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Ντελα Βόλπε Γκ. - Για τη διαλεκτική (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

Ντελα Βόλπε Γκ. - Για τη διαλεκτική (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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Published by: Πολιτικό Καφενείο Συλλογικότητα on Jun 23, 2011
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Flpdrro: '0 NrtAa ROAne &ixvel p{; nato tpono (aUarYfpa pc()oJoAOYIKa) cm).{;yovral of oovio-ubao; utiu; JWAeKTlK;;r; UVAAOYI(JTlK;;r;, Etat nov wi dnopin tovtat tsi I{IwJ;; atotyeia, of naoankavntncu; dvaAoyicr;, uunosoyiec, KAn., JYfAaJIj va dnooeovovtai IfAa ui AOYIKO-([JIAouoqJlKa U([JaApara nov ()a unopoiiaav va par; iJt5Yfyljuovv ai nAaVYfP{;va ouunepdauate. Kai uiaa dn' auro &ixvC! crUYKEKptIlEVO r;;r; papc;,lurIK;;r; bWACKTlK;;r;, nov ui «auui nepixuoon Jiv Ot5Yfycl ai d([JYfpYfp{;va, nosuanuavia; dYVWUTlKIUrlKa «ai isuuupotepi(ovra tipuata. Mi pia Uc;,Yf, «atopmiet rljv Evvota r;;r; JWAcKrIK;;r; pi rlj vvcoatn xvJaia xai ([JIAOUO([JIKadnapa&KrYf ([JoppovAa rou «val uiv dAAa" xai eYKa!Vlar;U pia u1tO<pacrtcrnKr] tcai Ka90ptcrllEVl'J dvaAVaYf dno([Jcvyovrar; rovr; oxoneso»; rou uxoAaurlKlupoU, rou iune» PIUpOU xai rou dYVWUTlKIUpOU. A£UlEPO: l:rlj a. 28 aMou rou t ouou 0 dvayvwurYf<; ()a PPci, Iaox; pt. «anoia CKnAYf¢Yf, uui Ka()apa 1tOAltlKr] tonoeitnon rou ([JIAOUO([JOV.Ilpoxctttu Yla nositnoi ouunepdauaia nov cpxovral Iiatepa dno pia atiurYfplj ([JIAOUO([JIKIjdVaAVUYf. dAAa nov unopoiiv va Jwuovv KAC/bi Yla pia &vrcpYf dvayvwuYf rou KClPt.VOV, ([JwrlupivYf pi vio atotyeio. '0 Nr{;),_a ROAnc elva I evar; xouuoovurtnc ([JIAOUO([JOr; «at aav tettot; evJ!a([J{;pcral Yla rljv nOAlTlKIj. 'AAAa;, JOVAC/a rov elva! va elva: ([JIAOUO([JOr; a! uiaa dn' aurljv dVlXVCVCI «ai PpiUKCI x rr.A.IKa rov tpono va npoaeyviaet rljv nOAlTlKIj. Elvai cvbw([Jipov va KaVOVPC pa(i rov IfAYf rlj ([JIAOUO([JIKIjnopeia, IfAYf rljv d8tKr] epvaaia, nov ueaa dno iii aoatnpa CmUrYfPOVIKa PIjpara ()a rov ([JipcI rcA.IKa a' eva nOAlTlKO oouxipaaua. Auro ()a elva I xplj(1lPO yui va J!amurwuovpc rov TP01tO pi rov onoio elva! Jvvaro va taivet rljv dnopaulj rov 0 d8tKOC; ai KanOIO AlpaVl r;;r; nOAlTlKiir;, JwrYfpwvrar; dvina([Jovr; IfAovr; toic npoootoptouotx; dno rovr; onoi-

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XPYfatl107WlOVVTaI avxvu dKOI1Yf KI dno l1ap~/artc; avyypa({Jcic;. Kai KUTI dKOI1Yf t5W({JWTlaTiKO toii v({JOVC; ov: b Nro.a BOAnc &v «patoisr at: nott: anueubactc, dna £ypa({Jc ui «eiucvti rov dncvOdac;, «ai ric; napaAAaytc; f.({Jcpvc, onov xpela(oTav, at «atotttvic cKJoaelC;. 'Ano JiiJ «ai tiueaotnta dAAa xai aipupvotnra roli KCll1tVOIJ nOAAtc;

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l. At)'tEe; of O1(E'I'tte; ~tKt voiiv a1to 'to rpiro Kt<paAatO, a<pttp(J)JlEVO a'ttl «JlE9000 'tiie; 1toAt'ttKiie; olxovouinq», tKtlVTJe; 'tiie; Eiaaywyfjc; (1857) a'ta Etoiyeia rfjc; KpmKfjc; rfjc; rcoA/TlKfjC; obcovouku; (1857 -1858) 'tOU Map~ 1tOU, uoxovon avoAoKA tl P(J)'tTJ Kai oTJJlOmtuJlEvTJ usrd 9ava'tOv, avayv(J)piorrpcs «oxoucmotur n» aKOJlTJ Kt a1to rov KUPtO av'tiOtKO uou, 'to ouvrpoeo Aounopivi. "A; OOUJlt 1tOU unopst vd Jlae; <pEptt, liv 6p90e; Kai otKatOAoYTJJlEVOe;, au'toe; 0 U1ttP9t'ttKOe; (JlOVaOtKOe; a1to JlEpOUe; f:VOe; av'tiOtKOU 'tOU N'tEAa BOA1tt: xci ~AE1tt Logica come scienza posit iva. 1956, a. 185 f:1t. Kai Tid uui (YAlaTlKIj pd)o6oAoyia rfjr; obcovouku; «ai rwv r,B1KWVtTClaulPwV tvyivel oro Rousseau e Marx. 1962, a. 127 sn.). "O'Wv, AOYou XaPTJ, AEtt 0 Map~, E~t'ta~OuJlt 'ttlv oixovouucri Ka'tTJyopia tiie; rcapaywyfjc;, 1tPE1ttt vd ~EpOUJlt vri OOUJlt o'tt 0 yevucoc; ij KOtvoc xapaK'ttl pae; 'tTJe; eivoi Ka'tt 'to 6tapBp(VPEVO ij (JlJv9tto, 1tOU 6tarpOporcOicirai oi: 1tOAuapt9Jloue; opiouoi«; Mspixd a1to au'ta 'ta a'totxtia elvm KOtVa oi: oAte; tie; E1t0XEe;, liAAa at JltptKEe; uovo .• AAAa 01t(J)e; of mo avt1t'tuYJlEVte; YAwaate; EXOUV VOJlOue; Kai xapuxrnptorucd xotvri JlE 'tie; AtYOttpO aVt1tTUYJlEvte;, Kai aKpt~We; auto 1tOU a1to'ttAti 'ttlv «ava1t'tu~tl» roue elvm au'to XapTJ oro onoio oWKpivov'tat a1to 'to ytVtKO KOtVO, E'tm 'ta «ysvixd» oixovouucd xapaK'tTJPta'ttKa 1tPE1ttt vd «xpuriovrm Ka'ta uspoq», OTJAaotl vd Sioxptvovrm yta vd plj A'1a/.lOV1Cral,1tpOe; o<ptAoe; 'tiie; «f:Vo'tTJ'We;» ij OJlOtOJlOP<piae; ij ytVtKOtTJ'We;, ti tiOtKtl ij «~amKtl Ota<popa». l:' auttl 'ttl «ATJaJloauvTJ» ouvtorcrm ti l)1ton9EJltvTJ «ao<pia» II

trov (acHroV) obcovouos.ojtov 1tODaycovil;ovtat vd a1tooEi~ouv ttlV «uiorviornru Kai apJlovia trov Uq>lCHaJlEvCOVOtK VCOVtKrov cruv911KroV»: Kai t~l1Youv, AOYou Xap11, to KlXpdAaw odv «YEVtKtl, nlroviu q>UcrtKtl crXEcr11»:1tpaYJla 1tOD slv at aA119tvo av 1tapaAEi'l'OUJlE rov «EiOtKO xapaKttlpa» 1tODKavEl ttl oucoropeuuevn tpyacria KEq>aAalOJlEttl «cruyXpov11» evvOla. Kui, tEAtKa, au'tOi exouv ttlV tacr11 va «crUYXEOUVKai vd Katapyouv oAEe; 'tie; Ioropuca; Otaq>opEe;», Ol1AaOtl tie; eil5,Kec; Otaq>opEe;. 'AAAa etcrt (lie; OOUJlE, A6you xaP11, to Tl;ffiv l:noDapt Mil..) 1tapoucrtal;ouv «ttlV 1lapaywy1j [ ... ] oriv u1toKEiJlEv11crE aiffivlOue;, aVE~apt11'tOue; a1t6 rriv Icropto vououo Kai Jl' auttl ttlV EUKatpia, «napeppdAAOVV crta Kpuq>a tie; acrnKEe; crxEcrEte; [1tapaycoYile;] crav aperaAAaKrovc; q>UcrtKOUe; vouoix; tile; xorvrovice; in abstracto», Ol1AaOrl vevuoi: Kui hot 1tEq>'tOUV cruvExroe; crE «tautoAoyiEe;» 0Xl Ka9apa tU1tlKE<;aAAa npayuaiod«: «Kri9E 1tapaywy1j slvut i<>101toi11cr11ile; q>ucr11<; t a1to to litoJlo JlEcrCOsv6e; auyxexpudvou tU1tOU «otvcovku; M' au'trl 'trlv ~vvOla, slvcr toutokovia vd AEJlE on ..; iOlOlC't11cria[=iOlOnotncn] elver opo<; tile; 1tapaycoYile; [=iOlO1toillcrlle;]: aAAa yiVEtat YEAoio otav KaVOUJlEeva 1t1jl51Jpa a1t' aino crE eva avyxexpiuevo 'tU1tO atOJllKil<; iOlOKtllcria<; [crUYXpoVll, acrucri]». (L\llAaOrl 6 Map~ 9ECOpEitoro: 1. on slvm crUJl1tEpuoun YEAoio, ytati KEv6, vd 6pil;Et KavEie; auto 'to ouYKEKPlJlEVO,EiOtKO, Io ropuco tU1tO iOlOKtllcria<;, 1tOUslvm ..; acrnKrl iOlOKtllcria, /..tyovtae; on, oro ~a9Jlo 1tOUautrl slvm iOlOKtllcria, iOlO1toillcr11, elvm opo<; 'til<; 1tapaycoYile; il iOlO1toi11crll<;, xni 1tEq>tOVtae;etcrt crE Jlta tau'tOAoyia roo noayuatucot) 1tOD1tPE1tEl vd t~llYrlcrEl· 2. on auto ro KEV6, ytati tau'tOAoytK6, crUJl1tEpacrJla, Kai crUVE1troC; ayovo yvcoorucd, OEV slvm 1tapa to a1totEAEcrJla-avriKTV1toC; Jltae; V1to(JTa(J1JC;: OllAaOrl 'tOU on exouv OVGla(JrlK01tOl1j(Jel a priori, exouv Ol1AaOrl 1tapEt oriv 1tpaYJlanK6tllta. Jlta Mea 1tapa 1toM aq>llPllJlEVll 01tco<;sivm ..; mo yeVIK1j evvOta tile; 1tapaycoYil<; crav iOlO1toillcrlle; 'tile; q>Dcrlle;,JlE rpozo tEnO 1tOUautrl vd t~av'tAEi JlEcra 't11e;Kai trl crUYXPOVll,acrnKrl, 1tapaycoYrl, (,e1tepVwvrac; ~tcrt 'ta eil5,Ka xapaK'tllptcrnKa au'til<; tile; tEAEutaia<;: il tou on ~Xouv, JlE Jlla /..t~ll 01tco<; /..tEL 6 Map~, 1lapeppaAel, OllAaOrl avnKa'taO"trlcrEt trlv el12

DtKtl EvvOta trov uonKrov 0XEOf:roV 1tapayroyfjc; IlE KEiVl1 ttlV mo YEVtKtl DUVattl tfjc; 1tapayroyfjc;, rriv onoin UVa<pEpnue 1tapamivro, 1tOD EK trov 1tPOtEProV 9Eropdtat oav qiuotKOC; airovtOC; VOIl0C; Iltac; olxovouucfp; xotvroviuc dqJ1Jp1Juiva: 3. on auto to U1tOtEAEolla-uvtiKtu1toC; U1tPtOptOllrov xui tmOotaoErov civet 11 dno&I~1J toii iatopucoti VAlaf.10V, tfjc; avtncetuevucotntoi; 'tOu 1tpaYllanKou IlE tiC; uvn<paOEtC; 'tOU, KA1t.: ~H1tE Ottl Logica come scienza positiva, o. 141 E1t., to YVroOWAOytKO, xprnxo u~irolla tfjc; VA11C;.) XPEta~Etat AOt1tOV, ouvEXi~Et 6 Map~, vd UKOAOu9tloouue Ilta IlE90DO «Emotl1ll0VtKa oroottl»: Dl1AaDtl npoitaPXtKa va npoxwpovf.1e OE dqJa/ptaelr; (Xropic; tiC; 61toiEC; DEV tmaPXEt OKE'I'l1 otirs yvroOl1 xuvsvoc dDOUC;) ~eKlvmvrar; dno ro «avYKeKp1f.1tVO», U1tO to «1tpaYllanKo tmoKdIlEVO» 1tOD slvm, 0' auttl rriv nspinrtoon, Ilta «Ka90ptOIlEVl1» Icropuco «KOt vrovin». ' AAAa, 1l0AOVon to «OUYKEKptIlEVO» elvm 11 1tpaYllanKtl u<pEtl1pia tfjc; 1tapattlPl1ol1C; Kai tfjc; UVtiAl1'1'l1C;, auto outverm, c.OOtooO, ar~ aKtl{J1J utu; oriv Ilta «DtaDtKaoia ODv9E0l1C;», oriv «U1tOtEAEOlla» xni «OXt oriv u<pEtl1pia»: to oUYKEKptllEVO elvm rsrio, 1tpaYllan, OtO ~a9llo 1tOD slvm tva «ODVOAO 1tOAAroV npocSiopicudiv [uepucoi YEVtKOi i1 xotvoi IlE liAAEC; E1tOXEC;, IlEPtKOi dDtKOi i1 1tOD xapaKtl1pi~ouv iDtaitEpa ttlv bunetpk: tOU ODYXPOVOU i1 napovtoc: ~H1tE nupundvro, Ottlv UPXtlJ Kai OUVE1troC;nOAAanA~ bvotnto». "Av, A.X., yta vd E~l1YtlOOUIlE 6AOKAl1Pl1 ttlV xotvcovixri DtaDtKaoia nnpayroyfjc;, ~EKtVtlOOUIlE U1tO rov 1tA119UOIlO oav ~aOl1 tl1C;, xropic; vd 1tapOUIlE tmo'l'l1 UA119tva tiC; «ta~EtC;», Dl1AaDtl to. dDtKa, xupovrn Ioropucd o'tOtxda 1tOD tic; ouvioroov, 01troc; 11 Ilt09rottl Epyaoia, to KE<paAatO, KA1t., UAAa upXiOOUIlE IlE Ilta «xaOTlK~ nnpouoincn tfjc; 6AOtl1taC;» Kai <PtaoOUIlE, 11£ ttl ~a9lltaia UVaAUOl1, OE EVVOtEC;OAO Kai mo cl1tAEC;, Etot KaVOV'taC; 1tpoXropoullE U1tO tva «qxrvrucruco oUYKEKPtIlEVO» OE u<patp£OEtC; «OAO xni mo AE1ttEC;» i1 Ottl yevucotnta, Il£Xpt vd <PtaOOUIlE OE u<patpEOEtC; nAovararer; 01troc; 6 KataIlEptOIl0C; tfjc; Epyaoiac;, to xpfjlla, 11 u~ia, KA1t.: Kt auttl elvm 11 IlE90DOC; nOD UKOAou9Eltat U1tO ttl f.1GraqJVatK~ (i1 U1tPtOPtOIlO) rijr; uonKfjc; nOAlTlKijr;

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13

it nAtlPTJe; aUYKEKptJ.1evTJ napaa'taaTJ f.~aTf1.i'f.ral at Evav aq>TJpTJJ.1evo [J.1t 'ttlv Ka'to)'tEPTJ EVVOta] opiouo». (Knt lie; npoae~OUJ.1E on it «tl;aTf1.la'1» 'tile; napaa'taaTJe; Dev aTJJ.1aiVEt YUt 'to Map~ Eva xnvnuvo liDEtaaJ.1u 'tTJe;, aAAa on elvm «xaonKo», «eovrcoruco», aDtaKPt'tO to nf.plf.X0f1.f.VO T'1S. Yta'ti auto nou f:~atJ.1i1,;E'tat orov aq>TJpTJJ.1evo, anptoptatlKO opiouo slvct it yvwaTlKrj a~fa tfje; rrapaa'taaTJe;, aXI to nf.pu;x0f1.£vo. r, VA'1 tTJe;: xt auttl it nupouctu quand-merne if nupcuovri 'tOG nEptExOJ.1EVOU if UATJe; J.1eaa o'rriv EVVOta 11£ Ka8E Buotu, aKOJ.1TJ xui, 'to ~£pOUJ.1E, Ile 'to xooroc vd clvm to nEptEXOIlEVO t&v rrpaYJ.1anK&v 'taUtOAOyt&V, yta tiC; orrolEe; J.1tArJaaJ.1E napanavco, f:AattCOJ.1atlKO, aviaxupo, aoy«cXVf1.tvo. f:~TJydtat, oncoe; 80. DOUJ.1Etropn, J.1£rriv avaYKatOrnru tou IlE80DtKOU KUKAOUaUYKEKptllevo-aq>TJpTJJ.1evo-auYKEKptllevo: xui ~HrrE to IlE800tKO KUKAO UATJ-Aoyoe; nou J.1ae; arroKaAun'tEtat ano to yvcoa'to AOytKO a~icolla 'tfje; UATJe; a'ttl Logica come scienza positiva.i •AAAa liv, auvExi1,;Et 0 Map~, q>'taVOVtae; atic; mo arrHe; aq>atpeaEte;, oncoe; 0 KataIlEPtaIlOC; tile; f:pyaaiae;, it aVtaAAaKnKtl a~ia, KArr., «~aVaKaVOUJ.1E 'to ta~iot iivtiatpooa xui yupiaOUJ.1E orov rrATJ8uaIl0», Kt «auttl ttl oopd OXt oriv ei: IltU xaonKtl EvvOla f:VOe; OAOU, aAAa oriv oi: J.1ta nAouma oAo'tTJ'ta [=f:VOtTJta] rroAA&v Optall&V xui axeosmv», OTJAaOtl (Beoipsl a Map~) nupusvn Ile rov ttopovta latopuco xapaKttlpa 'tTJe;, E'tm xrivovtuc aKoAou80UIlE ttl «oroorri J.1£8000», XapTJ orriv orroiu «ol aq>TJPTJIl£VOt Optouot [aAAu OXt nta J.1e'ttlv Ka'too'tEPTJ EVVOta, oXt mri anptopto nxot, ov'tae; 8EJ.1EAtCOlleVOtattl auvEXtl «f:ma'tpoq>tl» oro «ouyxexpiuevo. oriv rsrto if «rrOAAanAtl svot nru»] 0DTJYOUVorriv avanapaywyrj 'tOU aVYKf.Kplf1.CVOV crriv nopstc 'tile; aKtlfl'1~» (xui ~epOUJ.1E on xcopie; OptaJ.10Ue; Kai a<patpeosu; oev tJ1taPXEt aKbl'TJ OUtE yvooaTJ autou toU doouc;). «Au'tanutTJ» rof XtYKEA auvEn&e; «to vri 8Ecopd 'to rtpuyJ.1anKO odv anoteAEalla [... ] Iltae; aKe'l'TJC; nov xtveirm arro J.10VTJ'tTJe; J.1eaa crov suuro 'tTJe;», f:KEi orrou «it 11£80ooe; roii va rpTaVtl~ ano to arp'1P'1f1.CVO ato aVYKtKp1lltvo elvm a 1l0VOe; rpoxo; aKe'l'TJe; yta vd yiv£lC; KVptoe; 'tou aUYKEKptllevou [if npaYllanKou], vd 'to avanapayuYEte; oriv
oixovouiac: «J.1e80DOe; Ka'ta rriv anoia
14

vonruco aUYKEKptIlEVO», £to"t nou «oi VOIlOt, nou otatu1t(ovovtrn arto £vav arp'1P'1fiivo aUAAoytallo nou ncpvdet arto to 11:10anAO oro auVeE'tO [Ti aUYKEKptIlEVO], avnatot xouv crriv npaYfiaTlKr, latopuoi OtaotKaaia». Tropu, autoe;, lie; rtOUIlE, 6 latopncoc; (i:llrtEtptKOe;) TOVtaIlOe; trov Katllyoptrov (oixovouucdrv oro npoxetusvo eElla), OrtOU avaMEtat TJ IlEeOOOe; TOU KUKAOUaUYKEKptIlEvo-a<PllPllIlEvo-auYKEKptIlEVO, OEV cnuuivet KaeOAOU, lie; rtpOaE~ouIlE, on rtPErtEt vd yivovtat OEKtEe; ol KatllyopiEe; «IlE rriv ta~ll rtou autEe; KaeopiatllKav Icroptxa», ytati auto ea tltav «avEUeUVO» Kai «i:a<paAIlEvo» (xnt aUVErtroe; TJ artA tl «Icropucri avaAUall », yta ttlv orroiu IltAaEt 6 <ptAOe; Ildroi aXEnKa IlE ttl «YEvEall tile; nupouorn; Kataataalle;», artEXEt rtOAU arto to vd slvm Ixcvonorrrnxn yta ttl llap~tanKtl, UAtanKtl Mall TOU rtpO~Atllla'tOe;, KE<paAatrooll yta ttl IlEeOOO, tile; £vvotae; tile; aXEalle; napov-nape)..()ov, art' Ortou i:~apnEtat TJ £vvOta tile; npaxttxii; aXEallC; rtapOv-IlEAAOV), aAAa «TJ ral;'1 roue Ka()opf(eTal, aVti8Eta, ano rr, axta'1 OrtOU autEe; ~piaKOVtat it fila fit rr,v 0)).,,'1 atn auyxpov'1 [ollAaOtl: rtupouon] aaTlKr, xotvcovia, Kat auttl it ta~ll civm aKplfiwr; ro dvttatpoipo i:Kdvou nou <patVEtat vd elvm it <pUO"tKtlroix; ta~ll Ti autOu rtou avnatotxd attl otaooXtl [XPovOAOytKtl] tile; Ioropucfj; crvart'tl)~lle;». Aoinov, «t>iv npoxerrut yta ttl eEall nou oi OiKOVOlltKEe; aXEaEte; KataAall~avouv Icropucd attl otaOOXtl trov ota<popoov rumov xoivoivtccKat «aKOfia Alyorepo yta ttl OtaOOXtl roue crriv iOEa», 0no»; urtOatllpi~Et 6 Ilpoovrov, Kat mo ~aeta urtoatllpi~Et 6 XEYKEA (~A.ErtE ttlv 'A()A10r'1Ta rfjr; rplAoaorpiar;!)· aAAa npoxsrrm yta ttlv «opyavlKr, roue avaxtTla'1 ato tawreplKo rfjr; aUYXPOV'1r; aanKile; xowroviuq». "Onon; Tioll ~AErtOUIlE arto ttl «orootri», «smo-rnuovucrj», liv Kat aXllllattKtl i:rtE~Epyaaia trov auyxpovoov-aanKrov OiKOVOlltKroV KatllYoptrov tile; tpyaaiar; yevuai (Ti sans phrase) Kat tOU xepaAaiov. "Ooo yta rriv rtprotll, lie; allllEtroaoullE on Ilovaxa OtaV «it i:pyaata £ytVE OXt IlOVO attl aKE'I'll [tOU "Avtnu rllte] aAAa attlv rtpaYllanKotllta to usoo nou rtapaYEt rov rtAOUtO yevuoi- Kat «auttl it xurdcrucn rtpaYllatoov avarttuxellKE oro IlEytatO ctriv 11:10 auyxpov'1 cranKtl KOtvcoviu, atie; eHvOOIlEVEe;ITOAt tdEe; tile; , Auspucfj;», OrtOU it 15

acpaipsall nou sivm 'Ii KaTllyopia tpyaaia YSVtKa. «yivsTat yta. rrpffiTll cpopa. rrpaK'ttKa. aAllelVtl», 1l0VO TOn 'Ii outetavtl KaTllyopia (11 esropia) Tii<; «tpyaaia<; sans phrase» yiVETat TO «(JIJf1eIO eKKivIJ(JIJr; Tii<; m5YXPOVIJr;oixovoutce;» xui KaTapyEi Ti<; rrpOllYODIlEVE<; KaTllyopiE<; ij eEropiE<; Tii<; tpyaaia<; (KOt Ta.1;OVTa<; rrpo<; Ta. nioro, Ttl qnxnoxpunxr] «'YEroP'YtKtl tpyaaia» Kai rriv «Ellrropo-auvTExvtaKtl EP'Yaotn»), rrOD aVTtaTOlXOUV rrpa.Ylla'tt oi: «xsivu Ta. rrOlKiAa Ei811 Epyaaia<;, xuvevo arro Ta. orroia 8EV KvpmpXel ttui»: xt mho onuntvet OTt 'Ii a~ia Tll<;, aa.v Iotopuco-Xovtxoi; npollYOUIlEVOU- xni OXt Ct1tAOUXpovoAoytKou nponvouusvou - TOU auyxpovou xnm TaAtaIlOU, TEellKE 1l0VO arro TtlV Ixuvotrtru «opyavtKii<; auv8sall<;» aUTii<; Tii<; alltetavii<; KaTllyopia<; «oro EaroTEptKO Tii<; m5yxpovIJr; aaTtKii<; KOlvoivice;», 811Aa8tl auv8sall<; IlE Ta. rrpopAr,f1aTa (<<avTOKpmKr, Tii<; aa'ttKii<; xowoivtce;») rrou xapaKTllpi1;ouv TtlV euneipia ij ttapov aM,,<;· TEellKS, IlE liAAou<; opou<;, arro TO 01l0YEVE<; Tii<; alltetavii<; AU(JIJr; IlE TtlV mo auyxpovll npoPAIJf1aUKr, TOU xnm TaAtaIlOU, Kai auvsrrro<; arro TtlV xnTaAAllAOTllTa. Tll<; 'Yui Ttl Mall aUTii<; Tii<; rrpo~Alllla'ttKii<;l. ,AAAa ETat, ouunspuivet 0 Map~, «'Ii nui cirrAr, aqJaipe(JIJ. 'Ii acpaipEall rrou sivat <> KOAocpffiva<; Tii<; aDYXPovll<; OtKOvOlltKii<; eEropia<;, Kai rrou EKcppa1;Et Ilui aXEallrroM rraAta Kai rrou taXUEl yta oAou<; TOU<;Turrou<; xotvorvicc, Ellcpavi1;ETat waToao uovo xapIJ (J' aVio 7:0 t>IKO 7:IJr;timo aqJalpeilK07:IJTar; [lcrtopucfiq, d8tKii<;, npoodiopiouevnc] rrpaKTtKa aAIJ(hvr, oriv KaTllyopia Tii<; ttui (JuYXPovIJr; xotvcovku;»: 811Aa8tl «TO rrapa8stYlla Tii<; .. tpyaaia<;" IlU<; 8EixvEt IlE rpono nsio-nxo rrffi<;Kai oi mo aqJIJpIJf1iVer; xainyopiec, nnpon taxuouv - Suvdust Tii<; acpaipEatl<; TOU<; yta KaeE trroXrl, dvru waToao, Xap'll aTtlv npooototnatucotnta Tfie
I •• Elver OT)llav'tllc6 vd Ka'tavoTiooullE -7tapa'tT)pEi 0 l:ouTi~u - {)n 1') uvaYOlyTi Ka9E tpyaoia<; at i:va xowo nopovoucorn, i:'tOt roO'tE of 1l0VaOE<; tpyaoiac; vd uxoooov vd 7tapa~anov'tat Kai vd uvnKa9io'tav'tat IlE'tU~Uroix, vd 7tpoo9t'tov'tUt Kai vd u<patpouv'tat, Kai 'tEAtKa vd OAOKAT)proVOV'tat ta vd OtalloP<prooouv i:va KOtvOlVtK6 OUVOAO,otv y sivut au9aipE'tT) u<paipEOT)[...]. Eivci llaAAOV, {)7t0l<; OlO'ta'tOVi~Et 0 O AouKa't<;, Ilta u<pai,>EOT). 7tOU7tpOOlOta~Eto'tTiv ouoia 'tou Ka7tt'tUAt. 0IlOU"" (The theory of capitalist development. o. 31).

