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Richard Risenberg [Link] [Link].

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11. 144
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150
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 V

1.
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292

295
-
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304

5.

,
5.1
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6.

332

6.1 -
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6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5

7.

334
7.1
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7.7
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340
8.1
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8.8
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14

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16

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2.1

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[Link] r
x

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dl

()

[Link]

dl
. 2.1 ()
()

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x . 2()
,
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l2
l1.
l1 l2
,
1
(1=l1/x) 1
2 (2=
l2/x) 2 .

(, )
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2.2

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()

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1/10 .
()
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17

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18

3.

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()
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3.1

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8-9 m.
1518 m ( )
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3.5

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19

4.

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20

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, : ()

(500 g/m3) ()
, ()


() (
).
()

1974-1976,
8 mm
,

, ,
.


.
: () 30-35 MPa
( ),
1500 kg/m3 ( 2400 kg/m3
)
400 kg/m3.),
0,50 kcal/mhco ( 1,40 kcal/mhco
),

( ).

,

.

21

5.
,

Will Roges,

5.1

2500 ..

, , .

800 ..
.

,

,

1824
Joseph Aspdin

5.3
600 .
, . .

Portland.

, ,

12.000.000 ..
, .

300 ..
( )
Pozzouli
.

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75
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6500 ..
5500 . .

Danube.
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5.4 /
17

3.000 ..
Gansu .
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17 . 1300

.
22

1871-75 ,
.

1678 Joseph Moxon

.

beton
( ).

:
1779 John Smeaton,
1780 Bry Higgins,
1796 James Parker,
1818 Maurice St. Leger,
1822 James Frost.

1883
: Beton in
combination with iron as a building material, ,
,


.

5.5 , ,

1824 Joseph Aspdin Leeds

.

()
. Portland
Portland
.
.

.... Edison.
Edison, .
1902

, 1908

.

1848 Jean-Louis Lambot

(ferrocement).
1854 William Wilkinson,


.

5.7
- /
,

,
.

1867 Joseph Monier

.
1884 Earnest L. Ransom

.

.
1848 Jean-Louis
Lambot

(ferrocement) Carlo Gabellini
1980

5.6

,
,
William Wark Chester

23

Liguria, 1917
.

River 2003,
.
.
.

5.8
/

N.K.
Fougner. N.K. Fougner
1917
Namsenfjord.

, ( ,
5.3, ), ,
,
.

.

7500 Selma Alabama
.
5590 psi
3.306.000 psi.

1919,
, 1920

,

.

.
.

1967-1969
Houston . 218 m 52
.
. 1840
kg/m3 42 MPa (
2400 kg/m3 16-20 MPa
).

,
.

1942
.

35
18 m .

.
17
18 m.

,
.
.

, Atlantus and the history of
concrete ships Connie Kelly 2001
Hulks: The Breakwater Ships of Powelle

1. [Link]: Reinforced concrete: Preliminary Design

for Architects and Builders, McGraw-Hill 1992

24

6. A brief History of Concrete Ships //Concrete [Link]

7. Rilem Symposium on Lightweight Concrete, Budapest,
1967

2. Steiger, Richard W., "The History of Concrete,"

Concrete Journal, July 1995
3. World Wide Web page: The Portland Cement
Association Online://[Link]
4. World Wide Web page : SS. Selma,Reviving Memories,
by Richard Steiger
5. The World of Ferro-Cement Boats ://www.
[Link]

8. First International Congress on Lightweight Concrete,

London, 1968

25

26

27

1.


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...). ,
.

1.1

.


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1.2

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1
1

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() ..

28

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2.

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.

2.2

2.1 +

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.

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, ...)

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..)

. 2.2

29

( ):
.. .

.
. M.

.
N.

.
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.

g,G,q,Q (
)
.

2.3

.
, V.

,
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mT, MT ( ):

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( 10-30
). .

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(, ,
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(..
).

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Q, q.

. 2.3 () ,
() ()

.
,
( ).

2.4

mT MT .

30

,
1

G
1

()

. .
.

1-1
G

( )
.

2
2-2

()

MT = G.

2.7

. 2.4

, 1
. 6() (
2), ,

1 . 6()
, 1.

..



..
(. .3 4).

,

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T.

2.5

( )
, , , , ...,
,

(, ..),
.

1
1

2.6

, :

2
2

. 2.5 :
1: ,
1: ,
2:

31

2.6 () ,
()

2
1

3. H
S R
, ,

, , .

, .

3.1 :

S (Sustained)
, .

-
s= MR

R
(Resistance)
.

Ms = P.l/4
. 3.1

MR = 1.b.h2/6
(. 12.5)

s MR

, : Ns, Vs, Ms
Ts NR,VR, MR TR.

3.2 :

3.3
-

H

, ( , , ) ,
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32

(. . 2):

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Ns

( -
)


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(Force) .


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3() 3().

Vs

(
)


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Py
Rx

3.4

Ry

Py

[Ns]

[Ts]

[vs]

.

.
.

[Ms]
:
Ns = Rx Px
s = Py.

.
O

Vs = Ry -Py
s = T - Py.

. 3.2 ()

33

NR

,

.

MR

(
), .
.
.

VR
,

,

TR

, .
.
(
) .

()

s
[]

[]

[NR]
()

Vs

[]

[]

[VR]

Ms

()
[]

Ts

[Ts ]
VR = F y

[]

()

[]
MR = Fxt.z

[R]

[]

[FT]

[TR]

TR = Fh.h + Fb.b

. 3.3 , ,
() , () () ()

34

4



. .
.

4.1

max NR, max VR, max MR
max TR.

.

.


.
N

4.2

.
.

K
l

,
.

()

()

. 4.1
()
()

,

.

u
NRu, VRu, MRu TRu.

f
(festigkeit)
.

,
. 1,
N - l, V - , - -
, , , ,
l, ,
.

= /

l
=b.h

- (
)
-.

=l/l
()

, ,
,

.

1/R
()

. 4.2
()
()

35

, -
.

1 = dl1/dl.
. 3()
:

- - 1/R, ,
. 2,
l/l 1/R
.
H 1/R ,
. 3, R
,

.
H 1/R
(1/R=./l2)
1
2
:
1/R = (1 + 2) / h

d = dl/R = [Link]/x = [Link]/(h-x) = (1+2)/h

:

1/R = (1+2)/h

(1)

-
(
, ,
).

= N/A

h:

. 3()
dl ,
. 3()
.

=b.h

= l/l

= l/l

()

()

. 4.4 [-] () ,
()
dl
d
[Link]

2/x=dl.1/(h-x)

[Link]

dl

. 4.3

()

4.7

d = dl/r
R

()

,
.

=>

d=dl.(2+1)/(x+h-x) =>
1/R = (1+2)/h (1)

,
,
,
, ,
, .

()

1/R
1 2

To
[-] (.
. 2).

. 3(),
dl dl2 2,

2 = dl2/dl 1 dl1

36

,
[-] =fc/3

( fc ).

(stiffness)

[-1/R]
(. . 2).

.
,

.

: K = M / (1/R)

.

: K = E.J
(E: , J: ).

,
,

,
. 4.

:
,
[-]

37

5. :
3, : ()

() ,
.
.

13.1

( - )

.

( ), *

,

() .

(1)
:
S = R Ru

S Ru

(1)

(), .

:
S :
R:
Ru:

5.3

(1)
.

5.2

S = R Ru ,
VS = VR VRu ,

MS = MR MRu ,
Ts = TR TRu

:
S, MS, VS T s
, ,
, .

, , S = R
( )
,
.

R, MR, VR TR ,
, ,
, .

_______________________

5.4 :

Ru, MRu, VRu TRu , ,

, .

:

(
S R)

( = ).

38

5.6

, ,
, ,

.

,
, ()

.

5.5
. 1


,

, , ,
, ( ),
.

MRu


.

. 1,

,
.

g
g+q
g
g+q

MRu

()

Ms =MRu
()

MRu
. 5.2
() ()

. 5.1

39

6.

: ()
()
.
:
( .)
,
.

6.1 ()

, ,
(
)
.

, ,
, , .
()
:

q = 1.5 q,

g = 1.35 g,
c = 1.50 fc /

s = 1.15 fs .

6.3

,


d (design):

.6.1


( )

,

.

.

gd = 1,[Link]
qd = 1,[Link]
fcd = fck/1,5
fsd = fsk/1,15
O k
.

6.2

,
,

40

5%.

6.4

(
) , . , , ,


.

()

:
Sd = Rd Rdu

(2)

:
NSd = NRd NRdu

6.6
()

MSd = MRd MRdu

VSd = VRd VRdu

(..
)

.

Tsd = TRd TRdu

(2)

..
qk = 5.0 kN/m2 (5 100 kg
1m2),
, , ,

,
.

:
R R (3)

wR wR (4)

(2)
:

, .R,
,
.wR .
R wR
.

().

6.5

(3) (4) : ;E
.

41

7.
. 5.1
.
.

.

.
.

7.1

:

c c
s s

.
R
.

7.3
:

R.

1. O
.

15.2

2.
.



.

:
1.
:


.

2.
.
.



.

(
)

3.

: c s

3.

.

4.

sd, Nsd ,Vsd sd .

4.


, .

5.
, ..
MRdu.

N, M, V , T, . 5.3.

5.
.

42

8. KAI O
8.1

8.2

,
,
.

:

. .
.

.
,

,
.

:

.
. .

,
,


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,
.
:

.
.

43

44

. ,

1.


.
(
) 3: .
.

1.1

,

,

() .

(..
1/20 ),

.

, ..
,
,
.

( )

,
.


:

. 2
1-2 . 3
1-2
. 1.


.

. 1.1

,
, ,

.

2
1
2
1

. 2 1-2 . 3
1-2
.

. 1.2
1-2

45

. ,

,

(
).

,
,
.

. 1.3
1-2
:

( , :

oo

. 1.4

() ,
. 4,

:

,
. 2 3,
.

:
.

, ,
,
.

.
:
.
, . 4,
.

l1 = 5.0 m

, ,

.

l2 = 5.0 m

. 1.5 1-2
1-2

()
,
.

,
2 3.

46

. ,

2.


, . .
, ,
3: .

2.1

, .
2.6.

.
.

2.3.1
:

,
.

.


.

2.2
-

:

:


, ,
.

1.


.

2.
.
:

oo

2.3

. 2.1

, , -

47

. ,

,
1 . 2.
, ,
1.

1
1

( ,
), 1
. 3 2,
.

1
,
2 .
(
) .

(
3: .

. 2.2 1 1
1

2.3.2 *

:
.*

. 2.3

,
1 2 . 3,
, .
.

2
1
1
2

___________________
*
.

. :
h
,
, (
h3), 1/30 .
, ,
20 cm 30 cm .


() ()
().

48

. ,

,

, . 6

.

2.4

:
1.

()
() ,
.6.

2.
:

Vs

(
)


.

Py

Rx

Ms





.

Py

Ry

[Ns]

[Ts]

[vs]

2.4.1

[Ms]
:

, ,




, .
5().

Ns = Rx Px
s = Py.

Vs = Ry -Py
s = T - Py.

. 2.4
P

,
. 5().

2.4.2

V1 + V2 = P
V1 = P. / l ,

V1.l - P. = 0
V2= . / l

=>

()

l/2

l/2

V1 = V2= P/2

. 2.5 ()
()

49

()

. ,

+
l

dV = [Link] (2)

=>

V/q = x (2)

H , ,
,
V

,
(1) (2):

. 2.6

2.5 M,V,q

max M = 1/2.V 2/q,

V
.

VA :
max M.

dx
q
M

M+dM
A

x = VA / l

q
VA

V,dx dM
=
. 2.7

2.5.1

. 2.8 maxM, V q

2.6

+dM , . 7,

dx ,
V
[Link]
:

Vdx = dM (1) => V = dM/dx (1)

(1) :

50

.
(
) ).

. ,

51

. ,

2.7
,
.
, .

.
.

1.
q1

q2

q3
= - q3.l32/2

l1

l2

MB =

l3

-(q1.l13+q2.l23) - M.l2 J1 =J2

8( l1 + l2)

2(l1+l2)

(O M )

2.
3.
(.. )
,
MAB = q1.l12/8 +(MA+MB)/2

(O M )

MB = q2.l22/8 +(M+M)/2
maxMAB = MA+ VA2 /(2q1 )

max MAB MAB

maxM = M+ V2 /(2q2 )

maxMB MB

( ) .

( ) (
) ( )


.
q.
V/q.
= VA/q1

VA

VB

VB

VA= 0,5 g1.l1 - ( M- M) / l1

V= 0,5 g1.l1 - (M- M) / l1
V= 0,5 g2.l2 - (MB- M) / l2
V

V= 0,5 g2.l2 - (M- M) / l2

V= g3.l3 (O M )
52

. ,

3.

3.1

,
, ,

.

(
).

, . 1
2,
()
.

3.2

s 1
G. T
2.

:
3.

4.
, .
.

1-1

()

..
, G 2
. 1.

..


..
.

()

MT= G.

1
1

,
mT, .

2-2

. 3.1 () G
() MT

G . 2
1 G,
2 G
= G., 1
G
s= G..

G
1

,
. 3.

. 3.2

53

. ,

-
mT
s
.

:
()
,
, ,
,
1 2 . 2
G

-
mT

.

A
1

. 3.3 H 1 ()

[]

()
, . 4.

[]

G1
G2

22

. 3.5 1 2

,

( )

,
. 6 ( -).

. 3.4 3
2

3.3 :

1
, 2


2
1.

:

MT
,
. 5.

54

. ,

. (..
).

3.4

22

,
,
().
,
. 7,

.

[]

[]

MT

. 3.6 1
2

[s]

mT

[s]

MT

,


,

[s]
. 3.7

55

. ,

4.

O ,
.
.
. .

.

4.1 :
-

,
. 1) 2
, .

, . 3,

[] [].
. 1 2,

.


.

Msd

Msd

()
(.
)

Msd
[]

[]

. 4.1

, []
[]
.

[-] [-]
, .

[]

[]

, ,
[] [].
,
.

. 4.2

56

. ,

{]

()

[]

[]

..
MR.

[]

()

f
(festigkeit) ,

.

()

. 4 3 () [-]
,
() () [] []

4.4 R

l
. 5 ,

s .

, []
.
, , . 3(), ,
[-]
, . 3(),
.

l.
, ,
.

4.2 :

, Fc Ft (F: Force,
c: compression, t: tension)
,
. 4.

NR =.

[]

[]

. 4.5 ,

z
[]

=/

Fc

[]

l =l/l

Ft

. 4.4 [], []
F

NR.
: NR = b.h.c

4.3 :
.

4.5 MR

Fc Ft
NR ,

57

. ,

s ,
. 6.

Ft
z ,
R = Ft .z.

l2
l1 ( 1
).

()
:
Ft = 0,5b.(h/2).t

z = 2/3.h

MR = 0,5b.(h/2).t .2/3.h = (b.h2/6). t = W. t

(W )

[Link] r
x

4.6 Ru
Ru

dl

[Link]

. 4.6

H .
4.4 NR
c
fc.

dl

1 .

: NRu = [Link]

2 = l/x 2 1=l2/x 1
2 2
1 1 ,
.4, Fc

H .
4.5 MR
t
ft.
: MR = W. ft

58

. ,

5.

5.1 1

.

:
:
:

5.2 2

, .

: .
: .
: .
, , ,
.
: , 180,
( .
y).

59

. ,

5.3 3
, .
: 40/40 cm.

3,0

1 30/60

1 30/60

3,0

1
20

1
20

4,0

4,0

1 30/60

1 30/60

30/6025/50

30/6025/50
2,0

3,0

1
20

3,,0

1
20

2
20

2,0
6,6

6,6

3,15

3,15

1
20

1-1 ( ):

2-2 1-2

60

. ,

5.4
.
Gd=100 kN

Gd=50 kN/m

2,0

MT=20 kNm

5,0

Gd=50 kN

2,0

Msd
MA = 100.2,0 + 50.2,02 /2

= 300 kNm

MB = 50.2,0 + 50.2,02 /2

= 200 kNm

MAB = 50 x 8,02/8 - (300 +200 )/2 = 150 kNm

;e Vsd
V.= 100+50.2,0

= 200 kN

VA.= 0,5.50.8,0 +(300-200)/8,0 = 212,5 kN

VB. = 0,5.50.8,0 +(200-300)/8,0 = 187,5 kN
VB.= 50 +50.2,0

= 150 kN

: x = 212,5/50 = 4,25m
=>
max MAB = (100 +200 )/2 . 2,0 + 212,5 .4,25/2 =152,5 kNm
sd
= = 20/2 =10 kNm

61

. ,

Gd=100 kN

Gd=50 kN/m

2,0

MT=20 kNm

Gd=50 kN

2,0

5,0

300

200
[M]

300

200

100
242

150

10
10

50
[V]

[T]

62

ME

63

64

ME

1.

, .

.
, ,
, .
, ..
, ,
.

, .
, .
1(),

,

,


.

1.1
,
(
)
. .

To



.

Q2

Q1
A

,

, , ,
. 1(),
.

Q1

()
Q1

()

,

.

. 1.1
()
() ..

, ,


,



.

, .
.

65

ME

1.3

1.2 (
)

,
,
: ,
( ).

,

, ,
. 2, (
)

( ) .

() (

.

1.4


,

.
,

, ,
, . 2,

-
.

(
)

, , ,
,

,
, ,
.

()

. 1.2

()
()

1.5
,

( ),

, . 3,
,

.

,
,

.

, ,

.

,
,
,
, . 2,

.

[]

. 1.3

66

ME

2.

, , 7,
,
.
.


, .
.

. , , .

2.1

.

,
.

1,5 m

.
. 2

. 1.


, . 1()

,
,
. 3,4 5.

,
,

, .

, ,
. 2, .


() , ..

,
.
,

(
).

2
1

3
2

4
3

2
8
1

10

11

12

. 2.2

. 1.

. 2.1

67

ME

,
.

, ,
. 3, ,
( ) ..
,
-
.

-
7 9 m (
), . 4.

15 m, ,
,
16,
. . .
16.4.

. 2.3

,
.

-
. 2.5

.2.4

,
,
, ..
.

,
7, () ,
.

.

- .

, 3,
,
, ,
, .

2.2


,
.

2.3

()
, .

(
)

68

ME

.

, ,
() . 5,

,
().

.
.

() .6
().




:

()

()

()

()

()

()

. 2.6 () () ,
() ()
..

()

. 2.7
()
()
() .

,
,
. 6(),
.

69

ME

3.
.
.
.

().

.

3.1

,
, .

K3 (30/30)
416

K2 (30/30)
416

1:50.


, .1.

8/16

8/16
K1 (30/30)
416

:


().

8/8
C20/25 S500s
:
8?15
/:
8/10

,
().


.

.........
.........
....2

,
.

. 3.1

(
).

3.2
-

4

,
.. , , ..

:


: : :
:

. 1 2 3, 1, 2,
3,. . 2().

,
, . 2().

K4 (30/30)
416

70

ME

,
. 3,

, ,

.

, .
3().

