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MAZA ΚΑΙ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ - Κ. ΠΑΠΑΪΩΑΝΝΟΥ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

MAZA ΚΑΙ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑ - Κ. ΠΑΠΑΪΩΑΝΝΟΥ (Πολιτικό Καφενείο)

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o KWOTQC; nonolwovvOU YEvvn811KE TO 1925 OTO BOAO KOI ne8avf: OTO naplOl TO 1981.

An6 TO 1945 t~l1oe o'rn faAMa.

'HTQV W'.AOC; TaU EAM Kat TaU KKE Kat TO 1944 ouvEAJicp811 an6 TllV EIOLKI'] AmpoAElo. To 1945 KOTO<PEUYEI o m fOAMo IJE Tr] (30r']8EIO TaU fOAAIKOU IVOTlTOUTOU.

i:nouoooE <plAooocp[a ern !op!36vll (1945-48). Ano TO 1959twt:;TO 1963 oLMOK!::1 OTTJ Iop{36vr). Arto TO 1962jJexpL TO 1968 OLOOOKEl <pIAooo<pio OTO Cencier, OTO nap(o~ Kat KOlVUlVlOl\OY[O OTIl i:XOAr, Avwrsptov EfJnopLK.WV i:nouowv. An6 TO 1963 OVr']Kf:l UTa CNRS(E8vw..O KtVTPO EmOTIlIJOVLKWV EpeUVWV). To 1970-72oloaoKEL cpLAOOO<p(O OTll Nemeuevs». ana TO 1971 fltxpi TO eovoro TaU, TO 1981, otMOKEt ornv Ecole Pratique de Hautes Etudes.

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An6 TO 1962 KOI I1ETO YPOCPEI OTrlV YOAAlKtl yAWOOo. AVQI1£oO OTO tpya TOU:

H i50f,1f] TI']e; eniXelpr]orye; ( 1962), Eloaywyf] OTO eovo TOU XtYKeA ( 1962).

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Kro o rnt; nunu'(roovvol.l

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10 EIIA[Orn

VttoTJ(Hj, 'to 1tVtuJ.Hl'tlKO enintoo 'tTJ~ KotvO)via~ sivct uotpoic KCl'tClOl.KClGI!EvO VCl nlhp'tst OAOEvCl xm zsptooorspo, ytn'tl TJ I!u~a &iV(ll TJ «K01VO'tT)'tCl I!EGa G'tO 'OXD> (Th. Geiger)... fill Jia~, <ruJ.1~aivEt 'to avti9t't0: 'to npono xm ~acnKo crUJ.1nEpacrJ.1a nou J.11topd vc PrE\, ano 'to P1PAio aU't6 dvat TJ apm on TJ to''tOP1Klt OpaG'tTJplO- 1toiTJGTJ 'tTJ~ f.lasa~ O'UV61tUYE't(ll nuv'tO'tE Eva p~oO'1taenxo EJ,!1tAounO'J.1o 'tTJ~ \jIUXlK'iJ~ ~roit~ 'tTJ~ KOlVrovla~ Kt Eva uvotYl!a ron 1tVSUJ.1anKO'u 'tTJ~ op~ov'ta... Kat, avdorpoec, o.t KUe6 xowovin J.1s~ mv anoia utovst 0 eMrXo," ano m KU'tro xm TJ J.lasa napouO'lasE'tat cov Eva na9T)'ttKo, a'iO''topIKO 1)A1KO, Eva npuYJ.la mlvO) 0''tO 0- xoto aGKEl'tm TJ KUpiapX11 geATJO'TJ 8UvaI!TJ~ trov cpoperov 'tTJs EsoUGias, xroPls vc Jl1topEi vu aV'tlOpucrEl Kat vo «llnaV'tWpUO'El})... sivct J.lill xowevtc JlE G'tEPTJJlEvE," n," 1tTJy6; 'tTJs \jIUXlKlts 'tTJs sroits xm avit J.lnopTJ vc 0000'61 cr'tTJ JiOpqlll 'tOU avep6:l1tOU mv 1tATJp6'tTJ'ta UUnl1tOU 110- VTJ J.lnopd vo uccvonouicst 'tTJV E1tl'tuKnKlt uvuYlCTJ rou avOpwno'l) vu O€1 rov W'I)'to 'tOU ouv f.l1a OA0'tTJ1U. (oo. 233-234).

H MOta 'tTJ~ «1.!(l~U~» yta 'tOY IIunuirouwoo o&V Eivat nooO'tuci), O&V Esaptu'tat ano rqv u\jIl1A1) 1r1.)1(votfl'tu ron 1tAl18uO'Jl06 crt~ <r6yxpOVE~ K01VroVlE~, a.J..J...iJ. uno tOY pol.o Kat tfl cruj.tJl8Wxfl rev Jlat;;rov crtfl otaj.toP<ProO'l1 tfl~ tO''toPU(ll~ roo; Jloipu~:

H f1u~a A011tOV OEV stvm zooorucn MOta ci).).f}, n010'ttK'iJ Ka'tTJyopia ... To E10tKO ~upos 'tTJ~ J.la~~ OEV sivrn c- 1tAWs cruvup'tTJl1ll 'tTJs 1tUKV6'tT)'tas evos 1tATJOuGj.to6: 0 nATJSucrf10s 'tTJs Au'ttKltC; fEPf1uvias it'tuv yta 1tOM,oU~ atwVEs 0 tows ci).).f}, TJ I1USa nou I;U1tVTJcrE JlE 'tOY Thomas MUnzer Kat 'tOY «(p'troxo Konrad», EJ.l<paviO''tTJK6 !-ua <popu Kat JlOYo 1tn vc crpiJcret aJleGros j.tZ'tU J.l6 'tTJ cr<payiJ KUt 'tTJv T pouoxpcrtc, Azevcvn G'tTJV 1tUKV6'tT)'ta 'tOU nATJOuoJ.l06 roo IIllpmwu crov 170 Kat 'to 180 atro-

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MAZA KAI II:TOPIA

11

vo, TJ A8iJva ornv eno;dJ 61tou 01 (:t1tClOAtroJ.!EvOl «Aillxptoi», JlTJ Jl1tOpWV'tus vc tKuvanotTJS06v Jls 'tTJ JlE'tacpuGtK'iJ 1taPllyopill 1tOU roi»; SOtVE 'to OtoVUGtnKO opyto, 11- vepaO'av 'tOY Ilstoicrpcto O''tT)V ESOUO'ta, TJ <l>A.ropEV'tla O'tT)V Eno;o1 'tIDV capitani del popolo Kat ton Savonarola it 'to MUnster Kat 'to Zwickau crov evUJll!1ll xrOvo 1t01) KpU'tT)0'6 TJ KOI1JlouvtcrnKlt S60Kpu'tla 'tIDV Avapu1t'tt(}'t(ov, SIl Jl1topouoav va 1pavo'6v crew 1tCl'tptnpXOKpa'to'6J.l6V0l crUV011CtcrJloL.. E1J.lIlO't6 'l)1toxpsroJ.lEvOl vc avnxoioouue 'tTl J.1u~a oov J!l.a OUVaJl1K'iJ oAOtflta a1tO 6tOtKec; \jIUXlKSs A£t'tOUpylES'" rtou 't1S PpiGKOUj.tZ crnv uiJ.!aKa 'tOU «U1t0JlOVIDJ.!EvOU erouou» O'S AavSuvouoa, 1tapllJ.lopq>(J)J!SVTJ, a1troSTJJ.1EvTJ iJ na90AoytKu E1C<ppacrJ.leVTJ KCl'tucr'taO'TJ, Kat 1tOU ava1truoO'ov'tat Kilt E1tEV6PYOUV m'toplKU KU'tro a1to OptcrJlEvS~ aV'tlK8tJ.1EVUCS~ <ruV9~KES:

J.leOU O'E OptcrJlEvEs J.lE'tapattKes 1] Katacr'tPO<ptKes 10tOP1KES 1t8ptO&OUs (0'. 173).

E1C1C1.v6w'tll~ o.no au't1) rqv {(t8eo.-ovvaj.tl,\» ea. OlKOOOJlf]O'El., KaeW~ EKotnA.roVEto.l 0 O'wxaoJl.o~ 'tOO, jnc <Pv.ooocpia Kat poto. 'lfUXOAoyia 't11~ «Jlu~ae;» UtcrtOOOS11Ka\ tau'toxpova pSaAtO''tlril, sppnvsunxo KAslOi 1ta tT) Jl8Aetfl TI\<; tctopicc; H 1to.poooia Kat 11 O'Uj.tpoe'to;o1 'tfl~ )lli~a<; Jl.EtapliUs'tat ornv a~ta.ril lCAl.j.to.Ka 1tOU xpivs; TI1v tcropuot ESSAt~ll. Me ~licrTJ uu't'i) 'tTJ o1.antO'troo11npo.Y)laroxotst tva YOl1tEUUKO t~i8t o'tllv toro pia Kat TI\V rsXV...,' ..., U\jI11AOCPP0crUV'll TI1<; apxaia~ tpayrooio.~ Kat 0 Oo.1JlOV1KO<; xoouo; 'tOO LaiS1tTJP ID~ xur' ESOxflv EKCPPUcsu; au't1)e; TTJ~ etcrpOAiJe; troy J.1a~rov OtO 1.0'WPtKO zpoorilVto -11 «Oeutpoxpcrta» TI1~ KA.a.crtKi1~ A(1)va~ Kat 11 UtO'apEttav1) o.vaAo.Jl1Cit- ea avnnapo.'tf:eouv O'TI1v du- 01Ktcrnril, tSpapXllJ!SvrJ xoworvto EVO~ Puxtvn Kat svo; Kopvsrr, Kat 't11v \jI8UOOJl.a~tril KOUAtoupo. tOO 2006 atwva.· evw ot «1tapaooO'ta1(E~ KOtVCOVlE9>, ozou j.tU~B~ xm eAlt cruYKpo'tOuO'av eva evtnlo KOtVCOVtKO crmj.tll, eO. a1tO-

12

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'tEAiO"OUV 'to KO:t01ttpO 1t(lvO) O"tO ozoto Su Ku9pEqmO'tOUV Ol ({O"x;tOjlEvE<; KOlVroViE<;» 't11<; Eupro1tT)<; IlWl 't11v AvuYEvvflO"Tl Kut 01 O"'tPU't01tEOIKE<; KOlV(t)ViE<; tOO 2006 cuovo.

IIPOKE>ltut 10"ro<; YIU to mo «(ltO"lObO~O» ~1~Aio tOU llunuUoawou' 11 UVUbUO"Tl -~ cvrlcrpoe« 11 XUAlVUYroYTlO"Tl- rev )lu~rov )lEtu~aAAetat OtO U1toq>uotonKo xptnlPlO 'Ol<; 1tOAtnK'f!<; KUt nOAlftO"tt1Cl}<; (11)ltouPYiuS. Kat Tl OKtro~PtUV~ EnuvuO'tuO'Tl 8u q>uvta~et UKOJla ere )lUno tOU -)lust JlE 't11 rUMt~- roS jlW rspuctkov OIU(jtaOEroV U1t01tEtpU 't11S EnUVUO"'tunK'f!<; JlU~US. QatoO'o, Y1O, 'tOY IIunuUouwou to s~'t11IlU 8ev Sa tBAElcOO'Et EKEi, Su npEn£l vc ~psSEi Tl KUSOOTlYlltlK'f! OUVUJlTl 't11S Enuvaota.O"Tl<;, zou Sa. I-l1tOPEO'£l VU JlEtOUaIcOO'EI rnv 1tUpUKtro)lEvTJ M~u tIDV 1tAllPStaKcOV JlUS<OV ce 86vU)l1l1tOAltlK'f!e; KUl1tOAl'tlO'JltK'f!C; Oll)ltoupyiue;:

Stat 1t£pi tU JlSO'U tOU 70u mowa, II UOttKll ta~ll (jTTJV EJJ..Uoa 1tOAlttK01toillOE nc; ~Oll a1to tOY 80 uu:Ovu £1t(1- VUOt(1TTJf,lEveS f,laSeS tCOV «911tIDV», 01tooS to 1917, 11 opyavooJ.lEvTJ J.lES tOY MnoAcrspIKtO)lO epyanKfJ ta~llnOA1- nK01toilloE nc; una9AtCOf,ltves f,laSes TCOV UypotIDV KUl trov o'tpattro'toov tOU otaAu6f,levou TaUptK06 rtpa'to6. (cr. 171)

H «ueia-uovtepvo» JWJ.6K'flKtl roD Iloxouoevvoo

o crurYpaCPSUS unopuMSt os !lta KUtaAUtlKT] KptttK'f! TIlV IMu TIle; Ilpoooou Kat nc; autunutec; rou .1.lu<pron(j)lOU, U1tO to <proc; troy crtPU't01tEOroV cruYKEvtproaTlS, tOU vUsI(J)l06 KUt tOU O'taAtVt(J!l06. AvttO'tOtXTJ KptttK'f! c1XE lt0lJ. otatu1tro9at uno tOY XalVtEYKsP, it TTJ LXOAit TllS <DPUYK<PO'lJPTIlC; )leptKa XPOVtU evopirepc. nO'tOaO, II 1tpOO'ErYIO"Tl tOO IIunu'iroo'woo Ssv sivut tUUt0O"TlJlll us t~ tilliS, aKo)lu Kat EKS1VES nO'O aKOA0691lcruv JlEXpt ttc;

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MAZA KAI ILTOPIA

13

JlEpSS JluS· .1.tEKOtKel Jlla. 10'ros, 1taYKOO'JlIU npUJTOtUnta. H KpmK'f! npOOE'YYIOll zou Un01tElpa'tUt rooo nprotJlU KUt OtEtcrOU'ttKU 0'£ auto to VEaVtKO tOU SYXEipll!la Ssv etV(11 Jlla npoO'srYlO'Tl «O'1(OtaoIatlKip>, evoc «nvnopncnxon poucvnouou», oev stvm xcv Jlta KpmKit «epcvxooupnevi]». se» uvttnapaOsTEl )lOVTEPVIK<YrrtTa Kat napaooO'1l !!UVIxatO''ttKU, onros ev JlEPEt Sa Kavel II cruyxpovll KpttlKi] t1lS vE(O"ceplKO't11tUC;; KUt €vUS ayvroatlKlGttKOC; Jl£tU!!OVTepV1G)lOC;. fill tOY IIunatrouwoo, 0 .1.tacprotlO')l6C; KUt 0 Ilpooosonouo; OEY cuvtoroov Ko'nOla aU8UnUpKTll UAltElEta, Kat Tt (1vtiA'rJ'I'll «tflS icropiac; ouv npoooosunKltS E~eA~11S» cruVtG'ta !!ill ana ru; «mo a<paAEpec;» atJ.u tUUT6Xpovu (111:0 t1<; «mo alO'lOOOSEe; Kat Kam<pattKec;» tMec; tOU nOAmo)lo6 Jlac;:

Me tOY TPOnO UUtO, 0 1905 Ut<oVUC; avti1l:tuSE xm OAOKA~proaE Ilta a1to nc; 1t1O OXTtJ.l(1tlKec; KUl Oq>UAEPSS r.i).).f], Kat I-UU uno ne; 1t1O CHcr16oosec; K(11 1(UTacpattKSS yta tOY uvGpW1tO weeC; 'tOU nOAlttcrJlo6 )lUC;: TTJV tOEU TTJC; Icropicc (JUV npOOOEU'ttKf)C; E~&A~l1S, ocv f,llac; puS!!taiuC; 1I:PUY)lut01toillcrTlS 'OlS av9poomVTJS curovoJ.liae; f,leaa aTTJv xotvorvtc ... E~Jlepu ~EpOUJ.lE on OAa UUtU m a<peA~ O'xtt!!uta tOU IotoptKtoJ.lOU rou 1900 (11- wva, rooo oTTJ «~haJ.eKnKit» ceo KUl (jTItv «norucoq>tA£AeugePll» J.lOpqnl TQUC;, OBV EXOUV KUf,lia O'XEOll f,lE TItV lO''tOptKfJ aKpi~eta: 11 O'llJlooia ron OlUAeKttKoU Kat tOU npOOOEUtlKOU toropiouou eivrn Ka()apa 1080;'0- 'Y1KIj. Oncoc; OllA. 0 Atacpwnajloc; STat KUl 0 IlpoodeunaJ.lOs OEY 1I:UplatuW:l napti jlta 61.J111 TTJS nOA61tAeuPTJS 1ttiAllS TItS cplAeAeu8ePTJC; u(j'ttKf)s 'taSTJe; Kat roo epyan- 1(OU KtviJJ.lU'tD;; K(1'tU tOU ouvrnprmouo» TItS AvtiOpa- 0llS· Ko.'tti to. CtMa, rooo 0 «1tpOooeunKos eS&A1Ktt- 0!!6<;;» 00'0 Kat TJ UVaAorrl Oecopia TOU «xotvorvtxof aU)l~oAaiou», nap' 6ATJ TItv (11toteA.eO'!!anKOTItta TOUS f,lEoa ornv 1tOAtTtKij naAll ( ... ) OIN nsptEXOUV Kaf,lia e-

14

affi'tsptrit -mna'tllI!OVlrit, q>tAOooqnrit iJ notll'tlldt- u~iu tKavil vu s&1tspaost TIS ffi<psl11!1anKe~ UVa'YKe~ non TIS £<pEpUV oro <pco~. (00. 49-50).

M1u t£tOla to'OPP01tllI!£v11 O1tnldj 11 onoto xnruvost tOY ioropixo p6AO roo ot.a<pwnO'I!06 xm rou l!apS10Il06 svw tautoxpova SVt01tl~st, O'TIj otBKobCllO'11 'tll~ S1tl0''tll!.l.OV1- KOt11t~ non sYStpOUV, rnv p~a 'tll~ spyaABtUldj~ tou; )..U::tSSEAtS11<; -xct 01tw<; Sa tOMSt O'S oM> tOO EPYO, 'tll~ EKtP0m1~ rou; npo~ 'tOY OAOKA11PCO'tlO'IlO-, anO'tEAst tOY OU01W0111t'UPiJvu IltU~ «IlEta-IlOVtEpva<;» 1111 llaVtxat1dj~ OtaN:Kn1dj~, 11 onota Sa cruVEX~St va anOtEABl eva ~11- 'tOUJ.lSVO mc61lu Kat (Jt~ fl£P&<; IlU<;, XevtlVtu XPOVtU Ileto..

o IIaxutwawou EXet cruvEto11O'11 t11<; uvn<panK6'tllta<; 't11S eSEAU;l1<; 'tllS 10'tOpiaS KUt tOO nOAtnO'!.I.oU· ot KatUKTItO'StS ron luucpw'tlO'!.I.oU, Kat tOU IIpoOOBUttO'!.I.06 (mo'teAsO'uv ravroxpova Kat j.lta OtU01KUO'ta ~ueutu'tou K01- VCOVtKOU lhxaollOU Kat 6ta<poponoi11<J11~ j.lEt(9) 't11~ j.la~as Kat tWV lCUpiupxwv taSSIDv. 'Evu O'Xt0'1j.l0 zou O''tll crt'>YXPOVT) enoxil So. eYKatVWOtEl !!E rnv A vUY~O'11 Kat Sa EXt~S~u1WeEi KU1 :n:aA1 JlEta 't11 raA.1t1dj Kat 't11 Pro01ldj sxuvao'tuO'11, oruv ot vEe~ EAtt zou avao&txfhlxcv ux6 UU'tES 9u uxO'tasouv eK vsoo mv enuvaO'tunKi} Ila~u os Jna vea KOlVroVtldj 1f:pupxiu, 11 O1tOta Bixe xpoS O'nYj.l11v uvurpuxei !!Era 'tllv e10'~A11 TIj<; exuvaertu'tllf.1SvrJS Jlat;as·

L'to 01K6 )..lW; noAtttO')..l6, un6 rov KU1PO zou 11 AVfJ:ytvvncn &OXUaE tOU~ oeo)..loUc; zcu Svwvav 'tfl )..lru;a Kat 'tflv elite, Ka)..l16. aM11 MVU)..ll1 EK'tOe; uno ns {OtE~ ne; )..laSee; OEY np6Kell:at v' U:n:OKU'tU0TIt0E1 tTJv KOWCOVia onv OAO'tfl'tU. K1 EJl&ls, 'to uovo XOU )..l1tOpoUJ.lB vu KavOllJ.lE &iVU1 vu e&OOU)..lE to 1tp6~A11)..lu TllS OXeollS rov )..la~rov

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MAlA KAI rLTOPfA

15

ps tOY noAtttoJ.lO onv tvu OtaPKroC; E:rriKa1po, tpuytK6 npO~AllJ.lU ron nolmaJ.lou J.lUS ... (0.223)

Ot nupaoocrtuKec; K01VroVie<; Eixuv §;yuv KAEt0"t'6 xupaKTItpa zou eyKAro~tt;s to Utoj.lo lleO'u cs Jlla aKa).ln't11 Kotv6'tlltU os avdSeO'11 )ls tOY JletavuY8VVllcrtuK6 KOO'Il0 o O1tOt~ EnttpaXE1 'tllv arOJ.l11dj OtUCPOP01toitlOl1 ad perpetuum' to nrouo osv axet 'tll ouvar6'tllta va «sexropioet) nupa 1l0VO orov PaS!.I.o zou cru)l!!Epll;;stut nc; nsiEs Kat rou; SeJlEAtoo<; JlUSou<; TIj~ xotvomtu- *+s. AKollU Kat O'TIjV Ell6.oa troy KAaO'tKrov xp6vrov, 'to atoJlo Jlxopsi va v011gei uovov ros XOAi'tllS

AJJ.i:J, av 0 «K1eWt09> XupuKTItpac; 'tIDV naAtcOV tpnvrt(HOValtOtUcrov KOlVIDV1cOV 1tpoepxetat Kat oTllpi~stat naVID O't11V nuvioXUPll U1tUP~l1 )lIW; 'l"l>X1KiJ;;; KOtVO'tflt~ )lES 'tll )..l~u noo OEY enUp£XEt oro a'toj.lo vc eKOllAro8El tatOP1Ka nupCt uovo oro )lttPO nou O'UJ.lJ.lEtEXE1 Ottc; zpw an' auto Kat60''tllJ.lEvEC; )..lUEllKES aSies TllS xoworn'tu;;; Kut zou KUtOOtKru;61 &mt to principium individuationis (6nroc; E)lEls to EXOUJ.lB ~iJOEt, yvropia6t Kat npuy)lat01tOtiJo61 KCt'tro uno ill J.lOpcpiJ J.ltUS U1tOAU't11C; 8£1.11- crt'JS u1teA.euEleprool1S TIle; U1tOKCL)lSVtKOtTJrac; uno KaEle ilapaoocrt'J. un6 KaeE EnEKEwu ... ) oe Ina J.lBptKJ1 crpo<pia' (cr. 228).

nO'rooo UUtE<; 01 xUPUOOO'taKSr; xorvorvie; e1tE't'penav j.l1U cru IlJ.lEtOxil troy Jlat;cOv O'e eva K01VO xsxpw J.levo, evcv xowo «Jlu90», O'e UVtiEl&O'11 JlE ns crUyxpoves KOtvWvie<; 'too nOAlttKOu 11 tOU XOAtttO'JltK06 OAOKAllPW'tl.0'1l0U zou av'ttO'tpu'teuOVtu1 Ka9& aXOnEtpU tIDV xotvmvtov va cruYKp0Tl1,900v cs KOlV0r1l'Ca. H POUAllO'11 'tllS aneptOp1- O''tllS utO)l1KiJr; UU'tovollias, cruvavtmvtar; ru aot£sooa zou op9rovet apXtKU 0 nOAttlKO<; Kat crTJJlepa evaS aKOlla 1ttO abtUcpavi)<; teXVOAoytKOr; OAOKAllPCOnerIlO~, JlEtatpa- 1t&tat oe cpuyiJ er'ta 1tOAunOtKtAa vapKronKa 'too crUyxpo-

16

rnxrora

vou av9pronoo Kat (JTO Tpa'YUCO aott~ooo €V~ UnOK81J.l£YOU 1tOU £XEt anOA.€061 't000 TIlV K01VOTIl'tU 000 Kat TIlV au'tanaTIl TIle; aW)l1"K'1le; au'tovo)liae;:

o «KA.st(r'tOC;» xapaKn'tp~ nov )tOV'tEPVillV «)tovOAtEhKc:OV» xowevuov npOEpXE'tat Kat O''tllp~E'tat mlvill oro ~iatO St:p{~co!la KaBE napuoo011S Kat ornv nav'toouvo.)tia TIlS nponuro.voo.c;, 0l1A. )uac; anpoaco1t11S, o.no 'tllv iota 'tllS 'tll <i>U(Jll avTt!l1tOPllC; vc riVEt "(AmO'O'U t:V0C; 0- nOtoUo~nO'tE UU9t:VnK01) 1tVEu)ta'toc;, )tllXavitS nO'O 1tviyEt Kat G'tEPEUEt rooo mv Kpm~ cruVEiOllO'l1 rev atoucov 00'0 K(1\ Ttl !la~tKit uu90P)t11oiu K(1\ nou, esouoE'tEprovovrc; TIlV iOta mv ",'Om 'tllS )to.~o.s, a<pa~El O''tllv iOta TIlS 'tll p~a K0.9E ouvatD'tll'ta tt'lS KotvcoviW; vc (JUYKpoTTl9ei O'E K01VD'tll'tU Kat v' a1toxnlcJfa utn au9t:VnKit II«poooall· (a. 228 )

I'ic 'tOY cru'Y'Ypacpea, J.lOVO a'tllv apxaia EUuoa J.l1a ovcnw'Y~1'\ urouncorrrm ea €V'tax9si opyuvuca ornv KO\v6TTj'tu, -1l6 'tP01tO TpaY1Ko uUIi npa'YWl'ttKO- Kut 1'\ 6KOtnA.ro<Jll Tlle; 1tpocrcomKOTll'tUe; eO. £X61 mc; 1tpoDn09t:ITl1 'tTj <JU)l)l€'tOxil TIJe; )l1i~uS· E1tPOKEltO yta )lla tOtOptKll <J'ttY)lil zoo om aVU1taptcrTo. tU «S1.)'tuX1<J)lSva 1tUtOtKCt.. x.pOvta TllS av9pco1t0'tTjtac;», onooe; 1ticrteuE 0 Maps, aU<i )lia KOPUcpoocr1'\ (J't1lv evopuovior; atO)ll"K'llS KUt cruAAoytKtlS ).totpas 11 onoia o€v €Ia S1t(lVEJ.lq>Uvt<J'tsi nOTE WOV ern VecO'IEPll toropic, 1tapa tlS tEpu<Jnes 'teXVOAoytK€S ouvat0't1ltSS 1tOU exst anOKtTt<Js1 0 uvSpOlnoc;. Kui auto ytati to axiat)lo zou tCj)SpE 0 xpl<Jttavta)l6e; o.vuJ.ls<Ja <J'tO tirouo Kat TIl cruUOY1Kil rou uotpo OX! uovo oev aVatpa9T}KE crov o.1tOisproJ.lEvO lC6a).10 t1'\S VEO)'tSptKOTI)'ta.c; o.lli oOmtl911KE orov 1taposu<J)lO T11S <J1l).lSptv~e; «ouaWXta).1£Vlle; cruVf:i01'\0119> Ko.t m6e; utouou zou stvct anosEVOl)l&vO OXt uovov ano T11 cruUoytKil 'tOO ).loipa aUu Kat a1t6 tOY U1tSptEXVOAOYlKO KOcr).lO 1tOU tOY opi-

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MAlA KAI IHOPIA

17

SEt. Koi autTt sivm 11 01UAsKtlKij tOU ilo.1tUKotlWoo. ~'t1'JV taTOptKi] OtaOPO)ltl om umipxst ).110, 'Ypa).l).llKi] 6saAtS11 a1to 'to «Ko.tcOtSpO oro aVcO'I6pO» as 6, n o.cpopu ornv evcrro)la.tOOO"Tj crourov Kat xowovic«; tl TIJV ttXV11, nap' OAO zou 1'\ ).lS'Ye9uvall )l1topEi va otama'tm9st oro 13- m1tSOo 't1'JS teXVOAoyucfte; it 't1'JS 1tapo.yoo'Yucits nOAU1tAOKO't1'JtaS, it TllS cruamDpeuO'l1S yvroasoov Kal1tAll9uo)l<Ov. Ti' auto Kat O~ )l1tOpOU).lS vc tcrXUptcrtoU).lS on St)lU(jtE euroX6<J'tsPOt il «cvrorspot» a1tO tlS 1tupaOOmaKEe; KO\.vrovie; evro mUtoxpova ).tuc; stvnt aouvo.'to vc «emctps'l'0U)lE» os autBs·

o ilanu'iooo.wou uvo.1twcraovtar;, EM) 'Yla npro'ITI <popu, TI]v tOlOCPUit tOO crUU1'\'If11 oev t(1)'t~Sl 'tOY OpeD Aoyo uc tOY OpeOAOYtO)lO 'tllS vsorrspucorrrtuc xm tcrcos SLvat 0 1tpcOtOe; non 'to Kaw:t ).lS tetota evapy&tn. Avo vsrotsptK6S OpeOAoytcr)lOe; Su aTIJP1Xtsi crnv uvtl1tapuSsCJl} Tlle; «Kapottis» Ka..t tOU «).lUaAoU», aKpoo't1'JPla.1;ovto.e; gtcrt tOY uv€lPOO1tO 00<; OAO'tll'to. (sivat unepoxss Ot eva- 1tWSSlS 'tOU cruyypucptu 1tUVOO orov <DpooV't Kat 't1'JV E1tl.a'tpocpi] t1lS KUtantEa)lEv11S uv9pro1ttKonl'l.'aS orov EtKGcrt6 alcOva), 0 A&yoc; 'tllS upxo.{o.e; EUo.oo.S Ba cruvoua..est tOV MuSo, TI]v Tpuyrooiu Kat TIJ WtAocrocpiu' os 1tAtlPll avtiSscrll us rnv U1tOI...OYlcrtl"K'll ratio tOU ).1ETo.va'Ysvv11aluKou xoouon 1too So. voficst 'to A&yo )lOVO as avxitleon us 't1'Jv TpUyOlOiu Kat 1tp01tavtor; us tOY MuSo:

KatuAapaivoU)lE 1tOOC;, Ko.'too o.1t6 to all)t€lO ron A&you nou uovo aut6s )l1topEi va Otaac:OO'Et rnv U1tOKBt)lt:VtKOrnre, 01 ~UO mo 1tSpt€XOVl'S<; o.v9pOO1tOt 1tOU S~'YaI..£ 11 EMU~U KUtOpSroaav, lCPUtroVtnc; avotxtu 1tuVta Kt IiYPU1tVU 'to. )luna nuvoo O'tO TpaYIKo, va evIDO'OUV TIl; tpBl<; UVcOta'tES ).lOp<pE<; ).lsS ns onoit:S 0 a.v9poo1t0C; ).l1t0- pEi vc O'UV£t011tonOt~(j€l 'tOY suoto 'tOU ccv 1tVSU )lanKO ov: mv Ilpconreio, TIJV Tpayro~fa Kat 'tll <I>v..oO'ocpfa ...

18

EI!AfOrH

Kat JlEO'u os rpsu; ysvd~, rc XOptKu tau LOC:POlU,,~, at )lE'tOOUC;; TItS OA.u~~ Kilt 0 E1tl't(lqnoS J.L1WPEOav va c:pavepOOOOl)V OtO c:pooS Kat O'tOV f}A.lO to A&yo cov 1CUpiapx;o ons OXeO'EtS tou avf1pOO1tOU lle 'tOY eauto ron Kat IlS tOV KOO uo (00. 11 0-111 ).

o A{yyoc, tOW Apxuirov stvci Aomov SVIl(; AOyoc, npoKU1. . . <<I..l£ta»- uovrspvoq, Oco ym rov IIu1tutroawoo, U1[£p~UiVEI TIt vsmrepucomrc, «f:1ttO"tpEc:poVtac,» O"TTJV apxaia EUaoa, Kou~aArovmc;; OJlroc;; rnv upJlutroma tOU :Eu«;1tT]p, tOO XtYK€A, tOO cDpouvt Kat too [taO"nf:p,:;' Un01t£lpUtat vo JltA~m:l roC;; c:popEae, £vo,:; 'tS'tOlOU «ustuJlOVtSpvou A&you», ym rqv ITpOC:P11tdu, tOY Mueo xrn TIt cDtAoO"O<piu, avaYKaia npouno8£0"l1 yta vu Bvroed xnt naAI to ntouo J..lE rnv K01VOTIlta, 11 «Jla.~m> us ne, «eAit», Kat vu OtKOOOJl11eei eK VEOU J..ltu «KUtUC:PUtl~ O'xECITJ Jlf: tOY KOO'IlO»:

MEC;; rnv apxnia EAMon 0 Hegel EWE to npowno !.nns op'Yavt~~ axsallS tOU av9pffi1too JlE to Kpeto; Kat 1'] UVUyvffiP10'11 autf}c;; t11S OpyUVtKOtTJtUC;; (uvuyvffipto1'] 1tOU eivm PtStKU mo nspa U1tO ~ aK£'I'Etc;; ton Herder ~ 'tOU Montesquieu) 'tOY pof}f111oe vc KataAupEt 'tT]V KUmc:pnwC1'l 0XEo11 'tOO apxaiou 'EMllVU antvavtt crov KocrllO roco a't11 9pllcrKEU'tt~ 00'0 xm ornv 119t~ rou ~rof} (0.158).

H « Beatpoxpatia»

:Em nA.nimu UUTIte, 't11c, IlEtUVf:ro'tEPlKiJS oluA£KnKiJe;, nou E1ttXElpal vc evoost Kat naAt 'tOY O'XlOll£vO KOO"JlO ron j.!OV'tEPVlO"JlO1\ 'to «9satpo» -11 «Bsurpoxpurtco tOU TINi't(ovu- unOK'ta Jlla KOIlPt~ O"l1IlUlJia O'TIlV aVU1tro~l1 TIte; O"KS'I'l1S 'too: H JlOP'Pi) ron 8etitpoo Kat 11 O"XSO"l1 rmv Jla~rov Ill> auto -Kat IlB TItv supein MOta tOU opou, aV'tUOO"Sl (no 0sa:tpo Kat 'tlS Ku8E eioous 8p11oKEUttKS':;

MAlA KAI n:TOPIA

19

A.s1'tooPYlss- yiVEtUI to KplTItptO yta TIt 0XSO'll troy J..lU~mv J..lE to KPa.'tOC; xrn TTJV opyuvroJ.Ltvrl xowovic:

Asv SXOOIlf: napa vunapa~6.AoUJlE 'to KOWO roo Racine Kat tOU Corneille JlE to KOWO 'tOO Marlowe Kat tOO Shakespeare Kat 'tOY afutva'iKo O~JlO ornv napUataO'll 'trov II epodxv. ( ... )

To KOlVO 'tIDV BepO'aMuOv, 'to K01VO rou Globe Theater KUt 'to lCOWO 'too ElEU'tpOU ron AlOvUO'OU f.la~ oivow 'tPElS runoo~ KOtvOU 1100 stvci, tumox.pova, 'tPElS 'YEVtK6'tEPE~ KOlVWVWAoytKE~ KaTItyopiE~ nou oEixvouv tPE~ JlOPCPEC;; KOtVooViaC;; ornv OAOtl1tu 'tou~.

Azo n] Ilta IlSPlU EXOUJlI> {;Yav KUptapX1Ko Kal anoKOJlJltvO uno Ku9& EmppoTt «uno ta Ka'too», OtSVO K01- VooVIKO O;01JlatlO'llo11PID'iKQ-u::papxucou awA..

'EXOUJlf; uO''t&pa ~m ( ... ) Il~a lKavT} va ev9ooO'taorei Kat va E1t1KOtvwviJa&1 JlE 'ta u'l'1116't&pa voTtJluta aMa aVtKaVll va riVEl 11 iOta 1t1lyij v011llu't{ov xm asW:rv, avtKaVll va aVttta~&l Jlta 011!.lt01lPY\~ ~OUA.11011 a1t£vavn O''t11v opyavwJlEV11 xowrovin, aviKuVll vc Uno.PSEl onv anoc:pu010tlKU 1tEP100'O't&PO ano &va U1tAO Jla'ta~anK6 c:patv61JSV0 ...

Ano 'tT]v UMll Jlepu'i OJl{O~ EXOUJlE omv A9ijva tOU Sou auOva tva TpaYIKo esa'tpo zou EXet svowJla'tw9Ei JlES'tf)V iota 't11V 0PYUV(OIlEvT] KOlVroVia Kt EXE1 t(1)'t1crtd JlE ~ wu:S 'tT]e; ne; uneU9uv&c; KpU'tIKEe; AettoupyieC;. 'EXouJlE Ilta Katuatao11 !lEe; 't'flV oxotc 11 avtiOeOl1 't01) Kpnrooc Kat 'tOO T payucou sivct oA6teAa avUn<lp1Ctll - 'to Kpero; rsvvi)futKs ocv a'tEcpuvroJla 'tT]C; tome; nO).:I'I<; Jll:: mv oaoin 11 Enavao'tun~ IlOO:;;a tOO 600 auOva opYUVIDO'E Kat, 'to 01KO 't11C;; 9Ea'tpo' Kat 'to Kpa.'toS U1l'tO 13- sac:pavia'tT]KE Jl~i us to 8satpo: roco ij'tav KOlVEe; ot ptt;es Kat Ol1t11ytC;; rou; (00'. 95-96).

Tm tOV TIanuirouwoo O"ne, rpeu; KOJl~IKS~ to"'tOP1KSC; (J''ttYJl&S 1[OU CITJJ..lO;tooO'toUv 11 KAaO'lKiJ EA.A.6.oa, 0 Ava-

20

EII:AHlfH

YEVV'I"l<HaKOS KO<YJ!OC;; Kat 0 KOOJIOS Tot> apxoJ!lNOU h.tacproTIa)!06, av nep6.aou)!s a1tO ill XPOVOAOYUCr) 8ta.ooxft 06 «al;toAoytKSc; xpiosu;», 11 O'etp6. 80. npe1tf:t vc ovncrpcost, 0 KNlO'tKtO'TtKOC;; ~taq>rottO'J.lOC; ano<J'tepet EVtEAroS tOY op80 AOyO cmo K6.8E mi80s Kat Kri8e ai<J8't1- <Jl1 tot> tpaytK06, 0 AvaY6VVl1<Jta.Koc; KOO'J!OS yvropi~et to n6.80c;; aAAa. OXt!O «J.l6.80S», lNc:O )..lOVO 11 apxaia EU6.oa So. yvropi<Jet to n6.80s Kat to J!6.80C; tautoxpovu, 0llA.a.oit Su )!EtUO'X1WattO"et to naSos O'E )!ta. vea tooppoain, noAttetaKl) Kat 1tOAtnO'JItKit, OE mUtlO'Tl ouaiac; Kat U1tclP~eroS· Kat autTt II KAi)..laKa rrov a~td>v ea sKcppao'tsi )..lecc ano to eeatpO Kat Tll OXEO"ll tOU JIe Tll J.l6.~u.

Ovrox, J.lOVO J.t€cm <JtO apxaio ®eatpo Sa ~PoU)!S l!ta 8e<Jj.uKit Ka80A11cit (Jl)J..lJIetOxit 'troy J!a~ri)V roco O'tO KOlVO roo @oo'tpou -s~ OU Kat 0 n:puO''ttOC; apt9J!os reov 8SatIDV zou napaKoAou80uv to apxaio @eutpo- 00'0 KUt J.l€<Ja O'Tll oOJ!TJ tlJS Tpayrooiuc;, J.lE tnv nupouofn KUt TOV a1tOq>aO"tO"TtKO pOAo ron Xopoo. 10"roS oe Ka)!la aAAll 8sa:tptKl) )!OPCPit OCV eO. (Jl)vouuO't06v, J.le !etOlO (J'UO'tfJJ.lattKO Kat J.lOY1J.l0 tp01tO, 01. UpXOV!eS Kat ot «sUm, nou uno'teA06v rou; «nprotayroYtO'tes» 'tT]r; tpayrooiw;, J.le ttS nAll~EtaK€S «J.l6.~SC;» TOU xopoo. Kat €V teMt ot iOteS J.la~ss ea anocpaO'~ouv yta. 'tT] «PPUPEUO"ll» it J.lll reov 8SUtPIKIDV (Jl)"fYpacpsrov. LtO EAtO'a~EttaVO ®eutpo, eO"XU'tT] Kat U7teptatfJ aVaAaJ.lnTt 'tT]r; AvaYBvvllO'llS, II 'tpuytKl) uoipu rev npoxov Su uVanWO"O"Etat KUtro ano to PAtJ.lJ.lU troy )..la~c:Ov zon Su KU'tUKAU~ot>v to Globe Theatre, oinAu orou; ~aO"1AtaOES Kat 'TOUC; SUyevEtr;' at 1 .. l(i~E<; eO. <JU1l)!s'teXO'UV hymEpo it n6pIO'<J0'tEPO O'nopa- 01K6. O"Tll 6paO'lJ -cso tOY <Dumtacp sros roue crpcruoteS tot> pacrtAtU EppiKOV rov L1' 0''tTJ J!am tOU A~tVKOUp, it rou; nOAltSS O"tOV P'XapOO rov I" Kat rou; nAll~Eiour; O'tOY Kopiolavo-, aUu (je(1prKa ea stvot a1tOuO'ES. Is 0, n acpopu 6s crnv aO'c:OtEPTJ OtaMKTttciJ tOU EA10'a~~ma.-

MAZA KAI ILTOPIA

21

YOU 6su:tpoU, €V tMst 11 e~ot>O'ia 9u avunroO'<Jetat xropic; vu npoO'cpepst KunOto J.lUeOe;, KUnOta yea tooppoain ron KOO")!OU' O''tTJv KaAUtepTJ nspi1ttro<Jl1 !!lU veu ouvuO"'tsia eu unoKU'tuOtTtO'st 'tT]V npo11YoUj.1EVlJ·

TUos, O"tO KAa<JtKICi'rUCO 9tatpo 'tQU Puxivu Kal 'tOU Kopvety 11 !!U~U ea unouO'tU~st tOOO U1tO 'tll (JK11vit 00'0 Kat ano to KOlYO. Tropn mn 'to eeUtpO eu siVUl anoO"1tuoJ.lSvo OAOKA11Pro'ttKU ano 'tll Ilcii:;;u, ea siYa. €vu gea'tpo 'tT]-; sAit yta 'tTJv SAh", €Vc:O ro 9s6.J..Luta. 'tllr; !!U~u-; eO. !!Etucpsp90uv O'1"1.£nA.utsisS tov 1to'Asrov - tPUY1KU, orcv 1tPOK€t'tUl ytu (11)!00'W-; €K't€AEO'etS Kat ~UO'UVtO'J.lOU<;, it KOOJ!lKU oruv stvci nUVtOJ.li!!Ee; KUt KoUilie;. @U eXSl Y€VVllesi" crUyxrOV11 OtXOt0J.l11O"ll sAit Kat J.lUsrov. 0 pouovncuoc, 0 XeYKSA Kat II fUMtKl) EnuvuO'ta.<Jll ea S- 1tUVUcpEpot>Y ns ,.ul~€r; KUt 'tllv EvYota rou tPUY1KOU O"'tTJv toropin xillpir; rooroco vo KUtOpec:OO'Ouv vc €nuvevoocouv tOY oX10'J!evo J..ls'tuvUY€VVl1O'lUKO KOO"j.10. I'i' uu'tO Kat 0 Ntrce eu J.lSiVel KKU'tunA11K1:O<;» OXt unAIDS uno 'tOY pOAo tlJr; tpUYill8iU~ ornv upxaiu EUaou -tfJv 8satpoxpurta- uAM uno rqv UPJ.l0VlKit <JUvupeproO'l1 rpoyoo()iu~ KUl IIoAt'tda.<;:

o Nietzsche ( ... ) KUtU7tA11K1:0S J.lnpos orqv KEVtptKi] Kat u7tsu9UV11 aeO'l1 7tOU dXe 11 'tpaycooia avuJ!EO'a O''tl~ Asl'tOUpyisS 'tTft; a&rJvatKi]~ 1l0At'tdas, (tvapronomy «nroS 0 Aao<; 'tOW Muompkov Kal1:00V· .1.19upu!!pwV xut6paroO's va upuovtcst 'tl1Y unup~iJ ron J.lt rnv mo nppevro'1ti! xapa 'tOO aymva Kat 'tTJY mo proJ.laAfa UY&flOll 'troy nOAl'ttKmV 1:OU evO''tlK'troY;» H anopia (tUn, yiVE'tat E~l1rflO'l!!l1 av O'Ke<p'tO'Uf.1£ on 0 Nietzsche ~oUO's Ka1"ro un6 't11v nteO'l1 svo; nOAl'tlO'llou yta. tOY ozoio 11 TpayroOla Kat to Kpero; 7tUptOtuvouv QUO Ptt;tKU UO'1J J.lpipaO'tE<; ovtorqrsc xt av, a7t~avn O''tOV nOAUOtCtO''tutO K6- ouo 1too 1tepltXE'tctl j.1E<; 'tTJv KAaO'l1CJl MOta 'tOU nOAitTl,

22

EILAnlfH

ava1oyta'tOl) IlE ( ... ) 'to optt;ovno E1tUteoo ncIvro oro 0- noio KWEt.at oTJJlEpa eva «1tOAt'ttKO ~roO}) (0'. 96).

o TIU1ta'iroavvou, J.t£cm U1tO Ilta 01£tOOU'ttKi) 1taputiJPllcHI ym TIlv Tpayrooia Kat rov pOAo TII~, J.!w; a1tOKaAU1ttEl TIl xamoll a1tocrmoll nou XropiSEt TIl crUYXPOVll, mv nvn- 1tpOOCOnEunKi) Kat Oi)8EV flU~lKi) ollJ.!OKpa'tia, ano jnn OllfloKpariu uu8EVnKi), aflEOllKat crDflflStOXtKi). H upxaia OllJ.!OKpatiu OEV uvt1mlpu8E.'tEt 'tOY op80 A6yo O'tl'JV OAOTIlTa 'tOO uV8pm1tOll, rnv nOAtTtKit crnv TsXVll, uUa flE'tapullit'tu 8EatptKU opmfleva OE O'totXEio 'tl'J~ nOAtTtKi)~ 0llflOKPU'ttW; K(11 TII~ (J'\)J.!J.!Etozil~ nov fla~rov crnv Iloxersto, Kat aUTO OE uvri8Eall flE toy axta).tSVO KOOflO fla~ 01tOD 11 TE.XVll1tpoo1tu8s1 vc KaAinl'Et tllv n- 1tocrtaoll avaflEoa cmv «nE~i)>> Kat tStptJ.!flEvll1tpayJ.!unKOTflTU Kat 'to tOEa'tO.

LTIlV TE.XVll J.!as, TO TPUY1KO ysvvuhat a1to tll ouYKpoDoll avaJ.!Eoa crnv «apzil TII~ 1tpaYflanKO'tl'Jta~», tnv aOta<paVEta TOO KOaf.lOU, Kat tnv aOUVUflia fla~ va tOV aUa~OUJ.lE, OSOOJ.!EvOU Ott 11 KOtVOTrJta Kat TO crouo E.XODV BtllXropUJ'tEi UJ.!EtaKAllta. 'BTOt, J.!saa uno mv TE.XVll 1tpoo1ta80uJ.!E vu anoKu'taon;aouflE uutiJv rnv XUJ.!Evll EVOTIl'ta nou 11 1tOAttlKTJ Kat KOtvrovuOl1tpay).tuttxorntu E.XOUV aVE1tuvop8ooTa olappi)~St. Mia a1tOKUtaamall 1t01) flS 'tl'J astpa 'tlls xtveitm OE sva otaxooptc J.!E.VO E1tim::Bo, «tE.XVll Kat OXt ~roTJ».

ea sivat ')'tU IlU~ SV'tEA.ffi~ llouvaTO vn KllTavoi)crollllE 'to i}e~ roco TOll xotvou tou 9EaTPOll TOll L1WvUOOll 000 Kat ron xotvou 'tl}~ EKd11oia~ TOU 1I.TJIlOll nv OEV 1ta'l'0ll).tE vu 1tEplOpi1;ouIlE rnv tMu 'tTJ~ nOAm1dl~ 1;roit~ Kat 'tllS 1tOAmKits ropllloTIl'ta~ sv6S Aaou aTIJv a<PTJPTJIl£vTJ Mom TIl~ «acrKTJall~ rrov allV'taYllaTIKa it EnllvaamnKa. K1l90ptcrllEvrov nOAtt1KIDV OtKllto:lllaTrov Kat llnOXPBIDOBroY», av OEY cvnxptooous K<1'tro a1t6 Eva (fl)V01t't1KO

MAZA KAI Il:TOPIA

23

npialla OM:S ~ 'l'UXlKS~ M:ttoupyieS J.!€ ~ osoiec 1110, llaSa uvapro1trov OUIl~TSXEt Kat Bsv IlSvBt u1tA6~ 9EUnlS it na9l1'ttKO 6pyavo cr't~ a~iss Kat oTIJV tatOptJCft ~roi) TIJ~ K01VOlV{~ 1lE~ TIJv onOla EV'tUaaE'tat. ( ... )

[tan 'to llertotO fluSl'Jlla nou Ila~ OivEt 11 daatKit Elluoa ( ... ) sivm TaUtO: TJ llu1;a rooo nSptOOOTEpO ll'l'rovB'tat OTO 8nUtEOO Il~ nOAmrit~ it 1lta.S onOtaooitnOLE aMTJS totOpucu 0lllltOllPYllCllS oPYavOlcr11S, 600 nEpwoOtEpO llVTIllEtOlni1;Et ocv Opal-lanKO np6~A11l-la TIJv Ioropin nou ~Et Kat 'tllV E~OllOiu nou 11 opyaVOl)lEvTJ xowevtc aaKe{ EnuvOl 'tllS. ( ... )

Omv ( ... ) 9UllllOoU)lE On xpEtaaTIJKE vc yiVEt J,lta EnavaG'tUoTJ yta vc VO)lt)lonotTJ9ei 0 dtel)pUJ,l~O~ KUt vn YEVVT}OEi 11 TpuyOloia, tots au KataM'i~oll~E 'to nEpu::X0I-lEVO aUnlS TIJ~ «Bsatpoxpntin;». Kat t6'ts 9a xereAa.~Oll).tE sniallS on 11 OtKit Ilas Mom 'tll~ 1tOAtnKits 00- ptl-l6't1l'tas Kat ron «unOKStf.lZV1KoU napayov'tu ornv 1- ctopia» €iVUt aK61la ( ... ) 1toA:6 a'tevT) KUt GllyKSXl' ).tEvTJ·

I'urri, aKpt~ID~, oTIJv npro'tll <paa11 TIlS 1I.111l0Kpa'ttKite; E1tllVUotuo11S aTIJv llPXa'iKit A9itvu, orcv 0 TupovVO~ Kat !-lEtu 0 Apsto; I1uyoS £1tatSS to p6AO SVO~ «).t1tOAOE~tKtKOU KO)llla'tOC; OTIJV nEpiooo 'tll~ A1KT(1ropia~ tOU I1poAEtaptaTOU», SVOS eiOous 0011You Kat KTJoEIl6va roo oit)lOU, TI it'tuv unto xou e!-lnooto€ to oitl-lO vn ~avunSGB1 orqv npOtepit TOU nu9TtnKO'tT}ta Kat vn U<pEaEi (JTIJv KUplapX'l ~oUA11O'l1 TOlV «Kl10SJ,lOVOlV» rou; H 1telpa 'tlJS faUtKits Kat tOtUhEpa 'tlJS ProO'tKits Enuva.G'tUO'l1S Oml apKei ym vc Ila~ oet;El rnv 1C6pta o11J.laala tll~ 1tUeTJnKoTIJ'tU~ 11 'tllS tcr'tOPlritS SVEPYll'ttKOTl1- 'tas 'tlJ~ ).tOl;as O'tTJV 01K006Il110'11 'tow aEa ).tIDV Kat TIJ OtaJ.l6pq:lOla11 'tIDV ~tWV TTJS IlE'tE1taVua'tanKit~ KOtVOlvi~; 0 f\.pStoS IIuyoS napaoiVEt ns ESOllalES tOU a'tll BOllAit KUt cto 1I.itll0 ).t6A~ 'to 462/1, 0llA.a0it Aiya xpovtn zpw a1t6 tOV IIeptdi}: ros rote, TO 1C6pto Il€ao IlE .0 onoio cruIlIlE'tEiXE 0 1I.itl-lOS ornv lG'tOptKTJ 1;0li} TI1S op-

24

yavrollSvrJ~ xowroviu; OSV il'tav rooo 11 el<JKl1aTj trov 1111- j.laVnKelnSptopt<Jj.levcov nOAt'ttKWv 'tOU OlKUtroj.lel'tcov 0- co il'tav 11 Jl6<Ja <J't0 6eu'tpo rou A,tovUaou 6P11aKEun"Kil rou Ka'telVU~11, 11 A,tovuaw"Kil 6Ka'taa11nou 'tOY KUpU:UE JlE 'tOUS Mu60u~ zon au'to~ 0 lOtOs ElXS PYnAzl oro cpro~ Kat 11 sv6ouma<Jn"Kil tOU E1t1K01Vrovia j.lS ~ a~u:~ zou s~ecppu~s 1'} tpayrooia - aUt6~ ns ~U:S nou 1'} iota. ron 11 sxavaa'tanKit 0 pua11 ElXS S1t1PelA.el <J'Ct1v xowcovia (co. 98-99).

Mundus senese it

Movov 0 20o~ mo:ww; -'tOUAUXlOtOV 6ro~ TIl O'tlYJlTt xou YPUCPSl 0 TIuxu'irouW01)- e' uPXtoS1 va ~uvappicrKsl to 'tpuytKO Kat TIlv svornru tot> YOU Kat tT}~ KUpOIU~' j.lEcra uno 'tOY <Dp6uvt, 'tOY OoopWAtOj.lO, ru; XOAtttK6~ zspt- 1tE'tS1£<; TOO xouuoovtouori Kat Tllv Sj.lnEtpia TOO «cievc «ov crrpat01tEOffiV», to nu8o<; eO. EnuvEf.t<paVlatEt oro 1tpOOlCl'tVlO tT}<; tcropioz; 0 j.lu8o<; Tll<; xrop~ optu «zpoDOOm) Sa cruvtptPd a1to TlS nEpt7tEtE1£<; SVOS aUDva 1tOU ea aVOU;Et j.lEaa ana ro xapaKIDJla'ta ron A' Ilcyxocutau IIoA8.JlOO Kat eu KAsiost j.lS rov EcptUATIl tOU ToepvoJlxiA.

fwrf 0 uv6pronoS tOU 2000 awva, EXovtaS nel'VEt vu 1t10tEUc\ O'tTjV Ilpoooo, 01'}Aa.oft 6X0V'tUS 1tU'I'St vu 1t1- <JrsUcl <JtOV WUtO tOU, Kat unOXPEroJlevos vc cvnus'twnws1 uuTiJ 'tTJv Ku'taa'tpoqnKit SIl?tElpia rtou 'tOY KUKI..cOVSl, UVUYKU<J'tl'}Kc Et<J1 vu pelAel, yta xpro'tl'} cpopel IlS'tel tTjv A vay~<J11, to atOlxsio tOU T paYIKou IlEOU atTjv t<JtOP1Kit tOU auvs1011<J1'} xt E'tat a1tOKU'tela'tTjac 'tOY OIlCPelAtO AropO IlE OAOUS 'tous 1tOAt'ttaf.lOU~ roo cpopou 1tOU roue ei.XE ro~ to, ail uspc s~a<paviO'El 'to sxruCPAro'ttKO <pros tTj~ KAa.mKit~ 0f.lOpcp1W; Kat 'tTj~ «ouunvt<J'ttKit9> aur01tsnoiSTl CJ1l~. ( ... )

MAZA KAI ITTOPIA

25

«H Ioropto, stvrn evas EcpttU'tTJS uno 'tOY onoio npo(maElro vc ~u1tVftaO))>, AtEt 0 Dedalus tOU Joyce: <J' UUtO 'to oveipo-tuunpic JlaS tP~E 1'} iOw 1'} tcropuo] j.luS uotpu, au'tfJ 11 aUOKO'tTj tpaytKit UVU'tPoml tTjS TUms non f.las IlEtaJlopcpoooE as 1tU9TJ.ttKU 6uf.la'ta TTlS Ioropice; Evro zptv stf.laarE Tl UXEUElUvfJ 'tTl.~ POOATlOTl. Ki av 0 cpoPOS 1tapouat~s'tut onv f.llU E<JXaTTl ouva'toTTl'ta OtuTiJP11aTlS TTlS av6pro1t1Vl1~ f.lOp<pft~ 'tOU, 0 OU'tlKO~ uv6proXOS, zou sm nMS UuhVES E~l1<Je E~ro ano tOY epoPo Ka1 apvoouevo; 'tOY epoPo, UVlKUVO~ va U'l'ro9si 0" aU'to 'to xu8o~-f.lu6oS, orov Aoyo 0TlAa.oit zou JlOVOS j.l1tOpei va (Jl)1l<!>u..troaEt tOY uvtlproxo f.lE ~ SIlXE1PU:S tOU, npoaepE'OYSt yta vu <JUVEtOTl't01tOtitO'St 'tOY emrro tou O'E f.lOpcpES, cn>IlPoAa Ka1 llu90uS IlE roue ozotou; aAAeS Enoxts nou yvroplO'av Kat KaAAt6P'YTlO'av cutcv 'tOY cpoPo Kat unto 'to 1t(i60S-f.lel60~ «anuv'tsopaaav~~ <Jta OtKU tOUS 'tpaytKU npOpAtlllatU Kat IlnOpEO'av «vn KUVOUV tTl ~oofl unoepsptip). 'Etat PptElTlKE (J't0 Kev'tpO EVOS evtrmKO'O Kat aXOKpucpOU OtctAoyou aV!lIlE<JU O'ta KUKAaotKa ~ouva Kat 'to. IlEYUAa cpE'tix, avUf.lsO'a OtO Kupvcx Kat tTj Chartres, am tUJl1tava troy pOOf.laV1Krov vcev Kat TIS 1tPOKOA0f.lptUVES llel<JKES, 'to. Xopucc rou Al<JxOAOU Kat ns XpOepTl'ttKES E~UY'YEAiES, 'tTl. Guernica Kat 'to. anOKUAU1tnKU ovsipo, ... (00'. 80~81)

o KUKAOS OAOKATtProvEra.t; 'Iorot; KU'taat6t ouvato yta tOV crUyxpovo uv8pro?t0 va svdicst KUl nUAl rc QUO UKpa trts crnuallE.vl)s UAu<JiouS Kat vn Jlas f.lE'ta~UA.st KUt nUAt ano ta «tpUyt1CU 9U""u'tu» <J't1')V «un€u9uvTl ~OUATlcrrp> tT}S tcrtopiac;; 0 IIaxai:rouwou EA1tt~Bt nooc; EiVUl. 8uvato -IlE VEOUC; opOUC;- vu snuvaAll<p9El to UPXUtOEA.A11V1KO 8uU!1a Kat 11 «8WtpOKpuriu» va sntcr'tpE'VEt orov xoeuo non E~ya1Vs ano rc KpEJlatOpta KUt 'to. cr'tpatonEoa auYK6v't prot'JT]S.

26

EII:AfOrH

larot; AOl1t6v ea snpans vc OOUJ.lS us zepiooorepn enl£iKBla 'tf) ElS<Jll tOU Map~ YUl 'TOU~ 'EAAfJve.:; rot; 'Ta «q)UatoAOYl,Ko. 11mOto.» cmv ioropta 'tf)t; av6pro1t6'tf)'tClt;. L'tf) a1tSl,pmnoit, Yla 'TOV Map~ -xm 6xt w6uypaJ.ll-tlJKivfJ<Jll 'tf)t; ioropiuc, ru smtsUyl-tara 'tf)t; «nailiucft~ 'flAtKiuq) Ou l-t1topouaav vu snavsl.u,puvtawuv crnv «roP1l-t6- rnrc» 'TOU xouuooviouo». H 6.l-tS<Jll OfJl-tOKpa'tta Ttlt; A- 9itvCl<; it ron npro't6yovou K0l-tl-toovlal-t0u vc savavElicouv crnv K0l-tJ.loovtcr't'tKTJ Ixapiu, a1taAMlyl-tEvSt; an6 'to ~6.po<; 'TTIt; 60UAOK'TTIaia<; i) 'TTJ<; «Xal-tlJAi)<; uvo.n'tUSTJ<; trov 1tUpUyroytKOOV OWo.lJ.erov», KUt 'fl oua'tUXt.al-t~TJ crwSWll.alJ 'tfJ<; vero'TeplK6'tfJ'ta.:; vc imav€VroElei J.lS rnv xowomrc, ota'tPfJAUtTJlJ.EvfJ uno svev YEO <q.1u60», sxstvov ron xouuooviouou. Mzopst A01n6v fJ ElE<Jll rou Maps vn atlYllati~etm eero ~uv avepronOJlOPCPlOl-tO -nUl01KTJ xm roPt).tllllA1Kiu 'TTl'; av9poHt6T11tU~- KUt SSSA1Kttaflo ---ano 'TO KUtOO'TSPO a'TO avoo'tspo a'tUOtO-, o€V naust rocroco vc ava~lJ'T6. flID U1tSp~U<rfl ron zcpovro; npos to xouuouvtcmco «snEKswu», aVtAOOV'tCl~ Oxt uovov uno T11 JlouatKij tOU J-lSAAOV'tOS, aA.M. Kat an6 eKEiV11 tOO nupeAElov'tOS - ano 'tU «cpuO'toAoytKa. nat616.» 'TTIS ioropicc,

Kat ov 0 ITa1tcr'iroa.vvou nzoppbrrst 'tfJ AoytKft tOU «KOl-tl-tOUVtO''UKoU 1tUpaoslO'oU», Kal. npopalJ..et svu 0- paj..lunoM mo ~aaavl(jJ.l.~o Kat q)OPtroJ.l.~O JlS TIJV rpcytKOtTJtU TIJS el-tne1pias trov 0'00'IDA10'tlKdlv snavaO''ta.csorv, ~a opalla IllJ llavtxa'ia't'tKo, 6€V nauEt ocroco - Ejljlsaa- va sAni1;;slnrot; 'to 1ta90S Kal. to jla90S 9a Jl1tOpouccv Kat 1taAt vc €Vro900v, Kat iaro~ jle au'to 'to veeVtKO KsiJlsvO ron vc snl9uJl06aE va npaYJla't01tOti)asl aKPtPOO~ Eva pi)j..la 1tpO~ au"t'ft 'tfJ IJ.syaAll svornm zou J.lEO'a 'tOU ava/;;lJ'touO'e. Ti' aut6 m9avms to spyo 'too aU't6 -'to mo I-tsyaAs1ti)poAo ano occ Ka'tamaO''tfJKB- vc EJ.lStVB lJl-tltsM~. Turri 0 OUt1KO~ 1toAtt1all~, uscu crov 0- zoio 1;;ooJ.lS aK6J.la, 1tevTJvfaxp6vID J.lEt6. 'tfJ O'Uyypaq>f)

MAZA KAI IETOPIA

27

tOU, o€V SdXVBt vc SXEt aKoJ.la ~ 1tpOUnOeE,aSlS Yla Evov rstotc IJ,s'taO'XIlllatlaJlo. 'EXSl. ytVBl. KUVtKO~, aAM, 0,vixevo; Yla eva VEO J.l6y6.Ao «lJ,a90S». To na90~, lJ,a/;;t ps 'tOY <po~o 1tOU uzopsl vc TO JlEta~6.A.el os «WiElo.:;», eO, j..lnopoum; vc O'UyKPO't"ftO'Et, ntatBUB 0 l1ana'iroo.wou, Illa vEa K01VroVtKij, 1tOA,1tlKft Kat 1t0AltlO'J.l1KTJ 1tpota<Jll. noroco 8sv 1J.1tOPOUO'B vn <pavtuatEi 'to 1950 nro~ 'to na.- 90S il'tuv 8uvatov va W:tapA,l1eEi cs KUV10'J.l0 O'W 'tEAe'Uruio tsrupto tOU 200u atoova. Tkoc, J.lEta TTJv EO'Xa't11 xrn npocpT(ttKJ1 uvaAajlml tau 1968, 0 bunKOt; K6crj.10t; 90. pu9U;otav 0'['; ,.ua 1t0A.lt1O'jltKft Kat nOAt'tlKfj napaKjl~ xropi<; tcropuco npOl1YOOj.1SVO Kat to naOOt; 9a s~atJ.lt1;;orev as J.lID KUVtKll uno&oxfl tOU unapKTOU xoouou Ka.l 0 1l0VO~ vao; lJ.u90~ nou jlnopOUO'E vc ol1fl100pyi)crSl T( ~U<Jll stvci 0 JluElor., 'tOU t£XV0A,OYlKU Kat )'EVE'tlKU ustaUuylJ.Svou av9po)1to'U, 0 Jlu90~ tOU JlE'tavepmnou. I1roS 0 OU'tlKOS KOO'IJ.Ot; ea zepvcuoe ano tOV XatvtCYKEp Kat 'tOY Kal-tu O'E Evav lCUV1KO J.lStUl-t0V'tEPVtO'JlO, ano tOY I1tKo.O'O Kat 'TTl Fxspvfxu ea sqnavs crnv «tEXVT(» rev napouO'IDCJtIDV J.looas Kat nrot; ano tOV A~l.V, tOY A6uo T~ropt~, tOV XhAep Kat TOV Bsvt;eA,o 0 mwvas 9u rsA.eirovs J.lE tOY MnA.ep, rov Mzouc, tOY LtpaK... 0 ITana'iroo.vvou {aros OEV JlnopOUO'e vo <pavtuatd cs nOID eK'tUO'fJ ea En$spat.ffivovtav ta A,Oyta tau O't~ crUYXPOVE~ 8U'tlKES KOtVroVteS: «Ko.ElE xowovto J.lES 'tT(V ozotc utovel. 0 SA.eyxor., ano La Katro Kat lJ I-ta~a napooO'to./;;Etat ouv tva nael1't1KO a'icr'toptKO UA1K6,... stvci f.lta xowovia IlE crl'BPT(flSv6S ~ 1tT(YE~ 'tfJ~ 'l'UX1KTJS 'tfJt; 1;;roi)s Kat avfU..lnoPlJ vo oooO'£t orn J.lopcpi) tOO avElpoonou rnv nATJpO't'flta autf) nou IJ.OV11 uzopsi vc tKaV01tOli)crEt 't'flv smtaKnKTJ avaYK11 tOO av9pamou vc bSl 'tOV sa.ut6 tOO onv J.lta OAO't11ta» (asA. 204). Kat J.lOVO 'fl TeXVfJ tOU K1V6~txon il tOO Ipuvucou KtV'fllla'toypa<poo, tau AorwouusptKaV1KOU Kat roo IV01KOU lJ.uetcrtOpi)lla-ros, uzopouv taros

28

EIlAHlrH

vo J..la~ npoio€uO'ouv yta 't~ Vg€~ ouvat&trt't€~ nou J..lnopouv vo avao€tx9oiiv J..lE'tU 'to 'tv.o~ TII~ ounKit~ llYEJ..lovia~, Kat TIlS EnaV€J..lcpuVtO'lle; tlle; EnavaO''tanK1l~ J..lu~a~ O'TIIv toroptc.