16

aq;aipUJ17e; rove;, £~iaou 'to npOIOV Iatopnabv axeaeWV Kai Ka't£XOUv rriv nAr,P11 iaxv TOVe;110VO ae axt.a11 11' a6rt.e; «ai aTOV KVKAO au'tow 't&V n:Aw'tairov». Kt E'tal, brE~l1y£i 't£AOe; 0 Map~ aXEHKa 11£ 'trlV liAA11 9EIlEAlaKrl xurnvoptu, crriv oixovouiu 'rOu usoukovu Kai 'to Keq;aAalO, £~alpOUIl£VOU £KElVOU a{; xpfilla, EXEl, aTrl 1l0P<Prl 'rOU aav nupcOOataKOU 1tapayroYlKOU opydvou, 'to xapaK'trlpa yalOK't11aiae;, £v& «ro aviiatpooo eivm aA119lVo Yla 'trlV aarlKr, xotvcoviu», 01tOU "TJ YEropyia yiVE'tat OAO£Va neptocorepo <l1tAOe;KAaOOe; nie; ~lOll11xaviae; Kai KUptaPXElTal 1tArlproe; a1tO 'to KE<paAalO»: KUptapXEi'tat 011AaOrl a1to xsivo 'to 1tpOE~apxOV a'tOlXElO nOll elvm «ro K01VWV1KO, Ioropixd nopayuivo a'tOlXEio», E'tat nOll «liv TJ yalO1tpOaOOOe; t5tv unopei va V011()elxwpie; TO Keq;aAalO, 'to KE<paAalO unopei va V011()elxwpie; rriv npooooo», Kai yt' au'to 'tOU'tO 'to oroiXElO, 'to KE<paAalO, «1tp£nEt vd ouvtord rriv tupetnpia xni rov opo Kai va £~l1ydTal ttpiv ano 'trl yalOK't11aia», aAAa 1l0VO «a<pou all<Po'tEpa napa't11 P1190uv f,eXWplaTa 1tp{;1tEt vd f:~ETaa'td TJ allOt~aia ax£a11 rouq- (xni £0& a1tat't£iTat aKoll11 vd OOUIlE 1t&e; TJ EvvOla 'tfic; ax£a11e; rtnpov1tapEA90v ll1tayopEllE'tat ano Ilta 'ta~ 11 av'tia'tpo<P11 il, Il{; Ilta H~l1, t51aq;OpeTlKr, a1to 'trl XPOVOAOY1Kr, £KElV11 't&V oiKOVOlltK&V, ornv 1tPOKEtll{;v11 1tEpimroa11, Ka't11yopt&v, ytad slvm 'ta~l1 enzAeYl1eV11 a1tO 'trl avyxpOV11 il napooaa Ioropucri avaYKauJr11Ta, il avaYKato't11'ta 'tfic; iunetpuu; 'to vd Ka'tav0rlaOUIlE 'to <PatVOIlEVO 'tOu KE<pai~aiou yta vd unopsoooue vd £~l1YrlaoUIlE aE ~a90<; 'trlv npooooo Kai oAa 'ta unoAoma: aAAa ~A{;nE nupnxdtro, § 2, ypalllla'ta y Kai I;; 3). 2. Au'toC;, a'tic; ~aatKE<; 'rOU ypaIlIlE<;, Kai IlE 'to EAaXta'tO aVanO<pWK'tO OtEUKptvim::rov, 6 KOPIlOe; nOll slvm TJ Elaaywyr, 'tOU 1857. ITOlo slvui 'to Aav9avov Kai pa()6 vcnuo au'tou 'tOU aXEoiou, Ka90Aou Ka'tffi'tEpoU a1tO 'ttl IlE9000 'tOU Kepasaioo Kai 'tOU ioropucoii UAtallOU Ilal;;i; <H £~atPEHKrl a11llaaia 't&v 1;;11't11lla'trov 1tOll au'to (Kai 11' au'to TJ KPlTlKr, 01tOU llaC; EiaaYEt) aVaKtVEi OEV ~E<PEllYEla1tO 'trl MeyaA11 aOpleTlKr, eYKvKAonal<>eia, 1tOll orov EVYKEAatavo 017

po «L\taAEKnKt;» UEt on «f} AOY1KIj JlE9080<; 'tOu Map~ 'tOU .fj<; nOAtnKfj<; obcovoutoc [... ] 8EV Tj.av 1tapa iatopnoi JlE9080<;, aTWYVf..lVWf..lev'1 JlOVOuno .t;V iatoP1KIj f..lOprplj [aAAa 8ta~a~E: XPOVOAOytKt;] xci U1tO Ka9E toparonoto rvxa;o [8ta~a~E: ipucnovus.iouo]». Mid E~t;YfJcrfJ E~atPEnKa Ulm.aAA fJAfJ, yta-rt aq>t;VEt oro crKo.a8t .0 vonun Kai .t; cnuocto 'tOU «taparotunoii 'tUxaiou», 8fJAa8t; 'tOU XPovoAoytKO-tpacrtovaAtcrnKou nOD npEnEt vd t~aAEtq>9Et JlEcra uno- xni JlE Jlta UYtt; UAtcrnKt; JlE9080: npE1tEt Jlt;mo<; va t~aAEtq>9Ei Ka9E XPOVOAOytKO cr.otxEio; 1tpoq>avro<;oXt, liv 9EAOUJlEvd U1tEAW9Epw90UJlE uno 'tOt'><; KtvMvou<; .fj<; XEYKEAtavfj<; JlE9080U, UAfJ9tva napa 1tOAD yUJlvfj<; (oxomue) a1tO .0 «.uxaio», mpaxo1toto ii OXt, napa .t;V 1tp09Ecrt; 'fJ<; vd elva! JlE9080<; .fj<; Ioropucfp; 8taAEKnKfj<; (.0 tAanWJla 'tOu XEYKEA Elva! on xurnvonos au.t; rriv 'EAw.aia JlE 'tOD<;opou<; tvo<; ouorriuntoq Ka9aprov tvvOtrov, .0. «UV.teE.a» rou, tvro i) a~ia roo, 1t0t'> 8EV 1tpEnEt vd ~Exacr.Ei no.E, elva! on onwcr8t;1t0.E 8ta.t'>moos .0 npO~AfJJla .fj<; 6pyavtKfj<; crXEcrfJ<; OYOU, ii «ouA vEi8fJcrfJ<; .fj<; av.iq>acrfJ<;», Kai ioropixfp; nopetnc): Kai .O.E noui XpovOAOytKa (ii npOfJYODJlEva) cr.otxEia npEnEt vd E~aAEtq>90uv Kai nwr;; ME liAAOU<; opou<;, nro<; vd ouv8uacroUJlE .t;V oiotoatnoi iaropucotnta .fj<; JlE9080u JlE .t; f..llj- XPOVOAoY1KOr'1ra 'fJ<; ii i8ca.0'fJ.a, 8fJAa8t; JlE .0 on elva! onwcr8t;1t0.E AOY1KIj JlE9080<;; (Znrripntu not'> TJXouv uvanoq>wKm onv ~Eva, ii Kan XEtpO'EpO, crnl Jlap~tcrnKt; EKEiVfJ voorpoma, nOD EXEt KOAAt;crEt oro 180 aiffivn, 1tOD XEYKEAtavi~Et o.av 8EV elva! E~EAtKnKtcrnKt; ii aKOJlfJ Kai .0 Eva Kai .0 liAAO Jla~i: UAAa Emt Jlou q>aiverrn on mist xaJlEvO JlEYaAO JlEPO<;.fj<; EnavacrmnKfj<; nporroruntce; .fj<; UAtcrnKo - tcr'tOptKfj<; JlE9080u xui .fj<; crXEnKfj<; uv.iAfJ'I'fJ<; 'tOU KOcrJlOU.) Trope, Jlta Un01tEtpa U1tav'fJcrfJ<;, cr.a opta au'tOu 'tOU Xffipou, cr.a rtupurrdveo ~fJ.t;Jlam, unopai vd crXfJJla'tOnotfJ9Ei 0'><;~fj<;: t a) JlE oxono vd U1tOq>t'>YEt XEYKEAtaVt; 8ucrXEpEta .fj<; .t; u1tomacrfJ<;, i) JlE9080<; 'tOU KDKAOUcrUYKEKptJlEVO-uq>fJPfJJlEVO- crUYKEKptJlEVO(8fJAa8t; E1taywyfj<; -u1taywyfj<;), i) Uq>atpEnKt;-UVa1tapaywytKt; ('tOu npaYJlanKou) crKE'I'fJ, nOD

orriv KptnKt;

18

EK<ppa~£tat j.l' auto rov KDKAO, ~aoi~£l-onw~ Kae£ aKE"'ll nOD aE~£tat tOV eauto tll~-atrlv ava~rltllall AOYWV Kai ultteov: tOU aUYK£Kplj.l£VO-£lolKoG an' onou ~£KtVa, a' autrl trlv n£pintwall: xui, j.lf; to va slvm autrl 1i a<p£tllpia -if nap6vto dnOTeAUJILa j.lta~ iatOptKfj~ OtaOtKaaia~, 1i ava~rltllall AOYWVif uirteov ouvxexpipsvoaoteirrn oriv Epwva io topucerv rrponvoousvmv, OllAaOrl autou nOD unapX£t-a' auto to anOtf;A£aj.la nOD eivm to auYK£Kptj.lf;VO oriv rtupoucn acp£tllpia-aav «Y£VlKO if KOtvo j.lE liAA£~ EnoXE~», nOD npEn£t vd slvui npoxarcpxrucd «~£xwptato» if OtaK£Kptj.lEVO-aav nponvouuevo-s-dno to npOpA'1j1.aTlKO ttapov xaPll orriv eiJlKOT'1Ta tOU if totatrspornrc (o<p£tAOj.l£Vll oro OtKOVOj.ltKo if UAtKO if SuncprnKO nOD elv at 1i unoooj.lrl rou): ~) ffiatoao, a<pou Kae£ XPOVOAOytKO npollyoDj.l£VO croiX£Io OEV j.lnopEi vd elvm nponvoouevo-uirlu if Icropuco nponyoouevo ron nupovro; if £lOtKOU, aAAa tEtlO j.lnopEi vd sivot j.lOVOEKEiVO to nponvouusvo nOD Jev eivat TVXafo yta to nupov Kai ta npo~Arlj.lata tOU Kai elvrn auv£n:ro~ AOYlKO nponyouuevo toG auv£naKoAOUeOu-napovtO~ (no» npEn£t npaYj.lattKa, on:w~ ea OOU , vd j.l£ta~Alle£I, npnus KtlKa, OXt oi: XPOVtKO aAAa oi: j.l£AAOVtlKrl ioropia), ano auto rrpoxunrst Otl 1i j.lEeOOO~ autfj~ tfj~ aKf;"'ll~ rof rrpo~Allj.latlKOU nupovroc, nOD ~piaK£tat atrlv ava~rltllall trov nporryoouevcov-uirlmv if AOYWV autou, yta va Ma£t Etm trlV npO~Allj.lattKotllta, Sa slvci KataAAllAll yta to oxono tll~ AOYlKtj j.lESOOO~ j.lOVOliv slvm, j.laAtata, i(JTOPlKtj j.lf;SOOO~ dnoyvj1.vwj1.ev'1 ano nponyoouevu XPOVOAOytKa atOtxEia, aAAa 0Xl dJlaKplTa, napa uovo ano xsivu rri XPovoAoytKa atOlxEia nOD elvm n:paYj.latlKa Tvxafa, OllAaOrl j1.tj Baau«: Kai tpaatovaaotuoi avacpoptKa j.lf; to ttapov Kai nOD, j.lE j.lta Af;~ll, OEV aUj.l~aAAOuv oro va TO tl;'1ytj(Jovv, oiits auv£nro~ slvci Oj1.oyevfj j.lf; trl AV(J'1 trov totait£pwv npO~Allj.latWV rou' y) auv£nro~, autrl 1i j.lEeOOO~aKE"'ll~ tou npO~Allj.latlKOU nnpovroc elvm j.lta j.lf;eOOO~E~aA£t"'ll~ trov ipuotovuAtatlKrov-npollyoDj.l£VWV Kai lipa tmAoyfjr; (if «dvrtorpo<Pll~ ta~ll~», ota<pop£tlKfj~) trov nponvoousvoiv nOD taXDouv aav AOYlKa Kai ~E~ata Ioropixd npollyoDj.l£va tOU

19

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()EC)OJ..lEVll~Tfi~ KAllpOVOJ..ltKfi~ a()taq>opia~ aUTfi~ Tfi~ TEAWLaia~ repo~ Ti~ OUcrtacr'!tKE~ ()tacrTacrEt~ J..lta~ KOtV(J)VtKfi~ ()llJ..lOKpaTia~ - KaBE crUVEXtcrll Tfi~ icrLOPtKfi~ avamu~ ncl): EKEt oreou TO. rtnpurrdvco npoodtoptousvc aAAa xui EPYO()llYll'!tKa KPl'!l1 pta, orri onoiu ()tapBpWVETat ti UAtcrHK11 il repaK'!tK11 crUYXPOVOTllLa Tfi~ Ioropiuc, repOKaAOOV, E~ Optouoti, T11 crUVEXtcrll Tfi~ ioroptxfp; aVamU~ll~, TO J..lELacrXllJ..laTtcrJ..lO LOO KOcrJ..l0U, ore(J)~ A.x. TO.xpirriptn Tfi~ «Epyacria~», TOO «KEq>aAaiou», Tfi~ «Ta~tKfi~ reaAll~», Tfi~ «Sucreroptce; TOO rePOAETaptaTOU», Tfi~ «oucrtacrnKfi~ Kai KOtV(J)VtKfi~ ()llJ..lOKpaTia~», Tfi~ «crocrtaAtcrHKfi~ VOJ..ltJ..lOTllLa~», KAre. KAre. WAEreE nupuxritto § 3)' xut, ocro yta T11()E(lLEPll aVTiAll\jill, EKd vn LOO «nupovroc oriv ioroptce;» TWV AouKaT~ Kai Lou11~u, apKd va nuputnpnoooue OH aUT11, reapa~AEreovLa~ TO np6{JA'1f1a Tfi~ pi~a~ LOO nupovroc, KtV()UVEUEt vd xaBd c' Eva aq>llPllJ..lEVO nupov, J..l11 npuyurrnxo Kai TEAO~ aMvuuo: ~) TEAO~, TO repO~AllJ..la, crT11 Mcrll LOO onoiou rsivouv ocra repollyoOVLat-TO repO~AllJ..la Tfi~ avnKEtJ..lEVtKfi~ avTiq>acrll~ xui ni~ ()taAEKnKfi~ nou T11v «avareapaYEt» Kai T11v E~OUcrta~Et, - unopst va aVnJ..lET(J)TCtcrTd u' auLOU~ LOU~ opOU~: I. LOvi~OVLa~ Kai xpllcrtJ..loreOtWVTa~ T11V EVVOta o'!t TO (Ioropuco) crUYKEKptJ..lEVO, A.X. J..lta crUYKEKptJ..lEVll KOtvoiviu, EJ..lq>avi~ETat crT11 crKE\jIll, reou are' aUT11V ~EKt vdst, oriv J..lta ()ta()tKacria crUvBEcrll~, crav areOLEAEcrJ..la, Eq>OcrOV eivm Eva ouvoxo reoAAwv npoo Sioptoudiv, J..lEptKWV KOtvwv J..lE aAAE~ EreoXE~, aAA(J)v d()tKWV LOO nupovroc, Kai elvm cruvErew~ <<7[OAAanAIj £VOTllTa»: crXEHKa J..lE T11v 0noiu a~ crllJ..lEtWcroUJ..lE aJ..lEcr(J)~ on TO crUYKEKptJ..lEVO npoouopiorrpce - oriv Xwpo~ aVHKEtj.lEVtKWV aVnq>acrE(J)V - OXt TCta oriv £VOTllLa-avnBh(J)v, il KaAUTEpa J..lta YeV1KIj (jT/Yf11aia ()taq>opa, ore(J)~ clvm ti Xl:}'KcAlavlj Mea, reou area uovn Tll~, a()1aq>oporeoillTll apX1K11 £VOTllLa, ~EKtVa, oriv q>ucrll, yta vri yupiost orov £aUTO Tll~ oriv reVE0J..la, aAAa (aq>oo TO Ioropuco il npuyunruco crUYKEKptJ..lEVO ()EV sivm «AOY1KO>. J..lE xstvo TO «ouvtuo-nxo-rpono) oriv ti £VOTllTa £VO~ reOAAareAOO il ()taq>OPE'!tKOO ureapKLOO (TO ()taKP1'!tKO reO\) eivrn ti UAll)' 2. crUYKEKptJ..lEVOreOtWvTa~ OH -- av AOtrcOV ol avnKEtJ..lEVtKS~ aV'!tq>acrEt~ clvm orarpopf.TlKtC;. 6X1KtC;. 23

iatopuci; avncpa.crw;, Kat cruvErrro~ ti avnKEtJ.lEVtKrl avl"icpacrll slvrn JlapK1e; Kai axt rrapODtKrl Kai qxnvouevucri omo~ ti XEYKEAWVrl, rrou D£V elvm, a~ to ErravaAa.~OUJ.lE, rrapa. «crnYJ.lrl» J.lta~ £votllta~ (ti iD£a) J.lUorucd 1tpocruv8EJ.l£Vll~ rrou, orrO)~ trl YEVVa, £tcrt rriv ~avarropocpa-tOtE ti J.lOVll DWAEKnKrl, Ixuvr] va. avarrapa.YEt crtrl crK£'Vll rriv avnKEtJ.lEVtKrl avticpacrll D£V unopei rrapa. vd clvm J.lta. DtaAEKttKrl crUYKEKptJ.l£VO)v acpatp£crEO)V, Tj erCl(JT'1POV1K1 (Kat yta. rriv arraitllcrll J.lta~ «E1ttO"tllJ.lovtKfi~ DtaAEKttKfi~» J.ltAa.Et TjDll 6 Ma.p~ cr'trlV 'ABA10T'1Ta tiic; qJlAo(Jorpiae;), ECPOcrOVJ.lOVOV auto~ 6 turro~ acpaipEcrll~ dvat Kata.AAllAO~ vd avaKaAU'VEt Kai vd KUptapXrlcrEt tt~ crUYKEKPtJ.l£VE~ UAtK£~ Kat DtapKEi~ avncpa.crEt~ rof crUYKEKptJ.l£VOU Tj rrpaYJ.lattKOU (Kat 6 Aeviv aDtKEi crtaArl8Eta to AEvtVtcrJ.lO otav tOV cpta.VEt, crta. l/>lAo(JorplKa tetpcota, vd XEyKEAtavisEt ili~ to cnueto va. D£XEtat cdv «ouo iu- tfi~ «DtaAEKttKfi~» to «Dt1tAacrtacrJ.lO rof £VO~ [no» apa AOtnov rrpourroti8Etat!] Kat trl yvfficrll tOW avncpattKrov rou J.lEProV»!)· 3. ouunspuivovruc on ti E1ttcrtllJ.l0VtKrl DtaAEKttKrl sivm ti 'VUXrl tfi~ rrpaKnKfi~ cruYXPovotllta~ tfi~ Io ropiuc, ti DOJ.lrl tfi~ 6rrota~ arrOtEAEttat, orrO)~ ~£POUJ.lE, arro KElVa ta. EPYODllYllnKa. xni J.lrl ErraVaArl'VtJ.la Kpt'trlpta-J.lOVt£Aa - Tj crUYKEKPtJ.l£VE~ acpatp£crEt~ -rrou nnpdyouv J.lta. svonoincn Kat op80AoytKorrOtllcrll toU rroAAarrAou, rrot£ Ka80ptcrttKrl ytatt, aKpt~ro~, rra.VtotE Ka80ptcrJ.l£Vll Tj Ioroptxn Kat rrapa.youv cruvErrro~ J.lta. rcpoo&vTlK1 svornr«: Kai autrl slvci ti DtaAEKttKrl cra.v pu8J.l0~ -axt cpavruorucoc Tj J.lucrttKo~-apV'1(Jl1e; tcai JlaT1p'1(J'1e; J.lasi (ti Io-toptxri cruv£XEta-Errava.crtacrll): slvci A·X. ti Ka1tttaAtcrttKrl «EPyacria YEVtKa.» E1ttAEYJ.l£Vll (ava.J.lEcra arr' OAOU~ toU~ 1tPOllYouJ.l£VOU~ runou; Epyacria~)2 xni pE:TapA'1piv'1J.l£cra orriv ioropuco-tdeutn cruv8Ecrllrrou elver to J.lap~tKO Kpttrl(JVYKE:KPlj.Lf:VlX;.
2 ['EVOIjIEt j.ltiie; uva,lJ1twcr11e; 'Wu nnpovroc ypa<p'Wu, 6 cruyypa<ptae; cnuskoce oro 1tEptGropto EVOe; UV'rtW1tOU tpyacriae; ,i'je; Liberta comunista (MtAUVO, 1963) rriv uKoAouG11 1tpocrGTlK11: «ouv 1tP011YOUj.lEVO oxt 1:\Jxaio Kai cruVE1tWe; nponvouusvo - ahia 1'j AoytKO - tcropuco 1tP011YOUj.lEVO (YPUllj.la ~) rof avvaKoAov8ov. la topncob, xopovroc: 1>11Aal>Tl 'ti'je; napotiotu; Kam1:aAtcrHKi'je; Ka't11yopiae; 'ti'je; .. tpyacriae;" xni 'tWV aAAwv crXEHKWV OiKOVOj.ltKWV Ka't11yoplWV 1tOU Elva! 1tapoucrEe;:»,]

24

pto-J.!OV'tEAO 'tfj~ Epyao"ta~-o"E «KOlV(VVIK1j EpyaO"ta» Kat «J.!E'tPO 'tii~ a~ta~», KA1t. KA1t., Kat O{)"[W Ka9t::~ii~: Kat 1i OtaAt::KnKrl, 'tEAO~, elver uiaa Kat Xap'1 mrl o"OYKEKPtJ.!Evll acpatpt::O"ll, 1tOU E'tO"t aVaKaAU1t'tEt, if «aVa1tapayt::t», Kat E~OOo"ta~Et 1tPOOOWnKa 'tt~ avnKt::tJ.!t::VtKE~ avncpaO"t::t~ (Kat J.!1t0pel vri sivm EVOtacpEpov, a1to AOYIK1j a1tO\jlll,Va E1tt~t::~at£O0"00J.!t::- 0"' al)'trl rriv Ka90ptO"J.!EVll Kat Y1' al)'to EO"£O'ta'ta OtaAt::KnKrl acpatpt::O"ll-'trlv nupouoiu J.!ta~ ruuroetspoAOY1Kfj~ if KaAU'tt::pa Op90AOY1Kfj~ ruurornruc, Tj 1tPOO"OlOptO"J.!OD: Kat vd Em~t::~a1£OO"ooJ.!t::, J.!E J.!ta AE~ll, rriv EYKOporntu "CODJ.!t::900tKOD KUKAOO 'tii~ UAll~ if f;VO~ O"OVOAOO, OllAaOrl 'tii~ P1~lKii~ a1toOoxii~ 'tii~ rcurornrce; Tj rtpoo StoP10"J.!OD, Kat "CODJ.!t::9001KOD KUKAOO "CODAOYOO Tj f;VO~ continuum, OllAaOrl 'tfj~ P1~tKii~ a1toooxii~ 'tii~ tuuros rspoAoYta~ if KaAU'tt::pa 'tii~ O"UYXPovll~-O"nYJ.!tata~ EKOrlAWO"ll~ "CODiOtoo Kat "COD aAAoo, J.!E J.!la AE~ll 't&v mo yt::V1K&V avn9EO"t::wv O"'trlV Evo'tll'ta "C00~· 1tpaYJ.!a 1tOU, J.!t::'ta, OEV 90. E1tPt::1tt:: vd 0"1lJ.!atVE1 1tapa 'to J.!t::9001KO J.!ap~lKO KUKAO 0"0YKt::KP1J.!Evo-acpll PllJ.!EVO-0"0YKt::KP1J.!EVO- Tj KaAU'tt::pa, O"UJ.!qxov« J.!E J.!ta EVYKt::AO"taVrl ola'tU1twO"ll, E1taywYii~-a1taywyfj~-a1toO"acpllVtO"J.!EVO ffi~ 'to ~a90~: Kat 1tp~A. Logica come scienza positiva, 0". 41-219).