1 1, , 1
,1-2 3 -,2 ...

3.3

:
1

2
1

3
2

4
3

3
()

()

()

. 3.3 () , ()
, ()
1

4
:

, .. 416,
. , .. S500,
,
. 1.

,
,
,
, :

, 3.2 ()
()

90 .

:



, . 1.

90 .

, .
,
,
,
, ...

()

,

,

.. (

).

()

. 3.4 () ,
()

71

ME

.


( ) (
), .4.
,
. 4
.

72

212

8/20

416

. 3.5


1:10, 1:5,
,
.

,
A

73

1. -

,
( ).

1.1 -

()
fsk, fck Ma.

c (concrete, compression ) ,
s (steel, sustained ) ,
t (tension, tief), , ()
b ( breit )
h ( height )
A ( area )
w (web) , (),
l (length, longitudinal) ,
R (reaction) [ ]
d (depth, design) ,
x
z
[ ]

F (festigkeit) [ ]
y (yield) [ ]
F ( force)
M (moment)
V (vertical)
N (normal)
T (torsion )

A

:
: S400, S500 ( )
S220 ( , o
).
: St I
( S220) St III (
S400.
: C12/15 ( )
C16/20
C20/25 C25/30 C30/35 C35/40 C40/45, ..

(28 ) (
15 cm 30 cm)
15 cm.

160, 225 300 350 (

kp/cm2).

50 kp/cm2 10 (
).

s2

.. 300 (300-50)/10 => C25

g,G
q,Q
c:

Asw

1.3
d1

b
:
fcd :

sd :
s : ()
gd :

VRd :
Asw :
As1 : 1
As2 : 2

: ()


. k.

s1

:

.
k.
T ():


(1,35 1,50
).
d.
(
) :

(1,50 1. 15
). d.

1.2 Y
C
S
74

, ,

1. ,


,
. ,
.

1.2

1.1 /

H f (festigkeit)
,
.

*
C/, ..

,
,
, ..
,
, ,
.

C12/16, C16/20, C20/25, C25/30, C30/35.

C12/16
.
:

, ,
.

C Concrete
( )

,
(-)
, .

MPa
( 15
cm 30 cm)
( 15 cm) .

1.2



,
:

, .. C20,

.
*:
160, 225 300 350 .

Beton (
)

kp/cm2
20 cm.

, ,
.



.

_______________________

, . 1, ,
,

*
50 kp/cm2 (
, 10 (
).
.. 300 (300-50)/10 => C25

75

, ,

, .

25 ,
(
)
( ).

,

(
).

28
.


, . 2,
.

,

, .

. (

).

, , ,
, .

(
) .

76

, ,

2.


:

2.1

slump brams.

2.250 kg/m3
2400 kg/m3.

:

25

( Abrams).

,
.
-

:
3100 kg/m3
1000 kg/m3
2700 kg/m3).

,
. 1.

.

( )
2500 kg/m3.
()
,
,
,


.

. 2.1

5% (
).

2.2

. :
( )


.

, ,

.

,
,
..

0 cm (
-

77

, ,

.
5%
.

, )
20 cm,
( Tremy).

k.

10 cm.

T fcd:

c =1,50

(.
) .

d.
.

(,
. 2.3,


).

2.2.2

. :

,
,
(
..).

*.


( C25)
.
*:

( )

,
, .

fcd = fcdk/1,5

.

()
,

28 .

2.3 fc

1.

40% (

).
, , .

2.2.1
fc
:

_______________________

fck

*
.

78

, ,

,
.

,
. 2().

.

, , , , .

2.5

, ,


,
. 3.

2.4 fct


:

fct 1/12. fcc

. 2.3 -
()

[-] .

,
.

, .

, . 2().

v1

v1 > v2
v2

()

. 2.4 v [c c]

()

. 2.2
() ()

. 4:

79

, ,

(),
.

2.5.1 [c c]

,

. 5.

,
[-]
,
[-] = fc/3

( fc ).

fck

,
. 6.

fcd

2.0 o/oo
< 0.02
0.02

3.5 o/oo

16.000 Pa
35.000 Pa.

c= 1000 fcd (1-250)

c= fcd

. 2.5 T [c c]

, :

[-]
.

c = 9500 fc,

c fc MPa

.
l

2.6

= N/A

To
[-] (.
. 6).

=b.h

= l/l

. 2. 6

(
) .
.

2.7

2% .

[-]

,

( )

80

, ,

, ,
3,5 %.

.

.

2,0%
3,5%






.

:
cs = 5 8. 10 -4
2.8.2

2.8 :

,
-
. (
, - ).
. , :

.1
,

cc (c:
creep),
, , :

,

2.8.1

c
,

, .

c.

()

( ) () .

, :

cs

:

cc = . c = .c/c.

()

:
:

(

.)

:
= 2 3

(
)

,
:

.

( )
.

()

81

, ,

, :

,

, . .

o ,
,
,

c , [. ()]
cc
,
cs
.

, ,


.

, ,
, .
2.8.3

2.8.4 -

. 7.
. 8,
cc

. 7.7

:

( :
),.

( : )

( :
).

50%
,

,
.

- .
cc

c1

c2

c1 > c2> c3
c3
t

, :

. 7.8
c
cc

82

, ,

90%

.

2.9.1

, , .

.
.
,
( ) :


.
:
.
2.9

,

,

.

2.9.3

, .

(

)
(
)

:

,
(
)
( ).

,



.
2.9.2

400 kg/m3 0.40

30 MPa 6
40 Ma 24 ( 80%
).

83

, ,

T , (
) ( )
-

(
).

1970

,


.
2.9.4

2.4 ()

1)
,
.

/ :

2)

( 8-10 cm
5-7 cm).

.

.
.

CO2
(. HCO3 )
CaOH2 CaCO3
.

PH
,


.

:


.
,

(0.1%).
,
(
)

:
()

.

()

84

, ,

3. ,

3.1

mm, .. 16.

As1, (A: Area

s: steel)
.

As2 .

S220 ( )
S500 ( ).

( ), . 2,
Sl (l: longitudinal).

S ( Steel)

MPa.

S400.

3.2

(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3)

,
:

(1)

..
.
.

(2)

(3)

(4)

. 3.2

(
),
. 1.
As2

(
, ):

( ).
.. .

S220

As1

. 3. 1

.
7 cm
( ) 25 cm (

6mm
30mm.

85

, ,

).

3mm
6 mm

() 5 30 mm.

( ) ( ,
).

Sw (web: )
Sw.

, ,
.

. . 4
.

3.3

7800 kg/m3.

()

fs :

()

. 3.3 ()
()
212

As2

fsk

Y T fsd.

c =1,15

sw

fsd = fsd/1,15
-

20

-
.
. 6()
.

8/20

As1 414

. 2.4
:

fs,max
fsy

:
, . 5().
.

fsy

()

()

. 3. 6 -
() ()
()

()

. 6().

. 3. 5 () ()

86

, ,

H Y
:

, , :

Y = fs / s

s= 200.000 a.

4.

4.3

4.1

.

,

Fsd
.

,
,
,

.

,
.

(.. ), (.

).

( )
( )

.

4.2

.

()

()

()

(
).

(.. )
.

. 4.1

() A
()

,
. 1(),

(.. )
.

87

, ,

,

.

,

, , ,

.

() bd = fbd (fbd
, b) (1) (2):

Fsd = Fbd => [Link] = bd . . .lAB =>

.2/[Link] = bd...lAB =>

/[Link] = [Link]

. 2

.

lAB = lbnet = /4. sd / fbd

(2)

,
. s fsy,

(


) ()
. lb
(3):

d
Fsd..
d Fsd
()
,
Fb

b..

lb= /4. fsd /fbd

(3)

lbnet
lb (4):
lbnet = [Link]/fsd

Fb = b . . .lAB

(4)

(1)

sd

H

( ) sd
Fsd

sd = 4/. fbd .lAB

lAB
, lbnet

4.4

()

1:

(
)

B Fsd

2:

.

Fbd

.4.2

( ).

88

, ,

, , ,
. 3:


( ).

()

()

(
).
(
S220) (
).

. 4.3

89

, ,

5.

.
. ,
.

5.1

. 1.

,

.
*,

. 11.

5.2 , ,
, .
, ,


.

, , ,
,
.

.

,

,
, . 2

. 5.1

4

.

( )
, .. .

( )
.

. 5.2

A (
o
).
, , .

90

, ,

, ,
(
h3), 1/30
.

,
.

,


,

(
)

.

()

5.3
l/h < 2,
, -
- , (, , .)
.
()

( l/h < 1)
.

()

. 5.3
() ()

25 30 cm
20 cm .
, ..
35 40cm
.

()

. 5.4 ()
()

()
()

.

,
,

2.

91

, ,

6.

.
.
1m.
.

6.1

, l q.

, ,
( ), 1 2 . 1
2(), .

,
. 1,
.
1 , 2
. 2 .

6.2
, . 2()
2() ().

( ) .

[M]

6.3

. 6.1 i

, 4
. 3 5 . 4, .

qy
2

()

()

4
()

qx

. 6.2 ()
() ()

()

()

. 6.3 ()
()

(
)

.

92

, ,

(
)
.
, . 4,
.

, x y:
lx qx
ly qy (qx + qy = q).

6.4 -


ly/lx 2,
6 . 5,


.
()
(
.

6.5
.
, . 6,
.

. 6.4

(),
. 3(),
,
.

6.6 -


lx/ly 4


- (
).

. 6.6

. 6. 5
()


.

. 6.7

93

, ,

6.7

.

2.

,


.

, ..
. 9,
.

qy

,
4 . 9, , . 9,

.
q

q
1

qx

3
-

qx

1
3

. 6.8

,
. 8.

-
qy

- -,

. 6.9

94

95

1.
1.1

( , , ..)
(
).

.

* :
d lo / 30

(d = h - 0.02 m) , lo = .l

lo
( ).

5.1.2

. 1.

1 m2
.

g I B

1m

:
g [kN/m2] = 25 [kN/m3] .h [m]

1m

=2.4

h :

25 :

=0.8

=0.6

(
50%) .

=2.4

. 1.1

o g

1 m2 .

12 25 cm.

(
lo, d,
* ).

,

h.
1 m2

( ),
. lo (
lo

).

g[kN/m2] = [kN/m3] .h[m]

:
h:
:

______________________________________________
*
, , .
. h/lo
.
96

q ( )

( 6 1 m2)

1 m2

.. ( ), ,
, , ..

d

(. . 2).

q = 2 kN/ m2

q = 5 kN /m2

97

d =1,35(25 h + g) + 1,5 q

2. KAI
2.1

.
-
.

(
)
b = 0,25 m
(
, .
. 7).

2.3

, .

:
h
,
,
(
h3), 1/30
.

.
l
(
) q
.

20 cm
h = 60 cm.

2.2

1 m
:

g [ kN/m] = 25 [kN/m3] .Ac [m2]

:
b
Ac:

()

()

()

. 2.2

1m

(, ).

. 2,
.

1m
:

()
,


.

g[kN/m] = [kN/m3] h[m]

h:

98

, . 2.

( )

[. . 2()]
(
) .

l . l / 2:

,
. 2(),


(
).

= . l . l/2
:
: ,
l :
l /2.
.

.


,


, . 3:
45,

(
)

30
,
(
).

. 2.3

l
.

,
. 3,

.

( ) :
= .. l/2

99

3. KAI

3.1

,
.4(),
.

sd
:

(
).

sd = d.
:
d : ,
:

2.

5.3.2

(
)
sd sd
s1> y ( s1

).

:
1 . 1

1 2

. 1.

, (
), sd 40%
Rdu..
:

,
. 1.().

sd 0,40 NRdu= 0,40. b.h. 0,85fcd

( 0,85



fcd) .

1
2

, b.h
:

b.h Nsd /(0.35. 0,85fcd) 0,30.0,30 m (1)

()
()

. 3.1

100

4.
4.1 1

2, 3:

. 1
:

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 x 0,40 = 2,70

kN/m2
1-2 (2-3) 9,75 x 4,0
= 29,35
d =
40.00

h = 0,20 cm
: qk= 2,0 kN/m2
b/h = 25 / 60 cm
: b/h = 30/30
cm
: 3,0 m

:
: 3,0 x 2,0 = 6,0 m2
: 9,75 x 6,0
= 58,5 kN/m
:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,30 x 0,30 x 3,0 = 6,6 kN/m

= 65,1 kN/m

= 130,2 kN/m

, .

1
1
6,0m
1

: 3,0x4,0 = 12,0 m2
: 9,75 x 12,0 = 117,0 kN/m
:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,30 x 0,30 x3 ,0
= 6,6
kN/m

=
123,6 kN/m

=
247,2 kN/m

4
3

4.2 2
5
4,0 m

6
4,0 m

,

.

4,0 m

1.

. 4.1

20

2,0

20

0,4 2,0

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 = 6,75 kN/m2

qd = 1,5 x 2,0
= 3.0
d =
9,75

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 = 6,75 kN/m2

qd = 1,5 x 2,0
= 3.0
d =
9,75

:
1, 4 :

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 x 0,40 = 2,70 kN/m

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 x 0,40 = 2,70 kN/m 9,75 x( 2,0 + 0,4 + 2,0) = 42,0
d =
44,70
1, (3)
9,75 x 2,0
= 19,00
d =
21,70
2

101

:
: 4,0x4,4/2 = 8,8 m2
: 9,75 x 8,8
= 85,8 kN
:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,30 x 0,3 x 3,0 = 6,6 kN

= 92,4 kN

5.

= 184,8 kN

5.1
( )
. ,
.

,

()
, .

,

:


, . 5 (),
,
1,50
1,35.

5.2

, ,

: 1,35 1,50.

1,5 q
1,35 g

()
-

[Ms}

+
()
. 5.1 ()
()

.

. ,

, . 1(),

,
(
).

.
,
, ( )

102

(
).

1,50
1,35

()

1,00

().

.
. 2,
(
), (
), ,
(
).

,,
,
1,5q+1,35g
1,5q+1,0g

,
, ,

. 5.2
, . 3 :

,
,
.

,
.

. 5.3

5.4


10%


.
,
. 4, :
103

(
),

(
),
,
..).

5.3.
A
,

:

.
Q

[]

()

[G]

. 5.5

[]

. 6.

()

. 5.4
()
, () q/g

5.5

[MQ] maxM =MG minM = MG-MQ

Q1

Q2

NG

NQ MQ

NG NQ1

MQ2

:[max Nd , max Md] => [ 1,35 G ] + [1,5 Q1]

[max Nd , min Md] => [ 1,35 G ]
[min N d, max Md]=> [ 1,0 G ] + [ 1,5 Q1]

.
.

104

: [max Nd , max Md] =>

[ 1,35 G ] + [ 1,5 Q1 ] + [ 1,5 Q2]
[max Nd min Md] => [1,35 G ] + [ 1,50Q1 ]
[min Nd , max Md]=> [ 1,0G ] + [ 1,5 Q2 ]

. 5.6

5.6

MT

(), .
,
. 7,

.

[s]
mT

[s]
MT

[s]
. 5.7

105

6.
6.1 .
: g = 1,0 kN/m2, qk = 2,0 kN/m2 qk = 5,0 kN/m2

4,20

7,50

7,50

4,20

1,50

4
4,20

3,50

1,50

1.

3.

max lo

max M1 , max M4

1: lo =1,0 .4,0=4,0 m : lo = 2,4 .1,6 = 3,8 m

2: lo =0,8 .4,0=3,2 m.
d max lo/30 = 3,8 /30 = 0,13 m
h = 0,13 +0,02 =0,15m
h=0.15m
2.

max M1 =9,5. 4,02 /8 =19,0 kN/m

max M2

g. = 25 x 0,15 = 3,8 kN/m

g
= 1,0
gk
= 4,8
qk
2,0
gd = 1,35 x 4,8 = 6,5 kN/m2
qd = 1,50 x 2,0 = 3,0 kN/m2
d =
9,5 kN/m2

4,8 kN/m2
5,0
6,5 kN/m2
7,5
14,0

M2 - M1 =- 9,5 . 1,62 /2 = 12,7 kN/m

V= 9,5. 4,0/2 12,7/4,0 =15,8 kN
max M2 = 15,82 /(2.9,5) = 18,2 kN/m

106

min M2

min M2 = 4,8. 4,02 /8-18,2/2 = +9,9 kN/m>0

max M3

min [M2 - M1] = 14,0. 1,62 /2 = 18,2 kN/m

min M = 14,0 .1,52/2 =15,8 kNm

6.2 :
:
g= 1,5 kN/m2

9,0

5,0

q = 6,0 kN/m2

V1=0,5.16,4.5,0 -33,5 /5,0= 34,3 kN

V2= 0,5.5,5.4,0 - 33,5 /4,0= 2,6 kN>0 , min
M2>0
maxM1 =34,32/ (2.16,4) =35,6 kNm

4,0

1
3

4,0

g. = 25 x 0,16 = 4,0 kN/m2
g
= 1,5
g
= 5,5
d = 1,35 x 5,5 + 1,5 x 6,0 = 16,4 kN/m2
-

1-2 =( 5,5 .5,03 + 16,4 .4,03) / [8 (5,0 +4,0)] =

24,1kNm
V2=0,5.16,4.4,0 -24,1 /4,0= 26,8 kN
V1= 0,5.5,5 .4,0 -24,1 /4,0= 5,0 kN>0 min
M1>0
maxM2 =26,82/ (2.16,4) =21,9 kNm

1-2 =( 16,4 .5,03 + 16,4 .4,03) /[ 8 (5,0 +4,0)] =

-43 kNm
1-2 = 0,9 . 43 = 38,7 kNm
:

maxM3 = 16,4. 4,02 /8 = 32,8 kNm

V1--2=0,5.16,4.5,0 +43,0/5,0 = 49,6 kN

V1-2=0,5.16,4.4,0 +43,0/4,0= 51,8 kN

1-2 = (16,4 .5,03 + 5,5 .4,03) / [8 (5,0 +4,0)] =

33,5 kNm

1-2 = 43- (49,6+51,8)/2 .0,20/2= 37,9 kNm

107

108

1.

(
) ( )
, , , , , ,
.

1.1


,
,
-,
- ,
, ()
().

()
.
.

( 1/10
),
.

.
()
(,
. 2,


),
.

.

1.2

:

,
.1.

. 1.2

. 1.1

()

( 1/10
),


.

H , ,
,
.
Ms = MR= Fs.z
Fs = Ms/z
z

Fs = As.s
Fs

,
. 1, :

min As= Ms/(fs.z)

109

2.


,
.. .
() ,
100% ,
. , .
:

2.1 :




,

.

()

()

()

()

()

,

.

()

()


:

()

, 45

,
.

() ()
.
:

()


:

() ()
( )
:

()
- :
.

()
,

,
.

. 2.1

.1

110

().

,
. 2()

,
().

. 2()
,
.

,
().

2.2
:

().

( )
,


,
(
).

()) ()
-
:
,
()

().

(1) () .

,


,
.




( 45)





.

()

()
. 2. 2 ()
,
()

2.3

. 2

.