***

Kk:ivovms au-tll Tllv EtO'aYOOY1l, 1ttO''tf.;Voo noo~ TO PtPAio

tOU ITana'icouwoD stvrn eva an6 ru nAoDO'tOtEpa O'E tMEe; Kal npOpAT]J..lanO'J..lOUe; epya svo; J..lEYUAOU qnAo0'6cpOD xet O''toXao-tll, zou a1t01tElpUTal E8m -O'IJTe Aiyo oucc noM- vn «AvO'€1 'to J..luO'nlPtO» tOU crUyxpovou K60'J..lOU Kat vc 81€p€DvrlO'€t tOU~ 8p6J..lODe; Ilta~ VSUS Il€YUAll~ «sV6tl1TUq>, svo; VgOD J..lV9OD zcu Sa av'ttKUOtO'toUO'€ TOV KOJ..lIlODVtO'tl.K6 )lu90 nOD €lX€ PODAtU~€t O'tU PUA'toV€pa tOD O'tUA1.V10').l06. 0 flU1tUWUWOD om 1l1t6PEO'€ ptpUta vn 8roO'Et J..ltU TEAUdl a1tuvTIlO'T], ooO'TOO'O cpmnO'€ nOAl) Ku9upu t~ 1rpov1ro(}e(J£l~ zou anatr06vtat Yla TIl ota)l6pcproO'l1 svo; crUyxpovou lluOOU, evoe; IlU90D nOD O'TSxetm J..l€Ta ntv EnOrn TOU usootcvtouou Kat yt' UDT6 8ev uzopei napu va UVTAel KUT' E~OrnV an6 evuv 1111- J,t£O'O'taVtKO K60')lo, tOY uPXUtO€AA11V1KO, svov KOO'J..lO 1tOU Il1tOpOUO'E vc aVtlJ..lET())ni1;Et KUTU)lUm TODS BeouS TOU Kat VU cpopu'tat IlOvO TIlV KOO'l-ltKTl TU~l1 KUt TOV 181.0 TOV uvOp())no (TOV «OElVOt€PO» OAroV). eO. sivm 0 Jlueoe; TOU «)lETav9pronOD» TIlS UO'T€PT]S T€X"OAOYlKT1S AuO'T]S 1l TOD Ku90AtKOU av9pro1tou nOD 9a 011JltODpyr]eei J18O'U ano evcv nA(lVlltlKO 1tOAtttOJ..ltKO cruYKP11TtO'IlO nOD eu u- 1t€pJ3ei TIl ODn~ 11Y€llovia;

IIaVT())<; aUTO<; 0 KOO'Il0<; trts «JlEYUAll<; O'UJlCPtAlro0'll9> ~aKOAODed VU 1tUpUJ.L€vEt to Jl€YUAO 6paJlu TOD IlnnuimuwoD, EO'too KUl Eav aDn] eu iliivEtUt UKOIlU (J!, evu 1EA10. 0 OKTa~tO I1a~, oro noillllu nOD EypU\fE TO 1982, JlEtU TOV eUVUTO TOD O'UY'Ypuq>eu. €~ UVallVTjO'tV

MAZA K.AI ILTOPIA

29

TIle; O'DVaVTllcr1lS tOU J..lE TOV IIanUtmUWOD O'TO Ilcpiot O'Tll O€KUEtia roo 1940, ea ypa\fEt:

Krootn, crns ltUYCOIl8vES o'taX'tES TT]S Eupro1tllS DEY ouv<ivTlloa to (lu'Yo tT]S uvao'tuoll c;,

(JUVUVtT]oa, o't(l ltOOta 'tllS ucrltAaXVTIS Xilllllpac; ~OUtT]YIlEv11S OTO aillU, to yfJ.lO con 'tllS

0'0 1lq>v..irooT]S.

Icvoucpio; TOD 2003

nwpyo~ Kapapm:;)..lar;

M E P 0 1: A' Masct Kat rrOAt"C1(J~6S

Balpv

« ... 'E rot 1tepaOE 11 ).lepa· 01 I' illot p,tvav O'tTl 8eO"ll TOU~ ... 01 OtKoi ).la~ anO'tpa~itX'tTlKaV 0.1[0 'tTl cponul. 'tTl~ ).laxrt~ Kat oAa ltrav Oa).lnro~ tl1tOtE vo ).ll1V ElXS cru).l~si. DAot ).la<; el).laO"'ts Kat{L1tA11K'tOt. To nprot aKO).la aM11 m;:S'l'l1 oeY Eixa).l€ a1to 'to ltm<; vc OtaMOOU).lE oAo to faU1KO L,'tpa'to' Eym 0 wtO~ Elxa 'tllv mo a1t€ptopm'tTl €).lntorOouvll oro I,tpato ).la<;, om ~ouKa rou Braunschweig' ... Tope ).ltva).lE 0)..,01 ).la<; OlID1t11AOi, 0 Ka9tva<; uovo; roo, xropic; vu ~EpOU).l€ nv E1tPSXS va OtEvaxrop1190u).lE yta mv KaKo'tUxia p,ac; it va €UXaplO"'tTl- 8oup,€ yta o.rt EytVS au'ti) 'tTl fispa. H vux'ta E1tEaS Kat Ka9ioa).lE DAot rUpro yupro aMa, avriOE'ta us 1'11 cruvftSEta Jlac;, OeY avU'I'a).lE cpronEC;, Ot zsptooorepot ouonouonv, uspucoi cpAuapoucrav aMa KavEic; OeY "l1tOpOUem va cruYKEV'tpro9Ei Kat va oo~apEUrEi. Kat Ka8mc; ituonv aUToc; 1[OU cruvft8coc; O\acrKEoa~s 1'11 cruvrpocpul, Kano1OC; ue pru'tl'lOE 'tt crKE.cptOJlUl. Kat tOtS si1ta: «Ano 130m Kat axo crTtJlEpa apxi~Et Jlta VEa €1t0X'l TIle; IIayKoo).l\ae; Icr'tOpiae;. Kat csu; So. ).lnOpd'tE va AttE on Elcraot€ nn-

, 2

POVtE9>···

Au'tu Eypacps 0 Goethe yta Tl1 ,.uim 'too Valmy. Kat

).lEaa crqv EK1tA11~11, 1'11 mronft Kat TI]V aupvwlu axoyup,V(i)O"ll autmv 'tON uvSpro1tCOV 1[OU roi»; ayy~e ,.ua ouva- 1111 1too rou; ~e1tEpvoucrE, EUKOAa. lcrroe;, P,1[OPOU!lE va

1 0 ~06J(a~ TOU MnpUOllvol3aiK flTUV 0 apxTff~ TIDV "ltproolKCilV Ollv<i~IDV nOll TJrrtlBt1KUV oro BuA.j.lu, on; 20 l£7ttE).l~pfou TOU 1792, ux6 ~ yallure.:; E"ltUvu(jT(lnK6~ &!valiSt.:; (0'. T.E.)

2 Goethe: Campagne in Frankretoh, den 19 bis 22 September 1792.

34

MAlA KAI IIOAITI1:MOr

Kat'ClA.U~ovJ.u:: 't1]V naVllYVpllCl) cropUpO't1]'ta J,tS 't1]V ozota UKoua't1]K€ aUto TO Ihr konnt sagen, Ihr seyd dabei gewesen.

I'm npwtTJ <popu omv Eupoona'CKft Icroptn J,tE'tU rnv Ava'Y~a11, J,tlU J,tuX'l 'YtVOt'ClV oxt nta uVUIl€aa as ODO atpat6n€oa UMU uvullEcra a€ OUO Ku8EatwTu. Knt otTJ J.lam uvtij avu!lsaa as ODO cruatijllUtU a~twv KUt as Olio OWA uv9pw1t1VTJ~ U1t(XP~~ 1tOV KUJ,ttU ODVUJl11 oev ll1topouae va cruJ.l<plJWO"et, Ssv viKTJas 0 mo teXV1Ka opYUVOOJltvo~ 0''tpat6~ aAM to KageO''tw~ 1tOU eixe xutop- 8wO'et va 01.oxsteu(JSt zpo; TO ll£tOO1tO 6AO 'to ovvaJ.l1- 0'J.l6, 'to nu90~ Kat tOY ev90uataO'Il0 €vo~ 1tapayov'ta 0.jvrocrou ro~ ta tore - evo;;; napayovta nov enp6K€l't0 vc owael vEe~ otaataO'e~ ornv EupronaiKi) Icropin: r11~ e- 1CavaOTarlK~~ wi(ar;.

DAa ru Ku9sO"twtU 1tOU i1~sps 0 Goethe -Kat, nap' OAO 'to Sturm und Drang Kat tOY K6aJ.lo ron folklore nou eiX€ avoil;,et am Ilana tOV 0 Herder, roco ot KOtVrovUC8<; 'tOU sJ.lnetpfu~ 00'0 KUt 0 1O'TOP1K6;; ron opi~ovta~ zcptopi~ovtav oro, KAetaj.t€vo otov SUUtO ron, uutapxtKo cr'6atTJlla'tou KAaO"lK10'JloU- O''tTJpi~ovtuV crqv anoAVtTJ aopaVeta Kat nu911ttKO'tTJ'ta i1; JlaUov, ornv avunup~ia 'tll~ Ma~u;;;.

Kat npaYllattKa, uvtij 11 KA.€lCTti) , ffipaPXTlJlEvll ano ro navro, uuornpri ~a9J.lOAoyr)JlE\,1j Kat €V01tOt11~ ano TIl O'U')'KEVTpronKi) opyavro01] tOJV VOJltKWV ta~srov, K01- VOJV1Kij nupU!liliu &v U<P11ve O't~ ,LlaSe;;; Kuveva nspt9wpto to'tOP1Kft;;; opacrTj~. KaJlIa KOtvroVtKft OJ..laoa OEV ~Tav oe 9sO'TJ va AeltOVPrflO"€1 KO't vo cruJlJl€tuO'Xel O"t11v tO'TOpUCl) ~ro~ av npo11YOUj..lEVU Ssv e~aa<paAU;e tTJ VOj..l1Kft TIl~ uvayvrop10"T] Kat rnv Evtas~ tTJ~ !lEau ornv EniO'TJJlll tepapxta. Mooa cr' eoro TO ffiPUPXlKU OP'YuvroJlEvO crUVOAO 11 J.Lal.;a Sev ~mopoUae va unapxet napa ccv EvU ne19upXTIj.t€v0 nA~eO~ <pOpOAoyOVj.tEvOOV iI ocv EvU~ c-

MAZA KAI 11:TOPIA

35

VUPXlKO;; 6xAO~ e~UeAtOJJlEvOOv epyatrov Kat OODAonap01KOOV :itO\) 11 sll<paVt~ tou;; crqv Ioropin ~tUV Evu J.L11- xaVtKO a1tOtEAeaJ.LU Ilta<; KpiO"TJ<; nov sanay€ 1tPOO'OOP1.VU to cruvTeXVtaKO iI <peovoapxtKO oeallO nov tOV~ Evrovs ue tTJv opyavooJ.lEVTJ NOJ.LtJ.lO'tTJTU. H Ma~a Ssv J,lnopcr6ae va Dnupset nupa J.lOVO ccv J.ltU 1tepaO''tlKft 9s01l11via ccv Kat UDtij1tOD yvwplae 11 [aUia ant JleyuA11 KpiO'T] TOU 1709.

A v O't~ 81Pl1Vt1CS~ 1t8pt08oo~ 01 Ilul.;s~ OEV sixuv 1tapa va 01aU,;ovv uvCtJlecra O'tTJv naEll1ttKij DnaKoit KUt 't11v uYOV'll uvmpoio, orouc rrOAS~OV~ 11nuPOVO'ia LOV~ ~'tuv s,; toon ~110UJltvit 1(\ u~~avTI]. Mere mv e,;u<puv10'11 TOOV 1tOA1't0<pUA.aKWV TOOV J,leO'a1WvIKwv xotvomrov Kat J.Lsta 'to ~EeuJlaalla nov ElP11O'KBUttKWV nOASj..lrov, Ot )la~tKoi crpcrot ssu<paviO''tTlKaV Kat 'tTl 9sO'TJ rou; mlpav ot uovuio; €naYYSAIlUTtKOi ~Tpa'tOi 't11<; Movapxia;;. Av sJ.1si.; ~OUj..lE TOV TIOAeJlO -01lO1ovi5~nOte €8vtKO, OAOKA11- pcmxo it €nUvucrTunK6 II6AellO- cov Kan OAOKAl1PronKO: ccv ~la ()UVU~l1noD xtvrrrozoiet O~ j..lu<; Tt;; 'l'UX\KS;; BUVaTO'tTl'tee;. onv j..llU optaKft eJ,lnstpia t11;; 10'TOp1Kije;

,Ila~ unap~11~ nov <pspvet as Jlta aJ.lBO'TJ O'UJ.1JleTo:dJ ornv Icropin aKOJ,la Kat TtC; mo ~Eve<; zpo; Kuge 10'TOP1Kij ~OUA11al1 K01VOOVIKE;; KaTllYOpw;;, j..lnOpoUlle v' UVU~ETp~O'ODlle OAO 'to xUO<; nOD J.1ac; xropil:;;el ano 'tOY 180 atwva, av avaAoyta'touJ.1e 't11v aUoKo'ta oDMTSP11 O'tUO'TJ 'tOD unEvuvn oro yeyovo<; tOD IIoASJ.lOV xm rou; 1:'tpa'toDe; nov TO evaapKrovav. XUP11 cr' avto'6c; rou; L tpnToD';, Erpa<pE 0 Voltaire 'tEAetWVOVTaC; to Essai sur les Moeurs', «01 A.uoi oev aVaKet'tsuOVTat Ka80Aou croo;

3 To epyo TOO, Essai sur les Moeurs et l' Esprit des Nations et sur les principaux faits de I' Histoire de puis Charlemagne jusque a Louis XlII, TO ltpooe<pEpB 0 BOA-Tatpo; .0 1756 oTI] Map1crJcria TOO I:aTSA.e ro~ l<it0P1K613oft6ru.La. H OTIj.UlOia TOO 8yKsl'tat oro art ava-

36

MAlA KAI nOAITIEMOl

noAtIlO\)~ 1tOU KaVooV ot 1C6ptoi tOU~. IIoA:6 O'UXVa, ot nOAtopK'11llevl::~ n6A£~ nspvtiv ano 'ttl IlID s~ouaia aTTJv aUTJ xrop~ aUtO va xooriost TIl ~ro~ OUtS svo; an6 rou; Ka"roiKou~ tOU';;: TIJv SSO\)O'lU rnv uyopa~Et UUtO~ zou f..XEt 'tou.; zspurcorspou; atpunrots.;, rc zeptccorep« KavOvID Kat ta 1tsptO'amspa xp~llatu». Ot Ltparol Aotnov uvnapoodmsuuv eva avaYKuio KUK6 zou EnErpsns an~ Ila~s~, orou; «Au06~)}, vo Ilf..vOUV oro nsp18roptO 'tTJ'; Irrropinq, onv 8va~ nafhlnKo,; Xopo; anf..vuv'tt as IUU Tpayro8ia zoo rou ~tav a8ta<popTJ.

H GlapoJ...'; TWV fla(wv

L~J.lSpa, zon 6ATJ TI "'UXt~ Ka1 TI toropucn ).lao; ~ro~ sivut 0pyuv1Ka cruvu<paO'~ us TIlV navtaxou napouaia rorv Ila~rov, ).la.; sfvm axsoov aouvato va crullapoulls ru; npaYllattKE~ otuaraO's~ autoo rou K60')loU xrop~ )lat;a 1t0\) YKPEllia'tTJKS cov f..va~ xaptlvo~ 1ti>pyOo;, )lS'; 'tTJV f..K- 1tATJ~ll Ka1 'tTJ 0'1CO~, us ru; KaVOVtf..~ tOU Valmy. Turrl T] J.last~ KtvTltonoiT]OT] -T] levee en masse- zou npaYJ.larozotnoe T] raAAt~ EnavaataOT], Ssv oTlJ.!UVE uovo 'tTJV ava'tpo~ tT]~ naAta~ nOAs)lt~~ rSXVt~o;, TIl'; SSJ.lEAtroJ.lf..vTJo; navro a'tTJ pourtvc J.lta.; naptww; jeu de paume ava).lsau os QUO uvtinaAou~ pacrtAta()S~. H pa8D'tSPT], J.laKp01tp6SsallTJ aTJJ.laaia 'ttl.; etapoAt).; 'tT).; Ma~a.; O''tTJv Ioropfn tTI~ Eupro7IT]'; ouviotunn oro YEO optouo 'tOO aVSpumou nOD E<psps oro cpro.;, a't~ vES'; -xm navapxut- s~- 'l'UXtKSo; 8uvaJ.lsl<; nou Ka'ta~iroas, atTI vsu yAillaaa zon scpsps a~ crxtaw; rou avSpronO\) ue tOY wut6 tOU. Kat Katro (J,1t6 rou; vSO\)'; autOD<; acrtsptaJ.lOD,;, 0 KAaO'tKt~~ Kat paatOVUAtaTi]~ av8pro1to.; tOU 180u uuovc,

'YS1 't"OY (<A&yO}) CJS KtVlln1pa Kill C:P!!11VSllnK6 KAetOl 'Ol~ tCJ't"op~ (CJ. r.e.).

MAlA KAI IETOPIA

37

napouataatTlKS ccv INU aUT]yoptKO 1tpoorono xooP£.; aapKa Kat Data, ouv f..va~ 'tEXVTJtO'; Homunculus.

Orcv 0 Barere" tpat;s t~ paas~ 'tOU «OAOKAT]pronKOD noAf..)lou» uvmnocovtuq, O'tOV nspi<pT])lo A..6yo ron ornv ExltPoml Kotvt).; Lrot11pia.;, to 1ta80~ 'troy ay6- )lvaatrov sans-culottes O'tO\).; xstSapxrt~O\)~ Kat yu)lvaallf..vo'U,; aUa 'l'uXtKa ouof..rspou.; Ltpa'tou,; tOU Ancien Regime", 'to na80.; Kat 0 sv80umaa)!o.; tTl.; S1tUvaata'tt~c; )!at;a.; stXav itOTJ YKPSlliO'et to tspapxu(6 Kat puO'tOVaAtattKO crOO'tT]J.la a~tIDV zou xspteKA.Etvs 'tOY rsrpaorsvo, dstato xropo J.lE'; tOV oxoio ()IDOpaJ.la~otav

4 Bertrand de Barere (1755-1841). E~SXOY ,...e~ t11~ s1to.vaCJTllnKil~ ~Uvto.KnJdj~ E8vOO'llv£M:oor)~. Xpruwn.O'e ~ t11~ (<E1tltpoml'; K01vf)~ :EO)'t"llpill~)} 1l1t6 't"TJ crnwit t11~ Sl1!!loo~ t11~ !-ISXPl rnv KIl'taPY'laiJ ~ an6 t11 ®ePl-uSwp. IIw't~ 01t1lM; '[00 .1..o.vtWV Kat tOU POPS01t1£pOU, avti.7tllM>; TOU Mcpc, t\tav unE:6ew~ 1111 tu; s~ro'tspuffi<; u7toeeCJet~, 1111 t11 .1..11)1OO11l EK1taioSUO'l1, KA7t. ~AcllctCJTTJK€ o.lt6 ro Ll.1suauvtitptO Kilt UltOOnlP«;S '[0 BOVIl1tlxPtTJ O''Ol (JUVtXS11l. BUltS Michelet, Histoire de fa Revolution Francoise, Gallimard, Pleiade. Ilapkn, 1952, 't"61l B' CJCJ. 1218-1220 (CJ.u.).

5 Que voulez-vous? Po),[UEI 0 Barere CJTO Rapport sur fa requisition civique de taus les Francais pour fa defence de la Patrie. «Un contingent...? Le contingent de la France pour sa liberte comprend toute sa population, toute son industrie, tous ses travaux, tout son genie ... Publions une grande verite: la liberte est devenue creanciere de tous les citoyens; les uns lui doivent leur industrie, les autres leur fortune, ceux-ci leur conseil, ceux-la leurs bras; tous lui doivent le sang qui coule dans leurs veines» ~uvsSpillCJTJ t11~ 23-8-1973). [«Tl sm- 8u~hs;» pro't"asl 0 Mnnpsp CJTTJv EKOefJ1l r'U UJv Irolrmaj emtJTparevrnr 6,l,mv 'tmv rillmv rza tr{v V1l:f:paOiCIUf/ UJ~ lCarpiJar;. «Eve CJ't"po:rsuj.lll KA11pOJ'twv; 'OJ.Wl~ ro s8sAoVtlK6 CJ'tpn't6UflIl 't"ll~ ro.Mi~ 1111 mv SMro8sp{1l tTJ~ 1tSPtAaIlPUVEt oA.6KA11po 'tOY JrA.118u0'1l6 tTJ~, Kn8s eWou~ PW!!11XcMa, Ku8s SPIlCJt11pt6nj'to., Ku8s 'ltVSUj.lllTIK6 KSq>UA.o.IO ... A~ Sto.tI)1tWCJoollS !!tIl J.lS"(UA.11 1lA.t\8slIl: 61..01 01 ltoA.hs~ siVlll xpro)lnc:~ o.1tSvllvtl ornv SA.su8spkt. 01 J.lSV tTJ~ oq>eu..ouv rnv (lltUO'X6A.11m1 tOU~, 01 &: trW 1tSplOUma 't"ou~, aMOl ru; (JUIlJ3ou)J;~ 'too~ it til I-I1tpa'tCJIl 'tau~. '01..01 't"ll~ xp(OCJTavc: ro o.ij.lll 1tOO KUMet CJ't"lS <p)J;I3e~ tOU~}) (MC't"n(j:lpaOTl tau S1t.)]'

38

MAlA KAI nOAITIIMOI

CO~ La T6:E 11 IaTopi~. A)'),/x rooo 11 MaSU onv 100'tOPlK~ {)UVaJ..l11 ceo Kat curo aKpI~ros TO na80s Kat aut6s 0 EY- 8o~al(l;aJ..l6s, ~I E~COAc:rlKt~ YEvlKa n11YE<; t11<; \j1UXIK~S Sffi11<;, nrcv npaYJ..latu uyvcoO'ta us; to SCOT1KO KOaJ..lO 'lOU KAacrtKIO':lKOU aV8pronou: {)EV J..lnOpouO'E vc ru aVTlKpUest napa onv «O'UYKf.:XUJ..ltvf.:S t{)Ef.:S» 6ncos EAsyf.: 0 Descartes, onv Ef({)l1Aroaet<; aUn1~ 't1l<; «onvrccia;» nou am crilat11J..la rou Malebranche napoumasatm oov 11 1t11Yil Ka8E O'(paAepils uvriA11'¥l1s6.

«N ous avons oppose Ie glaive au glaive, et Ia liberte ~st fo~dee; elle est sortie du sein des orages: cette origme lui est commune avec Ie monde, sorti du chaos, et avec I' homme, qui pleure en naissant..o,". M6vo J..ltatE"COla ~PO<pTjttK~ yAffiaaa zou ~tAOUOE ~a EIK6vES' zon anOtf.:lVOVLaV ore J..lU91Ka «apxtwna !TIS J..la~l~S I.j1DX~S», iltetv 8uva"C0 v' uxouoref J..lEs rou; Opi.(,OV"CES zon EiXE aVOil;Et 11 EKP11~" "Cl]S EnavaO'tan~s Ma~as. Movo 11 nA1l8coplKOtT]ta ~tas tETOlas EKP1"]KTlK~S nupoDcr{a<;, il TO np~).lilVD~a. T1"]<; xm 11 un6YEla npof.:tOl~acria T11S, 1·L1WpOUo"E va pyaAEl O"TO <pcoS n<; \j1UX1KES OUVaJ..lEt<; J..lE T1<; oaoie; ap8provf.:rat Kat ouvraccerm 11 ~U81Kl) Kat np°<plJTl~ uu~ yAffiacra. Kat J..lOVO 11 aKoiJ..l11trl zopouaia autils 't1lS yAillO"cra<;, nou «eL' H.foD xaL cp6[3oU» ~U~6.El "Cl]v \j1uXil tl)t; J..lo.~a<; crra iota tl)S ta rra8lJ, J,.lnopouos va rnv EJ..lnooioEl va 8pu~J..la1lots{ 0' tva nA;f]80s

6 ~ Nicolas Malebra.nche (I638-1715), niAAoc; p(J)'.UIlOKfl8oAllC~ l£p£U~ xm xuptsmnvoc cptA.6crO<po.:;, S1ttxeiPTlm;; ].lUI crUvfiscrTt J.lEtct9J Kcpreotou Kat Auyouortvou, (cr. r.e.)

7 Saint-Just; Rapport sur fa police generate, fa justice, Ie commerce, fa legislation et les crimes des factions. 15-4-1794 [«AV1:tt~aJ.lE ~i~o.:; crt? ~icp~ Kat 86J.lEAlwElTtlCE 11 6Nm8Epia: 11 <mota ~E- 1ttJO~crs ~a a1to ;1>; ElU61J.z>;. H Kntaywyf) TIl>; nun') stvm KOtVl'j !JS 'ttl !lNVTJcrTt tOO KooIlOU, 1tOU aVlllhi811KS IlltO to XUa<;, Kilt tOU nvElP(J)ltOU, 11"OU ySVVtttlll KAaiyoV1:W;.» (Msttu:pp. rou Emil.)]

MAlA KAI Il:TOPIA

39

uno 'I'UXlKa U(Jl)VOEta Kat VUPKCO~tvU UTO).lU nov 0 vo~OS tl)S aOpuVEtas 80. Ta EKUVS va ~avU1cuAtlcrouv crnv rraAla roix na8'1']'tlK6TT)TU.

Autsr; ot lOl£r; 01 At~S1<; nou XPlJatllOnOlEl 0 SaintJust: «8uslJ.er;», «xo.or;», «apxTl TOD KOO'~OU», «YEvvTlOll ton av9pronO'U» -At~E1<; crU1.~1t11plKtr;, UyvCOcrTES crnv nOAtn~ xm KOlVCOVlK'ij yAffiO'cra 'tOD KAacrlKlO'IlOU Kal tOD .6.tu<proncrJ..l0u- J..lnopsi va gecopTJ8oUv ccv tva npoypa~j..la: SUKOAa oluKpivst KUVe~ TO tl90r; xrn 'to aWA tOU Sturm und Drang, rnv «avaKUAU\j1lJ» ton Shakespeare Kat 't1lS J..lEO"atrovlKils TEXVlJr;, 'to 'tpaYlKo na8or; Oxt uovo rOD Faust Kat t1"]r; ««l>alVOJ..lEYOAoyiar; "COD nVSU~aTOS» aUa Kat to VEO KO(JJ,.lIKO aicr8l)lla tou Blake, rou Goya tl 'tOD Holderlin. [tad crTU nEYtlv"Ca x.pOvla Onou lJ Masa KaTEduO"e 01.0 to ozruco rrEoio tl)r; Eupro1t11t; ano TO Valmy Kat TO Fleurus", tl) NanoA£oVtSlU KUTo.Ktl)0ll, TOV l(JnaVtKO avraptonoAeJ..lo Kal "COV YEp~avlKo Befreiungs Krieg", ).ltXPl t1<; EnavaatuO'E1<; roo 1830 Kat 'tOD1848, lJ Mo.Sa IlE uovo to papo~ t1"]S napo1)Glar; tl)r; OEY J..lnOpoUoE napo. vn <pEPEl ~Ul pU;lKil avaTpo~ tCOV U~trov, Ilta OAOKAlJPCOTlK'ij Kllta<paOll 0- ACOV tCOV 8uvo.~EroV non cor; ra TOTf.: anro9oUcre TO ovn).laStKO crilcr't1lJ..lu tl)r; KA.aGtKtcrnKf]r; nEt8upxiar; Kat ispapxlw;. Kat OEY ~nOpoUGE napa vn <pEpcl ornv E1tlq><iveta T1"]v apVlJOll 'tOU Nouon xrn l'1"]S lEpapxiar;, t1"]v xu"Co.<paO"l) ron nupo.AoyoU, roo na9lJTIKOU, "COD acruvEwlJtOV Kat tOU tpaytKOU: OACOV tCOV unOymrov ouvo.J..lECOV zou coS rc TOTE a1tC080ucrE lJ opyavroj..lEvlJ xowovtc.

8 A vmpsp8nKUllS nOll crtrt J.Ulrn tOU BUAIll> (~A.. crrt!! 1) 0lt00 y1.O. n:pffiTI) <popa 0 ya.AA.tKO<; &'ltavucrtat1KO<; crtPUto<; vi1CT]os rou; Ikxouoo~ sn:ayysAj.lCltW; ton fioUKa tOU M1tpu01.>vcrj3aiK. ~tO lllA.spU~ '(00 BSAyiou oi en:avlWtanKt.~ ouvaf.lSlS &'ltEKpatrtcrClV tOO IIp6:nou ~l)vamttu).lOU tOW eup(J)1ta'iKWv KJXItOw (o.r.s.) .

9 An:eA.sugep(J)nlC6n:oA.sIlO (0.t.6.) .

40

MAZA KAI rrOAITltMOt

AvrlSE'ta, IlE'ta 'to 1848, Il&ta 'to ~ESullaO'lla rorv IlastKWV EnavaO''tllO'ECOv, orcv 01 Ilas€~ opyavWSTJKaV O'€ 'ta~E~ Kat ,.ua vsu tepapxiu mlP€ Tll 8sO'TJ TIle; nUAlae; VOlltKO-''tU~tKiJe; t€pupxiu~, TJ €~uCPUvtO'l1 'tTJe; Musue; ano rov ioropuco 0PlSov'tU mlIlUV€ all€O'u to tSAOe; rou ProJlavnO'llou Kat TllV EntO''tpocp~ oro PUO'lOVUAtOJlO Kat OTTJv atO'tOO~TJ <D1Aoaoq>ia Tlle; Ioropim; tOD 180D UtcOVU. Eire npOKel'tat yta tOV coruco (noslnpl0ttKO) npoooE1.lnO'Jlo it Y1U Tll Jlap~tottKit (pecpOpJltcrttKit) UtolOOO~iu, sirs npOKEttat ylU rov «entO'TTJllovIO'IlO», 'tTJv «KU- 9uPl1noiTJO'l1)}, rnv 11lnPE0'10Vl0nKit smypucpucfj it to votODpaAIO'ttKO opaj.la ... nav'toU, onoD , .. mopsos, TJ opyuve IlEYfJ uO'nKit K01VroVia. anw9TJO'€ Kat TIl j.lU1;u Kat tn 'tpaytKU 1l0tiPU 'tOU 'VUxtKOU TIle; xocuou, TTJv upuO'oo zou xmpi1;et rc OVO OWA avSpwmv11C; unup~fJC; zou ou'YKPoUO'Tl1Kav O'tO Valmy IlnOpoUll€ va Tl1V uVUj.l€tP~O'OUj.lE cv cruUOYlO'tOUJlE 'to 01KO j.lac; 'l'UX1KO KOOIlO zou ot olaO''tuO'€~ tOD XupaXTTJKav ano ro napaUfJAu Kat 'tuu'toO'fJIlU q>atvOj.lsvu roiv faAAtKWV EnuVaOtuO"Erov KUl 'tOD PWJlavnO'lloU KUt O'K€q>tOUIl€ Ileta nc; tOS€~ Kat t~ 1l0pq>se; Ils t~ onoieC; 0 KAaO'tK10'ttKOC; uv9pmnoe; e~sq>puO's Kat EPIl~V€UO'E nc; O'XSO"EtC; tOD ue Tl1 <DUO'fJ Kat TTJV Ioropic, J..lS 'ta OUO Ol1AaOit UVWtu'ta nEpffixovtU O'UJlPOAa UU'tWV rcov uu9evnKwv O'X€O'EWV tOU avSpwnOD J..lE tOY EUU'tO tOU, XUpTJ O"Ttc; onoiee; to UKa'tspyUO'tO UAIKO TTJC; swit~ U'I'WVE'tU1 (HO q>mc; tOU llveUJ..lutoe;.

Mti(a tau pwpavoullor;

<DuO'fl KU1 Ioropfn E1Vat 01 01>0 avonut€e; €llnE1piee; j.l€e; ru; onoiee; 0 uvSpronoc; Ilnopei vo yvropiO'€l ttc; 8uVUIlE~ KUt ttc; OUVUt0t11t€C; nOD KpUP€l IlsO'a ron. Kat y1 curo, (,l>UO'fJ Kal Icropfn stvm 'tU ,..£'tpa O''ta onoia usopoous vn xptvouue Tl1v uuSsvnKOTlltU KUl rnv nAfJpOtlJtu u-

MAZA KAI ItTOPIA

41

nup~l1C; nOD IlnopEi vu XroptO'El to O'WA Kat 11 YAOOO'O'U IllUC; EnO;(I1c;.

Azo rnv ano'JlTl uutit, Ilta unAit uvnnupu9sO'fJ tOU 01KOU Ilac; O''ruA Kal '!l1e; OUQle; Ilae; YMOO'O'(lI; Il€ to OWA Kat TTJ YNDO'au t11<; npO-llaslKtlC; nEploi)ou 8a sivat cpxstit yta vc Ilac; KaVEt vc avupm'!l18oullS J.1T)1troe; OSV EivUl IllU anAroc; tuXUtU crUllntroal1 auTtl fJ nupuM11A11 €f..Lq>aVIO'l1, avunw91 Kat unOxwP11O'l1 t11e; €navaO'tU'ttKtle; IlaSac; uvaW;O'U <no 1789 Kat 'to 1848 Ka1 TIle; q>aouO"tlKllC; Kat pmllavnKite; 'VUxoAoyiae; - Iltae; 'JfUxoAoyiuC; ElC; .. paSoe; zou snpoxsrro vu OOOOEl f..LlU avuno'l'iacrt11, "Iw. to 180 atrova, Ka'tal.;iroO'fJ rorv 'tpaY1Krov Kat rorv ,.m91KWv llorlProv nOD 01 Ellnslpiee; IllUe; VE-ac;, ayvmO''tTJe; me; 'to. 'tors 'JIUxitc; EiXav pyaAel oro cpme;. Km 11 avayvroplCfT] t11e; unap~l1e; f..LlUe; 'tS'tOlUC; f..Lll tuxuiae; crXSCfT]e; ovuuson ore 8uo UUta omvousvc, OSV Su J.1ac; snStpSnE vu Dn08sO"ouIlE on ornv lO''tOPlKT] opaat11plonoi11Cil1 tfJe; llu1;ae; ovncr't01Xd Ilta OPtO'IlSVll Et01Kll1tVEUlla'tlKtl npoontlKit, tva opiousvo O'tuA Kat tvae; opiouevo; 'l'UX1KOe; KOaJlOe;; Mnoooous taxa va uno(rtfJP~ODlle Ott 1l0VO napaMllAa JlE t11 xaAUpmO"fl t11e; cruvome; it rnv unocruv9EO"fl TTJe; opyavro)l€vT]C; xotvroviu; (xon sivm taU'tOxpova npoun08saEle; Kat UnOtEt.£O'Jla'ta t11e; opaa'tflplOnoillCifl~ t11<; Jln~ae;) stvm ODvut6 vn cpuvEproSd utn €tOtKit atuO"fl ansvcvn crov KOcrJlO Kat vn EKorfAro90uv EVEPYlltlKn OptalltvE~ E181KSe; 'l'UX1KE-e; OUVUflB~ nOD IlgyOUV unmSrH1SVE<; it vapKroJ.l.tv€e; oco Tl: opyaVOlCfT] 'tfJC; xowovicc sivut aE 9EO"fJ vu AEltODpyei xcvovuci Kat va E~ucpuviSEl ne; q>Dy6KEVtpee; uvnxowrovuce; it UKotvrov1Kse; ODVnJlEt<;; Kt ov crKEcproulls Ott, J..lEtU to ~Eeullualla nov EnavaOtaO'EOlv tOD 1848, 11 anOKUtUOtaafJ 'tfJ~ O'UvoxiJe; xm tl1£ atEpE6t11'tae; '!l1<; OpyavrollSvfle; xotvrovfr«; O'UVOOEUtfJKE it EKcppUa'tfJKE IlE ,.ua O'UO'tfJIlanKit anooflT]CfT] tfJe; pOllluvnKitc; \jIUxoAoyiac; non nnpouofnos tOY UV9POlltO

42

MAlA KAI rrOAITn.M()~

't11~ 5e6tEPT]~ nCV't11KOVtaEtia~ tOU 190u atrova ouv EvaV aJlB(jo cruVeXtcrn, Tll~ lbeoAO')'ia.;. nov a~lCOv Kat 't11~ 'l'uXOAoyia~ 't11~ npo€navaO"tatlKi]e; Kat npopw~avnKf]<; zeptoSou. bIN ea ~nopou(jaJ.l€ vc unoOsO'01.)J.le on J.lsO"u O"TT]V noAu-aVnV0J.l1K1t crUvO€O'T] 'tT]<; KOlVroviae;, J.l6:~a Kat opyuvw J.lEvT] xotvrovfn 1taptO"taVOuv 0'60 UVtiJ.laXE<; ta- 0"€1<; O't~ 01toice; aVttO"tOlXOUV ouo €~ icon aVtiJ.laXE<; npOOntlKS<;; 0 Nietzsche XPT]O"tJ.lOnOiT]O"E nprotoe; rnv EvVOla TIl~ «1tPOO1tLtKi]<;»yta vc O"'I1J.lavEt tOUe; oHl<j>Opo'U,; n'J1l:ou,; O"tUO'T]r; UnEvUVtl ctov KOO'J.lO Kat Tll ~rof] nou <paVEprovOVtat UVUAOYU J.l€ to paSJ.lO tKUV01toiT]O'T]<; i] anroOT]O'T]r; tT]r; «081.'110"'11'; O'6vaWIe;», 1tOU tEAsiroe; U1tOKE1- J.lEY1KOi AOyOt (AOyOl non ceopoov a1tAror; 't11 plO'Ypa<pia tOU Nietzsche) toy BKavav va 'tT] J.lEtatpe\jfEt O"E J.lovalhKO Kpl'tl}ptO 't11<; «UYEia<;}) Kat TIle; «voO"TJPOTT]'tU9> rorv arouorv Kat troy 0lluoroV. A<pi]vOVtae;Kata J.lBpOr; Tll ou~i]'t110"T] 'Yill tT]v a~ia TIle; Vl'tO"E'lKi]r; 8Empiue; TIle; «HOtKf]~ teov xupirov Kat tl\C; llOtKi]c; reov OOUAroV», OCV au f.l1tOpououus va u1tOSecrOUJ.lE Ott Ilecra ornv npoo1tttKf] TIle; op'YavroJ.lEvT]~ KOlvroviar; ctpoeouv, unroOouv'tat Kat E~OUOEtEproVOV't<Xt OAEe; autE<; ot 'l'UXtKer; buvullEtr; zoo avantUO"crov"CUt crnv KaSapi] 'tour; J.lOpcpi] cs E1t0XEe; xpi- 0"T]e;, omv T] Mat;a €J.l<pavi.~E't{n ccv J.lt(l au8u1toO"tatT], 1- cropixf ovrornrn;

H «EKMK'1(Jl1» TOD pwpavn(J}lOD

Av, J1Eta to 1848, 0 Prcucvnouo; napoumucrtT]KE ore ,"ulna 'troy nol;tttptcrtrov it rorv J.lap~tcr'trov ouv eva 1tapa~cvo tvtepj.!E't~o avuJ.lEO"a orov «1tPOOO€UttKO» Kat OpSOAOY10"tlKO 190 movu Kat 'tOY «5ta<pcotlO"~evO» Kat o'Uj..lavtcrttKO 180 Cltrova, Et0"1 Kat crnv 1tpoonttKf] TT]<; O"'I1IlEPtvf]~ EnoxfJr;, T]1tEpiooo<; nov EKAstO'S us tOY Ilpdito TIa"(1CoO"lltO TIOA.sIlO 1tapouO"tO:O"'t11KE ocv eva aUoKo-

MAZA KAI InOPIA

43

to arroAWcolla "COU O"WA 1tOU 'YKPEJ.licrtllKS J.le tTl faU1Kf] ErravaO"taO"ll Ka1 'to PCOJ.laVtlKO xivnuc. Orcv 0 Nietzsche f).zyE ott Sa rov KataMpOuv J.10VO ({Ileta tOY EPXOIlEYO rroA.s)lo», 'to WlO Sa ~t1topouO"av va zoov OAOl curot ---{l1tO tOY Nrocroytecoxt IlE.XPl to Rimbaud Kat tOY Lautreamont- nou npoq>11teucrav mv BJ..EUO"ll nov Aa11l0vrov Tlle; o1Ki]r; Ilae; E1tornr;: T] avaPicoO"T] LOU «Oullav1crllou» tOU I80u UlcBva ).lEe; tT] «qltAEAEuSc:prp) KUt at<nOOO~ll lowA-oyia fll~ aO"'tlKite; xoworvk«; Kat fllS LOO'lUA-OT]IlOKpati{l(; OEY J,I1tOpEO"e va <l'pa~Et to unOyEto pSUlla 1tOU J.laS O"UVOE.El J.tE ttr; 8uvallE~ zoo €~a1tOAuo"E 'CO Sturm und Drang tTj~ fUMtKitS EnavuO"tuO"T]S·

Orcv 0 Saint-Just EAE'YE «Tous les arts ont produit leurs merveilles; P art de gouverner n' a produit que des monstres» 10, 11 AE.~TJ monstres it'tUv nEplO"O"Ot€PO eva opucmco oxflJ.1a 1tpocrap).locr~evo O"tTJv m8tKi] OEPIlOKpacria tT]S Convention napa eva 0"T]J.lu8t tOU KOO"J,IOl.>. AAAa orov 0 Rimbaud pmrouoe, «Quand irons-nous, par dela les greves et les monts, saluer la naissance du travail nouveau, la sagesse nouvelle, la fuite des tyrans et des demons ... » 11, ot oafIlOV€~ nap10"taVav )lta UU8EvnKT] EIl1tEtpia ue; mv a1tOKaAU1ttlKit sucovc ron KOO"IlOD nov aPX10"€ VU crXllJ.luTisEtat J.1' Eva nspisP'Yo Kat ~aeuO"itJ.lavto cru'YXPoVla).lO roco O"fll raAAia 60"0 Kat 0"tT] I'sppnvtc Kat 0"tT] Pmoin rUpro uno tT] OEKUEtia tOU

10 Discours sur la Constitution a donner a la France, 24-4-1793 Oeuvres (1946) cr. 151.- [«O'N;t:; 01 .l:XVst:; exouv 0TlJ.1lOUpyi)m::t ctplatoupyrn . urtu. H ttxvJl. tll~ OtIlIQ)PSpVT]crTJ~ oev nllpTrfaye napa Jl6- vov ttPIlTCt.» (Mercop .• 00 !:1tlJl.)]

II «Ilors 911 1t8paaoullB til ~01)va Kill t~ napaAie~, vn X,lltpstIDOUIJS tTJ yEvVT]CH] tOU VEOU ,wx90l), tTJ-; vta-; <ppOVT]O'T]-;, tTJ <pUyT] tOW rupnvvcov, tcov OCttj.J.6V(l)V;}> Arthur Rimbaud, MIa E:1rOXtl tnrfv KOlaUYf (Une saison en enfer), usrcop. NiK~ ~1tciVUlt:;. EKoooeu; «Fvdior]», o. 93. (o.r.s.)

44

MAlA KAI rrOAITl'EMOr

1870. Kat roco yta tOV Rimbaud, 'tOV Lautreamont, tOV Nietzsche it tOY Strindberg, tOV NtoO"toyW<pO'Kt Kat tOV Aeovtw<p it tOY ~OAO~t£<p Kat tOV <[>CVtOPro<p, Ot Oal).lOV6s, to navupxato cr6).l~oAO KUS6 nOAtnallOD 1l6s tOY 0- zoto 0 aVSpconos Kat 11 Dnap~it tOU Bcv Il1tOpoUV va O"UIl<Ptfl.troSoUV, ittav TO 0'11110.01 CVOs 6PXO).lCVOU xnmKfl.U<J).loU ano tOV ozoio tinon: OCV 61tPOKEt'tO vo <JroSEi: «c' etait bien l' enfer; l' ancien, celui dont le fils de I' homme ouvrit les portes» " .

AUu 1l0VO crTtllEpa, Katro a1to rou; aO'tEptO'Il0Ds 'tlls MEYaA11~ KpiO'11s Kat roiv llaYKoa).llrov lloM).lrov, it'rav 3uvaro vo cvO'O)llatroSouv ).lEaa O'T1lV ci).lEO'11 toropuoi Ilas sroit Iltu tEXVll Kat , . nn 'JIUX,OAoyia. apV11<J11s tOU TIoAtrtO'Il0u - aurou tOU TIOAtttallOu zoo rnv aBuvaj..tia. ron va o"uyKpatit<J6t tts Bat).lOVtKEs Buvci).lEts 1tOU EKpU~6 IlEaa rou 'tllv dXav Ka'taYYE1M:t )..I.E jlm eau).luatit otauYEta OAa to. 1tPO<P11t1Ka aura 1tVEUJ..lata aVciJ..lE<Ja oro 1870 Kat 'to 1890. Kat y1' au1'ft T1lV 6noxr1nou E1tpOKI.':1.'to va sitaEt 'tOY «atwva troy <pOVtciDroV», zou ElXE uvayYE1M:l 0 Rimbaud, Kat to «Moao tOU MEyaAou IEpoE~Etaatit», aurit 11 UPV1lO'11 tOU 1tOAU;tO'jloU DCV sivct 1tta utc avwouv11 E1ttO'tPO<Pit cro 1t01j..tCVtKO EtOUMtO tOU Rousseau aMli -w; avaAoytcnOUIlE to. tEAsu't'aia Epya ron Freud!- J..lm 1tproTo<pavits O'T1lV Eupw1t11, ).lEta T1lV E~a<pcivtO'11 T'f1~ apxaias Tpayro8ias Kat TTls ProJ.lavtKit~ A1tOKaAmV11s, avo.yvwpl<J11 TTls no.pouaio.s TOU TpaytKOU Kat tOU Apv11nKoU, TTls 1tupouO'ia~ rou «@avu't01M, KU- . ta tTl CPPOU61Ki! opoAoyia, ).lEs rqv wta TTl plsa T'f1<; avSPW1ttVT]s D1tUp~e;.

12 «Hruv KOAaCHI aA1')fltvTJ' 1') 7t1lj.l1[UAatU lSrOtU, Kuflro~ avo{X11'!ICUV 01 flupc:~ TIl'; un6 10 yw lOU avtIptirnOU)}. BA.futc: A. Rimbaud, 6.11:. G. 91 (G.1.€.).

MAlA KAI InOPIA

45

H apV'f1CJ11 tOU TIOAtTtO').lOi> zou 1tEPWX,Etat J.l80'a 0" OA11 t11 uovrspvc tSXVll Sev SK<ppasSl a1tAWs J.lta avuYK11 E1ttO''t'pO<Pll~ O'E J.lta mo EAEuElEP11 Kat mo yvitO'ta «ouotKOt11ta) OUTE Kat anAros Eva utTTl).la XEtpacpST'f1O"l1s ano toix; UKaOm.lo.'iKODs xovove; TTl~ O).lOp<ptli~. H naA11KaTa tOU aKa811J.lu'iKou Ouuuvtouou tOU Taine it rou Burckhardt Bcv apKEl ym va E~YitO'Et TTlV avatponi] reov a~tffiv nou S<pSPE ).lta TEXVll zou ~(lVa~pitKE to 1tavap~ xatO j..lucrnKo KaSs ~appap11C;, KaOE tpaytKits Kat KaElE lluStKit~ <JWAtO'TtKi]C;: KaSE TEXVl1C; Dllt..a61l1tou cpvsttm TTlv av9pw1ttVT] dtllo.Ka Kat E~o.<paviSEt TIlv o.vSpW1t1V'f1 1l0Pq>it IlsO'a oro OatllOVtKO KOO').lO troy o.<P11P11J.LEvrov O'X'lllatrov Kat rev J.laytKWV npoO'ronEirov.

To ysyovo~ ott 0 cr6yxpovoC; avSpro1tO<; €1ta\jfE ~o.cpVtKa va Il1tOPSl vo tKavonOlEf'tat ).l6 rnv mcrS11nKi! eve- 1tapuataO'11 T'f1C; i8ta<; rou TTlC; 1l0P<Pits Kat 't'f1C; iBtae; tOU TIls sroft<;- to YEYOVOC; Ott 11 ElEt..11O'l1 o.U9SVttK0T'f1't'UC; Kt Eva «naElo<; rorv UKpmV» stou SytVE ~u<pVtKa cr't1)t.. Ilta<; 0- t..aKEP11C; E7tOXll<; CVW nptv ftrav to !lUO'ttKO -Kat 'to npovouto- aVSpwnrov oov 'tOY Rimbaud, tOY Nietzsche it 'tOY NtoO'tOYW<PO'Kl, O'U!l<ptfl.iroaav 'to uovrspvo uvSpro1tO IlE \jfUXtKE<; 8uV6.!lSls 1C0\) SKpU~E J,W.O'a tOU Kat J.l6 tEXV€<; Kilt EIl1tEtpiEC; ayvcoO''tEC; ft unro911J.lEvE<; an' OMS t~ 1tP011YoU!lCVE<; Enox,Es TTls Eupro7tu'iKits Ioroplm; ).lEta T'f1V A Vo.yEvv11O"l1. .• DAn o.u'ta osixvouv on au'to zou UMa~E OCV sivm U1tAroC; Ot «mO'e"nKt<;}) Ilas npott).lit~ O'Ele; uUu Kat aun) 11 i6tu 11 \jfUx,ot..oyiu Ilue;, 11 crtaO'T] ).lac; o.1tEvayn orov KOO'J.lO, 11 yt..wO'O'u J.tE rnv ozoic E1t1~ KotVmVOU!lE, 11 1tPOSEO'11 zoo !l1lC; Mvet !lE 'to spyo TsXVl1<;.

DMC; UUtE<; ru; TEXVEC; 1tOU «avaan)£hlKaV)} ern rsAEUtaia. nEVitvTa XPOVta, TeXVE<; 1tOU 6K<pPUSOUV oX\. ztn ).llU atO'SllttKit alJ.i:J. ).lto. tpo.Y1Kit, J.laytKit it tEpft crtciO"l1 a1tEvaVn O'tOV KOO'IlO, TSXVE<; «~up~apE~» 1tOU osixvouv

46

MAZA KAI nOAITI~Mm:

TOY aVSprono OXt onv K6plO TIl~ j.1oipa~ ron, ouv unw- 9uVll, aurovoj.1l] ovromm, aAM ouv Ada J.1ta~ unEpavep(01t11~ Kat a1tavepro1r11~ rparooBia~, BEV j.lnOpEaav ot uovrspvot rExvit€~ va t~ «avaKaAfnvoov» 1tapa uovo Ylati 01 i(>tot E1ta\jlav va pMnouv rov KOaJ.lO onv tva (Ua811't1KO SEUj.la Kat evrixpuouv J.lEaa tOO to nEpt€XOJ.lEvo ron 01K06 r01)~ nciSou~, to. CJf1J.1aBta troy BtKroV too~ :n:popAllj.larrov. Kat uuro to npoj.lllSEtKo «J"ulaXELv t8EAro» 13 TIl~ MovrEpva~ cruvEiBl]all~ OBiJYl]o"E rov avSprono va PrEt E~ro ano TIlv 1tEPllCPavl] anoJ.16vroCJf1 J.lE~ rnv ozotn rov EiXE KAEiaEI 0 KAaO"tKlcrrtKo~ «Ouunvtouo;» Kat. tOY Eanpro~E v' uvaKaA:u'VE1 tou~ npoyovou~ ron Kat 8puJ.1J.1aru (mo tOY Eauro rou J.1Sau cs um 1tUPEtroOll ont0'80oPOj.lllCJf1 J.lE~ to Xpovo,

~€ aAAE~ E1tOXtC;, orov j.lta Kotvrovia oev J.lltop06O'E vn PPEt j.ltaa Tl]~ r~ 8uVaJ.1E~ ym va (JUvEtOl]tOn01iJaE1 TOY scuto Tl]~ Ka1 vc aTl]p~Et navro roue; J.11U K01ViJ lti- 0"Tl] xt wav svtmo PUSIl6, ctpeeotuv 1tpOe; ta E~ro, 1tpOC; rn nveDllanKa pEuj.lUta nou En1Kpu'tOuO"Uv cmv nEpt<pEpEla 1"ll~. 0 «coouozoxmouo;» Tl]~ EnatpVE tors tvu yOVlj.lO VOllJ.lU Yla'ti J.lE,O"a c' autov TOV Sp1]O"KeunK6 iJ KaAAl.TEXVtKO cruYKP1]'t1O"j.lO, av9pro1t0l nOD o.vTJKUV O"E BlacpopOD~, ~f.vOU~ iJ EXSptKOU~ uvallEra;u rou; nOAltlO"J.lODC;, tpplaKuv TIl OUvutoTl]ta vu E7ttKOlVroviJO"ouv aE 11m KOtVyt yAd>O"au sm vn u\jIro8oUv aTl] cruAA1]'Vll Ka8oAtKmv a1;u:Ov.

LTl] CJl1J.1EptviJ E1tOxil, 0 cruYKpTjttaj.10c; uut6e; Oev tytVE O"tOV xmpo uAAa orov xpovo. Otuv ot Eupoonaiol t- 1tu\jlav vn 1t1O"TEDOUV oru; u1;iEc; zou 0 nOAltlaJ.lo~ toi»; eiXE <pEPEt O"tO cpro~ a1t6 TIlv AvaytvvllCJf1 Kat DatEpa, 6- TUV, lB1uitEpa, Ena\jlUV vo nlaTwouv oro nMaJ.1a 'tlJ~ «TEAEt6TTITa~)) rev KAaO"tKcOv rou; (aou tOU~ EnB't'PE1tE

13 A1.<JX. Ilpop, 0 r. 1067.

MAlA KAI IHOPIA

47

va UVttKPU~OUV OAOUC; roue; aAAoo~ noAtttaJ.10Ue; ocv Kan ro u'rEMC; Ka1 to UVOA01CAiJproTO) KUt oro 1tMalla Tl]C; «Ilpoodou», (zoo rou; EnErpEnE VU 8Ecop06v rtt; USie~ rODe; ccv rnv tsAe1.naiu MSll Kat to KOPU<proJ.lU TIle; 1- O"TOpiaC;), 01 USmC; aurt~ Eixuv iJBll KUTUKtTJO"EI Kat svon01ytaE1 01.0 TOV 1tAavTJ'tlJ. H «cvurpozf roiv uStcbV}} BEV Ey1VE ucrTEpa uno BtEiaouO"l'l stvrov: aO"Ul'tlKcOV it cusptKavlKcOv astcbv J.1Baa aTO aroJ.1a TOD DU'tlKoU nOAt't1aJ.lOD u'"JJ.iJ. an6 J.lta aMT( «Aveysvvqon» a1;tcOv nOD avTJKODV cs noJ..1T1crJ.10U~ TOD nupeJ..Sovro~ un6 tOU~ ozoiou; OEV usvoov crfJJ.lEpa napa to. UPXUloJ..oytKa TOUC; a1toAt8cOj.laTO..

1(JTOPlq}l6~ Kallclaq'K,q}l6~

o 1CA..acrtK1aT1Ko~ civSpro1toe; 1ttaTEuE on TO 01KO tOD awJ.. U1tUPS1]C; svrousvo Ka1 rconousvo j.l' aUTO nOD OV0J.1a~6 «apxa(o awl.}) (<<ApXaiot» ittav rooo 0 'OJ.lT(P~ 000 Ka1 o 860KP1TO~ TOO"O 0 AlaxDAOC; oco Kat 0 LEVaKa~, TO. BpyatOU 50U atrova Kat Ta prop-atKa tOU~ avtfypucpa: 0- AEC; ot Enoxee; TOU EUllvo-proj.latK06 nOAltlO"j.loU!), fJtav to 1l0VO Duva'r6 awJ.. uv9pcOn1vllC; un:apSl1e;. KaSe aMo crUaTl]lla aSlcOv it ittav «pappapo» fJ cruj.lPO/"l~c 11m U- 1tOWXTJJ.1EvT( an:0n:E1pa :n:poaaY'YtcrTJC; zpo; aUTO TO «KAaO"1KO arot..>) 1(OU 0 1tAUtroV1KOC; 17oc; atcbva~ TO EiXE eveyaYS1 cr' tva «uuovto TSAElO Ilporuao», c' tva Ka80AlK6 J.lBtpO Ka8E aVSpcOmvou. H AvarEvvl]O"l'I Ko.1 0 KA.aO"1Ktouo; :n:iUtEUaV on j.l:n:opooauv va «uvccrqooov TOU~ 1[E-

r ,~- C' . d' A 14 1=

Saj.ltvou~», 01troc; 6/I.CyE 0 maca ncona, va ..,ava-

14 «KUpUXKO:; 0 A"(KOlviT1l9) (1391-1452)" icrOl~ 0 1tp6)t(~ crUyxpov~ 1tSP\TfY11n1~ Kat u!JXuwA.6yo;. Tu~i(5s",s ernv I'rUA.U:r. 1((1.1 tllv EllUfu, 61tou 1tpuYIill'r01toillUS .pslI; 1tSploOsis~. Y mlPSe UlYtO:; '!tOO uvroups (m6 tTl Aile., ntv upxala ovoucota TOU ppa;(ou nt~ AlCp01t6A.e0l~ (O' .•. e.) .

48

MAlA KAI rrOAITlIMOI.

~~O'oov aUTft rnv «APXat0tTJ't"a» zoo mv EpAI>1taV J1e<; 0.- 1tO 1:0 op9CivOlXtO 1tapCieupo tTJ<; O'1:ro'£Ki]c; Kat xucspovtKi}<; Svv01a<; trte; humanitas, aKptpooc; ytati 1tiO'1:cuav 6n ° «Apxaioc; 1tOAltlO'J16<;» ~taV TJ tcA..£t01:SPTJ 1tpoO'SYY10'11, 11 Ko.J,.;6tsPTJ «a1t0J1iJ111cryt» evo; uuovtou Kat uXPOVOO ov- 9pO:l1ttvoo «1tapo.o6iy)latOC;» nou Ku9E 1toAmO'J16e; -O.AAOe; O"UVE10TJtU Kat tEXVtKOtSpa, UAAOe; acruvEfollta, «oux ctOoo<;» Kat Atyon:po KaM- npoO'1ta9Ei vo to npaYJ1ato- 7t01110'E1 J1EO'U O"tTJv Ioroplu ... 'Et0'111 Icropia 7tapoumuO'tTJKc ouv )lta aKaOll)latKi}l:xoA~ KaAOOV TEXVcOV ozou at 7tOAlttO'llOl npocma90uv vo avttypu'!'OUV 00"0 IlnopOUV mororspo eva noputo aA.A.<l xowo IlOV1:EAO nou yto. nprotTJ <popa EY1.VE opat6 O'tTJv SAATJvo-prolla'£Ki] Apxat6- mrc.

'E'tO'tnlO'tE\jIav on 11 ouoio ron IIoAtnO")lou dvm aunlll otaou(aaia Ile 't'T}v ozoin 'to «e)lnElplK6 Erro», to WXaio, OeOOIlEvO, aKatEpyaO'tO rircuo yiVEta1 «police»: 11 Oto.OtKuO'ta J1c 'tTJV osoio 11 SJ1nStp1KU Kat toropuci npoa010plaJ1ev11 unap~TJ anoKa9aipEtat ano to. S)l7tElptKU O'tOtxsia zou rnv aMOtWVoUV Kat 't'TJV 7tapa)lOp<provouv Kat U,!,roVE'tat a'tTJ a<paipa tTJe; «KUeUp~e; aV9pcon1o.e;», O"tTJv «avElpromVTJ cpump>, 61tro<; {;')...eyav O"tO 180 cuovc; O'tO «Y7tSppatoAoytKO Eyw» tOU KPlt1KOU 10EaAtO')lOO, !lE J1to. A£~11: O'tTJ O'cpaipa J.ltae; YEV1~e; Kat cvoYKaiae; Ka901.1K6tTJtae; 1tOU npOW7tO tTJe; stvct TJ Ka901.1- K6tTJta tCOV MaEITJllatlKrov xm troy <J)ocrtKroV smcrtTJllooV.

'Etot, O'S 1110. E7tOX'1 6nou 11 avsPx61levrt aanKf) tU~TJ eixs'tTJ 0'1YOUptci (7tOU EXaO'S aKptpro<; cnlJ.lEpa) on TJ to£OAoyia tIl<; -TJ cruvsiOTJaT] zon Eixs anOKnlO"Et yta tOY Eaut6 tTJe;- sivct 11 mo tEASta, 11 mo KaElap~ Otaw1t(:0O'1l tov attTJ)lo.trov OAo.KEPTJt; tIl<; Av9pconotTJtUC;, 0 rUno<; av8pronou nOD O'XTJlla'tiO''t'TJKS nzo to KataO'taA.aYJ1a 'tTJ<; AvuyevvTJO'11<; xrn tTJv EnaVaatanKi] KpmKf) ron ~tu<pronaJ.lou 7tpO~1.~ElTJKE O'tTJv auhvta Kat aKataAUtTJ 8sCfJ1 E-

MAlA KAI IITOPIA

49

vo; 1tavavElpOO1ttVOU 7tpoaaVatOAtO'nKou aO'teptcrJ10U Kat !lEta)lOp<pooElTJKS as )lEtpO 6Arov tCOV u~tcOV, 01.11<; tTJ<; 1- atopUClle; e~E1.tSTJr;, O'S 8e)lEA1O tTJe; evotTJtae; Kat TIle; ouVEXetac; tT)t; llaY1COalltaC; Icrwpiae;.

Apyorepc, 0 190C; alcOVae; mlPS aUTft rnv tOEa 'tTJt; SvOt111:a<; tTJt; IIaYKoallta<; Ioropkn; Kat, o.<pot'> npooto. crXEt1KonoiTJO'e Kat e~a<p<ivlas ano rnv tMa ron avElpwn01) Ko.ElS «nuovto, yl::\'tKO Ka1 avaYKaio» xapaKtTJptanK6, npocrnu9rtO's va t11 Ele)lSAlOOO'el 7tUVCO O'S Ilta YEa av- 8pcono)lopqnKi} tMa: rnv tOEa tTJ<; «auveXou<; 7tpoooeunKi]e; E~EAll;l1<;». Eire npOKe1tat Yla tTJv f:(S1.O)lapstattKi} oto.AeKnKi], 1'10. to. «rpia a1:nota)} roo Aug. Cornte il yta 't'TJ «~taipsO'TJ tTJC; epyaaia<;» 1:01) Durkheim, sire ti9Etal roc; KptnlP10 11 avunw~l1 nov napayroytKrov ouv<iJ1erov ron av8poo1t01), 11 «1tpOOOOC;» tTJC; cruveiOTJCfl1t; ~ 11 1tOP6ia tTJC; e~a'WJ.1iKEucrytt; tTJC; o~aoucitc; ~coil<;··· 11 rro.YKoa~.l.ta Ictopin <pUVTJKS )lEO'a ano tnv tOS01.oyia tOU 1901) alcOva ouv J111] O"OvExilc; AallnaOTJ<Popia a:n:o e1tOm oe e1tOX~, 6noo 11 AUJ11tuoa zou J.lSta<pspEto.t 0" Eva onVgxroc; aVWtEpO O'1:ao1O eivm 0 A6yoC; 7tOU 1tpay~a.tozotsinn onv EAe1)8spia, 0 uvElpronot; O'tTJv 1tpoO'1tUgetU tou va E~o.vElproniae1 toy Eau't6 t01) g~avElpro1til;ovtac; tTJ <!>UO'TJ, v« E~avElproniO'el til O'UVsiotWil ron ~ vo avuntU~Et tTJv atoJ.1tK6tTJta tOD j.lEcra un6 'to aU~1tAsyJ1u troy «KOlVCOV1KOOV KatavaYKacr)lOOv».

ME 'tOY rpoao auto, 0 190C; atrova<; ava1tW~e Ka1 0- AOKAilproaE Ilta un6 nc; 1t10 crXllJ.1atlKEc; Kat O'<paAEpEt; aAAn Kat )lla o.n6 nc; n10 atO't600~f:e; Kat KU'ta<pUttKEC; yta tOY av8pco1to tOEE<; tOD nOAma)lOu )l(1(;: 'tTJV toea 'tTJC; Jcrcpim; ocv npoooEunKi]c; E~E1.~TJC;, ccv J1tat; ~a9J1taia<; 7tpo.YJ1atonoi11Cf11~ tIl<; avOpoomVTJC; autovo)liat; IlEO'u O"'t11v xotvrovia - J11a «losa-OuvaJ111», 61tro~ f.Asyav rots, 1t01) OiVSl O'tOV uv9pro7tO )lta evePYTJ'ttKi] EltaT] o.VU)lEcra. oro IIapeAElov Kat to MtAAov 1'tati oev 1teP1Op~6't1ll vc

50

MAZA KAI rrOATTn:MOL

«E91rfimm) 'to Ilopov J.lS to IJapEA66v aUa KUpioo~ 6e- 1.£1 vc KaVst rov uv8poon:0 vu J.lEtUJ.l0pc:pcOO'st to Ilcpov c:prorisovta~ to cruvStOllta J.lE to MtAAov.

LTJJ.lspa ~epOUJ.lE Ott OAa auta tn ac:psATJ Uxr1J.lata tau IUtOptKtUJ.l0U tOU 19au uuovc, tOUO UTl1 «OtaAsKtlKip> 000 Kat U'tllv «autlKo-c:ptA.sAsU8sPll» J.lOpc:pTJ toU~, OEY exouv KaJ.lla axtUll J.lE tTjv tatoptKTJ aKpi~€tu: Tj u11- J.laO'ia tOU OtUAsKtlKoU KUl tOU n:poo8€utl1cOU toroptUJ.loU sivat Ka6apa lOEOAO)'tKTJ. 'On:ro~ Ol1AaOTJ 0 ~tac:pootlUJ.lO~ etat Kat 0 IJpoooEUnUJ.lO~ Sev n:aptUtaVS1 n:apa. J.lla 0'l'11 Tl1~ n:OAUn:AEUpT)~ n:a.AT)~ Tl1~ cptAsAsU8EPT)~ aonKTJ~ ta.~l1~ Kat tau spycmKOU K1VTJJ.lU'tO~ KUta. tOU O'Uvrnprrno] . .lOU tT)<; AvtiOpaUllC;. Kata. rn a.Ua, roco 0 «1tPOOOEUtlKOC; E~SAtKttOJ.lO~}) 000 Kat 11 ava.AO'}'Tj 6sropin tou «KOlVroVtKOU O'UJ.l~oAaiou}) 1tap' OAll rnv a1tot€AsO'J.lanKOtTjTa. rou; J.leO'a crnv 1tOA1TtKTJ n:UAT) (autiJ mv «anotSAsOJ.laTtKDTItta» zou 01 <111J.lSptVO{ \jISUOOJ.lup~\(J'te~ etAOUV vo rnv napouO'luO'OUv oov «KPltTJPlO tll~ aATJ8sta<;») OSV 1tSpW.xoov KaJ.lia SOOOtSPlKTJ -S1tlOtT)J.lOVlKTJ, c:ptAoUoc:ptKTJ TJ 1tOlTjtlKTJ- a~ia 1KaviJ vc ~E- 1tSPUOSl t~ rocpsAtJ.llattKe~ UVUYKS~ zou t~ tc:pEpav oro cpoo<;.