3. 'AAAa, Y1a vri KAt::tO"OOJ.!t:: A1l9tva 'trl O"O~rl'tllO"ll, a~ a nspdooous (Y1a J.!la O"nYJ.!rl) O"'trl avyxpov'1 EcpapJ.!oyrl 'tii~ apxii~ 'tii~ 0"0YKt::KP1J.!EVll~ acpaipt::O"ll~ 1tOU u1tatVtx9rlKaJ.!t:: nupumivro. "A~ nupnrn prioouus 'to Ka'tt::~OXrlV O"uyxpovo 1tOAtnKo 1tpo~AllJ.!a: 'to 1tpO~AllJ.!a 't&V O"XEO"t::WV 1tOU ElVa1 oova'tE~ J.!t::'ta~u ollJ.!oKpa'tia~ Kai 0"0O"taA10"J.!oD o rriv 'IraAia, orriv Eup£01tll, O"'ti~ X&pE~ 1tPOXWPllJ.!EVOO Kam'taAtO"J.!OD.Ti cp&'ta unopei vri J.!a~ O£OO"t::1 O& 1i KAaO"tKrl J.!a~ E 9t::wpia; Ttri vd 1tEptoptO""CODJ.!E oro AEVtV, au'to~ J.!a~ acprlvet J.!la EvvOla 'tii~ OllJ.!OKpa'tia~ ... 1tOU 'ta0'ti~t::'ta1 aKpt~&~ J.!E xsivn 'tii~ «Sucrnroptuc "COD1tPOAt::'taP1a"C00»: Kpiitoi; KI €navaawa'1, V, 4: «[ ... J 0"' Evav 6P10"J.!EVO ~a9J.!0 'tii~ ava1t'to~rl~ 'tll~ i) J'1j1oKparia Ka'ta 1tp&"CO AOYO Ev£OvE1 EVaVna crov Kam'taAtO"J.!o 'trlV E1taVamanKrl 'ta~ll, 'to 1tPOAt::'tapurro, Kat "CODOtVt::1'trl Suvurornt« [... J vd E~acpaVto"Et a1to

25

npooronou Yfi~ 'ttl JlTJXavtl LOU aow(Qu KpaLOU~, £o'tw xni aOLtKOU DTJJlOKpaLtKOU, ro DWPKtl orpnro, rriv aoLUvouto, 'ttl ypaq>t::toKpa'tia Kai vd 'to. aVnKaLao'ttl0£t Jlt Jlta tuo {)1Jf.1.0KpaTlKr, JlTJXavtl [... ] rrou arro'tt::At::hat arro 'ti~ vonAe~ ipvattx»; f.l.{i'e~ Kai Jlt::'ta ana (fAO ro Aao nov aouuereXel ato atpato. 'EDro TJ "xocornru Jlt::La~aAA,t::'tat ot notorrrru" [rtnoru nepicootspo arro Jlta arr' Lie; ouv1l8tOJltvt::e; DWAt::KLtKO-Xt::yKt::Atavte; "EpwLO'tporrit::e;", 80. £At::y£ 0 Map~, rrou rrptrrt::t vd oUYKpt8El ~t~ata Jlt xeivn 'ttlV aKoJla mo a8roa rrou ~piOK£Lal oro Jlap~tKO arroorraoJla yta 'ttlV a~ia XPtl0TJe; Kai rriv aVLaAAaKLtKtl a~ia, nou rrapa8t'tt::Lat Jlt t::oyvroJlova usrdvoiu rrpoe; 'to XtYKt::A arro 'to ouvrpoqio Txpoum, aAAa 'to yt::yovoe; elvm on TJ a~ia 'trov arrO'tt::At::OJla'tWv 0' ao'to 'to ~tl'tllJla ~piOKt::Lat, xurornv, o'ttlv aoo'tTJpo'tTJ'ta 'tfie; XPtl0TJe; 'tfie; "Emo'tllJlovtKfie; DWAt::KnKfie;"!]' q>'taVOVLae; 0' avrr, 'ttl ~a8JliDa, TJ {)1Jf.1.0«patia pyaiVel arro 'to. rrAaicrta 'tfie; daTlKij~ xorveivior; rrou apxi~t::t vri Jlt::'taoXTJJlaLi~£Lat ot oocrtaAtOnKtl xoivoiviu». Eivm oovspo on Jlta 'ttna av'tiATJ\jITJ 'tfie; Snuoxpurtur; (orrow xt av eivm TJ iOLOPtKtl Kai 8£wPTJnKtl 't1le; a~ia, nou EDro Dtv Jlae; EVDtaq>tpt::t) &tv urtopei vd slvm IxuvorrOtTJnKO 8£WPllnKO-rrpaKnKo xprrripio yta orrotov Jlaxt::rut ar,f.1.epa yta 'ttl DllJloKpaLia Kai 'to oocrtaAtOJlO ot ioxupte; KantLaAtOnKte; xropt::e;, - orrwe; Dtv tlLaV xui x'tte;, rrpoe; Jlt::yaA TJ nJltl 'trov rrOAtnKrov Jlae; TJyt::'trov nou ii~t::pav, roo'tooo, vd ~yODV J,lt EVnJlo'tTJLa arro Eva a8tt~ODO oriv EKElVO nou OUVtOLOUO£ TJ naparravw l:navaotan Ktl aAAa OXt At::tLOUpytKtl av'tiAll\jlTJ 'tfie; DTJJloKpa'tiae;, ano 'ttl J,lta rrAWpa, Kai ano 'to oocrtaADTJJlOKpanKo pscopuiouo rrou £IXt:: OUJ,lJ,laXtl0t::t J,lt 'to xpuroc-Sucutou, ano 'ttlV aAAll (Kai ae; rrpo08toouJ,lt:: on TJ napamivw av'ttAr}\jfll 'tfie; Dlluoxpurtuc eivm ~£nt::paoJltvll, anuepo; OLtlV ELL~ arro 'ttl aootasiottxn VOf.1.1f.1.0r1JTa, rravw o'ttlV ortotn ~Atrrt:: 'to DtKO uou Rousseau e Marx). Eivm aAtl8t::ta on ~ {)1Jf.1.oKparia {)tv pyaiVel dno tti nAaima rij~ daTlKij~ «otvcovku; uovo f.1.t rr, ouciaiopia rou npo sctapuitoo. aAAa ~yaivt::t KtOAae; ano KEi, arro 'to. Io ropucd aoo'tllpa opta WU aonKoD 8t::OJ,ltKOU nAatoiou, JlOAte; npaYJ,la'torrotEl'tat Jlta KOtvcovic orrou 'to xprrripio 'trov DtKatWJla'tO)v 'tfi~ Epyaoiae; OUYKPOU£tat Du-

e-

26

vuuucd - Jlecrw Otap9pwnKrov JlEtapo9Jlim::wv -, crav xpirripio tr;<; KOtVWVtKr;<; Otata~TJ<;, Jle to xprrripto trov Otxutcoudrrov tr;<; iJlOKT1Jaiar; xni dnOKafHaTaTal lhcrt EKEtVTJ Yt apXr] trov npOaW7ClKWV d~lWV, Kai crovErrro<; tr;<; OTJJltoOPYtKr;<; ErricrTJ<; a~ia<; toU av9pwrnvoo npooronou ycvncti; rraveo crtr]v onoiu otKOOOJlr]9TJKE, JlUAtcrta, Yt 'iota Yt acrnKr] xotvcovic aAAu dvayovTar; T1JVioropucd ei: npovouio Jltu<; ta~TJ<;: crti<; a~iE<;-OtKatWJlata trov tcaierovtcov. Mui KO/vcovucn-uetii-narncn oTJJloKpatia, Aomov, rtoo oev eivm mri Yt Ka9apu nOAITlKrj. Icropucn acrnKr] oTJJloKpatia, xni elvm ~e~ata rroAu JlaKpta arro tr] OTJJlOKpatia rrou npootOta~Et o' Eva xpdroc Jle crocrtaAtcrnKr] VOJltJlOtTJta (npourr09EcrTJ roii onoiou slvm Yt avatporrr] trov acrnKrov crxeosrov rrapaywyr;<;), aAAa rrou oev EXEt AtYOtEpo Jlecra tTJ<; ti<; OOVaJlEt<; Jltu<; crocrtaAtcrnKr;<; oTJJloKpatia<;, ytati aywVi~Etat (Jle tu Jlecra rrou tr;<; Ern rpcnst JltU OUcrKOATJ xurricrtacrTJ JlEta~acrTJ<;) ytU KEtVTJ tr]v (E~tcrwnKr]) apXr] tr;<; rraYKocrJltOtTJta<; ii Ka90AtKOtTJta<; trov npoaconuabv d~IWV nou, Jle to crXr;Jla Jltu<; Ka(}oA1Kijr; avtnaoneocotucii; iaOT1JTar;. ii KaAUtEpa JwpWOAaP1JTlKijr; at npoacona, 9a 9ptaJl~EUcrEt, ~e~ata, JlOVO o rriv KOJlJlOOVtcrnKr] xotvmviu (~A.ens Rousseau e Marx). ,AAAa Yt aucrtTJ prJ otaturrwcrTJ tOU xprrr] pion Jltu<; tena<; KOtVWvtKr;<; oTJJloKpatia<; rrpourr0getEt rriv t7ClAoyrj Kai tr] uetarpomi toU Io ropucoii acrnKO-OTJJlOKpanKou nponvouJlEVOO tr;<; pouoroucfu; tcrotTJta<; trov npoommxrov a~trov3 - Kai axt rof E~aVtATJJlevoO acrnKo-Kavnavou avnE~tcomxob nponvouuevou-e- ano uipoo; tiic- «ai avp([Jwva p{; tr] cruYXPovTJ Ta~IKO-npOAl:TapwKrj rrpO~ATJJlanKr] arraitTJcrTJ (xui Jlecra cre Jlta tena KaAu npoo Stopiouevn 9EWpnruco-rrpuxrucri otaotKacria urtopei vd otap9pw9et AEtroupvucd to vxpuuoiuvo xpt tr] pto tr;<; "YtYEJlovia<;»).
3 ~laPU~OWH: ijliTl (HrjV 'Etuatpotpn ar6 Mnopvt TOU vsupoii Pou<Jw (1740): «TtWiJ t nv d~ia UKOJlTl Kl UVuJlE<Ja <J'!OIJ<; d\'(i¢lOv<;:»' Kat 1tpPA. UVTt6ETa TOV TtJlUKU U<JTIKO TOVI<JJlO alm'j<; tfj<; prj<JTl<; TOU Au M1tPIYltp: ,,'H J1f.ydA.'7 tuiptouaia 1tpoavayytnEI TrjV d¢ia». rlU trjv JtpopATlJlanKrj TOU POU<J(J)IKOU t~t(J(J)n<JJlOU Kat trj <JUYKPI<JTl POU<J01KUVT Kat trj <JX£<JTl Pouoro-Mdpc- "EVYKEA<;-M:VIV 1tpPA. ro epyo Jla<; Rousseau e Marx

27

, AKpt~cOe; (JXETtKa ~E 'to nnpov haAtKO LUV'tay~a ((J't0 OrrOtO £~~E(Ja ava~Ep8~Ka (J'ta rrpO~YOU~Eva Kat ~AErrE Mondo nuovo 'tfie; 22 'ArrpiA~ 1962), 1i (Jo~apr] ~ae; npo(Jrra8Eta va aYUlVt(J'tOU~E yta rriv E<r>ap~Oyr] 'tOU we; 'to ~a8oc; ouvsxdverm Errt(J~C;(liv OXt xupiroc) Ka8apr] (JUVEl8~(J~ OXt uovo 'tOU rt cnuctvei xpnroc-Stxuiou, orrou au'to 'to Luv'tay~a tyypaq)[;raT (8~Aa8rT: 'tr]v lipv~(J~ Ka8E 8taKpt(J~e; rrOAtTtKfie; aU,a Kat rrErrot8r](JEUlV ava~E(Ja o roi«; rrOAtrec: rrpay~a nou, ~E~ata, £V8ta~EpEt YEVtKa «ai ~ae;: aAAa rrpErrEt vri arrO~EuYOU~E (Juyxu(JEtC; Kat rrapE~~Yr](JW;), aAAa Errt(J~C; Ka8apr] (JUVEl8~(J~ 'tOU 'ti cnuuivs. avrrj ft tyypacprj dvaTlrv~'1 J'1j10KpaTlKWV t~ tocotuc/ov if KOIVWVIKWV «tvntpcov (rrpay~a rrou Ev8ta~EPEt tj1aC; i8tatrspu Kat li~E(Ja)(J't0 (JcO~a 'tfie; TlOAlTlKijC; 8~~OKpa'ttac;. Ttutt eivru rrp08~AO OTt, liv rrpoe; urrEpa(J7tt(J~ 'tOu xpd'tOUe;-8tKatOU - Oxt uovo ~E rov aVTtEKAoytKO-Ka80AtKO vouo-nndrn 'tOU 1953, Kat 'ta nupouoiu, aAAa Erri(J~e; ~E rriv £~aAEt\v~ 'tcOv i8EOAOytKcOV 8ta~OpcOv ava~E(Ja (JE Pouoro Kai Kdvr (avayov'tae; 'tOY npdrro oro 8EU'tEPO, ~Eyt(J'tO 8EUlp~TtKO 'tOu xputouc-Sucutoo) - (JKE~'tOV'tat oi av'ttrraAoi ~ae;, rrpoe; urrEpa(J7tt(J~ EKElVOU 'tOu rooou 8a xorvrovucfj; 8~~OKpa'ttae;, nou, Ka8apa rrpoc; £rralvo rof Ko~~a'tOC; ~ae;, d(Jax8~KE oro (JuyXPOVO Luv'tay~a, rrpEnst vd (JKE~'tOU~E E~Eic;: Kat roco KaAU'tEpa 8a 'to xurop8W(JOU~E liv £XOU~E Ka8apoue; roi»; Ioropuco-toerrrou; elJIKOIJC; Aoyoue;, ~E rou; ortotouc ~ta 8~~oKpa'tia, 1tOUreiVEt (Jr]~Epa (J't0 coomxiouo, 1tPE1tEtva 8taKpt8£i a1to 'tr]v KotVO~OUAEUTtKr] il 1tOAtTtKr] 8~~oKpa'tia. 'AKO~~, elvm avaYK~ vd (JKE~'tOU~E ~E (JUYKEKpt~EVEe;,d8tKEe; a~atpE(JEte;. "Ac ~avayupi(JOU~E orriv Eiaaywyrj rob ' 57, (J'tie; 1tUKVEe; lmayopEU(JEte; 'tfie; rrpo~A ~WHtKfi<; 'ttK

28

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..nptrrEl KarOl arro KaeEoXtOIl vd apVlleOUIlE Kai AOY01) tal orrOl~(1)E vTjeOl~yiVEtal. "Orov eEOlpEiral ii i:VVOLaKEvTj AOY0I), rrptrrEl, avrieEta, vd Aall~aVEtal auro oriv aVlKavorllra rou AOY01)vd ~tPEl va avayvOlpil;Eral. 'H npoaotoptouivn Kai a<PIlPl]lltVl] eVVOIa slvm ii (JVVOIjKIJ fj KaM-

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Fui vd Soxiudoooue Ltl AOYIKO-IcrLOPIKtl aAAa Kai OlaA£KLIKtl ~t8ooo LOU Map~, nOD unmviooetm orriv Eiaaywytj (1857) oro Fui rtjv KPITIKtj rijr; rrOAITIKijr; oltcovouiai; (1858- ' 59), ae; npocrna8tlcrou~£ vri ~avacrK£q>LOu~£ Ltl 8£~£AIffioll OiKOVO~IKtl xnrnyopic Lfie; «napayroYIKOLllLae; Lfie; £pyacriae;» tl «napayroYIKfie; £pyacriae;», crLtl l3acrll LOU Kupasaio» Kai Lfie; Icroptce; LroV 8cwplwv yui rtjv vrrcpaf,ia. Krmoto ~£8000AOYIKO cru~ntpacr~a unopsl vri l3y£i aLO LtAoe;, av otv Kavou~£ Aa8oe;. 'BOll crll~avnKte; Yia LO Y£VIKO ~£800IKO rtpoonvcroAIcr~O elvm oi rrcpurnpriosu; xni La «Stuxptvo» nOD ~ae; OiV£1 6 Map~ oro otKaLO LtLaPLO K£q>aAaw LOU nprorou LO~OU LOU Keipasaio». « 'H cpyamaKtj tJlatJlKaaia - At£1-napaLllPtl8llK£ c' Eva npdrro Xpovo (I3Atn£ K£q>aAaw nt~nLO) aq>llPll~tva, av£~apLllLa ano Lie; Ioropucsc LllC; ~opq>te;, oriv owoIKacria nou avanLucrcr£LaI ava~£cra crLOV av8prono Kai Ltl q>Dcrll. 'EK£i £'i7ta~£: "<Av rtnpurnpricouue 6AOKAllPll rriv £pyacrwKtl OlaolKacria ano rriv anO'l'll LOU anoL£Atcr~aLoe; Llle;, ~tcro £pyacriae; xnl avnxsiuevo £pyacriae; napoucrtaSOVLaI xni La Mo oriv ~tcra napayroyile;, Kai 1i 'lOw 1i £pyacria napoucrtas£Lat oriv ttapaywYIKtj ipvcaio": Kni ~t rriv El3oo~ll crll~£irocrll ou~nAllpffiva~£: "AuLoe; 6 opiouo; Lfie; napayroYIKfie; £pyacriae;, Dnroe; npoxurtrst ano LtlV ano'l'll Lfie; <'mAfie; £pyacrIaKfie; olaoIKacriae;, otv elvm Ka80AOu Ixnvonomrucoc Yia Ltl owoIKacria Lile; KamLaAIcrnKfie; napayroyfie;". Trope unopobue vd avanTu~ou~£ napantpa aULO LO £mx£ipll~a. "Ooo 1i £pyacrtaKtl olaolKacria elver <lnAtl aLO~IKtl OWOIxcct«, 6 'lowe; £pyaso~£voe; ouyxevrpcovet DA£e; Lie; A£I31

[Ol1Aaori: Icropucri] XropiSoV'tat. .. Kai Xept ouvocovrm, E'tm Kt i) f:pyamaKri OtaotKaaia svcovet Siovonrucn f:pyaoiu Kai UAtKri f:pyaaia. ' Apvorspo, atJ'tee; otaxropisov'tat J.!eXpt rov av'tayrovtaJ.!o Kai 'triv f:X8pO'tllm. To npoiov uerurpsnerct f:vyev£t a1to aJ.!£ao rtpotov LOU aLOJ.!tKOU nnpayroyou ei: KOIVWVIKO npotov, nporov KOtVO EVOe;aUVOAtKOU epyas0J.!£vou, 0l1Aaori EVOe; ouvoucousvoo npooromKOU epyaaiae; ... LUV£1t&e; J.!e 'to ouvepvoruco [= «xotvoivtKO»] xapaK"tripa 'tile; f:pyamaKile; otaotKaaiae; JIWpVVetat avaYKaia i) EVVOta "tile; napaYWYIKr;e; ipvaaku; Kai LOU oopec rnc, 0l1Aaori LOU ttopayoryttcoii epya(owvov... ' AAAa, a1to rriv aAAll ueptn, ti Evvota "tile; 1tapayroytKile; epyaaiae; neplOpi(HW. 'H Ka1tt"taAtanKri 1tapayroyri oev elver uovo napaywyr, ef1nopeVf1aroe;, elvm ~amKa napaywyr, bnepac,iae;. '0 f:pya'tlle; oev 1tapay£t yta rov Eau"tO LOU, aAAa yta 'to K£<paAatO. LUV£1t&e; oev apK£l 1tta vd 1tapay£t 6 f:pya'tlle; y£vtKa. ITpe1t£t vri 1tapay£t u1t£pa~ia. Elvat napaYWYIKOe; f10VO ixeivoc b epyaT11e;nov noptiye: vnepac,ia vui TOV «amiasiatn fj O.K0f111nov XP11(J[f1eVel atnv avroac,lOnoi11a11 rou KupaAaiov... 'H EVVOta LOU 1tapayroytKoU f:pya"tll Jtv eVtXel AOl1tOV Ka()oAov f10VO uia aX£a11 wrac,v Jpaar11plor11-

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rae; «ai Xpr,(J[f1ov dnoreJ..taf1aroe;, f1erac,v epyaT11 «ai npoiovroe; Tr;e; ipyaaku; dAM evtXel intone: J.!ta axeall nuprrycoYile; eiJIKa KOIVWVIKr;e; iatopuciic 1tpoeA£Ualle; 1tOo xapas£t

orov f:pya'tll 'to allJ.!aOt LOU aJ.!£aou ueoou a~ ionoi 11all e; LOU K£<paAaiou. Aomov, 'to on slvrn 6 f:pya'tlle; 1tapayroytKOe; oev sivm "toXll aAAa ouaTUxia. L"to rsrupro ~t~Aio auLOu LOU EPYOU nou 1tpaYJ.!a't£o£'tat rriv Io roptc 'tile; Oeropice; [=Ehwpiee; Yla rr,v vnepac,ia] 8a oouJ.!£ a1to mo xovrri 1t&e; ti KAamKri 1tOAtnKri oixovouiu EX£t a1to 1tav"ta xdvei 'triv napaywyr, vnepac,iac; a1to<pamanKo xapaKTllptanKo LOU 1tapayroytKOU tpya'tll. Kat auv£1t&e; 6 6ptaJ.!0e; "tlle; LOU 1tapayroytKOU f:pya"tll 1totKiAA£t avaAoya J.!e 'triv av'tiAll\j1ri 'tll e; yta 'tri <poall 'til e; U1t£pa~ iuc». ITpiv nspnoooue a'tie; ax£nKee; Icropucec avaAoa£te;, 1tOo 1t£ptexov"tat a'tie; eewpiee; yui rr,v vnepac,ia, I', ae;
I

KUPA .Mup~, Theorien ubur den Mehrwert, I, Dietz Verlag, BEpOAi-

32

O"tp£\jfOU~£ rriv rrpoO"oXrl 0"£ 800 O"l1J.1£ia ~£8080u ava<popucd J.1£O,tt rrpo11Yrl811K£: ttptino, orriv apv11O"l1 toU Map~ vn nspioptcrst 0"£ uin «a<p11P11~£V11» nupurripnon, 811Aa8rl «av£~apt11t11 arro tie; iO"toptK£e; t11e; uoposc», tile; xut11yopiae; tile; nopaycoyucotntiu; rfjc; ipvaaioi; aKpt~&e; yta vd arro<puy£t roix; Y£VtKOUe; aAAa Kai £Aattro~anKoue; opt0"J.10ue; yta roix onotou; eX£t ii811 Kat11YOPrlO"£t (o rriv Elaaywy1j rou '57) roix; aO"tOue; ohcovouos.ovou; rrou £~11youv, A.X., to K[XpaAaLO oriv ~ta «Y£VtKrl aiwvta <pUo"tKrl O"X£O"l1, rrpaYJ.1a rrou elvm aA118tVO J.10VOav rrapaA£l\jfou» J.1£ tOV «d8tKO xapaKtrlpa», 811Aa8rl Io toptxo, rtou xrivet arro J.1ta «O"uO"O"roPWJ.1£V11 EpyaO"ia» to K£<paAato J.1£trl m5yXpOV11 £vvow' ii rrou «rrapoucrta1;;ouv trlV rrapayroYrl [~Hrr£ T1;;wv I:ttouapt MiA] oriv urroK£lJ.1£V11 0"£ aiwvtoue; av£~aprrrrom; arro rriv io roptu V0J.10ue;, rtepirtttoon Kata rriv 0noiu oi aO"nK£e; O"x£O"£te;[rrapayroYile;] rrap£~~aAAovtat EVt£A&e; Kpu<pa oriv a~£ta~A11tOt qnxnxoi V0J.10t J.1ti'ie;xotvoiviae; in abstracto, 811Aa8rl vevnai»: Kt etcrt rr£<ptouv ouvsx&e; 0"£ «ruuroxovtec»: &vrcpo, 0"1'0 ErraKoAou80 ~£808tKO Ka8ilKov 8£~6AiroO"l1e; Ka8£ Hecopku; (OiKOVOJ.1tKt;e;, O"trlV rrpoK£tJ.1£V11 rr£pirrtroO"l1) rravro O"trlV iaiopia (tile; 8£ropiae; ErriO"l1e;), 811Aa8rl rravro 0"£ J.1ta iO"toptKo-8taA£KnKrl avaAUO"l1(8a to 80UJ.1£), Kat 8tap8proO"rl<; 1'11<;,~£~ata, 0"£ O"uyK£KPtJ.1£V£<;, 0"1'0 ~a8J.10 rrou sivm Io-ropucsc, a<patp£o"£t<;: ii aKoJ.111 «EmO"t11J.10VtK£<;» a<patp£O"£t<; Kai OXt J.1£ta<pucrtKou turrou (i) «usruqnxnxr] til<; rroAtttKil<; ohcovoutno-l), orrro<; ol Y£VtK£<; Kai arrpo0"8toptO"t£<; a<patp£O"£t<; rof T1;;wv I:nYO, 1956, CJ. 1-376. "ExoullE nupollCJu (1l0AoVOn ~UVUIlE'tU<Ppu1,;ov'tUl Hiro KUt KEi) 'tT1V npooqxrrr], KUAt], hUAlKt] EKOOCJ'l 'tOU T1,;op't1,;o T1,;op't1,;En: Teorie sui plusvalore, Editori Riuniti, PWIl'l, 1961: nOll nAEOvEK'tEi unEvuvn CJ'tt]v np0'lyollIlEV'l 'tou CAW Kovn, Einaudi, YlUti EXEl UKOAou9t]CJElCJ'tt]v {CJ't0PlKO-oluAEKnKt] 't'lC; OlU'tU~'l'to UPXlKO KElIlEVO, CJllll<Provu Ilt 'ttl CJo~lEnKt] EKOOCJ'l (uno 'tt]v 6notu 1t11PE unOOElYllu 1') Dietz Verlag) KUt DXl 'ttl XPOVOAOYlKt], UU9UtPE't'l 'tUK'tOnot'lCJ'l nOll EKUVE 6 KUOUtCJKl: IllU OlU<pOpU u~uCJCJuAtu KUt EVu 1,;t]'t'lIlU nou 9u li~l1,;E iOlUitEP'l CJu1,;t]'t'lCJ'l. TIpEnEl IlE'tu vu CJ'lIlElWCJOUIlE, nuv'tu CJXE'tlKU 11' noro 'to AeyollEvo «'tE'tUP'tO IlEPOC;» ({CJ'tOPlKO) 'tOU Keoasoio» O'tl uu'to EXEl tV'tEAroC; nupullEA'l9Ei CJ't6 npooqxrro <plMoo~o OOKllllO Teoria e storia nel .. Capitale" di Marx, MlAaVO, 1960, 'tOU ZUV KAWV't MlCJW.

33

ounpr MiA Kat aAAwv YHi roix; ortotouc JltA rlaaJlE mo mivw. "A<; SOUJlEAOt1tOV nro<; aKptpOAoyEiLat Kat oncoiosoyciTal, o rriv Io ropiu LroV ecwpuJJv Yl(i tnv vncpac,fa, EKEiVO<;0 OXt «aq>llPllJlEVO<; opiouoc» n;<; «napaywytKfj<; Epyaaia<;» (KamraAWTlKijc;), onou 0 Map~ npoxwpEi aLO o nnouc wu Kopasaiou nou napa8EaaJlE. Kni a<; SOUJlE rtponuvroc nro<; oi opiouot Lfj<; Epyaaia<; Kat WU nupnymytKOU EpyaLll, StaLUnWJlEVOt rriv KAaatKrl At nKll oixovouiu, nOtKtAAOUV avaAoya JlE Li<; aXEnKE<; avnAll\jIEt<; yta rriv «l)1tEpa~ia» Kai LrlV «a~ia», KAn.: xui, aUVEnro<;, nro<; avaAoya JlE rriv KaLaAAllAOLllLa LOU<;rj oXt ffi<; npo<; LrlV E~rlYllall Lfj<; YEvEall<; xui Lfj<; avanLu~ll<; WU auyxpovou Ka1ttLaAwJlOU onou ~EKtVaEt fJ EmanlJlOVtKrl Jlap~tKrl EpEUva WU latopncoii nopovtoc Kai LroV nirtmv rou) auwi oi opiouol daEPXOVLat anapaiLllLa rj OXt aLrl auaLaall WU dStKOU ououro tucob optaJlou Lfj<; «xn1ttLaAtaLtKfj<; napaywytKfj<; Epyaaia<;» onou LEiVEt 0 Map~ aLrlV EV AOYW EpEuva. "Ero t aUJlPaiVEt-aUvo\jlisovLa<; LrlV Icropuco-Sicxsxrtxr] avaAuall LroV ecwpuJJv yui ujv vncpac,fa, 1- oi KAaatKE<; ouvetcoopec orov avasllwullEVO optaJlO-aE avnStaaWArl, ouuerovu JlE LrlJlap~tKrl avaAuall, npo<; La avnq>anKa apvllnKa WIJ<; JlEPll- vd elvm ol aKoAou8E<;.