111

), . 4.

,
.
(

V = dM/dx)

,
.

. 2.4

2.4


. 1 :

2.5

,
.

,
(
)
,
. 3,
.

. 3,
,
, .

[]
. 2.5
o

[V]
. 2.3

(
)
, , . 32, -

,
,
(

112

, ,

, . 5.
oersch.

2.6

:

,
,
(
),

,
.
(


,

.


.

113

3. A E
E
, , , . 1, :

,

.

()

()
()

. 3.2

()
[]

,
. 1.

()

. 1

, , . 1(),

, . 1(),

( ,
..).

()

. 3.1 ()
, () ,
() , ()
-

114

. 1(-)
,
. 2.

.

115

,


.

.
2.

4.

( )
. 2.2
, VR R
Vs s,
.
, , .
- (
)
VR R
, ,
.

, Vs s
, VR R ,
Vs s . ,
Fs1 (Fs1= R/z = s/z)

s .
(
).

v 1

()

FD

Fs= V
Fs=V

2V
Fs=2V

()

Fs=4V

MR /2
()

()

MR/4

MR/2 3MR/4

s
MR

MR

Ru

3V

MR

R
s
Ru

116

Ru

MR

1-1
,
Fs
,
,
Vs ( 45).

Fs1 ,
...
Fs1

.

117

5.

,
( )
.
,
,
.
.

5.1

.
2.1
. 1(). (
o 2).

)
.

()
() (..
),

.

()

s1

()

As2
s1

()

[}
. 5.1

[]

( -

118

. ,

. 2
.

5.2

,
. 5.3()


.

(
)
.

. 5.4 R

. 5.2

() (
).

, .

Fs

()

()

. 5.3 () A
()

. 1(), . 1()
. 1()
.

5.3



(

).
-

119

( m).

,


(
).

,

() ,

. 6.
s

,

).

()

( ).


.


( ).

()

. 5.6 - ()
()
[

() (
)
(/
= )
(
)].

5.4

,
. 7,
.

. 5.5

. 5

,
, .

120

:

, ( 6
8).

5.5

)

.

c
.

c (cover)
: 3 cm 1,5
cm .
: / ..
10/15.
( 6 12
mm )

7cm (
) 25 cm
(
).

. 5.7

,
(
),
,

(
) (
).
, ,
,
.
:
1.
.
2.
.
3.
.

121

. 5.8

b
, .. b > 30 cm
( ).
, . 8, ,
5 10 cm.

.

5.6

. 414 (
14 .)

,
,
. 8. .

412
414 (

.
8 mm 30 mm (8 30)
As1

, As2

),

(h > 50 cm),
25 cm
(
).

s2

212

. . 1

.

122

As1 316

. 5.9

6.

, ,
.
.
.
()
() ()
() .

. 1
()
(),

()
1

()

[]
s1 314

s1 414

()
s1 416

214

s1 316

114
s2 214

214
s1 314

s2 214

s1 414

()

()
416

316

216
216
116
116

. 6.1 ()
() , ()
() , () ()
123

()

As1
As2.
As1
As2

.

6.1
1
2


.
.

,

,

.




, .1().
,

(. ).
,
.. 16 14 ,
( 416 1,
316 (s = 3.2,0 = 6,0 cm2)
2 414 (s = 4.1.5 = 6,0
cm2).

6.2

.
:

124

( ) (
) (
)
.

()
, .


.

6.3
,
,

,
-
.

, ,
,
.




(..

)
(.

).

6.4

.
,
16
1,
2
3,

- ).
,
,


:

,

.

,

,
- .

314

6.4

114

214

314

. 6. .

214

414

8/8

216

: s1 => 414

516

314

216

216

: s1 => 516

316

=> 8/8
314

214

216

125

516

7.
, , 1m
. , , ,
,
.

7.1
:

,



(
).



.

.


, .1.

( )

. 7.1

,
,


.


.




,
. 2.

. 7.2

126

, .
.

7.2

. 3

.
(. 7.4) (. -4).

(
.
).



(
). ,
.
. ,
.

.

(.
)
,

.

()
l/6 l
(

).

. 7.3



.

.
, ,

,


(
)

(
).

127

. 7.4

c (cover) 1,5 cm.

( ).

7.3

() ,

,

1m
.

7.4

,



(
).

8/30
8/30

()

: / .. 8/15 .
1m

,
25 cm.
,
8 14 mm (
)
7cm (

) 25 cm (
).

, ()
.
, (
).
,
. 5(),
, . 5().

128

8/15

()

()

. 7.5 () ()
, ()

7.5

():

( ,
.. )
( 90 )
(
).
(
)
( 90 )
.

.
. 5()
.
(

)

.

:

( )

( , )



,



,

.

7.6

,
. 6,
.
,
( )
,

( ).

7.7


, . 7.


,


, . 8.
q

qx
-

1
3

-
qy

. 7.6

. 7.7

129

. :

(, . 9)
.

.
.


l/6
.

2
1

,
. 10.

(

).

.

l/4
0,50
0,80 m ( ).

,
:

-
q

qy

-
()

. 7.8



.
[]

()

. 7.10



( ,
. 10(),

. 7.9

130

(
), . 10().
,
, .

A ,
,
. 11().
,
. 12.

(
)


(
)
, . 11().

()

()

7.8

. 13
:
1 : s = 3.5 cm2,
2: As = 2.5 cm2
1-2: As = 7.0 cm2
1
8/15 2
8/20.
1
8/30
8/30. 2
8/40
8/40.

()

. 7.11

.

, ,
. 11().

8/12
8/20
8/15

. 7.13

8/30 1
8/40 2, 3.0 cm2 (3.5/2
+2.5/2).

. 7.12

() ,
()

131

7.0 cm2
3.0 cm2
4.0 cm2 8/12 .

,
. 14.
,
.

7.9

, .



.


.

()
(
)

()
, :

() ,

()




:

. 7.15

(

)

,

.
1/5
.

. 7.14

( )


,
.15),
. 50%
.

.

(
)
. 7.16
132

K3 (30/30)
416

K2 (30/30)
416

8/16
8/16

(


,
)

()
.

K1 (30/30)
416

8/8

K4 (30/30)
416

. 7.19

7.10

( )

,
,
. 17.

. 7.17

, ,
. 20
,
.
,

.


.

18 19
.
. 7.20



(..
), -
.

. 7.18 () () ()
, () ()

133

8.
.1,


.

8.1
()

. 1


. 2 .

Msd .


, . 1.

,
(), ,
,
()
.

( ).

,
() .
()
.
() ,
, ,

,
.
()
.

.

() ()

()

()

() ()

()

()

()

[sd]

. 8.2


(, )
max Msd
(
Msd),

(1) ,
. 2,

Msd.


.
Msd

. 8.1

134

() () (

),
() ()
, ,

.

Mrdu,

( ) z .
(

)
.

()

8.2
()

()
()

()

. 3

. 4
.

. 8.3

, (),
,
, ()
.

Vsd
VRdu
(
).

.

.
. 1, (
, ,
.

()

()

()

,
() .
()
.

()

() ,
, ,


.
()
.

.

[Vsd]

()

()

()

()

. 8.4

135

(

VRdu).

z (z = 0,9d)
, ,
. 2.2
.
() ,
. 5,

(
)
.




- .
, ,
,

.

.

.




( : ).

8.3
, ,
. ,



:
(
) ,
,

, , .

,
. 6.
:
()
.
()

.
()



.

. 8.5 ()

, ,
, ,
,

3 4
-

136

. :


.

()

()

()

()

. 8.6

[]

137

9.
MRd = Fsd1. z = [Link].z

9.1

h = 20 cm.

(2)

:
Mrdu = [Link]. z

(3)

qd = 5,0 kN/m2

7,0

:
maxMsd = maxMRd = Mrdu =[Link].z =>

C20/25

As1 = maxMsd / (fsd.z)

S500

()

fsd = 500/1,15 = 435 Pa =435. 103 kN/m2

z
:

5,0

z 0.9.d
( z )

:
gd = [Link] = 1,35 x 25 x 0.20 = 6,75 kN/m2

d: (
)
.
d .

:
gd +qd = 5.0 + 6.75 = 11.75 kN/m2
1,0 m
11.75 kN/m2. 1,0 = 11.75 kN/m

: d = h-c-/2 = 20 -1,5-1,0/2 = 18 cm.

Msd

As= 37/(435.103.0,9. 0,18)=5,2.10-4 m2 = 5,2 cm2

=> 8/9 (As = 5,6 cm2)

() :

:
Max Msd = 11,75 x 5,02/8 = 37 kNm (1)

[ 8 :
As= 3,14x0,82/4 = 0.5 cm2

MRdu

,
-
. 1, Fsd1
Fcd .

5,2/0,5 = 11 100 cm.

100/11 = 9,1 cm].

()
-


MRd
Msd
MRdu.

Fcd
z

Fsd1

s1
( )
Msd = MRd MRdu

138

. 2(). (


fsd MRdu).
, ,
s1
, Rdu
Msd.
,
,
50 %,
50%, ,
(), s1.

.
2().
sd
MRdu

.
()


MRdu/2,
. 2().

Msd
.

.


,
.

[sd = Rd ]
()

()

()

[Rdu]

. 9.2

9.2
1
b/h = 0.25/0.60 m 7,0 m

.

MRdu

Msd
maxMsd = 49 x 7,02/8 = 300 kNm (1)

: MRdu = [Link]. z (2)

d = 11.75 x (5.0/2) = 44 kN/m

:
gd = 1,35. 25.0,25.0,60 = 5,1kN/m

Max Msd = max MRd = Mrdu = [Link].z =>

gd +d = 44+ 5,1 = 49,1 kN/m

As1 = maxMsd / (fsd.z)

139

()

fsd = 500/1,15 = 435 Pa =435. 103 kN/m2

z
:
z 0.9.d
:
d = h-c-/2-=60-3.0-2.0/2-0.8 = 55 cm
() :

Msd

As= 300/(435.103. 0,9. 0,55) = 14.10-4 m2 =

14 cm2 => 718 (As = 14 cm2)
( 18 :
3.14x1,82/4 = 2 cm2.
14/2 = 7 )

MRdu

MRdu

140

10.
, . 3.4,
(
).
(
) .

10.1 -
. 1 ,


:

(
),
(
).
,
( )
.

A; A
Msd

sdf

Tsd
A

MRd

()

Tsd

TRd

()

1() h

1()

.


h

141

. 10.1 ,
() ()
,.


.
:

,
, .
t.

()

.

,




, . 2.

10.2
. 1()
F

.

Rd.
:

.

.
,
,
, .

. 10. 2

+
+

+
+

142

11.
.1,
.
.
, , .

11.1

. 1 2

.

, ,
. 10.2,
,
.

. 11.1

, ,
, .

(
)

.

(

)
.

,
.
, ,
.

.

.

143

, , ,

.
. 2
.

,
, ,
.

11.2

O
, , ,
.
.

, .

.

.

sd

. 11.2

144

12.

,
( )
.
,
,
.
.

12.1 *

, ,
, ,





, , .

, . 10,
.
,
.

:

()
())

.

() ,
, ( )
, .
11.2.
,

, .

,

.



.

, . 1.4,


,

,
.

12.2





, -

145

( )




.

,
, . 1,
,
.

.


,
() ,
, ,
(
90) .

,

,
,
()
.
,
,

- ,
.

()

. 12.2 ()
()
()

()

()

()

. 12.1
() ,
()
()
. 1,

(
),
-

,
,

.

.


, ,

146

.
,


,


.

, . 5.4,
,
.

12.3

, , (

),
(, . 10,

)

,
(

).

_______________________________________
* ( , , , ,
, , , , .)
,
, ,
, ,
, .

146A

147

1.
1.1 M
1.1.1

2**
.

.1
(
..
), . 1.

x
. x
.

,
. 2(), .

.

V
()

Msd
dl

()

()

()

. 1.1

+M
x
=>

c2 2
s
1
[]

=>
Fcd
Ftd

[]

MRd

[]

. 1.2 {] [] :
() ()
() (
)

, ,
.
,


.

1.1.2

(
) ,
Fcd Ftd (F:
Force, c: compression, t: tension).

( Bernoulli)

.

H
Rd

Rd.

. 1 2(),
,
, .
*.

Rd

,

____________________________

* () (. )
.
** 1
2.

148

Rd

1.2

(2):

1.2.1

I = 0,5.b.h/2. fctd.

(2)

M :

()
, . 3,


d
.

s


,
. 2().

d
.

Ftd


, s
s- Es.s .
o
c
,
,
,

[c c]
.

Fcd

d
s
s

[c]

s
fc [c]

Fsd

. 1.3

b.h :
Rd = Ftd.z = (1/[Link].).2h/3 = cd. W

(1)

Fcd Fsd
,
. 3.
( ):

W:
M
(
).

fct
.


,

149

Fc Fs s

c
x

s
Fc

Fc
z

Fs

. 1.4

M


,
. 4.

.
, ,
.
,
, ,
:

1. x

2,
. 4 :

,
, ,
*

2. z

3. c2
s :

z
,
,
.

4.


:
Rd = Fsd.z = As. sd..z

, ,

.

(3)

.

:
Rd = As. fsy..z

u
Y
I

,
3,5% fcd.
.
Rdu.

(4)

150

1.3
1.3.1

, s
.

+--+-

.

1.3.2

Fs

Fs

Ft Fs
,
(
)
.


, , . 5,

, ,
.

Fs

[ s]
[ c]
[ ]

. 1.5


,

.

.

,

, ,
.
,


.

.

1.3.2

,


.

. 5. ct

.
151

2.
2.1

c .
V .

(1)
. 1.
= Vs .S / (b.J )

= c/2+V c 2 /4 + 2

(1)

= c /2-V c 2/4+ 2

(2)

= c/ 2

(3)

2.2
(1) ;

(1)

c ( c
). :

Vs:
S :

J:
b

1.
( c = 0)
. :

2.


(
).

[]

. 2.1

(3) :

, , 2,

.

c
. :
:

2 (
c
)

1 ( c
).

. 2.2

. 2.

152

3.
,
. .

.

3.1

(
),

,


.

3.2.2

A
. 1().
( ) .
:

,
,
. 1()
1(),
.
1().

()

()

()

. 1.1
-
() , () ,
()

()

3. 2

()
1.1 () ()
() ()

3.2.1
. 1()
1(),
.
()
(
) .

, :

3.2.3

. 1(),
,

.
.

153

4.

, .1, 8 11,

.
, .
.

4.1

:

,

( ,
,
).

, . 8,
:


( ).
,

.

c


,
,

, .

c
. 4.1

H

,
(
)
.

4.2

, , .
. 2, :

, . 1
1, :

,
.

,

.

, ,
. 1
,

.

()

()

. 4.2 () ,
()

154

4.4

, ,

.,

, 2().

(. )

, . 2,


.
,

.

4.3


, .
,




. 1.

, .
, .
,
, , , ,

,

.

. 4.3


.

. 4.3

,
, ,
. 3,



.

,
, . 3, .

, ,
(..
),
.

4.5

155

5.

,
.
.
fsy
fs).

5.1 H M
cu

5.3

,
. 1(),

.
cu

().

,
,
.
. 1
,
, .

cu
:
cu = 3,5%
(cu = 2% )

:

.

5.2
su

,

, ,
.

,
. 1(),
.
. ()
.

y .

fy

()

fc

cu

()

sy

su

s .

. 5.1 -
() ()

100 200%,
.

y (y = fsy/Es = 2
3%0)
( 100%0) s
fs (

(
), :



su.

156

fct ,
s
.

*.

:
s

.

s
:
y s su

l w

s l/l = w/l, l
. :

5.4
su

su
**
.

s = 20%
l = 1000 mm

w = s. l = 20/1000
x 1000 = 20 mm.

20 5%,
10%,
20% :
su = 68 %

O,
10 mm (
), ()

,
500 mm, s = w/ l =
10/500 = 0,02 =20%o.

5.5 su




.



:

5.6

,
,
,
.

s = ct = max ct / Ec = fct / Ec

s
[c]

ct
fct

su
,
. ()
,

.

[c]

. 5.2
/

________________________________________

* , ,
,
. .
5.6,
, , .
157

158

1.
()
:
Sd = Rd < Rdu. O Sd
.
2.
Rdu
.
( ) , ,
.

1.1
..


:

,
. 2.

*

, . 1.

F1
F2

F3
F4

NR = F1 - F4 + F2x - F3x
VR = F2y -F3y
MR = (F1-F2x).z1 + (F4 - F3x). z2

. 1.1

. 1.2

() .

..
.

.. .

.
___________________

,
,

159

2.

2.1

,

.

(
) ,
. 1, -
.

Fcd

,
.
2.2.1 VRd1

, .
,
. 2.

z
Fsd

. 2.1

Fsd1 Fcd, .

sd

.

MRd.

. 2.2 -
(
)

MRdu
MRd .

-

.

Rdu = Fsd .z

(1)

:
z :

VRd1

-.

2.2.2 VRd2
- . 1

VRd2.

2.2 O

VRd2
.

, (
).

,
.
( ),
160

2.2.3 VRd3
H -
. 1 (

) :

( )

H

VRdw.

(. . 11)
Vcd
.

-
VRd3. :
VRd3 = VRdw + Vcd
Vcd
VRd1.

Vcd
VRd1.

161

VRd3

3.

3.1
..

,

,

. 1, :

.
b

0,9d2/2 (FD)

()

.

0,8x, (Fc)

d
z = 0,9d

(0.9d/s).Asw

As1 (Fs1)

. 3.1

3.2
.1 :
As1
( )
: : b,
: x .

: As2
sw
0.9d/s
(
0,9d)
:
s:
:

: b,
: .
z2/2, ( ),

:
z
, .

162

: z = 0.9d
d (design) Fs1 .
d ( ) .

3.3

. 2 :
As1= 4.2,0 = 8,0 cm2 = 8,0.10-4 m2
2

-4

As2= 2.1,5 = 3,0 cm = 3,0.10 m

-:

Asw = 2.0,5 cm2

= 4.0,5 cm2

As2 214

As1 416

As1 416

10cm

10cm

Asw/s 8/10

Asw/s

. 3.2

= 4.0,5 cm2

3.4
:
: fsd
: 0.85 fcd
: fsdw
: [Link],
: = 0,7- fck/200 , fck MPa

.3.3

fcd
( ) 0,85
(
).

fcd
, . 3
, .

163

3.5

,
.

As1

b.x

: (0,9d/s). Asw
:

b. z2/2

fsd
0,85 fcd

Fsd1 = As1. fsd

MRdu = Fsd1.z

Fcd = b.0.8x.0,85 fcd

fsdw

Vwd = (0,9d/s). [Link] => VRd3 = Vwd +Vcd

[Link]

FD = b. z2/2. [Link]

=>

VRd2 = FD2/2 =>

VRd2 = 0,5b.0,[Link]

164

4.
( . 1 5 )

4.1 x
c s
x ,

, . 1 c s d
:

x = d. c / (c + s)

(1)
c= 0,85 fcd

c
0,4x

Fcd

, , . 1,
, .