1\Uro0'tS, 1tOAU YPTJyopa, 0 Ioropiouo; tOU 190u atffiva ~sOKenaO'E tl<; sorotSPlKS~ tOO aouvaJ.lis~ Kat cvnc:pUO'S1C;. 'HOT) ano to 1857 tvae; wnlKo~ 'tOU eKnpoO'ronoc;, 0 Marx, sypac:ps ornv «Eluayrorfi ornv Kpmxf t11e; rrOAttUcfJ~ Oucovoutoz;» npoO"1ta66Jvta<; vc O'UJ.l<ptAlcOO'El tu OxettKOKpattKa rou atTfJJ.lata J.lS tOY KAamK10'tlKO 30'}'J.latlO'J.lo J.lE tOY ozoio siX€ cvcrpcost: «H oUO'KoAia oS\! ouvlorurut O'tO vo KataAa.~ooJ.ls Ott T) EMT)V1KTJ TsXV11 Kat 11 OJ.l11plKTJ snozouc cruv8€OVtat orsvri J.lE Optousvs; J.lOpc:pe~ tT)~ KOtVroVlKij~ E~EA.~l1~. H OUO'KoAla O'UviO'tatal O'tO vo eSll'YiJaOUI!S n:WC; J.l1tOpOUV aKOl!a va J.lac; lKaV01tOlOUV at0'911ttKU Kat 1tro~ J.l1tOpOlJJ.lS aKOJ.la va

MAZA KAI Il:TOPIA

51

ru; 8Erop06J.lE (mo 1t01JiC; a1t6\j1stC; ocv xcvove; xm ccv ac:peaO'TU n:potU1ta». To 1tpOpAT)J.la auto tOU Marx,1tap:

OAll tT) <ptA1utaiKiJ tau 01<lW1tOO<1Tl -Kat iaroc; aKp1pro~ y1 auril!- J.la~ oivEn to usrpo TIJC; 10'tOPtKfJ~ O'UV€iollO'11C; tOU 190u ouovc; A1to tl1 1110. J.lSptU, J.la~ oivsl rnv StKOVU 1l1aC; o.tvaT)~ s~tAl~;rlC; 61tou J.lSO'o. tTJC; Kavtvac; «ctovio;» av6pro1t0C; OEY J.l1tOPSl vo tEEls! onv tva O'ta6spo crUO'tl'luc avac:popuc;, 01too Kal!tit a~ia OEY J.l1tOpei vc ovnetced O'tOV Xpovo, onou Kavs~ uvepro1tO~, esoc; TJ TJproac; OEY Jl1tOpEi vu SE1tSPUO'Sl rnv 10'tOP1Kij onYJlit Kal 'tOY nOA1tlO'ttKO OPtS0vta Jl6~ tOY 01l0tO U1tUPXEl. TaU"toxpovc OIlCOC;, 0 190C; atrovac; ~oUus Jls Illa axoptaYll ava~ Ioropiez; Kat 01 Bl~AlOeTJKSe;, to. Moucsie, to, MVTlJlSta OtaOT)Arovav TIl eSAllO'it tOO va KparilO'St os l.no. ooo yivsrat 1t1O srovtaviJ napouO'la. rnv atO'a"nK11 a~ia KUt, ysvucorspc, 'to UV9pc01t1VO n:€Pl£X0J.lEYO troy to"tOPlK~V J.lOpq>wv ano t~ O1toisC; 11 «ESSA1~11» Eixs ssaq>uvlO'El xoeE O'UYKEKPtJlSvO 6Pll<JKEUtlKO, nOAltlKO, \jIUXOAO)'lKO K.'t.A.1tSPlEX°I!EVO.

To 1tpo~A11lla 1tOU SetSl 0 Marx OSV stvm uovo to nooc; KatOpeOOO"av ot 'EAATjVSC; vc ~S1tSpuO'ouv tU opin t11~ O'XStlKOtl1'tW;; Kat tT!<; 10'tOP1KOtTjta<; Kat ve 011J.ltOUPYitoouv «cuovte;» u~isC;, «xcvovs; Kat u<peaO'ta n:POW1tu» (T) c:ppaaSOAoyia tau Marx aVllKEl orov 180 aloov~ TJ - utT! xStpOtSPll1tspi1ttwO'11- O'tO O'tUA. Jlta<; 01tOlauOT)1tOtS «:EXOAitC; ron Movcroo») a')JjJ, KUt to 1tWC; sJ.lei~ non s-

~ ,15 '

XOuJ.lf: ~e1tSpciO'Sl to JlUSO",oytKO Kat, YEVIKOtf:pa, to

15 To n:cb~ KatuM[3ttlvS 0 Marx aUTO to «~SJttpuo~» lOU !lU90AoylKoU 1rePl£X.O~OU trt~ Apxuin~ TeXYl1~ <j>uive:t;at un:o tvu ~J)OI; ,mo Wl0 ~l~A.io 6rrou UVUPOlltttUl «n SiVUl 0 Ep!lll~ f.11tPo;;; OTIlv TPU1tE~u tllr; AyyA,in~, n stvct 0 'Homoro; f.11tPo;;; ~ !lOVT~PV(l f.1Sm~Aoupyi(t» K.O.K. AU'ro KUl !lOVO apKEi yta vn O~G;EltO 1t000 ,~tvcx; T]~ rev 0 Marx Oxl uovo 1tPo; 'to VOT]f.1u 't11~ ApxUUl~ Mu9oAoyla~ u)..).iJ. KUl KneE 9pTJOKEUnK6njTas···

--

S2

MAZA KAI rrOAITlrMOr

xotvmvuco 1tSpteXOJ.l6VO TIl~ EAAllvu('ft~ T~XVll<;, 8SAOUf..lE Kat J.l1top06jl£ vo E1tlKotvrov06J!S J.le 'tt<; f..lOpq>S~ TIl<;. Tta vo €Sl1y~crs1 aun; rnv sntpimO"ll TIl~ ElJ,:rlVI~<; TSXVll<; J.l~cra ern cruvsiOll~ J.la<;, 0 Marx Kavsl ).ua vn60sO"ll zou cSEV J.lnop€i napa va J.la<; KatanA~Sf:t us rnv aq>6Aeui TIl<; (av 6Xt J.lS t1non: uUo): «0 6>PIJ.lO~ unpa<; OEV J.lnopsi va savayivst nailil. AUu 6J.lro~ cSEV XaiPStat J.l€ rrrv acpsAsta tOU nuilitou; Kat OEV npS1tet (sic) vo 8SAcl va sava~~crsl cr' Eva uvrotepo Enineoo 'tllv uA~eela t11~ na1- 01K6tl1ta~; Mllnro~ Ssv SuvappicrKoUJ.lS J.lscra ornv natOt~ CPUO"ll tOY apX1KO xapaKnlpa Ku9s snoxil<; cr'tll qrocrt~ ron aA1lgeuI; Kat 't6're yunt va J.lll q>av'tacrrouJ.ls 6- n ll1tatcSt~ llA1Kia 'tll<; KotVroVl~<; ~ro~<; 't11<; Av9pronoTIlta<; (!!) crnv KaAU'tsPll 't11~ crnYJ.llJ, ssacrKei smlvro J.lw;, onv J.lla crnYJ.llJ zou cSev J.lnopoUJls Sava~lJcrouJ.lS; utn atrovta yorrrsia; Y nupxouv nailitu KaKoava9psJlJ.lSva Kalnato1u JlE nprolJ.lll avuntUSl1. Ot asptccorspot 0.n6 roue apxuiou<; Aaou<; UVllKOUV o ' avtfJ TIlV Ka'tllyopia (! I). Oi 'EMllVS<; ~Tav natcSlu KUVOVIKU (! I). H YOTJ'teia non uoxst TJ TsXV11 rou; Enuvro Jla~ Ssv sPXStat as nvricpaaTJ J.lE rrtv uouva'tll aVCt1ttUSll 'tll~ KOtvroviu~ ue; rnv on:oia spMa't11as. Touvuvriov, to xupJla TIle; oq>StAetat oro &1 SSPOUJlE 6n Ssv np6KEITU11tta nOTs va suva~llooous KUtro ano ru; Ka9uatsPllJlEve<; KOIV(oVtKS~ onv- 9i)KS<; noo snETpSl.j1UV (!;) TIlv sJl<puvtaTJ 'tll<; EMl1vl~~ TSXVTJ9>·

~ll!lSpU, Ssv J.lnopoUJls nupa va XaJ.loysAuaouJ.lS (lJ Kat vn ayavaKnlaoow> av aKSq>TOUJlS 6tt TO arot'ftpto S'toe; 1948 eioE, aVUJ.lsaa cr' UMa, Kat to «W:yaAO uupslatil» K.B. Lefebvre va 9sJlsAtrovsl Jlta OAUKSPTJ «E1- aaymylJ crnv AtcrB"nKil» snavro ott; «pa9ucrTOXO,(ne<;)} au'ts~ cppuasle;) JlS TTJ pavauaoTTJ'W. autilc; 'tlle; «spuqvstac;» noo JlstaJlopq>rovSt 01..11 rnv TIaYKOaJlta Ioropto npIV ano 'tll BtoJlTJXav1Kf) Enavaaraall (JlS rnv ozoiu

MAlA KAI I!:TOPIA

53

apxi~el11 «roplf.lOtYJta» TOU uv9pronoo!) 0" Ev~ t8PUO''tlO VT]ntayroyeio JlSC; TO onolo Ot 'E),J .. TJVSe; f.lne~ne8se; (n}. 0 AtO'x6AO~, 0 IIivoapoc;, 0 Hpailittoc; ... ) nrcv 01, JlOVOl nou Kut6p9roaav vc anuUayoUv ano t1<; na1OtK8e; 8«;O'tpo<p~e; Kat ta natOtKa tpaUJ.lata troy, KaKoa.va~pEJ.lJ.lSvov Aocupirov xm trov nprotJla aopaprov AtYU~trov ...

Kat 6Jlro<;, OA£e; au'tse; ot un0960'E1<; ,Yta to xapJla ~C; «natOtKi)e; TJA1Kiae; TIle; K01vrovl~e; ~rolle; TIl~ Av9pronotYJta~» KUSpS<Pt~o'\)v apKE'tu ntaTU rnv StKOVa ~s~ rqv onoio. 0 YSJlutoe; aUTonE1toi911~ Kat sJ.l1tlO'tOO'UVll oro MElAov uv9pronoe; TOU 190u atffiva npoana9oUO's v~ OSl TOV scuro 'tOU ouv to Kopuq>roJla tYJt; «npooosuTlKllC; s~eAl91<;» TIle; TIaYK60'Jltae; Icropinc.

L'T'OV aVTitrot5a T'IIr; Avarivv'1l111r;

Av'ti9s'ta, 0 Kaq>KtKOe; TtProa<; tOU 200u atffiva, ExOVtae; xam::t TTJv tautotYJ'tu TOU, EvoxOe; rooo Yla tll~ npu~~ TOU ooo Kat Yla TIlV anpa~ia tOU, rpouocpcrqusvo; ceto rnv iOta tau rnv npaYJ.lattKOtT]Ta ... O't~Eq>etalnpOe;, 'to TIapsA90v 6Xt yta vo 9aUJluO'Et 't1<; «npoooo~<;)} rrou sXS1 npaYJ.latonotlJast, oues Kat Y1U va .~pS1 :0 X~PJla J.lta<; 0: notacrolJnDtS «natOtrit<;» TOU npotaTopta<; 11 tl) JlU~tKll natpwa zon ot KAaalKlaTSe; Kat ot poucvtucot PP11Kav orrrv Euaoa Kat orov Ka90A1KlUJ.l6 t~ Msa~i(()va, aua yta'tt EJla9s vn 9sropei 't1<; t~TOptKee; uopoe; O'~v &lKSe; tOU SJl1tstpie<;, onv to UAtKO f.ltae; ,«1tPOPA11ttK11e; tSXV1~<;» nov, SPJlllVeUOVTue; to, ~vaKaAuntSt T?V snu'to tOO Kat OiVEt tva vOrtJla ornv tota rou tyJ Ssall ue; tOY xoouo.

H «npopAllnrit tEXVtKlJ» ouv «otayvroall tYJe; ouvo-

"trite; npoarontKotYJtae;» napoucrta~~TUt, O'tYJ ?~YXPO":l1 'l'uXoeEpanEun~ cov JltU AetToopytU jl£aa a 6VU, O'U(JtYJJla «uJ.luvae;», At'>~e; Kat KuSap()1lt; troy O'UYKpouaE-

54

MAZA KAI IIOAITlIMOl.

ov. M€ rnv mota au'tlt 90. ~1topoUcra~€ va 1t06~€ on T] auroouiyvm<:n1 ~U(;, an6 TIl «rEvvT]crll TIl~ Tpaymoia~» lleXpt 'to Waste Land 16 Kat ru t€A€utaia epya tOU Picasso, yiv€tat Il€ eva cr6crTlllla a1to «1tpO~OAe~» ~ecra cr' oAT] t:llV eKtacrll TIl~ rraYK6cr~ta~ Ioroptcc.

H «I'svvnor] tll~ Tpayrooia~» tlmv Ill-a npro'tT] tetom «npo~oAtl-avaKaAU'l'll» zou e~a~€ a€ Klvouvo to. 9€~eAta tmv «ouunvtorncdrv» a~trov Kat TIl~ «'I'€U'ttKT]~ uy€ia~» tDU 190D cuovc, rrpopaMovt:a~ ornv Apxaia EUaoa npo~Atl~at:a 1tOU otatcr9avot:av on EnpOK€ltO vo J..Leca.J..Lopq>ro90uv cs 1tpO~AtlJ..La.Ta. ~mtlC;; Ka.t 9a.vllroU yta. TOV 1tOAUtcrJ..L0 <HOV onoto a.vi)KS, 0 Nietzsche 88m~€ TT] ouva't6T1lTa. J..Lta.c;; veae;;, ouma.crnKi]c;, u'1!£'69uVT]C;, «U1(Oat:acrtaKtl~» 00. Il1tOpOUaall€ vu 1tOUlle, axeCITl~ tOU nvOpwnou J.lS 'tT]V Ioropto, zou ours vc tllV un0'Vtacrtd OEV Il1tOPOUO"I:; 0 tcroptouo; TIl~ E1t0xtl~ rou, A'Ma uv to 1872 to. npa.YJlam OSV ip:av aKOjla roptjlU Kat II «TsvVllcrlJ tT]t; Tpayoooiuc;» t€AetroVE 11' eva «ap9po 1tiat€oo~» oro ~aYKVEptcr~o -{}lJAaoij a' tva ersatz OPlJaKEiac; yta acr'tou~ nOD 0 Nietzsche evteAffit; aotKatoAOyllta geAllcrE va to taUticrEl JlE l'lJV aLcrxUAela Tpayrooia- to 1906, 0- rev 0 Picasso «avaKaAu'Ve}} to. VeyPtKa ~oava, OEY Ezpoxsrro 1tta yta um atcr9T]ttKij avaKUAU'I'T] aMa. yta lua anoq>aatcrnKij toropucn crnYlltl, yta ~ta aUll AvayevvT]aT] nou pptaKOtaV croix; avtinooee; TIle; Avay~<Jlle; rou MtxaijA-AyyeAou Kat tOU Winckelmann'", Kat au'tlt T] Avn-avaYEvvllCITl zou ~Enepacre 1tOAU ypijyopa

16 Ilpoq>avro.:; 11 «'EP11ILl] XWfXl» rou 'EA1OT (cr. Toe).

170 Tt6xav Ftoaxiu Biwa:Apav (1717-1768), apxUlo!..6yo.; Kat unoPtKQ,; 'tlJ.:; TsXVll':;, \}mlP~e SKC:1Voc; zou 6eJ.lCAlCOOe mv KAaOtKtotllC11 ma6l]nKf] Kat tllV uovrspvc uvu<popti aTOV apXuio SMl]VOpWILalKo KOOJ.lO. Asv elXS emcrlCSq>6si nOTs tT]v EMMa Kat yvroptcrc: rqv eM11- VlKf] ymnTtlCll Kat aPXlTeKtOvtKf] J.LEaa uno ru PWIlU1KU uvnypucpa. (o.t, s.)

MAZA KAI I!.TOPIA

55

tn opta t11~ «1tProtOy0Vll9} teXV115 Kat ~nMhell~E c' OA.E'; tte; IlOP<Pt.; nOD KpU~OUV. ccvepcovoov II 1taAeuouv vn u~ zspvucnoouv ~ta ~appapll, a~uv8proID1, K~'tacr'tpocptK11 axeal1 tau av8proxau ).le 'tOY avOproxo, ,BCJ11).la~e 'to YEyov6.; on OXt 1tta. 11 Ka.tUq>aolJ ron av9poo1t0~ ~eaa O''tT\v O~opq>ta aUa II apvlJcrl1 ron 1tpayllat~KOu ~aa crt~ tpaYl.K6 SytVE II lCUpiapXll KaTllyopta !l£act ornv 'l'uXll 'tT\~ auyxpoVll<; tcrtOpt1('ft~ neptOOoo.

H I/01ICtj TCOV xopkov

o, ~i€.; ~w; o11~lOupyi)811Kav Kat e~q>p~~ouv Ilta :-1tepacrllEv11 1tta.- E1tOrn Onou 0 OUttKO'; aVep~1to<; nrcv «usou oro pEu).la trte; Ioropte;» Kat aotaq>~pO~O'E yta t~ nooe; eivat ouva'to va uq>tcrtUVtat TIlV , Ieroptc OADt ,auto~ 01 av8poo1tDt yta roue O1CoioD<; II 61K11 Ila~ t?'toPtKlJ ~~lJ i}taV 0 otK6~ roi»; 0 Oava.tOe;. H «~taAsKttK11 'tau lCUplOU Kat tau 006/..01») 0'tl1 ««PmVOIlBVoAoy{a. tau Ilvsnunro;» -).lta a1to tt<; u'l'llAo'tepe<; ot\y~e<; ~~ ~UttKft<; ;t'v.ocroq>iae;- O/..OKAllProvEtat Ile t11 crttYlllJ 01tOU 0 bOUAO~ ~a.va~piaKet ~eo'U cmv Epyaaia to v~IlU !,al mv 1tpayjlanKOTT]'tU 'tT\.; av8promVlle; curovojncq; Of",lJ II atalOo0- ~ia tOU Marx J3yaivet ax' autij mv a.1tOA.uTIl1ticrtl1 ornv aKa'ta~aXl1tll AoytKij (<<AtaABKtucrp» ayaYKatOTllta zou KUVEt to oou,,-o vc 1tEpacret an6 tOY «q>o~o Kat TIlV ~yoo~ via» afll crtlveilillaT] TIle; EAEu8Epia~ Kat TIl cru).lq>v.1(()~ tOU Ile TIlV U1tap91 - uutij 'tT\ crDvsio11crT] ~<; EAEuge~la.; 1tOU 0 Marx 'tlJv OVOIlUO's «ta~t1ci} aUVE1?T](HP~. Mson oro sYEAEtavo cr6aTlllla, roco to 'tpayt~o 1tV~Ulla trov vscvucov epyrov tOD Hegel 6ao Ka.1 Ot bU~ 1tpm~e~ an~Ile.; TIlt; «AtaAeKnKi)~ tOU OOOAoo Kat ;OU lCUP1OO», IlE- vouv onv a1tO~ovro~EvB~ Kat aVOAoK~11Pootee;, svoE15Ete; ).lta<; npay).lctttKoTll'ta<; nOD 11 «pv.ocroqna fll~ ~Ucrll~ sxcVE 6,tl Il1tOpooae Y1a va TIlV ayvoi}aet' Kat 0 <((p6~~ Kat

56

MAZA KAI nOA]TI:EMOI

11 EluVa?lJ.lll uyrovia» TIJe; mcJ,.,af3roJ.UN11e; cruvEW11O'l1e; oe\' nUp}(HUVOOV nupa fN_u opaJ.lu'tuc6 np6AO"{o O'TIJ pa9- J.lluta Kat 1CPOOOEUTtKTJ (mpuYJ.lu'to1toillOTJ TOU ITveUJ.lUro; O'~v EAeu9EP~<; ~E.O'u crnv Iotopio». 011tPOKOAOJ,IPIU~Ol n?Al'ttO')lO\ AtEt 0 Hegel, «ezpoxsuo vc U<pUVIO'TooV J.l0Al<; TOU<; uyy~e TO TIW:V)lU»! AcrcpUMOe; 0111:01.1- nO'J.lo! uoroi )l~ n<; TPO)l,UKTtKS<; rou; uv9pco1l:09uO'ier; ~_ TU~ xiA18r; oops; nt,o a1Cav9pronol nno TO KaElEO't<or; zou snsf3uAuv 01 conquistadores. .AJJ..6. 11 Icmavu(1) Conquista, -J.ltU uno, nr; 1C1O aYPl£r;, Ttt; mo E~OVTroTlKS<; 1CEtpanKer; ,entXEIP11CJSl<; TTJr; TIa~K60')ltar; Icropinc- Ssv sXet Ka,llta ?XSO'T] ~ to «TIveUJ.la»: Kat UlHO apKEi YUl vo O~tse1 OAll TTJv llcruXil cruVelOllO'T] zou O'Ks1Cu~e 0 Hegel KaTW ano TO ctiTIJJ.la TOU: «o.n stvot npuYJ.lUTtK6 stvm AoytK6, o.n sfvm A0"{1K6 eivat npaY)lattK6»,

A~~ ll1Cl)ptUPXUcTl ~EO'T] 'too Euprozntou J,IScra cmv IaT~pta eKUVE vc atpocp_?1O'ouv J.lsCJa TOO 6Asr; or \j1UX1KE<; ouvuJ.letr; zou eu TOO ene'tpEnuv va 'p9El as !-ttU auElevtt~ ~ E'ltlKotvwviu J.lE tOY av9pwno zou f3ptcrK6tav Katw a~ n6 r rnv ssouaia 'to~, H «HEltKi} rorv xupkov», nOA\) zpoto,u TIlV aVUKaAU'l'Et TO VIXtAtanK6 PM!-t)lU tOU N ietzsche, ~TUV 11 cpumKf) K(UUaTUOTJ TOO OUtlKoV avElp<onou KUt 6Ast; TOU 01 a~ier;: 11 atawcSol;ia tOU, 0 «cv- 9pro1t1?)l~9) rou, 0 «~p~ocSeUtlO'J.l6r;» tOO, TJ anosevroJ,IS~ Vl'I uno KaElE tpaytKO J.luElor; «AtO'ElTJnKil» tOU, npounsElEtaV autf] TTJv «HEltKf) troy xupterv» Kat KUTOxuprovav ~v TJCJUXia TI]t; cruvEiOTJ(J~r; tOU unSvavn CJS Ka9E tpaytKO npof3ATJJ.lanO')lO CJXETtKU J.lE to vOTJJ.la 1) TU U1COTEMCJJ,IuTa TTJt; to'TOPtKi}<; ton oPUO'T]<;,

~~J.lspa; ~ UV9pW1C0r; ~ut6~ J3pt9TJKE sacpVtKU xaJ.lE.~ vo; J.lEO'a 0' svo KOOJ.lO uno npuYJ.lata KUt YEyoVOta zou 'tOY, SEnepvuv Kat TOV J.lEtu'tpsnouv os 6pyuvo J.ltar; AoytKTJr; Kat ev6<; M11XUVtO'J.loV noo 60'0 Aly6tSpo uzopst vc tOY ayvoEi roco nEptcr0'6tEPo upvsirm va uvayvropiCJst

MAZA KAI I:ETOPIA

57

J,ISO'u tOU tOY scuro tOU KUl t60'0 neptcraotspo tOU cpaivsrcr anuv9pconor; Kat J.l0tpaio<;, Ano tOur; nO/..£)10Ur; Kat ta (Hpu't6neoa CJUYKEVtpCOO1lr; -roo; j.leyUA.OUr; Oai)10VEr; tOU 200v at<ovu- )lE.XPt 'tU «evomcm tOD ElavutOu» 'tOU Freud KUt TIlV «E~o)1oA6r11crrp> TOD MnouxuptV, ot oaiuove; ron Goya KU1 tOU ~TUf3p6yKtV -ot nuvapxato1 ~Uij.lOVEr; TIJr; 'Yf3PTle; Kat TIJr; AOtKiar; Yla rou; onoiouc dXav ,.UA1)O'SI YSj.lUtOt cppiK1lKUt Mor; &01 Olnpocp1)'tEr; uno TOV HO'aiu j!Bxpt toy AIO'yfJA.O xcr zoo 0 190~ ulffivae; 1CiO'tE'l'E ott tOUr; BiXe optO''ttKU KUt tEA.eUD'ttKU e~ucpaviO'Bt- !3r1)KUV Sava. ano ru unOyEtU toix; «'ExaxVv~ 6'll Y60Q f) xaQOLu "WU t..uoU roerou, xat tot~ wo(v autwv ~agEro~ nxouoav xal tou~ ocpeat..~ou~ autrov Ex6.I-l-I-l-VOav !-ltlrtO'tE woom 'tOt~ ocp6at..!-lot~ xat tot~ WOlV CtXOUOolOl xal tfl xagbCQ. ovvwm, xal t:rnOtQE'tj!{J)OL, xal 16.ool-l-m aUtou~, Kat Eirta' Eo)~ nOtE KUQLE; xat EIXEV' Ero~ «v EQ'll!-lmeWm not..H; naQa to I-l-lJ XaTotXEt~ oem xa( OLXOL xaga to I-l-lJ Elvm CtVeQw::rtov;, xal f) yfj xa"tat..ELcp6tlOEtUL fQ'll!-lo; ... » 18. «""OQaOL; xata Ba~'I.It..0vo;», «QtlJ.t.a xata. ~allaoxou», «gtll-l-a xata. tfj~ Mcoa13tttbo;», «ibou 1\ooouQ XV::rt6ogLOOO~ EV to Atf360vcp xal xat..o; tat; ::rtugctCp'I.Iam xa), inv'llt..o; to I-l-E)'E6EL, Elo; !-lEOOV VECPEt..0v tYEVEtO l] o.gXl) atnov, 15broQ E~E6QE'tj!EV autov, f) «13'1.1000; U'tj!OlO'EV aUtov, tOll; XOtal-l0U; UV~ ttl; ~yaYE xuxt..cp to" CP'l.ltWV ailtov .. , x'I.In6ogLoooL tt)~":';' 'Cd·t oVx tYEVVl)e'llOav tv to xaQabEta41 'tou 8£~ ou .. , nav ~AO" EV to ::rtaQabEt041 tOU €>Eou OUX IDI-lotro~ 6'll aimv tv to X6.t..t..Et autov .. , xat E1;rot..66QEuoav ail~ tOY CtAAOtgLOL t..ot~ot altO t6vwv xat XatEf3at..o" aUTO" EXt tOO" OOEo)V, E" ::rtaom; tat; cpaQay~tv EltEOa" ol xt..6obot av'tOv, xaC O'l.l"EtQQ3'll to. OtEt..EX'll ailtou tv ::rta~ vn rtEOCcp ttl; ytl;, xat xaTEf3'llOaV o.rtO ttl; OXE::rt'llS au-

18 HaciU:ts, LT, 10-12 .

58

MAZA KAI rrOAITIEMm:

'troy naVtES' ol Aaol troy t6yroY xal ~&acpLaaV avrov ... »19

Tetota fl1:av 11 yMlcraa zoo )lfAllaav uuroi ot av- 9PW1t0l Kat nuroi Ot Aaoi 1tOU f3pESllKav )lsaa 0'8 a..rovEt; cvrpcooermv KataatpQ(prov Kat oev nayO)aav a1t6 rov Tpouo, aIJ..ii 'to <1>0130 ue; 'tOY ozoto cruvetOllt01tolYJaav rov eonro 'tOUt; rov XPYJO"l)lonoiTJcrav rtU vn Kpa~oouv aV01Xnl Kt aypu1tV11 t11 MV~)lTJ ronq Kat rov )ls'ta)lopqxoonv as opaan)pta llBpt)lVa Kat SyvOla yta tOY a.vSprono 1tOU 'tOY a1tEtAsl 0 SK)lTJoevta)l6r; Kat 01 Aal)lOVEt; t11t; ADVa)lTJt;· Kat tors, curot Ot ytyavnOl av9po:mOl1tOU )lnopeO'av vc Ka'tOt~aouv nMU O'tOU; AaillOVSr; xmpi<; vo anaaouv, curoi 01 1tpoq>~re~. 0 AtO'xUAOr;: «Avaaa xaL !tatmo£, tx VllX'trov cp6f3oS'» 0, 0 HpaKA£ttor;: auro; zou SlOE t11 sro~ onv eva Ocvuropopo 'to~o, Katop8roO'av va )ltA.~OOUV ym svev «KiiIJ..10'ro KOa)l0»21, Yla TOUe; uv- 9pro1tout; 1tOU «ollyx6".,oll<JL taS' J.laxaCguS' Ulhwv dS' 5.go'tga xa\ taS' ~tpuvac; autrov EtS' og£nava, xal. au AijljJEtctL E6vo£, t:re' £avoS' J.l6.:x;mgav, xa\ au 11ft !ta6oomv EtL :rtOf..EI-lELV»22, Y1a va aw9S{ 11 i;ro~ Kat 0 Koa)lO; ano rnv KaTaatpo<p~ nou <pepvouv )lEaa roix,

A,; eUov KQI 'Popov

To YEyovor; on curet zou ayyeIJ..ouv orov crUyxpovo KOouo rnv Ka'taO'tpo<p~ zon rov am::tAsi, Ssv stvoi npo<p~'tee;, nOtYJ'tE; Kat <ptA.oO'o<pOt aAMi OTJf.lOO'lOypacp01 Kat oTJ)laywyoi, upxsl ym vo OSL;et to zoco 0 <1>of3or; Kat 11. MV~)l11 -ot uovs; ouvii)let.<; zoo uzopoov va ~u1tV~aOUV 'tOY uv9pO)no Kat Tll MaSa ano TIl VUpKTJ rooc, 01 llOVEr;

19 IsSSIQijA. AA, 3-13. 20

AtaX· X01J'P. 288. 21

HpaKl. Frg. 51.

22 BO'aia.,; B,4.

MAZA KAI IETOPIA

59

ouva)let<; zou IlnOPODV vo 1tOA.s)l~O'ouv 'tour; oat)love<; Kat va xpcrncouv uypU1tV11 TTl cmvew11.0'11 TOD av9pro1tou mlvro era n(l~)laru ron- A.si1l:ouv a1to mv 'lfUxTl 'tOU O'11)lEPlVoU aV9pronou. 0 ~E6'tEPO<; IIaylCoO')lto<; TIo~)lor; KOV'teUSt vc ~exaO''tei Mro<; ~exaO'TTlK£ Kat 0 Ilproroc, onro<; KOV't£DOUV vo ~exaO'rODV rn O'rparMe8a O'U~ YKevrprocrl'le;, 6nroe; cutoi 01 i8totnoo £nsSlloav an' au'ta tc O''tpuronEaa, MOU etxuv opxtorsi vu flS1VOUV mcroi orov uv9pcono zou <IVUKaAU\jlUV llEO'a TOUr; KciTo) uno 'tOY E~eU'teA10'!!O Kat ~ lnA.a oro 8avu'tO, PrflKaV ano ra O"tpaTOneOU ytU va ~8xaO'oov Da'tBpa uno Aiyo TIl «VEa (). me~KTJ» zou 'tOU~ evroVE JlS TTJ ~roit Kilt vu !!etallOPq>roSODV 0'£ XCOVW nponayavoae; - lllar; np01tuycivaur; nou, avciAOYu us 't1l. O'11Jluia tllr;, BeAst vc J..l.U<; netaS1 on npE1tSt vc ~EXO)pii;ou)ls ta O''tparonsoa e~ovrroO"llt; ano tu «e9vtKci» it tn «O'OO'taAlO"tlKU» AV{l)lop<pro'CTtpm ...

Mstri rov Ilproro IIaYKoO'lllO IIoA.s)lo, orov 01 Eupronalot <IVUKaAu'Vuv on 11 alO'toao91 Kat «uvro'Cep~» StKOVa 'tOO av9pronou zou £ixs O'Xll)lCtrlO'Et 0 190<; cuovee, ~taV 0Xl )lOVO )lm \jIEUtlKll O'Dj..lpaO"ll UMU Kat uio £1tlKlvauvl1 au'tllnuTTJ, 0 Freud EOBt~E on «to yeyovo<; on a1O'9avollaO't£ O'tl)lspa roco ~evOt zpo; nuro rov KO- 0')l0, nou zprv )la<; <palVOtUV t60'0 ouopeo; Kilt TOO'O 01- KEioe;, O<p£fAe'tat Kat crnv uvaoru'twO'l1._nOU 0 IIoA£)lor; uut6t; twepE O'Iq mUon IJUt; -ITOll 1tplV 'QI!lV toco O'lYou-

I 9 r 9 r 23 Avu

PTJ Km- 'to(JO..(i'ta ep11.- u1t!Nuvn O'rov ava'tO». -

AUovTa; t11 O'raO'11. ton Eopcozciou antvavI1 oro 9uvuro o Freud sos~s OA.O 'to O'U)lparl1co XapUKnlpa, tllv nnntllA.~ O'lyOUpIU ym ne; 11.91KE~ 'tUO'Et<; 'tOU av9pro1tou, TIlV anoKpu'I'YJ tllr; npaYllanKot11'ta~ rov apYll.'ttKrov ouvausorv )lS~ rov av9pro1t0, TTlV 1tpo0'1tI1geta vc uyvoTJgei 0 9avaro~, va 9EWpTJ9si cov Kun 'to OAO'tEAa rexuto xm

23 Freud, Essais de Psychanalyse, 0'. 236.

60

MAZA KAI IJOAITIT:MOl:

uO'TII.lUVto ... non KPUPOVtUv K(l:tro uxo tTJV 'l'aUttKr] (ItO'toOo~ia. KUt ~ «OUJ..lUVlO'ttKEC;)} u~ie~ 'IOU nOAtt1O'J..lO'l) J..lac;. Auti) .., O'tPOUSOKUJ.l1lAtK'it O'ItiO'1l anevuvn orov Stivaro (Kat «8tivutO~}) slVUt to aUJ..lpoAo TO)v opvnnKWV KUl Kataa'IpoqnKwv evcrtxrmv tou av8pronou) SKUVB evu 017tAO Ka1(O orcv 0 rr6ABJ..l0~ 80St~e tTJV napouO'ia 'IOU OavuTOU J.lSOIl atT]v Ka&t]J.lEplVll ~(Oi] eKUTOIlJ..lUpicov o.v8pdmrov: an6 tTJ j.na IlBpui, 01..0 to no.puo€OO~O aUO'tTJJ.la tooppoxinq fJ «c:r6O'tTJJ..la tiflUVW;» anoosiXT"lK€ avicrXUpo «Kat uv nuO'XOUjlS rwpa ano J..lta cStatupa91 Kat J..lla e~UO'eevlO'YJ T"l<; \JftlXtK'it<; J.lU~ ~rofJ<;, uUT6 o<pSlAs'tat, OUatclO'T1Ka, oro on OIN IlnOPOUIlS n1a vo OtaTYJpi]O'OUJl€ tTJv nUAui J..lU~ a'IaO'YJ unSvUVtl orov 6ava'to Kat oro on 8IN 8XOUJ.lS aKollU PPSt J.llU Kawoupyta»24. Kat 'tuut6- xpoyo., an6 tTJv aAAYJ flEPlU, aUnl YJ O'tePYJJ.levT] ano KaeS oopuP0tTJTU, U1tO Ka6e TpUyUCOtT]ra., ana Ku9E C!>opo O'tuO'YJ a1tevuvtl O'tOV Ouvu'to SIl1t08tO'E 'tOu<; Eupwnaloix va fttuAouv eva J.luSOC; ano 'to. naOfJflaru rouq, roue; BJ.lnOolO'S vc 'tPOJ1U;oov «EK pUOsrov»: co<; tTJ pil;;a TT]C; u- 1tap~lJC; yto. nc; SKIlYJ8€VlO'tlKsC; OUVUIlEtc; zou ;unvYJcrs )lsO'a roue; 0 1l0Asj..l.oC;, 8tO'11tOU va lluSouv vo O'I~povrut TT] ~mfJ Kat v' av0.6smpfJO'ouv rqv KUptapXOvJ.lev1l ano TT]V mJ..li] OSA1lO'YJ (iuvaJ1T]C; oTua1l roue; aXSvavti TYJe;. (fEtm, JlBtU 'to t6AOe; 'too TIoASJlOu, ot VtKYJTae;, A£Et 0 Freud, eO. yupiaouv XaPOUJlEVOt 0'1'0. anina 1'OUe;, O'rt<; yuvaik:Be; Kat oro 1tatOUl roix, xmpu; Ka60Aou va roue; tUpU~el 1l O'KS'I'YJ 6Amv au'trov 1tOU sKavav orov 1tOAsJ.lO, oArov aurwv TCOV eXSpWV 1tOU oxoroieev O'ttc; J..lUXE<; ... » Kat u1tSvavTt 0" uuti) TYJV a8ta<popiu Kat TIlV SUst'l'YJ J.lvit)llle; ron uovrspvou av6pronou, 0 Freud aVTt1'aaO'St TO O'epue; npoe; tTJ ~roi] 1tOU nSpteXEtat ).lse; rnv tEpi] <ppiKr] jlS TYJv O1[oiu 01 apX0.lKoi MOl avriKpu~uV TOV noAs-

24 Freud, fur. cr. 239.

MAZA KAI IITOPIA

uo Kat TOY Ehiva'to: 0 apxatKoe; uv6pcono<; «Sev sfvrn KUOOAOU £vae; UjlSTUVOllrOe; <pOVtUe;' orov yupvaet Vt1CTJti)c; uno tOY XOA8J.lO, 8ev SXSt 'to otKairo)la va Ko.'totKilcrst O'tO xmptO ron Kat vo ayyi~et t1l yuvaiKa tOU npO'tou Esayvtcr1'El J.lB EtOtKS~ Kat O'tlXVa oOUVYJpsC; tepOteAsonec; uno rou; oovooc nou Ot£1tpUSE OtOV 1tOA.e).lo. Bapata aUTec; at anayopSvoetc; 1t1lyu~oov ana ).lIU xPOA:rl'.lfll: 0 U"(ptOe; CPOPUtUl T1lv BKOiKllO'YJ TWV 1tVEtlJ1utmv rorv uv- 0PW1tCOV zon aKOtroO'E. A'JJ.u amu ta 1tVEUJlat(t (isv siVat 1tapa 11 EKcppaO'T] T1lC; €voxfle; tou cruvsiOl1O'T]~, tov W'I'eO)V non aXEt Yla to. S"(KAfJllata 1tOU aKavE. Y 1tUPXEt Aot1tOV O'tO puSo<; aUn1<; T1le; OStcrtOcttlloviae; J.lla opicusVYJ llStKi] MntOT1lto. zoo UmEt uno !lac; tOUe;1tOA1'tlO').lSVOUC;»25 ... Kat TEAStWVOVta<;, 0 Freud protUEt: «8SV 90. 'npsnE vn 1tapa6eXtOUjlS Ott 11 O'raO'YJ IlUC; a1t£vaVtl oro Savo.ro onroe; op~Stal uno TI)V 1tol.l'nO'~ l;rotl J..lo.<; (KUt EOW 0 Freud eO. 'npene tome; va xpooOeO'st: «01tCOC; op~srut ana eva crilO't1l!la aSlrov non O'TI)P~BtfJ.l Kat EK<ppal;st oXt to aspuO'J1o TYJe; smtlC; aAM TYJ OSATlO'YJ 8uvUJ.lllC; Kat rnv xpoonttK'fJ evo; nOAtrtcr).lOu zou em uu:ovee; O'tU01lKE as J.lta a1tOAUra Ktlplapxu<11 8EO'YJ J1eO'a crqv Ioropio» ) sivct, axo TI)v 'l'uxoAo"(tKil unmV11, nuvro o.1tO tTl OVValltl Ilac;, Kal Ott Sa fJtav nponuorspo "(let Jla<; vc anaUayoullE (In' aUTT) TI) O'ruO'11 xnt vc zpooupuoorouue O'TYJV u),;q6slet; 8€V 60. 'mv KaAvrspo vc cSiVfJ.).lE orov Oavato, tO0'O J.lee; t1lv npaY).lattKoTYJta 00'0 Kat J1SC; tIC; l6eS<; 110.<;, T'T] SSO'YJ zou tOU UPJ..lO~El Kat va npOOe;OUJ.lE Afyo 1tEptcrO'Otepo mv UO'tlW:WYJtTJ OTUOYJ fla<; anSvavti. 'tOU -(luti) T1l a'taO'1l zou COC; ta tropu ouO''tYJllatlKU npoO'na6ooauJ.lB va o.xroSfJO'oolls; Bspalet, amo oev 6u 'zcv flta npo06oc; uAAii jnn omO'eoOpOJ1YJ- 0'1l' alJ..fJ. SlOt ea J.lnopouO'o.JlE vn eillUatE StAtKptveic; (t-

25 D.1r:" cr. 244-5.

61

62

MAlA KAI [JOAlTltMOl

nSvUVtt O''tOV WU'tO JlU~ KUl va ~avaKaVOVJlB 'tTl ~ror, Vnoq>epT11. Kat UAr,SSta, vc Kavel 'tTl ~ror, unoq>sPnl sfvct 'to nproto KUSr,KOV KaSs ~rov'mvoD. KUIll. uuta,nu't11. xavel KaSe uciu oruv SPXS'tUl O'S uV'tieSCIT] JlS UUtO to KU- 0..; 26

V'IKOV ... » .

AVT11 T) O'UJlq>tAlroO'T) JlS 'tTl ~ror, JlE 't11. JlSO'OA,UPl1O'11. 't11~ uvayvropIO'11.~ 'tT)<; nupouO'iu~ ron Savatou JlS<; 't11 pi~u 'tTl<; Dnup~<; -zou J.ta~ euJ.t~El uMroO''te au'ti) 'tT) O'tlyJ.tTJ JlS~ 'tT) 81aAsKtlK'f] 'tOU Kupiou Kat ron 80DAOU onou 0 q>opo~ ron SavO:tou, «TOU unoAUtOU Kupiou», KavEl 'tT) O'uapcoJlSvT) O'uvsioT)O'T) vc ~uvappEi 'tT)v avSproma 't11.~- Sa stvm Jlta «01tlO'SOOPOJ.tll.O'11.», MEl 0 Freud, Y1U'ti OEV Jlnopsi nupu va O'11.JlUiVEl Jlia -npoO'roPlviJ TJ optcrucn- EyKa'tUA,El'l'l1 'tT)~ npooosu'tl1Ci}~ lOBOA,oyia~ nou, nap' OA,O 'tOV anat11.Ao 'tT)~ XupaKttlpa, OSV nUDs1 vo O'UJlPOAi1;El JltU U'l'11.A,fJ O'TtYJlr, uv9pronlV11.<; rrut01tEnoi9T)O'T)<;. ®u stvci J.tta «01t1(J90opoJlT)0'11.» YlaTi 0 o:v9prono~ 9a 'npEnf:l vn ~avappE{ TO JlVO'TtKO -TonuJlnUA,UI0 JlUO'tlKO- Kat 'tT) ouvaJlT) nou OiVEI 0 <Dopo~ anSvavn O'Tl1V iota tOO 't11 OUVUJlT): a1J'to~ 0 <Dopoe; uno TOV onoto EiXE XStPUq>EtTl9s{ uno 'tOtE zon ot UYYSAOl tTl<; Reims Kat ron Angelico eKAstO'o.V Tt~ noptSe; 't11 KOAU- 0'11~ nou eKOPS toy KOO'JlO 0''t11 JleOT" o.VtO~ 0 <DoPa<; zou ~u1tVouO'av ot npoq>r,n:<; tOO IO'pai]A, au'to~ 0 <Dopoe; 11'01) BKUVS tou~ A~tEKOUe; Kat roix lvKuC; vc ns'tproO'o1)V J.teO'U O'E JlUI uno:v9pro1t'T) ,.uIO'1co., 0 <Dopo~ nov SKUVS toy uVSprono vo XO:O'S1 'tT)v 'tUUTO'tT)TO: roo Kat 'tT)V diJ.lUKU ron UVaJlEO'a otu 811Piu, 'tU TEpUta KUt rouq oaiJ.tovs<; noo nupaq>UACtVS nuvro uno nc; nopts<; troy prollaVIKcOV SKKAT)crlroV -ouro; 0 {OlOC; <Dopo~ 1tOU eKUVS TOV AtcrxUAD va AsSt: OAU to. q>ucrtKa ototxsia otaAaAoDv 't11.v u-

26 O.« .. 0.249-50.

MAlA KAJ n:'TOPIA

63

nap~T) nov OVVO:JlEroV 11'00 a1tStAODV 'tT) swfJ' 1t01O~ OJ.lroc; Su i.mopSO'Sl va JltAr,crSt yw 't11V 'YPPll ron uv9pronou;

TIOf..f..a ~EV yo. 'tP8<pSl

OEl vc OEL~chwv ax'Y]

n6vnaL r' ayxUA.al XVwOUf..WV anu(wv j3Qo'tOtCJl'

j3f..uo'tOum xat nEoa(Xl-lLOl f..a~nUOE~ nEo6.0QOl·

n'tuva tE XatltEooj3Ul10va x' aVE~6EV't' av ai.y(owv CPQUOal xorov.

f\A.A' unEQ'tOAI-tOV 6.v-

s:. 6 ~ " ~ .27

uQ ~ CPQOVfj~u n~ r.EYOL ... ,

Y 1tapxsl, Sa Jlnop0'6oUJlS vc noV JlE, Jlta paSta cruyysveta UVUJ.tEO'U ore Eq>WATtKU OVStpU SVOC; 'l'UxronKoD 11'01) uno~evcOVStat OAOBYU KUt zspiccorepo ano 't11V npaY).latt1Ci} sror, TOU ... Kat rnv avaYKT) ron TpaYtKOU Kat TOU Azoxoouou zon KUptsUSl Jl\U OAaKEpT) xorvrovin OtaVll Ioropio 't11.C; 8STS1 npopAr,JlUm nov -avti9stu us rnv UtOIOOO~l1 9tropia tOU Marx- oev Jlnopsi vu AUcrgt. MsC; 'tOY Sq>ulA't11., JlS~ TO OVE1PO uuro-nucipin, T1. «upproorn» O'UVSWll.0T) JlSTUtpengt O'E U1tEtAl1TtK€<; OVtO'tT)tEC; 'tu mJJlPOAa TT)C; unoTUxiuc; 't11.C; KUl TflC; p.sl1Ci}C; T11~ cviKavOT11tU<; vo uvTtJlS'tronicrsl tu npaYJlanKU npopAr,).larn 't11<; uno.p~T)C; KUt vu npaYWlt01tot119ei KUt 11 iOla J.lg<; rnv sn\A.ucri] roix; Kurd tOV Wto rpoao, Jl:la xowevic

27 Atax. XOllrpOP01, 01'. 585-595. «nolli q>opspu TpO)l8p6./ Opeq>et TEpata T) )'TJ,/ Kat a1[6 ~roa avepo)1t6~x.a €ivat YS,.lIITSq Ol, aYKu~ TT)C; Ol'imaaa.;,J Kt Ol q>(i.rnsc; ot j.lS'n~O)p6'i' KpslillaJ.iEv~ ava)l8a~ r oopavou Kat TT)C; YllC;, eLvat 1tA~OOS.l Oon exouv <pTSpa Kat 1rS1'?Dve! xt oou 1tUVOl O'TT) ')'Tl 1[f;pxaTOt>v lUtopcrov va TT)V 1tOUV/1'11V 0py11 TO)v aVEJ.1OlV 1'llV uypm./ Ma TO <pp6vrUlIlT' avtpal 1[00 eivm as TOA).tTt a~e1tEpu<JTO,/ 1[otOS lUtopsi va TO 7rl1 ••• ;}). AtCJXUAou XOl1fJ'OPOl, J.1T<pp. Ep. Xat~llavtO'1'11, I. ZaxaprntooAoc;, AOi]va 1957, 0'6}.. 71-73 ( 0'.t.6.).

64

MAZA KA1 rrOAITI!:MOr

zon cruvEtOllTOnOl£i mv tcrroP1K'i} 't'll~ ano't'Uxia. Kat xnTaOiKll xcop~ vo J.lnopei vc ~PEt J.lSO'U TII~ 't'l'I OUvaJlll v' anoKa"taO'nlO'Et TIlV ev6't'T}'t'U TOU aVSp6:mou JlE 'tOV sou- 1'6 TOO, Ka'tSXET<l1 an6 rnv avuYKll vc uvayvcopiO'Et rnv npuYJlu't'tK6't'l'1Tu TOU sCjnuATII, vc JluSonot110'st TIlv lOta 't'l'Iv EvoX~, vc SwO'St tva VOllJlu O'TIIv iota 't'llo; TI}v Tuiropia: 1') «vojuuozotnm]» TOU KaKOU, 1') O'UVEtS1')'t01toi1")o1') TOO ApvT)'t'lKoU, 1") YAIDO'aa 'tOO ®UVUWU (TO KaK6, 'to ApVT]nKO, 0 ®avu'Wo; J..lE no; anSlpaplSJ..lEO; OU1J..lOV1K8~ 'tOU~ JlOPCP8~ sivat Ta IlVIDTllta <r6Jl~OAa TII~ an!lv9pro- 1tf)~ un60'TUO"1')~ zoo UVaKUA.lmTEt 0 avSprono~ )lEO'a TOO' Kat cn:ptpws yl' aUTO, sivat Ta KUt' ESOX~V O'UJ..lf30Aa zoo EKCPPcll;ODV rnv EstYEPO'f) 't'l'I<; I;(OTJ~ KUTcl 't'l'IS nAaO'JlanKfJ~ corovoutoc KUt UmpaM:lU<; 't'l'IC; O'UVElO1')O"1')~) EiVUl "It' UUn)V juu UO'TIltr) cAnwu O'Q)TIJPiuC;.

SEK1VWVTUC; an6 TOV Freud, 0 A. Maeder aOE1SE28 )lEO; TO WElPO )llU UuSOPJlllTIJ Kal OUJ..lPOA1K't) avanapclO'Taali TIJC; cru"lK£KptJ..lev1')<; KataoTUO"1')<; TOU UO'UV£10~tOU ron uVSpwnou nOO OVE1PEUETal. Kat O'UYKEKP1)ltvU tSEtSE 6- n, orov €va UTOJ,lO a1tOJ,laKpUVEtat un6 to «KUVOV1K6» KUl 1") O'UVSt01')'ti] TOU 8la"lro"l~ unoosiXVE'tUl 60'0 nusl Kat A.l'yOtEPO 1tpoO'UPJ.lOO'IlSvll zpo; tu npuYJlUnKU npopAf)Jlatu zoo aVtlJ.lETronll;st, 1") OVSlPlKfJ-cruJ.lPOAlK1) 8puO'TrJpt6TIJta TOO acruvEt8iltou, EVen cro~Sroe; Elval KuSapu «aVttO'TUSJ.llO'nKfl» (6nro~ 811Aa8~ EXEt OEiSEt 0 Freud, TO OVElPO npaYJ.laTonOlWVtac; anro8f)J.l€vsc; E1tt8uJ.liEC; nvnO'Ta8J..llSEl nc; 1tpanLanKec; a1totUXiEC;), yiVEtat OAoavu Kat nEpt<JO'OTEPO JUU rilpla KaTEu8uvn~ AEl't'Oupyia zoo aVttKUtaO'TaivEl TrJ cruvsi81')<rl1 J.lE<; TrJ "IEVtKit npoO'mi8ElU TOO av8pwnou vo aXEl J.llU Evtuia EnonTEiu nclvo orov suut6 tOU ouv oAOtf)ta. 'E't0'1, «1') upm tQ)V

28 ~ur Ie Mouvement Psycho-analytique: L 'Annie Psychologique, Pans T. XVIII.

MAZA KAI IrTOPIA

65

/., " 'L~ C J 29

VEUpwO'EroV KUt TroV \jfUXWO'EroV, oorro<;J'l..Cst 0 . ung ,

XUpuK't'l'Ipii;E'tcn nOAu O'UXVU un6 'tljv EJ.lcpUVlO'f) oveiporv YEJ.tcltroV un6 EVOE~etc; ym no; mtllie; Kat yta TO vo"lla tOU KaKOU 1tOD npOKEttal vo SEO'naO'Et. <l_)aivstut ocv vu 7tapEuptO'K6J,tClO''tE O'S j..ltU uO''taTIl Cl7tOnelpa U7tO ,..tpou~ rou aO'uvSt0tl'tOD vn UlVWO'St Il€XPl 'tf) auvsw1')O'f) tOU cv- 9pwnoD TCl crUJlPOAa non 8a Jl1t0povO'uv, IlE<; TIJ auyxu~ 'tOU, vn 1tpooavu'toAiaoov TIl 81ayoorfi rou, H EKPllS1') IllU~ veupwO'f)<; It JllU<; \jf6xroOf)~ XUpUK'tf)p{~Stal1tUVtOts uno IltU 1tEpiooo avuO''t6:troOf)~ KUta TIlv ozoln apxil;€\. vo E~UCP{lVU;ET(lt uuto TO aicr811lla aO'cpaAEiCl~ nou ouvoOSUElnav'tO't€ TIlV 10'opponTlI.u~VI1 \lfUX1K'i} ~rolt. H aUocPpoa6Vf) Kal f) aO''tu8Eta nOD 1tapa:yov'tat TO't€ S7tEVEpyouv pa8u'tu'ta nav(O O'tO aO'Uvswf)'tO nOD snavuO'ta'tst svnvriov 'tf)S CJuYXUO'f)C;. 'tljC; JlOVOj..ltPElClC; Kat 'tf)C; U1tOtUxiae; TIle; O'UVEi811O'f)~: autf) f) 6~€Y6pO'f) 1tpOKaAsi 'to 6- VEtpO, aA1')9tv6 IlltVulla TIle; O'UYKEKPl.J.Lf;vllC; xsptoru- 0'11.9}·· .

Kcrc 'tOY iOIO 'tpOno, IlUI xowovin 1tOD V01ID8El 'tOY scnro tf)C; €voxo u7tevavtl ornv {8la 'tf)e; TIlv npu~T1 f) rqv unpusia Kal UVTlK€lJlEV1KU aVltllnOpO a7tBvUVtl orqv iota TIle; TrJV 7tpaYJ.la'tlKO'tf)'ta, KUtEXe't(lt a1t6 'tf)V uvuM vc 7tapClO'nlO'El O'Uj..l~OAlKa j..llU 1tupoj..lota a~tyEpO'l1 KU'tU tf)e; IlOVO).lSPSta.<; KUt ntC; 1tAaO'lla'tt~C; corovoute; Kat uO'cpaAsla.s 'tf)C; O'Uvsi81')0'Tl<; - va. uvnyvuipioet rnv 1tpayJ.latlKO'tf)TU 'tOD EqnaAtf), vo j..lUe01t01TJO'Sl TIlV i8la ntC; TIlV Evox~, va. OWO'Sl €va vo"j..lu O'TIlv iOIa. 'tf)C; rnv TtJ.l(Opia: 1') (<VOlltJ.101toif)011» 'tOD KaKOU. " O'UV61811't07toilla1") ron ApVf)'tlKoU eivat Yl' au'ti\v Illa uO'ta't1l SA1tWU O'w'tf)piae;.

29 L' Homme a la decouverte de son arne, 0'. 369

66

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M60o~ tau T'pa')'IKO

L1"OU~ 1"pexyucouC;MuElou<; Ela avexyvmptaouJ..lc TO. J..laycu.a auJ..l~O~U(<i ovstpu J..lS rc onota ot J..la<SC;, 1tOU n<; 9J1tVTlas ,11 iOta. rot»; 11 0ryJ..noupyudt 0Pllf] f] 11 navlaxuP11 YA?>aaa TOW 1tPO~ll1"rov rooc, e<pepav OTO <pm;; T1l~ auv~i011?1];; 1"1]v KaTa9At'¥11 Kat TllV 'tpolloKpaTiu Tlle; IaTOpt~e;. Erot Elu <pavTao1"OOIlS T1] Y€wl]o1] rmv 1"paytKmV Mu9rov, ~~ 1taAlle; TOU, KUAOV Kat ron Kcxon crn 8to';llataKfl1] Tll:' ootpuncn U8tAq>6TllTCt iJ 'to eKJl110€Vta'ttKo opauu T~U TSAO~;; TOU ~60JlOU aTll (Jl)po-S~paiKf] .., 1"1] pro~avtK11 A1tO~aAU\jll1. ETm Ela YVIDpiaOUIl€ ioroe; T11v U1tOYEta, «aVS~t~Jlll», <~1tapUvOIl11» 6'¥11 't1]e; Icroptcc, r~e; ~KOTS~VOUe; rozou; 01t~U ~aaiAsuav Ot ElSO'tflrsS 't1]e; J..la~ac;. aU'tss {(1tOU J..ls 'to Elavaro nU'tfloav 'tOY 9avaro» Tllv aJJ:6KOfTj '¥UXtKi] aAXlJJlf:.ia onou avaKaTm911KU~ Kat ~u~mElllKav ~a mo avrt<purtKIl svonxru, 1"U m:poop6- rspu ~a9rt, 'to utoo; Kat 0 epmTae; 'tflS ~rof]e;, 0 <pElovoS fTjS 8?vaJlT]S Kat 11 apVl1011 1"1]S ODVUJ..lllC;, 0 0ava'toc; Kat 11 A~uora01l Tro~ ®sro~, TJ <jmyf] ano rnv OOUV11 Kal11 xoTa~tIDo11 T1j~ OOUV11<;: OAO;; aUTO;; 0 nupaq>opo;; Kat €Ka'tUrtKOC; \jIUXtoJlO~ zou 6KUVS roose; <popte; fTj llaSa vc Jls'tU_Jlop<pmElsl a' uuro 'tOY alterum populum zou toco <po~oTav 11 ProJ..laiK"i] LUYKAlJroC;, onmc; roy .1.tOvuO"o TOV <po~ovrou(jav ot ~a.mAtUOse;, onm<; roy Omp11 'tOY <po~Ov'toua~v O~ <l>apaw, Kat rov Xptrrro oi Kaiaupsc;; ... 'Erat EI~ OOUJ..lE ,0Ase; uurs~ fte; rpaYIKEe; JlOP<PE~ Jls;; ne; ozoie; -r~rol£e; llaSSe; c~q>puauv rnv anorexia roue va U1CSPVtK1100~v ro Elava~tJlo x~alla 1tOU nc; Xmptss uno rnv E~ouma nou coxoucs navm TOUC; TJ opyavmJ..lBvT} xotvovia, Oxme; ~(n E-r~t Sa 80uJ..lE 0~11 rnv nA11po'tfl-ra u1Cap~l1C; o~v on?ta J..l1tOP€OUV va u'¥oooouv 'to 1tVEUJ..la oase; oope; KaTopElroaav va O"UJl<ptAtffiaouv 'tOY suuro rou; us 'tflvE~ouaia Kat 't1]V Ioropla "tT)e; ...

M AZA KAI Il:TOPIA

67

Av 0 Jung rovice on «11 1tponapXtKf] <rrJJ..laaia reov TU1ttKWV Jlori~rov rev ovstpov sivnt on llaC; E1tt'tpe1touv

, 9 'I ' 9' 30

va -ra auYKptVOUJlE J..lE "tU J..lU OJl.OytKU Ella'tU}) ,0 us-

yaAoC; ioropixo; 'tTlC; TeXVllS Henri Focillorr", umoc; (nov ozoio XProa-rallE 't1]V «ovnoruon» 't11C; proJlavlKi]s reMe;, EKElullpoe; !lnpoe; orov OatJlOVtKO K.oO"JlO nov nATU1J..lUp~Sl1"a POOJ..lUVtKa. !lV11J..lsia a1to rnv Ka"tUAIDvla !lexpt rov Pnvo, avcpomorcv, «rt ovouo Kat 1"t vOrtJlU nps1tSt va oroaouJlE a' aura rn 1tJ..imJ.1ara zou ectvovrci oev va ysvvftEl11Kuv ano 'to Kunpi'I"mo " 'to V-re/.,iplO €Vo<; !lOVaXtKOU OVelp01tOAOU Kat 1tOU, OJ.1ros, 'to. ~avuppiO"1(oUIlE a' o/.,TJ "tTJ pro!lavtKi] Tt;(Vll onv vo etvrn Ol uop<pee; svo; anspuv'tou O!lUOtKoU ovEipoU»32 .

Av 11 Jla~u, o.no mv lOla 'tTle;, onroe; Sa OOUIlE, rqv (1- VTIKSlJ.1€VlKf] o-xowevuot unoa1"aO"'l"], sivut 'to J..lepo~ rou 1CA118uaJ.10u nou Ko..-r' E~oxrlV J..l1tOpei vo ~"aEt 1"ST01(1 0- veipc.vc O"UVst011't01tOl.118ei !l€ "t'l"] llEooM~l1O"'l"] 'terolO)v O"UIlPOAlKWV uopedrv Kat va yiv€t <poptas autiJe; TI]e; uuEllKi]e; €~sy€pO"'l"]S33 KU'ta. 't1]C; o.U'tc:ipKEtae; Kat t11~ aa<pa.Aetae; "t'l"]S opyo.vmJ..lEvrts KOl.V(()viae; Kat 'tllS tOEOAoyiu~ t11S AuvaJ.111<; Kat 'tllC; E~ouaiac; ... alJ..sc; cpopss, otuv 11

300.11:. G. 230.-

31 0 Avpi clIootyt6v (1881-1943) um1Pse tvw; a,.;6 'tou~ !l8YClJ .. wepou; texvoKprnKoU~ ron 2000 uww. Tc ev&wq>spOvt6. ron 6.px.1Sav a1[o T11 BovJurwal TiXVlf (1921) Kat tqrruvav <mJV TtXVrt q.; pw~o.Vl1al\: ylV1lTlTOf'; (1931). Tn KUplOtepCI. spya tOU eiVUl H iJVTlICl/ TsXW7 (1938) Kat 11 Zw~ TWV MofXPwv (1934) (o.r.s.).

32 Art d' Occident (1938),0.98_

33 nou 6.llroot& 1[po~l'Jv6&t GX,e&6v naVtO'te ~ta npuYlJUnKit, ioroptK6. BKOnMo~, ~EyepGTJ. On:co~ au OooJ.lS. Ol Ol.OVl.101.(7;Ko1., ootpinK01., xp1O"'t1.UVlKOf, j.lUVlx,nllKof, PCO!lllVllWl K.6.. fl\'l6ot 8K<P~o\}V ~W n:P081tUVUGtnnldj 'lfUX,OAoyia: VUx,oAoyw. apvrJG11~ ~ Icrtopi~, KUTa.AUcrTl~ Tl'J~ eSouGi~, Kaeu1tOt~l'J~ TTJ~ opyuvco~~ Ko\vcovia~ K. t_A., n:0\) auxvtl KUTalftyEl os 111.U clJ..lOO11 i] tJ.lJ.lSG11 E1tUWcrtattKO- 1[011']011 't11~ ~a~ .. _

68

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J..lci~a etvm avUnapK'tT]. VapKIDJ..lSvrt ~ Ka'taOlKucrJ.tEvrJ O'n] O'1ID~ uno rnv OPYUV(l))lSvrJ xowtoviu ~ orcv II KOlvovio oev uno'l'tciss'tal 't~ apYl1'tlKE~ ouvci)ls~ non q>EPVSt J..lEcra trJ<;. oPlO'J..lEvu 7tVSUJ..la'tlKci atoJla, o'ttYJlU'tlO)l€vo a1to Eva tpayuco n:snpCO)lEvO -6n(l)~ 0 XeAVtSpAtV, 0 Nircs, 0 Bav rKOYK, 0 Aonpscuov ij 0 Ntootojtepoxi~ ano J.ua tcrtOpuC11 Ka'taoiKrJ. 6n:(I)~ 0 nA.<);-rrov -U'tOJlu 1tOU nciv'tO'tc yivovtat Ka'tavOl1Tci uO''tcpa a1tO juo 1CJTOptKfJ Ka'tacrtpoq>ij- J.t1tOpsO'av va yivouv cpope~ 'tEWtroV 1tp0q>ll'tlKc.OV oveipmv zou 80€rzyav OTIlv Kotvrovia ~ Ka1'aO'tpocplKtc; Ouva)ls~ 1tOU KpUPSl KU'tID ano rnv emq>avstaKi] aO'<paAela 'tT]<; opyavcoJl8Vl1<; 'tT]~ 'ta~ll<;.

«Dans mon tableau de Cafe de Nuit, j' ai cherche», ypacpel 0 Van Gogh", «a exprimer que Ie Cafe est un endroit ou l' on peut se ruiner, devenir fou, eommettre des crimes. Entin j' ai cherche par des contrastes de rose tendre et de rouge sang et lie-de-vin, de doux vert Louis XV et Veronese, eontrastant avec les verts jaunes et les verts blanes durs, tout cela dans une atmosphere de fournaise infernale, de soufre pale, a exprimer comme la puissance des tenebres d' un assommoir. Et toutefois sous une apgarence de gatte japonaise et la bonhomie du Tartarin ... » 5. A1t' aUTJ1 trJ <ppaCfll pyaivet OAO TO 1tVst)Jla

34 Lettres, 8 Septembre 1888.

3S «trov nivCl1ca 1l0\) Kaosvelo T1f Nincia, npoon6.911ou vo cetooroom 'to ys"{ov6c., on TO KacpEVe10 &ival tva Iltp~ 61tOll f..l1tOpe( Kavsls va KaTOOTpa!pEi, va 'tpSAa6si, va Olanp~Sl E"YKATU!UTa. HAas npomtlt911O'o., JlSoa an6 LtC; UVTlO'th;SU; avullsO'u aTO anuM pot; Kat TO KOKKtVO rou aif..la'tO; Kat TOll uoooroo, TO anuAO npaalVO AouooPiKO\) 1501> Kat Btpovt~s, at aVTiGsoll f..lS To. K1- TptvonpaO'lVa Kat tU npaolVU j.t£ TO OlCA.l1PO AeUKO, OM aura Ile- 00. O'S f..llU aTf..lo(}"(pulpa KOAaO'f..l&vrtC;; ~tO'tll~ ano mxp6 {lstucpl., va sKcppaO'm rnv spspooOll EASll EVOS Xaf..lUltu1tstoo. A'J..UJ. Kat f..lE f..llU

MAZA KAI J'ETOPIA

69

Tll<; ~OVtspvuc; Texvrr<;: II E~EYSPcrll Kata 'tT]~ a1tatrJAt1<; «0 J-lOpcpla<;», Ka'tU TIJ<; \jIeUnK11~ «avSpID1tla<;» tOO Tartarin a'OTJ1<; trJ<; KOtv<OV1.a<; zou 81tUVana'Oo'tav crTIJV «npOOOO» EVc.O cSEV 8npoKBt'tO vo <pepst 1tupa ®avu'tO Kat Kctcctpopn. Kat auti] 11 BloPOAij ron TpaytKoU JlEaa orov UJlsO'o toropixo J-la~ opil;ov'ta JlstallOPCProO'B oM~ Ttc; dacruce<; a';is~ TIl~ AU<J11~ Kat, avcq.l£oa 0" au- 1'e<;, auTi] rqv iOta Tllv KEVTP1Kij tOEa too aVOpo:mou ccv KUptapxoo Kat uu'tOVOJ-lOU OVTO<;, as JlOpq>E<; X<opi<; zspteXOJlBVO, avitllnope<; va OIDO'OVV Eva VOl1J..la O'~ SJ.17tStpie<; us 1'l<; ozoie; SU7tYl1m; TO 1tVeUJ.ta TOU 200'6 auova.

Keitt avuAOYo, cs 1tOAU JleYaAUTsp11 KAi)laKa ytati 06\1 BPx&tav ano to. nuv<o; alto rouq OlUVOOUJ.1EvOU<; aAM uno ro KeiTCO: a1to TllV iota TIl Musa, Sa 'yw€ rUpro uno to etOe; 1000, otcv 01 poiucvucof Mal OSATJO'av va BKq>pacroov )lS (hKEe; TOVe; aU06\lnKE~ J.10pcpt<; Kat J.lS OlKa rou; cr6Jl~OM mv 'tpa:yt~ (JUVSW11O'T} zou siXav uzoKti]crSt ym tOV sauTO roue: 01 (l)paim eU11VtO'ttKoi Xptami nov KataK0J.1prov Kat 01 «ayaOoi notjlEvs<;» 'tT]S Pc~6vvac; 1tapooalaO'TIlKav ora. JlUTm TOU<; ocv TETotS~ J-lop<.pe<; X(l)P~ 'l'Ux~ Kat 0 p<OJlaVtKO<; civSpro1tO~ «eveKaAtnvs», ollAab~ 1tpopaAe TOV eauto TOO llB<; ru llaKP1- va 'tEpata Tll<; Xa).l)aia~, 'tT) pcip~upll omKoO')lTJ'tt~ Kat tTIV TEXVll roiv kT€1tIDV. 0 Xpvrnnvtouo; zou ecpcps eTO't 0''tT) AuO'T! Ssv ~tav ours aUnlll ij)lsPTJ SPllO'Ksia. nou IJStaJl6pCPIDvS t1<; Kara.K6IJps<; O'B nOJl1t1ltave<; Bnuu4~ TOU 0EoU, oUtS Kat 11 paOuTatrJ 1tVSUllatlKOTI1Ta 'tOO Bu~avnou zou sixe Vl1(llO'St tOU~ oa\)lovs<; j.lscra ernv SlKOVU evo; aV9pID1tOV non BiX€ yiVEt to O'(OlJa TOO 0eou, aAM 0 Oat)lOVtKO<; K6oJ.10<; TCOV n:POXPU1'ttUVlKc.OV AzoKaAU'l'ECOV Kat 'tCOV )lavlxatiKc.OV mpE06(OV.