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35

rrrru», onou «ano 'rrl uin nAwpu, ti yalOnpooOOOe; - 011Aaorl ti npaYJlanKrl OiKOVOJllKrl JlOpq>rl 'rfie; yalOK'rlloiae; - anoyuJlVWV£'Wl ano ro q>£OUOapXlKO 'rlle; n£pi~AllJla, avuY£'Wl ot anA rl un£pa~ia, ot nA£ovaoJla nrivco O'rO Jlloeo 'rfie; tpyaoiae;, xni, ano 'rrlV aAA 11 nAwpu, aU'rrl ti un£pa~ia, Jlt rriv anOOOXrl Kai nUAl 'rfie; q>£OuoapXlKfie; 0nnKfie;, qrtrivs; VU ~£nllou£l ano 'rrl q>UOll, 0Xl ano rriv xotvcovic, ano 'rrl oXtoll Jlt 'rrl Yfi, 0Xl ano 'rie; KOlvrovlKte; oxto£le;... "OA£e;, [toro'r£plKte;] avtupaaeu; 'rfie; Kam'WAlonKfie; napayroyfie; tvw nU£l v' avoi~£l 6 0pOJlOe; YlU vu n£'Wxwuv e~ro ano 'rrl q>£OuoapXlKrl xowovto ..., aAAu [rrou] otv eX£l aKOJla ~p£l rriv £iOlKrl 'rlle; popori»: Kai aLO o£u'r£po o nueio 6 Mup~ q>tPV£l rriv aV'riPlloll on «ro 1..0.eoe; 'rWV qnxnoxpurdiv ~pioK£'ral JlOVO oro on avnAaJl~uvOV'WV rov VAlKO VOJlO Jllae; oUYK£KplJltvlle; iowplKfie; q>Uolle; 'rfie; xotvrovtuc [811AaOrl Jllae; ayponKfie; xupio»; xorvrovinc] oriv aq>llPllJltvo VOJlO nou KuplapX£l 6JlOlOuoptpo oi: oA£e; 'rie; xoivrovucec JlOpq>te;», Kuvov'rae; O'rO 'ruoe; ro oq>uAJla wU ... olaq>rononKou avnlowplKlOJlOU. B. 'H aovctatpopii toii LfllO: I) ti avaKuAU\j111 'rfie; oUYXPOVlle; ~lOJlllxavlKfie; napayroYlKo'rllme;, 'rfie; «uuvtq>aK'roupae;» (nou rriv ntorsocv «ayoVll» oi q>UOlOKpU'r£e; t~UJlVll'rte; 'rfie; y£ropYlKfie; ~lOJlllxaviae;): «ti tpyaoia EVOe; tpyu'rll 'rfie; ucvupcxroupce; ttp 0 O'(}ere 1 Y£VlKU o'rrlV a~ia 'rfie; npw'rlle; UAlle;, nou XPllcrlJlonol£iLal, 'rrlV a~[a rfje; JlKfje; rov aovtnpnanc «ai toii KepJove; toii tupevtucoii rot» (llAoBroe; rwv tBvwv. II, xsrp. 3)' 2) ti «Kam'raAlonKrl» olUKPloll «napayroYlKfie;» xui «Jlrl napayroYlKfie;» tpyaoiae;: «"Av ti nooornru 'rfie; 'rpoq>fie; xni WU vruotuctoc nou ... Ka'WvaAwellK£ ano Jlrl napayroYlKu XEpla [vnllP£'rWV ii JlOUcrlKWV ii iOWlLlKWV iJeonOlwV, KAn.] OWVEuovruv OE napayroYlKu xtpw [tpya'rwv], au'ru eo. dxav avanapayuY£l 6AoKAllPll rriv a~ia 'rfie; KamvuAro0rle; WUe; fla,! fl' eva KepJoe;» (onou napanuvro). «ME nOAArl oaq>rlveto -npOOeE'r£l 6 Mup~ - 1tpooolOpi~£'rat tow 6 nnpayroYlKOe; tpyu'rlle;, tK£lvOe; 1tOU 0Xl JlOVO ava1tapuY£l YlU tOV Kam'WAlo'rrl 6AoKAllPll triv a~ia 'rWV usorov f:m~iroolle; 1tOU n£plExoV'rat oro JllOeO, aAAu nou rri avana36

paYEt "flal;;i fl' EVa KEpOOe;". Movo it tpyacria nOD napayEt KEq>aAatO civm napayroytKrl £pyacria. ' AAAa 'to £1-.l1t0psuuc, t'i 'to XPfifla, yivE'tat KEq>aAatO XaPll oro YEyovoe; on av'taAAacrcrE'tat allEcra IlE rriv tpyacrtaKrl Ixcvornro, on av'taAAacrcrE'tat IlE 1l0VO oxono vd avnKa'tacr'ta9Ei ano Ilta Epyacria IlEyaAU'tEPll ano xsivn nOD nEptEXE'tat oro 'iotO 'to £llnOpEUlla... 'H napayroytKrl epyacria xpooSioptl;;E'tat £0& ano 'trlV anO\jfll 'tfie; Ka1tt'taAtcrnKfie; napayroyfie;, Kai A. l:1li9 £~av'tAllcrE 'to npo~Alllla EVVotOAoytKa [0 Map~ IltAaEt, EO&, £nicrlle; yta crllt9tavrl «differentia specifica- ]. .., elvm Ilta ano 'tie; IlEYaAD'tEpEe; E1ttcr'tllIlOVtKEe; ron sm WxiEe; ... 'to on npoo Stopioe rriv napayroytKrl Epyacria oriv Epyacria nOD aVTaA.A.daaeTaI anw8eiac; 11£ TO KeqJdA.alO, OllAaorl IlEcrro Ilto.e; av'taAAaYfie; orriv anoia oi cruv9fiKEe; napayroyfie; 'tfie; Epyacriae; xo.i it a~ia YEVtKa, xpfilla t'i EllnopEUlla, IlE'tacrXlllla'til;;ov'tat crE KEq>aAato (xui T] Epyaoto IlE'tacrXlllla'til;;E'tat ot: Iltcr9ro'trl £pyacria IlE 'trlV £1ttcr'tll1l0Vt Krl EVVota WU 0 pou). M' au'to rov rpono Ka90pil;;E'tat Enicrlle; xnrri rporto anoAu'W 'to 'ti npaYlla sivm T] Ilr, napcycoyocn ipyaaio: Elvm Epyacria nOD o{;v av'taAAacrcrE'tat IlE KEq>aAatO, aAAa nOD av'taAAacrcrE'tat anw8efac; Ili elao<51Jlla Aurot ol opiouot OEV ~yaivouv Aomov ano 'ta UAt... Ka xapaK1llPtcrnKa 'tfie; Epyacriae; ... , aAAa ano 'trl crUYKExpuisvr; xorvrovucn flOPq>rl, ano 'tie; xowrovucec crxEcrEte; napayroyfie; onou au'trlnpaYllawnOtEi'tat. 'Evnc ti90notoe;, A.X., aKollll Kt Evae; naAta'tcroe; (KAOOUV), IlE ~acrll aUWDe; WDe; opiouou; elvm napayoryucot; Epyal;;oIlEvoe; av Epyal;;E'tat orriv unllPEcria EVOe; Ka1tt'taAtcr'tfi (wu iunpeodptou), orov oxoto anooioEt xepicoorepn a~ia an' ocrll nutpvet ano KEiVOV IlE 'trl 1l0pq>rl wu Iltcr90u, £v& Evae; paq>'tlle;, nOD naEt oro o rrirt 'tou Ka1tt'taAtcr'tfi vd WU IlnaArocrEt 'ta nav'tEAovW, rof npoll1l9EDEt Ilta UnArl a~ia XPrlcrlle;, dVat Ilrl napayroytKOe; Epyal;;oIlEVOe;. 'H Epyacria wu nprorou av'taAAacrcrE'tat IlE KEq>aAatO, wu OEU'tEPOUIlE dcroolluc, 'H npro'tll £pyacria 0lllltOUPYEi unEpa~ia, (}'trl OED'tEPll Ka'tavaArovE'tat Eicroolllla». ' AAAa, ano Tr,V (fJA.1JnA.wpd, 0 Map~ xpt rt xripet aucr'tll pri (orri ~acrll 't&v npoEK'tE9Etcr&V EVVOt&V) rov 'tEAtKO crllt9wvo opiouo 'tfie; napayroytKfie; Epyacriae; oriv au'tfie; nOD napaYEt «£llnOpEUlla» Kai 'tfie; Ilrl

a

37

n:apaYOOY1Kii<;Epyaoia<; oriv al)'tii<; n:OUOEVn:apaY£l «KaVEva EIln:opwlla,,: «'H evvola 'OU EIln:op£ulla.o<; - avnrstvsr 6 Map~ - ouvsndvetm 01100<; on i] Epyaoia EVOoouorroverm, UAon:ol£i.m, n:paYlla.on:ol£hm, 0.0 npoiov LTl<; '00.000, ... i] uAon:oillOll 'ii<; Epyaoia<; OEVvoetrm IlE 'llv 'iola OKoo'OEi;lKll orevorrreu IlE rriv 6n:oia '11 vost 6 A. EIli8. "OLaV 1l1AUIl£ Yla .0 EIln:opwlla oriv uAon:oi 11011'ii<; Epyaoia<; -IlE 'llv evvola 'ii<; aVLaAAaKnKii<; roo a~ia<; -11' au.o EVVOOUIl£1l0VO Eva rporco un:ap~ll<; WU £Iln:opsoucroc,. Ka8apa KOlVooV1KOrtoo OEV eX£l Ka80Aou vu xdvet IlE rriv Evooolla'll n:paYllaL1KO'1l.a rou .0 £Iln:opwuu n:apoUCJlai;£.m onv OUYK£KPlIlEVll xocornru K01VooVlKii<; £pyaoia<; ii XPllllaw<;. Elvm Suvnrov i] OUYK£KPlIlEVll £pyaoia, 'ii<; 6n:oia<; .0 £1ln:opwlla elvm .0 an:o.EA£olla, vd Il11V a<pllv£l 0' au.o xnvevu 'ixvo<;. E.a n:apayoll£va an:o Li<; JlaVl<paKWUp£<; £1ln:op£UllaLa au.o .0 'iXVO<;nnpcIlEV£l orriv E~oo'£PlKll 1l0P<Pll nou IlEV£l O'llV n:poo'll UAll. E'll y£oopyia, liv Kai i] 1l0P<Pll n:ou exouv n:apf11 .0. £Iln:opeuurrru, n:.x .• 0 orrdpi, .0 ~001, KAn:., eivui xt aU'll rtpoiOV 'ii<; av8poomvll<; Epyaoia<; ... , au.o OEVavayvoopii;£.al 000.000 0.0 npotov. EE 1110.liAAll ~tollllxavlKll £pyaoia ..; Epyaoia OEV eX£l Ka80Aou OKOn:O vd aAAa~£l '11 1l0P<Pll wu n:paYllaW<;, aAAa 1l0VO rov rono on:ou au.o ~piOK£rrn. "Av, A.X., Eva EIln:opwlla 1l£.a<pEp£Lal an:o rriv Kiva o'llv 'A YrAia, 0.0 'ioto .0 n:paYlla c>tvavayvwpi(ovral .0. 'lxvll 'ii<; £pyaoia<; ... M' au.o rov rpono [ollAaoll liv ~aCJli;0llao.£ mivco o'llv £vooolla'll n:paYllanKo'll.a Kai '11 1l0P<Pll .rov EIln:OPWJla.oov] OEVIln:OPOUIl£ AOtn:OV vri avnAll<P80UIl£ rriv uAon:oillOll ni<; £pyaoia<; 0.0 npotov. ('H n:Aavll ~£K1Va£1 EO& an:o .0 y£yovo<; on 1110.K01VooV1Kll 0XEoll n:apoUCJlai;£.m IlE '11 1l0P<Pll n:paYllaW<;.) ,AAAa eivm ~E~ala aKpl~E<; on .0 £1ln:opwlla <paiv£.m onv nspnousvn, avnK£lll£vOn:OlllIlEVll £pyaoia, ouv£n:&<;, liv OEV <paiV£Lal IlE '11 1l0P<Pll n:paYllaw<;, unopei vd ectvsrm 110vo IlE '11 1l0P<Pll ni<; 'iola<; ni<; £pyaolaKii<; iKavo'llLa<;' OEV <paiV£Lal n:O.E oriv lill£oa i;oov.avll £pyaoia». M' au.o .0 1l£8000AOY1KO an:08£lla 6 Map~ OEX£Lal, 000.000, on «..; n:apayooYlKll Epyaoia 80. ~LaV AOtn:OVEK£iVll nou n:apaY£l EIln:op£UllaLa, ii n:ou an:w8£ia<; n:apaY£l, £Kn:mo£u£l, ava38

nruoost, Surrnpst, avarrapa:YEt rriv 'iDta 'trlV Epyacrta1crl {xnvornrn [DTJAaDrl npoxertut yui 'ti<; urrTJpEoiE<; WU yta'tpou Kai WU EKrratDWni, KArr., rofi Epya'tTJ]», liv xni 6 ~J.1i8 arroKAEiEt «au8aipE'ta» au'trl rriv 'tEAw'taia arro rov 'tlTAO 'tfj<; rrapaywytKfj<; Epyaoia<;. Kai elver Eva VWKOUJ.1EV'tO OXt arrAa {OWptKO-OtKoV0J.1tKO, aAAa VWKOUJ.1EVW, ..,DTJ,J.1tu<; HAooo<pia<; xni J.1tU<; q J.1E80DOU (UAtO'ttKO-DtaAEK'ttKfj<; 000 xni UAtO'ttKO-tOWptKfj<;) iJ Dta'trl PTJoTJ J.1Eow 'tfj<; Kpt'ttKfj<; J.1ap~tKfj<; lipVTJOTJ<; O'trl oootuxio-nKrl OiKOVoJ.1ia- 'tfj<; 0J.1t8tavfj<; xnrnyoptce; 'tfj<; vA1Kijr; r; iuttopeouatucii; ttapavoryucotnitu; 'tfj<; rrapaywytKfj<; Epyaoia<;, Ka'tTJyopia rrou E'tcrt o.VenTVYJ1tVIJ KUptapxEi Hopa orov urroAoytoJ.10 wu E8vtKOU EioODrlJ.1aw<; 'tfj<; OO~tE'ttKfj<; OiKOVoJ.1ia<;Kai J.1EptKroVarro 'ti<; VEE<;DTJJ.10Kpa'tiE<;2. Kurnvopto nou, li<; J.1rlV 'to ~EXVUJ.1E, rrayopEu8TJKE oro u J.1UaAo rof ~J.1i8 'trlv Icropucri avaYKato'tTJ'ta 'tfj<; aVnDtao"WAfj<; 'tfj<; rrapaywytKo'tTJ'ta<; 'tfj<; ~toJ.1TJxaVtKfj<; Epyaoia<; (rors o'trlV rrpw'tTJ 'tTJ<; pJ.1rl) arro 'trl J.1rlrrapayw6 yucorrrrc 'tfj<; Epyaoia<; 'trov arraoXOAOUJ.1EVWV mi<; J.1tOO<pEOuDapXtKE<;AuA.E<; rrou dXav arroJ.1EivEtJ• 'AAAa li<; onsuooous va DOUJ.1E OUJ.1rrArlPWOTJ u 6'trl w ptoJ.10U ('tfj<; rrapaywytKfj<; tpyaoia<;) orrw<; rov avixvwoE 6 Map~ o'trlv io ropic 'trov Oecopubv yui njv vnepac,ia. Iluipvovruc urro'l'TJ ErrioTJ<;'trl ptxapvttavn auvetaoopti (noo, oro rrpOKElJ.1EVO 8EJ.1a,DEV rrpo08E'tEt Kai W:yaAa npuvunru o'trl oJ.1t8tavrl: rt. «'tOOO iJ Beoipiu 000 Kai iJ 1tpaK'ttKrl WU (JraJ1aTU bpvaaia (JTO anueio 1tOU au'trl unopst vd 1tapaYEt, 1tEpa arro 'to. J.1Eoa l~1tt~iwoTJ<; wu tpya1;OJ.1EVOU,Eva KtpJor; yta rov Ka1tt'taAtCJ'trl, EJ.1<pavi1;ovrm OE av'ti8EoTJ J.1E roix; qJV(J(KOVr; V0J10Vr; 1tOUpu8J.1i1;ouv triv 1tapaywYrl»), 6 Map~ apxi1;Et vd KAElVEt, o'ti<; eewpier;. 'tOV 6pt0J.10 rou 00<;l:~fj<;: «"E rot iJ 1tapaywytKrl MvaJ.1TJ 'tfj<; KOtVWVtKfj<; Epyaoia<; Kai O{ iDtalTEPE<; J.10p<pE<; 'tTJ<; 1tapoucrta1;ov'tat trope oriv 1tapaywytKE<; DUVaJ.1Et<;xui

ano

va

x·:

r,

La teoria del valore e dello sviluppo capitalistico in Adamo Smith, MlAavo, 1961, a. 277-278, "tOU
T~. Ihsrpcvepc.

anI Societa, 1955, up. I, a. 1-22. 3 BA.t1tE "ttl 9q.LEAlWIiTj ouvstooopd,

2

TIp~A. T~. Iherpuvepu,

Marx e la storia delle dottrine economiche,

39

J..IOp<pte; LOU KE<paAaiou, nie; dVTlKE:1fl[;V07WI1]fl£V1]C; £pyacriae;, T&V n:paYJ..lanK&V cruv811K&V £pyacriae;, ol 6n:OtEe;, oro pa8J..1o n:OD an:OTEAOUV J..IHl J..IOP<Ptl n:OD £ytVE aVE~apTllTll an:tvavn crTtl i;;rovLavtl £pyacria, npooornonotobvrm crTOV Ka1tlLaAtcrTtl. 'Y n:apXEt £8& athtl it avaTpon:tl T&V crxtcrErov, n:OD yta vd TtlV £K<ppacroUJ..IE £XOUJ..IE ,,811 un:08£i~Et, or riv nopeto Tfie; avaAucrlle; LOU XPtlJ..laLOe; [PA. Fui T~V KPlTlK~ TfjC; n:OAlTlKfjC; oltcovouku; Kai To KE:qJaAalO, I, KE<p. 1], TOV opo qJ[;TlXI(5flOC;... 'Eniorp; OLaV nnpurnpobus ai)"[tl TtlV rmAtl TU1tlKtl crxtcrllTtl Y[;V1K~ J..IOP<Ptl Tfie; Kan:naAtcrnKfie; n:apayroyfie;, n:OD 6 AtyOTEPO aVEn:TuYJ..ltVOe; Ka1tlLaAtcrnKoe; rponoc; n:apayroyfie; £XEt xotvri J..It TOV mo aVEn:wYJ..ltvo - Ta uiaa napaywyfjc;, oi npaYJ..lanKte; cruv8fiKEe; £pyacriae;, uAtKa £pyacriae;, J.ltcra £pyacriae; (Kai J..Itcra £1tlPi(Ocrlle;), 8tv octvovtm vd unornooovrm crTOV £pyaTll aAAa <pai VETat vd TOV un:oTacrcrouv. Kui slvm yt' ai)"[o TO AOYO n:OD arrO'!£AOUV KE<paAalO [iouoruco]. To KE<paAalO flza(}WVE:l £pyacria. Ai)"[a 8tv eivm Yla TOV £PyaTll J..Itcra Y1a vri rrapaYEl npoiovru, TOcrO J..It Ttl J..IOP<Ptl T&V J..Itcr(Ov liJ..lEcrlle; £1tlPirocrlle;, ocro Kai oriv J..Itcra aVLaAAaYfie;, oriv £J..In:opEDJ.laLa. ' AAAa ai)"[oe; [6 £pyaTlle;] civet yt' aina Eva J.ltcro £VJ..ItPEt Yla vri 8taTllP£i r nv a~ia LOUe;, £VJ..ItPEt yta vd TtlV a~lOn:Ol£i, 811Aa8tl Yla vri rriv au~av£l, Yla vri an:oJ.lui;;ouv Un:EpEpyacria. 'H811 aUTtl it crXtcrll, ornv rmAoTllTa Tlle;, eivm avan:080yDptcrJ..la, xpoomnonotllcrll LOU rrpaYJ..laLOe; xni nprryuonot llcrll LOU xpootonoo a<pou aUTO rrOD 8taKpiVEt aUTtl Ttl J..IOP<Ptl [xotvmvucri Tfie; rrapayroYfie;] arr' OAEe; Lie; n:POllyoDJ.lEVEe; J..IOp<pte; slvm TO YEYOVOe; on 6 Ka1tlLaAtcrTtle; 8tv acrK£i rriv KUptapxia LOU nrivro crTOV £PyaTll Xapll crt KarrolO npooromxo xapaKTllpto nxo aAAa J..IOVO oro pa8J.l0 n:OD elvm "KE<paAalO'" it Kuplapxia LOU 8tv civet rrupd it KUptaPXia Tfie; avnxstusvonornusvrp; £pyacriae; mivro cr'!tl i;;rovLavtl £pyacria, LOU nporovroc LOU £PyaTll nrivro o rov 'i81O TOV £PyaTll ... Movo it neptoptouevr] acrnKtl aVTiAll\jlll, it o notu 8Erop£i Tie; Ka1tlLaAtcrnKte; J..IOp<pte; Tfie; rrapayroyfie; oriv Lie; arrOAuTEe; J.lOp<pte; aUTfie; - 811Aa8tl oriv Tie; aiWVtEe; <pUcrtKte; J..IOp<pte; 1'fie; rrapayroyfie; -, unopet vd crUyxtEt TO rrpopAllJ..Ia 1'OU rt rrpaYJ..la sivut it napaywY1K~ ipyaaia arro 1'tlV 40

urro\jlf) 'WU KE<paAaiou IlE 'to rrpO~Af)lla 'Wu noui epyacria elvm YEVtKa. rrapaYffiytKrl». Kt ae; ouyxpivouue alno 'to crullrrEpacrlla 'tmv eewpuiJV IlE xsivo 'WU Kupasoio», III, KE<p. 15: cc To dAr,£hvo OPIO 'tfie; KamLaAtcrnKfie; rrapaywyfie; elvm 'to 1<510 to KupaAalO. slvm alno: on 'to KE<pa.Aato Kai fJ au'Wa~tonoif)crrl 'WU ell<pavi~ovLat cra.v a<pE'tf)pia Kai rspuu, oriv Kivnrpo Kai oxonoc 'tfie; rrapaYffiyfie;· on fJ rrapaYffiYrl eivm IlOVO napaYffiYrl yta. 'to KupaAalO xni oXt 'to avLi8E'W [nicht umgekehrt]: on rri IlEcra rrapaYffiyfie; slvm <1rrAa. IlEcra yta. Ilta. crUVEXrl errEKLacrf) 'tfie; ~ffinKfie; 8ta8tKacriae; yta. rriv «oivcovia rwv nopayoiyd,». Tri opta IlEcra orri orroi:a Il1tOPOUV IlOVa.Xa vd Ktvf)8ouv fJ 8ta'trlPf)crf) Kai fJ au'tOa~torroif)crf) 'tfie; a~iae;-KE<pa.Aato, rrou 8EIlEAtroVELat nrivro orriv arraAAo'tpifficrf) Kai 'trlv e~a8Aifficrf) 'tmv IlEYa.AffiV Ila~mv 'tmv napaYffiymv, au'ta. rri opta ~picrKOVLat AOlrrov cruvExme; crE av'ti<pacrf) [in Widerspruch] IlE 'tie; IlE808oue; rrapaYffiyfie; rrou rrpErrEt vri e<papllo~Et 'to KE<pa.Aato yta. vd nE'tuXEt 'to oxono 'tOU, Kai nou em8uoKouV 'trlV arrEptOptcr'tf) aU~f)crf) 'tfie; napaYffiyfie;, 'trlV rrapaYffiYrl oriv oxono Ka8au'to, 'trlll rl e~ap'tf)IlEVf) arro 'tie; KOt vmvi KEe; rrapaYffiytKEe; 8uVa.IlEte; 'tfie; epyacriae; ava.rr'tU~f). To IlEcrO-fJ ava.rr'tU~f) rrou 8EV e~ap'taLat arro Lie; xorvcovuca; rrapaYffiytKEe; 8uVa.IlEte; - EPXE'tat cruvExme; crE crUYKpoUcrf) IlE 'to orsvo oxono, rriv a~torroif)crf) 'tOU urra.pxov'We; KE<paAaiou [=i8tffinKou]. "Av, cruvErrme;, 0 KamLaAtcrnKoe; rportoc rrapaYffiyfie; elvm Eva Ioropuco usoo yta. rriv ava.n'tU~f) 'tfie; UAtKfie; rrapaYffiytKfie; 8Uva!lf)e; Kat 'trl 8f)lltoUpyia EVOe; av'ticr'WtXou rraYKocr!ltoU £llrrOptoU, au'toe; sivm LaU'toxpova fJ crLa8EPrl av'ti<pacrf) [der bestandige Widerspruch] ava.IlEcra c' au'to 'to Ioropuco 'tOU xu8fiKOV xui 'tie; avLicr'tOlxEe; xorvoivucsc crXEcrEte; rtupuycoYfie;»· 2 <I>'ta.crU!lE Aomov cr'trlV Kap8ta. 'tfie; «Oscoptuc», 8f)Aa8rl cr'trlV Kap8ta. 'tfie; AoytKfie; 'WU Keoasoio»: o' au'to !lae; 08rlYf)crE «fJ Icroptn('tmv eewplwv Yla niv vTCcpac)a).
41

'H (h:OIlTJ: oi 'iOtE~ oi eewpiec; EXOUV bncHTJIlOVtKa EVLO1tiO"Et iO"LOPtKa Kai OtaAEKHKa nporryoousvn 't1i~OlKOVOIltKfi~ Ka'tTJyopia~ 'tfi~ 1tapaywytKO'tTJ'ta~ 'tfi~ EpyaO"ia~, Ka'tTJyopia~ 1tOV Ka8opit;;Et 'ttlV KammAtO"TtKtl xotvroviu roii aO"TtKOU nupovtoc, 1tOV yta 'to Map~ elvm «Ioropuco nnpov» (EVro-01tW~ A.£Et O"'ttlv 'ABA10r'1Ta rfjc; ({JlAoaocpiac; - yta LOV~ KAaO"tKOV~ olxovouoxoyouc «ll1tfip~E Ioropin, aAAa 't<opa OEV ll1taPXEt md», aAAa ll1tapXOUV 1l0VO «oi O"XEo"Et~ 'tfi~ ao"HKfi~ 1tapaywYfi~ oriv akbvte; xarnvopiE~»). M' au'to EXEt apxiO"Et vd E1taATJ8EVETat li AOytKO-tO"LOptKtl IlE8000~ 1tOV ll1tatviX8TJKE D Map~ o rriv Elaaywylj 'tou' 57 oro Fui rljv KpmKIj rfjc; nOAlTlKfjc; oltcovouku+. ME8ooo~ nov onunivet unoXPEwO"TJ yta Ilta Iltl-ooYllaHKtl O"KbVTJ: I) vd Iltlv npoxwpoUIlE 1tapa O"vllq>wva IlE rov KVKAO O"uYKEKptIlEvo-aq>TJpTJIlEVO-O"UYKEKptIlEVO " E1taywytl -anaywytl, yta vd a1toq>EvYOUIlE Ttl XPtlO"TJ TroV «a1tpoO"otoptcrcov», Iltl «AEtLOUpytKroV» EVVOtroV TOU «1tATJ8uO"llou», «xcrnueptouob 'tfi~ EpyaO"ia~», «avmAAaKHKfi~ a~ia~», KA1t., onwc; elvtu ~lapopcpwpevec; ana rljv KAamKIj oltcovouia, nov aya1taEt rriv «ll1toO"'taO"TJ», xni vri q>'taVOUIlE, av'tteETa, O"E aKpt~Ei~ iO"LOPtKa EVVOtE~ " aKOIlTJ «O"uYKEKPtIlEvE~ aq>atPEo"Et~» 01tW~ oi «'ta~Et~» Kai ol aVTiO"'tOtXE~ «KOtVWVtKE~ O"XEo"Et~» napaywYfi~, KA1t. «<' AAAa (iv, qrttivovtuq O"Ti~ mo a.1tA.£~ aq>atPEo"Et~, 01tW~ D KamllEptO"ll0~ Tfi~ EPyaO"ia~, li aVTaAAaKTtKtl a~ia, KAn., ~avaKaVOUIlE TO m~iot av'ttO"'tpoq>a Kai EmO"'tpE'I'oUIlE orov 1tATJ8uO"Il0, Kt au'ttl 'ttl oopd OXt oriv O"E Ilta XaOTtKtl EVVOta f;VO~ OAOU, aAAa O"av O"E Ilta 1tAovO"ta DAo'tTJm 1tpoO"OtoptO"llrov Kai O"XEO"EWV... , E'tO"t KaVOV'ta~ aKoAou8oUIlE 'ttl O"wO"'ttl IlEeo8o XaPTJ O"'ttl 6noia oi aq>TJPTJIlEVOt opiouoi 68TJYouv O"TtlV vanapayoryn toii auytcexptuivou O"'ttlv nopsiu Tfi~ o"KE'I'TJ~»)' 2) vd ~EKt VailE 1taVLO'tE nrto xetvo TO «a1tOTEAEO"lla» (Ilta~ ioropucfp; OtaotKaO"ia~) 1tOV slvm TO napov "