.1.
Fcd , , :

Fcd= 0,8 b.x.0,85 fcd= 0,68 [Link] (5)

0,4x.

z (6)
z = d 0,4x

. 4.1 ,

c s
:

(
)

:

Nsd Fcd - Fsd = Nsd

o .

.
0,85fc

(2)

(6)

0,4x

0,85fc

0,8x x

0,80.0,85fc

x
z

:
Fcd :
Fsd
()

4.2 Fcd Fsd

z

. 4.2

H :

Fsd = As1 . fsd

(3)

()

165

2()(
),

y = fsd/Es = (500/1.15)/200.000 = 2.17%o.

. 2() (
).

4.4

, -

,
Fcd.
80%
x, 80%
.

Fcd.

4.3
:

Rdu = Fsd .z = [Link] . (d 0,4x)

(7)

x As1,

( Nsd =0) (8).
Fsd = Fcd =>[Link] = 0,68 [Link]

(8)

x = [Link] /(0,68 [Link])

(8)

=>

(7) x
(8)


(9)
MRdu=[Link].( [Link] /([Link])

(9)

[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd

MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x)
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x

(1)
(2)
(3)

:
As1
1. (1)
x
2. As1 x
(2) rdu.
3. x
(3) s1
4. :
sy < s1 < 68%
:

sy <s1<68% :

sy > s1:
,
. d
(. . 5).
:
()

( )

(1), (7) (8)

.

(1) fsd :

(1) x
(8)
s1

. :

sd = s . s1/1.15,
.
()
( )

sy < s1 < 20% ( 68%).

S500 :

166

s1> 68%:
(


, . .5) d
(. .5).

1.
s1 = 5. 2,0 = 10,0 cm2 = 10,0 . 10-4 m-2
d = 0,55 - 0,05 = 0,50 m , b = 0,40 m
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m2
S500 => fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m2
y= 435.103/2.105 = 2.2 %o

s1

2. :

(3) x,
(1) s1 (2)
MRdu.

4.5

435. 103. 10,0 . 10-4 = 0,68. 0,40. x.13.3. 103

=> x = 0,08 m
3. :
MRdu = 435. 103.10,0.10-4.(0,50-0,4. 0,08) =>
MRdu = 205 kNm

40/55 516.
:

4.

s1= 3,5%o.(0,50-0,08)/0,08 = 18%o

sy < s1 < 68% =>

167

5.

5.1

d x,
s.

s .

,

.

:

1:

, As1
, ,
(8),
x.

1 : s1

5.2

<

s1

<

max x

>

>

(7),
s1 d
( ).

max As >

As

>

min As

maxMRdu

>

MRdu

>

min MRdu

min d

<

<

max d

, ,
(8) x, ,
(7),
.

20%
min x

max x max Mrdu

lim x lim Mrdu.

5.4 x.

5.3

, s1.

s s ,
,
.

(1) s1
x.
(6) x :

, ( d b),
s (1)
x, (8)
As (7)
MRdu.

x= ([Link])/([Link])

(10)

(10)
:

max x. max As, max Mrdu

s y.
min x, min As, min Mrdu
s
20% ( 68%).

,
, .

.

Mrdu, (7) -

168

5.6
- x

) (10)
x,

, x

.

) (1), (6)
(7)
x .

..
x.

, :

.. : MRd = As. Fsd. (d-0,4x)

x,
(
x).

6.
z = 0,9d,
: MRdu = Fsd1.0,9.d*
* : MRdu = Fsd1.0,9.d
s1 > 8%
z= 0,9d
s1

y=2,17%o 10%o 15%o

20%o 30%o

x/d
z/d

0,65
0,70

0,15
0,92

0,25
0,90

0,20
0,91

0,12
0,94

O : x = d. c / (c + s) z = d 0,4x
c = 3,5 % ( )
s x .
x, b
(.. 5.4), (. . 8).

169

7.

CEB
7.1

20 %, .. 10%
,
, 3.5%. .. c= 2,0%

,
c 3.5%,

,
c , ,
,

c
,
c.

:
c. 1
: 10%
3,5% .





:

,
. 4.2).

A
B

3,5%

0,85 fcd

cd
0,85 fcd

10%

O

0,8
:

:
s = 10%, c 0
3,5%.

Fcd = . cd. b. x = [Link] = Fsd

.
.

c = 3,5%o, s 0
3,5%.

(1)

Fcd
0,4x .
:
z = d - ka. x

ka
c.

. 4.
(

170

c
( )

ka

2 x.

s 20%
68 %
c
3.5% (
, ,

).

:
c =3,5%o s=10%
(3) x,
ka
(2)
.

7.2

(2)

x = c /[(c +s)].d

(3)

, 3 c
...

:
c ,s MRdu ( ka
c ).
.
(1)
c

,
:

2 c=2,5%o , s=10%
(1).

(1)

MRdu= [Link].(d - ka .x)

(1) Fcd > Fsd

Fcd ( Fsd ).
Fcd
c ( )

: (1) (2)

(3)
. cd. b. x = [Link]

(1) (
).

(1) Fcd < Fsd

Fcd ( Fsd s
).
Fcd
x , , s.
2 c=3,5%o , s=8%
(1).
, 3 s
...

(1).

().
:

7.3 CEB*

.
.


.
__________________

1 c=3,5%o , s=10%
(1).
:

171

sd
,
.. S400 378
(=400/1,15) MPa.

M CEB

sd .

lim sd.
, S400
lim sd = 0,33.

s = ys . 5.3.

sd > lim sd,

(
) , ,
,
, . 6.2.

:
sd = Msd /([Link])

(1)

.
:
As = .[Link] /fsd

(2)

172

8.
8.1

() x < hf

hf

x
hf
,
, . (),

(1), (2) (3) . 5.

Fcd = 0,[Link] = s1. fsd

Msd=[Link].(d-0,4x)

x [ x = 3,5/(3,5+s)]
0,15d 0,30d .
x
hf
,
,
()
() ()
:

() x > hf,

b/bw >5

1. b/bw:

b
,

( )
.

Msd= [Link].(d hf /2)

,
z , ,
As (As= /z) .

() x > hf,

b/bw < 5

2. b/bw
( 5):

z = d - hf/2, (2)
(3) :
MRdu= [Link]. (d -hf/2)
s1 /3.5% = (d-hf) /hf

(2)

()

(3)

3. b/bw :

() x > hf,

b/bw <<5

. ().
Fcd = Fcd1 + 2Fcd2

+2

Fcd1 = 0,[Link]
Fcd2 = 0,85.(b-bW) /[Link]

Fcd

Msd = Fcd1.(d -0,4x) + 2Fcd2. (d hf /2)

173

Fcd1

2 Fcd2

( , .
. : ) .
b ,
x , ,
s1
, . 6,

:

,

( 2
).

hf
h.

1000
:

Rdu = As1..fsd 0,9d

hf/h
b/bw
.1000.

8.2 CEB

, ,

, bw beff


, .
:

.1000

sd = sd/ ([Link]).
:
s = .beff d .fsd / 1000
sd


:
lim
sd..

lim

O s1 o
s2 :
As1 = [ lim + (sd-lim)/(1-d2 /d) ].[Link]/fsd
As2 = [ (sad - lim)/(1-d2 /d) ] .beff .d .fcd/fsd

174

9.

9.1
9.1.1
. 1 ,
: ,
, .
,
, , z

( sd = Fsd.z).

()

()

,
Fsd Fcd , ,
x
s
.

()

[s]

[]

. 9.1

,
,
,
y
s= s.s
fy.

()

. 2
s2 d2
2.

Fsd2
(d-d2) .

()

,
s2
,
, sd2
sd2 = fsd
sd2 = Es.s2

s2>y

()

[]

[]

s2< y.
. 9.2

Fsd2

175

Fcd

:
Fsd1= Fcd+Fsd2)
x ( b fcd )
s1 (

3.5%).

9.1.2

:


.

,


, x
,
As2
, .

,
s1 (
,
Fsd2, As2),
,
Fsd1 , Fsd1
Fsd2+Fcd .

, (, ,
).
x s1 20%

s1=20%o

s1= 10%o, x=3,5/(3,5+10)d = 0,25d =>

:
Fsd2 , . 3,
d2
Fcd 0,4x
.

z= d-0,4,0,25d =0,9d => s1= Msd/(0,[Link]).

9.1.3

d2 = 0,1d ( d2= 0,05

m d = 0,50 m)
=c
3.5%o
s1= 10%o ( ) :

.
0,4x c=3,5% Fsd2
x

, , . 9.11,
s1 ,
,
,
(s= fs)
max (lim) As1 max (lim) Msd

().

x = 3,5/ (10+3,5)d = 0,25d => 0,4x = 0,1d = d2,

d2

[]

Fcd

:
Fsd1

1)
.

s1

2)

,
.

. 9.3

176

3)


.

,
.

:

:

9.2

(1), (2) (3)
,


, (1)
Fsd2 = As2.sd2 (2)
Fsd2(d-d2) (
)
(
, .

)
(4):
Fsd1 = Fcd + Fsd2
[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd + As2.sd2

(1*) =>
(1)

(2*) =>
MRdu= Fcd.(d-0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d-d2)
Mrdu =0.68b.x. fcd (d-0.4x) + As2.sd2 .(d-d2) (2)
s13.5% = (d-x)/x
s2/3.5% = (x-d2)/x

(3)
(4)

10. A
To ,
. (
)
,
,..
.

10.1

x . 1
,
sd .

l =l/l

= /

NRd

sd

c.x.


.

[]

[]

. 10.1 ,

177

( )..

10.2 Rd

:

,

(
), ,
.

Fcd = [Link]
Fsd1 = (As1.+As2). sd s1 s2.
NRd
.

10.4

Rd= [Link] + (As1.+As2). sd

H NRdu c.= 2%o

, . :
.
cd= 0,85. fcd .
sd = Es. s/1,15 =2.106. 2.10-3/1,15 = 375 a.

10.3 /


2%
3,5%,
.


( )

A
( S220),
fsd.
:
NRdu = [Link] + (As1. + As2).375 kN

(1)

,

,


.
:
NRdu=(As1+As2).375

178

(2)

11.
11.1

11.1.2

11.1.1

(1*)
Fcd, , ,
:

. 1 () ,

. 1()
.
x

M Msd
()

3. s2, sd2

Fsd2
Fcd

, , Fsd2

4. s1,
.

z
s1

,
s1 Fsd1 (
s1
)
( s1 ).

Fsd2

Nsd
()

2. z

Fsd1

s1

Msd

1. x , :

Fcd
Fsd1

11.2

. 1.1
()
()

11.2.1

(2) :

Nsd = NRd = Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1 = 0

(1)

=>

(1*)
Fcd = Fsd1 - Fsd2
Msd = MRdu= Fcd.(d-0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d-d2) (2)

Fcd Fsd2

Rdu,

z Fsd1 Rdu

11.2.2

Nsd = NRd = Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1

(1)

Fcd = Nsd + Fsd1 - Fsd2

(1*)

Msd+Nsd (h/2-d1) = Fcd.(d-0.4x)+Fsd2.(d-d2) (2)

=>

179

()
(


).

Fsd1 = [Link]

M Msd

.

.

Msd

Fsd2
Fcd
Fsd1

1 < Nsd < N2, s1 = y

z => MRdu
Fsd2

c=3,5%o

Nsd

Fcd

s1= y

Fsd1

2 < Nsd < N3, s1<0

Fsd1 = [Link] <0 Fcd Fsd2

MRdu

,

() .

Msd

40%
.

c=3,5%o

z =>
Fsd2

Nsd

z
s1<0

, S500
s1 = y.

Fsd1 = [Link] Fcd Fsd2

( )
. 3.

z => MRdu

s1>y

Fcd Fsd2
c=3,5%o

,
. 2(),

Fsd1
.

0 < Nsd < N1, s1 > y

Fsd1

Nsd = NRdu, s1= s2 =2%o

Fsd2

Msd

(

)

Fcd

Nsd
s1 = 2%o
. 10.2
sd

180

Fcd

Fsd1

, ,

.
0,40 rdu.

,

.
0,40 rdu.

,
,





.

sd=Nsd/([Link])
sd=sd/([Link])

sd (sd)

( )
.

Msd(sd)

. 10.3

11.3

11.4

() ,
x ,

s1 .

,

.

181

12. A
( . 2 3)
. 2, .


.

12.1 VRd2

fswd
.

H VRd2
FD ,
. 1.
FD

(. .3):
FD = 2 / 2. 0,9d.b..fcd
H
VR2:

. 12.2
VR3

VR2 = 2 / 2. 2 / 2. 0,9d.b..fcd =>

VRd2 = 0,5.. 0,[Link]

FD

VR2

45
(
)
z= 0,9d,
0,9d
0,9d/s, s
.

:
= 0,7 - fck/200 (MPa)

. 12.1 H VRd2
FD

:
Vwd = (0.9d/s). [Link]

12.2 VRd3

VRd3 , . 2,
,
:
VRd3 = VRdw + Vcd

(2)

(1)

0,9d/s:

s:

Asw:
fswd:

(1) (2) :

VRdw:

VRd3 = (0.9d/s). [Link] + Vcd

Vcd :

(3)

3.2.2 Vcd

12.2.1 VRdw

Vcd
VRd1
()
:

[Link],
sw

182

(
) (
) VRd1 .

12.3 VRd1
VRd1


.
2:

I.

II.

( )

.
.

,
,
( )
.

III.


( ) .

160 225
( C10 C16 )


.

H ,
Rd
(
, 2 MP),
bw.d (bw: ),
l
:
VRd1 = Rd. k. (1,2 +40 l ) .bw. d , :
k= 1,6-d [m]] < 1,0

l =As.b.d [%]

Rd
:
fck 12

16

20

25 MPa

Rd 0,18 0,22 0,26 0,30 MPa

183

,
VRd1
,

,

.

, ,
.
. .

13.
( . 10 3)

13.2

13.1

. 1,
,
,


TR.

, ,
Fh Fb
ho bo.
:
sd = Fh. bo + Fb. ho =

.[Link] + .[Link]

sd = 2..[Link] = 2..[Link] =>

TRd3 TRd2

=Tsd/([Link])

TRd1

(1)

: Ak=(b-t).(h-t), t = max{2c , Ac/u},

c: , u

. 13.1

bo
Fb

TRd1.

Fh h o

TRd2,

TRd3.

. 13.2 H

Trd1u, TRd2u TRd3u

,
, TRd1, TRd2 TRd3.
,
,

,
:

, ,

,

13.3
,
,

184

, . 1 3

(1)
.

() = > = = TRd1/([Link])
=> Trd1 = .[Link] =>
TRd1u = [Link]. [Link]
()
=>

(2)
y =0 => .t.s = Asw. swd

Trd2/([Link]). t.s =[Link] =>

Rd2 = 2.k. Asw/s .fwd

()

s
t
[Link]

()

(3)

() x =0 =>
.t.u = Asl. sd =>
TRd3/([Link]). t.u = [Link] =>

[Link]

TRd3u = 2.k. Asl/u .fsd

()

(4)

= 0,7

. 3.

. 13.3
() ,
() ,
()

185

186

1.

1.1
-

.
0.2

. 1
1 .


.
2
1,
, h= 14 cm
, As= 10 cm2.

Fs

2 1
.
2 8/5, 1,
,
16/20.

. 1.1
H
( )
( )
sd Fsd1 = [Link]

,
,

, .

[]

1.2 :

[m]

MRdu
As1, fyd, d
(MRdu = [Link].z = [Link].o,9d)

.

Fs

()
()

s1 d
,

fyd..
1.2.1

()

( ) .

. 1.2 ()
, ()
, ()

. 2()

. 2()

Fsd1.
187

(2) sd = fsd
lAB

fsd.

d Fsd1
,
Fb

b.
:

lb.

Fb = b . . .lAB

1.2.2

,
lb
(
).

Fsd1 = Fb => [Link] = b . . .lAB =>

.2/[Link] = b...lAB =>

/[Link] = b .lAB

()

1 16 mm
lb (
(2) f bd= 2 a 70 cm.

() b= fb (fb
b, )
(1):
(1)

, ,
, . 1,
20 cm.

()
.

,
(1), 80 MPa,


fsd = 500/1,5 = 435 MPa.

sd = 4/. fb .lAB
(1) :

lAB
.
.

fb .

, ,

,
.
2
160 Mpa 2
. , ,

.

1.2.3
() lAB
b= fb (2):
lAB = /4. sd /fbd

(2)

1.3

(2) :

sd
:
1. sd .

.
. 2()
.

2. .
3. o
fb.

188

,
,

.

, . 2,
,
. 2(),
.

(
s

-).

, ,

,
. 2().

, . 3,
:

1.


.

(
)

, ...

2.
.

,
, .

. 1.3

,
. 4
, 1-1
: sd = 4/. fb .l =
4/0,02. 2,0. 0,20 = 80 Ma
fsd = 500/1,15 = 435 Ma.

1.4

:



,

,
.
.

0.2

0.2

. 1.4 sd

189

1.5

. 1
, .

1



,
.

,

,

,
,

.

. 1.5

190

2.

2.1

: .

.1



.

.
,
,
.

:
bd < f bd

:
bd:

dx

fbd :

M+dM
A

2.2



.

.

=
V,dx dM
Fc

,

:

Fc+dF
T

T
Fs+dFs

Fs

dFs = =.dx

,
,
() ()

.

. 2.1

,
.1, -

191

dx

F+dF
T

Fs

Fs+dFs
T

(
V)

b
.

1-1 2-2
Ms,
. 1,

.
(
) .

[V]
[b]
[ ]

. 2.3

, ( ), , . 1
.

:

.

,
. 3.

. 1:
H


.

2.4

dx

Fs

,

.

Fs

Fb

, ,
,
,
,
.

Fb = dFs = b. . .dx
. 2.2

, ,
,
.

2.3
V
Fs Fs = /z. A
Fs :

, . 4:

.

[Link] = dFs
dFs= dM/z

b = V / z

dM = V

192

2.6
. ,

.



R,
.

. 2.4

2.5

Rv
(. . 4).

,
. 5, . , Fs= As.s
As.

.

.

()

2.7 -

[s]

()

-

[s]

()

. 2.5 s ()
()

. 1,


. ,
, 1/12 .

.
:

193

()
.

:

( )
.

:

,
,

.

,

.

:

( ).

:



.

:


.

, .

,

.

2.8

, ,
, ,
,
.


25 mm, 30mm
.

:



,
.

.

, .
.
,
,

.

194

3.
, . 2.5
. 5,

.

3.1
3.1.1 lb
lbnet

As
sd = fsd, .
, As,ef (effective: )
(calculated: ),

fsd (
z
):

, fb.

, lbnet
():
lbnet= /4. sd/fbd

()

(: sd = As,cal. fsd .z = As,ef. As,cal.z)

,
. s fsy,

. 2 (

)
() .

sd ()
(1) :
lb,net = 1. [Link],ef/As,cal

. 2.1 :
:

()

1:

(
)

(2)

l bnet
() (1)

()

l < l bnet

l :

():
lbnet= [Link]/fsd

(1)

3.1.2

lb ():
lb= /4. fsd /fbd

sd/fsd = As,ef/As,cal => sd = fsd . As,ef/As,cal

,

.