CPUlVOllEV1KTl ta1tOJV1Ktl eu6uf..lia Kat TllV uya6&n1Tu svo; T eprupfvou» (~a<pp. tOO e1tlIl.).

70

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Mg~a a' ~a tSTOW KOa/lO ozou 0 uv8prono~ Kat 11 10''t~PIlCll 'tOO ~ltap91 OEY /lnopoov nUl va ap~OV1(J'tODV, aUtJ1 ~ avayvwpl~l1 tOO 'tpaYIKOD O''toIX€ioo J.lEaa ornv I~topta Kl 11 ,(JUJ.l~troa11Kat 11 aUJ.lCPtAtroa11 J .. UO: 'to ApvrrnKO €~~naKOuouv tJ1v EYKatUM:1..\jlTJ tll~ avSpc1)JtlV11~ aurovouic; Kat tJ1~ av8pwlttVTJe; KA.iJ.laKa<; ltuvro oru; ozotE~ r8€J.l€AtWV~'t'Ut Kat J.lE<; tiS 01tOu,<; EKcppai;;eral KU9€ atatoOo91 Ka'tacpaaTJ ron av9pw1tou J..l€~ tllv Icropin,

H 81rIUTPOrptj TOV OV;Uf.lOD UTOV lI).(i:rwva

APKef va euJ..l118oUJl€ 1tw<; usou a' gya rstoto etat erepuscu~aire ~AaK€p11<; ;'1<; daatldl~ KOIvrovia~, 0 llMtwv -n~ nrcv ,0'1) J .. w~o EYa<; n>1ttKO<; €Knpoaro1to~ 't'TJ~ KA.a~llCll<; \jI'Uxrt<; aUU Kat nov at SroptK€.e; tOU 1tapao6crs~ €ltp€nE KaVOVtKa va tOY KUVOUV anpoaPATJto alto KaSE oua()tcr~6- lt€.pa(J~ J.lE J..lUl paySaia taxUtllta a1tO tJ1 oroKpattKfl at(Jlooo~ta tJ1<; ltPWtrj<; v€avtKi)<; tOV ltEptOOoo ato; «0€aitJ1tO» onoo altAW~ avayvropit;et rnv npaYJ..lanxomro 'tOU KaKoU aAA6. afVEitat va 'tOU Offia€l gya 0- VtOAOYtKO-~u9tKO ~8.J..lEAto3 Kat alto toy «0EaitJ1to)} atou~ «NO~OD<;» oxo~ s~ayy€llit TIJv 6nap~TJ J..l1a~ «KaKlle; \jIuX11<;» tou xoouou ... yta va Ka'taM~ODJ.lS on 01 «U<PTJP11J..lEvs<;}) aUtE<; EvvOW<; OEY ~yftKav ano to «ultEppat~KO Eya»} t~u IIAUtrova aUa alto tOY opaJ.lo:rtKo olxaaJ..lO J..l:a<; (JUv~tOTjcrry~ nOD EytVE Asia tJ1<; €noxft<; tJ1~ Kat avayvroptae on 0 aveproxo~ orov ozoto axotsivovrcv Ena\jlE vo J..l1tOPSl va sivat 0 KUpto<; tTJ<; J..l0ipa<; rou,

MAZA KAI ILTOPIA

71

(mipaxo;; 8satij<;-AnoUrova<;, navro axo tiS ytyav'tOJ.lUxie<;, Kat ~tallopcpffi8TjKE a' Eva «8wu :rtaCyvLOv37».

To on 'to 0eatpo J..le<; to onoio 8taopaJ..lati~ovta.t ot «N ouot» oev stvrn ltta eva a8TjVa'(Ko romo (l1naAaia'tpa ozou "{UJ..lVa~Eta.t 0 XapJ..lwTJ<;, tva snrvixto LUJ..lnoato, 0 IAlaao,;; Kat ru t~tt~iKta, to mtltt tOU Kec:paA.ou zoo Oe\' aVl)cnJXllO'E nota yta tOY sauto tOU: 0)..,,0<; auto;; 0 KO(JJ..l0<; /le<; tOY onoio 0 uvSpro1tOe; J..lltopsas «aQllovLav ),6- ywv ).ul3wv 6Q8oo~ ul-tvi'!om 8EIDV 1:£ 'Xd\ avoQIDv Euomuovorv l3(ov 6.).1181']»38) a.'MfL J..lta Ispn 000;; O''tTJV KP1l'tTJ onou oxtnta 0 LrolCpatTJ<; oJ ... M eva.e; «l\.e11vaio~ ~€VO~» IJ.t1UEl "{til 'to MaMOV J..la~i ~ -roue; aV'C1npoO'ronou;; tIDV ODO KUptOtSpffiV noAlttO'IJ.WV zou s, .. upnviorrpcuv ornv Apxaia E).."Moa ..... upxei yta va OE~Sl tTJ Pl~1Kft a.Uayfj 1tOU S"{tVE O''tTJV 'l'uxfl 'tOU IIMl'trova. a' auta '[(l tSA£Umla xrOVUl 'tTJe; ~OJ1le; tOU, otrrv rizore DSV SOStXVS ott gyae; «·A.Ql1~ MU'XE6wv» snpoxetto va. OrocrEt J.l.ta a1tpoaooKll'tTJ a.vapoAft a'tTJv ffipa ron 8avatOu 'tTJ<; dllcrtKfte; \jIU-

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37 Nou. 803c. «KUKTJ 'J.IUXip>: 897c. 38 eeah.. 175e ..

39 N6Jl. 716c.

72

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O'lipcov ateOvcov. Lay 'EMT]Va~, YJlav nOAv npoO'KoUrllls~ VOs 0"10 Ilapov yw, va Ka'taAU~f;t on 00. rov KataAU~a.lvav «JlE'tU rnv EPXOJl6VT] KO'taO"tPO<PT}», on amos nov 00. ~aVUrrtavs to vYJJla rorv O'KSl.jIScOV tOU Outav 0 rn,O)ttVOS nov ns8av6 Suo xpovm 1tPW ano TO JlapT6plO rou Mrivt (271 u.X), I'tc tOV tOtO A6yo, 0 ~SvOS npo<; TOV JlvOo TIlS np0680v £AA11VtKOS voix TOU IU6:tcova 06V TOV U<pT]0'6 va JltAYJO'€l yta rnv «01tlO'008p6JlTJO'T])} zou O'i]JlalVS aVnl TJ EtO'~oAl1 rou npOKAaO'tKoV, npo£MT]vlKO'6 laros -Kpi]tT];- Kat 01tcoO'oi]nOt€ 1l€'ta-SMllVlKOV oua81O'Ilou IlEO'a orov '¥VX1K6 rou xoouo.

Orev 0 I1Aatcov crov «I opvlc» Kal tOtaitspa crnv «Ilos.rrsfn» SO£lXVS !-lEcra oro «Aya90v» 'IT) OUVaJlll nov «O'(:O~W) tOY KOO'JlO, omos Yla tOY AIO'XUAO Kat tOY Hpailiuo 11 «~iKT]» EJlno8il;;sl 'tOY KOO'I-lO va xntcorpu<psi, 0 )(60").1oS ym tOY ozoio I..ltAOU0"6, 0 1C6al-lOS nov ePAs1t6 i]tav 0 K60"1l0S 111S OAuJ.lnius Ka1 ron l1apOsvcOva, o 1C60'J.loC; n01l,SXOVTaS Ka'[op8wO'Et va OcO(H:t Illa O"co'ti]pta ADOT) 0''t0 mo TpUytK6, 0',[0 mo unavOpcono zezpo» usvo: TO nEnpCOI-lSvO tOV Ot8inooa, !-lnopouO'€ v' aKOUE1 TOV UJ.lVO us rov anoia T£AslcOV£l 0 Oloi1tovS €nt KOArove, oaoo 0 lO<pOKAi]C; OlaAaAel 'tT]V 1EAsIWLlKi] viKll tOV aVOpcOnou mivQ} croix oUillOVES T11S 'Y~PllC;;

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/ ..._ ~ ~ 1. .. 40

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4Q OuI ex! Kos. or. 1777. «kTUf,lanlcr't'S touq Sp~vouc;. A.out6vl K1 aMo KAU).Ul vn J.!T]V UKOD(J'['SL/ flmi curo nOD (Ja~ sbre Su y(vsm. DxpOKA~ Tpayw(jie" J.!'t'cpp. r. rSpuA~, L, I. laxap67tOlJA.o;, A6~va 1994, USA. 253 (o.r.s.),

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"tWY ... ) I-lUVLXroC; rs xa), (l't6.%'t(J)~ EQXE'tm (~~"'OV ffi~) 't~V Kcxnv (W'UXl}V CPU'tEOV E:rtLJ.tEAEt~Sm "toiJ x6aJ.to~ :rtav'to~ %Ut ayE LV UU'tOV ... )>>41, np0<p11TEU€ utn q>O~EP11 «01t1crSoOPOJ.l11O'l1» - :n:poq>T]'c£iu zoo EKavE :n:tVTS axso6v alcOVES IDO'1tOU vc snuAllSsU'tEi. ..

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Oruv ouo»; 0 Freud Ota.KtlPuO'ae TIlV UVaYK1l va ava8eoipnooouern (J'tUCJ11 llaS a:n:&\Ia~tt crov Savo.ro ~ut vc avayvropiO'OUJ.lE 'tT]V :n:pUYJla.LlKO~'tU Kat, TIl OtaPK~1O, au'[(:ov T(()V Ka.taO'rpoq>tKcOV OUVUJ.lEroV JlE(Ja crTOV UVSprono, ornv ere «!-l€tUl.jlllXOAOYIKU» tOU spya J.ltA<i~t Y1o, rnv UKUtUAUTll evornro Kat TIlV uKU:UAUt11 UVLlS£~ nov €VO'riKTcov 'tT]SsrotlS Kat reov £VO'ttK"tWV 'tOU euvaron ... i]~SP€ ott aUTO Sa. O'i]IlUtVE I-llU «ont0'8oopOJ.lT]0'11» O'XEttKU J..lE 'tT] ep1O,Il~£UttKf] 1tiO''t11 O'TIlV, EVOTllta tOU ":

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Av 0 Freud KU'taAUPUtv£ 011 auti] 11 «Jl€'tU\jIUXOAOY1- Kf]» uvri9E(J11 'tOU «Epoiro» Kat rou «®uvaTOV» Ii~01YE TT]V :n:6pta. 0'£ jnn J.laVtxu'iKi] 81XOTOJl11aTJ 'tOU av8~(O~ou, 'to BPYO rou 0110)<; 'tM.EtcOV61 11' svc spronU.lanK~ 11 I1E "no. BUm, x.ropi<; vo OlV61 KUJ.lia &\106191 yl(X, to n(O~ O'U')'1C€KPlI-lSvU epAE:n:e auril TT] O'UJ.lq>tAicoO'll ~€ TOV eava~o ltOU UltUl'tOU(JE. An6 TIl O'nYJli] non 0 TIAatCOV uvayvwPlO'B rnv 1tpaYJla'tl1c6Tllru uurcOv TuN «l1aV1KcOV e~8(ov»

41 «(Av Aomov 1] nopsie KatT] KiVll<rTJ rou OU~ctvOU Kat TOW U1t~Aomwv cupuviorv crWI!UTWV .. .] yivsrat UKUVOVtO'tU Kat uvoP'Ya~ VW't'1l (rots On ltpt1tSl ve 1tIlPaOSXeouflS Ott KaS00TtYsi't'Ut), alto 'tT]V XStp6TSPTt (\lfDXtl, T] o1toia qlpovTii;sl ,OA6KATJPO 't'OVKOOIl,O Kat TOV OOT]Y£1 ... )>>. [NOIiOl 897 c, d. Ms'(uG'pacrn r. KouoouvsAOs, SICO. KUKTOS, T61l. 5. ocr. 148-49 (c.r.s.).]

74

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Kal 'tllv tttaVtKi) «a'ta.~ia» zou &<pspvav j.lg~ mv KOtVO)VlKiJ ~O)iJ, 'to &pyo tOU rrpoaavatoAiaTI)KS npo~ TI)v snitSD~l1 ,.ua<; as «nOAl'tlKip> diJ.laKa OtOX&tSDatl~ TOD~: ax6 'tY]v ano'l'l1 aUnl sivnt TSAsiroC; Xapa.KTIlPtanKO to on, tStaitspa ato\)<; «N ououc», napouaulss'tat !-uu auaTI]J.lanKtl xpoaxaElsill va cruvBsElsi 11 0spanwnKtl J.lS mNouoasofn ... 0 Freud iaroe; tl~SpS on 11 OtuO"Y] tOU avElpc01tOD a1tevaVTl oro Eluvato, BllAaSiJ l] cmio"y] tOU a1tevaVtl OTI) ~o)'ft, Ssv aMaSSt ps «Sta.taYJ.lata.» ano to, 1tuvro uMci ax6 to 1ta8o<;-J.luEloe; OAUKSpl]e; TI]e; xorvroviae; - OtO J.t&TPO nou l] xoworvic au'tfJ ppiaKsl JlEOa tl]C; TI) Buvaflll vu a.v't18paOSI OTI)V Will TI)e; TIlV Katacrtpo<ptl. Krn Yl' aUTO, taroe;; zsptoptorrpcs anAcOe; va SEOSt cvotXta TO xp6pAl1J.la Kat va Bsi~Sl TOUe; KlVBuvouS 1tOU EKA.elVS j.lEaa rou eva \jIUXU<O Kat a~10A.OYIKO O'ucrtl]J.la nou SnEtpens orov avElprono va ~exvuSI O'TIlv slPi}Vll to <D6vo ~e; tOY ozolo sSt orov nOAsJ.lO. Ki E1tpSnS VUpOSl evas; AEUtepOC; TIaYK6aj.ltoC; IJOAs)lO<; Kat €vae; Aeutepos Mecrorr6AsJ.los ym va J.l1topEaouJls vo auvsxioouJls 'tt<; aKE'I'St<; 'tOO Freud: «0 Kiv8uvoe; yta 'tOY av8prono sivrn TO va Jll] ElEAsI vo )laSll, va ~exacret, va J.lllV 1t1oteUsm 42 O'tOV Ka'taOtpo<ptKo Koaf.lO )le<; TOY oxoio Set. Y 1tapXovv, /..EEt 0 Jaspers, av8pronot nOD Sev SEAouv va )laeODV TI) <ppiKTt f.lES TI]v ozoin uuroi 01 Wtot ESl]aav' avOpronot nOD Sev ntatEuOUv a' Cl1ml non yiVTtKaV orn atpat6nsou OUYK€vt'PO)O"11S, avElp<onot nOD ~€xacrav Kat aom<popouv Kat l;;ouv J.t&pa J.lE TIl J.lEpa Kat Y1' aUTO atvrn E'tOtJlOl va n&aouv ern oouAsia. Kat rnv uno'taYil iJ rqv na811TtKoT11ta tl]<; aouvaflia<;. Av 01 )lEPES nOD soufle upxouv yill va , .. Ule; os~ouv to zoco avro<pEAl1 €Y1VE 11 AOY1Kil flae; Ka1 to noO'o nAacrJ.lanKil EivU1 11 uutripxetu tl]S cruvsio110tlS flae;, to JlOVO zou j.l1tOPOUJls va KaVOUJ.le

42 Jaspers, Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949) 0'. 190.

MAZA KAI 11:TOPIA

75

EiVU1 va J.lStpiJOOUJ.lE ru; a~iE<; flae; 1tuvro aTI] va.PKll Kat Tl]V anio'tED't1l ana.Elsill T<OV f.wl;rov zoo etflacrTE, an€vavn cro «aK6'tD<; Kat t11 aKta Oava.WD}) Ka.'tW ano Tl]v 0- noin SOUJlS. Na xpivooue ns a~iEs Jlae; 0;(1 a.no t11v a- 1t0'l'11 TllS ElS<opllttKyte; tOUe; VOI.1tJl6t11tae; tl t11S tSAEt6TIl'rae; Tlle; AoytKile; tOUS Ka'tacrKEUtlS alli ano t11v 1tpay)lattKiJ tODS 1tapouoia JlS~ TIl SOli} flas. an6 'to )l€tpO aTO 01tOtO j.lae; POl1Elouv va qlEPOUflS aTO <pro~ TI)~ ouvsi- 0110"11S 'tlS oxorswe; SXElP1KE<; SKflll0SV1cr'tlKEC; OUVa.J.lS1S zou 0 onusptvo; xocuo; qlEPVSl )lEO a 'tOD - ano 'to flErpo oro O1tOtO E1tt'tpenoDv crov a.v8pro1to v' avayvroptael tOY EUUto tOU )lEaa a' UUtOV 'tOV 8a.vaTo Kal 0' aut6v tOY EKJ.ll]OSVtcrj.lO Kat va tOY unspvucrlcrEl. Turri 11 0"U)lPiroall tOU av8pro1tOD JlE tODe; oaiJ.lOVeS nOD uoipcdo 011- juoopyst tl O1)VaVTuEt, 6nOl<; 0 Otoi1touS, E~ro ano ru; ni>~ MS T11S J.luEltKi)e; 1l0AltEiae;, oro 0poflO tOU, stvm 'to «E'v ot; Eon 'XQtLm>, to )l8.ytOtO 1tp6PAl1)la. ?tOD avapi8fllltEe; <popes EaTYJOe 0 a.v8pro1t0e; I1npOOTa 'tOD Kl ano T1l AUQYJ 1tOU tOU EO<OOS Ka.90piot11KS 11 )lOP<Ptl tl]S l;<OtlS tOU, 'to toropuco tOU nEnp<oj.l€vo K1 11 Will TOU l11tVeuflattKoTIl~ TO.. rillti «to 1tVsuJ.la KaTaKTa. rnv UAiJElEta. TOU flOVO E<p' 6crov ~avappiaKSt 'tOY suuro 'tOU flEcra crov a.XOAUtO 81- XUOflO ... Kat to 1tVSUflU sivct C)UVUJll1 JlOVO orcv ~epEt vn xounst Ka.'ta.fla'ta to Apvnnx« Kl orcv ~epSl va xoroucet nA.at ron, AUnlll O"U)l~iWG11 etvm 11 )laytKi) ouva)ll11tOU flS'tatP€1tSl 'to ApVllttKO cs Eivct». Mill 61tOxtl nOD l] Kataatpo<ptl sivm 0 N 6flO~ Tl]<; eXEl I;w'tlKTJ aV<lYKll va crKEql'tEi tOY euuro TllS f.ls <p6~o Ka1 Jls rpouo -11 iOla l] I;ro1) ym va crroElEi, eXE1 uva.yKl] a1t6 to 1tV6U)la ym vc qlOl'tioEl 'tOY 9a.vato 1tOD ql&PVSt f.l6aa 'tfJC;- «KUl 11 I;<oi} 'tOU 1tVsuj.lato~ oev eiVU1 au'tfJ 11 sOli} nOD <PEUYEl evtpOj.l11 Jl1tpOC; oro Elavato Kat f,l6vEt KUElUPtl E~o) an6 rnv KUTa.~

76

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O''tPOq>TJ nUu 11 ~roTJ zou O'ro~ET(ll JlEO'n 0" a1nov 'tOY iOto TOY Ouva'tO» 43.

Karro a1to 'tTJV S1ttrayTt aV't11. ac; JlstpTtO'OVJlS nc; asis~ !lac; a1to 'to n60'0 Jl1topsO'av vo sJl1tooiO'ovv Jlta OMlKSP11 xowervic, us JlUl ssUtpS'tlKa npo11Y!!EvTJ OV!!o.VtO''t'tKTJ 1tatoeia, avtit TIl «xmpa nnv 1totll'tOOV Kat trov (j)tA.oO'oorov», vc 1tsO'st., us Tllv Iota TllC; tTl OSAllaTJ Kat JlS t11 O'VVINOX" OAOV 'tOO K60'JlOO, Jle~ 'to oiX!V 'tlle; Ka'tUO'TpO<p"~ Kat TOV sSSVTeAtO'IJoU - K1 a1tO 'to 1tOaO ~oit6t]O'av it aVUYKUO'aV rcu; av6pm1toVC; avriJe; TT\<; KOtvCOVIW; vn 01)VSto11T01tOtTJaoov, «SK puOsrov»: a1tO TO pv06 TT\e; ouuq>op~ too~, TTJv lota 'tov~ TT\v TUxrJ. Kt as JlE'tpTJO'OVIlS 1CUVCO O'TTJv a1tSpaVTO<:rUVT\ av't'f)c; TIle; SPll!!tU~, ne; 'tstpaO''tsvsC; a(j)U1pSaSt~ JlS nc; onoise; 0 Jaspers, 0 sO'XaToC; I'epuovo; <ptA.OO'o<poe;, 1tpoa1to.OouO's to 1946 vc ~yaAet tva «JlaOoe;» a1to TO «1taOoe;» 'tT\e; 1ta'tptOllC; rou: OAll autil 11 ropaia AoytKTJ zoo O's 106 aSAioEe; KatOpOOOVet us IJUl TOO'O o.stoOauJlo.c'tTJ ooo Kat alloKoTll VTJcpuAtO'tTJta vu otaKpivst !lee; TIJv A1tOKaAmVTJ 'tOO Xl'tAeptaflOU Kill TOO TIOA.SJ.lOV Tsaaspa SWTJ Aa90ve;! Sa J.lae; cpavd onv J.lta 1'0011 aV<l1tooOYUPt<JJltvoo <lU'tOKtvT)'tOU 1tOU yupvast aKollo. O'TO KSVO.

Aur6e; OJlCOC; 1tOV ppiO'Ket aATJ9tva tOY savto rou erov ~uOo t1lS O'VJl<popac; Kat ron SSSUtEAIO'Jl06, to uovo 1tOU J.l1topsi vu KaVSl SLVat vu «KpaSEt EK ~<l9scov» Kat 0- Xl va taSlVoJ.lsi TOVe; oaillOVSC; TIJC; iota,c; tOV t1le; evoxfl;:;. Tum TO uovo 1tOV J..l1topsi vu KaVet 0 cptJ..O<JOCPOC; Kat 0 1tot11ti1C; -Ot «JlOVOl VOJlIJlot 8K1tp6aco1t01.» TIJ<; xotvovtae;- eivm vc JltATJO'Et <lv't'f) TIJ yA.roaO'a zou Oa ,.mopsl vu s-u1tVi)O'Sl to. IltOJla Kat 'toue; Auoue; ,),sJ.latooe; 060<;, cppiKTJ Kat P0'6A110'11 a1tEvaVTl O'tO lOW TOUe:; to 1tS1tPCOJlEvo. 'E-

43 Kill Til ono anocrn:UGJ..lIlT(l sfvm napJltva an6 tOY ilPOAOYO 'tT)t;; lfJalvol1evo)._oyia~ TOV Ilv£6j1aTO~ (yaA. usr.), I. 29.-

MAZA KAI IETOPIA

77

'tat, 'to 1949, 'tpia XPOVlU VO''tEPa. <l1t6 'to PtPAio TOU rill tu 1tOAt't'tK<l, 110tKa, SYKAl1Jla.'tlKU Kat JlEtUqmO'lKU MOTJ roo fEPJlUV1K06 AUou, 0 lOwe; Jaspers Ka.TaA6.patVe On uovo 0 <Dopo~: «11 JlSYUA11 a.Vf1O'Uxta Yla TIlV iBm TIJV u- 1t60'Ta.aTJ 'tOU av9poo1tom> Jl1tOpei va. p01191)uEt 'tOY crfJyXPOVO <lvOpro1tO vc V1KTJUEt 'tOY Kivouvo Tll~ «ATJ9TJ~ Ka1 TIle; HI>A11JlanKf)e; ayvmae;». Kat ~l1'taSl vo ';avappOUJlE svsP'Yl1ttlca Kat !lEe; 'to Ilupov TO v611Jla tOO <Dopov -uuTOU TOU 1tUVa.pXa.lOU cp6pou nov sivrn TO su'Xa'to xcm<puylO TOO 1tVsu}la'to~ orov 01 aVOp(f)1Cot, 1tOU «€Jta.J('tlv811 ~ xug&Ca» rou; oev !lnopouv vo Ppoov }lEaa LOVe; tTj Oilva.Jl11 outS vc vucncoov ta. O'totxeiu 1tOU YEVVOUV to <p6po OUTS Kat va KpataV aVOlXta to !luna 1tUVW O'TIlV 1tllpouO"ia. roue. Azsvcvn orov a1tavOpro1to aut6 KOOJlO 1tOV J.lllxavo1totEi 'tOY uVOpcono JlE<; TIJV a1teptoptO'TIl v- 1totaYTJ 1tOV roo ~11Tae1, 'to Ott 0 avOp(t)1to~ J.l1tOpei aKOJ,.la. va q>opatat sivut 11 saxa.tTj EvOStSl1, Met 0 Jaspers, ott 0 uv8pconoe; OSV Jl1tOPEl OAOtSAIl vo sK!ll1oSVlatSl., on ~mopsi <lKOJlo. va avnopa ouv tva sAz68EPO ov: «ooo ultapXEt o.1COJla <p6po~, unapxet Kat 11 1t10av6Tlltll us toy <p6po vu U1tSPVtKf}O"El 0 avHp(t)1to<; tOY cpopo ... TIPE1tSl vc 1touJlS Nat orov <popo. flaTl eiva.t Jlta amOsPTJ pucrtt ym t11v EAntoa.» 44 •

H KaratpaU1J TOO tpoPOO tau TO Tpa'YlICO

~UJl<PtAiroaTJ }lS TOV Havato ... K<lTa<p<lcrtt Tau q>6pou ... 0 <poPo~ ocv Jl6VTJ OUV<lriJ a.V€lpOO1t1VTJ Ka.raO'tuaTJ: zooo eiJ,.laate J.l<lKpUa an6 'tOY «svaotpo oupnvo xct rov 1181- K6 vouo» TOU Kant, a1t6 TT\v «I1pOO'suxfl O'TIJv AKp61tO-

46 K. Jaspers: Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte (1949) G. 191.- PA. Kilt Die Schuldfrage (1946).- A~tt;st VII crfU.J£1L09si on ornv, 'to 1930, qpa\jl& TO PIPAio 'lOU: H TrV6VjlanTd{ laxrOmOdlJ T1I~ 61C0xf1~, 0 Jaspers 11&1<; itg;pe rnv U1tIlP~ll TOU Xt'tAsPtaJlOU!

78

MAlA KA1 nOAITIl:MOl:

A:rp> Kat ro «Dejeuner sur l' herbe» 'tOU 190u au:ova! Drov 0 Jaspers s11taSt vc ~ava~povlls fOaVePWmvo vonIla tOO <popou (Vergegenwartigen mit uns die Bedeutung der Angst) ij~EPE taxa on aut&; 0 KO(JJ.lO<; fOU TpaytKou Kat TTl<; Kat'U(Jtpo<Pit<; !lE<; 'tOV ozoto souIlE -0 lOto<; KO(JIlO<; nou ~pi(JKEfat (JTI) pit;a KaeE ~appapTJ<; tEXVTI<; Kat KaeE i>tXOfOIlTJIlEvOU nOAt'tt(JI.WU- E(J1tP(()~E fTJ Movrspvu fEXVll va Sllnl(JEt vc PPEt 'tOV souro TIl<; Kat va SPllllvEU(JEt TI) uolpu ron O1'JIlEptVOU uv- 0PWKOU «avaKaAU1t'tOvfac;» 6As<; aU'tec; nc; l(JTOptKec; Ilopq>e<; KOU q>avspwvoov 'tOY aveprono Ka'too an6 'to cri!J.la IHac; OatJ.lOV1Kij<; SJlnElpia<; aVti(J'tOtX'lC; J.lE fTJ 01KTt Jla<;, Ka't'{i) ano ro m1Jla a~trov nou zeptccorepo avftKOUV crov K6(J1l0 'tOU cp6poo Kat tou uoipctou napa orov K6(JIlO tTJ<; 0llopq>tac; xm tOU «zpuxrucou AOyOU»!

«Un soir j' ai assis la Beaute sur mes genous, je l' ai trouvee amere, Et je I' ai injuriee ... 0 sorcieres, 0 misere, o haine. C' est a vous que mon tresor a ete confie» 45. Km aK6 rote, Jla~i us 't1.<; KatUpsc; tau Rimbaud ).lnope(JU).lS vc ~uvaKou(JouIlE Tl<; Ka.tapSC; KUt 'ta. j.lOUYKP11ta tOW Epwixov - aKptpme; 6][(0e; ~ava~pt)KUJlS rou; KOAaa).lEvou<; tOW proJlaVtKWV W).lnavrov ).luSi J.lE fOU<; UKpOOfTJpt.aaJlEvOUe; oaiJlOvE<; fTJ<; rKOUEpVtKUC;, aKplpwc; 6nroc; Katro uno 'to ff:llnAO Jltae; A1tOKUAU\jlTJ<;, zou Eixuv uvnyYEiA.Et 6M 'tU npo<pllttKU 1tVEUllata TOU 1900 atrova Kat 1tOO 1l6).,tc; 'tmpu apxit;ouJ.lS vc auvEI011tOnOtoUJ.lE, amiccv Ot (J<ppaylOsc; fTJC; Icropiac Kt svo, 1tPW, 0 KAaO'tKt(JnK6<; «OUJlaVt(JIl0<;» siXE a1to~svmast 'to Eupro1tuiK6 Ilvsuun an' 6AOUe; tou; uUOUC; noJ..tn(J).lOUc;, ~a<pVtKa, 'to Mooosio ron 190u alwvn, zoo EiXE yivet nspl(J(J6tEPO

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<unUl "V,tTa 7rI1pa TIlV 0l-lOpqltU ora 'Y a tn ).lOU. a1'tT1 I-'Pl1Ka1£1-

Kpij. Kin TIt pAauTIUJ.T)ua ... n J.Ul)'l(ju&;, M~tpm, Mfo~, &O"B~ ea oUlqroM~B.e 'to GT)C:lUup6 uou». Arthur Rimbaud. o.«; c. 3.

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79

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pouO'aJ..lS vu 1tOOflS On OAllll xuJ.Ifvrt J..lSS to Xpovo latapia nOD SytvE ~acpVtKa KUl flE flUl payoafu taxUTTJta, aU'YXPovll J.lsau orov aJ.leO'o SC01KO J.lae;KOaJ.lO, oev sivct nupa 'to n8pl£XojlSVO evo<; U1tEpaVtOU Kat aTSAetro'tOU aKOJ.lU OV€lPOU J.l8~ to onoio 0 avSpro1to~ T1l.S J..lSyaA11S Kp1fJ'11S 1taA.eiJsl v' a.va1tapao't1\uS1 TtC; EX8PlKSC; ouvulu;,~ 1tOU tOV SXouv KUpteUO€t KUt va «a1tuv'twpaO'w> (us tTlv MOtu tOD ab-reagieren) oro opaJ.la J.le~ to ozoto SEl KUt O'tO ozoto oev unopst UKOj.la (ll oev zpoxsttm 7tO'tE, ioro~) vc 0000'61 J.lta Ka8uptl1PUl ),:601l. «H Ioropic stvrn 6va~ 8q)1aATII~ uno tOV 01tOl0 1tpoanaSro va ~D1tY1laco», ABSl 0 Dedalus 'tOD Joyce: a' auto 'to ovetpo-ruuopin fla<; EP~€ 11 iOta 1l to'topt1O) !la<; uotpc, uuTi111 UMOKO'tT\ 'tpa'}'t1O) avutpoml tT1e; wmc; 1tOU J.lae; J.ls'tUJ.lop<proas 0'8 1tu911tUCa 8UJAu't(l 'tT\~ Io'top~ svro 1tptv ctJ.laO'tE 11 D- 1tsu6Dv1l TTJe; P06AllOll· Kt av 0 <poPoe; 1tUpouotU~s'tat ocv ~ua EOX,at1l ouva'tOtT]ta Otu'ti]PllOll~ 't11S avepoo1CtV1l~ flop<!nl<; TOU, 0 oDnKO~ uv9pC01(0~, 1tOU 61tl 1tSvtS au:ovec; 6Sllae e~ro a1to tOY <pope Kat opvoeusvo; tOY <popo, ~viKavOS vc u\jfroSsi cr' aut6 'to nIi80e;-J.la8oc;, O'tOV AO'}'o 01lAaOTJ 1tOU uovo; J.l1topsi vc O'UJ.l<ptAtWOSt 'tOY uv8prono us n<; e).l1tElpisc; 'tOD, 1tpoO'q:u~6ySt 'Y1U vn cruvStOllT01tOtlJO'Sl 'tOY eau'to tOU os J.l0PCPEC;, aUJ.lPOAa Kat flu9OD~ ps roi«; 01(0100<; uUsS E1tOX,ES 1tOD yvrop1O"UV KUt lCUMWP")'l1ouv amov tOV cp6~o Kat aU'to 'to 1t6.60<;-,.('(160<; «corovt60paaav» ere 01Ka 'touC; tpuytKa 1tpopAlJJ.la'ta Kal !l1topsaav «vo K6.VODv 'tT\ sroi1 unocpsptf1». 'Erot pps811KE oro KEvtpO SVO~ svrrmxou Kat a1tOKpDcpOU OtaAOyOU avcuscc oro KUKAUotKa ~6avu Kat 'tu J.lE'}'6.AU <PEtiX, uVaflEOU OtO Knpvox Kat't11 Chartres, 0''tU w!l1tava tCOV pro!lUVtKooV varov KUl nc; 1tpOKOAOJ.l~UlvtC; J.lo.aKss, rc Xopuoi tOU AtaxUAOD Kat t~ npo<plltlKSe; 8~U'YYEAiaC;, 't11 Guemica Kat ta U1tOKaAD1ttlKU ovetpu ...

82

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In Tiberium defluxit Orontes

Av CiK€CPtOUfJB tl]v ta't'optKl1 stxovc tOU 190'0 aubva cv

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UKSCP'tOOfJB rt nrcv O'TIJv 1tpuYf..lUnKotl]tU 11 Icropia Y1a

tOY Marx, 'tOY Comte, 'tOY Burckhardt it TOV Taine, cv (JKScp'tOUf16 on KUl rt' aUTOv UKOfJU TOV Hegel 01 tvOtKoi. KtVE~tKOt, Cltyun'tmKoi, 1tPOKoA.0f.lPmvoi K.O.K. 1tOA.1ttouoi OEV i]tav ~apu unA.U EnStaOOUl fJ€UU O'S f.lID «so~Koal.U~» lo'wpm, 1[00 apx~st us rou; napa6~ [«1tpono S9v,O~(SlC) UA.TJSlVU ~Ut?PtKO»!] ytu vu OA.OKAl1proSsi )lE~ to ,iOlO to SYE?.£lavo O'uoTIJ)la ... OEY fJ1tOpoU)lE napu va fJEtvOVf..l€ KU'ta1tATJK'Wt IJ.€ to pt~OanaunKO uvotYfJa (to(JO U1tO tTJv U1tO'l'TJ tTJ<; 1too6tTJTa<; reov tcropucdrv yvwUEroV 000 Kat U1tO tTJV U1tO'l'TJ tTJe; «1I:otOTI)tUe;» roue) 'tOU 10''tOptKoU opi~ovta zou npaYIJ.a'tonmTt8TJK€ f..lSe; to. rsM:UTaiu nsvi]vTu :W0Vl(X. Kt UUTO TO UVOl,Yf..lU OEV stvci -: )lTJxaV1K6 i] «OtaM:K'tlK6» «(f.lStafJOpcproUl1 tTJ<; no(Jo~ta~ os 7tmO'tTJtW) '! anOTEJ.£(Jj..t.a TIl'; a6~TJ(JTJ<; TIl'; nOa,OTTJT~<; rov lUTOPt~o)V fJae; yvwO'srov aJ.J.iJ, SKCPPU~St KUT UpXl1V j..t.ta aUaYTJ OtTJV 1tpOonTtKit, O'n.; np08am;l<;, (JTl'; \jIUXtKE'; OTJAu8i] (JXEOStc; TOO uovrepvou uvOpoonoD I!S TIlV toropto - uUuyTt nov l!S'tUf..lOpq>roO's auto 1tOU Y1.U to 190 atcbva 8EV Tt'tav napu £Va «1.OtOP1.KO 'OA.1.KO» (J' tva si80.; «EflflEoroV» cr6YXPOVIDV SJl1tGlptffiV,

;\'Onl 11 immanence, 11 sO'o:m::ptKll zupouoin 'IT)<; avSpronlVll<; Ioroptoc w:e; tTJ cruVEWllcrTJ nOD EXS1. anOKnlest ? uVSpro,1tOC; tOO 200u Utoovu 'Yta TOY sauro ron, Jlue; SUJ.l~~n BKSlV~e; tte; OeA.tOB<; 'IT)<; «<l>atVoJ.lEVoA.oyiae; 'tOU ITVSUfJUtoe;», O1tOD 0 Hegel apocecsst va anooe~st rnv avaYKatOnrra 'IT)<; lO'roplK~<; KaAAtapyEtae; KUl va SEf..lSAlcOOSt TIJv iOta 'tTlv U1tUP~11 TIJe; tcr'tOptKtl<; O'uVf:ioTJoTje;: «Eq>: OO~V 0XI uovo TO a'tOf..lo aMci Kat TO 1tUYKOOfllO 1tVEUI!U SIXS rnv '01t0f..lOVl) va 1tEPUO'f:t JlE(JU ano n<; !l0Pcpse; UUtE<; IlE(JU 0' OAll 'ITlv SKTUCJTj TOU Xp6vou Kat va s-

MAZA KAI IHOPIA

83

1ttX6tPtlOf:l TO eU'Of..la(Jt6 epyo 'tTl<; 1tUYKOOJ,Uar:; t<1mpia.;cq>' 6aov JlsO'a O''tT]v xaYKOOJlta toropic to 1tVsuI!a EVoupKroaf: J1EO'U 0'£ KUS£ J10pq>i] OA.UKSpO 'to nSptexoJ1EVO ron CUUtoU tOV (6(J0 J.lXOpouO's va oEXTsl TJ KaeS I!OPCPTt u'OTf]) Kat sq>' 600v 'to xaYK60JlIO 1tVEUJla OEV f..lnopouO's va cptUOct us Aly6TePOU~ Konouc; O'T11V XAi]Pll cruvEW110TJ tOU e(lutoU TOU, stcrt, ano rnv iOta TIJ cpuGTl troy npayfJUtrov, TO UTOJlO OEV f..lnopsi va CP'TUO'Et orn O'uvsi:8llOTJ 'tOU sau'TOU 'tOU an6 Eva oovrouorepo OpOJlo. Me TTJ Otaq>opu OJ.lO)C; on 0 Kono~ roo at6Jlou Su 'vat nOAu AtyOtspoc; ytaTi 8XSt Ilnpoo'Ta tOU tTJv nUYKoO'fJta toropin itB11 'tSA.etroJ.lEvrt KUt OAOKA11PCOJ.lEvr! ... Kat t~ cpuastc; tTJe; TO UT0J.lO Su tt<; SlatpE~6t aVTtJ.lS'to)1ti1;;OVTUC; nc; ouv 1l0p<pec; i]0TJ tSA.etO)J.lEvSC; KUt KUTUTSSSt).1EvSe; (11[6 TO 1tVSUJ.lU, ouv tl<; KUJ.l1tS<; €Voe; 11811 STOtJ.loo Kat axrtJ.latt(Jf..lEvOU OpOJ.lOU ... »47. AU6. ClV 0 Hegel it 0 Schel1ing xicrsuuv as Ilta TS'tOla xapoooia TTJC; OA.OtTJtaC; uson os K6.8s O''tl.YJ.l1l TOD 1tVeUf..laTOC;, ymti niOTs'Oav O'TTJV unap~11 J.ltae; A.ayuo1<; ron XP6vou fJSC; rnv ozota KUSS O'TIYJlTt T11C; Ioropie; nspttxsl «OtUA.eKttKa» 6A.se; Tt<; npOTJ,,{oUIlEVBe;, 0 J.lOVTSpVO<; uvSpronoc; atO'SavE'ta.t auTf] TIJV XUpoucia J.lSC; Ttc; mo aUBEVTlKBe; ron EfJ1telpi£C; UKpt~roe; "{taTi DEY 1ttotSUSt 0'T11 OUXA.sKttKll u'Otft 1tOPStU KUl TTJv wGU,,{puf..lJlit TTJe; UVEA~l1, UKpt~roe; YUlti Jle<; TIe; teStee; TOO nc; sf..lJtBtpi£.; KCll f..lEe; Ttc; tOter; 'tOU ttt; np09tO'Bt<; aVClKUA.untst TTJv Ta'OT6'IT1'tu tOO ps to'toPtKE<; fJopcpe<; nov yta rov 190 aunva tlTUV avenlO''tpS1tTa XafJEvSC;.

o Sombart -1tOU A.t"{o Kalpo nptv axo TTJ JlEya.All KptaTj TOU 1929 Oeopoocs ouv tva lSTSM:O'J.lEvO 'Ysyov6<; 'tTJ xpsroK01tlU 'tTl<; llap~tO'ttKftc; OSIDpia<; TIDV KpioEIDV!EXel J.ltA.TtcrSI 'YUl -ru; «6'00 'lfUXEC;» lOU Marx: 11 J.lia «oxeCPtBtctt S1t1aT11fJOVlKU» Kat TJ UAA.ll «juosi ps onvan-

47 Phdnomenologie des Geistes: I, 27.

84

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ouo». 0 Marx 81XOTOjl~fh'lKS ano Tl1 I.ua jlSpUI 0'11lV evpmreaiKit 'tOO cruvswll<J11 Ka1 ano njV aMll oro «sppa'lK6» 'too unocruvswllTO. Kat no/d> l;uKoAa 9a uzopoucs vc napaMl1Aial;l Kavl;~ nj a'ta<J11 aU'tou ron «Eoptoact- 00 1 00%» ax&vavn O''tll «xtA.tUO'nK~ 8alJ.lOVOreAl1~ia» TOU K0J.lJ.lOUVIO''tlKOU Muvupscrou us 'to SlprovIK6 PUJ.ljla us 'to OXOtO U1tOOEXOV'tUV ot «Prouctoi 1 00%» tl1~ snoxft~ 'too ftouP€VCtAl1 rnv napEAuoll tCOV ouposppa'lKcOv AXOKaJ,.U\jIsrov Kat trov aVatOA1Krov 9sonltmv KUtro axo n~ aU'toKpa'top1Ks~ a'l'we~: In Tiberium defluxit Orontes ...

Tdipu 6J.lro~ zou yvropiO'ajlB 6A.s~ t~ J.lays1£.;, 11 pny8ia tOU Kouuouvurnxou Mcvupsorou oev 6XSt ntU ore jl6:nu J.lu~ tUtO'tB 'to t8taitspa avutptX1a0't1K6. An6 'to Nous autres civilisations KUt to Waste Land J.lEXPl n<; ~iKSC; 'ttl.; MooXaC; KUt ru; atojllKsc; SKpil~s~, un6 ro otpatoneoa cruYKev'tPCOOTJ<; jlexpt uurov tOY iblO TOV Sombart 1tOU ovstpeuotav &va yepJ.lavtK6 Reich I;~anAroJltvo 0" 6AT) rnv Eupo:mTj jlS tOY crKore6 va 1tpaYJ.lat07tot~crSt J.ltU «6MoyT) tepapxia nov A.acOV»48, J.lecroA.apsi Jlta OAUKSPll S~SAt~l1 xapl1 011lV oxoto cruv119icrllJ.ls crtya-crtyu va sOUJlS J.ls~ 't'llv AnoKaAu\jl11. Kdtco Il1tO ta YI;CPUpta tOU I:l1Kooavu nspacrav 6Aot ot Orontes ron K6crJ.lOU Kat 9a jl1tOpOO(J(lJ.le, cruveX~OVta~ '01v utUXTl (jJ(6\j1ll ron Sombart, vc J.ltA~O'ooJ.lB ytll n~ «Suo \jIUXE<;» axt pspata TOU Marx, zou napajlBvel nuV'to'ts tva~ TU1ttK6.; sK1tp6oronoc; TOU 190u ulCOva, aU6: TOU <J'l1J.lSPlVOU av9pronou. Fum Sa J.lnopoucrajls va aVTl'tu~OUjlS ornv oco reast Kill zto avicrXUPll «suproxa'lKit» tOO 'Vuxft, ornv 600 nUl;t Kat mo e'69pauo'tll q>Aou8u 't'll<; atOJ.lllcTtC; TOU Ko.ptSO'lo.~C; " KaVttClvit.; OUVS{b11011<;, to ~u7tVT)J.la evo; npoBupconaiKou, «J.la~lKou acruvBloTJ'tOU» 1tOU J.ltA.USt J.lta

48 Deutscher Sozialismus (1934) G. 203.

MAZA KAI lITOPIA

85

YAcOO'aa apxaiKit, 8tovucrtaKit, 00lptUKit, npO<J)l}tlq, J.laVIxayKit, Tpayudl - 't'll yAroO'cra TOU q>OPOU xm 6Xt1t1a TIlS sAe'UOepiat;, TOU nsnproJ.l&Vou Kal 0X1 ma 'tT)<; ouopqlm<;: J.lLU yA.roocra nou 8sv SSA.s\ Xta vc crepedxrst to 6.rouo J.ls<; rnv a't0J.l1KTJ ron KAiJ.laKa aJJ..fJ. ayrovi~e'tal va ';u1tVftcre1 J.lEO'Il tOU 't~ a1tco9rtJ1&ve<; eni ctt.ffiVE<; ouvajlet<; noo eO. ton E1t1'tPE'VOUV vc ,;avappEi tOY saut6 ron J.t£oa otov U1tSpaT0J11K6 1C6crjlO jllU<; auOsvnq<; 'l'UXlKit~· 1(01- vOTT)ta<; ...

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Elver TUXaio apays TO ysyov6c; on OAOI uurot 01 MUS01 nov ppSSTJKaV ~J.lSPll CJ'tO npdrro nMvo, ano 'tOY 6uSvucro TOO Nietzsche Kat 1"0 Graal 'tOO Eliot J.lEXpt 'tOY Opesn Kat tOY ~l'Yevft ron l:tKSAtaVOU -'tou tsAsuruiou Eupmzuiou J1u6u(oo notllTIJ 10U !lS'YSe~ tau Holderlin Kat TOO Blake-, sivm Mi>9ot 1tOU Ol}J.lLOUpyTJ- 9T)Kuv as crnyJ.lsc; s~utpsnKite; Ol}jl\OUPYll('fJ~ EsapOTJe; Kat jlOvljl11C; to''tOp1KTJe; 1tapoucria~ TT)C; jla~ac;;

Eivrn buvaTOv vc sfvm tUxuio 'to 'Ysyovoe; on KU'tU xavovu OM:e; aUTec; 01 'tSXVeC; nau cruYKpO't06v to «<r6-

49 8vpw, II, 95. rta TflV, ~a (l1rO TO S1tlTalmKO aiTl1Jl1I Tl'f~ «CJ1)flqI1Airom)~ !.I£ tOY eUvtlTO», «aVaKUAU\jfTJ» tau XallA1JrulVoU CJ1)flf36Aou Tau Atyevf) (lA. O.1l'. 0". 103. n.a rou; «ilUUA.l1CUIV06;;;» Mav1Xa{ou;;; (o.1l'. em. 96-97) ~A, ta s1r61JZV1l KS<pttA.aUX, Tic ru; yvro!.l£~ TOO Malraux, 13l.. Psychologie de I' Art.

86

MAZA KAI rrOAITn:;MO!:

ernuc ava<popa<;» tot> uovrsovou av8pro1tou, a.Jt6 rou; alyt>1tnaKoU<; J.tllata.J.lXo.OE:<; Kal Tl1V ApXaia TpllycoSia J.t£XPt ron; 1tpOKOAOJ.l.~lIlVoU<; Kat too<; proflIlV1KOU<; vo- 06<;, sival teXVE:<; jla.~lKe<; Kilt J1VTJJ.tEtaKt<; - 'ttxv~ 811M- Sit 1tOU UvltKoov as 1tOAlttcrfloUC; ozou KaJ1iu ux6<rtaO'l1 oS\' XroP~E t11 S..".uOUP'Y1Klt J.l£lO\jl11CPia ano tTl Jla~a. KUt 'tOY \lfUXtKO Tl1C; xoouo;

TtXVEC; J.ta~l1cs<; - YlU'ti .., \jIUX111Cat ta voi)J.tllta 11:00 EVaapKcDVOVtaV }lEe; to. Jlv11flEia JlOVO a.1t0 Tl1 fJai;u Jl1tOpououv vc npospXOVtat Kill uovo yta. 't11 Ilal;a JlnopouO'IlV va npoopil;OVto.l.

Texvse; }lU9tKEC; - yunt J16vo JlE MuBou<; stvm ouvat6v vo sK<ppum:t 11 j..lal;a to OtKO 't11C; KOO'jlO Kat J.tOVO 11 YAroO(Hl tOW Mu9rov uzopei vo ~pSt svov IlVtfAaAo us; TIlv ljfl>xr1 tl}e; }lul;ac;.

Ttxvsc; tpaytKEC; - ytllti nv 11 j..lo.l;a sj..l<pavK;sta.t Ot~ Spaj..lattKSe; O'nYJ1EC; trov nOAtttaJlrov, JlOvO j..lsoa 0.11:0 'tOY KOcrJ.l.O TOW tpayuccDv O'Uj..l~OMoV Kat trov tpaytKrov flU- 8rov J11topd 11 fJo.l;a v' Ctv'tAitOSt t11 ouvafl11 11:00 eO. 'tl]v I;roO'yovltO'st tcrtOptKo. Kat 80. tl}C; EnttpS'l'Sl vo Pyo.Ael EVil }llleOe; ano to. 1to.9fl tTJC; Kat va OoocrBl VOTJJlU Kat ompKsla 0Tl1v iOlll t11e; rnv U1[UP91.

Ttxv~ ).lVTJIlEtIlKSC; - YU.lti TJ fJul;a OEV atcr8avErat t11v avo.YKTI 't'TJC; tSXVTJC; xapo. }lOVO erou; xoopoo<; Bleeivoue; -8eo.tpa, vaouc;, «EKKATJOieC;»- ozou PpiOKEt tOY saur6 tTJ<; 0Xl onv eva mxaio 7tAit8oc; aUa ouv Iltll'l'DXlKlt KOlV0t11ta 9sJlS/..troJlEvrJ 7tllvro crtTJ J.tEt6.ATJ'I'TJ xat Tl1V xotvovto JlS t~ u~isc; Kat tn voTJllatll 1[00 uutft TJ i- 8ta. SXEl <pSPSi oro <proe;' ytllti TJ J.l.o.l;a OEV J.l.1topei vc um:pvlKltcrEl rov cp6po: au'to 'tOY <popo xou !TJ <pSPVSl otrtv toropuoi uxaP91. xapa uovo oro J.tEtpO zoo eveYVCOpU;;El 'tOY sauto Tl1e; ccv J.tLa. ciPPllKt11, axpocrpA11t11 uno TTJv crouucornro Kilt rov e6.V(ltO, OAo'tTj'ta «zou <puVSproVSl orov av9pro7to Tl1V iOta rou Tl1 'l'UxTl orcv

MAZA KAI 11:TOPIA

87

PA£XSt rov sauro tot> vc MlllnEt paeem ~cra crta Ilo.no. torv o.Uwv»".

MEP01: B

«E>EU'tpOKpm:ia», <ptAoCJo<pia Kat E1tUVama'tlKTl }l6.su

lO.a(fIK'(J}uj~ tau T'paliKO

A<; XUPUPQJ,.ou,"u; tropa alYr6 to 1toA.v8u'icrtato ~VJ.11tUV 1t00 QVO~e crtU J.1ana J.1U<; 11 J.1oV'tSpvu '¥UXOAoyia, 11 J.10- VtSPVU teM Kat 11 tpaylJci} nsipa Yla n~ 8uvaJ.1e~ 1t00 a1tstJ..ouv TIlV avOpro1ttVll U1tap~11 ?too J.1W; EXSt ow.1tSpaest - aUn111 tpayt1ci) sJ.11tStpia ?tou cov Kt aUtO 'to choc ria to ozoto J.1Wlst 11 T pit1'} EMySia tOO Duino'", ~u- 1tVllCfS J.1Eaa J.1a~ «apxcnon:pou<; q>6pouc;»: doch altere Schrecken stiirzten in ihn bei dem berUhrenden Ausstof ... - IlS 'tOY mtato, aVnJ.1a~IKo. a1tpOpA.11J.1Q'ttoro xmpo J.1S~ 'toy onoio, 1tp1V uno to Valmy, 0 KAna1-

so Ot EAeyeier; rov Ntooivo (Duineser Elegie) efvm to 'l"sAeu'taio Kat o1"JJ.UlVttK6Tf;po tpyo roo PUlVSP Mapia PiAKS (1875-1926). Flpoxst'tilt yta oBlca «SAsyS1.e9> xoo ypaqrt1"JKllv jJSta;t> tOO 1912 mt tOU 1922 I(at tON oaokov II <royypaq>it eyKlllvuiCJ't"l]1CS OTOV IIupyo IOU NtOOlVO, o't~ t't"aA.tKt<; nKt€4; tl]~ AOpUl"tucfJ~, !-I&tU a1t6 Svav n:sptnato TOO cruyypllqmn xrivro an:6 roue :n:&MDP1OU~ a:n:6tcPllIlVOUC; pprixouC; tl]C; nlC'tl'tc;, 61tou 0 cruyypnq>t~ «aKOUOS» 'tou~ svnp1CT1'!plO1)C; o"tixouC; tl]C; npo)'t11~ sAsysfuC; 'tOO. I:'t~ sAsysfue;, ~roi) Kat eaVntoc; OSV Ilvrumpati8SVtUl x').l.ov allO: ClUVlOTOUV tva SVUlio cr6VOAo roc; OTOW::io Illlle; lluOVlIlC; !lOipac; Kilt Otl] O€mtl] Kat tBkumia sA.sycla o eavll't~ S~ullvsitnl roc; 0 aXOKAstonK6c; Op61loc; 1[OU Sltl'tPS'ltSt va ~s<PUyOU!lS a1to 'to 1t€1tSpacrf.l&vo Kat va 1[pooeyywOUf.l€ 1:0 U'ltStpo. !:'tt\v «Tpitl] E),zyda», 1tOU OA.o1U..llPm8111CS 'to 1913, 0 «®S6c; - no'tn!!6c; ai!lllt09> IlWle1 Kat 9>'ltVUel !!OOa ~ 't1>; 8ps!3<bOmc; BuvaJ.LEtc; tl]c; 1'1e;. too~ apxa{ou~ <po~ou~, 'tOV tp0f.10 Kal TIl <PPiKrt. E\lWX,Sa-rSptl Sival 11 !lOipa reov 1t1lu)l@V 1[00 n:s9aivoov, ro~ 01 «SKA.sKtOl sv~ 1tp6c:opoo 8avu"tou», Kae~ Kat S1C€lVl] tOW «S"(ICataA.sA.slllf,lSVO)V» yuvaltcwv, 1[00 Xavouv Kries smySlO pil;ro!lll S~ 1l1't~ 'tt\C; <pu'Yl'J~ IOU nYIl1tl]!l€vou «vopa Kat ot 07tOis~, ~(Ja G'tTJV m9ap6nrr1l 't1]S spomlCitc; 'tOUS(fIAOyW;, avu",c'ovCJ\/'talOT1"JV atrovt&rT]ta (c.r.s.),

92

"E>EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANALTATIKH MAlA

KtO'tlKO~ av8pro1to~ s<j)'naXVE 'tOY KOO'IlO 'tOU Kat T11v 1- cropio 'tOO.

'Ev~ 'tETOl~ KOO'IlO~ IlS~ 'tOY oxoio 0 KAa(J1KtO''ttKO~ avepO:)1tO~ Ssv avayvcOp~e onv 1tpa,,(lla'ttKO 1tapa )lOVO 'to VO)llJ..lO: 0, n OTJAaOtl S~U1ITJpeTouO'e TIl 8EATJatl TOO 1tSt8apxia~, 't<1S11~, AOYt1cii~, tspapxiu~, cru)l<ptAi(!)o(Jl]~ J..ls TTJv U1tapSTJ Kat a1too6TJO'TJ~ KaeS· OUVU)lTJ~ zou SS1tSpvoovTa~ TIl 9EATJm1 TOU, ea )l1tOpOUO'E va EIl<paVlcrSl t11V U- 1tapSll ocv 1tp6PAll)lU, eva~ TE'tOlO~ KOO'J.lO~ oev J.l1tOPOU- 0'8 1tapa vc sivrn pU;tKU aO'\)J.lPiPaa'to~ IlS o,nOipto'tE J..l1tOpouO's va sllq>av10''tsi K<1'too a1t6 'to onusto TOO TpnYIKOU i) rou ApV11TlKOU.

Tsrom ittav TJ a)luva 'too aV9pomoo (1)toU anEvav'tt O'TO TpaytKO Kal TO «lIapaAoym) 000'1:1': TJ f/Jai~pa xapaKTIlpiat11KE onv «trop noire» Kat 0 Racine EKavE 0, tt )lnopouO"e yta va nsiaEl to «uzsp-eydr» TIl~ xowovtc; zpo; TIlv O1toia czorstvovmv (Kat 11 xowevtc au'tf] Ssv SE1tEPVOUGS 1tOTE 'tl~ J..ltKPS~ Otacr'[UO"f:~ Kat tOY 1t<lVTO'tE KAstaT6 Xmpo Tll<; AUAit<;, tOU AUA1KoU 0ea'tpou, roo Incournxou 'taYllato<; i) '[00 Port-Royal) on O€V EXtl ypa'l'Sl «aAAll Tpa"(Oloia ozon TJ aps'tf] vu 'vat rooo Kaeapa EK<ppacrJ.lEvT} 60'0 TJ rJ>aiJpo. Kl 01tOU to napaJ.lIKpO M9o<; vc 'vat roco aucrTIlpa ttllropll)l6vo: 11 O'KE'I'l1 Kat uovo ton eyKAi)J.laTO~ sivm 1tapouO'taO'J..lEvT} us TOO'TJ cppiKTJ oco Kat to tow TO EydTJ)la' oi aouva)lie<; TOO Epoo'[a 1tUpoocrla~ov'[at ouv a.ATJetVE~ ul5uvaJlie~ Kat ru na9TJ pyaivQUv O'TO <pro~ IlOvO Kat ~ovo "(lU vn ()E\SDUV 6ATJ 'tTJ atasia 1tOU 1tpoKaAouv ... » 1. E fvrn l5uva'tOv va 9s)lsAtroSei Tpuyrooia 1taVOl ornv MOta Tll<; «al5uvaJlic;», 011AaI5i) mlvoo O'tTJv TEAsutaia AtSTJ T11 O'U)lpaTUCoTT]ta<;; A<; crKEcptoU)lt TOV Hamlet: «Use every man after his desert, and who should escape whipping?», a<; aKE-

5l Raoine..Ilposoyo; crtTJ «lDai8pct}>.

MAZA KAI I~TOPIA

93

q>TOUJlS TO Sound and Fury rou Macbeth Kat ea Ka'taMPOUJ.lE ytaTi O'TT]v Apxaia Tpayrol5ia, 11 'YPPl<; stvm O'xe- 86v )ltU SSOTT]'ta.

EUKOAa. AOl1tOv )l1tOPODIlE va <paVTaO'tOUJlS TllV 8V'tD- 1£0l0'11 1tOU Ela l£pO~€vOUO'E 11 1tpaYJla'tlKTJ damKiJ TpuyOlOia -11 TpaYOlo{a TOU AtO'xUAOU Kat 'tOO ~Oq>OKATJGtOD~ avepffinou~ autOU~ 1tOU 811lltOvPYTJO'av TOV eupe- 1talK6 «KAamKtGJ.l6»! To 'tpaYIKo 9salla Ela roi»; ocwotuv ouv Jua KOlVroVtK<l al£apaOEKTTJ avapxia, ouv IHa 0,- 1t<lVepW1tT] pap pap6TTJ"ta. ! Av 11 O'taSs::p6trrca Kat TJ 't<l~11 aDrf)~ TT]~ KOtVOlvia<; Klvl5Dvsuav a1t6 'tl~ «aODvallis~» "tTJ~ a>ai8pa~, TOTE aO'<pUAm~ 'to na80<; TaU E>U80'TT] TJ ton OtOt1tooa, aurf) 11 t8Efl 8VO~ 1tS1tPWIlEvOU fl7tEvaVtl aTO oaoio O'~TJVSt KaSs immanence, KaSs KaTOXUPOlIl6vTJ 0.K6 TTJ auvsio11O'TJ, T11V HEltKTJ, tu; a~ie~ TT]<; opyav(o)lEv11<; xowcovicc; av8pw1t1vl1. «urovouto ... Sa J.lnopoucre va paASt O'S aJlcptpoAla-<rE I.ua a)l<pt~oAia 1tOAU mo Pt~tKiJ Kat E1t1Kiv8uV11 a1tO 01tOtOOfptOTS paO'lovaAtO''ttK6 dubitoau'[a Ta 18m tu ElEJ.lEAta rev «UIWVlOlV aAlleEtroV» Kat rov lumieres naturelles 1tavw oru; ozoie; siXav opynvd» O'Et tOY KOO')lO tOU~.

AutTJ TJ 1tapaIl6p<p0lO"TJ TIl~ avallq>tG~TJTTJTT]S TpaY1Ki)~ vocation 'tOD Racine, to ysyov6~ on 0 <lvElpwnoS aUTo~ 1tOU IlEO'a os ilIa 1t1O aVOlxti) xotvovfn Ela 1l1t0pODm: va sivat Eva~ OSUTEPOS Shakespeare: «.1.aillrov !.lgtaN..a~ KtOS» 1tOU «loux a v n.eOL eEA.E!1OJ'tEQQ.) nVEU!.lU 1; L» 52, 08\1 uzopsos va owost ern Pt191 tOU us rnv xowcovin TT]v SKpTJKtlKTl IlOPCPi) TIlS 1tpO!.lTISelKiJc; tl EWO'<j>0PIKtl<; avrupctcc €V0c; Goethe it Ev6~ Rimbaud uAM nsptxapa-

52 Ot (.ltiXOl aUTO! EiVlllxap~ot (1n6 TOO'; Ema etd efrfJa«CH. 705- 8) otuv 0 Xopo; AiEl <nov ETEOtcA.~ V{1 q)l)NlYeTat axo T11 I-lZPIl O1tOU to 1IE7tPffiJUNO 6PXeTll\ S7tUV(i) TOO cev J.l1a KaTalyi&t Kilt VIl 1tEP1~VEt rnv e7tox~ OxOU TO 1tE1tp(i)~O Su <puof]~£1. us 7tEpl(mOTEPTl SmeiKSlCl ( ... 6d.EllffiTEQO,l 1tVElJl-ta ti) ...

94

"8EATPOKPATIA" KAI EITANAl:TATIKH MAZA

Kro811Ke Ile~ rnv 1ttO aOtanEpaaTIl a1.IDm1 ym va I .. mopsest va unepvllci]asl UU'to 'to T paytKO XOU 'tOY axelAen)os Jl€oa 0' tva !lovalit1('rl~ n:M:l0TIlTae; uvnusto Ka8apTJC; noillO'11~' 'to ysyov6e; 6n 0 uovo; roc; TIlv UKPll TpaytK6~ uv8prono~ aUn1~ TIle; Enoxils: 0 Pascal tSllcrE !lEe; 't1')v mo ESro-tcr'toptKi] ano}l6vroO"l1· TO yeyovoc; O'tl1tVsu!lu'ta noAU aV't1npocrIDXEU'tlKa autiJe; TI)e; Exoxi}e; 1[OU ocwoueviKa. orscorov xOAu KaAu o'tu nOOm TIle; (O'KEq>TOllat totaitspc 'tOY Saint- Evremont'"), Serop11.aav aO'l>}lpipaa'to IlS TIlV KavoVUCTJ M:tTOUpyia 1l1<lC; aVSpromva OpyavroflEYlle;: policee KOtvrov{as aUTO 'to Ssalla TOU spronxoo naSouc; zou <jmlVEt JlEXPt 't11V aUToKa'taa'tpoq>i} ... apKOUV yto, vc Jlac; osisouv TO nocro 0 KOOJ10C; TOU TpaytKou i}taV SBvOC; Kat !laKptVOC; npoe; 'tOY KOO"IlO TllC; KAacrtKtcr'ttKi]e; KotVIDviaS. Kat 'to yeyov6e; on, anEvavn 0"t11 (1)O'TllllanKi] auTIl «AoyoKptcria» zou eq>epe 0"'t0 q>(O~ to Sea'tpo TOU Corneille Kat euvoUxtcre 'to OpallanKo svorucro TOU Racine, ot MuSol TllS alIlOIl~iac; Kat 'ttlS avSprono<payiae; TJrav 0"1;0 KEvTPO TIle; 'tpaY1KTJC; 'tSXVTlS !ltae; ovntEpapX1Kl1 opyavro!lEv11C; KotV(oViaC; ym mv oxoin TO Secrpo i}'tav Ilm avro'taTll JlOPCPit 8PllcrKsunKi)C; KUt nOAtnKi)c; natOsia.s KUt latOptKi)c; l;O:>11C; ... So. Ilnopoucre vn

.!.. r ~ r ,54

Jlac; KuVEt vc crKecptOU!le ue Ilta tutarrepll emxotporqrc

53 0 Charles de Marguete1 de Saint Denis, oeO"1[6n]~ TOU Saint Evremont, ElJStve O't11v icropic (OS l:atvt-EPpsJ.l6v (1616-1703)" f6.1J.os O1lyypa<pEru,; Kal KplnK~ t11S ttxvrJ<; tOO 000100 TO tpyo i:IDlpellO'& TOV PaKiva Kill TOV Movreexie, O1lYYpacperu,; 100pp01tll.~voc, q>W:AeU9sPOS 0'X,606v sA.eugepui1;;rov K(U aVn-KAT]pIKIlAtOniS.

~.T.E.)

Evvodi tOV XITAsptK6 Kill to UTIlAIVlK6 olOYyJ.l6 KIlT6. t11C; MovrspVIlS TtxvTJS ft nc; 6:n:dJtO'stS SVIlVt(OV t11S <qJ.SA.o.'YXOAtKits noiT]O'T]S» zou ((UIlIl1tOlUPS1» TOV O'OOtllA.tO't1KO ~ ftAo TT]S O'O~16t1KitC; v60Anill~. DAn IlUTU Til KIl9sUTO:rrIl, zoo 1l1tll1ToUV J.llll UVS1) 6p(Ov :n:IlPUOOOll tOO llv9pch:n:ou O'TOV Kaiuapll 06V smtp&noov O'TO aTOJ.lO va 'XS1 outs Kav 6'XeptlCS~ O'X,OOStS J.lS TOV 61lUTO 'roo.

MAZA KAI ItTOP1A

95

TIl ptl;tKi) uvnvouin xou U1taPX_St avaJ.lscra as KUee, auSsvnKi} TpaytKOTIlTU Kat aE Kaee Ka'tSSOUO"taanKa tEpap~(11J.lEvll xoworviu.

