()
,,
:
T=.
p1V1=p2V2
( pV=.
Boyle )
V=.
p=.
. CayLussac)
VT
pT
pV
p
p2
p 2 > p1
T
V
. Charles)
p1
p
V1
V2
V2 > V1
T
1 + 2 + ..... +
1
1 + 2 + ...... + 1 / 2m12 + 1 / 2m22 + .....1 / 2m2
1 2 + 22 + .... + 2
=
= m( 1
) = m 2
2
: 2 =
12 + 22 + ....2
:
n N
NA
k
R
NA
pV N
pV nRT
T
NA
pV = NkT (1)
K 12 m 2
1 N m 2
2 1
2
pV N K (2)
pV N m 2
3 V
3 2
3
(1)(2): NkT
2NK
3
2 1 K
3k
(3)
.
:
(3) K :
K 3 kT
2
(4)
3P
3P
) P
1 2
3P
2
2
3
) K
1
2K
m2 2
2
2
m
) K
1
3
1
3kT
m 2 kT m 2 2
2
2
2
2
m
3kT
m
2K
m
2K
3kT
m
3kT
3RT
3RT
(5)
M
NAm
K (4),,
(5).
:
2 () 2
2
!!! 2 2 2
,
(4).
p=
1
1 Nm 2
p = 2
3
3 V
1
= m2
2
1. .
2. .
3. .
4. .(1.34)
5.
.(1.31,1.32,1.36)
6.
.(1.35)
7. .
1. S.I.1m3.
(L)mL.:
1m 3 10 3 L 1L 10 3 m 3
1L 10 3 mL 1mL 10 3 L
: 1L 1dm 3 1mL 1cm 3 .
2. S.I. 1N
m2
1Pscl(P).
(tm).:
1tm 1,013 10 5
m2
3.0(Kelvin).
0
C0:
T( o K) 273 ( o C)
2730.
P
FA,
.
A
B
P
4.
PV nRT
nmol:
m
,m.
) n
M
V
) n
,VoVmolo
Vmol
.
N
,
) n
NA
Avogadro ( = 1 mol
=6,0231023/mol).
:
PV nRT PV
m
V
N
RT PV
RT PV
RT
M
Vmol
N
5.
. , (1, V1, T1)
(2, V2, T2),
.
P1V1 nRT1
P1V1
nR
T1
P2 V2
nR
T2
P2 V2 nRT2
P1 V1 P2 V2
T1
T2
6.
, .
, (n1, 1, V1, T1)
(n2,2,V2,T2):
P1V1 nRT1
P2 V2 nRT2
P1 V1
R
n 1T1
P2 V2
R
n 2 T2
P1 V1 P2 V2
n 1 T1 n 2 T2
7.
m
m V ,V .
V
,, ,
.:
m
PVM
PV nRT PV RT m
M
RT
8.
.:
PM
m
m PM
PV nRT PV RT
RT
M
V RT
1P11,
2 P2 2,
:
PM
1 1
RT1
P2 M
RT2
2 P2 T1
1 P1 T2
2 1
P2 T1
P1 T2
9. n A mol n B mol
,
PV = n A + nB RT
, ,
:
m
m mB
n M n BMB
M A A
M A
n
nA nB
n A nB
10.
n1
p1, V1, T1
P1 V1 n 1RT1 (1) P2 V2 n 2 RT2 (2)
P(V1 + V2 ) = nRT (3)
p, V1+V2, T
,
:
P V P V PV V
1
2
1 1 2 2
T1
T2
T
(1),(2),(3)
n1 n 2 n
11.
,
,
n1, p1
n2, p2
, P1 P2
,
T
p1 = p2
n2
p2, V2, T2
n1, p1
n2, p2
T1>T
T2<T
1
= p2
,,
, P1 P2 2.
mol ,
mol.,, n 1
n 2 mol n1 n2 mol
,:
n1 n 2 n1 n2
n 1 , n 2 , n 1 n2
:
.
2
, ,
.
12.
,.
F 0 P1 P2
)
, P
P.:
F. F.
F 0 F. F.
P P.
w ,:
, P
P.
.:
F. F. w
F 0 F. F. w
P = P. +
p
F
,
P
P.
.:
F = 0 F. + w = F.
F.
F.
F.
P P.
w F.
=
w
A
,:
,
.:
P1 P2
.,,:
P1
w
P2 = P1 +
P2