2:

.

3.2 M

195

, ()
, ,
.

.2

,

.

x
.

x.

,
( )
. :

, ,
x.

, ,


.

, :
3.2.1

( )

( )

x, ,
.

xB = xA/2
xA
[]
MB = MA/2 =>

:
.

.. 1 . 1()



( ).

bnet =

bnet/2

xB = xA/2
xA = lB bnet

.
bnet

. 3.1

l >l
, .

[]

MB > MA/2 =>

lB bnet > lA bnet/2

. 3.2

196

3.2.2

3.2.3

,
, ,
,
,
.

-, .3,
:

lb,net
(

) d
(
).

..
, .
2lbnet,


. :


.
:


x = Rdu / Vsd ,
Rdu Vs.
.
-:

d
. 3.3 -
3.2.4

,

, , (. . 69.3).

, . 4,

() ,
,
. 4.

(
b = Vs./z ) x,
x
Vs./z,
x x .

( )
(. ).

x :
Fsd = Rdu/z (1)

[sd]

Vs./z (.
1) x Q

Ft = [Link]./z (2)

:
x=Rdu/Vsd

(1) (2)

. 3.4 []

197

,
d, . 4
. 5 .

. 5(),
Fsd
Vsd.

Fsd = Vsd

, .
, ,
Fsd/ = Vsd/

bnet.
l
lbnet .fb= Fsd/ = Vsd/ =>
lbnet = Vsd/(..fb)
,
1/3 , ,
:

Fsd
Vsd ()

[M]

. 3.5 []

()

lbnet = 0,7Vsd/(..fb
), :

198

4.


:
.


, .

.
.

,

,
. 1().

(

),
, . 1().

4.2

4.1

, ..

()
.

,
.

.

. 6 . 3,


.
()
.

P2

S400 S500 (
S500
700 Ma)
.


,

,
. 2().

P1

V
P2 < P1
()

4.3
()

R,
.

. 4.1

Rv
.

, ..
, ,

199

V

, . 2().

,
.

Fs
RV

.

.

()

()

. 2 3,

.

. 4.2 ()
()

, . 2(),
.

1
1-1

, , .
3():

. 4.3 ()

()

, , .

(
)


(. . 2.4) -
.

200

:


( ).

200

201

1.

,
:

.
,
,

,


.

,


, ,

, -
.
s1

,

.

2.
2.1

:

, , :
1. .

,

, :
() As ,
() , h
(
),

2. ,
VRd1
,
,
.
,
,
,
, ,
, ,
Vsd
VRd1.

( ) q,

.
()

, .

2.2

202

, ,
Vsd
( ...)
VRd1 .
.

2.3
:
,

.

maxM sd M Rdu

.

,

maxM sd .


. 18.

M sd
, ,
,

.

,

M Rdu

,
.

203

3.

2, 1 5
3.1
,
,

:
S = R Ru
,
S R
Ru .

,
. 2(),

, , . 2().

()

. 3.1
()
()

1.1
,

, . 1

.


, . 1
2.

3.2 -

.



..

, , .

3.3


,
.
:
->
( )
-> .
.

,
.

()

()

->
.
.

.

()

. 3.1 () ()

204

.


.

:
O
1.1

.



.

.
, ,
.

3.5

, .

, .

() (
).

, ,
,
, ,

,
.

h

,

( )
(
, ,
) , , .

,
,

,
(
h3), 1/30
.

3.6

3.4

, :

,

(
), ,




.

205

4.


, .1.

ARCUS

, x, y
ly/lx .

ly
y
lx

x = y => qx . lx 3= qy . ly 3 =>
x

qx/ qy = ly3/ lx3

qx + qy= q

ly/ lx

(1)
(2)

. 4.1

, ,
qx qy .


.

1,00
.........

0,500

0,714

0,833

........ .........

1,05
.........

0,549

0,752

0,859

........ .........

1,10
.........

0594

0,785

0,880.

....... .........

.......

........

.........

........

........ .......

: x, y
ly/ lx
x= y

.1 :
1,00
0,861...

ly / lx =1 ( ) =>
qx = qy
ly / lx =5 ( ) =>
qy = qx /125

x,

0,583
.........

x,

0,665
........

0,762
........

qx
-

(lmax/lmin> 2)


.

qx

qx

-
qy

.

.

. 4.2

206

y
0,768
......

q :
qx = k.q

( )
.

qy = (1- k.q)

-

,
. 2.


x, y.

m + ( ) m
- ( ).
m (
) (

(
).
f, q
.

CHERNY

m ly/lx
.

.
lx

( )

,
,
d = 1,35g +1,5q

ly/ lx
1,0
mxm + ..
mymax + ..
mxer - ..
myer - ..
mxy ..
..
..
..
..

1,10

1,20
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

1,30

1,40
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

......
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

(1)

: d = 1,35g +1,5q,
lmin : ,
m i :

:
=>

:
M sd = d . lmn 2 / m

=>


.





.

E m i

,
,
. ( . 3.1).

( ()
(

207

*)

.
*


(

).

.
(.)

. ,
, ,

.

.
(
).
:
) (
)


1,35g+1,5q

P1

1,0g
q/g (
, , ..).

.

(

) .

.
[]

arcus

, . 2, .3.

1 2 :
1 =1,175 g + 0,75 q
2 = 0,175 g + 0,75 q

1 + 2 = 1,35 g + 1,5 q
1 - 2 = 1,0 g

Czerny

:


.

()

mi

1
208

+ 2

()
- 2

:
1
2

, ()
(
.

()

209

5.
5.1
, . 4

:
[Link] = 0.67b.x. fcd
MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x)
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x

As1, d ( h)
(4) (2)
:

(1)
(2)
(3)

(1), (2) (3) (4)

.2..
Msd = MRdu< MRdu

(1), (2) (3)

MRdu (4) .

(4)

Msd = [Link].(d-0.4x)

(2)

s1
(3)

- .

5.2
. 2 :

1. (1)

X AS1.

. :

As1 . sd
- :
Mrdu,
(4)
Msd ( q
).
(1)=> x==>(2)=> Rdu, M Rdu ;M sd

sd As1 .
:

sd h .
As1-
A:

(1) x, ..: x=0.03m.

x (1)
As1. (2)

As1, .. 30=3As1-5As12.

As1 x
(2) rdu.
Mrdu (4)
.

As1.
As1 (1)
x.
(1) => x=(s), (2) =>As=. (1) =>x=

(1) => x = => (2) => M Rdu

( . 5.6)

210

2.

X (3)
S1 :

(1)
(2).

,
(
),
d ,

fsd sd = s . s /1.15
1.

: y <s1< 20%.

.
, . 5,
s1 d.

.

y < s1<20% :
.

,
.
10% . d

y > s1 :
,

H . d
.
:

s1>20%: .
d .
s1 , .. 60%
,

, .

20%, d,

5.3
sd As1 .
min d -
B:

. d As1.

As1 (1)
x. (3) x
s1 y
d.
H d.
(1) s => x= => s=y (3 )=> min d
sd . As1
d - :

s1.
s1 = 10% ( ).
(3)
x d.
(1)
As1 d.
x As1 (2)

d. d
(1) As1.
s=10% (3 )=> x=(d) (2 )=> d=

211

As Msd

5.4

maxAs max M sd

minAs min M sd

,
,
q,

(. 55.3),
,
.

, ,
,

,
.

(
).

(. . 46):

s=20% (3 ) =>x=(1) => minAs, minM rdu

(3) s1= 20% x. (1)
minAs1.
x As1 (2) min Msd.

s=y (3) => x=(1) =>maxs (2) =>maxM Rdu

(3) s1= y ( S500 y =
2.5%) x.
(1)
max As1. x As1
(2) max Msd.

5.5 min As
, -
, , ...,
.

Fc
z
Ft
[]

[]

, ,

= fct .W = fct .b.h2 /6, (. Z, . 1.2),
fct
).

.
.


r du = [Link].z =
As .fsd.h ( z = h)
.

. 5.1

= fct .b.h2 /6 = As .fsd.h = rdu

212

()

()
:
min As . = (fct / fsd ) . b.h /6


,


, .

H min As , ,

5.3
.

, , .

.

5.6
( )
.
()
:
c =3,5%o s *=10%, :
x*= 3,5/ (3,5+10) d = 0,25 d, z*= (d-0,4x) =0,9d

sd. o z
sd Msd
sd Asd, .
Asd :
As = As .Msd/Msd
() As (1)
x (3) s1.

(2) As = Msd/(0,[Link])
(1) x= ..
() As
x (1)
sd
() Msd , ,

213

. 6,

(),
As
() As

,
.

6. ()
H


,
:

,
. 1.

* :

.
, . :
,



, ,
.
,
As h, ,
,
x,
,
.

, h
As , ,

. ,
,
.
:

. 6.1 O



,


.
,
As h, ,
,

,

,
As h,
, ,
x

,

.
,
, ,
:

,
, .
,
,
.

_________________________________
* ,
,
,
, , ...

214

7.

. 5

.

( ),

( *) ( ,
. , . 2.5), ,
E,
.

,
Msd,
,
Mrdu.
, ,
.


, :

7.1

215

1. sd -




.
(

).

( )
Msd
.
, .

,

( )
.

(2
, . 1,
()


max.



.
2.
M rdu
H Mrdu As,ef (effective)
Msd
As,cal (calculated)
.
z
, rd u
sd As
MRdu :
MRdu= [Link],ef /As,cal
:

,
Rdu /2 .
, Msd = Mrdu,



, :
Msd = Mrdu = As sd. z.
M z
, Msd
sd].
3.
sd
M rdu
sd
Rdu

.

,
.1,
. 9

Rdu
,
.

,
.

Rdu Rdu/2.

4.

Rdu= As. fsd.0,9d

Rdu*

.
,
Rdu
As Rdu
,


Rdu Rdu/2
Rdu* Rdu/2

216

, ,

.


(
) .

,
.

8. -

1.2

1.1

, 1

: :

:
l > lbnet = (/4). fsd/fb.( sreq/Asef f )
l:

(1)

lbnet :

0,20l (
. 7).

: :

(
)
0,20l+d
, . 1() ,
( ),
.



, , ,
. 1(),
.

0,2l

:
, . 2, ,
, 3.2.1,

d .
0,2l
d

A
A l/2 B l/2

0,2l

. 8.2
0,2l+d
()

()

. 8.1

:
0,20l.
,


s
s
.

l lbnet
.

217

9.
9.1
( ) . 1.
: g = 1,0 kN/m 2,qk = 2,0 kN/m 2 , qk = 5,0 kN/m 2 : C20, S500
4,20

7,50

7,50

4,20

1,50

4
4,20

3,50

1,50

3.
max M1 , max M4

1.
max lo
1: lo =1,0 .4,0=4,0 m : lo = 2,4 .1,6 = 3,8 m
2: lo =0,8 .4,0=3,2 m.
d max lo/30 = 3,8 /30 = 0,13 m
h = 0,13 +0,02 =0,15m
h=0.15m
2.

g. = 25 x 0,15 = 3,8 kN/m 2

g
= 1,0
gk
= 4,8
qk
2,0
gd = 1,35 x 4,8 = 6,5 kN/m 2
qd = 1,50 x 2,0 = 3,0 kN/m 2
d =
9,5 kN/m 2

max M1 = 9,5. 4,02 /8 =19,0 kN/m

max M2

M2 - M1 =- 9,5 . 1,62 /2 = 12,7 kN/m

4,8 kN/m 2
5,0
6,5 kN/m 2
7,5
14,0

V= 9,5. 4,0/2 12,7/4,0 =15,8 kN

max M2 = 15,82 /(2.9,5) = 18,2 kN/m

218

min M2

min [M2 - M1] = 14,0. 1,62 /2 = 18,2 kN/m

min M2 = 4,8. 4,02 /8-18,2/2 = +9,9 kN/m>0
max M3

min M = 14,0 .1,52/2 =15,8 kNm

4. s - h
:
b = 1.0 [m], d= h-c-/2 = h-0.02 [m] ( c=0.015m)=>
d= 0.15-0.02 =0.13m
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m 2
S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m 2
y= 435.103/2.106 = 2.2 %o

[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd (1)
Msd= [Link].(d-0.4x) (2)
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x (3)

=> 435. 103 As1 = 0,68.1,0.x.13,3.103 => x= 50 As1

=> Msd= 435. 103 As1 .(0.14-0.4x)
=> s1 =3.5% . (0.14-x)/x

(1*)
(2a*)
(3*)

1, 4 : Msd = 19,0 kNm

(1*) (2*) => 19,0 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.14 - 0.4. 50 As1) => As1 = 3,8. 10- 4 m 2 => 8/13
(3,83cm 2)
(1*) => x = 50. 3,83. 10-4= 0,019 m
(3*) => s1 =3.5% . (0.14-0,019)/0,019 = 11% > y => d
2, 3: Msd = 18,20 kNm
(1*) (2*) => 18,2 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.14 - 0.4. 50 As1) => As1 = 3,6. 10- 4 m 2 => 8/13
(3,83cm 2)
(1*) => x = 50. 3,83. 10-4= 0,019 m
(3*) => s1 =3.5% . (0.14-0,019)/0,019 = 11% > y => d

219

3 : Msd = - 15,8 kNm

(1*) (2*) => 15,8 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.14 - 0.4. 50 As1) => As1 = 3,0. 10-4 m 2 => 8/15
(3,50 cm2)
(1*) => x = 50. 3,50. 10-4= 0,018 m
(3*) => s1 =3.5% . (0.14-0,018)/0,018 = 13% > y => d
2-1 3-2 : Msd = - 15,8 kNm
(1*) (2*) => 15,8 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.14 - 0.4. 50 As1) =>
As1 = 3,0. 10-4 m 2
2 8/26 = 1,9

1,1
=> 8/40
(1*) => x = 50. 3,25. 10-4= 0,017 m
(3*) => s1 =3.5% . (0.14-0,017)/0,017 = 15% > y => d

: 3,83 . 0,2 = 0,80 cm 2
: 3,83 .0,5 = 1,90 cm 2

=>
=>

6/30
8/25

9.2
. 1.
: 1 2: 10/20, 3: 10/10
1-2: 10/20.
: g = 1,5 kN/m 2 q = 6,0 kN/m 2 : C20, S500

9,0

5,0

4,0

1
3

4,0

g. = 25 x 0,16 = 4,0 kN/m 2
g
= 1,5
g
= 5,5
d = 1,35 x 5,5 + 1,5 x 6,0 = 16,4 kN/m 2

220

V2=0,5.16,4.4,0 -24,1 /4,0= 26,8 kN

V1=0,5.5,5 .4,0 -24,1 /4,0= 5,0 kN>0 min
M1>0
maxM2 =26,82/ (2.16,4) =21,9 kNm

maxM3 = 16,4. 4,02 /8 = 32,8 kNm

1-2 = (16,4 .5,03 + 5,5 .4,03) / [8 (5,0

+4,0)] = 33,5 kNm
V1=0,5.16,4.5,0 -33,5 /5,0= 34,3 kN
V2=0,5.5,5.4,0 - 33,5 /4,0= 2,6 kN>0 , min
M2>0
maxM1 =34,32/ (2.16,4) =35,6 kNm

1-2 =( 5,5 .5,03 + 16,4 .4,03) / [8 (5,0

+4,0)] = 24,1kNm

1-2 =( 16,4 .5,03 + 16,4 .4,03) /[ 8 (5,0

+4,0)] = -43 kNm
1-2 = 0,9 . 43 = 38,7 kNm

V1--2=0,5.16,4.5,0 +43,0/5,0 = 49,6 kN

V1-2=0,5.16,4.4,0 +43,0/4,0= 51,8 kN
1-2 = 43- (49,6+51,8)/2 .0,20/2= 37,9
kNm

Mrdu -
:
b = 1.0 [m], d= h-c-/2 = h-0.02 [m] ( c=0.015m)=>
d= 0.15-0.02 =0.13m
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m 2
S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m 2
y= 435.103/2.106 = 2.2 %o

[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd (1)
=>
435. 103 As1 = 0,68.1,0.x.13,3.103 => As1 = 0.021. x (1*)
MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x) (2)
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x (3)

=> MRdu= 435. 103 As1 .(0.14-0.4x)

=> s1 =3.5% . (0.14-x)/x

(2*)
(3*)

3:
: 10/10 => s = 8,0 cm 2 = 8.0. 10-4 m 2 ( 10 0.8
cm 2
1m = 100cm 100/10 =10
0,8 .10 =8,0 cm 2)
(1*) => x = 8,0/0,021= 0,036 m
(2*) => MRdu = 435. 103 . 8.0. 10-4 . (0,14 0,4. 0,036) = 40,0 kNm
: Msd = 32,8 < 40,0 =Mrdu,

221

1 :
: 10/10 => MRdu=40,0 kNm ( 3)
: Msd = 35,6 < 40,0 =Mrdu,
2 :
: 10/20 => s = 4,0 cm 2 = 4.0. 10-4 m 2 (1*) => x = 4,0/0,021= 0,018 m
(2*) => MRdu= 435. 103 . 4.0. 10-4 . (0,14 0,4. 0,018) = 20,0 kNm
: Msd = 21,9 > 20,0 =Mrdu, a ( ,
)
1-2:
:

1 : 10/20 = 8,0/2 = 4,0

2 : 10/40 = 4,0/2 = 2,0
:
10/20 =
4,0
s = 10,0 cm 2 = 10.0. 10-4 m 2
(1*) => x = 10,0/0,021= 0,045 m
(2*) => MRdu= 435. 103 . 10,0. 10-4 . (0,14 0,4. 0,045) = 58,0 kNm

: Msd = 38,7 < 58,0 =Mrdu,

9.3 CEB

( )
1: lo =0,8 .5,0=4,0 m.
2: lo = 0,8 .4,0=3,2 m.
3 : lo= 1,0 . 4,0 =4,0 m.
d max lo/30 = 4,0 /30 = 0,13 m

g. = 25 x 0,16 = 4,0 kN/m 2

g
= 1,5
g
= 5,5

h=0,13 +0,02 =0,15m

h=0.16m

d = 1,35 x 5,5 + 1,5 x 6,0 = 16,4 kN/m 2

1:

=35,6 kNm sd=35,6/(1,0 .0,142 .16.103/1,5) =0,17 => =0,19

s =0,19 .100 .14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) = 8,17 cm 2
: 8,72 . 0,2 = 1,74 cm
: 8,72 .0,5 = 4,36 cm 2
2

222

=>
=>

=>

10/9 (8,72)

6/16
8/11

2:

= 21,9 kNm => sd = 21,9/(1,0 .0,142 .16.103/1,5) =0,10 => =0,11

s =0,11 .100 .14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) = 4,73cm 2
: 4,91 . 0,2 = 0,98 cm
: 4,91.0,5 = 2,46 cm 2
2

3:

=>

10/16(4,91)

=>
=>

6/30
6/11

= 32,8 kNm => sd = 32,8/(1,0 .0,142 .16.103/1,5) =0,16 => =0,18

s =0,18 .100 .14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) = 7,74 cm 2
: 7,85 . 0,2 = 1,57cm
: 7,85 .0,5 = 3,92 cm 2
2

=>
=>

=>

10/10 (7,85)

6/18
8/12

1-2: =37,9 kNm sd=37,9/(1,0 .0,142 .16.103/1,5) = 0,18

=> =0,21

s = 0,21.100 .14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) =

9,03 cm 2

1 : 10/18 = 8,72/2 = 2,86

2 : 19/32= 4,91/2 = 2,46 +

5,32

3,71=> 10/20(3,93)

223

9.4
A 1:

h = 20 cm C20/25, S500
5,5
q = 5,0 kN/m2

88

5,5

1.
(min d= g = 25.0,20 = 5,0 kN/m2)
maxd = 1,35 x 5,0 + 1,5 x 5,0 = 14,3 kN/m2
5,5

x
5,0
5,0
2. Marcus
= .d
1,3

6,0 6,0

5,9
8,4
(2,0)
(3,0)

2,4

y= y.d

8,4
(3,0)
ly/lx =

5,,5/5,0 =1,1

kx =

5,5/6,0 = 0,9

0,59

max =
(min =

0,41

8,4 kN
3,0 kN

ky =

max =
(min y=
=
y=

5,9 kN
2,0 kN)

0,41

0,59

5,9 kN
2,0 kN

8,4 kN
3,0 kN)

0,77
0,77

5,9
(2,0)
8,4
(3,0)

5,9
(2,0)
8,4
(3,0)
5,9
(2,0)

0,77
0,77

3. -

8,4

5,9

1-2 = -( 8,4 .5,03+ 5,9.6,03)/[8(5,0+6,0)] = -27,1 kNm

1x = (8,4.5,0/2 27,1/5,0)2 / (2.8,4) =15,0 kNm

1
3
y

5,9

2
4
5,9

2x= (5,9.6,0/2 27,1/6,0)2 / (2.5,9) =14,5 kNm

1-3y = -( 5,9 .5,53+ 5,9.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -22,7 kNm
1y = (5,9.5,5/2 - 22,7/5,5)2 / (2.5,9) =11,6 kNm = 3y

1y

3Y

8,4

8,4

2-4y = -(8,4 .5,53+ 8,4.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -24,0 kNm

2y = (8,4.5,5/2 24,0/5,5)2 / (2.8,4) =17,0 kNm = 4y

2y

4y

1x = 15,0.0,77=11,6 kNm

224

2x = 14,5.0,77=11,2 kNm

1y = 11,6 .0,77=9,3 kNm

11,6
1

9,3

13,0 2

-27,1

22,7
3

1-2=-27,1

11,2

4.