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45

'tEDXSl1KE (11£ Ilta A£~11 6 xapaK'tTl pa~ 'tOU (JUYKEKptll£vrp; (t<patpE(Jl1~), 1!OD XPEtaSE'tat vri ~ava1!apa'tl1PTl(JoUIlE yta vd Ka'taAa~ouIlE 'to IlEyaAo 8taAEK'ttKO finale, o-ro 6rtolo ai(JSavolla(J'tE o'tt <P'taVOUIlE (J'ta ouunspuouutucd KElIlEVa 'tOU Keoasaioo. Kat vri Ka'taAa~OUIlE llaSt 'tTl SinAEK'ttKTl 'twv t(J'tOPtKWV 1!POl1YODIlEVWV1!ODEXouv avaKa'taA 11 <pSEi ad hoc (1!p~A.§ I) yta vd Ka'taAa~OUIl£ E'tcrt 'tTl AOytKTl 80IlTl. "A~80UIl£. '0 6pt(JIlO~ 01!OU <P'ta(JaIlE sivm aKpt~W~ 6 6pt(JIlO~ 'tii~ 1!apaywytKo'tl1'ta~ 'tii~ tpya(Jta~
Oero rove;; [=ttl 8taAEKtlKrj]»: Kt UKO~T) (a. 57): ••npi:JrEt aUVEltooe; KaSE ax{;crT) vd upVT)SEi trj 8taipECJT) von xni AOYOU, Etcrt 011:(0e;KOtVa yivsrm [J3A.EltE Kdvrl] Ot!lV nnpurnpotlus trjv EVVOta [npoofiiopiousvn, Siuvorrnxn] aav KEVO AOYOU, ltPEltEt ~aAtat!l vd to SEOOPOUJlEauto cdv dVIKaVOr'7Ta rou A.6yov va (,tpCl va dvayvwpi/;,el. 'H ltpoa8lOptaJlEVT) xni U<pT)PT)JlEVT)EVVOta civm t'I avvOrjK'7 ij KaAUtEpa eva pamKo atotrcio rou ..1.oyov. Elvm JlOP<Ptl EJl'l'UXT), atrjv onotu to ltEltEpaaJlEVO, JlEaoo tfie; KaSOAtKotT)tae;, OltOU uva<pEpEtat KaSamo, lmOKtVEltat JlOVO 'tOU, elvrn tOltOSEtT)JlEVO onv 8taAEKtlKO, Kai sivm u' auto t'I 'i8ta t'I upxrj rije;; tjlrpavla'7e;; rou ..1.oyov». 'Ana Otl Ult' autrj trjv uArjSEta dXE ij8T) nnpmtT)SEi, {hay A.X. Aiyo npiv dXE ltpOta~Et (a. 54-55) Ott «KaSE aVYKCKp'utvn EVVota slvci J3EJ3ata JlE KaSE rpoxo Kcvrj, t<poaov 8EV ltEPtEXEt ttlV 6AOtT)t!l, una JlOVO Eva JlOVOltAEUPO npoo Siopiouo. K t Ot!lV EXEt a.AAooatE aUYKEKptJlEVO ltEptEXOJlEVO, A.X. livSpooltoe;, xpdroc, /;000, KAlt., ltapaJlEVEt KEvrj Evvota»' Kai «dv rropu orriv KaSaptl Evvota auttl t'I nkoviorrrru [tviaxuaT) tfie; «KaSOAtKOtT)tae;» Oltooe; VOtlST)KE UltO to XEYKEA] UVtlKEt attl <puaT) tT)e;, ol U<pT)PT)JlEVot ltpoa8lOptcrJloi tKElVOU [8T)Aa8rj: 'tOU you] Sa i)tav UltO tie; aiWVtEe; oucrtaatlKOtT)tEe; JlOVO we; ltpOe; trj jlOprprj roue [8T)Aa8rj: ttlv KaSoA1KotT)'tU), una to [••auYKEKptJlEVO»] ltEptEXOJlEVO ro»; 8EV slvm KatanT)AO yt' autrj ttl JlOp<prj' aUVEltooe; 8EV eivoi uArjSEta, outE rinore rreprooorepo UltO t<prjJlEpO. To ltEptEXOJlEVO rou; [«auYKEKptJlEVO», Ieroprxo] 8EV slvm KataAAT)AO yta trj JlOP<Ptl, ytati 8EV sivot 6 'i8lOe; 6 npoo Siopiouoq ouv KaSOAtKoe; [8T)Aa8rj: «KaSaprj Evvota»], ij UKOJlT) 8EV dvat cdv oA6tT)'tU tfie; 8ta<popae; tfie; Evvotae; ij 8EV sivm autrj t'I 'i8ta 6AOKAT)PT) 1) JlOp<prj' t'I JlOP<Ptl 'tOU YOU, 'tOU nsptoprcuevou, elvm UKptJ3ooe; t'I UtEArje;, 8T)Aa8rj drp'7P'7jltv'7 KaSOAtKO!T)'tU», KAlt. Kni, ouuxepuourrnxd, to 8taVOT)tlKO 8paJla tOU XEYKEA, Oltooe; tJl<pavi/;Etat arjJlEpa, ouvtorarm oro Otl eivui ltapaM~ooe; E'tOtJlOe; yta trjv lmEpaamaT) 'tOU YOU, Kai aUVEltooe; oro Otl elvm UvtiSE'tOe; (svdvnu crov Kdvr Kai JlEta tvavtla oro l;EAtvYK) oro xooptaJlo 'tOU UltO to A6yo, JlEaoo Jltae; UKataAAT)AT)e; EVVOtae;, JlUatlKtatlKlle; uAAa Kai t~EUtEAtaJlEVT)e;, au'tOu 'tOU VOU (<<6 aKElttOJlEVOe; A6yoe; - lmoatT)pi/;Et oro mo ltavoo EPYo, a. 72-73 - 6~uVEt, lie; ltOUJlE Etat, trjv djlp..1.eia 8ta<popa 'tOU J,arpopCTlKOU, trjv KaOaprj Tro..1...1.aTrA.6r'7Ta ttopouaiaanc; JlEXpt vd trjv KaVEt trj paa/Krj 8ta<popa, tlle;

46

crciv KamraAUJTlKfjC; 1tapaYWY1KO'trrrac; nic; K01VWV1KfjC; EPyaO"iac;. "Evuc tcr'tOP1KOC; OP10"1l0C;, 1tOU, aKollll K1 £'to"1 O"Uvorrrucd 81a'tU1tWIlEVOC;, lm08EixvE1xdrco a1tO 'trlV <'hVll nic; AOY1KijC; 'tOU 8011 ijc; - t riv nupouciu 1l1aC; avttvouitu; If iacotetnxiic dVTlrpaa1]C; 0"' Eva 8E8oIlEVO, O"E KEtVO 'to 8E80IlEVO, to"'tOP1KO <PatVOIlEVO (rriv aV'tlVOllia aVallEO"a crov i81W'tlKO xapaK'trlpa 'tOU KE<paAaiou xni rov KOlVWV1KO xapaK'trlpa 'tijc; EpyaO"iac; O"'trlV Kam'taA10"'tlKrl1tapaywyrl). K1 t'iC;8ullollaO"'tE O'tl O"'ta ouunepcouutucd KElIlEVa, Y1a 'to. o1toia 1tapa1taVW, 0 to"'tOP1KOC; OP10"1l0C; 1tOU Em'tEux811KE O"UVE1taYE'tat, O"'tiC; 1tOlKiAEC; rou 81a'tU1tcOO"ElC;, rooo 'tiC; rrupaAAaYEC; 'tijc; tawTcplKfjC; av'ti<paO"llC; 1tOU 1l0A1C; lmatV1XTtlV uvTi9Eall» TOU «elvui» Kai «j.ltl sivui» KA1t.)· 01tOU 0 j.lETaqmatKo<; XEYKEA U1tOWXE aTtl OuvaTtl TOU U1t01tEtpa va. UVTtAll<p9Ei Ttl AOYIK1j AEtTOupyia TOU YOU xui aUVE1tro<;, E~ optaj.lOU, vd ~E1tEpa.aEt TO ~ta<proTtaj.lO OEixvOVTa<; TtlV 6pyaVtKtl EVOTllTa AOYOU xui Ioropluc. 'EKEi 01tOU j.lOVO 0 KaTE~OXtlV 9ETtKO<; VOu<;, 011AaOtl 0 Ioroprxoc VOU<;, unopst vd yiVEt AEtTOupyia TOU Aoyou-ij, 1tOU sivm ro Ioto, auv9tlKll sine qua non j.ltu<; OtaAEKTtKi'j<; (UVa.Auall<;) TOU 1tpayj.laTtKOU, UKpt(3ro<; iaTOptKi'j<;. METa. Ttl j.lEyaAEtWOll XEYKEAtaVtl u1tOTuxia, 1tOU UVTavaKAUTat (3apta. aTOV EVYKEAataVO «OtaAEKTtKO» uAtaj.lO iOiro<;, xni aTtl aUVEXEta aTO aXOAaaTtKO, 1tapaOOcrtaKO j.lap~tcrj.lO, unopobus vd 1tpoa1ta9tlaOUj.lE vri <pEPOUj.lE aE 1tEpa<; Ttl XEYKEAtaVtl U1t01tEtpa j.lE Ttl (30tl9Eta E1tiall<; Ti'j<; XEYKEAtavi'j<; 1tPOEtOO1toi llall<; 1tOU Uvaq>Epaj.lE mo 1ta.vro: 011AaOtl OTt bt.v dnoKaAIJnrl:1 tinou: UAAO dno dVIKavor'lra rou MlolJ roD AOYOIJro lin <5tv t,tPCI va dvayvwpi(cral ar1j aIJYKCKpl/leV'l evvota. 'Evdi TO XEYKEAtaVO aUaTllj.la j.lE Ttl «OtaAEKTtKtl» TOU Trov U1tpOaOtOptaTrov Uq>atpEaErov ij YEVtKOTaTroV EvvOlrov-uA119tvtl OtaAEKTtKtl tv KCvcf5 ij IjlEUTOKtVllTtl-allj.laivEt, ouaTuxro<;, Ott slvm q>Tai~tj.lo Ti'j<; aUYKEKptj.lEVll<; EVVOta<; «(Uj.l(3AEla<;» Kai «KEVi'j<;»), liv 0 AOyO<; OEV ~EPEt vc uvayvropisETat Ka8aUTO<;! rta. j.lta. mo 1tAOUata UVa.Auall j.lEptKroV U1tO Ta. XEYKEAtaVa. xsiusvu 1tOU 1tapaTi8EvTat EOro 1tp(3A. Logica come scienza posit iva, a. 46-47, 61-62. (Ilp(3L E1tiall<; TtlV E1tOj.lEVll allj.lElroall.) "A<; 7tpOaE~OUj.lE UKOj.lll, aXETtKa. j.lE TO xapaKTtlpa Ti'j<; OtaAEKTtKi'j<; tv KCVcf5. UKpt(3ro<; Ti'j<; XEYKEAtavi'j<;, TO UKOAou8o 1tOAU allj.laVTtKo-xa.Pll aTtlV UOta<popia TOU yta. TtlV 1tAatroVtKtl1tpo(3Allj.laTtKtl Ti'j<; «1tpaYj.laTtKi'jC; 06~aC;»-U1tOa1taaj.la TOU Tj.ltlj.laTOC; 1tOU Uq>tEPWVETat aTOV IlAa.Trova aTa. XEYKEAtaVa. Ma01j/lara latopku; r;;e; rplAoaooiac: «AuTO 1tOU KaTaAapaivEt mo KaAa. 0 IlAa.Trova<; sivm Ott 1') 'IoEa, TO Ka9aUTO xni Ot' EaUTO Ka8oAtKO 1tpE1tEt vc nutpvovrm dno uova rOIJe; Ott <5tv npinci va npoairooue .... ro iaioxeiusvo, TOU oxotoo aUTOi oi npoo Siopiouot sivm «atnvopoouevo», KA1t. Kni 1tp(3A. Logica come scienza positiva, a. 85-95.

47

9rlKaJ,.Lf:, Ti UKPt~ro<; UVTtVOJ,.LtKtl<;UV'ti9f:<J11<;, d-m5v(}er1]r;. uv'tt9f:<J11<;'trov UVTt<paTtKrov, O<JO trtt<J11<; Kat J,.La~t'ti<; napaAAaYE<; tf,wrepIKfjr; uv'ti<pa<J11<;, b11Aabrl wu dvri(}c;rov nOD J,.Lii<;uvaYKa~£t vri U1tf:pn11biiJ,.Lf: Kat vd f,c;nc;pvdfle almS nOD sivm UVTtVOJ,.LtKO Kat J,.Lii<;t1tt~aAAf:t Eva nEpa<JJ,.La oro UAA07. TIapab£tYJ,.La 'ttl<; 1tPOH11<; 1tf:Pt1t'tw<J11<; O,Tt UKOAou9d: «"Av <JUV£1tro<;, 6 Ka1ttWAt<JTtKO<; rponot; napaywYtl<; elvm Eva t<J'tOPtKO J,.LE<JO rriv uva1t'tu~ 11 'ttl<; UAtKtl<; napaywytKtl<; yta 8UvaJ,.L11<; [6 Map~ unatvt<J<Jf:Wt triv U1to'tcA£<JJ,.LaTtKo't11w 'ttl<; Kot VWVtKtl<; napaywytKtl<; tpya<Jia<;]... alno<; elvm 'tau'toxpova l'J <Jw9£Prl tivrkpaat; uvaJ,.Lf:<Ja <J' alno 'to i<J'tOPtKO rou Ka9tlKoV xui 'ti<; uv'ti<J'totX£<; KotVWVtKE<; <JXE<Jf:t<; 1tapaywytl<;»' 1tapabf:tYJ,.La wu bf:D'tf:POU sivm 'to UKOAou90: « ... OTt l'J 1tapaywYrl elvm J,.LOVOnapaywYrl yta
7 Hpsnet vd lmoypuJ,!J,!iooUJ,!E O'tl 6 opoe; «avtiq>uoll» XPllCJlJ,!01tOlEital ouv1l8roe; Otll J,!Up~lO'tlKll q>lAOAOyiu J,!E tP01tO E~atPE'tlKa aJ,!(fllAEYOJ,!EVO Kui OUYKEXUJ,!EVO: 811Au81l xropie; vd onueuovcrui 1tOtE 1tPOKEltat Yla xsivn tllV apVll'tlKr] d-avv8a'1. rrpopA.'1f.JaTlKr, avtiq>uoll Tj rtpoI3AllJ,!UtlCJJ,!O, 1tOU sivm t'I avtiq>uoll dVWpaTlKWV Tj avttvouia 01troe; AtYEtal, Kui 1tOtE avti8Etu npoxsmn Yla xstvn rriv tmA.lJrlKr, avtiq>uoll, Kui 8E'tlKr] , 1tOU ElVUl t'I avtiq>uoll ltOU altOtEAEitat a1to dvri8cra Tj tvavTla 8E80J,!EVroV aV'tlVOJ,!lOOV, Tj, KUAUtEPU, alto 1tupayroyu aV'tlVOJ,!lKa OUv8Eru OllJ,!UlVOJ,!EVU. Kui 01troe; t'I 8lUAEK'tlKll (avaAuoll) 1tPOKU1ttEl 0PYUVlKa a1to aJ,!<potEpu (Kui 8EV unopsl vd J,!llV sivm EtCJl liv t'I 8lUAEKtlKrj 1tPE1tEl vd EK1tAllPWVEl to YVroOEOAOYlKO Ku8ijKOV tije; J,!rj-8luipEOlle; tOU YOU, J,!E tie; 1tpUYJ,!U'tlKEe; tOU aV'tlVOJ,!iEe;, Kui 'tOU AOYOU, E1tlAU'tlKrj EKEivrov J,!E trjv a1tuitll0r] tlle; Yla svornru), to IhuAEK'tlKO EPYUAEiO, XaPll Otrj OUyxuoll, Yla trjv ortolu nupumivei, xaAuoE Kui Xa811KE. <I>uolKa UUtO eYlvE Sovnro xaPll Otr] 8lUPKrj XEYKEAlUVr] E1tlPOrj, 1tOU EUVOOUOE, xni EUVOEi roe; tWPU, trjv avuyroYr] tije; OlUAEK'tlKije; flOVO OtO E1tlAU'tlKO Ot01XEio (xot rtvoc.), VOOUJ,!EVOXEYKEAluva oriv «a1tOAUtll» avtiq>uoll tVro'tlKOOV aV'tl8Etrov (=«paatKtc; 8lU<pOpEe;»), Tj aKoJ,!ll EVUV'tlot"tU Evuvtirov-Kar'1yoplwV. YEVlKOtUtroV OUVE1tOOC; xni OtU'tlKOOV xni uovo J,!E KUArj 8EA lloll OUV'tl8EJ,!EVroV Yluti tOOO t'I 8luq>opa roue 000 xni t'I ruurornru rou; slvci 8lu<popa Kui rcurorrrro ltapu 1toM a1tpooOlOplOtEe; Kui cruVE1tOOe;AUJ,!l3avovtal Kl UUtEe; a priori, xni 80YJ,!U'tlKEe; xni OEV E1tltPE1tOUV OUtE 1tpUYJ,!U'tlKr], 1tP0081OPlOJ,!EVll lipVllOll oiirs 1tPUYJ,!U'tlKrj, 1tpOcr81OplCJJ,!EVll 8lutr]PllOll tvoe; «svdvnou» a1to J,!EpOUe; tOU linou: =a<PllPllJ,!EvOe; A6yoe;, 1tOU a1to 8lKrj rou dVlKUVOtlltU 8EV xnropfhovst vd avuyvroplOtEi Otrjv ltP0081OPlOllEVll EVVOlU, 1tOU npoonspvdrm 1tpayJ,!U'tl IlE to vd J,! j Aul3ui VEl lmo'Vll tr]v a-ouv8Etll, r npoPA.'1flarlKr, EVUV'tlOtllta, crUOtU'tlKrj UUtou ltOU eivm - Ku80ptcr'tlKaaV'tl<pU'tlKO, 811Au8rj aV'tlVoJ,!lKO.

48

"Co K£q>a.Aato Kai DXI T6 dVTffhTO, o"ct "Ca.IlE(Ja rrapayroYii~ elvm arrAa. IlE(Ja yta. Ilta. (Juv£XTl £rrEKta(Jll "Cii~ 1;;ro"CtKii~ ()ta()tKa(Jia~ yui "CTlV«oivcovia "C&Vrrapayroy&v»: aAAa. ()EV civrn KtoAa~ aU"CTl" ()ta"Cl)1!ro(Jll "Cii~ ()taA£K"CtKii~ avaYKaiornrr«; "COUt(J"COPtKOU, npuvuurucoii nspdouuroc "Cii~ xum taAt(J"CtKii~ xoivrovice; rrapayroy&v (JE Ilta. (Il£AAOV"CtKTl) dVTf()CTI1 (JomaAl(J"CtKTl KOt voivic rrapayroy&v; 'Evoc nspriourrroc rtou sivm, li~ "Co rrpO(JE~OUIl£, rrpaYlla"CtKTl ava.rr"CU~ll, (J"CTlVorroia " ()£D"C£Pll xotvmvin r5wTl1pr.l xui lV{(JXVtl, arro rov KamtaAl(JIlO, "CTlVKotvroVtKTlrrapayroYTl IlE(Ja arro "CTlVdpvnan toii dpVI1TlKOB TI1C; av"Ct<pa"CtKoii rrou ouviorurm (J"Ci~ i()tro"CtKE~ KamtaAt(J"CtKE~ (JXE(J£t~ rrapayroYii~8;
usrd, (no Nroun, Soviet economic devolopment since 1951, n]v Ioroprxn no pouotco n toU O)(£tlKOU nspccunroq: rr.)(. Otrj cr. 28: «Oi cofnerucot oiKoVOIlOAOYOl urrE<j>uyav tiC; 8U'tlKE~ UV'tlArjlJf£l~ yui to K£<paAaLO oriv crUVt£A£cr'trj nic; rrapayroYii~ (11' Eva £i8lKO xooroc rrou u<popa 'trj 8T)IlLOupyia rou xui trj )(prjcrT) rou, xni IlE Ilui £i8lKrj •. arr08ocrT)") Kai to UVtlll£tromoav oriv £vcrrollatrocrT) £pyacria~ (rr£pacrIlEVT)~ £pyacria~' .. oucotopeuusvnc" ij ..v£Kpii~" Kata to Map~) IlE rriv £i8lKrj 1l0p<prj UAlKiic; £vicr)(ucrT)~ orriv tpE)(Oucra nnpayroYlKrj tpyacria, xui oriv to nnpov .. xoo roc" rou va Ilrjv ~£rr£PVa£l trjv uvaYKaia tpyacria nou u<pt£proV£tal mil 8tatrjpT)crT) xni trjv uvavErocrrj tau. LE Illa crOcrtaAtcrtlKrj xorvoiviu aUta ta 8tapKii EpyaA£iu )(aVOUV rov £i8lKO Icropuco )(apaKtrjpa rtou El)(av OtaV aviiKUv crtrjv atolltKrj i8LOKtT)cria Kai yivovrrn Ktiilla UAAa xni 8T)IlLOupyia tii~ KOlvrovim; oriv crUAAOytKii~ 6A.otT)ta~. 'A rrOtEAWlla autii~ tii~ aV'tlIl£tromcrT)C; urrii p~£ 1') crUYKEVtprocrT) tii~ rrpocro)(ii~ crtllV alJf,'7a'7 rfj<; nopaycoY1KOr'7ra<; rfj<; ipvaaiac, au~aVOVta~ xni ~£A'tlroVOVtuc; to arr08£lla 'tou
H

"A~ 80UIl£,

1917. Aovoivo,

K£<paAatOU)(tKoU £~OJtAtcrllou, rrou IlE trj ~Orj8£la rou 1') £pyacria arr08i8£l, crav rov rrprotaP)(tKO oxoxo tii~ olxovouucfic rrOAt'tlKii~. To urrap)(OV arr08£lla £pyaA£lrov Bseopstrm 'tlliilla tii~ KOl'/roVlKii~ KAT)pOVOIlln~ rtou Illa 80cr1lEVT) Y£Vla arrOK'tn arro tllV Ioropio , Kai O)(l ouvrsxecrtrj~ tii~ rrapayroYiic; rrou O<p£lA£l vc .. arrO<pEp£l" Illa 6ptcr1lEVT) UVtarr080crT) (L)(. Ilui avtarr08ocrT) trrmpoaOcr'7 oro xocro; tii~ arrocrl3£crT)~ ij urrotillT)crrj~ rou) Yla vd 8lKatOAOyrjcr£l to .. xoo roc" nou ouvsndyetat 1') £~ap)(iic; 8T)IlLOupyia rou. Luv£rrro~, E<pOcrOV6 axcbwaf1o<; npoo na8£l vd arrOKtllcr£l Illa llaKpO)(pOVT) npootrnxn xni Mv £)(£l AOyOU~ vd UrrOtllln to IlEAAOV, 8EV urtopsi vri uerpmo rel 1') xporspmo'rqru nou arr08i8£'tat oro crtO)(O rof £~OrrAtcrllou trov £rr£Pxoll£vrov 8£Ka£'tlrov IlE rrapayroytKa £pyaA£la rrAoucrtOt£pa arro ta nnpovrc. Oi 8ta<pOPE~ o rd dcr08rjllata troy £8vrov ij troy y£v£rov AOyapla~OVtat oriv rrpo£p)(OIl£V£~ xupiox; arro tOV rrAOUto ij 'tIlV £AA£tlJfT) au'tii~ 'tii~ t£)(vtKii~ KAT)pOVOIlta~' xni i] rrpocrau~T)crT) aUtii~ tii~ t£)(VlKii~ KAT)pOVOllla~ 8£roP£ltat

49

Ki (i~ O"T]~£troO"ou~£ xupio»; rrro~ 1') arrOO£t~T] t'fj~ avayKatOt'T]t'a~ t'OU iO"t'OptKOU nspdouurot; Kai t'fj~ avarrt'U~T]~ OEV ava8Et'£t'at O"Ertnore (iAAO rrapa 0"t'0 YVWO"t'tKO,yvwO"£OAOytKO tpyaAElO, nou clvm 1') OtaA£Kt'tKr] aVaAUO"T] oriv aVaAUO"T] nou, t<poO"ov lotopuai ouucpivct ui tivtupatttai - bT]Aabr] totail'£pa rriv avt'tvo~ia ava~£O"a O"E KOtVWVtKE~ rrapaywytKE~ buva~£t~ Kai ibtWt'tKE~ xum t'aAtO"t'tKE~ O"XEO"£t~ rrapaywyfj~ -, unopst va btaAUO"£t AOt1tOV allt'r] rriv avt'tvo~ia-ij KaAUt'£pa allt'O ro O"UVOAtKOavnVO~tKO crunnvousvo - oro dvrfOc.r6 r1JC; ij svrivno, t~iO"ou tQ"t'OPtKO, rrou, ~E rriv apv1Jmj t'T]~ t'fj~ dpV1JnKijc; avt't<panKfj~ rrA£Upa~ (OT]Aabr] t'wv xum t'aAtO"nKwv nnpuYWytKWV O"XEO"£WV)K£tvou t'OU O"UVOAtKOUavt'tvO~tKOu t o numvouevou, eo ipso O"uvl'i8£t'at-Kai tivonrooou-srriv (iAAT] avt't<pat'tKr], 8£t'tKr] rrA£Upa (bT]Aabr] t'i~ xoiVWVtKE~ rrapaywytKE~ bUVa~£t~) t'OU 'iowu avt't vouucou cnumvousvou - Kai £t'crt O"uvEX£ta xwpi~ t'EAO~, o"D~<PWva ~E t'i~ VE£~ ioropucsc, rrpay~anKE~ avt'tvo~i£~, rrOl) 1') btaA£Kt'tKr] aVaAUO"T]80. btaKpiv£t. "OAa t~apt'tovt'at Aotnov arro t'r] O"UYK£KPt~EVT]a<paip£O"T],oro ~a8~0 nou slvm Icropnco dJIKIj. 1tODslvm ro aVt'tvO~tKO oruimvouevo arr' 01tOU npinc: va ~£Kt vriet 1') aVaAUO"T] yta va eivm smAUt'tKr].
,AAAa (avoiyovt'a~ ~ta rrapEv8£0"T]) bEV drr£ 6 XEYK£A ornv arroAoyia t'OU t'fj~ «O"UYK£KPt~EVT]~£vvota~» ot't ~pioxerrn aKpt~W~ crriv «O~Dt'T]t'a» t'wv «OtavOT]t'tKWV» npoobWPtO"~Wv 1') «Ixuvorntdroue vd btaADovt'at Kai vri rtspvouv oro avt'i8£t'o roue; Movo 1tOD 6 XEYK£A, orrw~ doa~£, ijt'av ~£t'a nstousvoc yta t'r] 8£0"~tKr] «a~~AUV£ta» t'OU 1tOAAarrAou btaVOoD~£VOU, rroD OXt arro btKr] t'OU Ixuvorrrru - aAAa XapT] crnv trrE~~aO"T] t'OU «o"K£1tt'O~£VOU AOYOU» 1tOD«O~DV£t» allt'r] rriv «df1p)._da bta<popa t'OU otaooperucot» O"t'r] «pamKIj bta<popa» nou elvm oi xurnyopi£~ ij «Ka8apE~ £vvot£~» t'OU eivui, uri-eivca, KA1t. - 80. O"u~~£t'dX£ O"E~ta KivT]O"T](arrat'T]Ar]) Ka8apwv avt'i8£t'wv Kat'T]yoptWV, O"UV£1tW~Y£VtKot'at'wv Kai O"t'at'tKWV. Kai, <Hiv TO 0l1((ItOA.0YTlI..lEVO Kaet;KoV
1t0I1EVll ». K A.7t. Tt;<; KneE OEKaETta<; onlv UI1EO(J)<; t

