:

2012-2013


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, . 2003. " :
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, , , . 7-24.
, . 1989. " : ,
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8, . 4428-4435.
, . 2006. " :
", European University, (
2009) ' ,
( 2009) ([Link]
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,

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:


Wisconcin
Madison, U.S.A.

.
.... /

, ,
... , ,
,
. ,
"" (all purpose) .
Stephen Toulmin

Abstract
Comparative Education (CE) can be likened to a mosaic consisting of several pieces
of knowledge that do not constitute a clearly integrated pattern. Instead, the field
presents a collage of diverse trends, schools of thought, and methods. This article,
more than a summary of research, is also an effort to present the evolution of CE as an
episteme (a science) and to comment on its main theoretical, epistemological and
methodological orientations. Some basic observations concerning the development of
CE in Greece are also presented.

(), , -
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(Kazamias & Massialas, 1965,
Kazamias & Schwartz, 1977, , 1991, , 2001).
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2
, ,

(Le Thanh Khoi, 1981). ,
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(.
).
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2) ,

3) .
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.
1.

:
( , ,
, , )
(.. Ad-A1 -Rahman Ib Khaldun), (Calogiannakis, 1998),
(.. Sir William Petty
La Chalotais, Diderot Condorcet) - 19 , MarcAntoinejullien de Paris (Kazamias, 1961, Fraser, 1963, Palmer, 1993, ,
2002).
, -
: Marc-Antoine Jullien
Esquisse et Vues Preliminaires sur un ouvrage sur I'Education Comparee
19 (1817) Sir Michael Sadler
How far can we learn anything of practical value form the study of foreign systems
of education? 20 (1900).
, Marc Antoine Jullien de Paris (1775-1848), ,
,
, , , -

- ,
.
,

3
,
. Jullien
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(Kazamias, 1961, Fraser, 1963, Palmerv, 1993, , 2002).
, Michael Sadler (1861-1943),
, .

,
. Sadler
,

,
... ,
-
. , ,
... , ,
,
...

,
.... Sadler
- ,
/ ,

(Kazamias & Massialas, 1965, Noah & Eckstein, 1969,
Le Thanh Khoi, 1981, , 1998).

, Isaac Kandel (1881-1965),
, ,
1930-1955. - -
: Comparative Education (1933) The New Era in Education
(1955). Kandel
(Bereday, 1966, Kazamias & Schwartz, 1970, Kazamias & Schwartz, 1977)

4

, ,
,
. ,
,
,
(Kazamias & Schwartz, 1977, , 1998).
Kandel
, . ,

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(forces) ....
, ...

,
(Kandel, 1933,1955).


, , 1960 ,
, C. . Anderson P.
Foster, . J. Bowman.

(pre-science) (science), (Noah & Eckstein, 1969). ,
'
1955,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
(Kazamias & Massialas, 1965, Kazamias & Schwartz, 1977).
2. ,


: ) ) -/
.
-
,
, . , , ,

,
, /
.

5
/ -
.

Michael Sadler Isaac Kandel, Nicholas
Hans, Friedrich Schneider Robert Ulich.
-
,
. Kandel, ,
,
.
,
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,
(, , ,
), , , ,
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, (intangible) ,
. Hans ..
,
,

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. : (, ,
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(, , ).
III: - (secular), (-,
, ). Hans :
, ,
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(factors) ,

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:

6

,

, .
( )
()
(Hans, 1949, .9-11).

(understanding) :
,
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(meliorists). ,
,
, - ,
.

. (, 2002)
.
, (
, , '
), ,
.

.
,
, ,
, , Marc Bloch,
Barrington Moore, Charles Tilly, Marion Levy, Clifford Geertz, Immanuel
Wallerstein, Reinhardt Bendix, Neil Smelser, Max Weber, C. Wright Mills ,
, Theda Skocpol (Kazamias, 2001).

(Kazamias, 1963). P. Foster
(1965) . (1966),
, , ()
. Shipman
(1971) . Carnoy (1974),
. .
Archer (1979), , .
Wallerstein (1974),
.
-
(, 2002),
, ,
:

7
.
- Charles Tilly, (retrospective),
(prospective) ,

. '
Brian Holmes ( Holmes
/retrodiction,
Isaiah Berlin), (Holmes, 1965). , ,

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,

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, . , Karl Popper,
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Wallerstein, -
Neil Smelser, -,
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, ) . ,
Max Weber, .
, '
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,
, (Epstein, 1983).

,
.
-
: -,

(problem approach),
(world-systems approach J. Meyer F.
Ramirez).
, : Anderson Foster
1960, Brian Holmes
, Noah Eckstein

8
Columbia University, . ( )
J. Myers Stanford.
-

, : (abstraction), (
), () , ,
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Holmes, Karl Popper
/ post -relativity science- ,
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1950
1960: (Talcott Parsons
Robert Merton), -
(. Schultz, F. Harbison J. Myers),
(. Levy, D. Lerner, W. Rostow D. McLelland),
Princeton (Coleman, I. La
Palombara, G. Almond [Link]), , ,
(David Easton). ,
( ,
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.

, .
,

9
(social context). , ,
(patterns)
() ,
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. , Anderson (1961)
, - (intra-educational)
- -
(educational-societal),
.
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Foster (1965)
,
(
),
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)
(functional
equilibrium) ,
, .
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(
- -
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),
(context)
,
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(Kazamias & Massialas, 1982).
- , ,
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), , (consensus-oriented),
(ahistorical). ,

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(reductionism)-
.

.