1-3y=-22,7kNm

2-3y=-24,0 kNm

dx=0,20 -,002=0,18m dy=0,17m

13,0
11,2
4

1x- 3x As = 0,14.27,1.10-4 =
8/40+8/40

1y- 3y As 2-3y =>

dy

dx

Asx =Msd/([Link])= Msd/(0,[Link]) (1) = 0,14Msd.10-4 (1)

Asy =Msd/([Link])= Msd/(0,[Link]) (1) = 0,15Msd. 10-4 (2)
1x As = 0,14.11,6.10-4=1,6. 10-4m2 => 8/20
=> 8/20
2x As = 0,14.11,2.10-4
=> 8/20
1y As =
=> 8/20
2y As =

24,0

9,3 -27,1
11,6

2y = 17,0.0,77=13,0 kNm

3,8. 10-4m2 =>

2.5
1,3 => 8/40

4. Czerny- M = d.lmin2/m =14,3. lmin2/m

ly/lx = 5,,5/5,0 = 1,1 => mxx+= 35
1,3

Mx = 14,3.5,0 /35 = 10,2 kNm

Mxer = -14,3.5,02/12 = 29,8 kNm

2,4

my+ = 42

mer- =12 mye- = 14

2

My = 14,3.5,0 /42 = 8,5 kNm

Myer = 14,3.5,02/14 = 25,5 kNm

ly/lx = 5,,5/6,0 = 0,9 => mx= 0,42, my = 35 mer- =14 myer- = 12

Mx = 14,3.5,52/42 = 10,3 kNm
Mxer= -14,3.5,52/14 = 31,0 kNm

30,5
1 2
31
3

My = 14,3.5,52/35 = 12,4 kNm

Myer= 14,3.5,52/12 = 36,0 kNm

1x-2x M = 0,5 (29,8+31,0) = 30,50 kNm

1y-3y M = 25,5 kNm
2y-4y M = 36,0 kNm
5 Cherny -

1= 1,175g+0,75q= 1,175. 5,0+0,75.5,0= 9,6 kN

M = . lmin2/m

2=0,175g+ 0,75q = 4,7 kN

1,3
ly/lx = 5,,5/5,0 = 1,1

1. lmin2=9,6.5,02=240

2. lmin2=4,7.5,02=118
mx+/ x+= 35/6,9

my+/ y+= 42/5,7

22/ 5,4

= 12,3 kNm

28/ 4,2

mer-/ er =-12 / 20

myer-/ Myer =-14/17,1

2,4

9,9 kNm
-11/10,7

-11/10,7 =
2

= -30,7 kNm
= -27,8 kNm
1. lmin2=9,6.5,52=290
2. lmin2=4,7.5,52=142

ly/lx = 5,,5/6,0 = 0,9

(lx/ly = 1,1=> x,y)
mx+/ x+= 42/6,9

28/5,1

= 12 kNm

my+/ y+= 35/8,3

22/6,5

= 14,8 kNm

mer-/ er =-14/20,7 +

-11/12,9

= -33,6 kNm

myer-/ Myer =-12/24,2

-11/12,9

= -37,1 kNm

1x-2x M=0,5 (30,7+33,6) = 32,1 kNm

225

1y-3y M=27,8 kNm

6. rcus -

8,4

2,0

1-2 = -( 8,4 .5,03+ 2,0.6,03)/[8(5,0+6,0)] = -20,7 kNm

1x = (8,4.5,0/2 - 20,7/5,0)2 / (2.8,4) =17,5 kNm

1
3
3,0

2
4
5,9

2x= (2,0.6,0/2 - 20,7/6,0)2 / (2.2,0) =14,0 kNm>0

1-2 = -( 3,0 .5,03+ 5,9.6,03)/[8(5,0+6,0)] = -18,7 kNm
1x = (3,0.5,0/2 - 18,7/5,0)2 / (2.3,0) =2,4 kNm>0

1
3

8,4

1
3
y

2
4

5,9

2x= (5,9.6,0/2 - 18,7/6,0)2 / (2.5,9) =17,8 kNm

1-2 = -( 8,4 .5,03+ 5,9.6,03)/[8(5,0+6,0)] = -27,1 kNm

2
4

5,9

5,9

1y

3Y

5,9

2,0

1-3y = -( 5,9 .5,53+ 5,9.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -22,7 kNm

1-3y = -( 5,9 .5,53+ 2,0.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -......kNm

1y = (5,9.5,5/2 - ...../5,5)2 / (2.5,9) =......kNm
3y

1y

3Y

2,0

5,9

1-3y = -( 2,0 .5,53+ 5,9.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -..... kNm

1y = (2,0.5,5/2 - ...../5,5)2 / (2.5,9) =..... kNm = 3y

1y

3Y

8,4

8,4

2y
8,4

2-4y = -(8,4 .5,53+ 8,4.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -24,0 kNm

4y
3,0

2-4y = -(8,4 .5,53+ 3,0.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -...... kNm

2y = (8,4.5,5/2 ...../5,5)2 / (2.8,4) =...... kNm

2y
3,0

4y
8,4

2-4y = -(3,0 .5,53+ 8,4.5,53)/[8(5,5+5,5)] = -.....,0 kNm

2y = (3,0.5,5/2 ......./5,5)2 / (2.8,4) =....... kNm = 4y
2y-4y M =37,1 kNm

226

9.5
.
1730 . .
: /= 1730 /(11.11) = 14,3 kN/m2
To 1,
.

.

.

227

10.
10.1.
10.1.1

,
, (

) . 1
. 1.3.

(. . 1.3).
1

4
1

1-1

d lo/30 = 8,5/30 = 0,28 m => h = 0,30 m

gk = 25.0,7 = 7,5 kN/m2
qk (
2,0 kN/ m2, )

.


sd.
sd :

,

d
:

2-2

d = 1,35 (gk +gk)+1,5qk = 1,35(25.020+1,0) +

1,50.(2,05,0) = 1018 kN/m2.

3-3

H sd :

4-4

sd = d.l2/8=(1018).(46)2/8 =2570 kNm.

. 1

10.1.2
:
h
,

.
,
:
.
:
l = 8,5 m

.
Fs1

z, (
MRdu= Fs1. z)
h.

(
, , ).
, ,

228

,
,
, ( h3)
.

10.1.3

, . 3(),

,
. 3(), z.
,
, ,
.
1

. 2 , .. 1 m,
()
()
.

2
1

1-1

1-1

2-2 1

bw

()

()

3
1

hf

1-1

3-3

bw
()

2-2

. 3
()
) (

. 2
()
()

, ,
,
7 10 cm, ,
(

).

.

,

()

,
Vsd ( z
Msd , ,
),

,
bw.

, ,
bw,
. 3(),
.

229

Vsd,
,
, . 4, .

, ( 0,20l
),

.
l1/5 l2/5

3
3

x
3-3

l1

l2

. 4

To x
= l/10 (l )
(. .1.5) .

(

,
. 5.

. 6

,
. 7.
1

3
1

1-1

3-3

3-3
. 7

. 5



,
. 6,

230

10.2.

10.2.1

h ()

, . 8,
:
1

, 30 cm.
hf

x
, 0,07
0,10 cm (x=0,25d ).
bw

, 10 cm.

1
l

7 10
cm .

1/10
.

(
).

.
,
.. 8,0 m,

.

10.2.2


. 8.

1-1

b=a+ bw

bw
-

. 8


()
.
.
hf

a
().



.

.
h ,
bw.

.

231

:

.
():

: As= Msd/[(d-hf/2).fsd].
.

.
x
bw
:
Vsd= Vsd- d.x < VRd2 = 0,5..[Link].0,9d (2)
:
Vsd: x

VRd2.
:

( ).

Vsd VRd2 => max Vsd = VRd2

max Vsd

bw.

:
d
:
Vsd< VRd3.

( )
.

Vsd <

max Vsd = VRd2 = 0,5..[Link].0,9d

:
Vsd

,

bw
.

> max Vsd = VRd2 = 0,5..[Link].0,9d (1)

bw

.

8 mm
(.
2)

Vsd

.

.

10.3

. ; C20/25, S500. : qk = 2 kN/m2, g =0

0,70

8,5 m

232

1. =
d lo/30 = 8,5/30 = 0,28 m => h = 0,30 m
2.
hf :
d => hf = 0,25.0,28 = 0,07 m.
: 3 ,
b=0,15 m (b> 3.0,14 +2.3,0 +2.1,5 = 14,0).
: 0,70 m
1,5 3,0 3,0 1,5

3.

g = 25.0,07 =1,75 kN/m2, max d = 1,35.1,75 +1,5.2,0 = 5,4 kN/m2, min d= g = 1,75 kN/m2
max Msd =[0,042.1,75 +0,089.(5,4-1,75) =0,22 kNm/m
min Msd =- [0,083.1,75 +0,114.(5,4-1,75)] =

s =
min s = 0,[Link] = 0,001.100.7=0,7 cm2/m => T92 (4,2/150)=> As=5,2 cm2/m
4.
: = 5,4.0,85 =

0,85

0,07 g
0,23

4,6 kN/m

25.0,07.0,23 =

1,2

5,8

Msd= 5,8.8,52/8 = 52,4 kNm. d = 0,30-0,02 = 0,28 m

b/bw = 0,85/0,15 >5 =>

2

As= Msd/[(d-hf/2).fsd]= 52,4/[(0,28-0,04). 435000] = 5,0 cm => 214+116 (5,0 cm2)

VRd2 =0,[Link].0,9d = 0,5.0,6.(20000/1,5).0,15.0,9.0,28 = 151 kN > Vsd= 0,5.5,8.8,5 =24,7 kN
=>
VRd1= Rd.k (1,2+40 l)[Link]= 0,26.1000.1,3(1,2+40.0,012).0,28.0,15 = 24 kN (l= 5,0/(15.28)
=0,012<0,02)
Vwd= Vsd- VRd1 = 24,7 -24 = 0,7 = > 8/14 (2
)

233

234

1.
1.1

1.3

:
, .

.

.
:

(, ..)

1. :

2. :

:
1.

3. :

-

: Msd ,Vsd, Tsd

2.

,

: MRd ,VRd, TRd

4. : ,

.
3 (
)

3. 3.

Msd = MRd , Vsd = VRd Tsd = TRd

1
,
.

()
As, () , h ( ), () q .

2
3

..

:
:

1.2

:


.

235

2.

2, 2 5

2. 1

2. 2
(. )

,



.

.


.

vRd3 VRd2

b.h

Asw

O As

TRd1 TRd2

s1= 3.5%o.(x-d)/x (3)

-

VRd2=0,[Link].0,9d ,
VRd3= 0,9 d .As/s. fsd + Vcd

[Link] = 0.67b.x. fcd (1)

MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x) (2)

236

TRd3

Rd1=..[Link].t .
TRd2 =[Link] Ak .fswd / s
TRd3 =[Link]/[Link] .fswl /u

3.
3.1 , ,

,

.

.
, 25 30.
20. .
, ..
35 40.
.

.
, ,
,
. 1.
, ,


.

,
, ,
,
.

. 3.2


() ()

.

, , .
,

, , ,
.

. 3.3 ()
()

,


,

(
)
,


.

. 3.1

h

, ,
(
h3),
1/30 .

, .
,
. 3.4
237

3.2
3.2.1

. 5,

, beff.

,
().
, ,
,
,
, bw

.

lo =0,8.l

lo =2,4.l

.
. 6

.

3.2.2
beff

lo =0,8.l

, ,
.

beff

lo3

, , h
.
, beff
:
lo
h

3.2.3


lo.

. 3. 5

, ,

(
50-70 cm),

lo

:
beff = l /10,
:
. 3.6 beff

lo :

( ).
238

beff= bw +l /10

beff= bw +l /5

3.2.4

bw
3

, :
beff = bw +l/10,

,
, , b,

( )

,
.7.

dx

beff = bw +l /5

M+dM
A

.
-
, .. 0,70 ., lo/10
,
beff = bw + lo /10 + 0,70.
,
, ..,

.
beff (,
, l
.
, (
)
lo = 0,7 l

:
lo = 2,4 . l


:
beff = bw + lo /10
beff = bw + lo /5
(beff = bw + lo /10 + lo/10)

=
V,dx dM
Fc

Fc+dF
T

Fs

F+dF
T

Fs+dFs

. 3.7

(
V)



Fc , ,

.

,


.
,
, . 8,

239

,

.
()

* .
,

,
, .8.
,

, . 8

l/8.

l/4
l/4

A , . 9,


,
(
), l

, , ,
.9, .

()
. 3.8
-
, ,
,
, , .

( Cauchy) 45
.
. 8

45.

,
, . 8, l/4.

.

. 8 9,

.
bw .

. 3.9
.

, ,
, .. ,
,
.

.

240

,



,
...

3.3 ENTE
3.3.1

bw
.

,
, . 4,
:

[Link] = 0.67b.x. fcd (1)

MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x) (2)
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x
(3)

(1)
Fsd Fcd .
b (1)
,
.

:

,

,

. 3.10

3.3.3 E

, (1), (2) (3)

, (), ()
() . 10,
.

M , . 10
:

,
(
).

:
,

( ,
)

.

(
) b
,


, . 11.

:
, . 10.

.

3.3.2

VRd2
TRd1
,
, , ,

. 3.11

241

4.

, 8 9
, . 6.2,
.

)
(
, . ) (4):

, . 9,

(1), (2) (3)
,


, (1)
Fsd2 = As2.sd2 (2)
Fsd2(d-d2) (

Fsd1 = Fcd + Fsd2

[Link] = 0.67b.x. fcd + As2.sd2

(1*) =>
(1)

MRdu= Fcd.(d-0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d-d2) (2*) =>

Mrdu =0.67b.x. fcd (d-0.4x) + As2.sd2 .(d-d2) (2)
s13.5% = (d-x)/x
s2/3.5% = (x-d2)/x

(3)
(4)

4.1

.
.

(1*) : Fcd = Fsd1-Fsd2.
(2*) Fcd Fsd1-Fsd2 (2*)
:

As1 As2
MRdu,

MRdu= (Fsd1-Fsd2).(d-0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d-d2)

(1) x
( sd2=fsd, . s2> y)
(2) MRdu.

sd*

As1* = As1- As2 = s2 .fsd2.(dd2).

(3) (4)
x s1 s2

s2= As1/3 Msd* = 2/3 Msd

= 1/3Msd.

s2> y.

As2
sd* As*
As1.

s2< y (1) (2)

sd2 = s.sd2 .
MRdu
As1 As2

s1

s2 s1, ..
s2=s1/3 ( ).

(3) .
(1) (2)
s1 As2.

s2 s1/3 (1)
(2) x
As1.
(1) x As1.
A (2)
s1, s2..
(1) x
(3) (4) s1 s2.

. 9:



.

242

5. -
lbnet Fsd = Vsd
.

5.1
, , 1.

As2

lbnet

As1

As2

,
lbnet
.

As1

A

,
. 1,
.

. 1
:

.

,
lbnet .
.

:


0,2l+lbnet
.

()

5.2

:

l > lbnet

l:

()

(1)

[]
()

lbnet:

- lbnet

.2

0,2l (
lbnet
.

:
lbnet
Fsd = Vsd .

:
0,2l

243

l
( lbnet
1.1 :
Fsd
Vsd.


. ,

.
,
,

Fsd/ = Vsd/

lbnet.
lbnet .fb= Fsd/ = Vsd/ =>
lbnet = Vsd/(..fb)

,
1/3
, , :

lbnet = 0,7Vsd/(..fb), : .