50

aAA(J)crT£, 6 XEYK£A ~TaV nOAl) JlaKPla ano TO vri bEX£Tat OTt 1i apXtl T1i~ Jltl-avTiq>acrll~ (JlE Ta aPlaLOT£AlKa Tll~ aVTi8£Ta-aVWpaTtKa, a-cruv8£Ta Jl£Ta~U TOU~ ii anOKA£lorucd) aq>opoucr£ Ttl 8£TtKtl Kai cruYK£KPlJlEVll blaVOllTtKOrnru (OXl JlOVO TtlV rumxri AOYlKtl) Kat cruv£n&~ OTt ~TaV Eq>apJlOmJlll crTa Icropucu Y£YOVOTa Yla vd a~lOAoYtlcr£l ano JlEPOU~ TOU AOYOU TtlV Ecr(J)T£PlKtl ouvcnsin ii 0Xl Kat vri Al)cr£l eo ipso blaA£KTtKa Ti~ avanoq>£uKT£~ aVTtvoJli£~ TOU nOAAanAou icrTOPlKOU. (Ttd Ttl bOYJlaTtKtl X£yK£AlaVtl apvllcrll T1i~ nupumivco apxfi~ ~A. Ttl blKtl Jla~ Logica come scienza posit iva. cr. 71 sn.) Kt ETm 6 XEYK£A Exacr£ Ttl JlOVablKtl £t)Katpia (rriv napa nOAl) cruYK£KPlJlEVll avrtvouucorrrru TOU npaYJlaTtKou) vo Jln£l npaYJlaTtKa crTtlV aA1l8lVtl xivncr], o triv Icropucri blaA£KTtKtl. "A~ napa~aAOUJl£, xuromv, TO aKOAou80 anocrnacrJla TOU Kcoasaioo, III, xstp. 49, aLO TEAO~: «... aq>ou tc,aA[;upOei [nach Aufhebung] 6 KamTaAlcrTtKO~ rpono.; napay(J)Yfi~, EV& bWTllPdTal OJl(J)~ [aber mit Beibehaltung] ti KOlV(J)VlKtl napaY(J)Ytl, 6 6PlcrJlO~ Tfi~ a~ia~ cruv£xil;£l vri xupiupXd, JlE rriv EVVOW OTt ti pu8Jllcrll TOU XPOVOU Epyacria~ Kat 1i xutuvoun Tfi~ KOlV(J)VlKfi~ Epyacrta~ aVaJl£cra crTi~ blaq>Op£~ 6Jlab£~ napay(J)Yfi~ Kai TEAO~ 1i crX£TtKtl ustpncnuorrrru yi VOVTal mo crnoubai£~ napa nOT£»: onou rtpoxstrm {blatT£pa Yla Ttl blaA£KTtKtl tivdnrvc,'l TOU VOJlOU Tfi~ EpyamaKfi~ a~ia~ crTtl crX£blOnOlllJlEVll cromaAlcrTtKtl KO1vruviu".
9 To altO(macrlla TOU KEq>. 49 bEV E1tlTPEltEl, VOllisoUIlE, rriv tpIlTIVEUnKtl q>0PllouAa TOU LO\)tlsU (ecOJpia r;;r; Ka7rlraA./arlK;;r; dvdn:rvAovoivo, 1949, cr. 52): ,,'0 VOIl0<; n'i<; a~ia<; versus [svnvtiov] n'i<; apxfj<; TOU crXEbwcrIlOU»' OUTE TO crUlllttpacrlla: on "a~ia xni npoypuuIlancrllo<; elver ElticrT)<; dvriOcra, Kai yui TOU<;'iblO\)<; AOYOIJ<;, ooo xnmTaAlcrIlO<; Kai cromaAlcrllo<;» (cr. 54): crulllttpacrlla otooro 1l0VO ltOAU XOVTplKIi. ' AAAIi at'lTO bEV TO EltlTpEm;l aAT)9lVIi OUTE TO an:ocrltacrlla n:ou n:apa9tTEl 6 LOUtlSU: ,,' Aq>ou of Ka1tlTaAlcrTE<; ltapayroyoi PpicrKOVTal 6 £va<; an:Evavn crTOV aAAo 1l0VO oov iblOKTfjn:<; EllltOPEUIlIiTroV, Kai Ka9Eva<; n:pocrlta9d vii ltOUAtlcrEl TO EllltOPEUll1i TOU ooo yiVETUl mo aKplpli (EXOVTa<; Ttl bUVaTOTT)Ta ltpoq>avro<; vii TaKTOltOlEl KaT aptoxsiu rriv 'ibW rriv ltapayroytl), 6 EcrroTEPlKO<; VOIl0<; EltlPIiA.A.ETal altAIi IlEcra alto TO ouvovev.ouo TOU<;, TtlV allolpaia TOU<;n:iEcrT), usoro TroV 6nouov of usrurontos«; crullljIT)q>iSOVTal aVTicrTOlXa. '0 VOIl0<; Tfj<; a~ia<;

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51

'AAAU atrrO 1tOO f;VDta<PEPEt nsptcoorepo vri arH.lEtwaOI)J.lE- o rriv tEACUtaia DtatOmllal1 tOU DtaAEKttKOU 6pta, ..lOU tfj<; «1tapaywytKOtl1ta<;» - civm ti uvaYKatOtl1ta a' autliv tfj<; ouunupouo iuc xni J.lUAtata tfj<; uJ.lot~aia<; t~uptl1al1<; tawtEptKfj<; uvti<paal1<; (a' auto to DEDOJ.lEVO Ioropuco qxnvousvo), ii UK0J.ll1 uVttV0J.ltKfj<; Kai npo{3A1Juauxii; uvti<paal1<;, ii uvtieEal1<; f;VUVttWV u-aov8Etwv, ii uA118tVfj<; xui iDtaltEPl1<; «dvtuprrrucorrrrce;», xui uvti<paal1<; ii UVti8Eal1<;, li<; 1tOUJ.lE,U1tO tU £~w emAVTlKr;s. 1tOO dpvdTal rriv 1tPWtl1 aLO dpV1JTlKO dvrupaTlKO tl1<; UAAU Kai
Opa f;Oro !lOVO oriv iacotepuco; VOf.We;, ouv TVqJA.Oe; qJvalKOe; vouo; a1ttvavtt ot !lE!lOVro!ltw:<; aVttOpa.OEl<; Kat f;1tl~a.A.A.El nlv KOlVroVlKTl iooponiu tii<; 1tupuyroYii<; !ltou a1to ti<; tUXUtE<; tTJ<; OlUKU!la.VOEl<;». npa.Y!lU 1tOU 0TJ!lUtVEl !lOVO Ott OtO 1ttpUO!lu a1to rov KU1tltaA.lO!lO OtO OOO'laA.lO!lO 6 vouo; tii<; a~tu<; 1tUUEl vd sivut tuq>A.o<; q>UO'lKO<; vouoc KUt ytVErm yvroOtO.; VO!lO<;KUt OUVE1tro<;vO!lo<;-68TJY0<; tii<; 1tUpuyroYii<; orriv apXTt tOU nA.avov: KUt Ott ava.!lEOU ot a~tu KUt 0XEOlUO!lO lma.pXEl !lOVO !lui Otaq>opa. paOpov dvanrvC;'1e;: rtnoru to apVTJttKa. «avti9Eto» ij «svdvrio». ~TJA.aoTt KA.EiVOVta<;: 6 OOO'laA.lOttKo<; 0XEOlaO!lo<;, btElOTt apvsirm Kat E~aA.Eiq>El EKEiVO to apVTJttKo aVttq>attKO 1tOU slvrn to aOttKO KEq>a.A.ato, eo ipso ~lar'lPei «ai dvanrvaael to UVttOWlXO avttq>attKo OeT/KO 1tOU sivm 6 vouo; rfie; epyaaraKfie; dOae;: 01tOU !l1t0POU!lE vd !llA.Tt00U!lE Yla. !lla. OlUA.EKttKTt Uvti9EOTJ OOmaA.lO!lOU-Ka1tltUA.lO!lOU !lOVO !It tTtV Evvola Ott 6 oomuA.lO!lo<; sivnt to apVTJttKo Kat auvtnpnTlKO dvriOcro EKdvou wu tOtOPlKOU dVT/VOPIKOV Tj uutoaVttq>attKou E100u<; 1tOU sivct 6 KamtaA.lO!lo<;. AOYlKTt avaKpt~Ela A.Ol1tOV WU ~ouTtt;u. "Ott oro OOmaA.lO!lO ol OtKOVO!llKOt VO!lOl otv sivnt 1tla. «TVqJA.oi euotxot VO!lOl» to ~A.t1tEl KaA.a. 6 M. Pot;EvtaA., Die Dia/ektik in Marx' «Kapital», BEp0A.{ VO, 1957, 0. 99 1;1t.' !la.A.lOta E1tl!ltVEl, aOX0A.OU!lEVO<; !It EVuv U1tO rou; mo EVOO~OU<; loci communes wu KA.aO'lKOU !lUP~lo!lou (OtO 1ttpuo!la «U1tO ro ~aOtA.Eto tii<; avaYKUlOtTJta<; oro ~aotA.Elo tii<; EA.W9Epta<;»), ana. ~a.t;El !lat;t 0' Eva toOU~a.A.l to «VO!lO tii<; a~ta<;» Kat to «VO!lO tOU ouvnyrovtouoi;», KA.1t. XEYKEA.laVtt;ouoa sivm !lEta., nsprtro vd to 0TJ!lElWOOU!lE, t'l «OlaA.EKttKTl» OtO Peit;EVtaA., 1tOU Ixuvoxoisltm f;1ttOTJ<; !It ti<; OlatU1t(OOEl<; WU "EVYKEA.<;,A.tyo 1tOA.UaKivOUVE<;01tro<; t'l aKoA.ou9TJ, OtaV 1tpt1tEl vd aoxoA.TJ9Ei (oro KEq>. III) !If; tTtV E1tE~EpyaOtU tii<; 9Eropta<; tii<; OlaA.EKttKii<; uva.1ttu~TJ<; OtO KeqJaA.alO: «t't ava.1ttu~TJ oa.v olaolKaOta avutpo1tii<; troy 1tOOOttKroV uA.A.ayrov ot notorucec». KA.1t. Ka.1tOlU 6~da VU~TJ 1ta.vro OtTt 9Eropta WU Ma.p~ Yla. tTtV a~ta ot !lla. OOOtaA.lOttKTt otxovouto oro: An Essay on marxian economics. Aovotvo, 1949, 0. 23 1;1t., tfj<; Tt;oav PO!l1tlVOOV, EOtro Kl Civ t'l ouyypaq>ta<; 1tEPltpyro<; ouurrspuivst Ott «otv lma.PXEl Ka!lla. U1tO ti<; onuuvri Kf;<; iotE<; 1tOU 6 M a.p~ EKq>pa.t;El !It wu<; opou<; tfj<; Evvola<; Tfj<; dc;iae; 1tOU va. !lTt urropei vd EKq>paOtEt KUA.UTEpa Xropi<; aUTTtv».

52

Ttl blaTllPd Kat TtlV ava1tTl)(J(J£l O(JOV a<popa TO 8£TtKO aVn<paTtKO' allOl~ata E~apTll(Jll, E1taVaAall~aVOUIl£, YlaTt bla<pop£TtKa alJTtl ti llap~lKtl blaTU1tW(Jll b£V EX£l Kallla EVVOla .., TOuAaxtcrTO b£v EX£l rriv EVVOla 1tOU 8£A£l vd EX£l: bllAabtl Tfi~ btaTU1tW(Jll~ £VO~ avaYKatOU .., AOYlKOU ~£1t£pa(JllaTO~ Kat Tfi~ I(JTOplKfi~ aVa7rTV~l1C; Illa~ KOlVWvine (J£ IllaV aAAll, 11£ TO (JX£TtKO pu81l0 dpvnonc TOU apVllTtKOU (bllAabtl TOU «Aufhebung», 01tW~ £'iball£ 1tapa1tavro (JTO K£<p. 49 TOU Keoasaioo, aAAa 0 X£YK£A b£V unst(J£PX£Tal 1t£Pl(J(JOT£PO YlaT! 1tPOK£l Tal Yla TtlV apvll(Jll £VO~ icrropucri Kat £lblKa apVllTtKOU) Kat t5WTr,Pl1al1C; TOU 8£TtKOU (bllAabtl TOU «Beibehaltung», idem ut supra mutatis mutandis). M£ aAAou~ opou~, mo Y£VlKOU~, 1tP£1t£l vd b£XTOUIl£ Yla vd TOU (JW(JOUIl£ TO vonuo, OTt aUTo~ 0 (TUmKo~) oPl(JIlO~ ET(Jl btaTU1tWIl£VO~ 1tPOU1t08£T£l Kat 1tpaYllaT01tol£i Ttl (JUIl<PlAtW(Jll Kat OAOKAtlPW(Jll TroV Mo KAa(JlKrov AOYlKrov apxrov, 1tOU Y£VVtl811KaV EX8plK£~, Tfi~ YVtl(Jta~ aptcrTOT£AlKfi~ apxfi~ TOU 1tOAAa1tAOU Kat ni~ avaAu(Jll~, .., apxfi~ Tfi~ Iltl-aVTt<pa(Jll~ Kat (Jx£nKfi~ AOYlKfi~ Ilop<pfi~ «dvtt<panKrov avn8£TWV, a-(Juv8£TWV-Il£Ta~U-TOU~», incomposit a ex invicem (Metti TO. ooauai; v, X' Katnyopku, 10), Kat Tfi~ 1tAaTwvlKfi~ apxfi~ Tfi~ (Juv8£(Jll~, .., Tfi~ £VOTllTa~ .., «KOlV6TllTa~ TroV £lbroV», 11£ Ttl (JX£nKtl AOYlKtlIlOP<Ptl Illa~ TaUTO-£T£poAoYta~ .., «bl£l(JbunKfi~ aVTi8£(Jll~» .., blaA£KnKfi~ TOU «'{blOU» Kat TOU «aAAou» KA1t. (l:OrpWTr,C; Kat !lOAlTlKOC;). LUIl<PlAtW(Jll Kat OAOKAtlPW(Jll oriv T£n£~ - a~ 1tpO(J£~OUIl£ - clvm 6 ~la(Jllo~ Tfi~ apxfi~ Tfi~ IltlaVTt<pa(Jll~ - bllAabtl ti apXlKtl avnvOlllKtl aVTt<pa(Jll1tOU Tt~ 1tapaY£l, 11£ TO vri 1tpoKaA£i - aKptpro~ oro ~a8110 1tOU aUTtl civm Eva (JUYK£KPlJ.l£VO avn<paTtKO o numvoIl£VO-TO aVTifhTO TaU .., Evavno OXt AlyoT£po (JUYK£KptIl£VO, 1tOU apV£iTal Kat MV£l aUTtl Ttl (JuYK£KPlll£Vll avTt<panKoTllTa TOU (b£V sivm '{(Jw~ ti (JuYK£KPlll£vll .., I(JTOptKO-£lblKtl avnVOlllKtl Evvola « on ti [KOlVWVlKtl] rrcpuyroYtl slvm 1l0VO 1tapaywYtl Yla TO [drouuco] K£<paAalO» 1tOU 1tpoKaAEl rriv tl1t£PVlKllnKtl aVTi8£(Jll 1tOU XTU1ta£l (JTO Ilan «Kat 0Xl aVTt8£Ta [on] Ta 1l£(Ja 1tapaywYfi~ elvm u1tAa 1l£(Ja Yla Illa (JUV£Xtl E1t£KTa(Jll Tfi~ swnKfi~ btablKa(Jta~ yta 53

rriv xotvorviu TroV rrapayooyrov»;)' arrobibOVTae; ETm blaA£KTlKa - b11Aabtl JlE Jlla avarrTu~l1 ij notorucri aU~l1a11Ttl ouverteiu ij tVOT11Ta nou S11 TlETal arro TO AOYO, ~laaJlEVO aUYK£KplJlEVa (Icropixd) o-rriv aPXlKr] aVLlvoJlia. npaYJla rrou auv£rraY£1"at: I) OLl JlOVO av Jl£Ta<p£p8£l tl blaA£KLlKr] aPXr] arro 1"OVoupnvo a1"r] yfj, arro 1"0 urr£poupnvio xui ueruoucuco, rrAa1"oovlKo Kai X£YK£Alavo blaa1"l1uu, Ka1"OOorriv Io-ropucornro, tl bWA£KLlKtl arroKaMm£l TO blapKEe; 1"11e;KUpOe; oriv yvooaLlKo apyavo: a1"O ~a8Jlo rrOI) tl aauyxffiPl11"l1 avaYK11 LOU AOYOU Jlae; Yla nprryuurtKtl EVOL11Ta a1"r] sOOr] Jlae; Ixcvonoietrui arr01"£A£crJlaLlKa JlOVO cr1"tl (bWA£KLlKtl) arrOKa1"aaTaa11, rtou bEV blaKorr11K£ rr01"E, 1"fje; EV01"l1Tae; Iiatcpo: dno TO {Jw(JPO 1"fje; apxfje; 1"fje; Jlr]-avTi<paa11e;, rrou auv£xroe; bWrrpa1"1"£Tal arro 1"ie;auyxpooosu; TOU i(JWP1Kof5 t5W({JOpCTlKof5 ij rroAAarrAou npuvuurtxoi): EVa bla<pop£LlKO, b11Aabr] aXl «£<Pr]Jl£po» Kai ana1"l1Ao orrooe; 1"0 bla<pop£LlKO «b11JllOUPY11JlEVO» - aLie; rraAlEe; Kai auyxpov£e; 8£OAoyi£e; - arro 1"0 "Eva, ij 'IbEa, auio£~£u1"£AlSOJl£VO a1"O KOaJllKO rroAAarrAo xni nou avaKaTaAaJl~av£l 1"OVEaU1"O 1"OUo rov KUKAo-rrAOOLlvlKou 1"Urtou - Ka80bOU-Ema1"po<pfje; 10· 2) OLl, arro 1"r] uepid 1"11e;, 'Ii apXr] 1"fje; Jlr]-av1"i<paa11e; b£ixv£l 1"ie; arr£PJlaTlKEe; 1"11e; blaA£KLlKEe; ap£1"Ee; JlOVO av E<paPJloa1"£i( Kl aU1"r]) a1"r] yvffia11 TroV io ropucdiv qxnvouevrov; oro ~a8Jlo rrou 6 ~waJlOe; 1"11e; crTr]V iaTOplKOL11Ta bEV a11Jlai VEl Ka80Aou 1"0 ayovo AOYlKOTumKO aKavbaAo rtou elvm tlrrapa rroM arrpoabloptcr1"l1, a<palp£1"lKOTa1"l1 Kai Ka8apa aUJl~OAlKr] E~iaooa11 «A eivm
10 ME opou~ AalKou~, mo KaeapOI)~, I1ta Kai elvm AtYOTf;PO SuovonTOt uno 'ti~ nAWnVtKE~ Ka'tT)yopic~, 6 eWAOYtKO~ xapaKnjpa~ 'tfj~ XCYKCAtavfj~ 8taAEKnKfj~ UnoMeT)KC onw~ UKOAOUeEi a' Eva UKOl1a i;wV'tavo nOAEl1tKO unoanaal1a TO\) N'tUptVYK, rtou napaetntat uno 'tOV "EVYKCA~ unpoord uno 'to K£(j). XIII (U(j)ICPWI1EVOanj «~taAEKnKTl. "ApvT)aT) 'tfj~ apvT)aT)~») TO\) 'AvTI-NTlJpIVYK TOIJ: « ... xpwi~!:'tat vc aT)I1Ctroaoul1c pT)'ta on 1'l npro'tT) XCYKEAtaVTl apvT)aT) slvoi 1'l Ka'tT)XT)anKTl EVVOta 'to\) UPXtKO\) al1ap'tTll1aTO~, xui 1'l 8EI)'tCPT) slvci 1'l EVVOia I1ta~ uvro'tEPT)~ I:vo'tT)ta~ nou (j)EPVEt a'tTl otot nptc. BEpata 8tv civet rtprryunnKa 81Jva't0 vd eCI1CAtroaOUI1E 'tTl AO}'IK1 Urii' )'t:)'OI'{Jro))' o' atl'tO 'to dVUAO)'IKO 7ratX1'Ic5dKI 8aVEtGI1EVO uno 'to nE8io 'tfj~ epllcrK£ia~» (urroyp. 81KTl 110u). Kai npPA. N. Mrtoumo, Da Hobbes a Marx, NanOAt, 1965, a. 241-42. Kui, axcnKa I1E TO NTUptVYK, nrPA. T08tKO f1a~ Umanesimo positivo e emancipazione marxist a, M tAavo, 1963, G. 17-25.

54

aAAu uuro ro YOVtjlO AoytKO crKuvDaAo (DtaA£il Kiv11cr11s) rtou sivrn EVa rroAu crUYK£KPtjlEVO ioropuco avn<panKo xni aVnVOjltKO onuoivouevo, rrou rrpoKaA£t OjlWs ro rrupa rroAU crUYK£KPtjlEVO aVt'i8£t'O il f:vuvno t'OU nou ro DtaAu£t" 3) on, t'EAos, atJt'o ro avt'i8£t'O jltu<; avn<panKiis £vvotas, rrou xapaKt'l1PiS£t'at rraparruvw, XUP11 o triv Ujl£cr11 ouqnivetu, oriv «f:~Wt'£PtKO» avt'i8£t'O il f:vuvno (crx£nKu jlE t'rlV «scorrepucri. uvn8£nKot'11t'a il acruv8£t'11 avn<panKot'l1t'a rrou clvoi ro aut'Oavn<panKo o numvouevo f:VOs D£DOjlEVOU<patVOjlEVOU),DEVeivm uAAo arro xcivo ro (DtaA£KnKo) tertium npoypouuevo xui nupcvvoipiousvo £uV011t'a «<tertium non datur») arro t'T1Va<patpHtKOrnru t'iis rumxfiq AoytKiis· "Erot, aut'rl ti crujl<ptAiwcr11 t'rov Mo KAacrtKrov AoytKrov -rrou Sl1nEt'at arro t'OV t'U1ttKO uAtcrnKo opiouo ytU rov orroio rraparruvw -cruv£rruy£t'at jltU YEa AoytKrl uop<Prl-f:vOs avl'i8£t'Ou il f:vuvnou (f:1ttAunKou) jltUs avnvojltKiis £vvmas-rrou cr11jlaiv£t f:~ aptcrjlou rriv avciYK11 ytU ro (cruyXpovo) AOYo t'iis Ixuvonotnorp; jlOVO at: jltU f:vot'l1t'a-rrou-dvat-f:rricr11s-avuAucr11 (=DtaA£KnKrl avuAucr11 avn<pucr£wv): D11AaDrl svornru aA118tVU JvvaJllK1j: Kt auro eivm ro t'£A£Ut'ato, 8£nKo vonuo t'OU Ka8rlKovt'Os 0nou ~picrK£t'at (orrws t:'iDajl£) Evas AOYos rrpaYjlanKU DtaA£Kt'tKos, il Ioroptxto nxoc, ytU vri tYKaw(JT1j(J['l rriv f:vorrrro t'rov av8poo1ttvwv rrpayjlut'wv svtniu jlEcrW t'iis dno«atoataanc t'iis 'iDtas arro ro ~tacrjlO, rtou Dt£V£PYElt'at arro ro Dta<pop£t'tKO Icropuco, ouyxsxpursvu t'iis t'U1ttKiis apxiis t'iis jlrl-avt'i<pacr11s: arr' orrou a roviouoc t'OU iivttvoutKOV (il 8pta~l~£uoVt'Os Dta<pop£nKou Ioropucou) rtou 1ttEs£t aKpt~ros t'rl Aucr11 arro Eva AOYo Kat'uAAr]Aa DtaA£Kt'tKo orrws f:KElVOs (cruYXpovos) rrou apv£tt'at to Dta<popt:t'tKO il rroAAarrAo «f:<Prljl£po» il a rtnr 11 1..0, jlE ro ortolo acrxoAouvrrn ol 8£OAoyi£s. Kai avoi yovtce; jltU rrapEv8£crll rruv(t) crt'is A£rrt'OjlEp£t£s aut'iis t'fjs UAtcrt'tKfjs cruv8£crlls t'rov Mo KAacrtKrov AoytKroV, rrou slvm ti uopor] t'OU avrfOr;roIJ uui; tivttvouncii; £VVOlar;. rrpErr£t vri o nusuocoouc ocra aKoAou80uv: I) ot't aut'rl ti uopor], o ro ~a8jlo rrou eivm 8£jl£AtWjlEV11 nrivro crriv avuAucrll crUYKEKptjlEVWV <patVOjlEVWV il io ropucriiv oxt-A»,