Noah Eckstein (1969),
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. , Noah Eckstein

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10
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(Noah &
Eckstein, 1969, .112.). , ,

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Noah Eckstein
1950,
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,

(Kazamias & Schwartz, 1977, .174, Kazamias, 2001, .445 ).
(problem approach)
Brian Holmes, - ,
:
(predictive
social science).
,

(postrelativity science). Holmes
: +=, = ( )/ =
( ) = .
, , ,
(unconditionality)
- (pre-relativity empirical science),
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11
(J. S. Mill, H. Spencer, .
Marx). ,
(..
, ),

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(context), , ,
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, , - ,
, (tentative)
(conditional),
. , Brian Holmes
(Holmes, 1965, .30),
(test). -
Holmes, - Noah Eckstein,
,
,
(Holmes, 1965, .30). , ,
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, , ,

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NoahEckstein . ,
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(tentative), , ,
Holmes, . ,
Popper, ,
(unintended consequences)
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Holmes, Popper,

(, 1991, , 2000, & ,
2001).

12


. ,
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-
(Broadfoot, 2000, Kazamias, 2001, , 2002, , 2000,
, 2002).
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(Kazamias, 2001).

3.


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13
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1980 1990 ,

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1988, 1990, 1991, 1993 ('
2001), 1997 (' 2000), 1998,
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14
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.

15

16

Anderson, C.A. (1961) Methodology of Comparative Education, International Review

of Education, VII, 1-23.
Anweiler, O., Kuebart, L. et al. (1987) (. .. )
: , ,
.
Archer, . (1979) Social Origins of Educational Systems, Beverly Hills: Sage
Foundations.
Bereday, G.Z.F. (1966) I. L Kandel, Comparative Education, Vol. 2,147-159.
Broadfoot, P. (2000) Comparative Education for the 21st century: retrospect and
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Carnoy, M. (1974) Education as Cultural Imperalism, David McKay, New York.
Debesse, M. - Mialaret, G. (.) (1984) (. . )
, .3, , , ,
.
Epstein, E.H. (1983) Currents Left and Right: Ideology in Comparative Education,
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Hans, N. (1949) Comparative Education. A Study of Educational Factors and
Traditions, London, Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
, . (1982) ,
,5/3/82.
, . (1982) . ,
,2/4/82.
, . (1984) .
. : , .3, , ,
, 11-20.
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17
Kazamias, A.M. & Massialas B.C. (1982) Comparative Education, Encyclopedia of
Educational Research.
, . (1991) : ,
, - -,
, , 7.
, . (2000) : -.

, 2000 (
).
Kazamias, . (2001) Re-inventing the Historical in Comparative Education:
reflections on a protean episteme by a contemporary player, Comparative Education,
vol. 37, no.4/1, 439-449.
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, ,
.... ( ), 1/1.
, . (1998) ,
, , , . . .
, . (1998) . Sadler - I. Kandel - . Hans
, , ,
Gutenberg.
, . (2002) , ,
, .
, . (2002) 21 :
, , ,
', (. .
, . , . ), , , 337-347.
, . (2002)
20 . : . (.) ,
1 , , 28-30
2000, , Gutenberg, 291-312.
, . (2002) 21 .
,
26 2002
: .
.
Kandel, I. L (1933) Comparative Education, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co.
Kandel, I. L (1955) The New Era in Education: A Comparative Study, Boston,
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Le, Thanh Khoi (1981) L'Education Comparee, Paris, Armad Colin.
, , , ., , ., -, . &
, . (.) (1988) , ,
, Gutenberg.
, . (1997 2000) ,
, .
, . (.) (2001) ,
, ,
, .
, . (.) (1990) II.
, , Gutenberg.

18
, . (.) (2000) - ,
. , , Gutenberg.
, . (.) (2001, ' 1993) III,
, ,
, Gutenberg.
, . & , . (2001)
: . : III, [Link],
.57-92.
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, ) , ( . )
, , .
, . (2000) ,
, , Master ,
, , .
Wallerstein, I. (1974) The Modern World-System, New York, Academic Press.

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Hans, N. (1958). Comparative education: A study of educational factors and
traditions. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

14

Kandel, I. (1955). The new era in education: A comparative study. Boston: Houghton
Mittlin.
Noah, H. & Eckstein, M. (1969). Towards a science of comparative education.
London: Macmillan.
Sadler, M. (2000).
. , .,
. , . 313-322. : ,.

.
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Education, Springer International Handbooks of Education Series. Dordrecht:
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Phillips, D., Schweisfurth M. (2008). Comparative and International Education: an
introduction to theory, method and practice. London: Continuum

.
, . (2000), . :
. : .......
(2007). . :
- ,
. : .......
, . (.) (2000). - . : Gutenberg.
, . (.) (2005). :
(3 ).
: Gutenberg.

.
. (1993). .
,
. : , :
". , . 27-28, 1992, . 234-255 . 29-30, .
187-213.

15

 . (2010). .
. , . 14,
. 17-30.
, . (1995), :

. : , . 40-72.
, .. (2002). - :
. , .1, . 9-22.

.


,

Comparative Education Review Comparative and International
Education Society .
Comparative Education ( Routledge)
Compare British Association for
International and Comparative Education
Current Issues in Comparative Education (CICE)
Teachers College, Columbia University.
Tertium Comparationis Journal fr International und Interkulturell Vergleichende
Erziehungswissenschaft , Waxmann
Revista Espanola de Educacion Comparada / Spanish Journal of Comparative
Education Sociedad Espaola de Educacin Comparada (SEEC)
National University of Distance Education (Universidad Nacional de Educacin a
Distancia-UNED)

16