A0'lvuil<lj enuv6.aTUu'IKal 8ea-rpoKpa-ria

Kat uno TIlv ano'¥ll aUTIl, Ssv t.xoufle napa va napapa.A.OUJ.lE 'to KOtVO 'tOU Racine Kat 'tOU Corneille J.lE 'to K01- v6 TOU Marlowe Kat 'tOU Shakespeare Kat 'tOY a8f\Va'CK6 8i}J.l0 crnv napacrtu<rl\ 'tIDV Ilepotav. Asv £XOUJ.lE xapa vn 8ufl119oU!lS TI)v ESaq>a.Vt<J11 tOU a'(YAtK06 Seatpou ueTa. 'tOY Ilouprmvtouo, ym vu KUTaMpou),ts tOV opyuvtxo crUvoecrflo nou unapxe1 avullEcra O"TIlV napoucria TJ tTIV anoucria TIle; lla1;ae; Kat TO nEptEx6~EVO Kat TIlV neptrom) TIle; T payroOiae;.

To KOtvO 'tIDV BspaaUtffiv, 'to KotVO tOU Globe Theater Kat TO xotvo tOU Sea'tpou tOU Atovucou !lae; oivouv 'tPEtS tUnOOe; xotvou zoo eivat, 'tauTOxPova, tpeu; YSVtKotSPS<; lCotV(oVtOA<YytKSe; KUT11,(Opiec; no\) oeixvouv rpsu; 1l0pcpt<; xotvorvk«; O"tTIV OA6't11ta. tou<;.

Ano TIl utn Ilepta 6XOUIlE (;Yav KUptapXtKO Kat ozoKOIlIlEvO an6 Ka8e emppoij «uzo ru KU'tID», orsvo K01- VroVtKO oX11lla ncr!lO 11 pro lKo-tspapxtKoU oro A .

'Exou)1s uo't&pa ).u.a llaSa YSJ.lnTIl na80s aAM X(OpiC; TIl «oopuc», 'to aWA n01) uovo 'to lla90c; Ilnopsl va oroest Ilta Ilal;a tKavi} vc ev80ucrtacr'tei Kat va entKot~rovnost us TO. U'I'llA.Otspa voitlla'ta aUn avtKuvll va ytvet T} iOta 1t1iYll VOT}lla't(ov KUt USMV, aV1Kavll vu uvm:~;et Ilta <>l1fltOuPytKi] Pa6AllO'11 aXEvav'tt crqv opyavropsvll xowovic, aviKuvll vu unuPSEt oov anocpuotcr'tt1ca 1tEptorrotspo un6 Eva anA6 JlE'ta~anKo q>atVOIlEVO ...

Ax6 tllV uUll IlEpta ollro<; EXOUJ.tE ornv A8~va 'tO~ 50u atrova eva TpaytK6 0eaTpo zou tXSt svO"rollarro9El Ilee; 'tllv iota TllV opyav(OllEvll xotvevin xt eX8t tcuttcrei

96

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI ETIANA:ETATIKH MAZA

IlE 't1e; i8u::e; TIle; ne; unEu8uvs~ KPUttKS<; As11:0Upyi6<;. 'ExoullE J.ltU KUrUataCJTj )lEe; TIlV ozofn 11 aYri8sCJTj 'tOU Kpritouq Kat tou Tpayucou E1Vat OA6'tEAa aVUnapKTIl - 'to Kpriro; YEVV~811KE ccv a'tscpuvrolla TIle; iOta<; miArt.:; us TIlv ozolc 11 EnaVaatattK~ Ila~a tOU 60u atrova opyavrom:: Kat to OtK6 tTl':; 8eaTpo' Kat 'to Kpriro; aut6 ssacpaviaTllKS )laSi IlE TO 8eaTpo: roco ~taV KotVSe; at pi~se; Kat Ot 1t11yE.e; roue,

o Nietzsche, aU'l:OC; nou 1tproroe; Kat ceo KavEic; UAAoe; SiOE 'to 1:paytKO cp6vro TOU KAacrtKOU nOAITtcrIlOU, Kat<lnAl1K1:0e; )lnpoc; ornv KCVtPt~ Kat unsu8uv11 SeaT) zou 6i;(s 11 tpayrooia aVUIlEaa oru; ASttOUpyiEs TIle; aSl1- va'i~e; IloAtTstae;. ovcpomoruv (<JIroe; 0 Aa6<; tCOV Mucrnpirov Kat nov t1l8upall~rov Kut6p8rocrs vo cpuoviosi 'tT)v unaps~ tOU IlE rnv mo appcvro~ ;(apu rou ayrova Kat tT)V mo proflaAi:a <lv9tCJTj tmv nOAtTtK0V tOU evertK'tCOV;» H anopia aun) -OAOtEAU aKa'tav6T)tT) YlU tOV KAacrlKo aVSpcono- yiVET!ll EST)y~crtflT) o» oKSCPtOUIlE ott o Nietzsche ~ouaE KaTCO cno rqv nteal1 ev6e; nOAtttallOu yta tOV ozoio T) Tpayrol'>ia Kat TO KpuTO~ naptcr'tavouv OUO p1stKa aaUIlPipa(j'w; ovromrc; K1 av, an£vuVtl orov nOAUl'>laa'ta'tO xoouo zou 1tSp1fXStat IlEe; mv 00- al~ svvotc 'tOU noUrT), avaAOYlatOUflS TIlV tstpcctsvr; nepwx~ 'tT)S COIl~S 8tAl1al1S .1uvafll1S Kat 'to opt~6vttO Enl1rEc5o nuvO) oro oaoio lClvEhal ~IlEpa eva "1tOAtTtKO ~roo". Av aKOJla Kat 0 Nietzsche nruv CVTeAroS cvixcvo; vc cruAAa.~€1 Jlla 'tetota Tauncrll rou KPU'tO'U<; Kat TIle; nvEU}!anK6TT)'tw; )ltas K01vcoviae;, ea stvrn yta llaC; SVtEAm<; aouva'to vo xntnvonoouue TO n80e; roco 1:0U KOlVOU ton 8ea:rpou tOU t1wvuaou oco Kat tOU KOtVOU 'tlle; EKKAT)aia<; tOU t1~JlOU av OSV 1tU'V0UJIE va nEptOpiSODIl8 T11v lbSa tTle; nOAttt~e; SCO~C; Kat TT)e; 1tOAttt~C; COptJIOTT)me; svo; Aaou ornv acpllPT)IlWll SwOta TIle; «uaKT)aT)S roiv auv'tUY)lanKU it 8navua't'aUKU Ka80ptallsvrov nOAt-

MAZA KAI ILTOPIA

97

ttKroV OtKatrol.uX'rcov Kat U1tox.psroaEcov», ov l'>CV cvnxpicoups K(hro ano {;;va cuvomuco npia)lu OAse; 't1J; 'V'UXtKE.e; Mt'tOUpyieC; JIE ttC; osois; Ilta f.luSa av8po:mrov cru)lJ.lS'tE.XEt Kat oev JIevet anwe; Sea'ti]c; it na8l1ttKO 6pyavo, a~ 'al;iee; KUt a't11v urropucn Sro~ 't11e; xotvevicc f.lSS Tl1v 0- noia cv'tuaaE'tat. Kat rote, aun) aKplpro~ 11 MOta Tl1S nOAtnKtl£ roplJI6Tl1ta£ zou ilIa €1rOm 1CU1:' E~OxfJV -oso'ti8EtUt- noAtTIKo1totl1J.lEvr1 oncoc; 11 l'>tKit llaC; TIlV E.XEt avayuyst ce fl£'tPO OAroV 'tOW npay ~a.'tcov, 9a f.laC; <pavel cov ESUtPE'ttKtl uoacpitc; Kat 8nlKivouVT).

Turd 'to )lE.yta'to f.lu91l)la nou f.la£ oiVEt 11 KAacrt~ EUUoa aXe'ttKU f.le 't1<; npou1t08aasv; 1tOU xrEmS£'tat va ouYKsV'tpro9a6v ocrs T) nOAtt1~ toropin 'tllS !lo.i;ac; va yivEt 11 nto cruVOAtKtl, 11 mo OAOKAl1P(l)Il{;;vll, 11 mo nv- 9p6:l1ttVT) 1tpaYf.laT01toil1crT) Kat Ka'ta<paall 'tOU av8pro1tou ue; TIlv xotvrovtc, sivrn '[OUtO: T) f.laSa roco 1tSptm:HYtspo U'I'rove'ta.t oro EninEl'>O Iltae; nOAtnKits it f.ltac; O1t01aaO~zors UAAl1C; tcropuoi 811f.ltoupyt~S opyavrocrT)C;, coo X£ptccorepo aVT1!lE'tro1tii;st cnv 8pa~anKo npOpAT)f.lU Tl1V Icropin nou i;st Kat Tl1v ssoua(a nov 11 opyavrof.lSvrt K01- vovto aaKEi €nuvco 'tT)C;' oco nspicoorspo ~6t au9CV'ttKu auto to npo~Alllla Kat to EK<ppa.SEt us rc au9svnKU 01- 1C0. 't11S usee Kat (JU)l)lstaXEl stm evEPYrtttKU crnv anoKPUcrtUUroCJTj rov a~tffiv 'tllS xowovie; f.lEC; 'tllv onoic SVtUaaE'tat' ooo 1tSptO'O'otspO 0 uv9pIDnoc; 1tOU ota1tatoayroys( T) JIasa us rou; OtKOUS Tl1e; llu8ouC; Kat tc OtKa. TIle; SKcppaanKU usou yivstat tKav6~ va stvm i;(I)v'tavoc; cpopeae; Kut xowevo; rev a~uov nOD opynvdrvouv rnv xowoivto, Tl1 uopqiozotouv Kat tTlC; oivouv unciPSl1 Kat otUpKSta.

o IIAu'tcov nou 'to )liaoc; TOt> 1Ca'ta 'tT)S .1rtf.lOKpa'tiac; 'tOY E.KaVE va 9tast to npopAl1lla rev !lasrov oro K£VtpO 'tOU atOxaaJlOU ton, Atet crouq «N ouoi»;» on 1l A9rJva'iKit IIoAt't'sia OIN ~'ta.v OUTS t1T))loKpa-ria OU1:S Apt-

98

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a-rOKpa:tta a'}J.jj, «0SatpOKparia» 55. BS~a1a, ornv e1t'oxTt 1tOU 0 IIAIl:troV £')'pa<p€ roix «N6)l0'\)~», orov Ka1 'to eacrpo Ka111 IToAt't€ia €iXav 1tCtl.j1€l ano KatpO vaSK<ppu~O'\)v ')'6vl)lSe; tcropucs; OUVU)letc;, Kaveic; Sev aKs<p'ttlKf: va Ae1t'tOAoyftO"St 1teiv(O a' £Va tB'tOlO KotVO ron:o Kal va Seast ccv £Va 1t'p6~All)la rnv U1teUEluVll Kat KEYtPIKft Els- 0"11 rou eSurpou )l£O"a O"TI] (11)lOcrta Sroij 'tTle; Kotvroviae; trov IISpcrtKOOV ITOAE)lO)V. Kat Yl' auro, iO"ro<;, Kavde; OEY So. n:fJpe oru cro~apu ne; an6A1J'ta aOtKalOA6r11re<; Kat naEltaajl£Vse; 6n19scrste; tOU IIMtO)va KaTu rou geei-rpou Kat 'tTle; 'tpaY1Kfte; tSXV11e;. M6vo €)l€ic; crij)l€pa, us t11 art)l6ptvft avun'tUSll TI]e; '¥uxoAoyiae; Kat )l€ rnv St01KTt ta'toptKij ndpa Kat O"Uvdol1crrtnou SXOU)le a1toKtf]cret, sivat ouva'tov va SKTt)lijaOUJ.lE 'tTl ~aeuTa'tTl autf] 1tapatf]Pl1crrt rOD nM'trova.

Orcv O"KS<ptoU)l€ on 11 nspioooe; TI]e; aKJ.lije; 'tOU KAaoucon avElpro1t'ou ijTav 1t'spioooC; Katei Tl1v ozoic 11 Ka8apei n:OA1,[lKTt tOD Opaa'ttlPl0nl'm ijtUV nOAu uaElsvsaTsPll O"S 1tapouaia, ae ~cipoe; Kat os a1tOTEMcr)laTtK6T11Ta U1tO 'tt]v 1[:epiooo TIJe; napaK)lije;· orcv EIu)l'l'J90uJl€ on xpetucrTIJKS va yivet )lla S1t'uveicrTaO"ll ')'ta va vouuionomast 0 AteupaJl~oe; Kat va YSVVll9si 11 TpayooOtu, t6TS Sa KaraM~ODJlS 'to 1t'spmx6Jl€V0 autf]c; 't"l')<; «8satpOKpartae;». Kat rots Sa KaraAci~O\})lE En:iCJ11e; on 11 cStKft Jlue; MotU 't11e; 1[:oAtnKTtC; ropl)l6't11Tae; Kilt 'tOU «Un:OKS1Jl€V1KoU 1tUpciyoV'ta ornv Ioeopto» eival aKO)la -1tap' OAll rnv 1tsipo 1t0\} )lac; sorocrav ot OUO jleya~"uTspSC; En:avaaTeicrStc; 'tTl<; Ioropie; )lae;-1tOAU cm:vit Ka1 O"UyKEXU)l£Vll.

I'tnri, aKpt~ro<;, cmv 1tpooTll cpeiO"11 't11C; All)lOKpanKTte; En:aveicrtaO"ll<; ornv apxatKft AElitva, ornv 0 Topcvvo; Kat )lSTa 0 ApSlO<; ITuyoe; S1tatt.;;E 'to POAO evoe; <<!.l1tOAcre~iKtKOU K6)l)la'toe; ornv 1tSp{OOO 't11<; AtK'tampiae; 'tOU

55 ID.a:t. Nou., 701u.

"dAZA KAI IrTOPIA

99

rIpOAe'tap1eimu», €VOe; EioOUC; o0l1Y0'6 Kat K110E)lOVa 'tOU oft)lOU, 't1 itTaV au'to 1tOU e)l1t08lO"S 'to 8ftJlo vc ~ava1tsest cr't11v 1tPOTSpft ron 1t(lEl11nK6't11Ta Kat va a<psSEi ornv KUpiapX'l'J ~OUA11crrt rrov ({KllOS)lOVOOV» rou; H 1tsipa 'TTle; raMtKfte; Kat lolai'tspa trte; PoocrtKfte; Enavucnacrrte; cSsv upxst yta vc , . .Lae; OS~St 'tTJv 1C'6pta crrt)lacria 'T11<; 1tuEl11t1- Kot11'tae; it 't11e; ioropuop; SVSPY11tlKOTI]'tae; 'tll<; )lut.;;ae; O''tllv 01KOo6)ll1crrt To)V SEO")lIDV Kat 'TTl Ota)lOp<PIDcrrt trov u~tffiv 'TTle; l.u.:tS1tavacrta'tlK'l1~ xowmvicc; 0 Apsto; I1Ct~ yoe; 1tapao{vst ne; s~oucriE<; tOU cr't11 BOUAft Kat oro AiJ)lo J.lOAL<; TO 462/1, 011Ao.oft Aiya XP6vta xptv a1t6 'tOY IlsptKAit: roe; tors, to 1C'6pto )l€(J0 J.lE TO onoio O"UJ.l)lSts{xs 0 Aft)loe; O"TIlv 10''tOP1KTt t.;;illiJ TIle; Opya..Vill)lEvrt<; xowrovioc Ssv fttav 't00'0 11 eicrKllO"ll TIDV O"TJ)lav'ttKu nBptOptcr)lSvIDV 1[:OA1'ttKOOV tOD cStKCl1roJ.lUtroV 00'0 fttav 11 )lecra oro geatpo tOU Atovooou 9PllO"KeunKTt 'too Ka'tuvu~Tl, 11 AtovucrlaKft eKataa11 1tOU tOY xopteus )l€ rou; Mu9ove; 1t0\} aU'toe; 0 lOwe; sixs IYYUABl oro <proe; Kat 11 svElOUO"taO''t11C1) TO\} B1ttK01VIDvia )lE ne; a~iE<; 1tOV e~E(j}pa~B 11 'tpayrooia - aUTSe; 'tt<; asise; 1tOU 11 iota ron 11I.m:aV(l.0''tanK'il cSpeicrrt sixe ent~eiAet O''t11V xowmvia, LTIlV n:spiocSo au'tft, 0 A911~ valKo<; ~ftJ.lOe; O"UJl)le'tstxs ornv to"mptxTt t.;;roft 6xt rooo oov «eKAoytKO cr<:OJ.la» (11 svvoto; autf], Ka't' apxTlv acrUAAll1tTIl ornv s1toxfl 't'O)vMapaSrovo)luXIDV, sJ.l<pavi~s~ 'tat xuptox; crqv E1tOxTl TTJe; 1tavtoouva)liae; tIDY «'I'Tl<ptoudrorv rOD AftJ.lou» 011Aa()it crTl1V enoXit Tl1<; 1tapaK)l1l<;) a"JJiJ. ouv ~lovucrtaKOe; XopOC; nov SKO'LUO'leit.;;Etat OXt ma us to Atovuao (011Aaoft 61till<; Sa OOUJ.lE, J.lE TTIV zcpouofn )ltae; avn-KpattKTte; Kat cvn-urropmp; 9s6tTJtae;) a'}J.jj, us TIl AiKT} o11Aaoit J.lS to tspo crU)lPOAO 't11e; vsae; Kpatl1d)e; '[a~l1~ Kat 'tTle; veae; EI€O"TJe; tOV av8p<:01tou )lEe; rnv Ioropte.

100

"0EATPOKPATlA" KAI EITANALTATIKH MAZA

Mv{Jor;, aM1I]opia. tmJlPOAlUIlOr;

Aao TIlv aXO'l'l1 au'ti}, Ssv eXOU~8 napa vn xapa~aAOu~8 rou; Mu90u~ xavro croix ozoiouc ap9proOttKaV tn tpin stoTt 9sutpoo nou uvmpspnue mo navro ym vc KUtaAU~OUjlS Kat to ~a9utf:po VOTJ~a 't11<; OEatpOKpatia; Kat t~ p~tKe; 1tOto'ttKg~ omcpopec; 1tOU unapxouv cvu)..I.£O"a <J't~ OT)jltOupytKec; 8UVatDtrtTE~ rev rptdrv W1tCOV KOlVOU zou roo; avncrtOlXOUv.

..1.EV etvot a(HpaM>~ roxaio to Ott €va KaT' sso:dtv aVttllat;;tKO 9saTpo 61troe; 'to KNtO"tKl<J'ttKo @ea'tpo OEV Bs~sAl(hvstat 1tavco as MuSou<; aUa 0"8 aUTJyopie~' ott ot 'tpaytKoi TJPros~ Kat 01 rpaytKe<; nSptnE'tf:tEe; OEV sivat ~opcpe<; ~y(lAllev8<; ano l-ua aUT6yoVTJ, npcorapxtKi!, «xprotownrp> TpUytKTJ e~nEtpia Kat ~uOonAuO"nKTJ EVSp,},l1tlKo'tT)ra (lAM npoiovTa 'tT)C; OUjlavlO"TtKi!e; K(lMtEp'}'sta~: 1l0pcpte; sniK'tT)tSC; Kat OSUTEP6yOVSC;, nap}levse; ano 'tTJ Bi~AO, TOV Euptx10lJ. 'toy ~EVf;KU, TJ toy l1PcotKo KUKAo trt~ to"1tavlKijc; grandeza. fta.ti eva KOlVO non 1tpoO'otOpit;;Et!lt anD ne; Otao"TaO"€~ ~t(l<; KAetoriIc; l€papxucil; KaOrW; OEV f.X€t KUjlia. avaYKlJ OUTE, 10"ro;, Kat stVat O'S geO"l'j vo u\j1coed zspu anD TIl 0'U1l~anK6trt'ta troy KOpVT)Ata.VroV O'UyKpOUO'EroV nvauson 0'1"0 «Ku9i]KOV» Kat 'to «aiO'elJ~U)} Kat DAze; ne; napouou«; p~tKU ESCOtpaY1KEe; KaTI}yopiee;. 'E TOl 0 Racine avaYKUO'tTJK€ yta vc EK<ppaOtEi vn XP1'Jm~01tOlTJo"Et TO napa~opc:pronKo UA1K6 EVOe; KOO~OU nou xrt1;Ota.v jlE O'UMoytO"}lOUe; ocv 'tOY €n6JleYo: <de n' ai point pousse Berenice jusqu' a se tuer, comme Didon, paree que Berenice n' ayant pas ici avec Titus les derniers engagements que Didon avait avec Enee, elle n' est pas obligee, comme e1Ie, de r~noncer Ia vie ... Ce n' est point une necessite qu' il y ait du sang et des morts dans une Tragedie, II suffit que l' action en soit grande, que les acteurs en soient

MAZA KAlll:TOPIA

101

heroiques, que les passions y soient excitees et que tout s' y ressente de cette tristesse majestueuse qui fait tout le plaisir de la tragedie» ".

Ae; napa~aAoUJ.u; rwpa uUrTJ 1"1'J (<<JXEOlOnotTJ~ev1'J otxovouin» TOU ailla'to~ ~€ TO covo, trtV alJ10~1~ia., ttt VEKpocptAiu, ttt unvin ouva~TJ~, EKOiKTJ01'J~ Kat eUVcl'tOU zon ~EXStA~OUV ~eoa 0' eva Ssa'tpo onou xcvsvu oroOepo cppay~a OeY XroP1SE to KOtVO uno TOUt; l1eon010u;, 1"OUe; 1l901t01OU~ uno TOU~ ()TJ~toupyouC;, TOU~ OTJJllOUPyoue; ano ne; 1t6pvae; Kat roue; ()OAo<POVOUt;, roo; 00"-0- oovou; ano tOU~ 1tp<iKtOpa~ TTJ<; nOAt'ttKr,<; aorovo~ia~ Kat tu ~ayclAU ovopnrn 'tTJe; AuAit~57 ... DAet; amE~ 01 ~Eru~opcpwCiev; jlse; ru; onoie; aut6t; 0 10tOe; 0 Shakespeare f.XaCiE 'tTJV tautoTI}ta tOU (av 1tl(J'ts",ou~s TOV Sir Edmund Chambers Kat TOU~ ouYXPOVOUt; Oats- 1tllPt(J'tS~, KU'to) ano TO ovouo Shakespeare KpU~OVtat TouAaXlo'tOv oeKatpiu 1tpoO"ronu 1tOU uvrpcouv 0"' OAst; Tts pueJ.lioe~ TI}t; KOtVroVtKr,t; tSpapxtas), TO yayovo<; . Ott av Esatpf.CiOU~a iva» Ben Johnson, OAot curoi ot OEKa- 8a<; eAIO"a~Ettavo{ ofJ~lOupyoi, zoo 1tOAU O'nuv1a KUtOpeffivou~a va OlUKpivou~a tttV ato~lK6'tTJtu roue, 011-

56 Racine: «Preface a Berenice». [«Llev funpro~o. rn BspEViKT] ~XPt TO 8tivo.TO, On:roe; tTl .1.1OW, '1UJ.Ti oroo!ffivou on 11 BspsviKTl oev axSl npo; TOV Tiro il<; osof.1ei>aetS ]to\) 11 LlIOffi siXE :n:iipEl evovn TOU Atvsio, Ssv SlVUl U1tOXj)sw!lkYr] Onwe; sxetvn vo apYr]8si tTJ ~(i)tl TI)C; ... ~EV stvm Ka86Aou u:nupaiTI)TO va U1ttipx.81 ai!1ll Kat vsspot as I-lla 't-puyrooiu. APK&l lJ OpaOll va sivat EvtoYr], ot :n:proTuyroVUlt'ec; 11po)tK01 Kat Ta :It!18rj va sX,(ll)V s.;<l<p8ei K(1t 01..0. vc 'lffipt~allovTat 0.11:0 uun) U]V un:SPOxrl ElH\jI1r nOD (fl)VtmCt OA11 TIlV eu<ppooUYr] U]S 'tpo.-

Y7(i)O(Uo;;_ «(J.T.S)]. , r

o oovo; TOU Marlowe, !!U(YrlKOl) :npCtl<LOpU crnv u1tllpeaia TllS sAt(Jo.lknuVl\c; np01tuy«v8a-;, TO !1IlPWPtO tOU Kyd, 'to alloKoto tSAoc; rou Oxford Kat 0 ,.IU<rTllptffiolle; Btivuto:; TOU Greene Kat TOU Peele, 0 POAoc; rcov Mo Walsingham (upx.ryyow t1"»; eAl.(Ja~ettuVl\s np01tuytivoru;) ocixvouv allwO"te 'fOUe; OeCJ!WiJc; zou 1JxilPX(tv uvausee (JTO Beatpo, TIlV 1I:OAmld], TIlV uoruvouia.

102

"9EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANAITATIKH MAZA

).ltOUP'}'OUCJ(lV ).lEe; rnv EntKUtp6tTjtU, scOvtae; an6 ).lapa CJS ).lSpu ... upxouv yta vc mu.uivouv 01vT) TIl PCUCJtOTIlta Kat tTj ).lEtapUtlK6tT)1:a auTite; tTje; E1toxile; - tTj ptl,;tKil tT)e; aouva).liu vc PPEt ).lSCJa tT)e; tTj Mva).lT) vc oroaEt tva oreOEPO vonun Kat ).lta T<i~TJ CJt11v wta tTjC; tT)v E).l1tEtpia.

Av 8BA.01»).lE vu KpatytcroUj.lE cmv MOta TOU MuOou 6/'TJ ron rnv 1tSP1(Oml Kat OAll tOO Tll AU).l'l'll, cv ovayvcopU;OUW: ).lBcra (HOV MuSo tTjv napoucria TOU A6you, tTJv U1tBPPUcrlJ Kat Oxt 10 anA.O CJTUlvtS<iptcrj.lU j.ltae; tCJTOptKile; €j.l1tEtpiue;, rote Oa npsnst, zpoxeiuevoo yta rnv EAt(Jupsnuvil TeXVT], va j.ltAytcroUW: yta jnn O'Uj.lPOA.llCij Kat OXt ym ).lta J.luOtKil TtXVT): to <itoJ.lO tTJC; AvcyevvqcrlJC; tPPl(JKE (JtOV Hamlet, rov Faustus TOU Marlowe il 'tOY Vendice tOU Tourneur" tu crDJlPOA.a Kat 0Xl to uuOtKO VOTJJ.lct rov opuncdrv tOU SJ.l1tStPlroV Kat t(OV uvnpXOU).lEVCOV ouvall8(oV 1tOU 6Ppl(JKE J.lsaa tOU Kat 1tOU xe)lia avroT8PTJ, nEpt8xoucra KOLVOtTJTa OSV iltav as 9taTJ va opycvrocst. Fum Kal.ua MvaJ.lTJ j.lES 'to EA.t(iapE1:lUVO 0tutpo OEY unEppuivEt rnv aJl80'0t11ta TIte; tpaytKils EJ..l1tEtpiw;, rnv co)lil sKq>paO'T) TIte; SKJ.lTJ~)sVt(iTtlCijc; nA.T)8ropae; Kctt tTJe; aVnVOJ.ltKOtT]'tUe; T(oV 3uvuj.lscoV nou eveyvroptSs J..lEcra'tou 0 av8pconoe; TIte; AvaytvvT)crlJe;.

[JaOoe; t5ixwr:; <<I.l(iOor:;»

58 C)TiJ TOW11eur: f\yy~ sA.lutt~sTUlV~ liJX1l!tttoulYY~ (1575- 1626) tOU oaoiou ru yvroUtOtsptt 8IYYa stvoi, H r:paYoMia TOU ABeov KUl H Tpa.ycobia TOU EldJlIc"TfJ. 0 Vindice (EK01Kl1.~0;) eivm 0 TJpro- 0.0; t1]o; teA.eutaiar,; TJX1yrooiar,;, 0 ozolo; 'ltpo)tuY(J)vlo"tsi oe Eva ULJ.U1- rllP6 opalJ.U SKOt1C1]01]r; nou 'ltoMoi 8srop1]ouv tUa~lO T01) J3amAui ATJp· (LtUlEPU 'ltmtsUsTttt on cruyypa<pettr; TOU 8IYYOlJ ~to.v mBo.vcOr; 0 T61J.Ct0; MivtAztov). 0 Marcel Schwob Erpa'l'S )'Ul tOY Toopvsp 6Tt <<y~811Ke tt1tO T1]V 8vID01] IN~ uYVCOOtOlJ BsoU J1E ,.ua'ltopV1]». INcO o T. S. Elliot: «To rrpooron:a TOl) Toupvsp j.UtoPSt vn siVUl aXo.pu, XOVOPOStOtl, uxsOOv 'ltUlOlK8r,; Kupllca'£oUp~ rllr; avepro7tOtTJta~ UA.Aft ttvip,ouv O)..a us ,un l>'lt8p~eel1 KAiI-WK(t» (e.r.s.).

MAZA KAI ILTOPJA

103

YnUPXEt'tpaYIK6 nu9o<; a' 6All 'tOU tT]V aUeSVtlKO't1)'ta., o ' 6A.ll tOU rqv 1tA.1)potTJ'ta aUa xnvsvo «j.lu8oe;» OSV 1tpo~<iA.A.stat nou va E~aCJcpuA.ii;Et Kat va oUltTJpc:i (va. «O'roSW) 01[(OC; ea 'A.cyuv 01 apxaiOl 'EAA.TJVEC;) 'tT)v svorntc Kat tTjv ta.U'totTJ'ta tou a.v9pcDnou !l£ TOV EaU't6 'tOU a.VU)lEaa. CJ'ttC; Octl.J..L0VtKES ouvaj.lSte; nou tOY anEtAOUV anD j.ltau xt a1t' €~co:

Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And then is heard no more: it is a tale

Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing ... 59

'Eva TEtOlO ({j.l<ie09> uovo 0 Mu8oC; -1) OUVctJlTJ zou KaT' Esoxilv npaYJla't01totEi autft 'tTJv unEp~uO'TJ TT]S tpaYIKilc; EJ..LnSlpiu<;- eivut CJ6 eEall vc 'to SKq>puaEt. Kat, 'tcturoxpova, uovo 0 Mu80C; stvrn as SEaTJ va aUYKporytosr 'tTJ Jl<isu aE KotVOTT)'tU, va 'tTJe; 8000'61 OSJlEA.ta, (ita8Epornru Kat cruVEXSta.. fiatt !-lOVO 0 MuSoe; stvci ere 860'T] va SKq>paa£l tOY A6yo crnv wta TTJ yA.cDO'CJa tT)S j.la~a<;. I'inrt uovo )lae; TOUS MuElouC; TTJS Karop9rovEt va sKq>paest ne; &tK£<; TTJe; a.~iEe; 11. W1sa Kat va n<; avtna~at onoTSA.WJlaTtKa Kat yovtJ.la CJt1e; a~iEe; tTJC; opyav(OJlEvrtC; xowcovtcc;

~' a.utij t1l JluElO1[A.uanKi1 a.8uva.!-lia tT]<; aAtcra~6na.vile; )l<isae;, ornv avtKav6TTJTa TTJC; vn a.Sto1[otyt(iEl rnv 1- a'toptK~ 'tllS EJ.l1tElpia, o<paiAoUj.lE va. anooomooj.ls rnv anOWJ..Lll E~a.<puVtaT) oXt J..L6vo tOO emitpou aA.A.u Kat au'tile; tT]e; i8lUe; 'tllS j.la~as· ftatt nroe; a.Utroc; uxopoups vn

59 Macbeth, Act V, Sc. V. [H ~(J)r, OIN stvci n:apa ,ua KtVOU!1£VTI OKLO:' ev~ ab&;tO<,; 118on:OlOr; !'f[(1) KOpbWVStat xut ()1)OTP01tSt mivw oro 7taA.KOOEvtKO/ Kal !!Eta nuusl vc aKouYETcn: siVtlt fwa n:UJX1I!U9l 'ltOD TO o.<p1]yshut 00<; 1]1..1910<';, 0')...0 OX')...o~or, xut Iillvial X(J)pir,; Ko.vevc VOTJIill. (JlEt. rou E1l:lJ.l.)]

104

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI EllANArTATIKH MAZA

SPJl11veV()OU).lE TO ysyOVO~ &n to 8tatpo aUTO XOU, sni Evil OiJJlaVtlKO Kill axo<pacrlcrntci}~ KOcrJlO'lcrTOPUCi]C; O'T)~ Jlacriac; XPOVIKO oUicrTIl!lu, anoppoq>oucrs OAT] TllV 1tV€U!lUTtlCij ~ro~ TIle; xotvorvfnc, DSV Jlnopscrs vo OAOKA.11pWesi ce JlUI aA;rlelV~ «Oectpoxpcrto»; Tt SJlxoDtcrs auto to etatpo vn sn~iJO'sl JlEta to ntpllO'Jla TTJ~ JlsTaBatllCftc; KOlvroviac; 1tOU to YSwTJ()S; Ti SJ.1xoi5tO's mno 'to 9t(ITPO vo D1tEPVllCTJO'El tOY napUA.OYlcrJlO xm TOV M11oSV1- crJlO, TO Nihil KUt 'to Absurdum 1tOU ~TIlV 0 UJlsO'oC; tOD KOcrJlO~ xci VIl u'I'w9si crTTJV 1tpo<pTJn~ s~aY'Y€Aia a~lwv us Ttc; osots; 0 uv8pwnoe; Sa Jl1tOPOUcrE va ~avaBpEi TTJV svoT1lt<i tOU;

Movo K(XtCO ano rou; aO''tEpl(JJlOUe; tStOlQW aSlwv siVat DDVatOv vo 0i511Y118Ei JllU Jlu~a O'DYKAOVlcrJltv11 ano Jlta tpayuciJ €J.Ln€lpiu Kat vc O'DyxrovSDtei ue Tllv opyaVCOIlEvTJ Kotvrovia Ka1. TllV lcrtOPlK'fJ TIle; ~O)~.

00'0 mo EvtOVec; stvm 01 uvrwouuce; i5UVUJlStc; nOD cruYKPOUOVTCll JlEO'U os JllU xotvervfn, ooo OllA.ai5iJ mo 8K011A.OC; stvm 0 JlsTapatu:6c; T11e; xupaK~puC;, t60'0 mo E1t1TUKttKu TTJC; E1t1pUA.A.Etat 11 avaYKrt va tepapX118et Kat vc opyavw8si xm vc esaA£i,¥st an6 !lEcru TllC; K6.86 KEV'tpo<PD'Yll OUVaJlll Kat, tavT6xpova, TOO'O 1tSpt(J()6TEPO 0 KOO'J.LOC; 'IOU tpaY1KOU -0 KOO'JlOC; nov 1tPOPAllflatonot£l xm EKJllli5svi1;;el K6.86 i5uVatOT11Ta uv8pw1t1VT]C; ouvunnp~TJC; Kat tG'tOpttci}c; ~O)~c;- KUpteuet 'tOY 'l'l)XlGJlO TllC; J.l6.~1lC;. Ttar], orcv ppeSEt K6.tro Ilno T11V KIlTIl8Al1tTttci} niEO'TJ T11C; Ioroptoz; TJ Jl<i~u ---<XU~ TJ «GKOT61vfJ 6"'TJ)} TllC; KOtVO)viaC;- stvct TJ K01VWVltci} KaTTJyopia 1tOU KilT' ESO~V at0'8aVEtCll TTJv avuYK11 va GKs<ptsi TOV saut6 Tlle; IlE <poPo Kat JlS rpouo, Ms; 'to TpaYIK6, oA6.K€PTJ T] KOIVWvia nov a1tOO'UVTi8€'tat iJ avapxeltUl Klhro 1l1t0 TO pupo~ roiv npOpAll).latrov zoo bSV Ilnopci vu A.UG€l, ovetpeustct rnv iota T11C; rnv tl).lropia Kat T11V WlU T11C; tT]v Evo~. Kat IlUTOe; 0 KOO'JlO<; TTJ<; ovoxiJc;, 'tT]C; tlJlropiaC;, tOU Nihil

M:AZA KAI IITOPIA

105

xm rou Absurdum: 0 1C60').l0C; tau 0avritou eivln 11 Kat' ssoxitv qmyoKsv'tp1l, UVtlK01VroVt~ ouvaJ.lTJ, TJ QUvaJlTJ zou KUT' esoxflv upvei'tat Ku8e evvoJlTJ KUTe~ooGtaO'ttKf] raST] Kat nUpUAUSt Ka9E 8SAllO'll U1tOKUtUcrTUG11C; T11C; opyavroJlEvrtC; xorvmviaq: 0 sX8poC; TllC; KOlvroviac; Hamlet etvm "Co uPXtwno K<ige Tpayucf]c; GxsO'yte; us 'tOY KOG!lO. Kat yt' UUtO, av -6nroc; eOSlsav rooo 0 Kafka 6- GO Kat 0 Freud- TO a'toJ.Lo osv J .. l1t0psi va 0P'YuvwcrSt Tll ~wft tOU cv oev an:aMayd ano KaOE crVJl1tAeY)..la SVO~; Kat nJlropia~, ~hcrt Kat OAUKSPll uu'tit 11 )..lSTa~an~ K01- vovtn, J.LOA.tc; UPXiG€1 vu SKOTJAWW:'Tat )..lSGa Tll~ Kat VU mptJlusst JlUI KOtVroVtK~ OUVUJlll 1Kavit vc paA.st ~ua 10,STJ Ka1 ~l1a 1l0p<pij oro Xao<;. y{vetat nE8io )..llUC; unOystac; ytyuv'toj..laxiac; uvaj.tscra O''t11v avu'YK11 evvOJl11C; taST]C; Kat 10''tOPUC11<; unapSTJC; Kat 'Ta tpuytKa Jlotipa TOU 8avo'tou Kat 'tOD M118cvtO'J.lOO: autiJ Tll Pt~lK~ uvnvouin avaj.tEGa GtO Tpuyuco Kat rnv opyavroJlSVTJ xotvovia Ecrufl~oAt~ onv, Onro<; Ou Oou).lE apyo-tspa, 01 Jla~tKt<; 8P11aKsicc; Tll<; EU6.oac; xm Tll<; AtyunTou ue T11v 1tUA.11 'tOU ~toVUGOU Kat TWV paatAtuooov Kat J.Ls rnv KpiO'yt 'tOU <Dapuw uno TOY Ootpn (JtO OtKacr~ptO tOU 0avaTou.

To sA.taa~Ettav6 8su"Cpo scrpTJcre ytati Ssv Jl1tOpSGE vc 0"U)..l<ptAW)8ei Ils tOY 8uvaTo· ytaTl oov j.tn6peO'E vc E';ayysiA.st tva 1tri90C;~).luElo~ uccvo vu uzspvuoicst TTJv eKj.t110SVtcrnK'it EJl1tEtpia TOU nupaA?y10'JlOU TIle; unapSTJC; U1ttvUVtt O''ttc_; Oat)..lOVIKS<; OUVUJlS1<; zou rnv U1tStA.OUV - tvu MuOo txcvo vc ElS)lEA.tIDGSt ).l1(l avOpro1t1VU Kata<puR t1~ crtucrll un:Evavn GTllV Ioropta, Jlta O'U)..l<ptA.iroO'T) 'TOU avElpwn:ou us 'tOY souro tOU Jltcra cru; cvnvouts; tOOV OatJlOV1KWV "Coo 1l6taJlOp<pWGEWV. 'E tat £O'P11GE Kat TO KOtVO TOO Globe Theater Kat Elpu).lJ,la'TiGt"TJKS 0" tvu 1tAijOoc; ano na8TJttKu, ESOUOf:"CEpOOJ,ltva, c-ioropucc uroue, n:POTOO xcv KO/tOpSWGS! vc ola<popo1tOtT]O€i a1to to A.OUJl1tsvRnpoM:'tapuito, Xoopie; vn J.LnopSGSl v' ano~

106

"E>EATPOKPATrA" KAl EnANAnATIKH MAZA

KTI]crn ).na curovour] tcr'tOptKt1 SIDt11tSpa U1tO ro 1tapasavo tVtSPflat~o tfJ~ J.tEtapatlKt1~ 1tEpt680u. Mtoo; atmvc; XIDpi~Et 'tOY Hamlet a1t6 rnv 1tOUpttaVtKt1 E1tavuGta- 0"11: ucrtEpa a1t6 to 1tspucr)la uv8promov tfj~ EKPl1KtlKt1~ ouva)ll1~ tOU Marlowe t1 tOU Cyril T ourneur, n zoopuuVtKt1 E1ti8SO"11 i)tUV 11 )l6vll U1tOtEA.ecr)lUttKi) JlOp<pi) UJlUva~ t11~ opyavID JlEvl1~ KOtVIDVia~ svovrtov tIDV OUVU)lE(oV 1tOU dXE e~unoAucrEl 'to EAloUpEttav6 Sampo. 'Etot aurf) 11 J.tu~a, 1tOU 'tTJ &lOVUO'laKi) TIlt; &hj1a yta tTJ sroi) Sev )lnopecre vo TTJV secrnucrel napa )lOVO J.te 'to vlxu..\OnK6 8aaJ.ta tOU 1t\O aypwu 8avutOu, )H06 ouovu J.teta, 88\1 Im6ps06 vo 8rocr61 UMll Ot8~OOO cmv avuYKl1 t11t; vu ouJ.tq>v..lID9st ).LE tfjv «ne~6T1rca» TIlt; opyaVCOJ..lEvTg; KOtvovia; SSID an6 't11 )lasoXlcr't'lKi) Aucr11 tll~ 1tODpt'tUVtK'f]~ - ol1Aa&i) tfJt; mo aJ.tstacpumKf)s, TIlS 1t10 avtltpayudlS UPV11O"11S tllt; SCOtlt;·

;unt 0 A6yoS, 61tcoS 8UA6YE 0 Hpuwt'tO<;, 8av tll P01181l0'£ va u'l'co8d 1tUVCO a1to TIlV (<1tUAll rrov uvnSEtrov»: KaVSl<; MuSoS OSV J.tn6psm: va TTJv U\1J(.ocrSl1tUV(o a1to tl~ avncpu0'6t<; ).nat; cpaCIT]<; tfj<; Ioroptc; zoo uzovousuoruv ano TIlv tota tfjS tll J.tfrrapanK6tfjta. Knuui tpaYtKf) ecole, KafltU flu8t1<f] &UVUJ.tll Ssv snStpS'I'6 Kat bav 1tapaKtVl1cr6 tfJ J.tuSa aU'tt1 vc 6nEIlPe\ Kat vu E1ttpaAsl'tTI otKl] t1'JS ",urn Kat'tt<; OtKSS tfJ~ a~ie~ crnv opyaVCOO"ll 'tTIS KOlvcoviaS Kat va ssqrUY61 a1tO tfjv 1taSll'tlKOTIl'ta zou s';ayySMODV ot 'tsAeU'ratot Cl'tiXOl 'rOU Lear:

The weight of this sad time we must obey

. . . The oldest hath borne most; we that are young Shall never see so much nor live so long ... 60

60 To pop'tio (J.utmv tCOV eA.l~pmV l(o.tpmv 'tODS O1tOiODs ltPE1tEl vc Ult0J.l£lVOD!!£I ... Ol1tUA.IOrSPOl OllJlloUP'Yl1cr(J.V ta nsptccorspc: sJlSlt; 1tOU slllacrtS vsot! ltors 8sv fla 80uJlS roou 1tolli OVtE 9a /;;iIcrouJl€ rooo ... (o.r.s.).

MALA KAI I!:TOPIA

107

o ellii1uov ... A070~ TlJ~ fPllo(1ofPia~

0a npS1tSl vn 1tA11CfUi(TOUflS 'tOY 8tlJ..lO TI]'; apxatKt1S A- 8~vas Kat 'to KOtVO roo (jmirpou ron ~lOVUcrOU yta vo Ka'taAUpOUJ..lS'rO aAAOKOtO 1tS1tpCO).lSvo 'tOU EAtcrapsnavoo 0s(hpou Kat vo PpouJ.ts oAo~mv't'UVTj 'tTIV 1tapoucria tau A &you J..l6S TI]V U1tEppaO"ll zou E1tuet..ei 0 Mv90S 0- AllS aurf)s 'tTj<; miATjC; roiv avnSa'tcov J.tS~ TIlV ozoio anapa~E'tat KUEIS ).LS'tUPattKtl xowrovio. Ttn vc KamAapouJ.tS Ott tOGO Tj Tpaycooia 00'0 Kat 11 $v..oO'oq>la Ssv eivct -Ssv J..l1tOp€i vo sivat- J..lta anA.., «(l.V'tuvaKAaoll», ).Lta 1t\aTJl, uUTjyoptK'f] i) OU).LPOAtKl] «aKcppaO'll» roiv nvnvouuov J.ttU<; 07t01(lO'Otlno't6 tcr'tOP1KiJC; EJ.t1tEtpias OEV 8- XOuJ..ls napa vu napapUMOUJ..lS ns «EAlcrapsnavE';» EvVOteS J.tE n.; ozoie; 11 Movrspvo <I>u..oO'ocpia (evvoro TIJ Geworfenheit TOU Heidegger, 'to Neant TOU Sartre fJ to Meurtre et l' Absurde ron A. Camus) crwAtS6.PEt 'tTJV toropuoi J.taS EJ.t1tSlpia, J.ts 'tt<; MOlEC; TIJC; npocrcoKpanKf)t; <I>v..oO'ocpiae;.

«0 cpu..ocrocpOS zou OUVS1011ta1t01£i TOV Eamo 'tOD ccv MTjotv Kat 'tUu'tOxpova onv EAsu8epia», ypa<pEl 0 M. Merleau-Ponty svvodrvn«; TOUe; E~l<JtaVO"1aAtO'tec; q>lAocrocpoUt;, «OiVSl TIl tOSOAoytKt1 ).loPCPtl ron KatpOU tau. ME'tUcppU~Et as MOteS aurf) TIJ cpaO"ll tTJt; Ioroptce; ozou 1'] ooote Kat 1'] u1tap~1'] 'tOD (l.v8pro1tOU sivct aKOJ.tCt (sic) XIDPtO').LEvSC;, onou 0 uv8pco1t0C; Ssv eivci 0 saU't6~ 'tOD ytUtt Biven xa)ffivos flEO'a crt~ cvrupdosu; ron Kunt'taAtO'J..loU» 61 •

61 Temps Modernes, Il, cr. 352, Ewosmn on l(llllul KptnriJ IllltplPoAia OEY 1q)OJ3o.lJ.£tlll 1l1t6 'tOY K. Merleau-Ponty crxeu1<U ~ tl1 vouiIl&fltll Jlta<; 'tE'totas o1i~su91s 'tlls ovtoAoyias Kat tOU Map~lO'J1OU. To altotEAecrlllllllU<; rStOlw; JlS9600u eivm 6A.o to -roco qJ1AO(l"(Xpt- 1<6 000 Kat KOlV(J)VWAoylK6- KOllqJoU~tO 7tOU xaplllcrllpil;;El to Humanisme et Terreur.

108

"6EATPOKPATIA" KAI EIlANALTATIKH MAZA

!l€V 8a ~'tav 1tOAU Ka:A:u'tspo va Mya~s 0J.1J.oS on 11 uovn SSj.tt~ «j.ts'tuq>pa<r11 O'S MOlES» 'tT]s 1tsipas 1tOU sXEt a1t0KPUO'taUroO'Et ).tta 7tspi080s ozou Ot «cvrupn- 0'81<;» 'tOU Kam'tuAtO'j.tOU sxouv 1tEpaO'Et crnv o~u'tspit rou; q>U<r11, OEY YPu<pETat 0''tT] yAcOO'O'u ).ttas $tAoO'o<pius 1tOD ).tat; 1tA11po<popsl on 11 ouoto KUt 11 unup~l1 ron uvSpro1tOU sivrn aKo).tu «XroptO').t6vEq> uua 0''tTJ YAIDO'O'U UUTroV reov E1ttO''tT]j.tcOV zoo ovoj.ta~ovtut «KOtVroVU;:St; a~ 1ttO'nlfl8t;»; AUTSt; or En1an1).tSt; (JKono a.Kplpro~ sxouv vu j.ta~ OIDO"OUV 'to SVVOlOAoytKO opycvo 1tOU XPSIUSSTUl yta vo KUtUNi~OU!lS 'tOY npuY!lUTtKo xupaKt~pa 'tTJ~ Kpi(JTI'; !lSt; rnv onoia U1tUPXOU~S: va ).ta~ 8roaoDv ).tla oco yivsTUl mo UV'tlK8t!lSVlKft sucova rov axsasrov !lat; us rnv o~ 1tOm Ila~ KUt va flUs U<PitO'ouv !lE'tU 8Asueapou~ va tIt; ap!ll1V€UaOUIlS onror; 8SAOU!lS. AJ,J",ci 11 cI>-u.oO"oq>ia O€V !l1topsi vu SiVUl OUtE !lta «uvtUVUKAa<r11» outs utn (Ju!l~ POAIKft it uU11YOPt1cft tK<ppaO'11 TOW npaYllatlKrov OWOJ.!Svo)V J!lUt; 100'tOpt~e; nsplOooU. Touvuvriov, stoucci O'S E1tOX£t; Kpi(J11t; Ka1 Piut;, (J1tapUYIl6vSC; ano 't1lv «7taA11 nov uvnSt'trov», 11 $tAoO"o<piu (ae; 6uIlTJOOO!lS tOY Hpnmtto, tOY ilAU'tCOVU it 'tOY Hegel rou 1806), UV OSAsl VU usfvst $tAoO"o<pia -UV<D'tU'tT] !lOp<p~ natoaia~ ornv 0- noia j.mopBi vc U\VroSei 0 avSpconot; zou ouvstdnroaotet 'tOY wu't6 TOU onv Evornrc-, eiVUl U1t0XPEroj.t6vTJ va u- 1tEpVtlCllaEt 'tT] otcianuO'11 Kat 't1lv nvrupuon nOD sivct 11 Iloipa 't1lS EnOmt; 'tT]~ Kat va npoq>ll'ttljlSl 'tll ouvallll 'tOU A{yyou zou j.tOVO au'toc; j.tnopsi vc <ptpt:t 'tOY civSpco1tO 0''tT] (JUJlq>U.1rocr.., J.lE TOV scuro 'tOU KUt J!€ rnv taWptKYt tOU unap~ll. Kat coro O'llj.taivEt on 0 <ptAoO'oq>tK6t; tAEYXOt; BIN AEttOUPYEi napa uovo us rn pt~oana(Jt1Kft npopA11j.tuwnoill(Jll KaOE asia~ Kat KelSo O''tcia11<; untvavn O'tOV KOO'j.tO Kat on 0 £AE'YXOS au'tOC; Bsv uzopet napu va ElSj.tEAtcOVE'tUl. nuvro 0''tT] cruvEtOll<Jl1 'tT]s uO"'ta't1lS npo<pll'ttKftC; EuSuvll~ 'tT]s $tAoaoq>iac;. On 11 $tAoO'o<piu OSV u-

MAZA KAI IETOPIA

109

7taPXat napa uovo oro j.tS'tpo xoo s~a'YYf).),£t veEr; avayKE~ Kat ~U1tVUSt uyvroatES crov uvSpro1tO o,\)Vel).l€It; non tOD €1tttelo"(Jouv va ataEl€i YEI..I.a-roc; O"opap6'tT]ta KUt o£o~ Un6vaVrl crnv Ej.t1tStpia 1tOU 'tOY anstAs~ «q>iAo~ 'tau A&you», tKUVOC; vo E1ttPUAst !lOpq>~ Kat €V6'tT]ta cru; SuVaIlEIt; 1tOU av'tt!lUxov'tat ).lEe; tOY KOO'!lO rou,

Kcvstc o€v atO'Oclv911KE mo ouvatu ana 'tOY HpaKAEt'to rnv naAll rov aVTtEltTrov Kat TO otcrf]).lavto nsptaxo!lINO KUSE a~iac; Kat KaeE !lOpq>~C; 'tT]t; Sroit<;. Kat KaVatc; o!lmc; osv 'tOVt(JE 00'0 uut6C; 'tT]V uvaylCll 'tOU NOIlOU, 'tT]V 1tapooO'ia (immanence) 'tT]t; Evornru; Kat 'tT] <pu.ia 1tpot; TOV A&yo, XapTt crqv ozotc 0 <DtAoao<poe; OEV stvct auroe; non U7tAcO~ OSAst va Broa€t 'tT]V «tOsoAOYtK~ !lOP<Pit tOU Katpoo tom>, aUa auroe;; nou ljIclXVEt va PP£t 'tOY s~ auto tOU, (E6l~11(J6.I!l]V EI!€W'U1:0v): aut6t; TeOU aycovtSe'tal. va xpnniost aKtpatll tl1 !lOpq>it KUt rnv svorrrm ron uVOpronou antvavTt O'TlC; apVl1'ttKt<; Kat rpClYU(SC; ouva~ !lEU; 1too tOY KUKAroVooV. Kat yt' aU'to UKptprot;, ·11 KOO").lOlO'TOptKit <PtAO(JO<Pl~ MOta TOU HPCldsltou OEY tyKEttat ornv avaKcl:A..UljIT] 'tT]e;; J..I.EmpAll.To't1l'tac; Kat 'tTJC; O"X£T1Kotl1'ta<; (01tCOC; OSATJ.O"E va tOY nnpouotnoet 0 rr:Mi~ rev zou O'uO''tT]!la'ttKU 1taps91Yl1O'S Kat otaO''tpe~Aco(JE o.n a~lO EiXE €).l<pavl(JtEi zpw a1tO 'tOY LroKpa'tT] <i'tT]v EUaoa) alJ.JJ. crqv aVUKUAU\V11 'tT]e;; U1tOKElJ..l.EVtK6'tl1TUC;, 'tTJ~ OlUPKOU<; avacpopac; tOU avOpro1tOU orov eaUTo ron, Kat ° A&yoC; sivrn 11 ouoin 'tT]t; unoKBt).lEV1KO'tT]tat; ytari o A&yoc, ---<n'>1l<pcova J.lE auto to u7toO'1taO'!la 115 roo Hpamitou nou <pavsprov€t 'tT]v 1tpro'tT] apX'l KaOe $tAo(Jo<piue;; Kat KaOE 1tatOsia~ zoo OtAcl va O'taOei (JTO UljIoc, 'tOU aVElpronoo: «1.jJ'Uxf]o; E(J'tl AOY0o; fmYrOV aiH;oov» 62_ eivrn 11 !lOVll. KaOupit EVtpYEta, 11 !lOVll avElpm1ttVll 8uva-

62 «A vTJKSl O'TIJV 'lfUXll BVW; A&yor; 1tOV uva1t't'Uoostut acp' enorou» (0' .t. 8.).

110

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANALTATIKH MAZA

J1T}1tO'U Ppi.aK8t J.l8<; tOV EaDtO 'tT}<; to' Nouo 'tT}e; aVa1ttU~lt<; tT}<;, 11 uovn, cruVE1tro<;, av9promva 8<pt'Ktit EA8u8Epia 1tOD p:n:O'P8t vo «oroost» 'tT}V U1tO''KStJ.lCVtKO'tT}'ta, vc 01cttT}PtlO"El TIlV 'taurotT}'tu 'tT}e; 1tPO'e; 'tOY saUTO TIle; J.l80"a O"'tt<; cvnvouie; 'Kat rrtv xoAucrtlJ.lavtT} ata~ia TT}e; Ioropiae; 1tO'U eivm 11 uoipo tT}<;.

Kat OCV EXO'DJ.lE xapa vc xapapuAO'DJ.lE TO' tleO'e; autite; TT}<; 1tiO"TIl<; O'TT}v EAeugepia TO'\) av9pro1tO'D 'Kat tT}v cuteVSPYEta tau A6yOD us 61..11 aDTij 'tT} O"vYXPO'VT} «juoosoyia»: 01..11 autit TIl oEtO"tOatJ.lovia rov «flS(I(OV Kat rov cxomov», tTl O"aOtKO'-J.la~O'VO"Tt'Ki] 6yx:aTUAet'l'11 O"ne; O"KO'tEtVEe; OUVUJ.l81e;, O"tt<; tOEoAoyie<;, a' autft tllV a1tOSEVCOJ.lSvT} a1to Ku8E 1tVW)laTtKO'tT}'ta 8SAT}0"11 OuvaJ.llle; ... yID vo vouocoous UMll )lID <popu 'to' zoco T} (])1A.O'O"O'<pia O"tlJ.lEpa 8Xet a1tO'scvco8Ei a1to rnv 1tavupxatf} Tl1e; 1t11yf} Kat TO' )lOVt)lO 'tT}<; vonuu,

(lEh'~"Uap7I'V ipewv'to'V»

«'Elnt'l10alll1v E~e(J)u'tov63» ABEt 0 HpumtToe; «6(Xa 0' UAAOOV j..tOVOCPQffiV Eij..tL»64 MSt 0 A10"xUAoe;: &'to"1 KctTetActpaivouJl6 1troe; KU'tCO a1tO TO onueio TOU A6you, XOD )lOVO aUTOe; J.l1tO'Psi va chaaroO'st tT}v D1tOKS1JlSV1KOTllTa, Ot DUO mo 1tSpttxovTEe; uv8pco1tot 1tO'U &pyaAE 11 EUuoa xnrop- 8coO"av, Kpa'tcDvTae; avOtX'ru mlvTa Kt 6:YPu1tVa Tct Jluna :n:uvco O"TO T pay tKO, vo svecouv tt<; rpsu; avo:rtaTSe; uopc:pEe; J.lEe; Tt<; ozois; 0 uv8pro1tO'e; J.l1tO'pd vu cruvslorrto- :n:01T10"8t rov euuro TOU ouv 1tVEDJlaTLKO O'V: TIlV IlpopnTEm, 'tT}v Tpaycooia Kat Tl1 (])1A.oO'oc:pict. Xdpn 0"' au'tODe; 11 daO"1'Ki] EAMoct j.l:n:Op80"S vo xpaYJlat01tOtltaet Tllv

63 <<EpeUVT)OU 'tOY eUl)'tO J.lOU» [A7t607ro.O~U 101]. (o.r.s.).

64 «AJJ.iJ. eyro uno 1"OU~ !W.ou~ ~txroPll tXO) yvrollll)} AwxuA.ou, AyapcpvOJv, or. 734, ~ucpP. Tno~ P06oo~, eKeS. KUlcrO:;, ASi]\!(( 1992, e. 95 (e.r.e.).

MAZA KAI II:TOPIA

III

mo 1tAODO'ta CV0-tT}'ta Jl€C; !TJV o:n:oia EK<ppa(HTJKE yta 1tproTIl c:popu J.lE<; rnv Ioropin, ,ua J.lOp<pf] av8pro1tOD EAED8EPOU, tKaVO'D vc «~p81 'tOY €UutO tOD» Kat tT} olKfl TOU dtJlUKa us; axo 'ftC; AttavEiee; tT}C; Aotoc, Kat J,l&O'a O"E rpsu; YEVE&<;, ru xO'ptKa 'tOD ~o<pOKAtl, 01 JlS'tro1tEC; 'tT}<; OAD~uriae; Kat 0 Emmqno; ~.l1tOpeO"uv vn qxrveprooouv O"TO <proe; 'Kat OtO'V T]AtO' 'tOY A6yo ocv Kllpiapxo oru; (JxEO"Ste; 'tOU avOpro1tOD Jl€ rov srroro TOD Kat J.lS TOV KOouo.

'ETO"1 9a J.l:n:opSO"OUj.lE UMCOO"tE va KatctA.UpOUJ.lE OAO TO' ytyuvno aAJlct nOD xropi~Et m tpaY1KU O'U)lpoAa TOD EA.l(Ja~E'ttavou Sound and Fury a:n:o '1'Om; 'tpaytKoUC; f.lU- 90De; tOD apxuIKoU EUTJV10"JlO'D. 'Erot Oa 1tapaPUA.ODJ.lE 'to weight of this sad time 'tT}C; 6AlO"a~EtlavtlC; O"oc:piae; J.lE 'to XOptKO 6:n:OD 0 AlO"XUAo<; uuvst 'tOY 880 :n:OD, 01tOlO' xt av eivm ro ovoJla '1'OD - 8(0)0"E TO' (<1tu911J,la-j!u911Jla» Y1a Nouo crotx; avOpro1tOuC;: {(tOY :rta8tt j..ta8o~ 8ivTa x'Ugtro; [XEt v», yta vu Ka'tuAaJ3oDJ.lE TO v611J.la 'tTJC; u9'l1- valKf}c; OcatpoKpatiac; Kat 'tT}V to"'tOpUCll npOO1t'tl'Ki] JlEe; Tllv onoic xapUXtT}KE '1'0 1tE:n:PCOJ.l8VO autite; !TJe; J.lul;;ae; zou ec:pEpE tOV Iletoicrputo O"TIlV E~ouO'ia.

01 tpaY1K&C; 1tEpl1t&TetEC; To)V A TpetOroV ~ rev Aa~oaKtDrov -£vae; KOaJ.lOC; E~ {O"O'D «ucupo;» K1 EKJ.l1l0EV10"'ttKOe; J.lE TOV KOO"J.lO TOD P1xapoou TOU Tpirou Kat 'tOU Tamburlaine- OEV apeprovov'tat a1tMDC; Kat J,lOVO IlE m (JDJlJ3O'Aa f.l1ct<; 8atJ.lovtKfl<; EJ.l1tEtpiae; a1tO Tl1V ozoic 0 av8pOJ1toC; OCV uzopet va O"roeSt 1tapu !lOVO' J.lS TTl usrnC:PUO"l'Ki] a110ia Kat TIl 8&A110"l1 9aVU'tOD T01) Hamlet. TO' 1t00"0 ot CAAllVE<; esllO"av co<; 'tT}V UKPll JlID TSTata 8alJ.lO'V1Ktl Ef.l1tSlpm EUKoAa J.l1tOPOU J.lS va 'to' at0'8av80u J.lE av avaA.OYlO"'tOUJlE 01..0 'to a1tuv8pco:n:0 J3apoe; 'tTJC; «:n:aA.atuc;

, 65 r r T~'

uucpna;» :n:OD oepvst JlEO"a TIle; TJ pay~uta: TO ns-

6S

Amx., Aya,u. cr. 1173.

112

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANAETATIKH MAZA

npouevo 'WD OtOinobu it tOY MuSo tOU 0D80'TIl 11:OD rpcost 't(l natOUI 'tOD, TIl <ppiKTI nOD tINtmVS1 CiS CinuO'flOU~ OA£~ t~ U~St~ nov £XE1 0 A10'xUAO~ yta vc O"T]flUVEt tOY Savato. Av avaAoYIO"toop,E n Eioou~ EcplaA-rtKU ovstpu 8npsns vn 'XSt ouooropeousvc flEaa LOU auto 10 o1OvuataKa suaicrST]to KOtv6 'lOU A1GXUAOV ylU va J.l1tOpai va ataS<ivEtal Xropi~ va KlVOUVEUEt vn aKpayd" auto to aU6KOtO, llaKappto AUKOCPro~ tpEAa~ w;~ to ozoio T] Kccocvopu TOm; pmrouos av pUnouv nAal oro naAa:n tOU AyaJ.l8flVOVa rc natOla tOU 0uEoTIl,

{{OVE(QWV n;QoacpEQE1~ f.toQcpoof.tumv»; XE(QU~ XQEWV JtAijeOvtE~, ObU3lU£, ~oQa£"

OUV EVtfQOL£, tf aJtt..ayxv', bto6ntatov YEIlOC;, JtQEJtoua' EXOVtf~, (bv rtUtllQ tYEuauto66•

Auta m scplaAttKU ovstpu anOO€aj.lEUE T] Tpayudl «KCt8apcrrp> yta t'T]V ozoic fllAaEl 0 AplatOt€Al1~. Kat fl6vl1 11 XPl1CilflOnol11crl1 'lOU urrpucou 6pou «X6.8UgOLC;» npxai yta va J.la~ osi~st rnv 'l'UXOAoyudl it, KaAUtSpa, 'tJ1v \jIDXOnaSoAoytKit KUtCtCiTaO'T] O"TIlv onoia Bpioxorcv o uSYJva'iko~ ~itJ.lO~ cmv EnoxfJ 'tT]~ Tpayrooia~. 0 010- vuctcxo; 8Ea'titc; i)tav cs 8€Cill vo ~A€n811tpaYflatlKCt rn cpavTaafluta tOW 1tatOulW 'COD 8DEO't'T] 1tCtvro O'tT] oxnvn, ytaTi TO 0€atpo itmv 11 a1toKAe1GT1K(i olKi) TOU 1tpaYflaTlKOT11TU: YIaT! OSV J.lnopouO"€ va anavnopacrEt cru; Oatj.lOVtK€S Ouvaj.lSI~ 1tOD EiXav KaTaO'taACt~E1 J.l€cra tQD ODO alCOVEC; ~iat11~ Kat KaTaSAl1tnKi)~ Icr'lOplKi)~ ~rotlC;, napCt IlOvO flE TIl IlEcroA.6.P11O'YJ t€TOHOV TpaYIKwv crDJ.l~6A.mv. 0a j.lnopoucraJ.1E Ioo»; va J.ltAi)crOVJ.l8 ym j.lta j.lOVlj.lT] xc-

66 'a.n., or. 1194-1198. [(Ku810'f.UNtl Elkil am O'ntn) «0'0. JlOP<P8<; 0- veipeov; ... q)(llVOVtat vu Kpo.toUV O'tux,spta mipKE<;, <puT trov cruyy€vov, ,.u:t~i us cr1tA.aXVU nov YeUTT]KB 0 YOVtO<;). M€Tfupp. TaO'~ Poi>O'O'~, EKB. Krnctoc, A9f]vu 1992,0'. 13 1. (0'.T.6.).]

