EmXEIPrlOOUVilia Oopaprl IlEMTTl TOU Aa"iKou KIVrlllaTOC; nou IlETalloP<PwOE TTlV llTlIlOKpaTlKrl lortovla OE ilia orto TIC; rno 8aullaoTEC; KOIVWVIKEC; ertcvccrnoetc nou KaTaypa<pEI n toroplc," YnapXEI Aomov ilia Tal;Tl nou EmpaAAETat uno TOV rpouo xcn TTl voceetoxoorto KAI unapXEI ilia aAATl Tal;Tl nou vevvreroi cusoounrc orto TO YEYOVOC; TI E(llaOTE KOIVWVIKa ~wa, IKaVa va Ka80p(OOUIlE O 1l0VOIunc TTl ~Wrlllac;. Ornv Tl nporrn 1l0P<PrlTal;TlC; xcrcovetrm, Tl OEUTEPTlEXEI TTlV EUKatp(a va E<papIlOOTEl ocv ilia oa<pwc; rteorocorepo av8pWmvTl Kat av8pWrl10TIKrlIlOP<Prl Tal;TlC;.I:ull<Pwva IlE TOV npOUVTOV:"H EI\EY8EPIA EINAI H MHTEPA, KAI OXI H KOPH THI: TA:::HI:".
I

* AUTO TO KE(IlEVO etvcn crtoortcouc orto TO PIPA(O TOU COLIN WARD "ANARCHY IN ACTlOj.r (H ANAPXIA I:E ~PAI:H).

57

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