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55

(nurouvrupntucdiv) d8cOv, 11:poi.i11:08tn;t o.AAa Kat E1!(O<p£A£trut 0.11:0 '!l1 Ilta-8t11:Ar] KptHKr] 11:0U eivm r, dpiarordlK1 xprrucr] ,fj<; 11:AanOVtKfj<; 8wtP£0"11<; ij «tuuto-s tspos.oviKfj<;» w~tVOIl11O"11<;, 811Aa8r] a priori 8taA£KLtKfj<;, 8WA£KHKfj<; EJl11:£tptKcOV d8cOVII, Kat 'r] j1ap(,IK1 xprrucr] ,fj<; a priori XEYK£AWVfj<; 8taA£KLtKfj<; Kat ,cOV EAaHWJlaHKcOV unoorricerov '11<;12, EVcO 0",0 Jl£W~U svccoucrrovet, ~t~ata,
'H aPlaTOTEAlKtl KPlTlKtl n;<; 1tAaTWVlKfj<; olaipE(Hl<; (o rd 'AvaAVnpotepo: I. I, KE<p. 31, Kai 'AVaAVTlKa Catrpa. I. II, KE<p. 5) flEfl<PETat a' UllT tl V: a) OTt «("rdcl, a1tO Ttl fllel uspi«, vel rfic; boOci UUTO 1[OU npinct vd arro&f¢u [A. X.: TO YEVO<; .. ~aCJtAlKo<;" J.o: OT]AUOtl 1[E<pTEI a' EVu oocnaua ifrrov naipveuu adv &boJlf.vo if, TI nptnei vd arro&lxrci. l:<pocov XPElelSETat va sivm yvwaTtl nptbtn ij vel 1[POi)1[OTi6ETUI Tj <puaT] ij d80<; TOU demostrandum ij definiendum Yla vd unopcl vd l:mAE~EI Ti<; «avTi6ETE<;» ij TUuTO-ETEpoAoYlKE<; OW<pOPE<; TOU l:fl1[ElPlKOU YEVOU<; «01w6uVTlKtl TEXVT]» (<<cruflflETOXOU» TWV aVTl6ETWV usyirrrorv yEVWV «OlUflWOTT]TU<;» Kui «l:~WTEPlKOTT]TU<;»): ola<popE<; 1[OU KelTW a1[O fllel an' UilTE<; (<<auTO-olEU6uvTlKtl TEXVT]») 6el E1[pEnE vd 1[E<pTEI Tj <puaT] TOU definiendum (TO «YEVO<; ~UCJlAIKO<;»)' ~) Yla vel «auvux6Ei, a1[O TtlV aAAT] 1[Awpa, navTU KanolD KUTT]YOPOUflEVO TUO YCVIKO [=TEXVT] OlEU6UVTlKtl: oT]Aaotl TEXVT] aUTO-ETEPO-OIEU6uVTlKtl, flE Ta a priori ij oOYflUTlKa avrfOcTa dOT] TT]<;, aflEaa tvwflEva, OT]AUOtl aOlaipETa, o.OWXwpioru, dopnru] o.no KEiVO nou AEyaflE [=TEXVT] (ltEU6uVTlKtl]». Kui 6 KPlTlKO<;, o.no Ttl flEPlel TOU, o.1[01[Elpel6T]KE vd o.VU1tAT]pWcrEl TO f:OW o.nov «KuAOU1[l» TOU d80u<; flEaw TWV «o.VTl6ETwv-o.-auv6ETwV» TOU, 1tOU Tj 1[PWTT] TOU<; pisu ~piaKETat orriv 1tapaoEYflEvT] o.aXETOaUvT] Tfj<; ciia6T]aT]<;, aUfl<pwva flE TOV aPlaTOTEAlKo f:fl1[Elplaflo. 'Ana ~AE1[E 1[UpUKelTW Kai f:1[iaT]<; Ttl Logica come scienza positiva, a. 95-105. 12 n.X.: «~EV 1[PE1tEl vel flEfl<pofluaTE TO XEYKEA YWTi 1[Eplypa<pEl TO auyxpovo KpelTO<; [Tfj<; f:1[Oxfj<; TOU] TETtO 1[OU eivm, o.nel YlaTi f:fl<puviSEl aUTO 1[OU sivm oriv TtlV ooaki TOU KPelTOU<;» (a. 77 TOU K. Map~, Opere filosofiche giovanili, f:mflEAElU G.D. Volpe, PWflT] , 1963): oT]AaOtl-6 Map~ 6EAEI vel 1[Ei-KavovTU<; EWl 6 XEYKf.A yevttconotei TO xprirr»; f:KElVT]<; Tfj<; f:1[Oxfj<; (n;<; nUAlvop6waT]<;), Tel xnvst fllel ooota yeVIKOTaTT], xni Yl' al)To <pTelVEI vel uriv TO ~Ai:1tEl c' allTo ltOU EXEl TO Io topixd i8win:po xui El8IKO, vc Jlr, pac; ro t.¢'l)If.i, OUTE aUVE1tW<; vel TO xprnxdpsi: 1tE<pTEI oT]Aaotl aE fllel ruutos.oviu 1tOl) 1tpOKUrrTEI a1tO TOV 'i8tD W\! TOV a1[PIOPI(jflO, oT]Aaotl a1[O rriv imoo taon wi) KPelWU<; ni<; l:1t0xfi<; Ta\J. Kui ~At1tE £i8lKoTEpa: Per una metodologia materialistica KA1t. o ro Rousseau e Marx, PWflT] , 1964, a. 145 f.1t. Ilpcnst. usrd, flE triv El)Katpia vel nopor npricouuc on Tj arr01[Elpa WU AO\Ji 'AATouaEp (Per Marx, PWflT] , 1967, dOlKoTEpa a. 20) vel flElwaEl TtlV npcirorumo Kai Ttl arrO\JOatOTT]TU Tfj<; flap~ 1Kfj<; xpt rt Kfj<; TWV XEYKEAlavwv U1[OaTelaEWV, flU<; <pai VETatf:VTEAW<; KEVtl, Ylel roix; o.KoAo\J6o\J<; AOY0\)<;: I) OTl 6 1[POT]YOUflEVO<; Tfj<;
II

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56

TOcrO TrlV rrAanOVtKrl arraiLllcrll (aULOKpt rucri) Ilta~ 8taAC:KnKfj~ crf; 8Wtpc:nKrl 1'1 m~tVo)lllnKrl A£ITOvpyfa £)lrrc:tptKroV d8rov, rrou oxoneuci vri Mcrn aUTO TO rrpO~All)la )lta~ «rrpaY)lanKfj~ 86~a~» aLO onoto E)lnvc: KOU<pO~ a Xf;YKC:A (PA. rtupunrivco crll)lc:lwcrll 6), ocro xni Trl XC:YK£Atavrj arraiLllcrll (8c:nKrl) rrou tmovoc:tmt o ro xprrrjpio Tfj~ «f;VOTllLa~ TroV avn8f;Twv», 1'1 Tfj~ 8taAC:KLtKfj~, oriv «ouotncrucn 8ta<popa»: 811Aa8rl ouotuo rucot nru Tfj~ axta'1r:; (yta Trl cucruon LOU AOYOU)' 2) on, arro rriv aAAll rrAwpa, aUTrl iJ )lOP<Prl eivrn arraAAaY)lf;Vll arro rriv aptcrLOTC:AtKrl a<patpc:nKoTllLa Tfj~ arroAULll~ )lrl-crXf;crl1~ TroV avn8f;rmv-d-ouvtlsrrov ouo rutuccov Tfj~ )lrl-avTi<pacrl1~: £<pocrov, aKpt~ro~ )If; t riv apvl1crl1 Tfj~ apxil~ LOU «arroKAc:to)lf;VOU rpiLOU», aUTrl ouvertriyatut )ltarp/lwa 8taAC:KLtKrl )lrl-avTi<pacrl1 (crf; 8ta<popa )If; Trl XC:YKC:AWVrla)lc:crll 6oY)lanKrl «aAoKA rl<1>OUf:PJ.ln:UX 8tv unopsi vc urrt:pTtJ.lTj8t:1 (orrwe; KaVEt Umanesimo positivo, o. 51-2) 8tv KUTaTO n:PUYJ.lUTtKO ardis arrOTtAEOJ.lU, TlllV i8WAtOTtKWV XEYKEAlUVWV 8ta8tKumwv un:ooTUmorroiTjoTje;, J.lt TO vc rteptopto rai OTO cruJ.lrrtpacrJ.lu OTt «TO aVTtKclJ.lEVO avaYETUt [rmo TO XtYKE/,] crt npoo Sioprououq EVTEAWe; a<pTjpTjJ.lf.VOUe;, orroll otv unopsi mri vd avuyvWptOTEl» Kui OTt TtAoe; TO XEYKEAtaVO Ka80AlKO ElVUt KEVO (n:p~/,. TO KUVTlUVO pTjTO: r') Ku8uprj EVVOlU eivm «KEvrj ». r') Ku8uprj u'icr8TjcrTj sivm «TU<pArj,,), 0XI nui tAUTTWJ.lUTlKa TfA.;;P[;s. OTjAu8tlrrupUYWYtKO oooicudrrov o ro 6rrolu n:UiPVETUt oriv OE80J.ltvo 0, rt rrptrrEt vc arrOOEtXTEl, ()1t(Oe; TJXEI r') J.lUP~lKrj xprrtxr], n:ou yt' UlJTO Eyypa<pETal (UlJTrj) oro En:tcrTTjJ.l0AOYlKO, KAUcrlKO aVTllOwAtcrTtKO rrAuicrLO, OTjAU8tl aptcrTOTt:/.lKO (~AtrrE rrupunrivm) xo i YUAlAUtlK6 (n:p~A. Logica come scienza positivav 2) OTt ouvErrWe; dVUl ti <pouEpJ.lrrUXIKrj KPlrtKrj nou, J.lt rriv xovnuvri Ku8uprj TTje; TJXW, «J.ltVEl crKA<i~U Tfje; 'i8tae; rfj<; i8wAlOTlKfje; TTje; rrpO~ATjJ.lUTlKfje;» xni Ku80AOll r') J.lUP~lKrj (orrwe; mcrTEUEl 6 'AATOlJcrtp), n:ou OtEVEPYEI, UlJTrj, arro TO 1843 KlOAUe;, rriv «En:tcrTTjJ.l0AOYlKrj TOJ.lrj» (Yla rriv 6rroiu n:OAt) J.llAaEl 6 'AAtolJcrtp) xui Ttl 8lEVEPYEl aKpl~We; crav vA.lamaj KPlTtKrj TOU Ku8upou AOYOll, ETcrl nou arro Trjv tAuTTWJ.lUnKOTTjTU xui TO ayovo Ko8E a priori OIJAAoytcrJ.l0ii rtou 8tv xpurrist KUVOVtKO AOYUPlU0J.l0 TOU rroAAun:AOO Tj «uATj<;» Tj urrEp-op80AoytKOii, ae; n:00J.lE, OUVOYETUl crt urr08EcrTj - E1tlaTTjJ.l0AoYlKa - TO aVE~aVTATjTO Tfje; 'i8tae; Tfje; «UATj<;» yta TOUe; oxoxom; rfje; rrpUYJ.laTtKfje; YVcI)OTj<;(Tj TOU rrpUYJ.lanKOU) Kui Tfje; 8pacrTje; (Logica come scienza positivar 3) on rtAoe; 8tv urraPXEl rtnorn yta vd «J.lETUrE8El» (Yla orrotOv EVOtU<ptPETUt) o rnv «rrEptOOtKOTTjTU» Tfje; J.lap~IKfjc; crKtIjlTje;' arro Ttl crnYJ.lrj nou; o) UUTO rrou 6 'As.rouocp KaAEl ~luCHIKa «avarrTU~Tj Kui 8lElipuvcrTj [arro J.ltpOIJC; TOU Mop~] rfje; J.lEYUAO<pUOUe; n:apumivw KpmKfj<;
6 'Axrouosp), E<pOOOV (rrp~A. <pEPE vd 8El TOV TEAEUTUlo opo,

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P(()(J11» LOU «A OEV elvrn 0Xl-A»)IJ. EV& (J1"O Jl£La~U aU1"11 £v(J(()Jla1"c.Ov£l ~E~ata, yui o(Ja nponvoovrrn, 1"rl (8£LlKrl) aPl(JL01"£A1Krl aVLlrrapJl£V101Krl arratn](J11 LOU «eivm [rtou] AEY£1"at JlE nsprooorspo; EVV01£~» ii ol(:i(J1"a(J11~ 1"OU «Sin<pOP£LlKOU» ii OWK[;KP1f.1ivol), Ol1AaOrl 1"ii~ 0l(iKP1(Jll~ Kat npocbioptorucornruc 1"ii~ rrpaYJlaLlKii~ (JKbVll~' 3) OLl,
KPlttKi'j<; n;<; (jHAoooq>ia<; rof XEYKEA oWTUn:W~Evll<; .. an:o TO <l>O\J!:p~n:ax" a1tOKaAun:'tETaI ~t ~la npoosxrucri ~aTla TJ KaOaptl avaTp01ttl n;<; iOEaAloTlKO-KptnKi'j<; On:TlKi'j<; rof <l>ouEp~n:ax' ~) TJ TJWpo~l1via, AOl1tOV, roi) 1845(-6), 011AaOtl TJ TJ~EpO~l1via, ~ETa~U TWV aUwv, n;<; KPIrtKr,.; Ti'j<; Fcpuavnciic "i&oAoyfa.;". OEV urtopsi vri aVttKawo'ttl0EI, ouv TJIlEpO~l1via Ti'j<; «roufj;», f:KEivll rof 1843 rtou sivm TJ TJ~EPO~l1via (Un:OOETlKtl) 'tfj<; (~ETa Oavaw avaKaAuq>OEioa<;) KptnKfj<; TWV uxoo rdosrov, TOOO YWTi alntl TJ KptnKtl sivrn n:poq>avw<; TJ an:apaiTll'tll n:poli1toOEOll KaOE KPITlKfj<; TWV "iOEOAOYIO~WV", 000 Kai YWTi t'l 'iow civm tn:iOlls, ~E rriv TEt,IKr] Tll<; OCTln] olaomoll ~la<; «lfpom51O!'uTpf.I'I/':; uq>aipEoll<;", TJ un:apai<l1'tll OEwPllTlKtl n:poli1toOEO"l1 wu npayuattouoti. li<; n:OU~E, TWV ef.ar.wl' }'Id ro cfJovcpp1taX (ndvtors 1845-6), oi 6n:01E<; ef.aw; eivot ~E~aw «ljIEUOW<;olauyEi<;" (01tw<; AEEI 6 'As.rouoep) uovo liv ~amoTOuv OTtlV KaOaptl Kai an:Atl TCPlwVlKIj i&oAo)'fa Kai OEV o<a~aTa~E tow (0' aUTO TO 0XEOto roi) OXtl~aTO<; {;awrr.pIKr,.:; n:EptoOlxornrnc) OTtl q>aVEPtl tmporj, OIW1tllPtl aHa KaOoplOTlKtl, 'tfj<; xprnKfj<; TWV I)1tOO"TaOEWV 1taVW OTa «£pya Tfj<; OOpi~aV0"11<;" xui «Tfj<; 00piuornrnc», KaTE~oXtlV OTtlV 'AOAIOr/'fra rr,.:; rpIAoaorpfu.:;, TtlV Eiauywylj Kai 'to Tid rljl' KPIrtKIj rr,.:; lfOA/TIKr,.; olxovouiac xui TEAo<; To KcrpdAUW ~€: TtlV iOlaiTEPll iOWPIKO-OWAEKTlKtl TOU Souri. Kai ~Hm; Ta OU~1tEpdouuru TOU nupovroq ypaq>wu. (Il PE1tEl vd 011~El(iJoou~E, aAAwo'tE, OTl Kai Ta n:apa1tavw 1;TjTtl~aTa, xui Ta nponvouuevu, oTi<; o. 43-5 Kai oTj~Elwm;I<;, Ta 1tpay~an:uETaI n:EPIOOOTEPO 6 Aounoptvi, OTaV Ta 1tpay~an;uE'tat 1tapaKoAouOwvw<; TOV 'AI.. roucsp o rriv doaywYIKtl ol1~Eiwoll OTtlV iTaAlKtl EKOOOTj wu Pour Marx: xni ~AEn:E Yla rriv uvttlQ"'tOPIKIOttKtl OEoll wu Aourropivi, TO apOpo TOU Aourorivo Fxpoum, A proposito di marxismo e storicismo, OTtl Rinascita, PW~Tj, 81-1966: Kai TOU 'iblOU ~AE1tE ~la o~Eia xprrucri wu Pour Marx OTtl Rinascita 'tfj<; 21-4-1967.) 1.1 n.X.: «~WTI)1tWVETal A xui 0Xl-A, TO KaOapo aAAo TOU A' uAAa aUTO t~q>avi1;ETaI ~OVO Yla vri uq>aviOEI. 'H <aUTOTllTa {;Kq>pa1;ETaI AOl1tOV 0' aun1 rriv nporno n odv apvll0ll Tfj<; apVTjoll<;. To A xni TO 0Xl-A Elval OWKEKpl~Eva xni aUTa Ta OWKEKplptva avaq>EpOVTUI 0' Eva uovuouco Kai TO 'ioto A. 'H Tavror/'fTa n:apouma1;Ewl OUVI::n:w<;tow oriv mjuj ~ ouupopctucotnt a plaC; iviaku; oXtoll<;, Tj oriv TJ an:A tl (jtarpopd oTa 'iota Otaq>0pETlKa. 'Ano alno n:POKU1tTEl KaOapa OTl TJ uPXtl Tfj<; ruuto rnruc Tfj<; 'iota<; Kai uKo~a n:EPlOOOTEPO TJ uPXtl Tfj<; [~tl- ]uvTiq>a011<; Elval 0Xl mri cln:Aa avaAuTlKfj<;, aAAa avvOr.w:r,.:; rpl)a/'fC;" KAn:. (Scienza della logica: II, 39, Mxcpi, 1925). Kai Yla ~la KpmKtl avaAlJ-

58

LEA.O<;, unl ti ~opqHi o£ixv£t nw<; ti Ixavonoi ll(Hl Lfj<; Otaa crLacrll<; nOlJ A.EY£Lat ouveneto ij svornru wG crKtnT£cr8at npEnEt vd ~£La<p£p8£i - onou rrpoxsrtm yui crK{;nL£cr8at rrpuvuuruco ij crUYK£KPt~EVO- ano LOV (Ka8apa) avaA.lJnKO A.Oyo, KaLW ano LOV o noto napolJcrta~£mt 0 tumxoc (crri x prj c 11 rou) voG<; (LOcrO yta vri KPlJ\jf£t aULO<; wG aA.A.olJ EK£lVO LO E~n£tptcrnKo-aptcrwn:A.tKO, ~t La vori~aw-avLi8£La rou acruvo£w crE onueio rrou vri ~rjv npoxurrrouv o£oo~tva Lfj<; a'tcr811crll<;, ij Kai K£tVO LO crXOA.acrnKO-A.ai:~nvncrtavo ~t La crurucd rou, n£pwcroL£PO ano a<pllPll~Eva, vonro dOll xo i aVLicr-rOtXa cru~~oA.a), npEn£t vd ~£w<p£p8£i, EnaVaA.a~~avou~£, oro SioA.£KnKO A.oyo ij ratio maior, nou, ~t triv apvllcrll rof «anOKA.£to~tvou rpirou», ~£KtVa£l ano La vonrucd avnvouucd O£oo~Eva £vo<; voG ~rj crXll~aWnOtll~tvou 0nw<; civm 0 Io topucoc voiu;: an' onou Enicrll<; ri aA.1l8tvrj JlaAoY1KOr1JTa Lfj<; npay~anKfj<; crKE\jfll<;' ~t rriv onoio ouv£pya~ovwt ~ta~i xui ri a'icr811crll-VoU<;, ~t LO aVaA.UnKO l:vvOtoA.oytKO 8ta<pop£nKo, ano Lrj ~ta 1tA.wpa, Kat 0 1..0yo<; ~t LO cruV8£LtKO rou, OtaA.£KnKO, ~£Kivll~a a1tO xsivo LO Ota<pop£nKO, ano rriv aA.A.ll nA.wpa. "OA.a roirru onuuivouv ~t A.iya A.oyta on 0 cruyxpovo<; A.Oyo<;, UA.WnKO-wWptKO<; a<poG unfjp~£ Ota<pwncrnKO<; Kat tOWA.tcrnKO<;, oxo neuet Kt aULO<;va 6p8oA.oytKonOt rjoct LrjV Ioroptc Kai va pu8~icr£t LrjV KtVllcrrj Lll<;: aA.A.a, npoooeutucoc A.oyo<; (rt A.oyo<; 8a ~LftV aA.A.tm<;;) onw<; 0 ota<pwncrnKo<;, ano<p£uy£t wcr-rocro rriv ooromorucn Enapon, Kai y£~aw<; cr£~acr~o, aVLi8£w ~t LOV tOWA.WnKO, anEvavn o tri Io roptxd, KOtVWVtKa y£yovOLa, o rriv UA.tKOrrrrn ij LO crUYK£KPt~tVO roue, nrptopii cuu ani 8uVa~tKrj a~toA.oytKrj dvG.AVa1J Lfj<; EcrWL£PtKfj<; cruvtn£ta<; (dno rriv ortoiu otv unopsi vd napan1l8£i X(J)pi<; vd a8£Lrjcr£t LOV £aULO WU) Ka8£ io ropucou y£yovow<; (KaLacrwcrll<; ij KOtV(J)VtKOU 8£cr~ou nou unapX£t)' aVaA.ucrll Lfj<; onoia<; LO ~oVaOtKO xprtripto a~ia<; Sivsrm, unovo£lWt, ano Li<; avCHI £1l1t£plCHaTWIlEVT] aUT1i~ T1i~ apciCHIlT]~ a1t61t£lpa~ «6AOKAtlP(()<JT]~" T1i~ toutotntac xni Tli~ /11j-al'rflflaallr; IlE Ttl «8WA£KTlK01toiT]<JT]" TroV Ka8aprov KarllYopuvl' Tli~ Ta\JT6TT]ta~ Kai ~w<popii~, PH1t£ Logica come scienza posit iva. <J. 67-74.

59

8promv€e; avaYK€e; Kat La d8lKa rrpo~Ar)I.1aLa wu latopinapovtoc, Yla LO onoio rraparravO) (ornv apXr) Lfie; § 2), ij xopovrot; nOD 8tv urraY€Lal md, Kat auv€rr&e; f:K~T]8€Vts€Lal, KaLO) arro KaLT]yopt€C; Kat urrOaLaa€le;' Kat sivm auv€rr&e; KPlLlKr) Kat aVLlaUVLT]pT]LlKr) aVaAUaT], nou, ~t Lr) auv€Xr) LT]e;aVaKaAU\jIT] aVLlvo~l&V o ro f:aO)L€plKO L&V Y€YOVOLO)Vij L&V av8promvO)v octvouevrov wu tcropucot nupovroc Kat rrap€A80vwe;, auv€rraY€Lal xupio»; Lr) 8tarrtaLO)aT] dPV1JTlKWV ij I.f/W6wV aVLl<paLlK&v, 8T]Aa8r) I.f/cv6Wv iaropuctbv c:i6wv oriv f:X8plK&V crriv av8promvT] npoooo arro LO rrap€A80v o ro rrapov ~t La d8lKa rou 1tpO~Ar)~aLa wu ~tAA.OVWe;: arr' orrou 11 arrWa Lfie; aVLW€aT]e; ij l:7rlAVTlKijC; Kat Urr€pVlKT]LlKfie; aVLl<paLlKOLT]LaC;f:KclVo)V L&V avLlVO~l&V, ij KaADL€pa aUVOAlK&V aVLlVO~lK&V o numvousvrov, ~taO) nie; apVT]ar)e; roo L&V apVT]LlK&V ij \jIw8&v rrAWp&v atJL&v L&V onuutvousvrov Kat Yl' aULO ~t Lr)V aVarrLU~T] L&V 8€LlK&V ij aAT]8lV&V nAwp&v. "E rot , ~t LOV auWrr€ptOpla~o WU at ~la 0Xl uovo dvaAva1J, aAAa Kat latopuai 61aKplTlKIj, L&V aVLlVO~lK&V f:VVOt&V, yt' aULO iKav&v va ~€rr€paaWUV orri aVLW€La wue;14, UAtaLlKOe; Aoyoe; civm npooosurucoc Aoyoe; KaT f:~OXr)V npaKTlKOC;, 8T]Aa8r) at 8taT] vd aAAaS€t Kat vd J.l€KOV

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14 To EreuvuAull~avoull£ YtaTi XPllCHIl£U£l: AEIl£ «YI' tKUvEe; vri ~£re£pu<JTOuV <JTa aVTi8£Ta TOU':;», aKpl~We; E<pO<JOV TEn£e; avnvolllKEe; Evvol£e; OEV elvrn Y£VlKEe; a<pmpE<J£le; Kui <Juv£rewe; <pTroXEe; Kui arepo<JOlOpl<JT£e; aAAa Ioropucd OtaKplTEe; xui Yl' uino rep0<JoLOpl<JIlEV£e; ij vorrnxu «6~£i£e;» (Yla vd XPllCHIlOreOltl<Joull£ IlE UU<JTllPtl EVVOtU TO Il£TU<P0PlKO X£YK£AtUVO opo) <J' EVU <Jllll£lO re no reou j1.1} unopei j1.I}V «7U;PVOVV» <JTa OlKa TOUe; 0Xl AlYOT£PO rep0<JOLOpl<JIlEVU aVTi8£Ta ij svcvnu (IlE aKpi~£ta apVllnKa xui llu1;i repUYllunKa ouvrnpntucn Kui avumu~taKa). Ilp~A. reupurravro Tie; <JllIlWO<J£le; 6 KUt 7. IlpEre£l vri <Jllll£tW<JOUIl£ on <JTO reo AU EVOta<pEPOV OOKtIllO, La dialettica in Marx, TOU MapLO POCH 1l0Ale; KUt E~urruKou£Tm llaHov UUTOe; 6 tOtaiT£pOe; A6yoe; nie; npoadiopiouivnc: tupaipeanc; ij i:Jtl<JTllllovlKfje; rtou slvui. ea AtYUIl£, 1'1 JWAeKTlKI} Tlle; erpea'l. ~ta<pop£T1Ka, lixPll<JTOe; TO<JOe; KoreOe; ~OO£IlEVOe; <JE Illa <plAO<JO<plKtl KUTllyoptU TO<JO ~EVll <JTtlV 6pYl<JIlEvll X£YK£AtaVtl voorpomu TOU reuALOu IlUP~tcrIlOU. Tid vd <Jllll£tW<J£l aKpl~we; rriv areo<JTa<Jll TOU ypa<poVTOe; arro TO IKpaIlCH, 6 NlKOAU MnuvrnAOVt, a<pou TOVl<J£ on areo IlEpOUe; TOU NTi:AU BOAre£ «1'1 reoA£lllKtl avumu<J<JoTav PllTa Evavnu <JTO XEYK£A» KUt on <JTO NTEAU BOAre£ dX£ all<ptcr~llTlle£l on ol rep0<JoLOptcrIlEV£e; a<pmpE<J£le; «unopoiiouv vri dvm A£LTOUpYlKEe; <JX£TlKa IlE Illa <JuYK£KPlIlEvll KUTa<JTu<Jll, uAAa 0Xl

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rouopqxove; tOV xoouo: 11£~aall aKpt~&~ aUta ta Kpt't"rlpto-oxoxouc, Icropuco-ctoucd aAAa Kat xpoo Stoptousva, Kat KataAAllAa yta trlV rrpa~ll if rrpaYllanKa svepya, rrou, liv XP£taS£Tat va to rroDIl£, O£v elver liAAOarro ta ioropucd avti8£ta io ropucdiv avnVOlltK&V €VVOt&v. 'Ev& TJ OtaA£KnKrl atrl uuorucr] Kat «IlUanKtanKrl» tll~ X£YK£AtaVrllloP<Prl-rraparrov£iTat 6 Map~ crov 'Eni/loyo wD 1873 o ro Kf.{pd/lalO - «£ytV£ Y£PllaVtKrllloOa ytart qxnvornv vd usrcuopqxhvst [zu verklaren] rriv u<ptcrtausvn KataaTaall rrpaYllatO)v [11£ to Va rriv £~u\VWV£ta' Eva aUatlllla .. Ka8ap&v €VVOt&v"]», autrl, «atrl AOytKrl [uAtanKrl] tll~ 1l0P<Prl», slvm yta rriv aanKrl ta~ll «QKaVoaAo Kat arroatpo<Prl», ytatt, «crtrl 8£'t"tKrl aVttAll\vll tii~ 1tpaYllanKOtllTa~ t&v rrpaYllatO)v, rr£ptKA£t£t TaUtoxpova €rrtallC; [zugleich auch] rriv aVttAll\vll tii~ lipVllQll~ autii~
va t~llYOUV 1:0 rrEpU(JIlU (JE blUq>Op€1:1KE<; 1l0pq>E<; xotvoivucfp; opyaveoorp;», KA.EivEl IlE 1:0 va bn1:pErrEt (J1:0 ypaq>OV1:U «ilia 6AOKATjPCllOll 1:fj<; t(JWPlKO-AEt1:0UPYlKfj<; UvaAU(Jll<; Ilt Ilta t(JWPlKO-£>laACKTIKI7 UVaAU(Jll» yta 1:0U<; oxonoix; 1:;;<; «AU(Jll<;" Ka8E rrpuYIlU1:1K;;<; «UV1:tvouioc» (KUt ~AtrrE 1:0 tpE8t(J1:tKO WU bOKi1l1O yta 1:0 Gramsci storicista di jronte al marxismo contemporaneo 01:0 Prassi rivoluzionaria e storicismo in Gramsci. 1:E1:pablO 3 1:fj<; Critica marxista, PWllll, 1967). "01:t IlEta «~vu OPIO •• btUVOOUj.1.EVl(JIlOU"» UKOAou8Ei yta vd «xupmpXTjOEI 1'1 IlE(JOAa~ll(Jll wu N1:EAU BOArrE», orrCll<; 8ECllpEi tKEi 6 Mnnvrns.ovt, UU1:0 unopsl va q>UiVE1:Ut (Jt (JuYKptall Ilt 1:0 Fxpducn, rrOAt1:tKO urro Eq>EOll, rrEpt(J(J01:EPO urr' O,tl slvca (J1:Tjv npuvuurucorn1:U: ytUtt, Yla va urrOOtCllrr1l80uv OAU 1:' UAAU, to Mavtoiato KUt to KupaAalO rrpourr08ttouv t(JClltEPtKa OXt 1l0VO tTj TCPJ1.avlI(17i&oAoyfa KUt ti<; etaw; Yla TO <POVCPJ1.7WX, uHa trri(Jll<; tKEiVll tTjv UPXtKTj xprnKTj nov XEYKEAlUVWV lJ1to(J1:a(JECllv XCllpi<; 1:i<;6rroiE<; Kui 1'1 '/&oAoyfa KUt oi etae!(; Xavouv to q>tAO(JOq>tKO, if Siovormxo 8ElltAlO' orrCll<; arrObEt~Il, m(J1:EUCll, nnpurtdvoi Yla 1:0V 'Ahou(Jtp. "E1:(Jt rraV1:U (JXEtIKa Ilt to «btIlVOOUIlEVtaIlO» if 0Xl, 6 ypaq>CllV ~Pt(JKEI mo XPTj(JtIlO vd IlEAE1:aEt rriv rrpo~AllllunKTj 1:;;<; UAt(J1:tK;;<; «av1:tq>u(Jll<;» Ilt(JCll 1:;;<; OUYKPt(Jll<; Ilt ta rrpOllyoullEVa 1:11<;(JtTjv KAU(JlKTj !\OYtKTj, apta1:01:EAtKTj Kui rrAU1:CllVtKTj, rrtpu urro 1:Tj XEYKEAlUvTj, llaAAOV rrupa (Jt (JUYKPt(Jll ... Ilt tt<; bUVU1:t<; UVaAOYE<; IlE1:Uq>Opt<; tou Mao T(JE- TOUVYK, orov 6rroio aVlltptXEl 6 'AAWU(Jtp ( (J1:Tjv EVVOlU WU 1:;;<; «surdetermination»), TsAO<;: 1:0. rrpo~ATjIlUtU rrou rrpo~uAE 6 Map~ UrrEt(JEPXOV1:at if OXt (JtTjv Irrropiu 1:fj<; q>IAOOOq>tK;;<; (JKt'l'll<;; tl.tv sivm 1') ouvsneid 1:0U<; (JtTj (JuyXpovll Ioroptc rrapu rroAU ~U81a yta vc sivm blUq>OPE1:tKa; rui 1:0 Fxpriurn ~AErrE Erri(Jll<;: ~UA~U1:0PE ~EKl, Spunti critici sulle ••Lettere dal carcere" di Gramsci, (J1:a Quaderni piacentini, 29, rEVapll<; 1967.