MAZA KAI I:ETOPIA

113

TUTOYla LOU a9T]valKou bi)flOD ev EiXaflE nsptocorspe; 1tAl1pO<pOpiEC; Yla t'T]V Ka'taO'Tacr11 ozoo PPtO'Kov'toucrav 01 AOT]vaiOl OTaV T] «MLAl'}tOti IIEQO'L~» rou; €KaV8 vo ~scrnacrouv cs KAaflUTa UcrTSptKi)C; unEp8Uatcr911O"ia~ - O'E paej.lO WcrtE va anayopEUO'OUV ~E ouitay~a KCt9E «ODO'Upe<JtO» ioropuco SeJ.lu! ftaTl osv A£tTOUPYT!<JS Kat cr' ami) rnv nspi1tTrocrTJ Ofll1xavlcr).lO~ TIl~ «Ka9apcr119>; Ftori «0 EA.EO~ xed {] cp6~o~» -O'tOlXeia 1tOD, crnv zpoKt:t).lEvll nepin'troO'l1, Sa i)Tav mo ouva'tCt ano KCt88 <lUll <pop<i- OIN CtpKeO'av yta vn npOKaA€crouv 'tT]V «KaSap- 0"11»;

Mi)nro~ Sa 'npene va O'Ufl1tSp<iVOD).lB ).la~i us 'tOY Spengler on ot tAA11vSC; OIN siXav t<JwptKf) (J'\)VBW11Cill; 'H j.liJnroc; ea 'zpeze, KaADTspa, vc crKS<p'tOU).l€ TO zoco EUSpUl)aTIl fJmv 11 tcoppomc auTOU 'tQD MOO nou 01 «J.l.UVLXES;» TOU «ESEl9> anaO'xoAoUO'av otapKw~ 6AOUC; tOU~ J.l8yCtAODC; <PtAocro<pOUC; an6 TOV HPCtKAEtTO flEXP1 TOV TI)"<lTrova Kat TOV Apt<JTOTBAT]; MiJ1tro~ Sa '1tpSnE v« <JK8<j>TOUflE on nteoppoaic aun) KtVOUVBDS TOOO 1tOAU ano KCtSI': npaYflUtlKO OpUflaTlKO YEYOVOC;, wa'tE va upVOUVTUt va TO bODV mivro cr'tT] OlOVDO'laKi) <JK1"lVtl1COD, ano 'ttlV BtOtKi) 'ITJ~ <PUCill, 1toUa1tAacria~8 'tT] opa).lanKi) Kat "ku'ta<J'tpO<ptKTt TOU Cill~acria; ~SV Sa 'np€nE va oouJ.l8 cr' UDTit 'tT]v apVTJCiT] TIlv 8nUaK'tlKtl, ~ronKi) av<iyK't] auTOU TOU 01OVDCitct1COO KotVOU va npo<pDM~Et rnv aUSpaucrn) TOU toopponfn anmTwvm~ 'tT] ~€aOAaP11Cill cvaJ.lsO'a aTOV saUto TOU Kat rnv TpaytKf) (J1)).lpoAonoi11Cill tOD npaYflanKOO, SVOC; svbuiJ.lBcrOD KOcrJ.lOU uno venuetn lKaVo. v' unOKUta0n1<JODV rnv tcoppoata Kat va (J1)fl<PtAuOcrouv TOV Ctv9pro1t0 us 'tT] SaTlKi} tOU u1TCLPSll; 01 TpaY1KOl MuOot tlTaV rn ~f.cra us Ta ozoto 11 T payrooia onv «KaSapnKi) TEXVtKi)>> (6n0)~ Sa €A£YE 11 crDyxpovl1 \}'DXtatptKi) npaYJ.la't01totouO's aDn1 TIlv vnsppa.Cill ().I.I': 'tT]V SYSMtavfJ EvvOla TIlS Vermittlung) rorv tpayt-

114

"ElEATPOKPATlA" KAJ ETIANALTATrKH MAZA

KroV auJ.l~6MoV: UV'tigeTU npoc; 'to EA10a~f:naVO 8eu'tpo, 1'\ eU1'\VtK'fJ Tpuyroota OEY TBAStroVSt aUa aPXlSEl J..lE 'to 1tB1tpro J..l§V0 rev tPUY1KroV au J..l~OAIDV.

o IlVOOr; «oa TO 1l11081'

H Tpa'YIDoia sivm tEXV11 J..lUOtK'fJ Kat 0Xl UnM:OC; aUJ..l~OAtKrl: 0 MuOoe; u1tEp~aivEt 'tllV SK).ll1tScvtOnK'fJ EJ..l1telpia rrov (J1)Jl~OAIDV tOO Savarou Kat E~anf,AA.el rnv zapooala J.l6<; to tpaytle6 svo; VOilJ.HX'tOC;, svoc «J..laeou~» J..lE to ozoio 0 6.vSPID1tOC; ~ava~piaKEt 'tllv Tau't6'tllt6. ron' 'tllv napooaia J.llUC; tSuVaJ..l11C; nou avaYKu~el 'tOY av8pcono vn ~ctva ~p6i 'tTjv KAtJ..lUKa rou: TllC; «~ iKll C;» non «r 0 i<; xo-

67 A' T r

Soum v J.lU8£LY EmQQf3tEl» . v uson OTO paytKO 0

uv8pconoe; xaVeTat J..lE<; 'toy iOw rou TOV sqnuA'tTj, ).lEoa oru; oUt).lOV1KEe; TOU ).lEtaJ..lq>tiOe1e;, 0 TpaY1K6c; MuSoe;, J..lS rnv nav'tOouva).lta ron «na80u£-J..laOOlJ<';», u1t8p~aivE1 Kat D1tepV1KU ro MTJO§V Kill 'to xcrccrpopuco 1t8npIDJ..lSvo nOD q>tj)VOUV ).If,oa rou; ot i)pC06e; nov cru).l~oAi~ouv 'to tpaY1KO. 0 tpaY1K6c; MuSoC; q>aV8pmVE1 j..lf:e; TO Tpa')'tKO TTJV SOIDT8P1K'fJ 1tapooota ~uac; at6:JVlIle;, aKar61vrrtr;, anp6(JPA'lTr/r; an6 TO TpayzK6 't6:~1'\e; rOD KOO'J..lOD: 'tTjC; .MlCllC;. H TpaYIDtSia 8ivat §Vu KOO').ltK6 " J..luUOV: §Vu 0- V't'OAO')'tKO Kat OXt §Va \jIUXOAOytKO Spa).1a, aKpt~roe; "(taT! o Mu8oc; oeixvs1 on K6:96 av9poontVTj 1tPU~l1 8tTovTae; Eva 1tp6~A11J..la otKaioD, ~6:.~et 08 Kivouvo KUt cs a).1c:pt~oAll aUTO. rn iOta tu S8J.lEAta tOU LU).11taVtoe;. Mac; stvct unoAu-ca aODV(HO crlJJlepa vn OUAAUPOU).l8 OTt 11 ~ilCll TOV KUtpo 'tOO Al0x6AOU oev (JUJ..l~OA~E ).lOVO 'tTl 01KUonK'fJ e~ouoia ).lsoa 08 J..ltU euVOJ..lOU J.lEYTJ IToAt'tela ft'tllV UVOOtU'tTj cruvrUKttK'fJ upxf1 'tTlC; €1tUVaomttKijc; ~rH.lO-

67 0.1<., 0"'[. 235-36 [«(H AiKT]) TIl YVWOT] oivet os 60'01)<; Tra..6av,» !!8'tq>. T. P06O'O'~. 6.1<. (c.r.e.j.]

MAZA KAI ILTOPIA

115

KPUTiaC; riJJ..a xct 'tTj j..lf:-rac:pDO'1Kft EYO'tTjTU TOD LUJ.l1taVTOC;.

IIavO) (J' au-rft 'tllv alCUrUADTll TU~1'\ nov OVTIDV 08).18- AtroVS'tUt OXt J.lOvO 11 «eJ.lJ.lovft am stvm» KaSe UTOJ.ltlCOU ovro; aUa Kat 11 J..lDtpaia olllotKaoia: aVID 'to «XQEWV» nOD Ka't11 'tOY npoc:pllttKo ADyO rOD A va~iJ.luvcSpou, J..lll- 08V~81 'to ov:

E~ 6)V br il y€VECJ(~ Eon 'tot~ o1)m xa't t~Y <p8oQ6.Y d~ 'tuU'tu y(vfo8m xu'ta. 'to 'XQEWV' bl06vUl ya.Q uina. 6(x'llv xa't '[(my aAA~Aoll; 'tft~ at)lx(a~ xata. 't~v tov XQ6vo'U taSlV.68

DXl uovo 11 <l>tA.oooc:piu ).lae; ~ 11 H8tK'il Jlae; (lAM OACLKf:po; 0 KOaJ..lOC; etvm napa nOAU q>'ttU'Y).1EvOl uno ac:p11P11- ~£VEC; evvoiec Y1a vn ~nopou).ls vn at08avOou).ls O:.).lEaa 'to rt O'TJJ..laiV€Tat 1tlOCO an6 Ku8s J.l1U uno nc; M~Stc; nutsC;l Ot aV8pC01t0l uurot -ytatt auro 'to anocrnaalla tOO AVU~1~uv8pou bEY EK<ppu~fn axA.c.Os ).1tU npOOID7ttKT} aK€\jITt aUu rnv cru~nU1CV(OO'TJ 6ATJe; 'tTjC; aoq>ia<; rorv upXatlCcOv EUtlvcov- Sa 1tp81tel vu Bpt811Kav crov ~D90 ron Mndsviouoo, ea npSnEt va 'Sllcrav coe; TTjv 6.KPTt TTj OalJ.lOVtKi] sJln€1pia 'tllS Ka'tao'tpoq>~e;, Sa 1tpSnEt vc <po~i)8rtKav napa nOAU u1t6 rn «O'KtU 8ava'tov» nou c:pepvsl J..lEaa TOD 0 av8pco1t0C; yta vo avaYKWJ'TOVV vn oxeoroov Ott, ')'ta. va Ka'toxupcoO£i 11 su9paDaTll avOpromv11 unap~11 a1t§Vuvn oro M110BV nov 'tl}v anBtAsi, OEY apKOUV 01 xeptopiouot TllS K01.VrovIKitC; 0PY11VCOO'TtS uU6. eO. 1tP€1tSt vu s~acr<paAt(J"[OUV nepa ano 'to ApV11'ttKO Kat 'to M11bEv,

68 frg. 9 (Diels) [«Kat 11 Jlij'tpa an6 TI]V ozoin yewt'!611KUV tn np6.yuatc, Eivat 11 iOta us mnij O"t'1'Jv onoto nTrOO1lV't'i68VtUl, 6lI:tD<; slvm avuY1(f.1io vo yivEt· ytUn ruuopotivem 1((11 s1tnvop9o)V(J1)v af.lOl~aia yta TIlv aoucia, m>~q>tDVU IJ£ TIlv ta..;l1 roo xp6v(J1)). G.S. Kirk-LE. Raven-M, Schofield Oi 1<P0(JWKPU:rlKOi qnlo(JorpOl, Mercop. A. Koup't'O~t1(, MIET, A6ijv(l 1990, O:U. 116-117. (c.r.s.j]

116

"ElEATPOKPATIA" KAI EIIANA!:TATIKH MAZA

nEpa ano TTl crDJ.lCPUTIl J.lS TOV av8pmnD au8atpscria Kat 'Y~PTj, ro J.lSracpucrlKa ElqtEAta TOD LDJ.l1taVrDS Kat 111e; aKaraAU'tite; rOD otaTaSllS. Ot J.laSSS aUTES nDU c:iXav crcpuPllAa'tTj8c:i ano tTJV KaTa8Al\jf11 J.llas toropuoj; sroite; YSJ.laTTlS an6 avapxia, pia Kat aOtKia, OSV XPslai;;ovtav J.lta anOOSt~ll rooo «anTit» oco 11 ~6J.l~a TOU UOPOYOVOD, Yla vo TPOJ.laSOUV ana rqv KUTaatpD<ptKtl oUVaJ.l11 nDU cptpVSt usou TDD 0' avElpmnoe;, yta vc KaTUAa~DUV on 11 DnapS11 'tDU avElpmnDu stvct !lta MvaJ.lllnDU unstA.c:l TllV iota Tllv DnapSll rDU LUJ.lnavros· Ot'EM11VSe; dxav i;;itaEt nOAD xovrd orqv 'Y~P11 tDU Doctor Faustus, TOU Tamburlaine it TOU PtXaPODU rDU TpiTOU yta va J.lnDpDDV va a'taEloDv Kat va neptOptaroVV oro nAUvo ~tae; anAa 8tcrft~avTlle; crta01lS u1tEvaVTl (HDV 'tpaYIK6 itpmu, onmc; yive't'at O'rD EAIO'apenav6 8sarpD.

Come, let us march against the powers of heaven,

And set black streamers in the firmament TO' signify the slaughter of the gods,"

Ust 0' Tamburlaine 'tOD Marlowe. Tin rnv TEXV11 nov rpaYIKmv <JUJ.lPOAmV, 11 rpaytKit O'uvc:io111Jll yewlSTat ano tTJ OtaASKrtKit rorv npassmv nov Un8tADUV TOY KOcrJ.lD. H O'KA11P6111ta, 11 aYPlaoa, 11 xapa TOU KlVMvDU,tTJS ~ias Kat roo 8avawu, 11 ucr-WTIl suwXia TIle; eK~118EvtcrllS TOU xoouou ~EO'a ornv Karacrtpocpfl tDU tpaytKDU flpma SUnvDUV 0Xl TDV DVTOAOY1KO rpopo TOU OtDVUotaKOU KDtVDu aMa anAme; tYJ olO'Tj!laVto-t11ta (ambivalence) tDU DiKTDU Kat 'tDU cpEl6VO'U, Tll as tSAsmaia avuA.ucrTj ~aSDXLcrnKi) 110DvTJ Tl1e; TaDnGlle; ~ rnv OOUVll rou 8KJ.l110EVlS6J.1EVOU flpma, avo; KotVDD O'TEP11~EvDU uno KaSE

69 «EIJ3tPOs, ct~ ~ctOlO"OUf.l£ svcvnc oru; ouv6:f.l£~ rou OUpctVOU, IKUl w; O"nlO"ou~ JlUUpct Nilhpu O"tO O"tSPEroJlU, lyia va O"l1llD:VOUI-l£ 111 cr<payt) trov 6swv» (e.r.s.) .

MAlA KAI InOPIA

117

~UeO'nAaO'nK6 x<iptcrJ.!a, Kuta01Kacr~EvDu va uotcmtrn na811'tlKa tTJV Icropia.

Avrtacrc, )'ta rnv TSXV11 rrov tpa)'lKmv MuElmv, 11 Tpuymoia OSV stvrn 11 8taA.£KnKit uov npassmv nDV 0.nEtADDV TOV K60'!!D aAAu 11 uotpnin Ota01Kacria us Tllv 0'zoin 0' xoouo; eK~l108Vit;;Et ttS OVVU~stc; nDU tDV an:ElADUV. H KatacrTpocpf) 'tOD TpaytKoU f)pma OEV 8iYSl aUU altoKamO"taivSl TOV KOcrJ.lD ern ~StacpUo"lKa TOU 8S~EAta. TO' OlOVUO"taKO KOlV6 8sv 'tUuTii;;sT<lt ~S tDV SKJ.lllOf;Vl~O~SVD itpma aAAu IlS TO' NO~D nDV IlS J.lEcra nDV npoSSVDDV <((r6~o xu( V..EO~»70 SK~118Evis£t TDV Tlpma. TO' "If-YDv6e; on 0' N61lDS au'"Cos f)'"Cav 11 «~iK11», 811Aaof) uic apXByDVll ar;ia TIl'.; e1tavacrTunKi)<; ~u~a~ nou ot npDq>f)Te'.;, 01 1tOAtTtKOi K(l1 11 to'TOPIKTl TIle; 8puO'll eiXav J.lETUuoporooet O'S aVmTatTJ auvraKnKi) apxll TIl'.; ~TUlDKpa'tOU!ltv11S nOAl'tslat;, apKEl "IlU va OSiSEl TIJ Pl~lKit 010.cpO'pa nDV xmpi~8t 'TTIv toropuoi 'tTje; n:PD01t'ttKi) an6 rnv u-tcropucn 1tPDD1tTtKT) '"COU EAtcra~Etta.vDD KOlVDD.

Kevsvc; 'tS'tOlOS NOIlDe; uccvo; va crUJ.lcptA.lcOcrSl TOV A6yO' Kat TDV KOcrJ.lD, OSV f)Tav ouvatov vo npO~A11esi J.lEO"a. ano rnv u-ioropuot avtfJ npODntlKi). To. tpa)'tK<i crDIlPOAa eivct av8unOCitatst; a~ist;: 0' xoouo; YSVVtEtat Kat EK~110EVi~STat !lasi us LOV tpaY1K6 f)proa, TOV uvSpmnD «that much do want» o1tms n:apDVO"lUsSt 'tDV sout6 TDU Evat; ilicptTJ'.; ~EO'a O'tDV K60'!lD TDU Timon of Athens":

The sun's a thief, and with his great attraction Robs the vast sea; the moon's an errant thief,

70 Knrd 'tOY AptmotEA.Tl (ilOllfr.),ta )lOOa]too 1tpO~svouv <p6~o AzttoupyoUv us rn «yuplO"!lata 111~ TUxll~)} ((~ata 'tTjv tOU XQ6votl "tu~L'v»)" 0 oncro; ysvvtEtalJ.l£ n'[v «avayvwpurrp> orov o~proa" uvmcaA.t')lttSl TI]v tpayuC11 toutau't6n"]'m (<<~ata to XQ£Wv»).

71 Shakespeare: Timon of Athens, npa~lllV, l:KllvilUJ.

118

"E)EATPOKPATIA" KAl EfIANALTATlKH MAZA

And her pale fire she snatches from the sun'

,

The sea's a thief, whose liquid surge resolves The moon into salt tears: the earth's a thief

That feeds and breeds by a composture stolen From feneraI excrement: each thing's a thief. .. 7

AV't',ieeTa, Yl~ 'tOY Mu90, to ApVIl'tlKO Ssv sivut lua uueu~ocrtaTii oUValJ.11. H tpayuctl Katacrtpo<pit zou zpoKaAE11:O ApV11TIKO j.!E TIlV Ej.!<paVtcrit tOU (11 «<p90pa» tOU A VU~1Ilav8pou) yiVEtUl oXt uno to Tuxaio (Kat TUxaia sivui ano rrtv oucic TIle; KaeE aDj.!~oA1Ki) j.!op<pit - UKOI!a Kat 0 Hamlet) aUa «;.tata. to XQEWV» Kat crull<Poova )le Ilta ecrooteptKi) AOYlKit ron XPOVOD IlEe; t11V ozotc E~u<pav~~E'tUl KaeE ixvoe; Tuxaiou: «xala. TljV LOU XQoYOU 'ta;lv». To TpaylKo eEflEAl(UVEtUl1taVro a' curo TO «XQEcJJV» zou smtricoetm -onooe; E1tltacrm::tat 11 EKTSAcGll, flUte; o~KacrTt1ci)c; an6<paGlle;, AEel 0 Avu~illavopOe;ano I,na ()1)VUf.,l111tOU unEp!3aivet «JtQE(Jf3EC~ xal ouvaIJ.E~» 73 TO ?V Kat 'W M~-ov - ano !-ua ODVafl111tOU OtaTT]pEL oro ~tVat, nOD «aOOsel» 'tOV xoouo 1tavoo uno t~ fl11- OEVmTtKEe; 8wallE~ nOD <pEPVEl Ilecra TOD. LTflV E1tOxit

72 npU~ll IV; ~1ClJvfJ III. «0 T)AlO~ stvm 'd£<Ptll~ Kat JlB t11V EA.;l1 tot> rnv !lEYIlA~/ All(H~El rnv IlnEpCWT11 8uAacmu' 11 OEA'rlVll sivm EYu~,nA.ll~o(h~ ili(jltll~'/ Kill to XAro).lO tll~ (j)Wt; t' IlpnUSEl lIn: tOY 11A10 / H, EhlAaoOU ElVllt ili<pt11t;, Kal1] uypi] tll~ tapaxtJ A.lmvsv,To <psyyap1 OE llA"tupU OUKPUU' TJ YlJ sivct EVU~ KMqm]9' Ilou rpsoerm Kat JlsyaAillv£t uno tva AUtaO!la KAE!lI1EvO/ An' 6- ~ ta 1t£pmoof.tata: TO KUeE T1 EiVCtt Eva~ KA£<pT1]<;» (u.r.s.).

~Aat. Ilo): 509b. - To npol3A11l1u Tll~ EPIlTtVel~ rrov OXEOEWV ava!1E0a ornv Tpaym8iu Kat tllV OvtOAoyiu TTJ~ KA.acmcfls EA1Uo~~ npayf.tateUo!lat 0' evil EtOtKO !.!Epos t01) fJtfJA.io1) not> ETOt~asw ym TTtV Arxulu Tpayrooia (To Tpayuco Kat 0 IlTtXavto!lOt; a!l1)vas)·

MAZA KAI ILTOPfA

119

TIle; «0WtpOKpa'tiac;» 11 8DVUllll am1] fttav 11 «Aixn» IlS tllV ozoic to KOlV6 E1tlKOlVroVOVcrE EKO'Ta'ttKa llse; 'to xcbpo nOD nrov U1tOKAElcrnKa 8tKoC; tOU: 'to ®satpo tOD Atovucoo. LTIlV E1tOxit tOD fIAa'trovu, oruv 11 E~a<pavlcr11 't11e; Tpayoooiae; Kat 11 va'tOupaAtcrtlKfj napUKf..lfj roo @Ea'tpoD scrlt).Lavuv to ~EEh)!lacrlla KUeE EKcrraTIKitc; ouva'tot111Ur; uno 'tOY a.nocruV'tSeetllSVo uno TIl 011J.layooyia b.fjj.!o, OSV stvm tuxaio to ysyovoe; on 0 IlAci'twv ouveAapE ')'1a 1tPID'tll <:popa ue; TIlV Icropin TIle; cI>v..ocro<piue;, tfIY ISBa tfIe; V 1I:f:ppaGllr; (T ranscendance) Kat lOD <<E1tEKEIva» (rtTIV npocrmieelci "t'OU v' ovuomosi rnv optorucc Xaf..lBV11 «b.iK11)} 'tOD AlcrxOAou Kat rou Hpurut'tOu Katoo ano tTl 1J.0v11 1tpocrttit O'TfIv, 81toxfl 'COD tosa ron «Aya80u».

Meon cr' uurov rov xoouo, 01(01) OEV U1tUpx£t xwpo~ yta 'to Tuxuio, 611:00 TO ApV11TtKO Kat 11 'YPple; 't11e; a.8tKiar; OEY fl1l:0POUV vn U1tap~ODV napa f..lOVO cmv uvcoopa 'tOU<; 1I:pOe; TIl b.iK11, 'to 9EIlu Tll<; Tpayoooiae; OEY Eiven o itproac; a.Ua 11 u~PtC; nOD EXEl rivet to 1tE1tpOOfl€vO LOU: 11 EKfl110Svlcr11 Tllr; u~P11C; Katoo U1tO TIt j.!otpa.ia oLUotKaoin us TT]v onola 0 K6cr1l0C; 81tUVSPXE'tal, «xata. TljV TOU XQovou t6:~LV», sKfl1108Vi.~OV'tUC; 'to M11OEV, aTTj VOlltllit tOU unocr1UO"fI. H Tpayrooia OSV ouviorctm anAroc; O'TfIv BK<ppaO"fl TT]e; (1)8a.tpscria~ crnv uIlEao't11'ta TIle; (Kat (1)to swm to flOVO 1tEPLEXOflSVO Kaee a-f..lU81Ki}c; crUfl~oAOnoil1O"f1r; TIle; 'tpayuci)e; £1l1l:Etpiw;;) aXA.ci crnv tpaytKij ouVU()11O"f1 TIle; Kocrf.,lt1Ci}e; svepyauc; zou «JtCtV btt. lEQlla VWIl(,1»74. Amo nou apxi~a TJ 'VPpte; 'to 'tBAetmvElll b.i-

74 AtO'X., AY()j1. or, 755. [ «n01) OA.a tn oomUEt cs tva TEPf.t.Il)}, o.n, flT<pp. T, P06000s (O.t.E.)]- ~TTtV Tpaywoia, 'Ypaq>Et 0 Spengler (Le Declin de I' Occident I, 307) «TO etlla OEY Eival 0 ilpro~ nou 11 9tAT)O'il TOt> uvantUO'OEtat Kill (J1)vtpip£Tat nuvw otn E!11tOOlCt rerv S~(J)n:pIKOOv Ot>VUI1EWV i) TWV oalll6vrov tT)t; iOlCt~ t01) tTJ~ \jfUxi)~ aUu tvw; nUOX(fJV xrop~ 9£A.T)01] nou napi-

120

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lCTl· 0 KOOJlO~ ~avappiOKSl. to' NO~D rou, 0' av8pronDr; savuppicrKE1 'tT]V SVO'tT]'ttl ron, 0' AOYO''; «croo1;;£1» TO' DV uno to Nihil 0Xl ~S cruMOY1(J~o6~ tDU KAa(JlKt(J~.w6 DUTS Kat JlB "TDU<; cero !IT]Xavi1<; 8eou~ TIl<; AtcrtooO'Qa<;, MAli oro !lB'tPO' non to ApVTJUKO Kat T] au9atp£O"ia '"COu aU"To-6K~T]osvi~oV"Tat ue; TIl !lO'tpa{a rou; O'AO'KATtproGT] (<<Err), LEQf.ta.» ).

01 'EMl}VSS -rOOD £fxav tPD!lU~St ano to' 8sa!la 'tT]r; nmVUG1<; uPpT]r; 'tT]<; avePOOntVl}<; 8EAT]O"iJS mO"tE 0'1 rpuytKO'{ rou; MUSD1 !lSTEqH.::pav 'to' npopAl}J..la TOV vonucro; 'tT]<; Sroits ano TDV uv8pronD O"'tDV anStAO'UJ..l.SVO uno TO'V IiVepCOnD KOO"!lD Kt £SSl~av 'tOY KOO"!lD vn nuo"Xcl (ozo»; TO' 8ta!l8A.i0"j..tEVD ano TDUS TtT(iV8r; O"oo!la TOU L1lOVUO"DU) ano LOV 9aVaTD nDU CPEpvs1 yuP()) 'tOU 0' uV8pro1tDC;. Kat OEV EXOU!l£ 1tapu vu napapaADu~s TOV MT]OSVlcrJl6 Kat TT] JlEtUCPUO"ucit SPl}!ltU tDD Hamlet, 'tT]v TpEAa 'tOD Lear JlEaa ornv SPl}J..ltu Kat 'tT] %eMa, 118 TT]V tpayuol oooic ron TIpo!lT]9ga it Tl}S Ka(Jcruvopac; (ODD «nUaXDV't8S xropic; 9€AllO"iJ)} Ka'ta TDV Spengler') 'Yta. va OtatO"eav8Du~E TDUr; oaiJ..lDv8<; J..l.s rou; ozoioix ea npEnEt vo cruJ..l.pimO"sl} apxa'iKi} Euaoa 'Yta va !lnopEcrel va PPSl J..I.Eaa TIl'; 'tT] 15UvaJll} -Eva £OxatD svonxro aVTOO"Uvti}pT]O"l}C;- nDD 'tT]V avuYKaO"€ vo aKscpTel on 0' J..l0VDe; tpozo; yta va oroSsi 0' UV8p())nO'~ sivrn v' a1tDOsX'tEl, J..I.£ rnv TpDJ..laKTtKa ~u1tVta O"vvsi01l<HI 'tT]e; KaO"O"av8pac; (TO'U n1D 6£Al}!lan-

mural-Xropls KUVEva avam.:po AiYyo, Oq>StA.ouI1E va 1tpocr6sO"ou~S- otov SK~11()f:V10"!16 1'll~ O"o)~U1'lldJ~ 1'OU U1to.p~rt~. 0 A10'X,VAO<; o.PXil;;6t 1'OV npO).lf]Ota 1'01) BKBi aKpl~ffi<; 6n:ou 0 Goethe Ou TOV 1't),£tWVE». AU1'6 1'0 «x,wpil; KaVEva UVO:HEpO MryO}) Ssixvst 1'0 1t"OO"O f] OtOlll.to.V1'OTll1'U 1'1l<; «9tJ. .. 11011<; OUVUIUI9> l1a<; ExEI U1t"O~SVroO"BI an:o to OVl'OA.oyIKO ltEptEX,OJ.lEVO Tf]<; Apxo.iru; Tpllywo{a<;. Kat o).lw<; um']p~£ I..tlU £1t"oxi] OOOU f] 1l.UO'l1 , us 1'01)<; 1'po.YIKOUS ~u9ouS tTJS PO)).lUVlKij<; AltOKUA.U\jITJS, ~pii9T]Kf: noM KOV1'U O'1'TJV atO"XUAslU KatCul'uO"l1 TT)<; 1'puytKOTTJTU<; 1'01) 1(60'~0l) ...

MAZA KAI Il:TOPIA

121

KOU O"Uj..tPOAO'D nO'D 011J..ltDuPY11aS ?tDt8 11 "tpaytKi} T€xvrI), svuv KocrllO' nov cruVtpi~Sl rov aVep())no.

Apy6tspa ea OoUW?5 on, rnv iOla O"XE06v EnO'xfl Kat KUtro ano avaAOYC:C; aMa nOAD mo anav8pconee; toroptKEr; (1)V8itKse;, 01 npO'CPittSe; 'CO'D IcrP<l11A, Y1O. vc 8taocOaODV aUTou~ 'CDDe; «xu8rll.l.fVOVo; tv axoL!' I xa!. mtlQ.

~ ~",... ~... So;. " 76

6UVU'tDV, rrf1tEu'YJWVD'Uo; I'V rrtroXeu;l XCtl O'Lu'YJQ<.p» ,

U\jfcOel}KaV O"s J..lm rsroiu rpaytKi} Kara.q>aa'YJ Tl)S ouvrptnnKi}s 86vaJ..lTJS roo K60"Jlou. Kat Sa ODDI1S rors on auroe; 0' DVTOAoytK6e; TPO!lDC;, auti} TJ Kataa'tpDq>tKTJ nvtiAl}'V1l ym ne; KoaJ..ltK8r; O"UV81tSWe; Tl)e; av9pcOntVTJS npuSl}r;, nov JlOVO 0 MUeDS j..l1tDpel va rnv eKcpPu08t Kat va Tl} O"UJlCPtAtcOO'et J..l€ to A&yo Ka1 vo rnv £~av8p())niO'i:t, stvct EvaSJloVtJ..lO'C; corsptouo; J..lEoa crov 'VuXlO"j..l6 'tl}r; tpayuca-npDcp1lnKU O'UVetS1lT01tO't1lIlEvl}S enavacrTunKi}s J..I.u1;;ac;. Kat !lsS TO ioropuco 1tSnp())J..lEvD Kat O"TT] usrsnnvucrrmxn 1tapO'uaia auti}e; TT]~ J..la~~ Kat rrov (l~tcOV TT]S ea OOUJlS TO' vonun auti}<; TT]<; 0SatpOKpatiar; nov 8taoopoaotet 'COv a8TJva'iKo .:1TU.lO a.no TT]v zpooropwomr« Kat TT]V na8l}'tlKOTl)ra roo SAtO"u~c:'tlavou KO'WO'D 6nme; Kat ano 'tl}v uvn-tpuyucorntu Kat aVnJla~l1c6n]Ta 'COD KAaO"tKtO''tlKDU eeuTpO'D.

«€JearpoKpaTia» Kat IJ1rQVQl1TQrllaj J.Uil;a

I'urct 'to' IlsytatD npopAl1J..la nou 8ADOS l} ael}va'iKTJ «0£crpoxpcrlc» SiVUl to' npO~AT]Jla TT]<; O"UJ..lJlBtO'xfle; Tl)e; J.la.~ae; aTT]v taroptKTl i;;rofJ 'tl}S O'PY(lVroJ..l.EvT]C; xowcovtcc, to npopAl1llU 'tl}S SVsPY11'tlKi}r; napO'Doiae; 'tT]S ~a1;;a<; ouv

75 BA. mo 1t"iipo. {(tOi~ 1'0 Kso. «H 1t"pOq>T)T1KT] O'OVStOll1'OltoiTJoTJ 1'T)~ BltUVo.mllnKij !1~~» (A1t"OO'miO'~u1'u ~ta<; n:veaAoy{u<; T01) Tpayuccr6 ).

76 lJIaJ.p. 106, 1.0.

122

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!la~a<; (Kat ~Xt ouv uElpOiO'!lCtTO~ 'l'TJ<PO<POProv) O''t'TJV 01- KOOOWIO'll TIJ~ !l€TEnavaO'tanKTJe; KOtVrovia~. To xpopATJ!la at>'t6 cruVO'l'tSETat KaT' apXl1v 0''t0 aiTIJJ..La 't'TJe; yovt!101toiTJO'TJ<; TIJ; €navaO''t{X'TtK1le; jla~ae; ano tva ouvstoTJ'to NOTJlla, OTJAa()tl ano tva NOTJjla 1I:0t> vu EK1tOP€U€tat an:o utn cruvEW11TIJ, uTolllKa OtU<POPOn0111!ltvll «Ilporozoplo». 0 €navuO''tattK~ «eveooO'lUO'jl09> (<<eveooO'luO'jlOe;» J..LE TIJv €M11V1Ktl EK-O'L!lttKtl MOta 't'11e; A.6~TJ~ nov ].tU<; OEiXVEt LTJ J..La~a KaTBx0)..lEVTJ ana TIJv nupot>O'ta roo Aoyou, uno TO N611!lU not> Ut>nl11 tOla oiVEl O'LTJV Icropic) stvm 'to allEO'O UnOT€A.€O'JlU Ilta~ T€rou«; yovt)..lonoillO'1l<;. TIro<; 'tropa ea !lE'taJ..Lop<proEld auTO; 0 EnavuO'TanKO~ evElOt>O'tuO'Jl6; 0" eva O'taElEpo napaYOVTa TOU vouuioo nOAtttO'I.WU;

AnD LTJ O'ttY!l1) 6:n:OD Ot tV01rJ.£~ 7CoJ.mKo7Coll1pi:ve~ f..uJ.(£~ (Kat 0 Max Weber €061~e on 0 e~0:n:A10'1l6e; torv !laSrov O'ne; xowovie; tot> w:n:ou «TI6ATJc;-KpaTOUC;)} Cfllp.atV€ Kan avaAOYo p.' aUTO zoo ea mlJ..LUtVf: cr1)JlBpa TJ Ka'tOxr1 troy n:apayroytKWV usorov an6 tone tOWD<; roue :n:upayroyou;), 0l1Aa(1) €va; wno<; J..LU~wv, nproTo<puv1)<; O'T11v Ioropto, E!ln:UtV€ 0'1:0 n:poO'KTJVto ouv eva; an:o<paotcnxo; nupciyovTa~, 'to npOpATJlla zon Tt911KE cooPoU(J£ KaT' apmv Tllv KatOxVPOOO'11 at>TIJ; TIl; llaStK1); napou(Jia<; usee O-TOV KO(JJlO tll<; opyavro!l€vTte; xorvrovta<;. Ornv 0 Ilstctcrpcro; cvccups ano TIlv nnpuvopfn tou; Ln9upaJlPoD<; Kat rou; jlS't!lJ..L6pepro(JE (J8 8niO'l1!l8; BKOllAroO'ett; TIle; Kpa'tllct)£ ~(!)tl<;, dXB rruVE1()llO"ll 'taXa't'11C; t(J't"OptKtlC; O'TJjlaaiuc; aDTIJC; TTJ<; n:pa~l1C; non szpoxeuo va e~a<pavi(J8t TO xaO-lla zoo XWP~B tOY cpioroxpunxo zoAlnO'Jl677 ano tU; u~iEC; tTI<; !lci~ac;; Ot !lci~EC; siXav ouvst-

77 A1t6 'I1V U1t0'l'11 ami] ea (rrav lto/..\) evc5lUlpi;pov va (jEt KavEtt; ue; ,0 eP'(o '["0\) ntVOUp01J TIl c5tuPpw01] ,["WV llPW1K<OV a~t6:lV TIl;; UYO)Vlo-nKil;; Apioroxperka; a1t6 '["11 J!a~lKil '["paY1KOtll,a ...

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123

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TIoAU n10 zptv an6 TOV Saint-Just Kat TOV Tporoxt, ot 'EM11vEe; eixuv aVTtllET(Oniast a:n:6 rnv tOm roue rnv 1t81- pc uUT6 "tOY Kivouvo T11~ eeplltOOptavr,C; :n:apull6pcpcoO'1lS zou sivm 11 8UJlOW1U O'n6.EI11nCtv(O an:o Ku88 flal;tKl) en:aVaaTUO'1l Kat noo, cr1l11ePU, tva<; O''t01XBtWOTJS MUP~l- 0"1l6; Kt €vue; unA.6e; U1tOAoytO'Jl6C; 'tOW nt8aVOnlTrov flac; tOY ocvsprovouv onv TOV yevtK6 xuvovu Kaee Jlal;tK1)c; s:n:av6.O"TUO'11 C;.

Ildvo O"'tO n:p6pATJJla aKplpms aUTO 0 Saint-Just ElXS "Co 9appoe; va uvapco'tll8ei: «On parle de la hauteur de la Revolution, mais qui la fixera cette hauteur? Elle est

124

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mobile. II fut des peuples libres qui tomberent de plus haut.. .78 0 Nietzsche, ano J.I.la rSAziroc; oHi<poP11 crKonui, E8Ecrc Eva avciAOYo np6pATlJ.la J.lE TO npopATllla tOU Saint-Just, orov porrooos «zotn stvrn 11 ouvall11 nOD 1[pO<pUAa~E TOV a9Tlva'iK6 t1TtIlO Kat TTJV aElrlvatKTt IlOA1- rSla an6 toy KiVODVO va SK<pUAlcrtSl a' Eva arpaTcOva xoouoxpcroprov crrpanrorcOv rimou LnciPTIJS tl PWf1l1S T) os urn Ej.mOpIKtl 8't'cttpsia rDnou KaPX'106vas T] BCVE'ttas». Ilpo; TO znpov, (iEV XPElci~ctat va anAw90ujlE cs !.ua reroto naYKOaf11a tcrtOPIKT] KAiJ.laKa yta va 6scrouJ.l£ TO np6~A11J!a TIJe; l<JtOPUCT]S <JTlJ.la<Jias TIJe; aSllVatKT)s 0WtpoKpatiac;. To. 1tpO~Af]J.lata nOD sO£O"£ 11 J.lat;lKT] Enavu<Jta<J'fl xrn Tl Tupavvidn 0''trJ L1KUcOva, Ol1Aaoij os J.l1a n6All nOD napoU<Juit;Sl 8EIlcJ. .. lroOStc; aVaAoyiEc; J.l€ 'trJV AOT)va 0Xl uovo ano rqv uno'l'11 TTJS KOlVroVIKOOlKOVOJUKf]c; Ota.p9proOTJS aUa. Kat ano rnv U1tOljll1 'trJS t8EoAoyiac; nOD Ktvrrronol11cre KI1.l oru; OUO nSp17rrrooE1S 'TI]V snavamanldJ Ila.Sa". Sa )las emrpsqrouv, lOCOC;, va 9scrouJ.lC TO npoBAlllla crnv 1tpaY!1anKiJ tOD ~a.crll.

LtTj .EurucOva Aomov 1tOU U1tOtiElEtat on "tav Kat 11 1tatpioa ron t118upcill~OD, 11 011!10Kpa'tlKit c~tAl~11 napOU<Jta.~cl rlS mo xrU1t11't'Ee; ouotornn«; J.lB TIJv Enava<JtanKi] S~EAt~l1 roo aEll1va'iKo6 t1ijfloU. Kat cru; OUO 1t£pl1ttci>crstc; EXOUf1E nc; to tEe; KotV(()VtK€C; !1s'tappu8fll- crE1e;: xrU1tl1J.la 'tow ycvwv, habeas corpus, OlroyJ.lOC; roiv cptoroxporov, SntpoA" tTjS «ol1floKpanK"S otKta'topias» rmv Tnpcvvov Kat, oro l6S0Aoyuc6 nAUvo, vouuion01rl<Jll rorv Siovuotmobv t1l9upU!1Bcov. LTIJ LlKUeOva

78 «Les Institutions Republicaines», Oeuvres, od. 297, [MtAUJ.W Y1a to U\j10r; nov npenel va KataKTT)cret T] Enava.maoT], aM.a rtoioc ).tnopel: va optosr aUTO TO U\j1OS, nov OTrlV rcpaY)lanK<rrl)Ta nllpa).ltve1 aKa6opto'tO; Yni)psav £N:U8epot AnOl 1(01) YKpe)lioTllKav an6 \j1T]AOtepa ... ().L.U:.)].

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Jla.A1O'ta, On01) 11 <J<p00p6'TI]ta tllS 1:astKiJ~ OtafluX11~ 1tOAA.anAacrta~6tav a1t6 ta <pUAs'tlKU 1 . uon, oi Tupnvvoi Opeayopioee; E<pta<Jav J.lfZxpt 'to <JTlI.I.clO va umryopsu<J01)V tCt OflT]P1KU 't'payouota xnt roi»; olayrovlO'flOU~ rev pmvcoowv ",

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79 HpoO. V, 67.

80 Apter. ns: VIII (V), 9, 21.

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Xmpu; vo Il1tOpSmn vc yiVSt cpopEa~ EVO~ cvdrrspoo Noi)/-la'ro~ zou vu ~snspVaEt 'tt)v UXPOVl1 7tSptOXll roo AaiKOU 1taVTl'YuptoU Kat va EVO'rolla'trovs'tat or«; (l~1£<; TIl<; oP'Yavro/-lEvrJ~ KOtVWVia~ Kat TIl~ to''tOPllCrl~ TIl~ ~roi)<;;

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vovrm Kat EVOnOtOuVTat oi mo OUl<pOpEe; (mlaEtC; anEvaVTt orov K60')l0 KUt (1))l<ptAIO)VOV'tUl 8uo 1tA.Uva i)1[up~TJS 1'00'0 ouO'too8ooe; aVTtVO)llKU 60'0' 1'0' nA.uvo svo; 81OVUotoxou XO'POU Kat TO 1tAaVO )llae; 1tOAITlKi]e; opyuvooO'T]e;;

'Eva 8EUTEPO np6~ATJ)la zou 6' a<pDpa aUnl TTJv iota TI') pi?;a TI')C; 8PTJcrKEUTtKO'tTJ'tae; TI')e; apxalKitc; A8iJvae; 6a TEBEl )lOAtJ; ea npoana9iJaOU)lE v' avunAuO"oullE ne; patrora'tEC; 'l'UXOAD)'lKES )lE't"a)lO'P<poocrElS 1tO'U PpiO"KOV't«l Ka't"oo an6 'tTJ )lEtat6ntO'T] 'tOU «UVtlKEl)lSvO'U» TI)S 8tovucrtaKi]c; EKaraaTJS ano TOY ~t6vucrO' O"TI') MKTJ. H usruro- 1llGTJ aUnl, non OEiXVEt IlW ptl;:tKi] E1tUv6.O'TUcrTJ O'nC; (1)VDA.IKSe; O"XEaEtc; ron bl0VU(HUKDU uv8poonO'u )lE TI')V KOlvevto; IlUS 8ETSt Eva 'l'UXOAOj'lKO Kat icropixo npOpATJIlU (m6 ta mo nEpi1tAOKU, anEvUV'tt oro ozoio, 01toos SAsYE 0 Nietzsche crtllv «AUtOKPl'ttKfJ» rou taU 1886, XPEt6.~Stat «zsptooorspo <ppovt)luoa Kat Al'yorepo EUYArottlU» Kat 1tOU acrcpaA.6>s TI') AUO'T] TOU 8EV TTJ aiVEl to aq>llPTJ)lEvO Kat oe 'tEAsUtaia av6.A.uaTJ ataSTJtlKO O'XTJ)la TIlS «cr{)V9EO'T]S 'tOU anoUoovElOu )le TO olovuO'taK6 1tVEu)la» .

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MAZA KAI IETOPIA

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TTJe; KpattKf]c; E~DuO'iac; croix 8ej.lSAU'OOEtc; OtOVUO'taKOUc;. Mu9ODe;, Oxooe; 0 Mueoe; TOD AUKO'UPYOU it 'tOU llEVElEU, Kat oro 'tSAD~ aUnl TTJV a1tOAUTTJ, OA.DKAllPoo'tucit O'E~O'll· Mudl a.1teAsuElspmGTJ zou Sa TIl omJI1S, ~EKtvoovTae; ax6 TIl <ppoiiolo,vij av'tlAll'l'11 ym TIlV av'tiElsO'TJ tOU aE~OUaA.lGlloU Ka1 TIl;; lCOlvrovia;;, onv TIlv optaKiJ EK<ppaO'TJ TIle; eSA.11O"TJ~ apVTJO'TJe; TIle; xorvorviuc xm e1t'tO''tpo<pit~ G6 I1ta xuroOTJ npolO''tOpia ...

TO'tE O)lroe;, n VOTJlla EXEt aUnl 11 uUarfl O''tOV 1tpo· aa.va't"OAIO'I10 'ITlS OtoVUO'laKit~ 'l'uxoAoyia<; 1tOU, oro "CEADe; 'tOD 60D auovo" e<pePE J..llU avayEvvr)Gll Kat p.m evo- 1to'l'iaaTTJ EJ..l~USUVO'TJ 'tOD 8PTJO'KeuttKO'U am8fJJ..la't"O~; It vOTJJ..la eXEl autij 11 I1Eta~aO'TJ ano TTJ otovumaKit cvcpXia O'TI') OlO'VUO'1aKit EKcrtanKit E1ttKOtvooVia J..lE TIl ~iKTJ. 11' aUTO 011AaBf] to ispo crU)l~OAO TIl<; veac; KpatlKij~ 'ta;11<; 1tOU 11 EuA6.~Sta TTJ<; YEVeae; 'tOU AmxUAOU Kat rot> HpUKAel'tOU TTJ ElEropouas ocv TTJV 1tllYTt KUee VOl1lJ.lOTIl'ta~ Kat ccv 'to U1tOO"t'(ltlKO ElEj.lEAlO K6.96 ov'tO<;; Kat to· rs tt EI.l1tOOtO'E aUnl TIlv xotvrovfn, 1t'OU tiXE q>epEl 0''tO <pro<; I1ta tE'tOta ~aElu'taTTJ 9PTJO'K&Ul'1K6TIlta, vo U1tO''t(1- X't"Ei O'TTJ 9EoKpaTia zou oev Katop9roO'E va Enl~UAel 11 OP<PlKi] EKKATJcria;

Orcv Sa a.VUKMU'I'0Uj.lE to' vOlll1a a.utrov rorv usro)lop<proaeoov Kat o06I1E TIlV Tpuy(Ooia v' ava1lTJoa ouv Eva 8(ll)l1a, oov I.ua Aufhebung rou A6you j.lEaa ano 't11 O'UVUVTTJO'T] tau .6lOVUO'taO'I106 J..lE to 1tVEU)la. tOU Ilpo<PTJttO')lOU, ea OoUf.lE J.Ls<; TIlv a9TJva'lKi] @WTpoKpaTia rov J.LTJ'tPIKO K6A1tO TIle; 1t'OAlnKfjc; O'Uvsi01101lc;. tOU .6ituou xm rov xropo J..lEe; tOY ozoio KU't' apxftv SKcppaO'TTJKE 'to 10'tO'P1KO 1'OU 1tEnpro)lEvo .•.

132

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Mti(a tau rpa')'IKO

AC; a~sq)TOUJ.1B Tro~U uuril TIlV sv90umuanKiJ K(miaTU~ nuvro aT11~ ozoin O"T11P1l;6tuv 11 apxa1Ki] OSUTpOKpa~ Kat1t~ p.sau t11~ 11 J.1U~u S1ttK01VOOVOuae IlS TO. u"'11- AotS~a vonunrn :OU 1tohnO'p.oo Kat Ou. KaTUAU~OO~ rnv a~uO"ao .~ou, Xoopt.Ss, KUTU Tllv KAUO'tKtcrttKiJ 1tspiooo rou EUPOO1tUtKoo noAl.ttallOU, TrJV oPYUVCOJl8vl') xowovtn Kat ttc; r u~is~ 11')~ uno TIl JlU~u. A v s1ttxstpltaUlls autl) t1)v 1tPOXStP11, ouYKptO'TJ uvuJleau a' au'touC; TOU~ TpS~ TUnou~ K~tvoo zou Jlu~ oivouv TO KAaO"tKta'ttKO, TO SA.taupsnavo K~t TO ~pxuio 9futpo, ittav yux vc OS~ooIlS rqv opYUvtKTJ ?VVUCj>~ta 1t01) \)nUPXSl UVUJlscra O'TIl atu<rl) tl'),;; K01~OOVtU';; czsvevn O"TO TpaytKO KUl 11')V toroptKTJ nupouO'ta KUt ol£iO'o1)O'TJ 11')';; JlU~U';; Jlsaa (HOV o/UX1KO KOO"JlO T11';; 0PYUVCOJlEvll';; K01vcovia~.

~ UVU1tu~iu 'ttl,;; JlU~U';; uno Tllv npoonttKiJ rou Petit T?eatre t11~ ~crtKtcrTlKiJC; KotVOOViaC; Ssv Il2tOpoucrs znpc vn ouvodsosrm IlE utc cruO'TrJJ..LunKiJ Uj..LUVU KU'tU TOU TpaytKO~ zoo KUT~i5iKa~s Eva pa9UTaTU OpaJ..LattKO 1tVEUI1U 01~Q)C;, 0 Racine va npoO'nagei vc UJ.l.PAVVet to OUO'taO'TlKO ~oTJJ.la Tl')<; Tpa"(oo()tu<; JlS aUTs<; Ttc; Prefaces ~o~ na~ou(Jta~uv ,to TP~"(tKO Oxl cuv JlUI UPXEyOVT) rrre~uct1ble ~Jlnetplu uUu onv JlIU O"Sl.PU uno cruUoytO'J.l.oo;. ~at ~npEns vu ~tl(;oU~ TllV «Avn-uvuySvvrJO'1l.» rou 200u ouovc "(lU va KaTaAiipOOJ..LS to nw; -1tUP' OAO TOV Shakespeare Kal tOU~ SA.tcruPSttaVOUC;- TJ xowovin 1tOU opyavwOT)KS KUTro uno to onusio roo KA.UcrtKlCfJlOU KUt t~ PacrlOVUA.IOP.OU, "(Ul vu unspVtKtlO'Sl TO xuoe; nOO i5TJJlt?DP'YTJ~S 11 Avaytvvr]O'TJ, S1tVl;e 0'Tl') "(EvScrtl 'IOU Eva M€'}'UAo 0satpo 1to;u O~ uxopoues va O'taOd oro u%s nov poo P.avtKOlV vorov 11 rorv oporopuov Kat TOOV nuOwv 11')~ YSpJlUVtKi]c; Mououou; ...

MAZA KAI II:TOPIA

133

Ttn vn KataAlipoulls aUTIt TTJ crua11')llunKij UPVT)O'l1 TOU TpUYlKoU zou KUP1UpXTJ.O'S KUl OAOKA11Pro011KS J.l.S 11')v KAaO'tKtOnKtl YUMl.Ktl xotvevto, 011Aa0lt J..LS TTJv 1tPWTll eupOl1ta'iKtl xotvorvin nou Ka'top8coOE vc S~OUi5E'tEpwaSt'tTJ p.u<;a 1tOD 811llt01)Pyft011KE a1tO TIlv EKPllKTlKit anocrUvOEO'TJ TOU Mecnkovc, vu U1tEpvtKijO'St Tl.£ qnryoKCVtpE';; SuvaJ.1Stc; Kat vo l£papXTJ.0si KUt va opyuVroOEl. .. 00. npS1tEl vc 'XOUIlS 81uPKroC; O'TO YOU J.l.uC; TT] ~aptci 0.tJ.LoO'Cj>atpU U"'l1A.ltC; tcrtOP1KtlC; nts011£ J.l.ec; rnv ozota aKOOO'tTJKE TO aiTTllla 'tOD Spinoza: non ridere, non lugere neque detestari sed intelligere'". 0a npt1&El vn atO'OavOou!lE 61.11 TTl pia, tnv uvapxia Kat TIlV TpOJlOKpatia J.L1UC; IlETaPUTtKilC; 1tepl68ou 1COU CiPX1O'S us to TSAOe; 'tOD SKU'tOV'tUSTOUC; noAe).lOU Kat TEAstroO'E J..LE to TSAos rorv 9P110KSDTlKIDV 1toUJlrov, TTlV e1ttpOAlt 't11e; cruYKevtPOOTlKijc; AnoAutapxtaC; Kat TT]V optanKfJ E~u<pavlO'11 Tl')C; ).lCi~ae; a1to 'to 10''tOpUCO npoO'KTJvtO, yID vu KamA.UpouJ..LS TllV opyavu('tl uvuYlCT] TT]; jcotvmvtm; vn uncoOijO'Et KUeE 8i>vap.11 nou , . izopooos vc avttO''tpaTEuE'tul O'TIl OSA11O'TJ TIle; 1tEleapx.lae;, TU~TJC; KUl aO'Cj>UA£lUe;.

'Evrn; KOO'JlO<; SVOnOlTJIlSvoe;, i5taV011TtKU OPYavcoll8- voc, uvuYJ..LEvOC; 0" Eva crUO'TTJJla (11(0 Uto91l'ttKOUC; KavoVEC;, J.1E';; rov ozoio 11 cruvEii511O'Tl 'tOD N61lOU Kat 11 Enlolro~11 'tOU VO).lt).lOU aVTlKa9tO"toucrav ne; J.LUetKst; opycve'ttKtc; ~UVUlle~ TT]t; PCOJ.!UVtKO-YOtOtKtle; xowomrc; Kat 11')~ J.lVllJ..LEtaKiJ~ TIle; tSXVTJC;: autos eivm 0 K60'J.1oC; J.Lse; TOV osoto 0 KAUOlK\OtlKOC; uvOPOO1tOC; opyUVOlO'e TT]v uJ.LUVU 'tOD Kat KUT6pOroO'E vc ava0"6pEl TO principium individuationis U1CO 'to UXpovo a't1)A rou Bu~avtiou Kat a1&o 'to u8ID<poponoi11tO corpus mysticum nou ane; nopTE; torv EKKA11O'tWV 1tpOCj>UA.a.cr06 tOY Civeprono U1tO touq

81 Spinoza, Ethica [«Nu Ill'\ YE~ vu Ill'\ 1t~eE«;, vc jlTj 1l1OE«;, uA.M vo 01.<lvoe{au(}) (c.r.e.j],

134

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, <papst oro <pro~, l1TUV ym tOY KAaO'tKIO'jlO 11 uvaYKaiu np0i5noOEcrYJ "(W, 't1]V unOKa tUO'TUcrYJ TfI~ 10'0pponia~ tOU avOpcOnov fJE TOV eaUTO TOU nuvw ano 1'0 avapXOUJ!EVO XUO~ uno to ozoio EiXE npoEA9E1.

Ttar] Kavava U1tO TfI jlal;a EK7tOPeuOIlEVO llUOuco VOTJIlU oS\' ittav 0'8 8sO'fl va lKUV01toll1O'Sl aUt1lTTJ pa8utaTfl uvaYKTJ S\'OTTJLU~~ wpuPXia~ KUt nst8apxim; zou xrop~ aVts~ 11 KotVWVia Ktvouveus va unoO'Uv'tegei, 6nco~ unoO'UVTSeTJKS 11 ItaAia it 11 rSPllavia 0'1'0 150 xm 1'0 160 auDva. EUKoAu Aomov IlnopouJls vn KataMpouJls 'to 1tro~ 11 unooO'ia JltW; tST01a~ ano 'tu KaTw evozoujnt;:ft~ ouvall11~, lKUvft~ va l;roOYOvijO'Sl JlE 'to iOlo nvsulla OM~ T~ paeJlios<; 't1]~ KOtvCOVIK1l~ 1Spapxia<;, cvnorcajliO'TTJKS Ils TTJV EnlpoAl1 tr]<; paO'lOvaAtO''t'tK1l~ nE18apxia<; Kat IlE t11 JlsO'oAuP11O'f1 €VO<; svi5ulJlsO'ov ti5avIKaU KOO"l1OU ano KAnO'tKU npOW1ta Kat OUfJaVtO"ttKS<; a~if:<;.

H rpavraunKlj EU6.da TIle; Ava')'EVV1fU1fe;

H AvaYBvv11O'T], yta va napuO't1lO'St JlsO'a O'E 11m avepro- 1tlVTJ 1l0PCPit OtlOl1nOT€ OOKtjlUt;E onv nponaPXlK1l SJlnElpia, onv nponapxucij cr'6YKPOU01l TfI£ E~aTOJltKSUtlKij<;, nAaO'TlKij<; xut KUPtaPX1Kij~ 'tTJ<; 9a11crYJ<; JlE to UllOP<PO UAIKO ~OU TTJ<; 1tpoO'<peps 11 npoO"rop1vTt Kat fJSTapattKft TfI~ U1WO'TacrYJ, xpstUsomv svov EVOIUj..tSO'O 1(00'110 KOVAtaUpa<;, j..tta O'UJlPOAlKij ft aM11yoptKij ucnspn, Evav xuvovc zou, onoo~ eO. 'MYS 0 Braque, «vu Jlnopei vo s~av- 6pwni1;;st 'tTJ O"UYKlVTJO'TJ xm vo tKaV01tOlEi crUyxpova 1'0 IlUtt», rnv axoptaYll 8EATJO"1l sllnEtpia<;, tr] oi\jla tTJ£ yta «npaYllattKo», 110. «npaYjlUttKa» xprojluta, ym «npay-

rvtAZA KAI 11:TOPIA

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lla1'\.KE<;» KtvijO'El<; ... AVTO<; 0 cvolaJlEO'o<; KOO'IlOl:; E1tPSns va ucevozotei Tt.c; atcr6ftO'st<; tOU uv6pcOnou xoopi<; va aVTa1toKpivtmlt orqv UJlsO"f] TOU EllnStpia nov, YSjlUTTJ aKOJla ano TOU<; oaiJlOVE<; tOU Bosch Kat tWV EAlcrapsnovev, itTav nOAu TpaytKft yux. vn ~nopei vc sivalTOO'~ av8pc01t1V1] 00'0 'tT}V it8EAs 11 AvuySvvr!O'l1. 'Eapsns vc stVat cruyKSKptJ.tEvU, E}l1tEtptKa avepffintVo~, ~rovtav6<;, xtVaUJlEVO<; JlE~ 't1lv Ioropic KUl to yiYVEcrOat xoopi~ va q>8eiPEtat un6 TOV XpOVO -a1t0 tOY XpOVO nou jlta JlETapatUOl E1tOxft ccv rnv AvaylNvTlCiTl OS\' ~nop06crE vu TOV al0'8avs'tat napa onv Kan 1'0 TpaytKO Kat 1'0 SK~llOCVtcrttKO- KClt TaUtox.pova Xropi<; vc etvrn E~ro an6 TOV Xp6vo onoo<; crDJ1paivsl crou; Bu~uvnvou<; ~ TOV Dante. o KOcrJ10<; aVTo<; enpEns vu stvm «uuovto;» ouv t1<; veritates aeternae Kat roix «aJleTa~A.lltOu<; VOJ1ou~» non aVa~l1T01>O's 11 KaptEcnavit O'KE\jI11: Enpsns 011A(lO~ vo evoupsrovst rrtv «av8pW1t6'rT]TU» O"TIlv mo Ka6apit, rnv mo «YCV1Kij Kat uvaYKaia}), rnv mo «'tEAsta» ~opcpft tr]<;.

Auro; 0 O'UJlPoA.IKo-aA.AllyoptKO<; KOOJlO<; ~taV 0 eAAllVtKo<; KOO'J10<; Jls~ tOY ozoio TO 10e<OOE<; TOO Kaeap~ ClV6pc01ttVOV Eixs nOpEl yta nproTTJ <popa O'upKa Kat OcrTU, JlOPCPit Kat KtVTJO'11 jlS~ TTJv Ioropto. 0 ICUKAo<; 'tIDV eM11~ VtK<OV JlOPCPIDV, tWV SM11V1K<OV ti5SIDV Kat rev EM11VtKroV IlU8COV -amIDV rov llu8rov zou SlXaV XaO'Et TO tcrtOPIKO, O'U"(KEKptJlEvO Kat OVO'taO'ttKU aVEnClVUAllnto nEp1SXO- JlCVO TOU~ Kat nov slXav JletaJlop<pw8si 0'£ otOaKtlKe<; aM11yopif:<; ouv Tt.c; aUllyopif:<; zoo SK1tatOSUouv Tl] Mupin rorv MruiKwv 0'1'0 spyo TOU Rubens- npocr<pepE svcv 1tA01>TO O'UJ1POMoV KCtt KUVOVWV yta OAs<; tt~ uopq>e<; t1l<; nvEullunKij<; 8puO'fIt;.

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136

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UuDW:~ KUt 1tpO~ TO oxoio, SS OPIO'J..loU, o.SV J..lnOpoUO's vo tpaEt crs KUP.lU OPYUVUCl] \j1UXlK1l 6nucpi]. To nupEA96v UU't~ iJtuv I!la O'oep" OUJ..lUVIO'TlK1l summa un6 EvptniCh" LSVSKU, LT())tKOU~. p())l!utK1l Icr'topia,P())l!uiK6 diKatO, AAesavoptvu tpyu, ProJ..latKa aVtlypu<pa Kat sMxtcrrll npror6w1ta TrJ~ J..l6y6.ATt~ e][oxft~. 0 Mtxa"AwA.yysAOi;;, zou EnaEls Kpicrt} cruw;to6to~ orcv SlDE TOY AaoK60vra, OIN eiXE nOtE 'too aVTlKpicrEt 'tOY Dap9svcOva. 0 Winckelmann, 1tOV suevs «~oup6~, Kou<p6~ Kat JlS 0.6.. Kpua cro J..uhta» J..lnpo~ O'TTtv DaUtioa, ayvoouO's 'tou~ KOUpOV~ tau 60u aHOvu. 0 Poussin J..lE rou; pSJ..lPaO'J..loU~ 't01) ernv Campagna romana Ka'tsuElvvs YUt 'tOVAaXtO'TOV SVUJ..lIO'l1 aubvCt rnv EStA.~Tt 6ATte; TTt~ raMtKi]~ ~())ypa~ CPl1Cll~. 0 Goethe, zou npO'ttJlOl>O'E 'tOY EupmiOTt an6 TOV AtOxUAo, zoo TpOJ..laSS omv sios W; o.())PtKt~ KOA6vsC; rou Paestum KCtt zoo o.i]Arovs on «om ProJl'tJ CtVUKCtAV'I'U TOV SUUTO JlOU, PptElTtKU Yla ltpro'l11 <popu crUJl<provoc; J.lE tOY euuro JlOU, euwxitc; xrn A01tK09>82, AUtPEVE tOY A~ n6AAcova ton Belvedere; TOV ~ia Otricoli 11 rnv A9rJvti Ludovisi! cSTtAaoi] o.n mo \j1E1),{lKO Kat YUJlV6 an6 v6TtJla siX6 va Enweiset 'to «apxaio owA». DO'o jtc TOV Hegel, zou nupaoTaElTtKE YEJ.laTOe; EluUJluO'JlO O'tO SEElaJla rov nOJutTltavcOv JlrocraiKcOv xm orov ozoto xprocrTaJlE TTtv mo sEvY] npoe; tOY LO<podi] avuAvO'l1 TTtC; AVTly6vTtC;, spAs1te orov Canova svev aV'tllslO OVV£XIO'Tij TOU <DEIOia!

ME nOAu nEptoptcrl!Evrt rnv EntKOtvrovia TTtC; npoc; t~ auElEVTtKSC; JlOp<pt~ rou EAATtVIKOU 1tOAlnOJlOU Kat xnptro~ EltAovTa~ va npopCtkl tu atti]Jlu:ru TTt~ 0' €va KOO'JlO nov 9EOOPoUOS onv TOV JlOvaOtKo avElpromvo K60'Jlo, Tt A vaY€vvll<J11 ol1flloUpyrroe JlIa cpuVTacrnKli EU6:oa JlE tOY meon6, JlE TO svotUjlEcro uvti]~ TIl<; EAM:iSue;, va OtKUlroaEt TOV Eaut6 tTJ~ Kat vu cruV61011T01tOti]aet 'tTJv iOta

82 Goethe, Italienische Reise.

MAZA KAI 11:TOPIA

137

TTtv tcrtOP1Ki] TTt~ POUATtO'll. 'Erot aurij Tt MOta roo «cpxaiou O'WA» cruyKEvtprocrs BSKa UVOIlOtOYEVsi~ auDvs~, uno tOV Ounpo JlSXpt tou; ~'t'O)lKoUC;, KUtro ano Jl1a nAaO'tl] aUli nuviO'xuP11 evomrc: 'tOV Jlu80 TTt~ «SMTtV1Ki]~ ouopeuu;» JlS~ 'tOV onoto aUtl] 11 iota Tt SMTtVtKi] TtXVT\ 6nauE vc tXE1 ioropic. H «EAATtV1KiJ ouopqnd» 6- ytVS to «1tCtpaOE1Yfla» Kilt to npon>1to svo; beau ideal CtVESapTIttou uxo 'tOY Xpovo, Kap<pffiJlEvou O'tTJv Auovtomtu: flta evornrc an6 v6flOVC; TTte; «at08TtttKf]~» sK<ppa- 0'1lC; non &IN xpEta~6'tuv nta napa vo 'tOU~ cruU6;~st xcVE~ Kat vc roue; «EKn:A£O'Et». Dtuv 'to 1648, JlE TTt oTtJltoupyia TItS Academie de Peinture, 01 KaUU6XVE<; AsU'tspcOEhlKav an6 TOU~ KaVOVtcrJlOU~ jlS tOUS ozoiouc TOVe; 06O'jlSUE Tt LUV'tEXViu 'tOU Ayiou AOUKa, Tt naAta Jlu8tKiJ epJlllvda rrov KaMl'tSXVtKcOV JlOp<PWV toroae TT] 8tO"ll TTt<; os flla Sntcr'l11flOVtKi] avaAucrTt 'l11S apxaias YAUn'tlKits Kat aPXtTeKTOVtKitc;· To J..lVt1Jlsia, ru aYUAJlara, ot xivaKE~ OIN eiXav asiu napa IlOvO oro JlEtpO X01> an6- Oetxvav rnv unapSlJ rorv aJlEta~AlltOOv vourov, OTOUe; 0- noious unalCO'vEt roco to av8pm1tlvo O'roJlU 60'0 Kal tva TeK'tOVtKO crUVOAO, Kat tmv YEroJlETPlKOW O'XEO'£roV zon 1tavro rou; crTllPU;;OVtat ot avaAOYis~ rou; Kat 11 tcopponia '['00<;. Tta va KatUAupoulle to t60'0 stvo npoe; EJ.laS

r Felibi 83, L B 84, V

KUp"WO'lUVO nvsuun TOU e I len lJTOU e run ,o'ta

83 Andre Felibien des Avaux (1615-1695): ra/J.o; apxltooovCtC;; Kat <royypaq>tw;' 1tpOOtatE"U6I1£VOC;; tOW ~OUKt Kat KOA~:n:tp, XP'l~t\os S1timUWC;; lotopwypliqJO:;, 'Ypa~l).Ulttac;; nov KexMlV Tsxvwv K.M. 1;'IT) PWJl'l yvwp{o'tllKe Iffi l'OV ~roypuq>o Ilouosv, tov ozoio 9au).Ul~s, Kat tex I3t~A.ia tOO, A:n:a.pxt( VJ( (w'IpaqJlKiT( (1661) Kat IV('1P1C1tlq 1l'(~VW aTrf (w~ KO.I1:0 tflYO .WV nio rmovoaiwv 1!'aM.uwv tau uvyxpovwv (myparpwv a:n:otsAm>v urtOP1KU ~"'lj.l£ia "Ita ~ a109'lnKEC;; avrt1fJ'I'Etc;; TIle;; E:n:oxiJe;; (e.r.s.).

84 Charles Le Brun, r6:1J.oc;; ~royp6:q>oc;; (1619-1690). To 16420.1<0- ~e'lOE tOV Ilouosv orn PWJ.l'l oaou E~'lOE "Ita 4 xp6VlCt. Eto Ilcptat Umlpg: wpurijt; TIlt; «Amo'lJliat; TIle;; ZarypaqmOlt; xm TIlt; rAn-

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I

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138

"0EATPOKPATlA" KAJ EI1ANALTATIKH MAZA

O'xoAiu~s O'r~ ()1)VSOptaO'E~ tTlo; AKUOllJ.liao; tTl Manne tOU Poussin, eu 1tPS1tSt va 8UJ.lTJeOUJ.lE note spya 8sIDPOUO'E ccv KA.aO'tKa. 0 Goethe - 0 6.vepID1tOo; oTJAaofl1too £OID(J'E TTJV 1t1O j.lVTJj.lStaldJ EKCPPUOll ota j.lorlpa TTJo; AvaYEwTJO'TJ<; Kat 0''tTJ ()1)VSWTJt1l Opy6.VID<JT] TI]o; 6.j.luvao; Kuru ron TpuytKoU. 0 Goethe AOl1t6v AUtpsus 1t6.VID a1t' oAa tOY Pacpu€Ao, to crUl.t1tMYj.la tOO Auoxoovtc, tOY MUO'ttKO .1.si1tVO tOO Da Vinci xm cov PIDj.la'CKO 8piaj.lpo ron Mantegna: «autu rn j.lsyUAa spyu tc 0llj.ltoUPYllcs 0 av9pro1too; crUj.l<prova J.lE roue aAllelVoUo; VOj.lOUo; TI]o; <1>uO'TJo;. Eow sscu:paviSeta.t onoft1tore sfvoi UUeatpeto Kat qxrvtnrmxo: som D1t6.PXSt Av6:YKll, som unUPXBt Els- 00;» 85. 0 Rubens tOY ~Evtse KanIDO; j.l€ tOY 1tA1l9roptcrj.l0 tot) Kat tOY MtxaftA-AyyeAo TIlo; Pieta Rondanini tOY q>Of3&tUV ytatt epAenE j.lEO'a. tOU j.lID OpUj.lunldJ U7tEPPOAft 1t6.90uC; nOD ron 8Uj.ltSE auto to «au9aipEtO Kat cpavrconxo» zou j.ls Ku8s rpoao it8SM vo a1tro9itO'Et ...