6. A
6.1
Mrdu b= 0.25 cm, d=0,50 cm, As1=10,0 cm2, As2 = 2,0 cm2
C20, S500
(1) = >10,0. 10-4. 435. 103 =0,67. 0,25. x. 13,3.103 + 2,0. 10-4. 435. 103 => x= 0,15 m (1)
(4) = > s2 = 3.5% (0,15-0,05)/0,15 = 2.35%> y = 2,2%o =>
(2) = > Mrdu = 0,67. 0,25. 0,15. 13,3.103( 0,50-0,4. 0,15) + 2,0. 10-4. 435. 103 (0,50 0,05) = 190 kNm

6.2
Msd = 120 kNm

(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,67. 0,25. x.13.3. 103 => x = 90As (1)
(2) => 120= 435. 103. As1. (0,50-0,4.90As1) => As1 = 9,4 .10-4m2 => 516 (s1= 10,0 cm2)
(1) => x= 90. 9,4 .10-4 = 0,08 m => s1 = 3.5.(0,50-0,08)/0,08 = 18%o => h
s2= As1/3=0,33 As1
(1) s1. 435. 103 =0,67. 0,25. x. 13,3.103 + 0,33As1. 435. 103 => x= 80As1 (1a)
(2) 120 = 0,67. 0,25. 80As1. 13,3.103(0,50-0,4. 80As1) + 0,33As1. 435. 103 (0,50 0,05)
=> As1= 8,5. 10-4 m2 = 8,5 cm2 As2 =8,5/3= 3,0 cm2
(1) => x= 80. 8,5. 10-4 = 0,07 m2 (4) => s2 = 3.5% (0,07-0,05)/0,07 = 20% > y = 2,2%o

6.3
1-2 25/60, l= 6,0 m
140 kNm. : C20, S500.

244

d = h-0,05 = 0,60 -0,05 = 0,55 m
fcd= 16 .103 /1,5 =11,7.103 kN/m2
fsd = 500 .103/1,15 = 435 .103 kN/m2

6,0

6,0

1 = 140kNm,
b=beff= 0,25 + 0,8. 6,0/5 =0,97 m, d = 0,60-0,05 =0,55 m
(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,67. 0,97. x13.3. 103 => x = 25As (1a)
x<hf=0,15
(2) => 140= 435. 103. As1. (0,55-0,4.25As1) => As1 = 7,2 .10-4m2 => 416 (8,0 cm2)
(1a) => x= 25. 8,0.10-4 = 0, 04m < hf =>
s1 = 3.5.(0,55-0,03)/0,04 = 30%o > y => h
1-2= 140 kNm. : 1-2= 0,9. 140 = 126 kNm.
b =0,25, d=0,55
(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,67. 0,25. x13.3. 103 => x = 60As (1a)
(2) => 126= 435. 103. As1. (0,55-0,4.60As1) => As1 = 7,4 .10-4m2 => 416 (8,0 cm2)
(1a) => x= 60. 8,0.10-4 = 0,05 m => s1 = 3.5.(0,55-0,05)/0,05 = 17%o => h

6.4 , z=0,9d, A
:

C16, S500

Gd=100 kN

gd=50 kN/m

2,0

5,0

300

300

200
50

150

[Vsd]

245

0,4

0,25

[Msd]

152

1,0 m

0,6

2,0

200

100
242

Gd=50 kN

d = h-0,05 = 0,60 -0,05 = 0,55 m

fcd= 16 .103 /1,5 =10,7.103 kN/m2
fsd = 500 .103/1,15 = 435 .103 kN/m2

MA = 100.2,0 + 50.2,02 /2 = 300 kNm

MB = 50.2,0 + 50.2,02 /2 = 200 kNm
MAB = 50 x 8,02/8 - (300 +200 )/2 = 150 kNm
= 200 kN
V.= 100+50.2,0
VA.= 0,5.50.8,0 +(300-200)/8,0 = 212,5 kN
VB. = 0,5.50.8,0 +(200-300)/8,0 = 187,5 kN
VB.= 50 +50.2,0
= 150 kN
:
x = 212,5/50 = 4,25m =>
max MAB = (100 +200 )/2 . 2,0 + 212,5 .4,25/2 =152,5 kNm

: = 152 kNm
: MA = -0,9 x 300 = -270 kNm
: MB = -0,9 x200 = -180 kNm

KAMTIKOY z = 0,9 d

: s[m2 ] = Msd [kNm]____

0.9. d[m]. fsd [MPa]. 103
:

s1 = 152/(0,9.0,55.435.1000) = 7,1. 10-4m2 = 7,1 cm2 => 416

s = 270/(0,9.0,55.435.1000) = 7,1. 10-4m2 = 19,1 cm2 => 620

s = 180/(0,9.0,55.435.1000) = 7,1. 10-4m2 = 11,1 cm2 => 420

: sd = Msd [kNm] = 0,0012 . sd /b

b . d2 .fcd
s[cm2 ] = . b[cm].d[cm]. fcd/fsd = 1,69 . .b

246

M =+152 kNm

-270 kNm

-180 kNm

b= 1.00 m
sd = 0,046
hf/d=10/55=0,18
beff/bw=100/25=4 }
= 42/1000

b=0,25 m
sd= 0,33

b = 0,25
sd= 0,22

As1 = 7,0 cm2

As1 = 19,2 cm2

416 (8,04 cm2 )

= 0,21

=0,46

20 (18,8 cm2 )

As1 = 11,0 cm2

420 (12,5 cm2)

[Link] = [Link]

(1) Msd = MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x)

(2)

s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x (3)

: Msd=270 kNm b = 0,25 m, d = 0,55 m

(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,68. 0,25. x10,7. 103 => x = 60As1 (1a)
(2) => 270 = 435. 103. As1. (0,55-0,4.60As1) => As1 = 19,2.10-4m2 = 19,2 cm2 =>
620 (18,8 cm2)
-4
(1a) => x= 60. 18,8.10 = 0, 11m =>
s1 = 3.5.(0,55-0,11)/0,11 = 13%o > yd => h
B : Msd=180 kNm b = 0,25 m, d = 0,55 m
(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,68. 0,25. x10,7. 103 => x = 60As1 (1a)
(2) => 180 = 435. 103. As1. (0,55-0,4.60As1) => As1 = 11,0.10-4m2= 19,2 cm2 =>
=> 420 (12,5 cm2)
-4
(1a) => x= 60. 12,5.10 = 0,08 m => s1 = 3.5.(0,55-0,08)/0,08 = 19%o => h
B : Msd=152 kNm b = 1,0 m, d = 0,55 m
(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,68. 1.0. x10,7. 103 => x = 25As1 (1a)
x<hf=0,20
(2) => 152 = 435. 103. As1. (0,55-0,4.25As1) => As1 = 7,2 .10-4m2 => 416 (8,0 cm2)
(1a) => x= 25. 8,0.10-4 = 0, 04m < hf =>

247

420

220
220

As1 620

As2

220

As1 420

As2 216

As1 416

As2 216

216

216

7.
, ,

, :

, VR2,( -) VR3
( - ) :
VRd2=0,[Link].0,9d

, ,
, Vsd,

(1)

= 0,7 - fck/200 (MPa)

VRd3= VRdw +Vcd= 0,9 d. As/s. fsd + Vcd (2)
Vcd = [Link]. d (3)

, Vcd
.

fck 12 16 20 25 MPa
Rd 0,18 0,22 0,26 0,30 MPa

6.1

,
. 1, ,
.

VRdw:
Vcd :

0,9d/s: (
s)

,

.

(2) Vsd =VRd3

:
sw/s [m2/m] = Vsd [kN] Vcd.[kN]
.0,9 d[m].fwd[kN/m2]

, ,
, . 2 12,

248

( : )
( s : )

Vsd

Vsd d
,
(
).

bw.0,9d = Vsd /0,[Link]

(2) Vsd = VRd2

:

8.
8.1

bw=0,25 m, d=0,55 m, 10/15 C16, S220

Vcd = 0,22. 103. 0,25.0,55 = 45 kN
Vwd = 0,9. 0,55 . (2. 0,80.10-4)./0.15.220 .103/1,15 = 130 kN
VRd3 = 45+130 =175 kN
VRd2= 0,5.0,7.16.103/1.5. 0,9 . 0,55 = 175kN

8.2

. :
Gd=100 kN

gd=50 kN/m

2,0

5,0

300

Gd=50 kN

1,0 m

0,6

2,0

0,4

0,25

200

100
242

C16, S500

50

150

[Vsd]

EY

x : x = 0,20 + 0,55 = 0,75 m
Vsd x :
V = x .q = 0,75 . 50 =37,5
VRd3
Vsd = 212,5-37,5 =175 kN
VRd2
Vsd = 212,5 - 0,20.50 = 202,5 kN

249

0,40

ck

Vsd

Vsd

T sw/s [cm2/m] =

[Vsd [kN] Vcd.[kN] ]. 10

.0,9 d[m].fwd[kN/m2]
( : sW : )
Vcd = Rd.[ kN/m2] .bw[m].d[m]= 0,22 .103 . 0,25 .0,55= 35 kN

=> = 2
sw/s = ( Vsd - 45 )/ (2.0,9. 0,55 .220 .103/1,15 ) = 6,9cm2/m => 8/8
E

Vsd < VRd2=0,[Link].0,9d

VRd2 Vsd = 212,5 - 0,20.50 = 202,5 kN = 0,7-fck/200 = 0,6

202,5 < 0,5. 0,6. 10,7.103.0,25.0,55 =>

9. -

, . 3 , . 13


,

,

:
t = max { 2.c , Ac/u }

TRd3 TRd2

TRd1

=>
Rd1=..[Link].t .sin.2

: c :
Ac :
u:

(1)

, =>
TRd2 =[Link] .fswd cot. / s

(2)

=>

TRd3 =[Link]/[Link] .fswl .tan. /u (3)

:
:
Asw /Ak . =45.

, . 13,
,

:

250

Ak= (b-t).(h-t),

(2)
(3) :
:
Asw / s[cm2/m] =
:
Al [cm2] =

Tsd[kNm].104
[Link][m2].fwd[kN/m2]

, ,



.

Tsd [kNm].104 .u
[Link] [m2].fsd [kN/m2 ]

( =45)

(2) Asw
.

,

,
Vcd=0
(
).

(2) Asw
.
O
.
O , .

,


. ,

, ,
.. .

(
)

:

A

.. 610.


.

VRd2/Vsd +TRd1/Tsd<1.

251

10.

2, . 3 5 , . 11
, ,
:

,


.

s1> y.

sd + Nsd .(h/2 - d1) Nsd

sd -Nsd .(h/2 - d1)

, 80.2,
:

(2):
Msd + Nsd (h/2 - d1) = MRdu

sd < 0,40 NRdu= 0,40. 0,85 [Link]

MRdu = Fcd.(d - 0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d - d2)

, b.h
:

sd,
Rdu

.

b.h > Nsd /(0.40. 0,85fcd)

. 1
. 11,
:

Msd= MRdu
MRdu = 0.68fcd.b.h.(h/2 0,4x) +
+ As2.sd2.(h/2 - d2) + As1.sd1.(h/2 - d1)

(1)
Nsd = NRd = Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1
=> Fcd = Nsd + Fsd1 - Fsd2
(1*)
Msd+Nsd (h/2 - d1) = Fcd.(d - 0.4x)+Fsd2.(d - d2) (2)

(1) (2).
Nsd = NRd = Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1

d2

Msd

Nsd
d1

0,4x

s1

Msd + Nsd (h/2-d1) = Fcd.(d-0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d-d2) (2)

Fsd2
z

(1)

s1> y
(1) (2)
(1*) (2*):

Fcd

Fsd1

Nsd = 0.68b.x. fcd + As2.sd2 - [Link]

. 10.1

(1*)

Msd + Nsd (h/2 - d1) = 0.68b.x. fcd .(d - 0.4x) +

As2.sd2.(d - d2)
(2*)
S1/(d - x) = 3.5/x
(3)

s2/(x - d2) =3.5/x

Nsd,
.

(4)

252

As1 As2
MRdu,

MRdu
As1 As2

(1*) x
( sd2=fsd, . s2> y)
(2*) MRdu.

s2 s1.

A x (3)
(4) s1
s2

s2 > y.
s2 < y :
(1*) (2*) s2
sd2 = s .sd2
.

(


) , . s2 = s1.
s2 s1
(1*) (2*)
x As1.
(1*) x
As1,
x (2*)
s1,
s2.
x (3)
(4) s1 s2.

253

11.
11.1
,
:

C16, S400

Gd=100 kN

Gd=50 kN/m

2,0

MT=20 kNm

5,0

Gd=50 kN

0,6

2,0

300

[M]
200

100
242

50

150

[V]

10
10

[T]

d = h-0,05 = 0,60 -0,05 = 0,55 m

fcd= 16 .103 /1,5 =10,7.103 kN/m2
fsd = 400 .103/1,15 = 347,8 .103 kN/m2

sd = Msd [kNm] = 0,0012 . sd /b

b . d2 .fcd
s[cm2 ] = . b[cm].d[cm]. fcd/fsd = 1,69 . .b

254

0,5

0,25

200

300

1,0 m

: = 152 kNm
: MA = -0,9 x 300 = -270 kNm
: MB = -0,9 x200 = -180 kNm

M =+152 kNm

-270 kNm

-180 kNm

b= 1.00 m
sd = 0,046
hf/d=10/55=0,18
beff/bw=100/25=4 }
= 42/1000

b=0,25 m
sd= 0,33

b = 0,25
sd= 0,22

=0,46

= 0,21

As = 7,0 cm2
416 (8,04 cm2 )

As = 19,2 cm2

As = 11,0 cm2

620 (18,8 cm2 )

420 (12,5 cm2 )

1.
- wmin = 0,0016, s= 200 mm } = 6/20
- 8/20 : l =[Link] = 2 (0,6-2 .0,05 ) = 1,0 m
2.
x : x = 0,20 + 0,55 = 0,75 m
Vsd x :
V = x .q = 0,75 . 50 =37,5

Vsd = 212,5-37,5 =175 kN
3. T
sw/s [cm2/m] =

[Vsd [kN] Vcd.[kN] ]. 10

.0,9 d[m].fwd[kN/m2]
( : )
( s : )

Vcd = VRd1[kN] = Rd.[ kN/m2] .k.(1,2 +40 zl).bw[m].d[m]

k=1,6-d[m] >1,0
z = As [cm2 ] /(bw[m].d[m])
Rd =0,22 . 103 kN/m2
k= 1,6 - 0,55 = 1,05 m bw = 0,25 m

255

d= 0,55m

l =As/(bw.d ) =8,04/(25.55 ) =0,007

VRd1 = 0,22 .1000 .1,05 . (1,2 + 40.0,007).0,25 .0,55= 45 kN
=> = 2
s/s = ( Vsd - 45 )/ (2.0,9. 0,55 .220 .103/1,15 ) = 6,9cm2/m

As/s[cm2/m] = Tsd[kNm].104
[Link] [m2].fwd[kN/m2]
t=max{2c , Ac/u]
u :
Ak=(b-t).(d-t)

c :

Al [cm2] = Tsd [kNm].10 .u

[Link] [m2].fsd [kN/m2 ]

t= max{2.3,0, (25.60)/[2.(25+60)] } = 8,8cm = 0,088 m
Ak = (0,25-0,088).(0,60-0088) = 0,088 m2 u = 2.( 25+60) = 170 cm. = 1,7 m.

: Asw/s = 10.104/(2 .0,088 .220.103/1,15) = 3,15cm2/m
( ) : Asw /s = 6,9 +3,2 = 10,1 cm2 /m, =>

10/8

:
: Asw /s = 1,5 (6/20) + 3,2 = 4,7 cm2/m => 8 /9 (4,8 )
: Vsd = 20. 4,8+45 = 141 kN
Vsd > 141 kN 10/8

Vsd < 141 kN 8/9

:
Al = 10.104.[2.(25+60)]/(2.0,088.400 .103/1,15) =3,0 cm3
: 6
3,0/6 =0,5 cm2 => 8

=> 68

: : 8,04 : 3,0/3 =1,0 cm2
: 9,04 cm2 , . => 418
: :8,04 .1/3 =2,7 cm2
: 2,7+1,0 = 4,7 => 314

256

11.2
- -

, ,
.
1.

sd < lim ( )

d=0,55 m.
A

hf /d =0,18

, beff / bw = 4 } => lim = 0,212

sd=150/(1,0.d .16.10 / 1,5) = lim=0,212

=>

, : , S400

lim = 0,33

d= 0,26 m

=>

2.

Vsd =VRd2

sd =270/(0,25.d .16.10 /1,5) =0,33

d= 0,54 m

Vsd = 175 kN
(v= 0,7-16/200 =0,62 )
VRd2= 0,[Link].0,9d = 0,4.0,62.16.1000/1,5.0,9d =>
Vsd =175 kN
=>
3.

d=0,24 m

sd=TRd1

Tsd = 10 kNm
d=0,55 t = max{2.3 ,(25.60)/[2.(25+60)] } = 8,8cm = 0,088 m
Ak=(0,25-0,088).(0,60-0088) = 0,088 m2 v=0,70.(0,70-16/200
TRd1=[Link].t = Tsd =>
2.0,43.16.1000/1,5.(0,25-0,088).(d-0,088).0,088 = 10 kNm = > d = 0,15 m
2

4. (sd/TRd1 + Vsd/VRd2) =1

10/[2.0,43.16.1000/1,5.(0,25-0,088).
(d-0,088).0,088]+175/[0,4.0,62.16.1000/1,5.0,9d= =1
d

257

=>

d = 0,42 m
d= 0,54 m =>

h = 0,60 m

11.3
- -
, ,
10.1.
1. K

As= 416 = 8,04 cm2

=[Link]/([Link])= 0,042

2

sd = Rd = MRd/(b.d .fcd)

hf/d =0,18 beff/bw =4

=> sd=0,05

=> MRd = 0,05.1,0.0,55.0,55.16.1000/1,5 =161 kNm

Msd=gd.8,0 /8 + (MA+MB)/2 ,

MA =- 100.2,0-gd.2,02/2 =- [Link]-200
MB = - 50.2,0-gd.2,02/2 =- [Link]-100

MsdAB = [Link]-150 kNm

Msd =MRd

=> [Link]-150 = 161

=>

gd =52 kN/m

, s= 620 =18,9 cm2

=[Link]/([Link])= 0,046
Rd=0,34 => MRd = 270 kNm
MA = MRd

=> 0,9 ( [Link]+200) = 270

=>

gd=50 kN/m

2.

E : VRD3 = VSD

: 10/9
As' /s =6,9 cm2/m Vcd = 0,22 . 1000 .1,05 . (1,2 + 40 . 0,007) .0,25 .0,55 = 45 kN
s/s = ( VRd3- 45 )/ (2.0,9. 0,55 .220 .103/1,15 ) = ( VRd3 - 45 ) /20 => s/s = (VRd3 - 45) /20 VRd3 =
20. s/s + 45
s/s = ( VRd3- 45)/20 = 6,9cm2/m => VRd3 = 175 kN
x : x = 0,20 + 0,55 = 0,75 m
Vsd x : V = 0,75 .gd k
: Vsd = Vsd - 0,75 gd= 100 + gd. 2,0 - 0,75 gd = 100 +1,25gd VRD3 = VSD =>
175 = 100 +1,25gd
=>
gd = 50 kN/m
E VRd2 = Vsd
VRd2= 0,[Link].0,9d = 0,4.0,62.16.102/1,5.0,9.0,55 =175 kN (v= 0,7-16/200 =0,62 )
: Vsd = 100 + gd. 2,0
175 = 100 + gd. 2,0

=>

gd = 37,5 kN/m

: gd = 37,5 kN/m

258

259

1.

1.1

(..)

.

, .

.
,
,
.



, , , ...
,


.


, ,
.
, (.
. 2)

(


,. 1))
.
, , .