61

[011AaOrl: .rlV av.tAll'l'll .fj<; avaYKaCHtKfj<; lipVllOll<; o,n apvllHKoo aVH<p(HtKOO aU.rl fJ npaYllaHKo.ll.a nEpt£XEt], .fj<; avaYKaoHKfj<; t"lle; Kawo.po<pfj<; [OllAaOrl: t"fj<; Kawo.po<pfje; O,H apvllnKoo £XEt aut"rl], a<poo nupnrnpsi Ku8E 1l0P<Prl, nOD ytVEWt, Ot"rl pori t"fj<; KtVllOll<; [OllAaOrl: .rl Ol(lAUEt ot"rl Ol(lAEKHKtl avuAuoll], OUVE1tI'i><; at Ot"rl K IlE.a~at"tKtl t"ll<; nAWpu [ii avn<pat"tKrl apvllt"tKrll ytat"i rtnorc o£v urtopst vd t"rl <puAaKtOEt Kt aut"rl elvm ano t"rlV ouotu t"ll<; KPITlKtl xoi tnavaatatuoi [kritisch und revolutionar]. 'H YEIlUt"ll [f:OOHEptK£<;] avt"t<pUOEte; xivnon t"fje; KamWAtot"tKfj<; xotvroviuc ytVEWt aL0811t"rl orov aOt"o, av8pffino npoxruco, 11£ rov mo <paVEpo rporto Ot"t<; f:VaAAay£<; 1"00 nEptOOtKOO KDKAOU nou Otat"p£XEt fJ ODYXPOVll ~tOllllxavia Kai 0t"0 KOPD<PffiIlU rou nOD slvm fJ YEVtKrl Kpioll··· ». Ks.eivovruc, fJ JlaAfXTlKtl dVUAVa'7iaropttctbv dVTUpum;wv - an' onou <puvllKav ol IlEyaAUt"EpEe; ouvsncu«; - civet f:KEivo ro AOytKO f:pyaAEtO nOD avaKaAU<p811KE ano rov tOWptKO UAtOIlO nOD KUVEt an' au.o IltU av8po)1ttvTJ intatnun f:<pooov slvm iatopnco-tcprtucn tcotvcovtokoylo: 3 "000 ytU t"rlv xotvorvucn Kai 1')8tKtl 8Ellat"tKrl, nOll ElVat - Ol(lKEKPtll£Vll Kat a~Exwptcrt"ll ano rriv OLKOVOlltKtl - ro nEptEXOIlEVO t"fj<; IlE800tKfje; (Ol(lAEKt"tKfj<;) 1l0p<pfj<; nOD f:K8EOaIlE, aut"rl unovoEtwt o.i<; llap~tK£<; VU~Et<;(~A£ns napanuvffi, 0. 40-1) ytU rriv KPtt"tKO- Ol(lAEKHKtl OUVEt011011 rtou sivm avaYKaia YDPffi ano to «<PEt"tXtOllo» wo f:llnopEDllawe;, rriv npoorononoi 11011 t"rov npaYllut"ffiv Kai .rlV npaYllonOt 11011 t"rov xpooronrov, Kat t"£AO<; f:KEtVa t"U 1')8tKU f:m<pat VOIlEva t"fje; KamWAtOt"tKfje; napaYffiYtKot"llw<; nOD OUVO'l't~OVWt ot"tlv VAtOt"tKrl KOtVffiVtOAOYlKrl 1l0P<Ptl t"fj<; «av8pwm vrp; aAAot"piffiolle;» t"rov napaYffiYrov O£ IltU KamWAtot"tKrl xotvorviu (1l0P<Ptl ytU rriv 6nota roooc AOY0<; yiverut criuspo, pnropucn, unOKpt rued, Kat 11£ llerUAll aKaOllllalKO-KOOlltKrl f:1tlt"UXta ano Il£POU<; ao.rov OtaVOOUIl£VffiV, Ka811Yllt"rov, IlU8towptOYPU<pffiV, 80-

62

xuuovpdqxov KA1t., oArov Ev'n:A&~ «EvoroJ.la"CroJ.ltv(Ov» cr riv rtnpouou xoivcoviu, 01tro~ OUV1l8i~ouv vd AtVf: rropu). ,Ano aunl nlv KOlVWVlOAOY1Ktj J.lOP<Ptl 80. 1tptm:t va ~£xtvriost J.lta 8£ropia "COD1tp0(JW1tOV aA1l8lva oUYXPOVll, 01tro~ £XOUJ.l£ 1tpoo1ta8tlo£t aAAoDI5. 'E5& apK£l va rrpo08toouJ.l£ on, 5la<pOp£nKa, 1tt<p"COUJ.l£, crriv KaA.U"C£Pll "C&V nsprrrrroosrov (~At1t£ A.X. "Avrnu ~a<p), ot J.lta EKA£KnKtl «av8pro1tOAoyia», <poi.i£PJ.l1taXlKtl-J.lap~tOnKtl, ~aPla a1to dvospouoicote; <PlA£A£u8£p£~ avaJ.lVtlO£l~16. Kai 1tpt1t£l Aomov vd OUJ.l1t£paVOUJ.l£ (000 Kl liv unopst va "CpOJ.la~£l "Ci~ «aJ.lop<p£~ 'IJl)Xt~» Kai "Ci~ «buo"CuX£i~ ouV£tbtlO£l~») on ot xnvsvn 1t£Pl~aAAOV "Co av8pw1tlvo npoorono btv unopsi vd av8io£t KaA.U"C£pa a1t' o,n ot J.lla xotvmvio 01t01) axt J.lOVO xrrrupystrm 1i Ka1tt"CaAlO"ClKtl EKJ.l£"CaAAwoll "CODav8pw1tou, aAAa 01tOU E1tiOll~ iOXU£l1tpaYJ.lanKa - J.lta «(Jo(J[aAl(JrIKr, voutuornru(sxstvn 1i vouiuorrrrc 01tOU Ka8£ aKa"Ctpyao"CO <ptA£A£u8£po Ki Vll"CPO
15 rui Tr] auyxpovTJ rrpO~ATJJlanKr] WU npooronou ~Atm: Tt<;;JlEAEn:<;; Jla<;;: La liberia comunista, Umanesimo positivo e emancipazione marxista Kat, KIJPtW<;;,TO Rousseau e Marx' Kat rrp~A. trrt(JTJ<;;TO Anti-Kelsen. 16 • Avcecpouncre dbtKOTEpa oro TEAwwio ypacpTo WU Lacp ('0 papt,ujp6C; xa! ro dvOpdJmvo liropo. bTJJlO(JtEIJJlEVO (JTr]V TIoAWVta TO 1965) orrw<;; outverur CJ1:r]aIJJlrrEpa(JJlanKr] Kpt(JTJ tvo<;; KaAa btaTE6EtJlEVOIJ KptnKOU WIJ, wu "AAVW Tsavapvw, aTr]v Unita.A ' ArrptATJ 1967, PWJlTJ:«'YrrapXEl rr.x. - AEEl 6 Tsavapvw - Jlla 6pt(JJltvTJ nupncpwvta aVaJlWa (JTO YEYOVO<;; n trrt~anETat o TO YEVtKO sr]TTJJla 1:11<;; rraparrEpa arrEAw6EpW(JTJ<;;TOW(JOCJlaAt(JnKOOVKOtVWVtOOV Kat TO yqoVO<;;on JlETa Jtv JiVOI'WI dKP1PCit; cv&it,elC; yvpw arro Tr]V arrEAElJ6EpWaTJ, KIJptW<;;Tr]V rrOA.lTlKIj drrcA.wOf:pway/. alJ1:00VTOOV KOtVWVtOOv.Kat !:va OPlO Jlou cpatVE1:al TO YEYOVO<;; TO rrpO~ATJJla ~avaKEPbtaJlaw<;; (JTO on Jlap~t(JJlO rof voriuuroq Tij<;; (J\JV6ETOTTJTa<;; WU rrpaYJlanKOU Kat WU VOr]JlaTO<;;TOOV (JKorrOlV... rrapOIJalasETat JlOVO oriv avaKaTaATJ'I'TJ TOU npdrrou Map~ Kat WU <I>ouEpJlrrax, Kat 0Xl ... aav OCTlKIj crravct,twaY/ rfic; f/JlA.f.A.cvOcpy/C; ({JlAoaof{Jiar; «ai rfic; rro).lTlKfiC; Oecopku;». Kt ainr] Tr]V TEAtKr] tPWTTJ(JTJaTO Lacp bEV JlrrOpOUJlE va Jlr]V Tr]V lmoypaJlJlt(JOUJlE: «' Ana {iv sivm arrapaiTTJW vd avarrTllx6d 6 Jlap~t(JJlo<;; odv ooucviouoq, btv Elva! WVAaXlCJWV aAAo TO(JO avaYKaio vri TOV avmHU~OllJlE oriv dvdAV(JTJTOOV rrpO~ATJJla1:(J)V Tij<;; trrEKWaTJ<;; Kat Tij<;; svonotncrp; Tij<;; rrayKO(JJlta<;;aOCJlaAt(JnKij<;; trrava(J1:a(JTJ<;;;" (uxoyp. btKr] JlOU). Iluveo aTO veopo Map~ ~AErrE rtopo. TOU Tsavapvw, TO Soxiuio La teoria della liberia nel pensiero giovanile di Marx. (JTO Studi storici, PWJlTJ, VII, I, 1966.

63

EX€t i(HOptK6. ~€rr€pa(rcd, aq>oj.lotw8d)17. av elvm aAri8€ta (orrwc; vOj.li~w) Ott 0Xl uovo r; £Aw8€pia aAA6. ro Hho ro elvm wu av8promvou a-coj.lou £~apn£-cat - orriv rrpayuutucornrc - arro -criv K01VWVll0j aoyxopia orrou ~picrK€rut aVarrOq>WKm vri ~d, j.l6.Atcrm aKpl~£cr-c€pa £~apn£mt arro rov Tuna KOlVWVtKi'iC;cruYKupiac;, av elvm arraAAayj.l£voc; ij OXt (Kai crt noto ~a8j.l0) arro npovojnoiij;« o tproucrrr xui on, -C£AOC;, £Aw8€pia wu Ius naturale sivm rropu r; mri £vac; j.lu8oC; KaA6. ij KaK6. ~€rr€pacrj.l£voc;.

17 BAt1tl: (no Rousseau e Marx, (J. 55-60 Kai 95-100, njv avaAu(JT] TOU rrpO~Atll.ta'tOe; IlUXe; «(JO(JWAt(J'tlKlie; vouurorrrrnc» (Kat ~At1tl: Socialist Humanism, An international symposium. tKoolltvo arro rov ''Eptx <I> POll, Anchor Books, Doubleday, Nsu 'YoPKT], 1966, (J. 425-440. Kat np~A. rrpollYOUW;V'l urro(JT]IlElw(JT]). 'H aVaA\J(JT] no» Ilae; aq>opa ijOT] (unovooousvo) UKOAou9d (onwe; ol aHr.e; aHwv lIpo~t,T]lla't(Jl\' o rov 'tOIlO) 'to AOYlKO (Jxlilla 'tlie; avastl'tT](JT]e; 'tOU anf8r.rov IlIlir; al'TlvOJ1IKfiC; iiv VOlar; , l'J UV'tlVOllia ovme;, oro uno (Justl'tT](JT] 9tlla, f:KElVT] 'tlie; (KOlVWVtKlie;) lootmoi; Kat (rrOAtnKlie;) aVlaor17rac; Kat 'to rpiroav'ti9€'tO, nou (JUVt(J'ta 'ttl OLaA£K'tlKtli:1ttAU'tlKtl (Juvo€CJT], ovme; aKpl~iiie; l'J aOmaAlaTlKlj nOAtrlKlj iootnta - ii vouiuorntn - Ilf: rov npoooropiousvo 'tT]e; l(JTOPlKo xapaK'ttlpa OLaKpmKlie; anoKata(Jw(JT]e; ii aoatasiaTlKfic; renovatio tlie; a(J'tlKlie; voutuornruq' 0Xl olaq>opEtlKa, crriv ouoin, ttl OLaKPl'tlKll unoKa'ta(J'ta(JT] TOU KOlVO~OUAEU'tl(JllOU 'cna AatKa (JUIl~ouAla nou civet 'ta (JO~l{;'t. KArr. "Onou l'J 6ta),r.KrIKlj ij elver au'ttll'J al'anrv¢17 iatopnctuv al!J1plpaaJ1wl' ii elvm €vae; IlEmq>\J(JlKOC; llu90e; aOlop9wTOC; Kai nOI) nptnEl vri OLaAu9d.

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Dialectica in nuce

2EpOUJ.U: OTt bEV J3pia1o;'t(n aE lCaVEVa epyo 'tOU Map~ J,.Lta apyavtlCtl lCai aoa'TllPtl elCeE(Jll 'Tfj~ btaAEICTtlCfj~' aAAa J3pialCov'Tat, (JXEbOV (JE lCaeE 'TOU epyo, dvallvatlS- E1tava(J'TaTtICE~, ytaTi elver avaAOaEt~ dlaAtKrlKis-, (JUYICEICPtJ,.LEV(J)V iatopnabv yqOVO'T(J)V lCai 1tpoJ3AllJ,.La'T(J)v (lCa'TE~OXtlV OtICOVOJ,.LtKOOV):bllAabtl alCptJ3Ei~ iatopucb; dvallvatlS- «aVTtq>a(JE(J)V»' 1t00 (JUVE1taYOV'Tat E1tOJ,.LEV(J)~J,.LHIAOytlCtl, J,.Lta btaAEKTtlCtl, 6AO'TEAa btaq>opETtlCtl U1tO 'Ttl XEYICEAtaVtl ii tbEaAt(JTtlCtl, 1t00 alvei, 01t(J)~ lCaeEva~ ~EPEt, AOytlCtl btaAEKTtKO-J..LE'Taq>uatlCtl, bllAabtl J..LETat(J'tOP·tlCtl, (J'TO J3aeJ..LO 1t00 eivm «btaAEICTtlCtl» 'Tfj~ 'Mias- 1t00, «~E1tEpvroV'Ta~» Ti~ «aVTtq>aaEt~» 1t00 YEVVtlellICaV a1t' aO'Ttl 'Ttlv '{bta, (JUVE1tOO~ a priori. yiVE'Tat <l>oall xui nVEUJ..La: ICt etat 6 XEYKEA (JICEq>'TETat vd q>EPEt aE 1tEpa~ EKEivo 'TO lCaefjlCov 'Tfj~ «EVO'Tll'Ta~ 'TOOvEvav'Ti(J)v» 1tOO aVtllCEt a'Ttl btaAEICTtlCtl. l:UVE1tOO~, oi aV'Ttq>a(JEt~ (ii li~ 1tOUJ..LEE1ti(Jll~ 'To. EVaVTta), 1t00 J,.LOVOaU'TE~ EVbtaq>epETat 6 Map~ vd MaEt ii vd ~E1tEpa(JEt (J'TtlV Ev6Tll'Ta roue, elvm 1tpaypaT1Kis-. bllAabtl aKptJ3OO~ Icropuce; avnq>aaEt~, ij KaAO'TEpa Icropucd npoofnopt(JJ..LEVE~ ij dbtKE~: Kai yta vd yivOUJ..LE xuruvonroi: yta vd J..L1topEi~ vd yV(J)pi1;;Et~ 'TOV ICO(JJ..LOJ..LE(J1C01t0 «vd 'TOV aAAa~Et~» ij vd 'TOV E1tava(J'Ta'TtIC01tOtEi~, ol dnpoadlOplaTtsavnq>a(JEt~, ij YEVllCt~, J..LaAta'Ta YEVlKO'Ta'TE~, 'Tfj~ XEYICEAlavfj~ (1tAa'T(J)v{1;;ouaa~) blaAEKnKfj~. bEV E~U1tllPE'tOUV (J'TO EAaXla'TO. (,A1to bOO " (J1toUOatO'Tll'Ta 'Tfj~ vsuvucfp; J..Lap~lKil~ ICPlTllCil~ (JTi~ XEYKEA.tavt~ «()1tOa'TaaEt~» J..LE'Ttl YV(J)(JEOAOYlKtl 'TOU~ EAa'T'T(J)J..LaTlIC6'T1l'Ta lCai 'Ttl pt1;;tlCtl1tpaKTlK'tl 'TO\)~ aVE1tapKEla.) 67

, AA.A.a, liv npOKEt tat yta npaYf.1anKEe;, iOtoptKEe; avncpaOEte;, auto cnuctver on npoxsrrut tnioT)e; yta npaYf.1anKEe; unapKtEe; avncpaOEte;, OT)A.aOTl yta Eva dPV'lTlKO ii Ipcmovcxioruco Ioropuco: Kai rors f.1naiVEt OE A.EttOUPyia f.1ta A.OytKTl noM OtacpopEnKTl Kai noA.U aA.A.tronKa OUV8EtT) ttl A.OytKTl (uuortxtcrucn) tfie; XEYKEA.tavfie; a priori avticpaoT)e;, oT)A.aoTl toootEptKfie; OtTl (Beiu) npeoroYEVTl svornro tfie; 'loEae; rrou, onooe; uovn tT)e; uuortxiortxd, ii aKOf.1T)f.1UOtT)ptooO&e;, onaEt otie; (8EtEe;) avttcpaosu; tT)e;, lhot OXt A.tyOtEPO uucrucrcrucd tie; «~EnEpVaEt» ii tie; OUf.1cptA.trovEt OtO toootEPtKO tT)e; (oi avncpaOEte; slvm psoorri «ototXEia» tfie; 'IOEae;!) OtTlV EmOtpoCPTl tT)e; EKEiVT) OtOV f:au'to tT)e; oriv nVEUf.1a· xoopie:; rtnoru OtaA.Tl8Eta vd tVOtacpEpEt tTlV Ioropucri npoodo 0' autTl ttl ocvtaOnKTl KUKA.tKTl OtaotKaoia (nA.oonVtKOU turtou) t~oSoo-uno-rov f:auto xni EmotpoCPfie;-otov-f:auto toU 'EVoe; ii tfie; 'IOEae;. "Av npoxsrrut yta Kan npaYf.1attKa avncpattKO Ka8auto (ii autoavttcpanKO) unuivst OE A.Etroupvtu (A.oytKo-YVOOOEOA.OytKTl) 0 j3taof.1oe:; (non rrpsrtst vd Otop8oo8Ei) EKEivT)e; tfie; apxfie:; (af.1tyoue:; aptototEA.tKfie:;) tfie; J11i-dvrf({Jaa'l~ ii npoaoioptatncotmxu; tfie; OKE'VT)e:; xui yvrooT)e;, nou 0 XEYKEA., f.1E8uof.1EVOe;, lie; nOUf.1E, an:o t1') 8Eia an:oA.utT) ivotnta tfie; 'IOEae:;, EXEt OOYf.1anKa aA.A.a f.1E ouvsnetu apvT)8Ei-oto j3a8f.10 n:ou sivm aPXTl toU TCO...1....1.aTCAOV Kai tfie:; avaA.uoT)e;, an:OtEA.OUf.1EVOU,on:ooe:;auto EXEt, «dvrupurucd a-ouV8Eta-f.1Eta~u-tOue; avti8Eta»-Kai EXEt «OA.On:OtTlOEt» OT)A.aOTl«~En:EpaoEl» crTTlV acpT)pT)f.1EVT) avv(}tTlKIj apXTl tfie:; 8Eiae; f:vtaiae; autoavticpaoT)e; tfie:; '1OEae:; (=aKptj3&e; xapaKtT)ptonKfie; XEYKEA.tavfie:; «avticpa0T)e;»). "Av npoxsrrm f.1Ef.1ta H~T) yta n:paYf.1atlKEe:;, un:apKtEe; avncpaoEle:;, ii apVT)ttKO Ioropuco, 'Ii oUYXpovT) OtaA.EKnKTl, 'Ii f:votT)ta Evavtioov ii avn8Etoov, OEV otaypacpEtat md oriv KUKA.1KTl0XEOT) yevucotatcav Evavtioov UA...1.O toao ytvlKWV Evavtioov (elver Kai f.1Tl-dvat, KA.n:.), OT)A.aOTl odv f.1ta lif.1EoT) aj3acrtf.1T) OtanKTl avti8EoT) Ka8ap&v KatT)yopt&v ato KtVO (onou 6 XEYKEA. OEV n:poxoopEi j3Ej3ata OtOV autoxprnxo nA.atoova t&v tEA.EUtaioov otaA.oyoov)· aA.A.a olaypacpEtal an:o tie:; aKoA.ou8Ee:; nA.EUpEe:;:a) f.1ta n:paYf.1atlKTl,

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(aptO''tO'tEAtKcOV av'tt9Enov a-O'uv9Enov Kat anOKAEtO''ttKcOV): J.1Ul KaAa npoO'OtoptO'J.1EVT) av'ti<paO'T), npOpA'1)laTlKIj Kat dPV'1TlKIj. J.1EJ.1ta At~T) A·X· fJ aKOAOu9T): «To aAT)9tvo OPIO 'tlie; Kant't<lAtO''ttKlie; napayroYlie; [... ] elvm au'to: o'tt fJ napayroytl [«KotVroVtKtl»] sivm J.10VO napayroytl yta 'to KE<paAato [«iOtro'ttKO», aO''ttKo]» (Map~, To KupaAalO. III, KE<p. 15)· 13) fJ ADO'T)(OtaAEK'ttKtl) 'tlie; EV AOYro npaYJ.1anKlie; OUO'KOAtae; nOD avaKaM<p9T)KE ano 'tp,v Ioropucri UVaAUO'T): Kat ADO'T) rtou I) Ka'tEO''tT) Suvurri arro rriv auO"tT) Ptl dVTlVO)lIKIj J.10P<Ptl, rrOD xapaK'tT)pt~Et 'to ~taO'J.10 'tlie; aPxlie; 'tlie; J.1tl-av'ti<paO'T)e;, onou O'UVEAtl<p9T) fJ oootu 'tlie; (iO''tOptKlie;) OUO'KOAiae;: 0''t0 J3a8J.10 nOD 2) au'ttl fJ J.10P<Ptl ('tlie; OUO'KoAiae;) <PEPVEt 'to O'T)J.1aOt 'tOG A6yov (noD slvm E1ttAU'ttKtl tvor'1ra), OT)AaOtl 'tlie; (JX£aW; av'ti8EO'T)e; (00'0 aO'Dv8E'tEe; xt liv slvm Ka8au'tEe; EKEivEe; ol av'tt8EO'Ete; nOD elvui 'to. aV'tt<pa'ttKa dvri8era. rrapayroytKa J.1tiie; O'UVOAtKlie; dVTlVO)lIKije; EVVOtae;): Kai O'uvEncOe; au'ttl fJ av'ttvOJ.1tKtl uop<Ptl-ano 'ttl O''ttYJ.1tl nOD Otv EXOUJ.1E 1tta oro natxviot 'to 't00'0 noM anpoO'otoptO''tO, 't00'0 rroM a<pT)pT)J.1EVO, J.1tl npaYJ.1a'ttKo Kai Ka8apa O'UJ.1J3oAtKO «A elvca J.1tl-A», arraYOPEUJ.1EVO rriv 'tU1ttKtl AoytKtl, aAAa J.1ta KaAa npooOtoptO'J.1EVT) au'tOav'tt<pa'ttKtl Kai aVnVOJ.1tKtl Evvota-rrpoKaAEi eva E~iO'ou npoO'OtoptO'J.1EVO dvri8ero bceivm; rije; (JVvOA1Kije; dVTlVO)lIKije; Ivvotac, eva rrpaYJ.1a'ttKo tertium, Kat OJ.1roe; O'UVEpya~E'tat O''ttl MO'T)-ouvaJ.1tKtl, OtaAEK'ttKtl'tlie; OUO'KoAiae; rrOD EXEt O'UAAT)<p8Ei a' au'ttl 'ttl J.10P<Ptl· yta'ti 3) fJ OtaAEK'ttKo'tT)'t<l 'tlie; MO'T)e; rrapOUO'ta~E'tat J.1E'ttl J.10P<Ptl 'tOG av'ti8E'tOu-dpv'1TlKO xai (Jvvr'1P'1TlKO J.1a~i'tlie; OOO'J.1EVT)e; av'ttvoJ.1tKlie; EVVOtae;, onou EXOUJ.1EJ.1ta SiuAEK'ttKtl OT)AaOtl AoytKtl J3EA'tiroO'T) (nota liAAT) 80. urropoiiO'E vn iO'XDEt;) EKEiVOU 'tOG in concreto J3taO'J.1oG 'tlie; aPxlie; 'tlie; J.1tl-av'tt<paO'T)e;: Kai O'UVEncOe;-EVaV'tta O''ttlv 'tU1ttKtl AoytKtl-tertium datur, eva tertium nOD anO'tEAEi't<lt aKptI3cOe; arro 'to av'ti8E't0 'tlie; avttv0J.1tKlie; EVVOtae; nOD napaX8T)KE 'to. 800 aV'tt<pa'ttKa-aV'ti8E't<l: A.X. «[...] o'tt fJ napayroytl slvm J.10VO rrapayroytl yta 'to KE<paAato [J3Atns napanavro] Kai aXt dvri8era 'to. J.1EO'a 'tlie; napayroYlie;

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