Tt ittav OJ.lID<; yID tOY KA.a.O'lKlatlKo avepro1tO aUTO TO «aueaipsro xm <pUVt(lO't1KO» ano 'LO ozoio nesAs vu xstpacp€TTJe£t~ ~€ n J.lOPCPft av9pwnoD EKcppaOtT]K£ autfl 11 geAllo11 tljo; opyavroJ.lEvlje; xotvoviu; vn cruj.lq>lAtOOo£1 suva. tOY UVepID1tO J.lS roue «UA,llelVOUo; VOJ.lOUe; tT]o; <DU- 0'110;»; ~S n 'VuXtKEe; ouv6.J.lSLo; cvrceroxptvstat aUToo; 0 rimoe; av8p<Dnou zou U1toKpuO'taAA.ro811KE J.lE ro tEAo<; TIle; AvaySvvrJO'11<; Kat us TIlV tepaPX1K1l opy6.vroO'11 tlje; VOj.l1KO-raSlKite; K01VroVtUo;;

11:TtKl']S» TO 1648 K(1t XPtt!ID:TlO"E o1ZU8uvn'JS Ttl<; KUMtTEXVUCl'lS uevitpaKT06pu<; tOW Gobelins ~a Ttlv ilipuO"i) 111<; TO 1660. 0 AouSo~iK~ 0 14°~ TOV txPurE eoyevf) KO.1. 'tOY ovounce 11:PO)TO ~(Oypa<po 'tl1S AUAT)S' uvD..aJ3e TIlV KUTClOKEI.111KUl TIlV OlCtKOOf.lT]crT] rrov JXrotA1KO)v xnpkov, ZWypa<ptcre utu crmpa U11:0 !':pyu yta tTl ~coi) tOU MeyaAou AM:~avi5pou. To 11:10 yvroO"'tO EivUl «0 AA.ESavop~ Kat tt OtKOYEv8tu tOU Anpetoo», (e.r.s.)

&5 AVU<pepE'tat a11:0 tOV Fr. Gundolf: Goethe, II, 173.

MAZA KAI IrTOPIA

139

Fie vc KaTaMpouJ.lE UUt6 to «cpaVtucr'ttKO Kat au- 8atpum) yta to onoto j.llAUEt 0 Goethe ea np81tet va avutpe~ooj.le O'TTJv Tpirq Meditation ron Descartes orov PasSt ornv KUTOOtUtT] pueJ.liou tT]o; l£papxia~ «ov tOeWV t~ fictiones a me ipso factae. ~av te'to1E~ fictiones 0 Decartes avacpepEt tIe; «sirenes» Kat OMta 6.Mu 1tMounrc TTJ-; J.lu9tKTt-; cpavtaom-;. Bixs OEl 6.pays 0TIlV 0"-Aavoia 'toue; oaij.lOVeo; tOU IEpcOvt)J.lOU Bosch fJ t~ «CPAaJlaVolKee; ncpouue;» TOU Breughel; 'H Jlitnro~ us ne; «OEtpnVE9> tljs ApXat0TIltae;, zoo t~ savuppiaKooj.lE as 1t6.J.l1tOAAa proJ.laVtKa xtcvoxpcvc, evvoooce OAOV aut6v TOV rspntouoppo KOOJlO zou 01 'tpaY1Koi JlU90l tll~ proJ.lavtKf)e; Enoxile; ElXUV a1tOt1.m<D(JEt1tavro 0'T1e; cathedrales Kat j.lEe; tOY ozoto 0 6.v9pronoe; Kat 'to ~WO, u1tOtaYJ.lEvOt orov OtDVUO'taKO VOj.lO troy aOtUKonrov JletUJ.lopcpmaErov, exavav tljv TaUt6'tljra Kat TTJV diJ.lUKa 'LOUe;; 0 Descartes, ElXE apaye aUVeloTJoll OTt tn rpayu(u auto. crUl1~OAa. zou eiXa.v cpepet oro cproe; Ot Mu801 JllU~ O'tO e- 1taKpO lO'tOptK6. Opa.0'tT]pl0n01TJJ1EvTJe; J.l6.sae;, anoTEAouonv evu J.l8ytO't0 KtVOUVO yt' uutfl TTJ lumiere naturelle npoe; rnv ozolc 1l'tUv npooavaTOAtO'j.l~ OAll ron 11 o'1(e'Vll Kat OATJ 11 EnoX" tOU; I'tnrt O'tT]v 1tPOO1tttKit 1:'00 170u cuovo, OEY E1tp6K£ttO a1tAme; Kat J.lOVO vc U1tEpVIK1laet 0 A6yoe; 'LO 'tpaytKO XUOC;. 0 HpaKAe11:'oe; fl 0 Dante eiXav ~ps9ei os J.lta av6.ADyTJ to'tOptK1l1tPOO1t'ttKTt UMa 0 Aoyo~ tOU Hpcxseirou it 0 Arnor tOU Dante 1tapouO'tO(JTTJxcv ccv J.lta unsppuO'TJ Kat OXt onv J.lID anm8TJO'l1 Tlle; tpaY1KTt<; ej.l7tstpiac;. OUtE KUt S1tpOKetTO anAWC; xm uovo vc aO'cpuAtO'te! 0 PUO'lOvaAtO'J.lO<; a1tevaV't1O'TOU~ Moeouo; zou stxav SS9Uj.laV61 Kat Slxav J.lE'ta,.wpcpro9d O'€ O€tO'tOatJ.lOviee;. Mtn tetotu uvayKll EO'nproSe 'tOY rnatIDVa vo u1to~aMt os J.lta cruOtljllattK1l KptttK1l 6Aou~ TOl)~ eSOp-OUs Kat ne; wEs<; T11s KAaO'lK1l~ s1toxile;, aAM auto OEY tOY EJ.l1tOOtO'E vn uvayvropiO'Et 'tOY Mu90 ysvU(a

140

"9EATPOKPATIA" KAI EIlANArTATIKH MAlA

ocv <popeu a~trov Kat VU Sn~l1TI!(JEt- e(Jtro KUt JlE oxilJlUta a<peMO~ aMTl'YOptK6.- va <pepSI TIl Jl6.su as Jlu9trit smxotvrovtc JlS JllU <pl1ooo<ptKij SPJl11VS1U tou KOOJlOU86• AJJiJ., cmv npoonnKiJ roo KAamKtaJlOU, 8npoKEI'tO vc X't'U1tl19s1 O'TIl p~a TI1~ 11 WIU 11 JlU9onMO''tlKi} tKUVOtrttn, 11 tatOPlldl ~OUA.11O'11 Kat 11 100'tOptKi} napouO'lu TIle:; J.ui~a~. H Kap'te01Uvil aVaAUO'Tj 'tOD n6.eou~, 11 uvayroril tOO n6.9ooc:; (JS ou<proe:; 01UXroptOJl€vse:; 'l'UX0A.oyll0;e:; xcTIlyopiEe:;, as AO"(tKSC:; tEpapxiEc:; uno qualites, merites Kat facultes OW uzopouoe vc Ka'taAil~st napa oe JlIa 'tE'tOlCl e~ooOe'teproOll rou \jIUXtKoU ouvaJltO"J.loU TIle:; Jla~ae:;.

Bt~atU, Kat 11 AvepwnoA.oyia TOU TIA6:trova OEY stvci Al'YO-tSPO aXllJlunKi} Kat U\IIUXOAOyr]trt ano 't11v Av9pro- . 1tOAayia 'too Descartes, 'too Hume il TOU Kant. EiVUl 6.paye 'tUxuio TO on Tj oXTJ!lunKit aUTI! 'l'uxoAoyiu zou KOpu<provetat ornv elK6va TOU «apJlaTOC:; 'rile:; '!fuxile:;» zon Pp{OKOUJ.le OTOV cfJo.i8po (246a-24 7b), «ouuaimei» J.lS Jlta 1tEpio80 Ku'ta TIlv ozofn 0 TIm'trov OeV E~Ae1tS aTIl !la~a Tl1to'tS zsptccorepo a1to €va 1tu911Ttlc6 1tOOOTlKO (i9potO'Jla, U1tO €vu e~a1tu'tl1Jl€vo uno TT) 0TlJ.laywyia nAil9oc:;; Kat stvct TaXa 'tUXaio 'to Ott 11 TSAsuTuia nsptoooe:; TIle:; 1tAUTroVtK1le:; q:nAoO'o<piac:;, oxou to EJlJ.lOVO npo~A11Jlu TT}e:; 1tapaKJlile:; Kat TT}e:; KpiO'lle:; ooilYT}O'£ TOV TIM,TroVU vc paA.el oro Kf:vrpO TOU oroxuO'J.lOU TOU TO npo~ATlJla tTle:; J.la~uc:; Kat 't11c:; 9PT}OKSU!tKOtT}-rUe:; TI)C:;, Eivat. Ilta nEpioooe:; EIlPa9uvO'lle:; Kat ql.1tAOUT10J.loU trov \jIUXoAOY1KIDV rOD svvouov; Eivat TUXaio 'to ysyovoe:; Ott KaTro

86 n.x. 0 xafJupa Ilvn-EMJjVlKO; (lVl)l1(~, eu JmoPOOU(l1lE va 1tOOIl£) ,.fu9oc; TIDV «TpuDY ~aMrov» Tll~ lloA.lTf:laiO (41 Sad) &:iXVSl TO 1troe; o IDimi)v avayvroplt;e rnv 1tpaYIillTtK&rllTU TOl) Mu900 Kat T1"]V ava),Kll I.ltac; 6v'ta.;11e; Tlle; j.W.~UC; us T1"] f.lEUOA.aPl1ul1 rev MU6rov ornv opyav(0011 T1"]C; KotVrovfr:tC;. Oco )'ill Tl1 q>tlouoqnJal ru;ia TBTatIDY I.lU- 8rov, Tll ppiuKro -1<:1 ac; IJE crtl")'Xropi)um 01(. @eooropU1(61rooA.oc;- uuq>iI3oA.'1 ay 6xl a1tapaosKT1"] ...

MAZA KAI IHOPIA

141

ano roue:; aO''tsptO'IlOUe:; auroU~ 0 IIMrrov 81tlXeiPT}(JS, 't6(J(JSPt.c:; at6JvEe:; 1tptV TIl~ ropae:; rou, €;Yav EY-ranKO 9p11- O'KeUtlK6 OUYKptl"ClO'JlO Ils TOV 01tOtOV SA1tti;S vo A.U(JEt. 'to npopA11J.let 'tTJe:; otOxersuO'Tj<; 'tT}e:; J.lU9tKile:; oi\llae:; Kat 'tT}e:; rpaytlClle:; Slln€tpiue:; ('ttc:; {(Ilavt%€~ ESEl£») TIle:; ,.uisac:; us J.l6(JU OlClJ.lETptKa avd9sra npoe:; tu J.ltcra TT)~ :tpaytKi}e:; Ku9apcrTt~; I'tnri oev ea J.t1top06O'€ ve 1tEt KetVS1c:; Ott 0 6.~ovae:; 'tT}C:; T8AsUTaiae:; 1tAa'twVtKi}e:; qn1.ooo<piae:; oiv€'tat a- 1tO 'tT}v ansyvrocr~Tj Kat to"TOPIK6. lCuraOtKUO'J.lEvTJ npo(Jnu9stu vc avtlKa'tU0'1:a9ei 11 8Vonot.TltlK1l KUt. ovntspaPX1K1l OUVUJ..l.T) Tl1~ upxu'ildte:; gea'tpoKpa'tOUJ.lEVT}e:; KotVOTI)'tU<; J.lS rom; «uno Ta ntlvO») S1t1pepAT}JlBvooe:;, 0- AOKA11pWt1KoU<; J.lu9oue:; JlIUe:; tEpapxtKile:; opyavw(JT}<;;87 A v 8~0)-€MTlvrKu il'tav 'ta 1tpOtunet J.l1U<; 'tE'totae:; opyavroOlle:;, ES icon e~ro-EUT}VIKE<; iltav Kat oi \jIUXIK6e:; 8uVaJ.lSlS zou ~pijKS J..L€aa ron 0 IImtrov 'Yla va J.lnopSOGl vo 1tpocrava'tOAtO''tei npo~ TU npo'tUna aura: xt aUTO J.lOVO upicsi ytCt va Ila<; osil;El 'to avu1to'l'iaO''tO tlVot'YJlCt zou 6q>EPE to OPCtJ.lUtlKO 1tpO~ATlJ.la TTJC:; O'X-SO'lle:; Tll~ J.laSa<; Kat TIle; Ioropicc Jl60U OTOV 'l'UXtKO roo KOO'JlO.

AVTi9Eta, 0 PUa10VUAtcrJ.lOe:; Kat 0 KAacrt.KtO'!lOe:; E<PEpcv, oTT}V 1tpoO'1ta9Stu tou; vc e~aO'<puAiaouv Ilta J.lOVOaflllaVTll Kataq>aOTj n]e:; to''toptKil~ op6.crTl<; Kat VU e~ouos'tEpooaouv TOV 'lfUXtcrIlO Tlle:; aVUPXOU!l8VT}e:; Ila~ae:;, utn OT}J.lav'tucij 1tTWXS'UO'TJ TOU \jIUXtKOU KOO"J.tOU tTl<; AUO'Tle:; 0-

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142

"ElEATPOKPATIA" KAl EnANAHATIKH MAZA

xt uovo ()XSTtKa IlE TT] lluEltKij nATlP6trrra "COU poipnvucoyo'd3tKOD aV9poonoD aAM, Kat aX6TlKa IlS TT]V nArlP6nrra TItS eEATla11S ~ro1)<; Kat 6Dva/lTl<; TT]<; AvayEwl1CiTJS. 0 130e; atOOvae; elX!> nA11!l!lupiOSl TOV KOOIlO IlE rn aDflpoAa Iltae; pa9DTa'tllS 1tV€U!laTlKOTT]'We; !lEe; TI]V ozotc 0 Dante, U\lnDVOVrae; tOY A6yo roc; ru Eoxara rou opto, Il1tOP6()€ va cvnxpiost !lEaa TOO TT]V napouO"la TI)S Y- 1tEppaO"llS fl€ TO 16lQ Moe; zou auVOOSDsl 'to 1tAaTroVtK6 «uQQ1]toV»88:

Trasumanar significar per verba non si poria ...

Kat omv 0 160<; atoovae; aVD\jICO()S t1] DavnKl) 9EAll0ll uncpoxfle;, aUT6 TO gran disio dell' eccelenza» 89, O"TT]v ntavta uPP11 't1lS ElEA.llCiTJe;, 9sA.11011S zou PPtO"KOU/lS toco OTOV Picco Kat OTOV Leonardo oco Kat GrOV Marlowe 1) roy Shakespeare, 11 ElEAllcr11 1t619apxiac; zoo avrEra~s 0 KAucrtKtanKOC; 6.v9pronoc; c' auTf] tT] yupvil 9SA.11Gl] ~witc;, nov siXE ~U1tVilo'£L rn EV(n:lKTa TOU eaVaTOU Kat 't1lC; KaT'aarpo<pl)c;, oo1)YllO"f: toy Descartes vc 1111 DEt w:e; rn geAl]0"1l t1nOTS 1tsptCicr6t6PO ano l-lla (mAl) 1tl]yr, 1tAavl]e;: «La volonte etant beaucoup plus ample et plus etendue que l' entendement, je ne Ia contiens pas dans les memes limites mais je I' etends aussi aux choses que je n' entends pas. La lumiere naturelle nous enseigne que Ia connaissance de I' entendement doit toujours preceder la determination de Ia volonte ... )}90

ss Par. c. I, 70-1. S9

Purg. c. XI, 86-7.

go Meditationes de prima philosophia, 411 Med. <f&oOf,ltvOll on 1] 6tAt]0Tl EivUl 7tOA.U rnpUt£P11 KCtl mo EKt£'t'UJ.U3vTJ U7tO tll v6t1011, Sev 't'TJv 7tCplOpil;;w oro iOta 6P1U, alJiJ. 't'TJV £1I'ZKteivw Kal ce 1tpCty,Ul't'(l zou oev KU't'UVocO. To (jmOLKo <pW~ !!W; OlOCtO'KEl1tWo;; 11 Aoyua) yvr.ilOTl 1tpe1tEl1t!lvt« vu xPOlIY£lt«t uno rnv (l1tOCPUO"lcrtlKOtTJ't'U nt~ 130\))"11. 0'119) (u, t.s.).

MAZA KAllETOPIA

143

'Eto'l1C6.tW an' auTf] tl1 lumiere naturelle Ol]1l10upy1). 811KS -nap' 6Ace; tIC; otallUpwpice; €Voe; Pascal !lcC; ru; 0- noiss 0<p61AOUJ.f£ va aKoDaouflE TI]v llXID tlle; !-IEtaqmO'1- rile; SPl]llttlC; tOO Hamlet- maC; (iXt1!lattK6~ Ctv9pronoc;· rimo~ zou ~'tav nOAD mo crUYy6VtKO~ 1tpO~ 'tTj humanitas ron KIKEPCOVU Kat 'troY 1:.TWIKOOV napa npoe; Tll OOCPOKA.61U uv9pronttl non 11 YO't8tril tEXVTl, 1tapuKoA.ou900- vtae; 't1l 01lflOKpanril S~EAl~ll trov IlS()atroV1KOOV KOtVOnmov, elXE pyCtA.El oro <prot;; OTT) Reims Kat am L't'paa~ouP'Yo nan nOAD mo 1tPW uno rnv Kaprc01avi1 Av- 8pOJ1tOAoyia, zou s1t1mppa."(loe rrrv optcruoi 6~aq>a.VtO'll Ku8s 6uvaT6t11ta~ !-IuEllKi]e; snlKotVwviQ(; !-IS roy KOOf..lO, 1l 1tpOOo6unril O'Xllllat01tOlll()l1 Tllt;; \jJuxoAOY1a~ tOU ou- 1:lKOD av9poo1tou Kat 'to o't'Bvsfla tlls s!-InS1PlaC; tOU sixav itoll SKOl1AroElsi J.lS tllV S1CllllOEvt()l] 't1le; naAttlC; IlU91KTje; 'tEXVlle; Kat mv aV1:lKataOtaml Tlls ano 'tTjV «ato811tlKij» 9S00Pl1()l] tT]s «Ka8upr,C; ouopotcc».

H TiZV1f Q1CO(]1CliTm a1CO TIJ p6.(a

H KaTT]yopia TT]t;; «Ka8apTJC; OIlOPCPl6.<;)} TJtav SVtsMbe; ~Evllnpo<; TIl 9S!-IsAtaKa a~toKparoU!-lSV11nAacrtlKil PODA.llall 'tOU pW!laVIKOO TJ tOU YOt91KOD KaA.AtteXVl]. To 8EJ,.la tOD OSV l)rav 1l O!l0PCPul a'M&' 11 T pUrWOla KUt l] A.Urprocrll rou xoouou 01l:(Oe; 'tl] PU1toU!lS a1)!lspa (}"ta wflnava rov prollaVtKIDV EKKAll()tOOv. 0 KOO")lOC; roo il· rev 1I:apa nOAU YSIlUTOe; 0.11:6 tpaYlKij SIl1l:Elpia yta va sivat a1tNnS Kat )lOVO (Opaioe;. «To gpaio, Mst ° Rilke crnv npooTll EA£ySia, SiVUl 11 upxfl ron <llopSpOO)}91 Kat l] ansA£u8epw()Tl Kat 11 autov6!ll]()l] roo «OpatOu» an6 TO «$opepo» 0'111la1V6t navTon: Jlta eAa'tT(()O'11 Kat Ilta s~acr9tv1101l TI]e; \jIUXtKi!c; tvraCil]S Kat 1tA.llP6tT]rac; 1tOU 1tS-

91 « Denn das Schone ist nichts - als des Schrecklichen An-

fang », Duineser Elegien,

144

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pttXSL 'EtCH 0 M80'aicova~ XPStft~TIlK8 va ~~O'et utn fla. Kp6xpoVll 10'tOptKTJ Kat 6Xt unN1>e; «KUAAl1:SXVtKTJ» €~EAlSl1 (sou napouO'ulS€l UAAroO"tS nc; 1[10 Xtu1tlltSC; UVUAOrise; !l€ TIlV SSEAI~l1 TIle; 0WtPOKpU'ttUe; O'TIlV A8~va TOU 1tE!l1t'tOU uuhvn) yHl vo j.l1tOpsO'Sl, !lse; TOV Beau Dieu TIls Amiens f] roix; aYYEAou<;; Ka1 rot»; beati TIle; Reims, tOU L'tpaO'poDpyOU KUt tTIe; Pnvcvtoc, vu EKcppUa€t rnv 0- !lOpcptO; evo; av8po)1tou O'U!lcpu...lro!lEvOU us TIl !l0pcpi) LOU Kat etprrveuusvou f..t€ 'tOY xoouo TOU. AMci orov 11 Ava.yevvr,O'll npa.yf..tat"o1toiT)O'€ a.u~ TT] Wertfreiheit (0- noot; 8a 'Azys 0 Max Weber) TIlt; OJlopc:puiC;: au~ mv a- 1teA.€U8eproO'll TTJt; TBXVTl£ aJro Ka8s IlU81KO-a9.0AOYIKO «€n:BKSIVa.», nuroprzm s~ouoerep())O'e Kn8€ ouva.r0tllTa TIlS 110;(;(1(; vc gp8m as \jIUXl~ €7ttKOtvrovia, 0111.a.o~ vn 1tPOPUAct ttt; OtKeC; Tlle; sJ.l1tstpisc; Kat Ta 01KO; TT]<;; alT~J.lUta Kat va epf.l.llV€Uet nc; ef..t1tStpiEC; TIle; J.lE r«; nAacr'ttKEe; f..tOpq>eC;.

'E1"O'l us rqv tosa TIle; «Ka8ap~e; oJ..lOpcptlir;», 1C6:r:ro ano rnv ozoin uxooouocv va ouYKatotKi]crouv 1U tsporepn Kat tn mo psPll1.a 8sf.1ata: ano ttC; Mavt6vse; rou Poeoi:.'Ao IJ.I~XPt mv AcpPoottll tOU Botticeli i) TIl Aotncpnrio, Bopvin rou Cranach, 0llJlLOupyf]811Kav 01 npoU1to8scrE1S yta 'to «OJlaAO n:epa.crf..ta» ae Jlla Cl<PllPfJf..t&vr), pcotovcAtattKi], p~lKa ctvntpaYtK~ O'XTIf.1cttonoiTJO'll TIls uv8prontvlls unapSl1e; non OAOKAllpro8TJKE J..le TIlv lOEct ron «atdrviou, 'tEAclOU, Kct801.IK06 ctv8promvou nmou» )lEe; TTJV oaoin EKq>pnO'tT]Ke 6ATJ TJ Av8pronoAoyia xm TJ tcropuoi au'tOcrDvdo11O'TJ ron KAaO'lKtO'nKoD ctv8pronou.

'Erot 0 <popep6c; 8e6c; tOU Moissac zoo 8SJlEAlrovel't0 paaiAct6 tOO nuvro orov cKJ..lllOSVlO')l6 TOU LUJ..l7tClVTOC; f..t€taf..topc:pro811KE crTTJV un68saTJ svo; Dieu trompeur O'TIlv TStctptT] Meditation ron Descartes. 0 Angelico Ssv )l1tOpooO'€ 1tla vo ~roypClcpis€t oa()lOVE~ Kat orov 0 Cusanus eypa<ps «0 Xpioro; eivctt 0 t£MtO~ !lv6pro1t0r;»,

MAZA KAII~TOPIA

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o Meockovcc £mLVE )la~i us nS n6pt£~ tlls K6AaO'lle;, Kat 01 1l0pC:PSC; rou Pa<pctSAO unopsouv va OOl)V to c:pro~. Aur6S 0 Ka80AiK6~; 'tEAStoC; uv9pro1t0C;-tUlto£ 1tPOPAi)- 811K£ ano rnv AvaYMTJcrl1 ouv to yevtK6 )lBtpO 6'Arov nov npaY!latrov Kat 1tapOUO'tUO'tT]Kc onv 11 ctugevnKi} crDvBnEta 't1lS cMllVo-xplcrttavtK1)s· 1tapuooO'fjC;. 0 XptanavtO")l6c; tTJC; AvaYEWll<rT1s sic3s J..lEaa atl]v EWOla 'tOU Y10U tOU Av9poonol) rnv 8vro<rT1 tTJS 0E6TItTUs 11' uurov rov cuovio av9prono-tUno zou to Pco)latK6 8iKato, e1tTJpeaousvo a1t6 TIl LtrolK" ¢lu...oao<pict, 'rOY ciXE ~nAEt oro KSv'rPO 'HOV vouucov €VVOtcOV Kal1tOD fj EAA11V1KiJ Tt;lYll (61tro~ TIlV ~~epE Kat onros 'tTIV B~Ae1tE T) A vaytwllcrfJ) 'rOY ciXE avayuyst cs atcr8TJttK6 xovovc,

Aut6S AOl1t6v 0 lCa8apa olaVOT\tlKO; Ka'taO'KsuaO')lEvoc, crXll)lcttlK6C; avOpro1tOe;-tU1tOs j.tETaj.topc:pro911K€ cr' eVct £iooe; atcOVlOU ctv8pmmvou «napaoEIY!laToc;» (fl€ TIlv 1tAaTroVt~ MOta TllS US11~), KOlVOD usrpou Ku9s totoPIKOD 1) ctTO)ltK06 (j)atvoj.tsvou, K1 eytVa T) 8E!lEAtroOfJe; apm rooo TOU KAa.mKlaJ.t0u Kal tTl 8O'Yj.ta.nKi]s <I>tAocro(j)ia~ oco Kat TOU M1tClPOK, tOU 8tctc:pronO'J..lOU " ron xpmxou tO€aAtaJ..l0u. 'ETOl OAO£; ° cruVetOllt6C; 1toAtnO"J..lOC;92 nOD crXllf.1a'ti~Etat Kat KpUataUOOV€Tal, O'tOV 170 Kat O'TOV 180 uuovu, a1t6 to lCatacrtaAaY)la tllS AvaysvVfjO'l1s Kat rrrv opyavroO'll tll£ KOIWOVlct<;, ~avac:pspV€l orn ~ro~ TIl JlE8oo0 Kat ne; 9aj.tEAtaKSC; ctpxse; tTl£ «<Dual~C; ¢ltAo(Joc:piCl<;;» 't1le; Lt06.C;. H !lE9000~ autl) -6nroe; TTJv aVS1tTU~e roco 11 Osmpio rou «<DUcrtKOU 8tKCllom> ane; Kntei Xropec; 60'0 Kctt 'to KActcrtKtO'tlKO crwA Kat 11 xcptcatctvi} o:va~i)tTlall troy «YEvtKmV Kat ClvaylCClicov al-11-

92 ·E~(i) (11tO to Pcoiovcxiouo 1tOV 61l0)~ 1tupoUGuli;SlUt GUV 11 KllpiuPXll 'tUcrTl xrn 'Il !l1tO<pU(jlGtuctl to'tOptKi] OiIvUJ.l11, oi «uercououcoi 1tot'llte~~) crqv Ayy).lU Kat 11 rSPJ.lUVU(t1 MouGlKi] ~ o.1to.yopEliouv V(1 U1tctyuyouJU: mv rrvlroJ.UItUCl'l e.;et.l91 ny; Eup6mrJ~ ICUtro areo kv« O1tOloOtl1tOtS SV01totllttKO a:o'lJ.UI···

146

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9suOv»- (i1)vtO''ta'tat ornv av6:1tn>~TJ Ev6r; apt8J.lou a<pTJPTJJ.l€YOJv npornoenv 1too J.lae; E1tl'tpEnouv va yvOJptO'ouJ.lE rc «avaYKUta» O''tOlXEta 'tTle; av8pw1tlvTle; «CP1)(JTJ<;» Kat "TIle; KUptaPxiae;'tlle; ~(Ja orov KOOJ.lO. Kurd to «euotKO» auto mJO"TIlJ.la J.l1tOPOUW; vo avaKaAlnJ!ouJ.l€ KUtOJ ano rrtv anstpOnoUC1Ata nov toroptxrov q>utVOJ.lBvCOV ru; ySVtKEe; Kat avayKaise; (r«; «cpucrtKEe;») apxEe; 'tTl<; KOtVOJvtKo-nOAtnK'ije; opyaVOJO'T1e;, 'tOJV OtE9vwv O'XEO'SOJV, 'tTle; 8P11oKwnK'ijC; SOJ~C;, 'tTlC; T18tK6'tTl'tac; it 'tTle; OJ.lOpqJl(XC;. 0 W. Dilthey BDS~S93 nOJe; amtl11 J.la80DOe; 1tOU, J.lS ne; aq>11P11J.ltvse; apxae; TIle; lCu8up~e; Aoyt!dJe; lCat J.l€ TIl OUyKP1<JTJ 'tOJV Otaq>OpOJv 1O'tOP1KWV uoporov, ~8EAe va O'Uvay6::YEl 'tOY «q>U01lCO» OPlO'J.lO TOU av8poo1tou, J.lB'tUJ.lOpq>ro8111CS, 0''tO 1tAaVO 'tTle; lCu8aPtle; 88ropiae;, 0'8 avaStltTJ- 0'1l au't(ov TCOV «~aO'tKOOv 8WOtWV», mmov trov veritates aetemae 1tOU KUTa rou; L'tOJtlCOUC; sivm PlsOJJ.lBVSe; J.lSC; rnv av8poontV11 q>U<J11 -lCat ano xet ornv «unsp~an!dJ Aoyt!dJ» TOO Kant us Tllv oaoin lCopucpoo911KE xrn 01..0- KA11pro811KB 11 KAacrtlCtl cDtAoO'oq>ta TIle; Eupro1tTJ<;.

Turrt av 0 Descartes E1tlxsiPTJm; 1tpOOWe; va 8EJ.lEAt(Il<J81 oXt J.lOVO nc; S1tlJ.lEpOUC; S1tlO'nlw:e; UMU Kat aUTTJ TTJV wta TTJV U1tap~l1 TOU av9pron'ou navOJ <J'tO cogito Kat TO unBppa'tOAOYtlCO unoxeiuevo, 11 Kav'ttaVTJ EVV01U LOU U- 7tEppaToAoytlCOU Eyoo Kat TOU Bewusstsein uberhaupt'" UmlP~S TJ avoo'tUTT) O'u<J'tTlJ.lanKi} EKcppaO'T1 tOJV mo opyaVtlCWV attTJJ.lO:.TOJV TOU av8pOJ1tOlCSVtP10'J.l0U TIle; AvayEvv11<J11C; ana rqv Oratio de hominis dignitate TOU Picco J!8XPl 'to Cogito 'tOU Descartes. H un08EO'TJ €Voe; Bewusstsein uberhaupt zou va opyavoovsl €Yav lCOO'J.lO apXByova na8TJnKO Kat UJ.lOPCPO, 1tPOOptO'J.lEVO vn uno'tUXTsi O'TTJv nAaanKtl AstTOupyia TIle; LUVdD11o'Yle; Kat

93 Philosophie der Philosophie. 94 {<LUVSiOTl<HI sv ,(EvSI)}.

MAZA KAI IZTOPIA

147

oro 1tUVTOtE aV01XTo ouaTTJJ.la tOJV lOEWV 'tT]S KUt nou va J.l1topsi vo ~piaKSt usou 'TOU TO VOJ.lO TIle; 1tPU91C;, ~'tav TJ (i1)V€mle; OAOKAtlProaTl 'tTle; &hvae; Y1a aUTOV0J.lta lCat sA.suSspia, yta immanence, 1tOU auvEXSt OAOKA11P11 rnv AvayEvv11O'T1. Msou a' aUTft rnv 10€a 'tOU «Ka8apou uvSpoo1tou» 11 iOla 11 EJ.l1tStP1Ki} U1tap~11 TOU avSpoo1tOU, 11 auvoE<J11 'tOU «SJ.11tS1P1lCOU Eyoo» us 'to «u1tI:;p~an1C0 Eyam, Y1VOtaV tva aivIYJ.la, tva AOYIKO 1tapuDoi;o: «<l>aivstct, Eypacps 0 Descartes"; on 'TO av8pwrnvo 1tVEVJ.lU &€V sivat lKavo vn ouAMiPat Kaeapa. Kat 'TaU'tOxvova 'tTl 01UlCpt<JT) \jIUxf1~ Kat <Jro)la'toc; Kat mv evrocri) roue' "I tad ea 1tPS1tat vo ta bat 'TaUTOXVOva onv eva Kat oov &vo 1tpa.YJ.laTU: lCl «oro sivct J.ltU AoylKTJ avticpaO'1l (ce qui se contrarie)».

A~ napapuAoo)ls Twpa ,.ua 01tOlUOTJ1t0't€ O'KE\lf11 'tOU Descartes ano to Traite des Passions tl trt q>pUO'1l 'rOU Racine onou yivs'tat AOyOr; "It' auTft mv «tristesse majestueuse qui fait tout Ie plaisir de la tragedie"?» J.lS TIl us'TUq>aoua't1~ Kat j.lSta-sysASta~ Av9pro1tOAoyia it J.1€ TOV ap1a'tO'tEAlKO optouo trte; 'tpaYlK~<; KUeapO'1l~ ... H a~{a J.lta<; 'ta't01ac; 1tUpapOATJe; OSV Sa TJ'tuv vc )lae; 1tSiaSl on 0 Freud, 0 Shakespeare ~ 0 APIO''tO'tEAlle; ~tav «n10 pa9sie;», on €fXav «1tsp1O'aotSpSe; \lfUX0A.O')'lKEe; yvroastc;)} tl «KaAuTspa €ns~spya<J)ltvse; MOlEe;» a1to 'tOY Descartes, 'tOY Racine tl rov Lessing. Ot zeptccorspe; 'l'UXOAOYllCSe; MOtEe; tTle; KA.aO't!dJ<; 6AA.11V1KTJS <Dv..oaocpiae; (xat 10taitspa tOU I1AU'TIDva) OSV stvei A1yOTSPO aTOlXEuODE1e;lCal anAollCse; ano nc; '!'UXOAOYlKEe; svvoie; !lEe; ru; osoie; eKcppacrtT)KE 11 au'tOouvci011O'TJ t11e; KAamK1O'nKi}c; Kat pamOVaA10'nKfte; 1t€pt6Sou. ea lCUVa!le 'to

95 Lettres it Elisabeth, 21-5-1643, ~A,. Kilt 28-6-.1 643.

% «AuT1\ 'tTl ~UA6rrPE1tll 8Ai'l'TI zoo cruVlO''tU TIJv un:6AauO'l] TI]~ TPIl'(O)oiut;» (u.r .13.).

148

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illto Mi90~ ps tllV KMlO'tKtcr1'lKi) Av8pro1tOAoyia, cv <paVta~OJlUO''tE on Kat6xouIlE tT]v Swota f.lta~ «YSVt1dl~ Kat auOvla~ av8pO:)1ttvll~ <pUm]~» 1tavro ornv O1tota Sa ,.!1tOpoDaup.a vc p.atp11crouf.la 't11v «op80r11'tu» 'troy 8u'i<poprov uV9pro1tOAOYtKrov cruCrtTHH1TroV JlE~ ta onoin Ot 8tU<pOPE~ E1[Oxe~ 1[poa1[a81lcruv vn cruVelOlltOnoIf!crOl)V 'tl~ 'l'1)XtK£~ OUVUJlGU; 1[01) e<pepvav Jleaa roue. To ).t.OV01tOU j.J..nopouJlG va Kavooj.J..E eivm OXt vo {(j.J..etP11aooj.J..E» f.l' £Va ovonapKtO KotVO Jletpo aMu va 1tapa~uAooj.J..e 'tllv 'l'Ux1Kf! 1tA11Pro~ 1tOU 1tEpttXE'tat eKollAa 11 mOTtAa p.eaa as Ku8£ cr'tUA uv9pro1tlVTt<; u1tap;ll<; Kat (1)tocJUvEiollall<;. Kat tors 11 Ota(j>opa stvat 6t1, j.J..€aa crov op~OVta KUt TU; OtuO''tUO'El<; 'tOU KAaO'tKOU EMllVtKou ljIUXtallou; II jlu~a; OllA.uoi) 1'[ 1t11yi) KUt 0 (j>opsur; 'tOO tPUytKOU, 'tOO 1tU91l'ttKOU, tOO u1tStSaPX1lTou Kat TOU E~roAOY1KOU, 11tav zopouou, avuyvroPIO'j.J..SvrJ Kat onv 1tOA.tttKi) Kal to''tOPlKll npaYJluTtKOTTt'tll KCLl onv ouotcoruco npop"-1'[Jla 'tOU nOAtTlaj.J..oU, svro j.J..£cru crov xoouo 'tOU KACtO'tKtOJ,.LOU 11 j.l6.~Ct i)TCtV anA.ro~ avll1tupKTTt. Ttn vc JlEtUXElpta'w6).lE rou; opouq tOU Uexcull, Sa Jl1tOPOUO'UJ.lE vc 1toUJ.l8 Ott 1'[ J.lu/;a (TO0'O Tt DtoVUataKi) oco KUIll noA.mKi) j.la.Su) TJTUV ).lEaa ornv Umwelt onro<; Ken ornv Merkwelt tOU daOlKoU 'EAAllvu, ovro TJ JlU/;U eiven U1tA.cO<; ~ Gegenwelt TOU CtvElpronou tOO 1700 KUt'rOU 180u alcOva 7.

f/JVU1/ 1(0.1 Oenl(oTtJT'a

To 1tATJpe<; oJloo<; j.J..£'tpo Kat ta OPIIl rou ljIUXtoJ.loU rou I80u mrovu 9a Ta uvnxpioouus crqv Ka9apotTJta. rou; f.l£au aTOV SVV01OAoytKO ES01IAtaj.J..o rou ~lU<proT1aJ.l0'6,

97 Umwelt (1tEPJ£xCOV 1(ooJ.lOS), Merkwelt (mxprov ant cruvEWT]CS11 1(00110';), Gegenwelt (1(00110'; aVn-1(E{).IZV~, a1tcoe06lJ.SV~ a1t6 "11 CSUVEtO'l<rrt), pA.. Bausteine zu einer biologischen Weltanshauung, 1914.

MAZA KAI IrTOPIA

149

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'I

150

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAJ EflANA1:TATIKH MAZA

nOD 11 AO'ytKij oev J,11tOpei vu to uoouotdicst Kat n01) npo(J'rigetat Kat aMOUDVEt t~ AOY1K6; flOPCPS~ tll~ ouot- 1dJ~ 8PllO'KElyttKOtrt'ta~. Me: rnv Mom auTIt J.l1tOPOUflE vo noUflE flaSi f.1e lOV Hegel on oi 8e:nK.E~ (1O'tOptKS~) 9pl"Jo"Keis~ stvut «UXSP - it UVtl<p'OO'tKSe;». 'E10'1 ,.UU «OslUcrp> 9pTfO"Keia, j.lta «06t1Kip> HetlCTl it tva «Ekruco» AiKUlO siv(ll OA£~ ot 10'tOPtK.SC; sKOllA.cOOe~ zou oev aVtlO"TOtXotW O'TO UUDVlO Kat umlA£'OtO aU0tllj.la rrov asIlSAtUK.roV apxcDv t11<; uv8promv11<; «cpuo11<;». Km Ka9roc;, axo t11 flta uspui, Ta toropucd cpmvoj.lsva cpavsprovovrat ~s<; TOV Xpovo ocv tva ompK.sc_; rtyvsa9at, svro, ano rnv aM11 fle:pta, to av9ponttvo 1CVc:Ufla zsptoptouevo O'ra 0- pta, nov Ka8apa ~O"{ucrov, rou AettO'OP,,(uDV (81')Aa8" 11 «<llU0'll}) roo av9proxou) srvm O'S omplCf) taut6tflta j.lS rOV scoro TOO, <<<leC xata tauTa EXOV» 01')Aaoft t~co ax6 tOY Xpovo, TOtE uvaf.lEO'a. O'TO A6yo Kat t1')V Ioropin sfl<PavU;stat TO ioto AO"{tKo O'KavoaAo, 1') iOta ayecpuproTll bDa.olK~'ta nOD XO)P~El to 'Onsp~atOAOY1KO 1)nOKSlflEVO Kat mv SJlnElptKll too unup~ll O't11V Kuvnavtl <I>tAOooeto, 'to uubvto beau ideal Kat rc ol(icpopu toropuci O'wA <JTflV KA.aotKtO'ttld] Ato811tlKll " tllv ourovoutc Kat rnv srspovouin O't11v KpmK~ rov Ilpoxtucob A6yov Kat O'Tll «0P1')O'KEia j.lsoa am optn rOD UXAOU A&you». fluT1., onco<; tOV10"e 0 Hegel ow vscvixo tOU epyo ')'1a "OJ «0stucot1')'tU t11e; XP10'ttaVlKl1e; 0P11oKeia.<;», «flta 96ttKi] 8P11O'Ksia. E~UnU1(oUSt rnv U1tUP~l1 Ul.oS1')Jlato)v zou SXODV ava"(KUO'ttKa S1ttpA1')8ei O'Tte; \jIUXS<;, npa,;srov nou ElVUt,1'O unorsAeOflU Jl1UC; OtatU'Ytl~ KU1 Jltae; unox0tl9> 98. LS KUee: AOlXOV «8s't"lKi])} 8PlloKsia. U1tapXSl Katt to ESrotEPt1CO nov ~snspvaet rov ITpUKtlKO A6yo Kct1 aXEtAe{ rnv av8poo1CtV11 cutovouio, "'t11Y a1tai"OJO"fl TOl) uV8pronou vc cruvay€\ U1tO TIt O'UvEi01')O'TJ ron tOUe; Kav6vE~ Tll~

98 Nohl: Begets theologische Jugendschriften, 0. 139.

MAZA KAI I!:TOPIA

151

xpa';ll~ ron. 'Erm, 1tapaUllAa j.ts 6Ae~ t~ aUse; O'XTlflu- rozomoe«; Tfl~ uv8pom1VllC; unaPSllC; oro aVepW1tOAO"(lKO, O'tO at0911ttKO, O'TO UJ'tOPtKO tl 'to 8p11oKEunKo 1tAtiYO, 11 Kavnuvtl npaKttKit <1ltAooo<pia -11 avwta'tll 81<opccn TOU avOpro1tOKEV'tP10flOU 'tOU OUtlKOU 1tOA1tlO'flOU- E1tctVaAafl~aVet UUnl TIl Pt~t1crl O'xrlJ..l.a'to1toil1OTl Kat 0''t0 1tAclVO TIlt; 1101KOTIlTUt;: !-lae; &cix;vm on 'to B!-t1tStP1K6 atOflO oev ')'iVEtat avepro1tO~ napa flOVO (J'W )l8TPO 1tOU soia ratione ducitur, 1t0\) tl1tO"(U!lVcOVEtat a1to KaeS Efl1tstP1KO 1tpOOOWP10")lO, uno KUeS OW!ltltlK'fJ tl (o<pS/..1- fllOUKTJ 1tUPOPfl11CIT], tl1tO KaSs 10'tOP1K0t11'ttl. Kat uv 0 Kant 011A.roVEt Ott «zsptopurs TOV Aoyo yta v' mpit061 xropo "(lU Tllv Ilicrn», 1') «ITIO'np> a\}riJnoD !lEvel nav'tors «flee; 'tU aptu tOU UnA01) A&yom) OSV cnuulvst KUVEvU aVOlyj.ta O'tOV avOpro1toAO"(uc6 optSOY'ta ron Kant, Ka)lta. OtSlO'O'OO'l1 TIl~ to'roptK6Tll'tw;, KUI.na '1'DXOAO"(lKtl ?tAtlpmoll tOU AoytKOU O'rn)la'to~ nou napououlsE'tat ouv to UnOKc:ljlSVO ron ITPUKTtKOU A.6you. LTll «OpllaKeia fl6C; tn opio tOU tl1tA01) A&you» amoc; 0 wto~ 0 XPIO''tO<; nopouola~s'tat U1tOYUflY(OjlEvO~ uno rnv iota TOU rnv uzoKeljlSVUCOTIl'tU, 011Aa.Otl ano Tllv wln 'r01) TIlv ouoiu, ocv tva anAo npowno TIlS 11elKOT1'JTU~, ouv Evu «O'xilflU» us to svota)lEO'o ron onotou flXOPOU!ls vo Kavouw: at0'811'ta nV't1All1t'to 'to 11811c6 1.860006<; n01) npO'rSlVEt 0 A6yoC;!

ME )llU tlvaAO"(ll o"X11)lU'tOnoi1101l, ue TIlv SwOttl t11<; «a<pEAOUe;» O'uVEwll<JT}~, 11 Jlul;u Sfl<PavioTlllCE Yla xpro'rll cpopa )lEe; to 01ttlKO XEoio tOW uv8proncov TOU 1800 mwvo, aUa flE't"U)lCPl£O"j.lSvll 0' €va EWOe; a8wo\} j.tucpou nauho6, e~anut11j.tsvou Kal rpouoxpcmuevou ano 'to «Kpdroc tOU Aa8ou~}). «Msou cr' umo to Kpuro;», 'Ypa<psl 0 Hegel 0" tva tp"(o tOU 1tOU KUT' e~oxilV OtanEpaorrpcs uxo Tll Y1"(CtVtlU 1CVOtl TIle; fuUtKite; Ezcvcotn-

152

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANALTATIKH MAZA

<rrJ~99, 11 «acpEA~~ O1JVct011<rrJ TIle; )la~a~ ytVEtat W!la tlJ~ anatTJe; £\10<; KAfJp01> n01> 1tpa'Y)latonotEi tlJ l.lO.tato(5o~l1 snl9u)liu ton vu !lEvsl uovo; K(ltOxOe; TI)e; LKE'Ifll<; 6nroe; npaY)lato1totEi E~ Icon Kat OAU rc uUa syrotO'tuca t01> au)lCPSPOV'tU. 0 KA~pO<; autoe; O1)VEpyasEtat )lasi us tOY (5gcr1tOtlO')lO 1tOU aivrn nuv<D Kal ano TIt O'cpaAl':Plt crKS'VT) TIle; Ilasa<; Kal TI)v Ka!dJ 1tp09E<rrJ rou KA~POU KUl 1t01> nspl<pPOVf:i Kat tOY Acto KUl tOY KA~pO. 0 (5SO'1tOtl(J)lOe;, onv anOtEAf:(J)la xm auva)la ouv SvID<rrJ TIt~ aV011cria<; Kat TIJe; CJ'6YXUCH1<; rou Auoo Kat t1l<; ami'tt1<; tOU KA~pou, e~a(JcpaAi~st Stat yta tOY scoro roo tT]v anOAUtT] S~ou(Jia xm tT}v 1tpaY)lato1toi11<rrJ OAIDV ron rev e1tt8uIltwv' a'M6., tautOxpova, afvrn 11 Wta aV011(Jia tT)~ oxe'1'11<;, 11 Wta ost(JiliatJlovia, to iOto A6;80e;»! 'Eva nA.~80<; ano to onoto Jlta vson swou~ MalEutt!dJ snpsnE vc Smcpoponot*r£t 00'0 )l1topei nepIO'(J6tspa StacprottO'JItva atO~la: aUTO ~tav to )lOVO zou IlnopOUO'e va oet )lee; tf] Jlu<;a T) «~tacprott(J)lEvT) ~tavo11<rrJ» roo 180u atrova! Kat tOU KaKOU 0 Herder (zon Kt aUtOe;, UAAmO'U:, motsus Ott to «CPOAKAOP» napaO'taiV8t TIJV «nUlOtldJ 11A1- Kia tT)e; av8po:motT)tac;») npoO'na800O'E vn oei~et )le<; TIl Bi~AO tT)v Atyuntta!dJ TeXVTl it orov D)ll1PO tf]v napouaia )lux<; )lUsa<; tKa~<; va eivut U)lEO'O<; 0111.ltoopy6<; noAttl(J)l06 Kat Iatopia<;.

«.EV"lK8KP1)l8v'l Ku(JOAJKOnrru» KUl )la(a

'Eva TEtOlO a<pllPll)l€vo aU(JTlllla tcropponia<; ron cv- 9pwnoo )lE TOV sauto tOU KateppSuat Kthill a1to rn ytyuvtta ~it)lata tT]<; levee en masse Kat t1<; l111EP~(JtE<; OtatayeC; tOU Sam-Just: stcrt avou;e T) enoxrl trov )la~tKrov S1taVaaTo:crerov Kat .trov j.lastKroV (eavtKOOAOlCAT)PO)tucrov) 1tOAe)lrov, TJ €1tOxit tT)C; veae; 'PuxoAoyi-

99 Phanomenologte des Geistes (yaM. !JZr.) II, 96.

MAZA KAt U:TOPIA

153

0.<; Kat t'll<; «avatp0ml<; OAmV troy a~tmv». nati 11 etO'o- 00<; rorv )lal;rov O'Tf]V Ioropin Ilac; OIN cn1)latve anAro<; Kat JlOVO rrrv S1(JPOAl) TOU «ap1.8J.lou», tT}<; «xooornre;» (crU!lq>rova ps tT)v ano tOY 11M. trove Kaewpro IlBvTJ ad usurn OAmV troy unmj1~q)1rov «q>tAcaocprov-pamAtaorov» cppacrsoA.oyia) alJJi Kat tT}v npocr8l)KTJ vsrov om(JTllcrerov orqv 'IflIXUCJ1 )la<; i;;rol) Kt €va pU;ocrnaanKo uV01Y)la 'trov av8pro1toAo"(tKcOV J.lac; tosrov Kat tT]S 10l0pt!dJr; )lac; au-

veWTJ<ITJS· .

ftan IlnOPOUIlS taxa. va 6sropitcrou)lf: ouv anA.it, ruxaia (Jl)J.lntro<ITJ TO yeyovoc; on, 1tapUMT\A.a us TTJ faAAlld] E1tavacrtaO'T) (zou 0 Hegel -0 1tpo)tor; crUyXPovo<; o:v8prono<;- tT)v SiOB100 crav tT)v 1tprotT) 1tpOana8s1u vc l;avaau)lq>tAtro8ei 0 uv8po:mor; )lE Tf] y~tvtl TOU unap~T}) KUt rou; Nano:A.eovtetour; IToAE)lOUr;, 0 Hegel anevavn (JTOV U'PTJP11llevo OUVtpSPO'UAlcrJ.lO TOU Knvr, napoucriaos tau Aaa6r; ouv ~roVtUVSS «cruYKeKpt)lINSC; Ka80A.1KOTf]tt<;»' on O'tOV aq>TJP11llevo, YU)lvO)Il€vo a1t6 K0:8s t;roit, opaJlUttK6tTJta Kat tcropucorqrc uv8prono-tUno TOU l Sou cuovc, 0 Goethe Kat 0 Hegel aV'teTa~uv tT)v tOEa )ltar; opaf!atl~c; oOucrO'emc; tYJ<; LUveWT}<JllC; O'TIlv zpounu9S1a tT)C; vn ppiO'Ket tOY euuro tTJ<; )lecra ere q>atvOJ.1INa Kat )lecra crnv Icropin Ott 0 Hegel atO'8av9rJKs oev to S1tttaKttKO aitT]J.lu tT)<; snoxrlC; tOU, mv avuYK11 vu crD)lcptAtffiO'st TO ITveU)1a Kat 'tOY XpOVO, onoo<; 0 170C;

.'1 r 11 r X' 101.

Cllrova<; auJlq>lJI.lro(JS to vsuun xm rov ropo ,

'OnO)<; 0 Homunculus tOU osutepou Faust 8Atro0'6 f!OAt<; 11 8eA11(J11 sroite; tOY aVO:YKaO's v' apxiO'st ano tyJv npmtYJ TIle; apxrl TIlV Ictopin TYJ<; U1tUp~11r;, StO't Kat 11 a(JapK11 MOta TYJr; «atrovtac; av8prontV11<; cpu<rrJC;» trov E-

100 BA. CjXenKcl Phanomenologie des Geistes ("(ull. !!ST.) T. II, o, 130-]41.

101 BA.. O.1r., T. II, o. 302-313.

, !

154

"9EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANALTATIKH MAZA

"(KUKA.onutOta'tcOv Kat 'tOU PacnovaAta!lOU Kat tTl~ a.pVflaf}~ t11~: TIl; «au9aipETIl; Kat q>avra(Jrll(ft~ 9E'tlK6n)rae;», €~aq>avi~6'tat ~aa ornv 1tA:rlP&trl'ta rev 'IfUXUCcOV ouvaJlOO)v 1tOD YEJ1~OUV to totopuco 1tPOm01VtO: 0 Hegel ---aypU1tVO~ 1tapaTIlPl1tft~ TIl~ rall.tKf}~ E1tava(J'taal1Sa'ta vEaVtKa tOO spya, an6 'to 1790 ~XPt 'to 1800, apxi~El va (J1(Sq>'tE'tat rqv avti9saTl «<DUaT}S» Kilt «0StlKO't1'J'ta~» onv av9pco1tOS TOU 1800 oubvu Kat TIl j.;UVEt aav !lOV'tBPVO~ uv9pro1tOS !lS mv aV1:'i9s011 TIlS Zrof}s Kat 'lOU 0aVaTOU. «H t;COV'tavrl q>UaTl», ypuq>St 0 Hegel y'6pro a1t6 'to 1799102, «sivut Kun TO IltroVla ot6.q>opo a1to rnv aq>l1- Pl1JlMl evvoto t11S q>'6011S Kat ST(Jt au'to XOU yta. rnvsvVOUX Tt'tO.v a1tAf} 1tapaUayf}, Ka9afYl1 uu9utpsaia, Kun TO 1tEptn6, ytVSTal 'to avaYKaio, TO t;covTavo, taros 'to !lOVO q>uatK6 Kat TO )10VO mpcio». Tl1 «Bsrucorntn», rqv ioroptKf} u1tap~l1, 0 Hegel oev rnv xpivet 1tta aXEnKu us 1:'1<; aq>l1PlJJ1Svs<; crxrt!lo:t01totf}ae~ 'tl]S UV9pro1tlVlJS «q>uO'l]C;» all.u aXEnKu us rqv 1tav'tOouvuJl1a 'tTJS scoits ym 'tTJv 0- 1tota JlMSt !l6 'to ioto BEoS 1t00 ouvooeust om rAmaaa 'tOD Goethe tl1 M91 Sterben. H «9snlC6tl]tu» )16 tl]v apVfInKft crTlJla(J1a zou SOLVE a't1'J M~l1 aUTIJ 0 180S atrovas, Ssv 9u sivat 1[tU 1tupa to vsxpo atotxsto 1tOU f.xaas TO i;coV'tav6 TOU 1t6ptEX6J1SV0 Kat v611IlU, to U1tOAi9CO!la tr]S Ioropic; Kilt 0X1 11 iOta TJ Icropta J1s~ rqv ozofn 6lCq>pU~ETat TO TIVSUJlU J1taS KOtVroV1aS, evo; MoD it l.nas 9pTJaKsiu<;. 'Erot 0 Hegel ypa.q>St 6n «utn 9Pl1O'KS1a oev f}tav an' s~ap:;o1~ 9snKf}' f:.ytVS 9snKf} Kat SJ1StVS ocv KA.lJpOVOJ1W TOD IIupsA.96v't09>. H uvrige<Jl] av6.!lsaa aTl] «<I>Uarp> Kat 'tTJ «8EnK6'!1'JTa» !l6TaJlOpq>rovETIlt Ka'ta t11 Ot6.PK6ta. aUnlS TIlt; nsplo80u cmv avti8sO"TJ aVO:J1sau (J~ ~COVTUVSS ODVUJlSt<; 'tT1S Iotopinc Kat ns V6KProJ.1SvSS J10pq>ts TOD napd96v'tOS: 11 )10VtSPVU UHOptKf} ouvst-

102 «H gen1C6nrUl 'ITlS XplcrnaVl1d)~ @Pl1(JJ(ei0.9), Nohl, 6.lr. 141.

--

MAZA KAI ILTOPIA

155

8TJoTJ YSVVTJ911KS em' uun) Tl]V tosa 'tTJC; ~roTJ<; Kat TOU cuYKSKptJlSvOU (lv8pro1tOU KUt sivat f.KOl1A.e~ ot E1taVaaTa'ttKES 'tTJ<; pi~s<;. BE~(ll(l, xm aUnl TJ iOla 11 OuiKptO"TJ «<DUO'TJ!:;» lCat «Ioropinc» rev pamOVaAtarrnv i)'tav jnn 110Pq>it E1taVaOtanKf}<; KptnKit<; Tl]e; VO!1tKO-ra~tKitc; K01- veovtor; 6Ase; allTE~ ot aX'l!1anKES MOIEC; 'tTJC; «cuoovtac; q>ua11S TOU av8pro1tou», rou «Kparoi»; 'tTJe; (1n<i1:'TJ<;» Kat 't1'JS «S~mta'tTJIlEvl]S UCPSAOUS ouvsiOTJO"TJS rou 1tAi)80uS» npopATJ911KUv an6 tOV .1.tuq>con(Jllo (lKptprnS yta vo 8ci~ouv 'tT1v unupxouoa opyavro IlEVTJ xotvorvin aav Kun 'to 'I'SUTtKO Kat 10 TSX,VTJT6, aav Kun 'to (mapa cpuatv», Yla vc oci~ouv on TJ «VO!ltJ.l,Oq>POaUVTP> zou a1tal1OUaS 11 KpanKf} s~ouaiu pptaKOtav as ilIa ptl;tKTJ avtiesO"TJ !1S 'to «CPUQlK6» ulTTJ/la 'tTJ<; 1181Kite; aUTOVO!11aS. Aao T11v 6.- 1t0'l'11 aUTit 0 Hegel Eixs oiKato orrrv eAeys on TJ TpouoKpa'tiu nDV ICl1ccoPivO)v OeV i;Kuve aMo napa va useecppaasl crnv 1tpa~l1 'tTJV KpmK~ rov [JpaKTlKOV A6yov. o .1.lUq>rona)16<; ollcoe; xO't's Ssv SS1tEpaaS rn 6plU TOU 'I'llX1KOU KaaJlOU 'tTJS xotvovir«; nou upvurruv' roovovriov, !11t0POU/lS vo 7tOU/lS on rooo 0 .1.mq>cono)16c; 00'0 Kat 11 Kuvnavit npaKnKf} <DlAoaO<f>1a Kat A v9pro7tOAoyia itrav TJ 1tto aUVEm1<;, TJ 7t1O OAOKA.lJpro/lEvl] EKcppaaTJ nov

'S: A . R" 103

uSlffiv Kat tl]e; curcouvstonerp; TOU ncien egune .

Kat u7t6 TTJV U1tO'l'TJ aUnl, TO Sturm und Drang Kat 0 Herder (nOD sivm YV(l)onl TJ Ota~llaVTIl araal1 tOU a:n:svcvn aTOV .1.1Uq>roTtaJlO Kat ns «VeSS 10869» TJtav 1tOAU mo ptSoa7taanKoi, noAU mo KOVTa. oro VOl1JlU tTJ<; vEae; E:n:oxilc; an6 TOV .1.1acpconcrllo. Av 01 ASSSt<; n01) XPTJ(J1.!10- 1tOtE10 Danton it 0 Saint-Just sivat nup!lEv6<; a7tO to As~v..6ytO T01) Rousseau Kat T01) Montesquieu, 11 YAOOaau

l03 Ms 'l1'\V MotU uun') 90. 1totlfl£ uJYYOtSpU on 11 kOcnUA.Lll]J.lOKpr.t'tiu Kat vevucorepo 11 (q.I.Up~l(jTndp) :EOOtUA.tm:ud) (Ll&UTSpn) LllSevi).; SiVUl TJ mo OA.oKA.l1PW).l£vl] EKq>paCITJ TTl'; 10sOAoy\a<; TTJ<; UC'lntal.; KOlVroVin.; ...

156

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI EnANALTATIKH MAZA

nou TIS S';ayysMEt etvm 11 yMhacm EYo<; Sturmer. Turri 'to ota<pco'tl<JJ.l€vo el'tOJ.lO -xm 0 xcvnnvo; Hegel ron (JSuwopton nt<; Ttibingen ron 1788, au'["o<; nOU ano 't11v iOta 'tOD 111V nc:ipa SnpOKSl'tO vc oTjArom>t on «to el'tOJ.lO eivct I,na aqm\ps<JTj»- aVaKelAU\I'e 111v npaYJlanKOnt'tU 111<; Enavel(J't(l(J11<; cov jun sO'CO'tSpuCll OtKtu ron q.lnEtpia ~E mv lOla c:KPllKnKi) ouva~l1 Jle 111v oaoic 0 Goethe yupro ano 'to 1770, «aVUKelAU\jf£» 104 rov Shakespeare: «A1a96.vGrl1«l ooo OEY yiVC1:at mo ouva.'tel rnv unap~tl uou va anAmv£'t1ll co<; TO o:nC:1po' oAa yiv11Kuv KUlVOVpta, uyvcoO"ta K1 au'to 'to avanelv'tsxo K'6~a <pco'to<; J.lOU novou(JC: tn urmn ... nftOl]~u E~CO, crov A€'thspo nspn K1 at0'8uv811Ka ym npw'tll oopn on EtXa. xsp1a Kat n6- OUl>}105. Av 0 Goethe «aVaKelAu'I'~m orov Shakespeare oAa tc (J'tOlXC:ia. rtou 'to Sturm und Drang c:iXC: Kaw~lwest orov D).1T)po: rnv 11PC01K1lnAa(J'tlKO'tll'W tmv av8pw- 1tlVCOV ~opqJoov, ern BtpAO: 'tTjv cusoomru TIl<; notl]'ttK1lS YAW(J(JUS Kat 1'T)V npo<pl]uKl) )lUna, (HOV Ossian: 'to tspo piyoe; an€vavTt oro tremendum trov qJUO'lKWV orotxc:imv Kill crVyxpova, 6'Aa ro O''tOlXtiu nOD 0 tOto<; 0 Goethe E<pepVS ).1EO'u 'tOU: 'tl] YAoo(JO'a ron na80u<; (J£ 0- AOUe; rou; pa9J.louc; Kat 0' 6AES nc; KaraO''tuO'Et<;, trtv nAl]pO-tTj'tU rmv 'l'UXtKOOV ouvo.~c:rov, 'tT)V 1tVEU).1anKi) £Aeu9Epia Kat 'tT)V ~uypU1tVl] (Juvsiol](JT] ).1E(Ja oru; mo EK~TjOEY10''tlK€<; EJ.lnEtplE<;' av 0 Goethe PP1lKE usou crov Shakespeare €vu ).1U9tKO opisovm nspa cno tOY rsrpu(J't£VO Kat KAE1(J't0 Xoopo TIle; KAa(JtKt(J'tlK1lS KOlV(oViaC;

104 Kat 0:1.)'[0 ittav eva axo La 1ttO criyoupa Ol]~l(l nov U1[6yetrov PEU!-KUrov 1[00 U:n;ev..ouOClV TI)v aG(pUA£lIl TI)e; 1[(XA.uie; KOlvrovia~ Kat rou; <PpuYJ.loUs 1tOU dXE op96>OEl uvaJ.lOOU orooc av9p6>1[om; KUt TOV KOOJ.lQ. Km a1to TIlV a1tO'l'll Ul)tl], 11 muvtKiJ eSA.11CITJ ~roit<; roo Faust tOO 1770 (Urfaust) q>taVEl orov Sade 0TIlv 1tupo.;wnKfJ tTls !l0P<pi]" .

105 <<A6yoc; 'Yla rnv E1t£tElO tOO Shakespeare», 1772.

MAZA KAI IlTOPIA

r

I

157

KUt tOU rococo: «uin O'x6ttKil ouoioyeveic (J~ 1tVwJ.luttKSC; O'xs(J€1<; 't(OV uV8fcwnrov uVaJl6'ta~u tOD~ Kat ~e 'to JlEYa'AEio tcov ~a~cDv» 06, 11 fUMtKil EnuvuO''taO'l1 n'tav ym tOY Hegel ).1ta 1tap6).1ota 8Kpl]KnKil «avuKuAml'''». Me tl] rUMtKil Enavu(J'ta(JTJ to {(U1tEpPUtlKO Un01<8t).1Evo» UVu1<UAU'l'e on eiXE «xE.pm Kat n601a», on S<PEPVE J.lE.(Ja 'tOD 'to anE.puv'to KUl rnv tpaytK1l <rov8iOl]<Jl] tTj.; O'XEttK6'tl]tu<; rou zoo EtVUl l] uolpu rou, on SOU0'8 )lEO'U O'1'T)V Ioropkr us 'tT)V ozoin O<PE1AE vu <roJ.lqJtAtro9s1.. Kat cv 0 Goethe uV'ti'ta~€ 'tOY Shakespeare (JtT] <JU).1pUnKOrnrc uu~~ tT]<; (J'tep11Jltv11~ ano Kel8E tpaytKO Xapt(J).1U xowrovir«; zon ntaV «habitee par les rois et non par les hommes; les ~euples y sont, comme le fer, un objet de mecanisme» 1 7, 0 Hegel UVtita~E ornv uqJTtPl]).1SVl], autovopin 'tl]<; KavnaV1l~ <ptAo(Jo<pia~ rnv <JUYKEKpt).18vl] €~ uu8epia tOU nOAltT] ~eO'a a111v KAa(JtKil SMl]VtKi) KUt pcoJ.la'iKl) nOA.ttelU, rrtv evepYTlttKit <JU).1).1£TOxtl TOU cvepoonou otT]v Kpanrit Sro1l, rqv EYotT]'ta rou av9poon:ou KUl ron Aaou Ko.'[CO ano rnv 1tapouO'ia 'tT)e; IOsa~, Kat O't11V s~a<puVl<Jl] UUn1<; TIl<; evotTj'ta~ KU'tro uno 1'T) xpt(J'tlUV1Kl) OtXO't'O).1l]O'Tj ron KO(J~OD unE.o(OO'€ 1'T)v unap~l1 aUnl~ tT]S ).10V'tEpva<; «oua'tDXtO'J.lEvl]~ O'uvEioll<JTj9> zou

• r r ,~ ,):; J Wahl108

l] unEpVtKT]O'l1 'tl]<; swot, onO)<; anEuE~e 0 ean ,

'to KEY'tP1KO npopA11).1a tTje; <plAo(JoqJia<; 'tOU.

,;

I

Apxa{a Op'I(JIceia «a: xpu:rnaV,u}lOi;

'Ercn, ano 'ta xupU).1ara aUn1<; tl]<; Enoxil<; zou enpOK€l'to vn q>avspOO(Jel., Ka'to. 'tT)V nEpi<pl1J.ll] <ppU<Jl] roo N anoU-

ice Fr. Gundolf, Goethe, r, I, cr. 141. ,

107 Saint-Just, Esprit de la Revolution, op. cit. o. 105. [«KatOlKl1~vn uno J3a,OtAt!'ioE<; Kal 6;(1 a1to ctv9p6>1tous' 01 J..aoi, 61tror; KUl 0 otO~POS, u1tOteA.oiJv Uvtt1\ElJ.lEVO &YO;; f.lTlXctvtOJ.1oU» (!l.t.e)].

1 J. Wahl, Le malheur de fa conscience dans fa Philosophie de Hegel, 1929.

158

"E)EATPOKPATlA" KAI ETIANAYTATIKH MAZA

ovru, 'tTJV nOAlttKit ouv 'tTJ uovrspvc J.lOpqHl rou uPXaiou 1[enpro).tSvou, 0 Hegel swe. ).te~ 'tTJ ax8.ffil TOO av9po:nwu I1s TItv E,;ov<Tiu, TIt~ J.ltl~a~ us TIlv t(Y'topucit ~roii TIJ~ opravro)lSvlle; xoworvtcc, )lla 9sW:AlaKit uv9pOO1tlVT) O"XEffil rUpro uno'tTJv ozoia OlK0i50J..lSitUt 0 uv9pw1ttvoC; KOO")lOe; O"TIJv oAOTIJTa roo, Me; rnv upxaia E/J..6;(ia 0 Hegel sws TO nporuao 111m; opYUVtKit<; aXECJ'llC; tOO uv9poonou ps to K patOe; Kat 11 uvarvwptCiTI aUnl~ 'tTJe; 0P'YuVtK6tT)tuC; (nvayvropt<Tll nou stvat ptl;;lKtl nto n£pa uno nC; O'K£'I'£1<; tOU Herder ii LOU Montesquieu) LOV poii9f1O"s vu KuruMIPSt'tTJV Ka'tuq>arucit crxtO"fl LOU upxaiou 'EU11vu anEvavn crov 1(60"110 rooo O'TI] 9pllO'1(SUnKij 00'0 KUt <TTIJv 119tKit ron sroi}. }.;av IllU E1tlo"Tpoq>tlnpoc; IllU rsroin oprUVtKit OAO't11tU SWE 0 Hegel 'tTJ faUtKtl Ezuvccrcon. Kat to 1795, orcv 1) fUMtKTt E1tuvaO"tuO'll apxtO's vu yspVSt 1tpOC; 'tTJ 8sPJ.lt(ioP1UVfJ 'tTJe; nupaIl6pq>coO"yt. 1) au- 9SVTlKa oue-it )lw; toropucn cruvsw11Cfl1 rSVVt1911K€ )la~i.lls mv 1tpoO"1tafh::ta roo Hegel vu PPSI 'tTJV ardu 'tT)C; s';a<paVtO'TlC; aUnlC; tT)~ KAUO"lKitC; 0A.6't11'tac; Kat 'tTJ~ viKT)<; roo XPlO"TlUVlO")lOU: «H anro91)0"11 'tT)e; apxaiae; 9PllO"Ksiae; uno tTl Xptonavucn stvm Ilta a1t6 nc; 1t1O SKnA.11KTlKee; enuvuO"tuO"Stc; Kat 1) uvusii't11OTJ rev al'ttWV 't11e; npe1tst va anaO"xoAi}O'sl tOlaitspa toy Cjl1A6aoq>0 'tlJC; Ioroptcc» 109. flU tOY Hegel 11m 0p11O"Ksia SiVUl Asl't'ouP'YtKa O'UVbeos~ us tT) smfJ J.lta~ S1tOxil<; Kat ue ttc; avaYKSe; 't11C;. Kat nOAo mo zptv un6 'tTJ H:vealoyia VJC; HOlidic; ron Nietzsche (Kat 11' Svav tpono O"aq>roe; paSu'tspo) 0 Hegel eO€l~S orov Xpumcviouo 'tl1v sKq>pa<J1l I.nae; «1taYK6- O'J.lUle; aKAapl(le;» !lEe; TTlV ozotc «11 sncovo rou Kprirouc onv npotoVtoe; TIle; iotae; ron TIte; opo.a'tlJpto'tlJto.e; s~aq>u-

109 <<dlacpopli TTJs EUTlV1ri]s 0PTlCJ1CetltUC11s c:pavru(J~ a1to tTl XpiCJt1aV1ri] 8ettlCl'J 8P1lO"1Csf.m>, Nohl 6.n., cr. 220. 0 6POS «cuvrncia» O£1XV£l 1tOOO 0 Hegel s~(u.:oA.ou8ei va sivat avep())1t~ 't01) 1800 alcOva ...

MAZA KAT lI:TOPIA

159

viO"'t11KS a1tO tT)V ",um ron 1tOA1'tlJ» 110. AUnlll s~aq>uVlcrTJ TOU ~roVTUVOD osO')loU 1tOV svorvs 'tOY avSpm1tO J..ls TIlV l<JtOpt.Ki) TOU ~roii (K1 uUto sivat ym rov Hege1 11 0'0- aID TIle; sAzuespia~). (11)ltOOPY11O'f: vESC; avaYKSe; Ko.t Sxove aVtlKstJ..lSVtKa OUVClnl utn 0,1[6 't1~ 1[10 Pt~o<J1tuO'TtKS~ B1tllvClO''taO'w; 't11~ Ioropinc: «0 AeO'1tO'ttO'J.lOe; rev Pro).tuirov uuroxpuroporv EOtCO~B to 1tVsUJ.la TOU Ilv9pffinov an6 rnv 6'1'11 TIl~ [11e;' 11 apnayij 'tlJ~ E1.£ugepiae; avU-yKaas 'tOY av9pmno va oSt TO mdrvto Kat TO anOA1YW }lEO'a 0''tlJ 9s6rlJ'ta. H a9A16TTlta nou oxopsoecs 0 Ascnortouo; TOV o.VUYKClO'S vu ~l1'tasl Kat vo nsptllSvSt rnv Euwxia J.lOVO O'tOV oupav6. H <JUVEt011't01toi1)<J11 rou 0eaU onv )llU~ uV'ttKetJ.lSVtK~e; npar)lIlTtKO'tll'tae; nust )last us rn otaq>90po. Kat 'tlJV U1tOOoUA.coO"ll rev uv9pronrov KUl OSV stvm napa )lla eKO~A.roO'n Kat jun SKcppaO"fl aUTO'U 1:OU nvSUJ..lUTO~ nov xutpdrv» 1 I. Ki eq>' ocov E';acpavicrrpcs yta 'tOY uv9pC01t0 aut6 zou OA.OKA~proV€ 'tTJ ~(Otl tOU Kt. SOLVE Svo. 1tEpl£XO)lSVO Kt tva vOYJJ.lU 0''tlJ opacrTTlpt6TTltu tOO, «0 0avuto~ 1tapouO'to.O''tllKS ccv Kan to tpopaxruco 1t00 (icy uq>llVS tinot€ zoo vc 1111 'to SK)l1l0€vtcst» 112 > 11 O'mTl1pia unapxst. «s~ro 0,1[0 't11 i5Uvo.l1ii )las Kat 'tTJ PaUAllcr~ J..lo.s UMU 6Xl E~ro ano rnv tKEO"i.a KUl rqv 1tpoO'suxf1IlU~» 113. 'Et(jt 11 cruv6t011tOnoi110'1l TTl~ 1tU- 811'ttKotTJtas rou aVSpoonou ~O'a crqv tcropuoi ~ro~ EKcppai;;Etlll )l' auto to ai'tTJJ.la O'm'tlJpia~ !lE'tu mv Ioropia, t.';m <11t0 tOY K60')l0: oro «S1tEK6lVa». 'Erot ysvvii-

110 Nohl, o.n., cr. 223.

111 Nohl, o.n., cr. 230, 231. - M' aU'r6 'to a1t6a1ta<i~ 1tpoouxypac:psTal i}Ol'll} Kpmri] TTJ<; 8p'lCJ1Celas U1tO tOY Feuerbach 1Cal rov Marx. 112 ~tOV Hegel XPOOatuj.lS mv 1tpffitTj avayvropto'Tj t11<; st.3tri]s lCJtOpUC11s CJTlIlQcrla<; tOW CiUIlI36A.roV tau 8(tvutoo. ~tTl f/JazvopevoA.o'lia IlWlst r,Oll ym TTJv S!J1tElPIa 't01) 0avatoo zou aval;rooyovei t~ 1C0lvoovies·

113 Nohl, o.1l'., 0.224.

160

"E1EATPOKPATIA" KAI EJ1ANAETATIKH MAlA

911K611 «OUOTUXtO').tSvTt OUV6WllO'll», 11 anO~6VCO).ltvt, an6 TI]V lO"TOPtKlt TI]s l)1tap~l1 O"uvdOllOll zou OCV ~AtnEt O'WV KOO").lO napu ).lOVO mv 1tl1ylt TI]~ ouo1Uxia~ 'tll~.

IIpoT06 0 Hegel av'tt).tETconioEl TIl «OUO'TUXIO").lSvrt cruvsi0rtO'll» orrv ).lta <paoucrTlKlt Tpaycooia TOU Eyro, ouv ).lla 8tapKit O"UYKPOUO'l1 TOU Azspovron ue TO 1£E1£Epacuevo, (crot napOUOtU~6Tat OT1l tPazvoP8voAoyia TOD Ilveouaioc Kat apyotspa O"["rt (/)IAo(JO(pia T'Iq ep'I(J1(Biaq), rt EWOla Trt~ «OUOTlJXlO"j.lEvrt~ ODVEiOrtcrrt~» suoovtss'tal ).lss rc VsaVtKU TOD Bpya, Y1a va 0rtAroO"St rnv nzoSEvCOcrrt 'WU IIV£U).laTOs a1£O rnv Ioropto nOD £K<ppaaTI]KS j.lEO'a O''tOV Xptcnnviouo. LTIlV 1tspiooo aD'[11, rt xpt'tlKlt WU Xptcncvtouou naipvst rt; otaO"t<iast~ T1l~ viTO"StKit~ uvtupoinq Ka'ta 'tOD emu: 0 Xpumuvtouoq, KaVOV'tU~ TOV av6pco1t0 «1tOA.i'tll TOD Onpcvou», a1£OYu).tVCOO"E TI] cJ>uO'rt Kat trt 200it a1tO K<i6€ av9pronlVo zsptsX0j.lSVO, xcvovucozotncs TIlV OOUVrt, rnv aODvaj.lia Ken to <p6~0 't11~ opaO'rt~: «H Xptcncvucn 0PrtcrK£ia t~yaAs nOAA.OU~ j.lup'tUpS~, tlP(OS~ ).lBcra O''t11v OOUVll, aUa OSV

'A '"l_ ' , 'j:. 114 f '"l'

spyal\,l;, xcvsvo rtpcoa us; TI]V 1tpa",rt» . 1a vo K(naAa-

PODj.lS yta'ti 0 Hegel, 1tOU £iXE j.lta osu'taT1l to'tOptKit aicr811crrt Kat nou upyorspu snpOKSlTO vc 1·I.1AtlO'61 "flo, mv «annTll tOD A6y01»), yta rnv «aovnpio tOD Aoyou>} (List der Vernunft), yta mv Icropia nOD xprtcrt).tonolci TOD~ oxonoi»; tCOV av8po)1t(Ov oo» j.lt(Ja yta mv npaY).latonoirtCJrt tCOV OlKroV 't11~ CiKonrov, OSV uaopece va KataA.aPEl on ).lS~ TI]v Ioropto rt UPV11O"rt Trt~ toropuoj; npa~11C; ).lnopei vc oorlYtlaEl aT1lv mo SVTaTlKtl ioropuoi 1£pa~lJ, on 0 I1am(JJlo;; TOU Fprpopiou tOD Msy6Aou, 'to xtvnuo TOD Cluny it 0 Xptortnvtouoc Trt~ universitas civiurn TOU 120u atrova aXEl T0crrt CiX8011 us Tl1 «8ucrtU:;oaJl8vll ouVS10llalJ» ocn CiX€O'll uzopet va EXEl Kat 0 Ilivonpo; 6-

114 Nohl, o.x., cr. 224.

MAlA KAI IETOPIA

161

tav ypa<pSt «(Jxl,a~ Qvug uv8gom:oo;» ... 8U1tpBnSl. va txou).lS OlO.pKroC; aTO vou ).lac; nr; 1tpco'tO<pavspO)tst; ornv KAaO'1KtO'tlKlt xowrovto 'l'UXlKEt; OUVUIlS1<; 1tOU s~a1t6A.uO'S 11 SKPrtKtlrit SJl<puvtcrrt rorv Ila~rov Kat non CtvuyKaocv tOY vsapo Kavtlav6 Kat «Ota<ProtIOIl€vO» osuwcpiO"rit Tllt; Tubingen va 6EATtaSt vc yiv&l. €va SWOt; «9£0- )..6'(ou TOU IaKO)plVlO"lloU».

H ava;"Tt/Ul1 plat; Volksreligion

K6:tco ano tOD~VEOUC; aOtSpIO").lOUC; zou <pavsp6J811Kav ow (J'tspsO)).la ).la~i us tOY «svsoooicouo» Kat TO 1tu80s rorv s1tavaO"taTll).l€vO)v Ila~rov, 0 Hegel OVSIPSUTllKS rnv EAzUOlJ Illar; vsac; 9plJOlCSUttK6TlJ'mc; zou vu O'UJl<pl11illVEl tov uvHpco1to us TlJV tcrtOptKit tOO 1tapoDO'ia, zou va O"<ptxtoSSvSt TlJ ).lusa (to Volksgeist) IlS ron; OEO"lloU~ Ilta IlU81Kitr; EntKOlvroviar; us 'to ioto 'tlJ~ TO «1t£1tpCO).lEvo» Kat va avspa~sl. Tl1 ).lUSa Ci'[O 1tA.nvo tT}~ a.IlS011S tO"tOPlK1lS OlJlltoDPYlKO'tlJ'tCt~. 0 Th. Haering tostSS ue tOY mo KaTllyoPll).tCtttK6 rpoao, on auto nOD KiVllOS tOY Hegel vn aVttll£'tO)1£lcrst 'to 8PlJOlCSU't1K6 npOpA.11).la it'tav Kat' apXl1v lJ 8sAlJm1 'tOD vc U1tSPVUCllHsi 11 «outr'tUxt- aJlSvTt O'UVSWllcrlJ» Kat vc O"UM11<P8si 'to tOsroOSt; IllaS KOlVCOVl.Kitr; Kat 118lKltC; AvayBvv110"1lc;115. Kat ava.Il£(Ju cr' aAAo. tOO S1ttXSIPTtllata. CtV(l(PSPEt Kat optousvs; £- 1ttcrTOAEC; tau Hegel npor; TOV Schelling Kal tau Holderlin zpo; tOY Hegel onoo ~avapp{o"KoU).lS auto to OpaIlCt'tlKO «ftVa.')'KUU9TlV)} TrtS 'EPoolllle; E1ttCitoA1)c; rou I1AatO)va. H 1ta.All AOl.1tOv Tau Hegel Kata. tau XPI- 0''ttavIO'Il0U EY'Ypaq>Stal. 0''tlJ 8EA.lJO'tl T01.~ va unEpvIKrJ6s{ ).tta @PllOlCBia zou SSOIl0tIDVSl rnv civitas terrena IlS 'tlJ,V civitas Diaboli Kat, aOta<poproV'tas yta Trtv KOlVCOVtKrJ,

us Theodor Haering, Hegel, sein Wollen und sein Werk, 1929, T. 1, cr. 30.

162

"8EATPOKPATIA" KAl EnANAETATIKH MAZA

'U1tC:pa'toJ.t'lK1l, la'topU(Tt J!opq>i} Tll<; aV8pOmlVl1.<; i)1[ap~l1<;. Ota0'1tIl TI) O"Uveio11O'l1nOl) EXS'l 0 civ8pronos yta 'tOV 6(1)ro 'tOU O'S OUO SX8ptKES Kat a.v'ttJ!axsS OVT6t11'tSC;. Tn «oUO'TUXlaJ.tBVll. aUVSW11(11» apXtKCt Tllv doe ouv TllV EK<ppaa11 Tlle; a1t<bJ...stae; rorv J!u811(rov osa!lcDv zou J!OVOt aUTOt J!nop0'6v vc evdioouv 'tOY civ8prono J!E Tll J!Ct~a Kat vc omaouv crov aVOprono piCa Kat npo01rnrij Kat om J!U~u unap91 Kat nEnpOOJ!Evo. Kat rnv unspvhcrl<Jfl cu'!fts 'tT]<; {(OUaTUXlO'IlEvr)C; ()l)vci011crTlC;» 0 Hegel, 1(utci 'tT] olupKelu TI)S faUuClle; Enuvcia'taa11C;, T'flv EpA.enS J!Eau ce J!tu vta 0p11aKSVTlK0T'flTa: ~llU Volksreligion (J!lU 0p11aKStu ron Aa0'6 Kat yill 'tOY A(6), lKavtl vc ayKaAUlael Tllv OAOTI)ta Tlle; unapSll<; Kat vc e!.l1tootm:t Tllv OAOTllT(x auti] va anoO'Uv'tE8Ei 0" tva nAtl80c; an6 XroptaTts cruVBtoTtaEtc;116, ol1Aaoi) vo sllnooiasl T'fl J!a.~a vn nEO'St a1to rrrv hauteur de la Revolution, zou ittaV 11 uovaotKi) J.tEplJ.lVa tOV Saint-Just, a' avti] Tll vso nu8rrnK6tl]tu 1tOV 1tBplypciq>El 0 Hegel atl1 L11aA.eKT1K~ i"~ Tpouoxpoxku; otnv OSiXVEl on 11 IlSTS1tUVUatattKi! «avayE.vvl]<JfI lOU aVtlKEtJ.lSVtKOU 1tVsuJ.lUtoq> (11 vEa tepa.p:;OW11 'tl]C; KOlVroViaS) uzordccet ~av6; TI)v xorvoivte O'Tl]v 1tposnaVuataTlKtl t11<; Ka'tucrraall (orq crXEO'll KUptorv KaloouAolV)117.

'Etot otav cxouyoruv 11 <popepa tOU Saint-Just: «V ous perirez, vous qui cherchez un bonheur a part de celui du peuple»!", 0 Hegel O'UvEt011ro1tOlOuO'S on 11 t-

116 ""' rn ~'H I . . A •

"''01 watvouevosonc 0 ege ava1tt1)OOel 'to 1tm~ 'to Llt1<UlO 1t0l)

KaVO~et 'tt~ OXEm::~ nov xmpunmv crt)VeW"GeIDV aV'tlKalli<m')Ge TO 1taAW ft9~ 't11~ rl.acrt1dl~ 1tOAnsia~.

117 C/)azv. II, cr. 137-9: !1£ tlj ouupopu on ulJ.J:J.1;s 11 m.vf)s<ITj TTJ<; K01- v(j)via~ Kl 11 xotvovto «tx,St aV(l\lS(j)9si a1to TO <po~o 'tOU eaVUlOl) 1[01) 'Ita aUll "ua <popa Ot(l1tSpaGe l~ 'l'UXt<;» (ib. II, 138).

118 «ea xaSata 01.01 s(j~ zou aval;ll'rtl'tS rqv euruxia X(j)PUHU mID 'to M:t6». (c.e.s.)

MAZA KAI I"l:TOPIA

163

88a nl~ «av8pron6TT('tae;» rrov ~laq>ronutrov Kat tOO Kant itTav 1tOA'O aq>llPllJ.ltvll "flO. vc J.lnopsi vc ~rooyovitOEt tOV O'UYKEKPl~O 6;VElPOl1tO, ym vu ,.mopBi vn qxorlest au't1) 't11 J.lVOTl]ptro811 «oouoion» J.l.E mv oaoin to urouo avtA.el c:m6 TIjv Ioropfn TI)v u1t60'mO'tl 'too - Kat aVth'(l~E TTJV tOEa tOO Ilvsoucro; 'tOU Aa0'6 (Genius des Volkes, Volksgeist), zoo TOV crnproXVEl1tpOe; TT(V totopttal 811J!tOUPYia, nov rov eovspovet ccv J.llU OAOT11tu Kat ouv J.lla svorqru: zou ron OiVEl nrouucorrrru, Ku80AtKOTl]1:(l Kat1tE1tproJ.l£VO. ea npenSl vc atcr8uv8ouJ.lS ro<; TIJv a1(pll (xt aUto Eival ouva'to '(tun ~OU)..I£ 1(u'tCO altO roue lOlOUt; uO'tSPWJ.l.OUt; Kl f:xoUJ.l.Sne; iOtEt; EJ.l.1tEtpis<;) 'tT] <pp6.<JfI tOU Saint-Just: «Ce qui produit le bien general est toujours terrible, ou parait bizarre lorsqu' on commence trop t61»119 yID vc 1(aTUA.UpO'OJ.l8 curo 'TO npro'tOq>uvEPro'tO J!Ee; rnv 8'Oprona1tal damKi! <PtAoao<pia O'TOlXBio TOU 1ta80'O<; nou nspl£XE'tat J.lE<; TI)V eteAEIDVtl avriAll'l'll TIJ<; apV1lTl1(6'tl]'ta~ 120 it J.lE<; T'flv E"(SAEIDVit lOEa TOU nsnproJ!tvou: «ro 1tEnproJ!tvo sivm 0 uv8pronoe; nov UUVE'lOll'tOnolEi 'tOY sav'to TOU aAA6. onv tva EXOpo» 121, "fta vc ata8av806J!E 6A11 Tllv 6.~uO'cro 1tOV xrop~St a'OT0'6<; rou; av8pronol)(; J!E rou; oaoiou; apX~El 11 81tal J!a<; Ioropto uno to 1tVEuJ!a 'tl]~ naAt6;<; K01VroVtae;. ea 1tP£1t81 va mu8uvEloo).lE 01..11 T'fl otci~pro<Jfl TOO naJ..lOU KOcr!lOU non 1tpoUn08STSl 11 q>PU<JfI tOU Saint-

119 Les institutions republicaines, op. cit., G. 297. To 1tpOTl'YOOJ.lSVO a1too1tu0JlO. f}picrK&'tal OlO «Rapport sur les factions de l' etranger», 13-3-1794,op. cit., G. 213. [EKelVO zoo 011lltoopyai ro 'I&VlK6 !CaM) siV(ll1tUV'tOlB lPOJlO.KTlKO, " jlOu'i~st 1tap6.o~o nv apxfcrOl)fl£ 1tOAU VIDpi<; (u.r.s.j].

120 1:'01 cPalVOfllJVOA.oyia. 0 Hegel OtaPKm~ u1tSV9'ullil;;et on UK0JlO. xm Ifficra ornv 'tBAet&trjT(l tOD esoi> 1tpS1tet va 000 fl£ «TTl Goj3apOttt'tu, rnv OOUVl1, TTJv U1tOIlOviJ Kat ro epyo lOU apVl1'tlKotm: I, 18, ~A. !c' I, 71.

121 Nohl, op. cit., G. 283.

.164

"0EATPOKPATIA" KAI EIIANAI:TATIKH MAZA

Just: «Le calme est I' arne de la Tyrannie; la passion est I' arne de la Liberte» 112, yill vo KaTa.ALt~OUJ1.E TIl ~aSt'>~ 't!lTIl auril «.6taJ.£KnKi] roo Kupiou Kat tou LKAa~oo)} O'TIl lPalvoJ18Voloyia rov Ilvebuoxo; 6n:ou 0 Hegel oeiXVEt, «a1tevavft O'TIlV \fIUXtKa a1toyujlvmJ1.EvTJ curoouvstOTJO'TJ tOO KUP10U» O'tOV 01(010 0 xoouo; oSV1tpO~aM6t KIljlHl. ClVtWTaO'TJ, KClvevCl 1tpo~A.TJjla, KClJ.lUl. 'tpaytK6TIlro, rnv Clt>'tOO'UVeWllO'TJ 'too crKAa~OU noo J.l6 'tOY «T p6- uo» (<<exovTa~ atO'8Clv8s1 rnv ayO)viIl Oll yta rooto it yta xsfvo to 1tpay).lCl ours yt' autTJ 1) yl1l KelV11 TIl CinyJ.lYJ, aAM TIlv aymvia yta mv iota TIlV uxepmomro TIl~ ouO'iClC; TTJC;, exovTa<; ~YJO'St TOV cp6~0 tOU ®avu'tou, roo c- 1tOAUToo Kupiou» Kat J.lE TO «Epjo» (us 'to onoio «EPXS'tat O'S jlta 8sOOPTJO'TJ TTJ<; Avs~apTIlO'iIlc; oov 8sOOPTJO'TJ tOO sautot'> 'tTJ~»), U'l'oovs'tUt O''t11V «aAYJ8sta TIle; sAst'>8s-

:s:c 123

PTJ~ cruVELUTJO'TJ~» ...

Av O''ta npoot(l ron XPOVill 0 Hegel zsptusvs 't11 orotTJpia ano tTJv S).lcpaV1O'TJ J1.1ac; «8PllO'Ksi!ll; rou Anou» zou Sa Ka'taAus TIl «8uO'wXtO').levTJ O'UVSWTJCiTJ» Kat Sa ol1l·nooPYoUO's 'ttc; 1tpou1t08eO'stc; jltac; 61ttO''tpOCPYJe; O'tO apxaio SMl1VtKo it8oc;, 'to «CPtaO'KO» TTJe; raMtKfJc; E1I:ava<1t(lO'TJC; 'tOY eKavs YPtlyopa vc aunSEt yvroJ.ll1. 01tro~ o snavaO'taTTJjlE:voc; Goethe tOU Urfaust Kat 'lOU Goetz, jlEtu tTJ OTJjloatsUO'11 tOO Ilproroo Faust, napaOivstat O'tTJv xotvovin Kat smcrpepet O'TIlV avtttpaytK1l 'ta~l1 'tOU KAaCitKtO'jlOD onooe; xopuqxovsmt cru; aMl1yopieC; tTJe; «!cptyevstae;» " 'tOU OeUTEPOU Faust (01tOU 0 J.lEV Faust jl6'taJ.lOpcpOOVETat U1tO "po.mc; TOU Marlowe ce eva siBoe; O'atvO'tJ.lOVlO'tTJ S1ttX€lPl1J1.atia ).lE rnv KaA~tVtO'TLKi] (J1)vsioTJO'Tl J.ltac; innerweltliche Askese, 0 8s Mephisto

122 H 11PEj.lia sivm 11 \jfIJX.T1 Tt].:; Tupavvia.:;, .0 xu6o.:; TJ 'l'UxfJ Tt].:; EA£u8spia.:; (u.r.s.),

123 l/JwVOjlE:VoAoyia, T. I, cr. 163, 164, 165. - net TO vm,)Ul Tt].:; <<AlctA£KTua;.:; TOO KUPWuKctl TOO ~KAalknm (if>alv. I, 155-156) ~A. infra.

MAZA KAll~TOPIA

165

Cl1t6 «Ciyye'Aoc; uv'tt1tpa:t't'(Ov 'to iC; KOO'}l t KO i~» axst rivet eva sWO«; Diabolus ex machina), aTO't Kat 0 Hegel, J1.ETa TIl 0l1IWO'{eUO'TJ TIle; lPalVOJ18VoAoyiaq TOO 1807, ~1l~ TaSt oAoeva KCl11tEPtO'O'OtSPO a1t6 TTl <blAoO'ocpia autTJ TTJ 0'UJ1.q>1A1.roO'TJ ton Ctv8poo1tou us rnv tatopucft t'>1tap91, 1tOD zptv E~ap'toDO's a1tOKAetO'ttKa a1to TTJv uvayEvvrtO'Tl Ilta<; Volksreligion avuAO'YllL; J.ls rqv apxaia 6Ml1vtKi] Kat napaMl1Aa O'tPECPE'tat ano 't11V «1tav'tpaytlCD-tllTa» TII~ VEaVtKfJ~ tOU 1tEpt08ou 1tpOC; rov navAOYtO'J.l6 TIle; O'UO'T1lJ1.U'tlKYJC; 'tOU <l>1AOO'Ocpiae; - navAoytaJ.l0 1tOU ea 'tOY 0811Y11O'E1 O'TIlV mo xoveopjuoruc], J.l0vocri]jlCtV'tT) Kat KUTIlYOPllJ.lanKi] Ka'ta<paCIT[ 'too IIproO'tKOD Kpa'tOu~ Kat tTJ~ npmO'tKi]~ tepapxia~ ...

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170

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zou J.l1tOPOUV vu SO)oyovi)_crouv Kat vc tcropucozotncoov TIl flat;a. IIapuMllAa u' aUn1 TIlv a1toucria TfJC; J.la~a~ a- 1t0 tOV \lfUX1KO KOcrJ.lO nt~ KA<XO'tK10'nKi]<; xowervtcc, au'ti] Tj wta TJ aVnK€l!lcvtKij O'U)'KPO-TTJcrTj ntc; Kotvroviac; au'ti]c;, 11 0PyuVO)O'11 Tau 1tA110UO'Wn) J.lsO'a 0''t0 aucr'tTJpu paOJ.lOAOYTJJ.lEvO, l£PUPXrwzvo Kat 1tEtOapXlWEvO crucr'tTJun tCOV VOJ.ltKroV tUSECOV, OEY !l1tOPOUcrE 1t<Xpu va anowiet KUOE UVttKEtJ.lCVtKi] ouvato't11'tu E!lCPUVtOTjC; 'tTJC; J.lut;uC;.

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H Ilat;a eivct aKptproc; auto to u-xoworvuco t).!TtJ.lu tau 7tA110u0'1l0U 7tOD oTTJv mo «KaOapi]» 011Aa8i] crtY(v mo <XKu:tepyacrtY( Kat t(J'WP1KU UOtUCPOP01tOtlltTJ 1l0p<pi] tau to PptcrKOUJ.le ern proJ.la'£Kij plebs, orov 0XAO tOU I1tnoop0J.l0U tTj<; KcovcrtaVnVoU1tOA:'1<; tl ore €Kat0J.lIlUpta anuOAlCOllEvffiV J.llKPOUcrtrov Kat avepyrov 1tou. avuJlEcra oro 1929 Kat to 1933, opyavroOTJKaV ore XttAeptKU S.A. Kat S,S, Apycrsp«, Ou cruvUVnlcrOUJlE 1tapo- 1101£<; J.L6;t;ec; aU6. urroptxn ou:tcpop01totl1~evE<; xrn SpoatTjplonOll1J1EvE<;, EXOVtaC; a1tOKnlcrel auveWllOTt Kat opyavO)crTj Kat aVtlKelllEV1KTt u1t6atacrTj. Kat Oa ooU J.lf: 6n aUTe<; ot E1taVao'tUtlKE<; J.lUt;E<;, she us rnv 1tpocrK6Ullm1 roue; os J.lta U1tupxouau TtOTJ ~cra crnv 1tUAtU xotvorvfn €1tuva<1t'atUC11 'ta91, SitE J.lE rov ioto TO OUVUJ.ltK6 UU'tG-

MAZA KAI 1I:TOPIA

J.la'ttcrJ.l6 TIle; E1tUVaorattKf]c; rou; opyuvcoO'Y(<;, cruVt€A.OUV U1t0CPWJtO'ttKU orov crXllJ.lanO'J.lO }.till<; veac; ta~u('ftc; tsP6.PX1laY(C; t11<; KotVroviac;. 'Erot Ou SOUf..lS Ott 11 f..l6.t;u unopsl vc opyavroOsi 1tOA.t'ttKU cv f..lta i}OTJ un:upxouO'a ~O'a etc 1tAaicrta 'tOU anoauvtt9s!l€vou Ka9EO'Tro'toI;, n:paYllanK6. e1tavaO'tatuci] taSll rnv XPllCJtllo1totila€t cuv usco yta 'tTJv 1tpaYIl<It01tOll1crtl roo OtKaU 't11~ tastKOU 1tPOYPUIlIl<ItO~: EtO't 1tepi ta ~sO'a 'tOD 7 au uuovc, 11 aattKiI taSll O''tTjv EUuoa nOA.ttlK01toil1ae n~ i}OTJ a1to 'tOY 80 atwva s1tavaO'tUTl1~EC; }.tasse; rov «911tcOW, 6- 1tOO~ TO 1917, 11 opyuvro~8vTJ f.!EC; rov MnOAcr€ptK10'~6 SPY<I'tlKl} ra~TJ n:OAtttK01toil1O'E tt~ a1ta8AtCO )..lEvee; IlUt;EC; tCOV UYPOtrov Kat nov orpunorrdrv ton OtaA,UOIlEVOU Tonotxon ~'tP<ItOU. ea OOUIlE S1ttO'TJe; 6tt otnv ON::~ ot U1tapXOUOf:e; tU~Et~ a1t08S1XtOUV avt1f..l1topee; vo orocoov Tllv xowmvio ano t11V a1tocruv8€aY( Kat vc AUOOUV rnv KaOEO''[ronKij KpiO'TJ us tu; J.l€060ouC; evoe; 01tOtOuoi]1tO'te ouvaw6 ta;tKOU 1tpoypaj.lj.lutO~, rorE 11 Ilat;a 0XEOOV au'tOlla'ttKa, ano tOY ioto to ouValltO'f..lo tOU opjuvomKOU 'tT)<; Jl11xaVtO'f..l0U, f..l1topei va yivet TJ K'6pUl OAOKA.llproJ.lanKij ouvull11 t11C; xoworvicc, va <pSpSl O''tTJV e1tt<pUveto EvU vso KOlVOOVtKO O'tprolla tKaVo vc Esacr<paAiaEt tTJv avnKatuO'taO'Y( 'tTJe; n<IAtae; apxouO'ac; tU~TJ~ Kat va 011lltOUpyftOBt ru; 1tpoUn:09sO'etC; ~ta~ veae; Ka8scrtronKi]c; OtUpeprocrTj<;. 'Eroi ea avtt~€'t'ro1ti()OUIlS tr) cr'tpancottKO- 1toi110TJ tY(C; s1to.vaaranKijc; Ilu~ae;. TTjV opyavrooi] t11e; ~sO'a as o'tpato-ypacpStoKpattKOUC; O'Xllf..lanO'}.touc; 6noo~ rtVllKE n.X. omv S7IDxTl TCOV LsPi1pcov Kat 'IOU ~tOKA11- ncvoo i] ora. crUyxpova. J.la~tKa B1tUva.amTIKU Ktvrlf..lara OTIJv Aoic Kat yEVtKOrEpa. cm..C; Ka1tl't(XAtO'nK6. KaSUO'ISPTJf..lBvE<; Xrops~. Kat oro tEA.Oe;, Kata tOY i<itO Tp6n:O, 80. ovnxptoouus tTJv oPYUVCOOl1 t11~ Il(ii~a<; IlEaa O'S SKKATJcrta.crtlKE~ t111llt-sKKAllataO'ttKs<; opyavroO'etc; Kat J.l' amo

171

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'tOY rimo Jlal;t1cft~ opyuvroCITJ~ Sa Kl.£iaouJl& rnv spsuvu IlW;.

H }lu.(a wi; 1ColonKlj Kanr/opia

Tn Jlasu Aoln6v Sa 'tTlv avayvropi<JOUJl6 nprota ocvevc tU~lK6. ouoeteponOl11Jltvo, a- Ko\VroVtKO atpro pn tOU nA:'1SUaIlOU, uatepa onv Jlta CtJl&<Ja opa<JfllPl.OnOtrlJlfNrl Kal <JUVst0lltCt opyavrop.Evll tcroptxn ouVaJlll Kat, am 'tBAO~, onv Ilta EJlJlEallnapOUala., ouv jnn aopaTI] mrrft «KOlVroVtKoU EASYXOU»: Su fllv avayvropicroUJlE ano TTlV napoucria a~uOv, VOllIlU'trov, crDJl~OAroV Kat ljIUXtKroV SuVUJl&rov zou aUnlll Jlul;a J.lE 'tOY lotahEpo ljIUXt<JIlO TTl<; aXEl <pePEt ow <pro~ Kat zou JlE TTl IlEcroA6.~l10yt tOU~ Evrdccerm Kat Ota~t~pro<JKEt tOV KOOJlO TIl~ opyavroJlEV11e; KOtvroV1ae;.

Kat J..lE n~ 'tPE~ amse; Jlop<pa~ 11 JlCtl;a sivct avunapK'tTl JlEaU orov K6crJlo fll~ KAacrtKtcrnKyte; KOtvrovia.e;. AvtiSE'ta, Jle<Ja ornv SeXEtA11 ljIuXtKyt nA11POTI]ta ron EAtcra~E'ttavou SEa'tpoD avayvropiaaJlE fllv {(eJlllscrll napouoic» flle; Jlal;ae; Kat ron 'l'UXt<JJlOU 'tTle;. AAACt Jl&C; 'to YEYOVOC; Ott 'to EAtO'a~E'ttavo Seatpo UnytPSE Eva Seatpo tpaytKrov O'UIl~6AroV Kat 6xt tva MUStK6 Sea'tpo txcvo vc OUJl<JltAuDoEt tOY CtvSprono JlE uto Katu<panKyt, tcroptKyt JlOP<Pft unapS11e;, avayvropiaaJlE 'to aiyoupo aT]Jlaot 'ITl~ ta'toptKft~ uVEn6.pKEta~ TIl~ eAtaape'ttavyte; Jl6.l;ac;, 't11V aouvaJlia TIl~ vn PPEt Jlsaa TIle; TIl MvaJl11 vc U1tEPvlKytaE:l 'tTl psuoromro Kat TIlV npoaroplv6TIl'tct TIle; ezome; 'tTl~ Kat va yivet Jlta aJlCaa opaanKyt tatOptKfJ ouvaJl11. ~TI] Lt1curova, orov 60 uubvu, ~pfJKaJlE Jlta 1tap6- p.ota Jlul;a aViK<lV11, 1tap' 6AO 'to E1taVaa'ta'ttK6 TIle; 1taPEAS6v, v' anOKnlO'Et a'tUA, tatoptKytnpOO1t'tuC1l Kat au'tEVSPYEta p.Ee; TIl llB'tE:1tUva<JtanKft opyuvroaTj TIle; KO\vroviac;. Kt cv E1ttJlBlvap.E t8mhepa ane; SeJleAtrooe~ 0.-

MAZA KAI IHOPIA

173

VaAoyiec; 1tOU napoumul;ovtat O'!TJv aV'tlKEtj..lEVtKTJ ompSproCITJ TIlC; E1tavaO'tanKyte; eSEAtST]C; t11e; Lucurovae; Kat 'tTlC; A9fJvae;, i)tav aKpt~roc; ym vc oEiSOUJle on 11 A11j..lOKpa'tla., 11 Tpayrooia Kat 11 aUvS8aft roue; 11 «Bsctpoxpnria» oev fJtav anAme; Kat uovo «8no\KoOOJlfJj..lata>~ autftc; TIle; veae; EnaVUatanKfte; «ovnxsuievucomrc;» aUa 1tpot6vta Jltac; aUtotEAOUC; Kat 1taveAz6SSP11e; unoxsuisVtKyte; opu<JTIJPt6TrJ'tac;: anirEC; Jltae; <patVOj..lEVoAoytKftc; aVa1t'tUSll<; 'tou IIVEUJlatOc;1 .

H Jlal;a Aol1t6v OEV stvm nO<JonKyt MOta aAM noionKyt KaTI]yopia. 1tOD otaq>oponomi'tat j..lEe; TIJV Icropln Kat, npaYJlatonouOvtac; oui<popouC; pa9Jloue; tatoptKfle; napouaiac; Kat unapS11e;, ~pi<JKE'tat cs J,uu otapKfJ opyaVtKft aXeO'TJ aU11A£1tiOpaO'l1<; JlE TO a'tUA Kat mv 'tpOnyt tTJe; opyavroj..lEvll<; KOlvroviac;. To 8tOtK6 pupoe; TIle; Jlul;ac; Bev stvct anAme; cruvap'tTJ<J11 TIle; 1tUKV6'tTJtm; EVOe; nAll- 9ua)1ou: 0 nAl19ualloc; 't11C; AunKytC; Tspucvin; ittav ym nOAAOUe; auDyec; 0 1810<; aU6. 11 Ila~a zon i;U1tV11<JE Jl8 TOV Thomas Munzer Kat tOY «<ptroxo Konrad» EJlcpavia't11KE Jlta cpopa Kat JlOYO yta vc a~itO'et a)1earoc; Jleta J.lS tTJ a<payft Kat 't11V Tpouoxpnrfn. Azevovn O''tTJV 1tUKVO't11ta tOU 1tAl19uaj..lou roo Iloptctou orov 170 Kat 'to 180 cW:Ovu, 11 A8fJva O'tTJv enoxTl onou ot ana9AUOllEvOt

124 Avnop6>VTa~ KatU Ttl; 1tPOTlYoUJ.L8VI1; (KaK6n:taTl1~ 1toWt; cope<;) KatUXPTlcrTJ<; rrov ai;toAoylKcbvlCPio'SroV GTtJV KOlVroVlOAoyia.' 0- P10jltvOl crOyxpOVOl KOlVOJV\OA6yOl (svvoe Jrupito<; TOV G. Gurvitch 1t01) w91]os Ot~ aKp<lID; Tl1t; (j])vtn:W; rqv 1tpoon:U9Sl(l. vn a:ll:allaysi 1] KotVffivtOAoym (l.1t6 KM€ 1191KoAoyua'l fJ «q:n),oocxptKfW 001)Asia) apvoUVTal KneS tspUPXl1crTJ avO.jJ£oa ~ «J.lOpcpet; Tl1t; xotvoVlK6tT]Ta<;» (~~a-KOtv6tT]Ta-emKolvrovia). 'Y otepa (11tO T'Ilv Emj3e~A11)l1Nrj autf] avrlopuOTJ 1tOU ~eKaeaplO"e TO wmpo<; a1t' 6'A.rJ. TU ov- 9pro1tO~opcptKa a priori, 1tlO"n;uro 6t1 oTJ).lSpU eivat OUVaTO -1C(l1 eI; fOOl) S1tt~s~J"T]jltvo 10rot;- vo .;aVU~POUIlB TO ).lUOnKO ).ltat; avcbt€pT]<; cpv..oocxp\Kf]<; €p~TfVgunKf]<; rov taTOP1KcOV j.lOpcpcbv 1t01) to 1tp6n.l1to TT]t; jltvU1tCtvrOTS 11 SY€Astavit tPawopevoAoyia.

174

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«AuiKPlOt» J111 J1nopwvtu~ vu tKUV01tot1l906v ~s TIJ J1ttaqn)<HK1l nupl1Yopui zou rou; sotvS to otOVUOlUKO op),10, uvtpuauv TOV Ilsiotctpcro aTIJv s~ouaiu, 11 ellAIDpsvrin aTIJv snoxfl rcov capitani del popolo KUt TaU Savonarola it TO MUnster KUl to Zwickau orov evaJ1tO't] Xpovo zou KpaTIJaS 11 K0J1J10uvtcrnKr) 9soKpuTia rov Avapunn(mov, Su J1nop06cruv vo cpuvouv ccv nutptapXOKPUToUJ1evOt ouvomouot, Ecp' ooov Aot1tOv, ot xooorucoi U1tOAoytaIlO{ Ssv stvci 0'6 9sO't] vn SPJ.ll1VsUO'OUV uuti} rnv Ut<pVWta J.lStafl6pCPIDO't] svo; xA:ft90u~ U1tO otoroptxn KUt 'l'UXtKa ucrUVOStU UtOJlU 0'13 Jlta svmin, 0- llo9uJ111 KUl OAOKA11ProJlSvrt as 1tOAtttKU it 9P11O'K6UtlKU opyavroJ.Lf;vTJ KOtVOtt]tU, to 1tpono 'lIOU £xoo~ vo KUvoous etvm vn OOUJlS J.lS~ TO CPUtv6J1EVO TIl<; ,.u1su<; rnv Ssuv'ttlCStJlsviKSUO't] J.llU<; wmitsPl1<; 'VUXtKr)~ otuoucuaia<;. ITptY ano Ka9E E1ti J.lSpoo<; 1tPOpAllJ.lUnaflO axsnKa us tt] 9S<ITJ Kat to 'lIS1tpro JlEvO tt]<; s1tuvaatunKr).; J.1a~u<; J.1s<; 'tt]v Icropin, EiJ1uO't6 U1tOXpsroJ.lEvOl vu avtlKpiO'ouJ16 tt] JlU~U onv J.ltU OUVUJltK'fJ OAOt1ltU U1tO SwtK£<; \(IUXtK£<; Asltoopyfe<; zoo 9a1tpS1tSl vu n<; Ka90piaou~E 00'0 yivetat mo UvuAu'ttKa, zou ne; ppiaKOUJlE crnv dtflUKa tOO «(l1tO~OVOl~OU UtOflOU» os Aa.v9avooau, 1tUpUflOpcpOl~, a1tro9t]flSvrJ it1ta90AoytKa sKcppaOJ.l~ KUtaataCJT), xct xou uvamO'crOVtal Kat E1tsvEpy06v tcropucd K6.tro uno OptOJ.lEvS~ aV'ttKstJ.lEVtKE<; ouvei}KEe;: J1EO'a as optousve; ~taPUnKs<; 1) KataOtpoq>tKEC_; to'tOptri~ 1tSptooou<;.

A VTlK811l8vlUpOq xas UTTOPIIClj 1fpa'lllaTlKOT1JTa

Kat' apxflv AOt1tOv, 11 spsuvc y1<1. tt]v s1tavucrtunK'fJ ~a~u Kat yevtKOtSpa, yta nc; O'xsaet<; TIJ<; Jlasa<; us t11v 1- cropin 9a 1tPS1tSt vu 9SJlEJ..1O)eEi avnKEtJ.lEVtKa. AVtlKStJ.lEVtJdj 9sropiu 'tt].; J.lasu<; ea EiVUl 11 esropia rev ovn-

MAZA KAI Il:TOPIA

175

KStJ.lEVtKWV npoU1t08eO'Bo)v tt]e; BJ.lcpaVtO't]e; KUl Tl1<; ava'lI'W~lle;, 311Au(1) 11 8Eropiu tt]<; UVnKElJ.Levt1d)e; t01to9stflCJT)e; (situation) um06 tOO tU1tOU oJ.La8ucfte; u1tap91e;. To Ka.6iJKOV Jllae; ttrolUe; 8Eropiae; Sa EiVUl va. SEKu9apicrEl nc; EvvOtE<; zou ea J.lue; S1tltpS'I'OUV OXt J.LOvO va. ESl1y1)crOUJl6 Ut'ttuKa tt]v SJl<p6.VtO't], T11V uv6.1t'WS11 Kal 'tt]v noPEia JlEe; rnv Ioropio tt]c; Jlasu<; alJ.iJ. Kal va OlUKpivou~ to. opin 'lIspa U1tO rc onofn 11 uttluKiJ SSllY11CJT) sivrn UvrlJ.l'lIOP11 vu 1tpoXrop1)O'St.

I:nc; q>UatKSC; S1tlcrti}~.;. 'lIpocrna9oUW: vo cruM6.pouJls EvUV tUno O'XScrSOlV KUt J1OvO aVaJ.lEO'a am <palvo~vc 'lIOU ESEtU~oo~: t1<; altlUKSe; axsO'E1<;. 'Y crepe, ps tt]v 1tapati}Pl1O'1l, tt] cruUoylJ oeo yivstat zsptccoreprov oEoollEvroV Kal tt]v ~aKpipro01l. 1tpocr1ta8ou~ vu OlU~ 'W1tooO'OU)lS Kav6vse; 'tt]~ s;SAt91C; 1) taO's1<;. IIpOXropwvme; 1t1O nEpa, ~picrKOU~S VOJlOUC; Kat O'S OptO'~OU~ to~i~ t1l<; elluatK'fJe; Kat TIJ~ XllJlsiac; KUtOpSooVooflS va. EKcppaOOUJlE aUtoU<; rou; vouoi»; os flae11~at1K{;e; S~t~ O'ooQ'{;~. I:tl.; S1tlcrti}J.lS~ aUts~ PM1tou~ ta <palVD)leva ocv 1tpaYJ.latu Kat Sev 9SAOUJlS vu 'ta. 80UJlS 1tapa flOVO ocv tstma: aotacpopOUJ.lE KUt a<pitvou~ O''tt] 0P110Ksia, tt]v IIoi11CJT) 1) 'tt] MstU<pUcrtK'fJ vc «s~Stucrouv» uv maO) a'lIo ru 1tpuYJ.laTa U1t6.PXSl .., KPUPEtUt jnn U1tOKS1J.lEV1KO~ rnto, JllU U1tOKS1JlevtlCf} (1)VSwllO't] it J.lta U1tOKStJ.lEVtKiJ Q'Kom~ot11ta. Kat tOUtO "(tan SSPOUJ.lE OTt, Kl av UKO~U U1t(iPXEl Jltu tStOtu UnOKE1JlEVlKOtt]tu, Oe\' sfvrn O'S 8sO't] vo S1t1lPSUO'Et ttc; attlUKS<; OXSO'Etc; J.lEe; ne; 01toise; to. <putvousvc napouO'uii;ov'tat onv 1tpaYJ1utu. 0 Hegel U1tOcrtt]PtSSt orn tP1Ao(Jorpia !If!; tPV(1'lr; Ott 11 8i\(la tOU <peyYUPlOU 'lIpoKuAsi nc; 1taAippmEe; ytuti to <peyyapl eivm U'lIO Ka9upo KpUO'TUMO Kat to KpUcrta.AAO sivct to KUt' ssoxflV atsyv6 (Kat cruvsncOC; 'to KUt' s;oxflv Ol'l'UO'J.lEvO) aWJla.. EJ.lSic; aotaq>op06J.lE Y1(1 'tt] oi\(lu trov KpUO'taA.Mov Kat EJ.l'lItO'tSUO)luO'tS as Jlta J.lSSOOO spSUVue; ~ rnv O~

176

cIlAINOMENOAOrIA rnr EITANAl:T ATIKJu: MAZAL

1t0w. 11 lom1tSP11 'IIuxoAoyiu 'tOU <p€,),yuptoU, sivci Eva~ a- 1I:OAU'ta al-UO:ATl'tBO':; 1I:apa:yovta~.

To av'tige'to, a1l:0 rnv 6;1t0'll11 aun), (f'\)J.l.paivet J.I£ 'tt.<; KOlVroV1KB':; Kat, YeY1Kon:pa, tu; av8pro1l:0AoytKB<;t(HOptKB~ s:1tlO'n)J.l.e,:;. Kovevr«; «<pUO'lKO':;» f] «rrvnxsuisVtKOC;» OplO'JAOe; tou av8po:mol) OeY l)1tCiPXSl 1[OU vo JAac; S1tttptJtet vu ~BPOUflS 1tUVtOU KUl1[{lVTOtS 1tOU teAeuOVSl 1') uv8pOO1t1Vl11tPUYJ.I.(lttK6T!l'tu Ka11l:oo UPX~st 111tSptom nov o./lSA1')tBffiV 1to.payov'trov, nov 'tSABuOvSt 11 uv8pO:l1ttVl1 aAi)8sta KUt nou apx~sl 11 uv8pol1ttVll UU8atpBO'ia. BBj3ata, 1') npro'tTJ apm Ku8s KotvroVtoAOYUCite; it <PtAOO'Oq>tKi)c; UVUAUO'11e; €iVat 11 KP1'tlKi) u,.U:ptPOAta anEvav'tt cr' OAce; tlI; napaO'taO'st.<; zoo rn UnOKElfleYu 'tT]':; .fO'topiae; O'X'lJlatisOuv ytU rrtv iOta TOUe; rqv unap~l1: oi Ivoot S~l1- youO'av us tte; UVatOJllKBC; lotoflOPc.pieC; roo B1O'VOU tTl ota<poponoi1J011 tllt; KOlVrovta<; O'S 16parxucec; KUO''tEC; KU'tU 'tOY ilito au8uipsto rpozo JlS tOY ozoio optousvoi crUyxpOVot uuspucrvoi «K01VroVlOAOyOt» unoO''t11pisOUV on Ot H.rr.A. stvat uio «a'tU~ucit xowovtc» it on us TTJV 'PUXUVUAUO'Tl 01 epyu'ts,:; 8a Un€AeUOBproOoov ano to «tpnupn» TI1e; «JleWVeK'tlKOTTJtae;» ...

Ftn J.lac; aUtBe; Ot «Osropie~}) stvat uuOaipsts~ Kat <paVtaO'nKB~ Kat bev EK<pPUSOuv napa 'to c.pUO'lKO O'S Ku8e cruVtllPllttKij it 16papX1Ki) t8soA01ia «PSc.pM~ 'CTle; autoolKatro<T1l9>; 11 unap~TJ rorv KaO'trov it tOW ta~s(Ov SYYPU<PS'tat O'S Jlta avs~uPTllTII u1t6 KUOS UnOKS1JlevtKi) <puvtaO'iro011 «UVtlKetlleYtKij 1I:paYJlattK6T!lta». H IO'TOpia 6JlroC; ea ytvotav Eva sUKoAo ).011K6 npOpA11Jla av aun) 11 «aVtlKE1JlevtKi) npaYJlanKo'tTJ't(l» ittaV 11 JlOVl1 avOpronlvl1 1tpaYlla'tuconrra, uv 011Aaoit 01 (<<P<lVtaO'lOOosu;» rorv avOpc01trov Sev a1tOTSAouO'av Kt aU'tec; ).lta 3vvaJl11 e~ icou to'tOP1Ka E1t1bpaO'tUCtl J.lE TTJ MvaJl11 TI1C; «avnKStJ.leY1KijC; 1tpaYJl<lttKO't'l'tac;»: 11 OP11O'KsunKtl a- 1toAUt01toiTJ011 troy K<lO'troV Ka.eOptaS yta Suo O'xsb6v Xl-

MAlA KAI Il:TOPIA

177

AlB'tTJpiliec; to 1tE1tproJ.lEvO 'tTJC; tVol~1 Kotv(Oviac; Kat U- 1tf]p~s, 61tro~ anoostSS 0 Max Weber 5, 11 KUpta oUVaJ.l11 zou elm60lO's Kat B1tV~S tllv aVcl1tro~l1 Kam'tUAtO'ttKcOV 'tclcrSroV . JlBO'a cmv tVOt1C'fJ aO''ttKit tU~11·

'Erm eO. JlnopouO'aJls vc pronlcrOUJlE Kata n 11 «ovnKE11-leYtKtl npaYllattK6't11tu» trov Apuprov VOJluorov, eva Jlitva np"v uno tTlv Eyipa, ,mopsi va Jla~ OS~Bt aUTO nov S1tPOKSt'tO vo yivst «UVttKSllleY1Kij npaYJlat1K6tT)tu» tOU 100AuJl JllO'6 cuovc JlETa rnv Eyipa. Kat nm~ JlnopooJls vc 8sropitO'OUllS «ovnxeuievucd» tOY paSutato SPTJO'KEUt1KO 1tUPEtO JlE~ 'tOY ozoto ~UJlroGrtKUV 01 crVPtaKS~ JlclsE~ a1tO 'tllv e1tOm trov a1tOKuJ..unttKcOV ovsipcov 'tOU 8av111A KUt tOU M1tUPOl'>X llBX,Pt tTl JlE'tClcrtPOq>it TOU TIauAou fJ ano to Jlapt-6pto ron Mnvi IlBXpt mv Eyipa, E<p' OO'OV Jl6XPl Jlta OpUJJ.l.EvTJ 1O''COPllCiJ O'ttYJlit, 01 S~rotEPtK~ rou SK011AIDO'Et.<; JlBO'<l O''tTJv toropuo] ~roit t1l«; KO\vroviru; OeY sixav nsptO'O'o'tspll OvvaJ.l.tKi) cr11J.lacria Kat «npaYJlat1KO't'lta» a1t' OO'T] SXouv n.x. O't1JlSpU 01 q>tAUSA11ttKee; J1a~tKB~ SKbTJAcOO'St~;

I'io tOU~ J.l.ap~tO''ts<;, oi bOUAOt Kat 011tPOAetUptOt TTjC; P<OJlatKite; AUtOKp<l'top{a,:;, Ka'taOtKaO'Jlevot a1tO 't'lv «nV'ttKStJ.l.evt1C'fJ 1tpaYJlanK6nrra» vo Jl11v Ilnopoov va AUcouv ta npaYJlanKU TOU~ npopAit~Uta, KUt€<psuyav O'tOV q>aVtUO'Tl.KO K6crJlO tllC; XptO'naVtKt1C; ®p11cncsia.C; JlEe; 'tOY onoio «~sxvoucrav» ta 1tu911 tOU~ (ro nspic.pT)JlO «6nto ron Auou», JlE anOtBAcO'Jla kvo» Paradis artificiel yta OAaKSPl1 rnv AvepronoTTj'tu K.O.K.) Kat anOKtOuO'av rnv au'ta1ta't'l Ilta~ JlsUouO'a<; AvtaJ.l0tpitr; Kat AnoAu'tPro(rJ'K ME 9EJlSAtaKa avuAoyOu<; (6nro~ Oa Os~ouJ.lS apy6tspa) (f'\)MOytcrJ.loU«;, 0 Nietzsche 1tapouO'taO's ouv KEvtpO 1(at ouoin tou Xptorurvtcuou 'to Ressentiment 'tT]e; Jlusa~ 'tIDV O'KAciP(OV Kat tllv E~t8aviKsum1 rou usou

125 General Economic History.

II

I

I

178

tDAINOMENOAOnA TID; EnANAHATIKffi: MAZAl:

O"t~ «UVTI-<;OJU(t~» u~is~ ron XP1.O"TIUV10"JloU: «uyun:a:n; roix SXSpoU~ O"a~», «Jl11V cvnorexscrs crTIJ ~Ul» K.t.A. Kt cv aKOJla OSX'WUJlS ou crrocr'ti] TIJV SPJl11Vsia aUn1'; tTl>; JlttU'tp<J'Jtfl.; TIle; «oo'tomKi).; O"Uvd011O"TJ9> Kat 'tOO Ressentiment os @P11O"lCEUx, 'to XpO~A11Jla XOU 'ti.eS'tClt sivrn to n:ro.; Evae; 'VUXWJlOe; w:.; tOY onoio KUptctpXoUO"UV 11 UOUVaJlla, 11 «A:fjS11», 11 <<<PUYl1 JlSe; to ocvrconKO», 11 «ve6pOJO"TJ», 0 (<)la~OX10"JlO~», ot «XapUVOiKE~ XpO~OASe;}), 011AaOTJ JlS Jlta /"&;l1l1X1O XUSOAoytKTJ «opyavOJO"TJ TIJ£ Un:O't'UxtUe;» Kt 11 mo aUSaipETIJ a-npaYJ.la'ttKOtll'tCl, J.lXOpSO"S va yivst jun UVTIKStJ.lEVlKTJ ouvaJ.lTJ zou ave'tpS\jIS Eva OMtKEPO Ka9sO"troc; K1. Evav OA.tlKSpO n:OAt'ttO"J.lO, OTJJ.lloDPYllO'S J.lta sxuvaO'tunKi) KOlVOJV1Kit 'ta~T\ (tOV KA.TJPo) us O"XUVtEe; O"TIlv ITaYKoO"J.na Ioropto opyavOJnKEC; Kat OlllltOOPY1KSe; tKaVOTIJ'tse;, E<PSpS 0''t0 <proe; UyvroO'tE'; roe; ta tOts owO'taO'Sl>; tTle; UVSpro1ttv11e; ljIUme;126 ...

M' tvav o.vuWyo tpozo, crnv «urouixn» \jIUXOAoyia, TJ Ot(UCptO"TJ aV'ttKE1J.lEVtKOU Kat UnOKE1JlEVtKoU it KaVOVtKOU Kat 1taBOAoytKOU etvci EVtSAcOe; 0'XE'ttKi). Auto, Ka't' apmv, xou ovoJ.la<;ooJ.ls «u'tOj.ltKTJ KAij.laKa» OEV S1Vat svc YEVtKo, Ka90AtKO j.lE'tpO rou utouucof aUu anAro~ Kat J.lOVO 11 ouefj )lae; atoJltKTJ di)laKa (mroe; sXet O'Xll)lattO"td ana 'tOY otKO J.lac; noA.t'ttO"JlO Kat zoo EJ.lS1c; TIJV at- 0"9av6)laO"ts ocv 'to c:nJO"tTlJla oro ozoio ava<pspOUJlE nc; BEnKEe; Kat nc; apVTJ'ttKae; fiae; a~lOAoyfJO'etc; (TIJV \jIUXOWyia tOO «KaVOVtKOU» Kat tTlV \jIUXOAoyia tOU «xa90- A.oytKOU»). Kcvst; OEY ~EPEl tt aKpt~roe; CltO"Sav6tav Evae; 'EMllvae; tOO 1tEJl1ttOU aunva it tvae; Xptcrurvo; tOU OEUtEPOU cuovo ocv UtOJ.llKTJ tOU lCA1llo.lCa. '0. rt 01 da-

126 Me UJv £WOUl (l1)'t't1 e(l OsU;OOf!S Ott 11 OtUKP1.011 1tOO S1tl)~Stpei 0 A. Kardiner avaJlEa(l etn «cruatTuw.ta 1tp!l"( flUtlKo-n,ta<;» Kill til (~cruatfJflUta. 1tpor>oAffiw eiVat evtsArl:J<; aXllflUttKi] Kilt oev ex,et 1tapu JlEeoool.oytKi] allj.1!lO'iu ...

MAZA KAJ I!:TOPIA

179

O"lKOl 'EMT\VEe; J.l1tOpoucruv vu UlO'eUVOVtUt oov j.Ua an- 8SVTIKa 01KTJ rou; EJ.l1tEtpia npaYllata XOU EJ.lEi<; J.lOVO vc ro O'lCE<ptOU!lE !lXOpOUj.tE: auto 1l0VO oro tEA£Utaia Xpovia IlnopsO'aw: va 'to lCa'taA.a~ouIlE. Av OEY otatcr9av- 90UJlE EOtro Kat npoO"syymttKu n<; npaYllattKE~ Otaotuost; tll<; damKlt<; EMllVtKTJ<; 'Vuxfl<; -Kt auto stvct to uO"TUtO venue TIJ<; EP)ll1VEU'ttKiJ<; tEXVTJe;- Sa K1VOUV&UouIlB vn ustvouus ~tvot 1tpo<; to aA1l9wo VOl1J.lU tTlC; nOA1- ttKfJ<; TJ TIle; 9PllO"KEU'ttKiJc; rou; opacrTIlPtD-tll'ta<; lCat TIle; EllnElpiae; non ot 'EUl1VEC; GUVEtOT\tOnOloucrav IlE TTJV Tpaycooia it J.lB tTJ ¢ltAocroq>ia ... TJ aa nsptoptctoous cro, «xouo Kat crov Werner Jaeger, \jIUxoAOYlKa a8EIlEAicoto OXTJ)la tOU «EUT\va av8pffinou}) nOD aYVOOUOE 'to Eyill ouv atoJ.lO Kat OEV it~EPB napa to Eyro «onv Tuzo»,

E' r K t hm 127 a'

« usu;», ypaq>B1 0 re sc er , «rono EtOUIlE ta

atcr8fl!la'ta ~ae; !lEO"a oro Eyro, !lEe; tOY E<,IutO l1a<;, EYill 0 xprotOyovo<; ru 1tpO~aUB1 crov E~ro'tEPtKO KOOIlO». MEon oro bU(O llaC; \jIUX1.KO c:nJcrtTJ!la, TEtOtEC; «1tpOpoAt<;» OSV IlnopOUV va KaVOUV napa !lOVO curci zoo 9BroPOUJ.lB \jIUxon:a8Etc;. Msco ouo»; O"E UAM:!. \jIUXtKtl GU0n1llata 1tOU EXouv VOJ.ltJlOnOtitoE1 Kat Kara,;1t:OOEl aurae; 'tt<; \jIUX1KeC; OUVUJ.lEl>; zoo EJ.lEiC;, ano TIl crK01tla ron 01KoU J.lac; ouotTtJ.la'tOC; \jIUX1lCtlC; 01lCOV0J.liac; Kat toopponiae;, 91::copoous ouv OUVUJ.lEte; Katacrra'ttKE~ tTJ<; VEuProcr11C; Kat tTle; 'l'UXCOOlle;, ol1Aaoit onv aVtt-KOlVCOVtKEe; ouvallEte;, Optousvot KOWroV1KOi geO"J.lOi. Kat AimoupyiE<; 1tapouoillt;ovrm cnv vn <l7totEA.OUV Evae; Slooe; «npoA.1l1t'tlKlt9>, OE 0- !1a01KfJ KAi!lIlKa, OBpanEiac; 'TIl<; «UT0J.ltKi)C;» VeDp<ocrt}<;· o Abraham Kardiner, zou sivor evae; axo rou; OBJ.lEAtro-

127 0 r~pJ..lO.v6<; wuxicttpo; 'Epvscr Kp&tCiJlEP (1888-1964) smxsipTJas ve O'1>O'XetiaSt UJ OU:l1tA.cwl1 tOU aWflUto; JlE UJv avepromVlllOtOO'UO'tllO'ia OtO ~tp;UO tOU Korperbau und Charakter (HitOO'l)O'tuole Kat xapa.Ktf]pru:;, 1921), a1t6 On:OU Kat to u1too:rraaf.U1 tOU ITa- 1ta'(wuwoo. (o.t.e.)

180

4lAINOMENOi\OrIA THI: EIlANM:TATIKHL MAZAl

'tee; 'tlle; ~ov'tspvac; «to''toptKi)e; \lfUxoAoyiae;», SXEt 3Ei-

t 128, ". r

..,Et 1tro<;, a1tevavn O'TIlV {(u't0IUKTJ» VEUproOT)1tOU czn-

£1 'tOY 3EO'~6 'tOU urouoo ~E TIlV xotvovtc, 11 9EO'~onoi11- 0'fJ 'tf]e; VEuproO'11e; ~O'a OE E>P11O'KEicc;, Mu90u<; K.'t.A. Ent'tpenEt oro a'tOJ.lO vo EKq>paO'El «KuVOVtKa», 311AuOfI KOlvrovlKa, 'tl<; veupomxsc 'too 'taO"Et<; Kat vc 3roO'Et S'tO'l mav Wtaitspo 3l)vu~tO'j..lO Kat ~ta Wtui'tSPll (J'tEpEO'tl1'ta Kat cS1apK£ta O'tt<; 0XSO£1<; rou urouou us TIlV opyavroj..lsVT] xotvoivic KUl ~E tOY npayj..lU'tlKO av9promvo KUt tO''tOptKO K60'j..l0. Ax6 j..lta 'tsrota crK01ttU 9u E~E'taO'OU~E Ul)nl 'tl1 3Ul01KUO'ia j..lS rnv ozotc j.tSC; rn ~a~u oAod11- pdrvovrut 6Ase; uU'tse; ot 'l'VXtK8.<; cSUVaj..lS1C; zou, (J'tl1V 1- oropuca npoooWptO'~Evll UtOlltKi) dlJ.laKa ~ta<; OE00J.lSVf]e; Kotvcoviac;, ~piO'KOVtat O'E j..lta anro911IlEvrt i) na90- AOY1Ka EKq>PUO"Il€.vrt )lOpq>i) ...

Ta apia TOJV IUTOP1KWV amaxdr« uxtueruv

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128 The individual and his Society. 1939: !Cap. Culture and Neurosis, 0". 413 x.s.

MAZA KAI Il:TOPIA

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129 B)'" L' Homme du Ressentiment; o. 117.

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132 «Notre modeste fonction, Aftl 0 Garcia oro Espoir tOU A. Malraux, c' est d' organiser I' Apccalypse».,; [H Tuxstvil ~ CmootOAlt UUvicrmtUl cro vc opyavooooJ,lS Tllv AXOKcUu'I'll (c.t.s.j.]

!33 0 repf,lCty6<; c:royyPIl<pta~ Epver tpov lliA.o~y (1902-1972), uta vtu'ra tOO UUI-lJ,lSlcixs svspya UTll 'YSPlUlvtKft uKp0c3~tU Kat !.pUAariUTllKE TO 1922 'YlO. TIl uul-lll&Toxfl tOU ern oOMxpovta TOU E~paioo uxoupyoU BcUtsp Pcrsvcoo crTI') UUYEx,stCt 7[pOO1ta9r)us vo a7[ootllm07totllSei €V j.tSPSl cm6 to VU~lunK6 K6flJ.W., 61t0)~ KUt 0 X{t'(vtSYKSP, au.a OSV ea U:ltoqroySl to eyKA.etu~ TOU us utpat61teoo ouYKtvrP(r)(jll~ ax6 TOU~ AIl&P1KayoU~ to 1945-46. :ETa tpya tOO Su xspt)'pa'l'Sl Il& 1Cl)vtu~ xm a:ltootacn07toiTJcrTJ TI')V xpooro:ltuol tau S~etpia troy npaStK07tl'Jfl6:TroY, Tl'J~ qroA(lJal~ Ka1 tCOY Utp!Xt07ttOIDV (o.r.s.).

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Tnv (lovva~iu 'tOD crKsnu~sl 0 uv8poo1t0e; Kuroo ano tfI ouvallll, 'tllv «u1t(i8s1(1)> (JlE 't1)v SWJlOAOY1~ Svvota 'tlle; USllC;, onO)~ tTJ XPfJat!1onotEi 11 KaeoAtKij EKKAllcria) K(1t

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