260

wR w R ,
:
wR R

,
w

.
, .
3, 1/300
(
),
0,1
0,4 mm,
(
0,2 mm).

1.2


: ()
(), .



.
,
.
, , ,
As h, ,
As h,
,

.

1.3

,
,

,
,

. ...

,
:

,
,
,

,
..

261

2.

sr ,
s
:
w= s. sr




.

:
s1/ c = (d-x)/x
Ms =MR = Fs1. z = As1. Es.s1.( d-x/3)
Fs = Fc => [Link].s1 = . b. [Link].c

2.1 s
H s .

.
R
s
e Fs Fc.
:

x/3

(1)
(2)
(3)

Fc
z=d-x/3

[]

[]

Fs

. 2.1 [], []
F

s
: s = s/Es, ,
Mru s
fy.

(1) c
(2)
(2) (3)
: s1 x,
s1.
s
.

z

:

2.2

Ms= MR = Fs z = As. s.z

c .
3.5%
.

c
,
. 1,
[c- c]

Fc
.

262

.

,



,
. 2.

sr=1/8 . Acef /As . . . fct / m = . /t

,

sr
,
, . 2.4,
, ,

.

:
t = As /cef

Acef
.
2.3

(3)
:

sr
sr /2

Fs

Fct

sr

. 2.2
()
, ()



.

As

b ( Acef )

:
(1)

, :

. 2.3

Fb = m... sr/2 = Ft
Ft = 1/[Link] = 1/[Link].1/2 fct ,

As

, s
x ,
,
b.

sr/2

As .s = m... sr/2

(2)

:
Acef

.

, ,
,
.

(2) :
(3)

263

2.4 ()
, , . 3,


.

, , ,

,

3.

3.1
R
R
:
R R

20
30 .

( )
1/250
( )
1/500, lo
. 55.3.

= .G = 2G/l < ft => /l =ft/(2G) = 1/(2.150)

/l < 1/300

( ).

3.2

,
. 1, :
1. lo

,
2. r
, 1/r

. (
, r ).
r

= /(l/2

lo

1/r = d/dx

.
G
150 MPa 1
MPa , :

.3.1
lo

l
lo i,

264

. 2:

d = dl/r = [Link]/x = [Link]/(d-x) = (c+s)/d

:

lo=l

lo=2l

lo=0,7l

lo=0,5l

. 3. 2

. 3()
dl ,
. 3() .
. 3(),
dl dl1 2,

c = dl1/dl 1 dl2
c = dl2/dl.

d
[Link]
x

dl

()

d = dl/r

()

c/x=dl.s/(h-x)
d

-1/r --

1/r

(1)

(1) 1/r
.

1/r = (c+s)/d

=>

d=dl.(c+s)/(x+d-x) =>
1/r = (c+s)/d (1)

()

1/r

()

1/r

. 3.4 -1/r :
()
()
,
,
,
-1/r . 4.
H , , .

. 5
:
:
y:
u: ()

[Link]

dl

. 3 .3

()

1/r
c s

. 3()
:

To
.

-1/r

1/r :
265

M
Mu
y
MI

y -1/r

s1=yd=fYd/s c
.

c
s1 x (1)
:

1/r
. 3.5 -1/r

x = d. c /(c+sy)

- 1/r

fct,
1
, , 1
,

, . 6,
.
c

d2

cd

s2

[]

h/3
Nsd
Msd
[]

Nsd

z2

Fsd2
zc
z1

Fcd
Fsd1

. 7 ,

s1= y

NRd
MRd

A
y ():

[F]

M= [Link]+Fsd2.z2 -Fsd1.z1=Msd(I) +sd.e2 (*)

(1/r)y :

. 3. 6 ,

(1/r)y= (c+sy)/d

c = 3,5%,
s1
.
.
. 4 5,
-1/r .

(1)

,
,
, ,
.

sd=Rd=Fcd+Fsd2=.[Link]+As2. sd =>
sd=. b. [Link].c/1,5 + [Link].s2/1,15 =>
c = (1,5sd- [Link].s2/1,15 )/(0,[Link] )

(2)

=MRd=Fcd.(h/2- h/3)+[Link].s2(h/2-d2)

()

1/r = (c +0)/h

()

(*)

u -1/r

s1,
,

:
s2/c = (h-d2)/h

s1= y

Fsd2
Fcd

Msd

(1)

zc, x (
s1).

266

sd

. 8, sd
-1/r,
U .
M
Mu
y
MI

sd
Y

U
sd

e2
o lo
1/r

. 1 3,
1/r d/dx

d2y/dx2 .

. ,
1/r

sd> sd

1/r = .10/lo2

1/r

(1)

= (lo2 /10). 1/r

. 3. 8 sd
- 1/r

=>

(2)

10


10, , *, .

u -1/r

sd ( bal = 0,40
NRdu) ,

(. . 3, . 1) Rdu,
s1
, , (1/r)u
.

_________________

y -1/r

lo
Nsd e1
1
, . 9() 2
.
2 4
...
N

A :
sd = sd= Rd = Fcd +Fsd2- Fsd1
sd
Fcd ( Fsd1 ) ,
, c , ,
(1/r) .

M
,
Fcd
zc (. . 7),
x
c.

1
[M1] [y ]

[M21] [y2]

[M22] [y3]

y1= 1.4x/lo.(1-x/lo) 2
=> d2y/dx2 =1/r1 = 1.8/ lo
y2= 2.16/5.(x/lo-2x3/lo3+x4/lo4) 4

- 1/r

=> d2y/dx2 =1/r2 = 192/5.2.1/ lo.(- x/lo+x2/lo2 k.o.k

() ()
.2.3.3 sd
.

x= lo/2 => 1/r = e22.9,6/lo => e22 = 1/r. lo/9.6

267

cc
c .

cc = . c= . c/c

(3)

.
, (shrinkage),
* (creep)

.

cc, , ,
. 9,
, ,
,
.

H cs
, .
.
cc

c

, .
c.

Msd

cc

Nsd
()

()

. 3.9
()
()

------------------------

,,

)

.

e2

268

12
12.1

1 15 cm 1 25/55
. 1 2.
: qk = 2 kN/m2, gk, = 1,0 kN/m2.
2,0 m g = 2,0 kN/m2. : C20/25, S500
1

0,40

P1

1,9

6,0
. 1

.2
.

1. h
d lo/30 = 2,4. 1,9 /30 = 0,15 m
h 0,15 +0,02 =0,17m =>
2.
g. = 25 x 0,15 = 3,8 kN/m2
gk =
1,0
= 4,8 kN/m2
gk

gd = 1,35 x 4,8 = 6,5 kN/m2

qd = 1,50 x 2,0 = 3,0 kN/m2
d =
9,5 kN/m2

3.
max M1 =9,5. 1,92 /2 = 18 kN/m
4. s h

b = 1.0 [m], d= h-c-/2 = h-0.02 [m] ( c=0.015m)=>
d = 0.15-0.02 =0.13m
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m2 S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m2

Msd = 18,0 kNm

(1*) (2*) => 18,0 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.13 - 0.4. 48 As1) =>
As1 = 3,3. 10-4 m2 => 8/13 (3,83 cm2)

: 0,2 . 3,83 = 0,8 cm2 => 8/30 (1,6 cm2)

: 8/30

1.

. 1

g. = 25. 1,0. 0,25 . 0,55 = 3,7 kN/m

4,0 +
gk =
4,8 . 1,9 =
9,1
gk =
gk
=
16,8 kN/m
3,8 kN/m
qk = 2,0 . 1,9 =

gd = 1,35 . 16,8 = 22,7 kN/m

qd = 1,50 . 3,8 = 5,7
d =
28,4 kN/m

2 . : max M1 = 28,4. 6,02 /8 = 128 kNm

3. s1 h

M = +128 kNm , => .

.
: b = bw = 0,25 m
d= h-d1 = 0,55 - 0,05 = 0,50 m d1 = c- - /2 = 3-1-2/2 = 5 cm

( )

[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd (1)

Msd= [Link].(d-0.4x)

(2)

(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,68. 0,25. x.13.3. 103 =>
(2) => 128 = 435. 103. As1. (0,50-0,4.192As1) =>

s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x (3)

x = 192As1 (1a)

As1 = 6,5 .10-4m2 => 612 (s1= 6,6 cm2). As2 = 312 (s2= 3,3 cm2)
(1a) => x= 192. 6,6 .10-4 = 0,13 m => s1 = 3.5%.(0,50-0,13)/0,13 = 10%o => h
. . 1

1. :
: Vsd = 28,4. 6,0/2 = 85,2 kN
: Vsd = 85,2- 0,40/2. 28,4 = 79,4 kN
d : Vsd = 85,2 - (0,40/2+0,50). 28,4 = 69 kN
2.
VRd2= 0,5..fcd. bw. 0,9d = 0,5. 0,6. [Link],25. 0,9 . 0,50 > 448 k =>
= (0,7-fck/200)=0,6
3.
: Vcd = 0, Vsd= VRd3 = 69 kN =>
Vwd = VRd3 - Vcd = 69 kN
2sw/s = 69/ (0,9. 0,5 .435.103) = 3,5. 10-4 m2 /m = 3,5 cm2/m (1)
.
1.
To sd ..
Tsd = mT. L/2 = 19,2. 6,0/2 =57,6 kNm
mT= 9,5. (1,9+0,25/2) = 19,2 kNm/m
2.
t=max{2. 3,0 . (0,25. 0,55)/[2.(0,25+0,55)] } = 0,09 m
Ak=(0,25-0,09).(0,55-0,09) = 0,07m2

3.
: Asw/s = 57,6 /(2 .0,07 .435.103) = 9,5. 10-4 m2 /m = 9,5 cm2/m
):
Asw/s = 3,5/2 + 9,5 = 11,3 cm2 /m (1) => 12/10
( 8 => As=.82/4= 0,5 cm2
(1) => 0,5/s=11,3 => s = 0,5/11,3 = 0,04 m .
12 => As=.1,22/4= 1,13 cm2 => (1) => 1,13/s=11,3 => s = 0,10 m).
4.
: Al = 57,6 [2.(0,25+0,55)]/(2.0,07. 435 .103) =15,0. 10-4 m-2 = 15,0 cm2
: 6
: 15,0/6 =2,5 cm2 => 18

: ( ) 6,6 + ( ) 15/3 = 11,3 cm2 => 616
: ( ) 3,3 + ( ) 15/3 = 8,0 cm2 => 416
: ( )

218

4.
Rd1 = [Link].t = 0,4. 13,3. 103. 0.07.0,09= 33,5 < 54=Tsd =>
v= 0,7.(0,7-fck/200) =0,7.(0,7-20/200) = 0,4
. . 2
. 1.
. 1 .
.
beff

4. s h
Msd = +128 kNm , =>
b = beff= 0,25 + 6,0/10 =0,85 m d= 0,50 m

(1) => 435. 103. As1= 0,68. 0,85.x.13.3. 103 =>

(2) => 128= 435. 103. As1. (0,50-0,4. 57As1) =>

x = 57 As (1a)

As1 = 6,5 .10-4m2 => 612 (s1= 6,6 cm2). As2 = 312 (s2= 3,3 cm2)
(1a) => x= 57. 6,6 .10-4 = 0,04 m => s1 = 3.5.(0,50-0,04)/0,04 = 40%o <68% => d
( 20%:
min As
c=3,5% s= 20% => x= 3,5/(3,5+20).d =0,125d => z= d-0,4.0,125d= 0,95d =>
As = 128/(0,95. 0,50.435. 103) = 6,2. 10-4 = 6.2 cm2
, c=3,5% s= 10% =>
x= 3,5/(3,5+10).d =0,25d => z= d-0,4.0,25d= 0,9d =>
As = 128/(0,9. 0,50.435. 103) = 6.5. 10-4 = 6,5 cm2

s2= As1/3=0,33s1

(1) s1. 435. 103 =0,67. 0,95. x. 13,3.103 + 0,33As1. 435. 103 => x= 18As1 (1a)
(2) 120 = 0,67. 0,95. 18As1. 13,3.103(0,50-0,4. 18As1) + 0,33As1. 435. 103 (0,50 0,05)

271

=> As1= 9,5. 10-4 m2 = 9,5 cm2

(1a) => x= 18. 9,5. 10-4 = 0,02 m (4) => s2 = 3.5% (0,02-0,05)/0,02 = - 1,3% s2
( x s2
) .

Z. . 2
. 1.

616

12/10

218

416

1
416

416
218
218

616

- 1 .1

616

- 1 .2

272

273

12 2

20 cm,
25/60 30/30. : g,k=1.00kN/m2,
qk=5.00kN/m2. C20/25, S500s. 3 cm.
.

2,00

3
1

2,00

1.
g. = 25 . 0,20 = 5,0 kN/m2
1,0
gk =
= 6,0
gk

6,25

2,50

2,00

A.

d = 1,35. 6,0 + 1,5. 5,0 = 15,6 kN/m2

2.
:

2, 3

l = 6,0 m

l = 2,0 m

H 2 .


, . .
:

1:
2, 3:

:
max M1 = 15,6. 6,02 /8 = 70,2 kN/m, min M2 = min M3 = 15,6. 2,02 /2 = 31,2 kN/m

273


274

1. s h
:
b = 1.0 m, d= h-c-/2=20-3-1,0/2 = 16 cm=0.16m,
S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435.103 kN/m2

As = Msd/([Link]) = Msd/(0,[Link]) = Msd/(0,9. 0,16. 435. 103) = Msd/(6,6.104) m2

1: Msd = 70,2 kNm
As = 70,2.10-4/6,6. =11,8. 10-4m2 =11,8 cm2 => 12/8
2 3 : Msd = 31,2 kNm
As = 31,2 .10-4/6,6. = 5,1.10-4 m2 = 5,1cm2 => 8/10

: 1: 0,2.11,8=2,4 cm2 => 8/20
2,3: 0,2.5,1=1,0 cm2 => 8/30
2: 0,5.5,1= 2,5 cm2 => 8/20
. 1-2-3 4

1. :
1-2-3
[s]
2,15m

2,20m

2,15m

4
[s]
6,00 m
2. : gd,. = 25. 0,25 . (0,60 0,20) = 2,5 kN/m2
1 , 3:
d, = 15,6 . 6,0/2 = 46,8
2:
gd, = 15,6 . 2,0 = 31,2
: 1 , 3: d=2,5+46,8 = 49,3 kN/m2
2
d=2,5+31,2 = 33,7 kN/m2
2 . :

1-2-3

2,
, (
). , 1 2
( ).
max M1 = max M3= 49,3. 2,02 /2= 98,6 kNm

: max M4 = 33,7. 6,02 /8 = 153 kNm

3. s h

:
d= h-d1 = 0,60 - 0,05 = 0,55 m

d1 = c-- 2 = 3-1-2/2 = 5 cm
274

:
1-2-3
4

As1 = 98,6/(435.103. 0,9 .0,55) = 4,6. 10-4 m2 =4,6 cm2 => 4 12

As2 => 212
As1 = 153/(435.103. 0,9 .0,55) = 6,9. 10-4 m2 = 6,9 cm2 => 5 14
As2 => 314

. 1-2-3 4
Vsd1, = Vsd3, = 49,3 . 2,0 = 98,6 kN,
Vsd1-2 = Vsd2-3 = 33,7.2,20/2 (98,6-98,6)/2,2= 37,0 kN.
O Vsd1, = 98,6 kN
Vsd d = 49,3 (2,0-0,55) = 71,5 kN
:
VRd2 = 0,5. (0,7-20/200).13,3.103. 0,25. 0,9. 0,55 = 494 kN > 98,6 kN
:
Vcd = [Link].d= 1,0/1,5.103. 0,25.0,55 = 91,7 > Vsd 1 3.
2 Vcd = 0.
1 3 8/20
2:
Asw/s = 71,5 / (0,9. 0,55. 435. 103) = 3,3. 10-4 m2 = 3,3 cm2
. 1-2-3
1.
2.
To sd .. 2:
Tsd = mT. L/2 = 31,6. 2,2/2 =34,8 kNm
mT= 15,6. (1,9+0,25/2) = 31,6 kNm/m
2.
t=max{2. 3,0 . (0,25. 0,60)/[2.(0,25+0,60)] } = 0,09 m
Ak=(0,25-0,09).(0,60-0,09) = 0,08m2
3.
: Asw/s = 34,8/(2 .0,08 .435.103) = 5,6. 10-4 m2 /m = 5,6 cm2/m
):
Asw/s = 3,3/2 + 5,6 = 7,2 cm2 /m (1) => 8/8
( 8 => As=.82/4= 0,5 cm2
(1) => 0,5/s=11,3 => s = 0,5/7,1 = 0,08 m )
4.
: Al = 34,8 [2.(0,25+0,60)]/(2.0,08. 435 .103) =9,1. 10-4 m-2 = 9,1 cm2
: 6
: 9,1/6 =1,5 cm2 => 14

: ( ) 4,4 + ( ) 9,1/3 = 7.4 cm2 => 712
: ( ) 2,2 + ( ) 9,1/3 = 5,2 cm2 => 512
: ( )

214

5.
Rd1 = [Link].t = 0,4. 13,3. 103. 0.08.0,09 = 35 < 54=Tsd =>
v= 0,7.(0,7-fck/200) =0,7.(0,7-20/200) = 0,4
H
1,9

3
3

6,25

2,50

2,00

2,00

412
112
214
412

512

8/8
214

212

712

212

212
512
!-2-3
512

412

214

712

212

12.3.

40/55, 6m , As1,
16 , Asw,
10/12
4,0 m 40/40,
416. .

15/15(. ).
: C20, S500.
:
() .
() .
()
.
()
;

. 1
516

s1 = 5. 2,0 = 10,0 cm2= 10,0 . 10-4 m-2
d=0,55-0,05= 0,50 m ,
b=0,40 m( )
bW = (0,40-0,15) =0,25 m ( )
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m2
y= 435.103/2.105 = 2.2 %o

6,0 m
S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m2

:
435. 103. 10,0 . 10-4 = 0,68. 0,40. x.13.3. 103 =>
x = 0,08 m < (0,55-0,15)/2 =0,20 m (=>
)
:
MRdu = 435. 103. 10,0 . 10-4 .(0,50-0,4. 0,08) = 205 kNm
:
rdu = max Msd => maxd.6,02 /8 = 205 kNm

=>

max d = 45,6 kN/m

2.
:
Vwd = 4. 0,8.10-4. 435. 103. 0,9. 0,50/0,12 = 522 kN
:
Vcd = 1,0/1,5 . 103 . (0,40-0,15) . 0,50 = 83 kN
VRd3 VRd2
VRd3 = 83 + 522 = 605 kN
VRd2= 0,[Link]. 0,9d = 0,5. 0,6. 13,3.103 .(0,40-0,15). 0,9. 0,50 =448 kN
(v= 0,7-20/200 =0,60 )

VRd3 = maxVsd => 605 = Vsd x. d = d .6,0/2- (0,40/2+0,50). d => max d = 298 kN
max d = 160 kN
VRd2 = maxVsd => 448 = Vsd = d .6,0/2- 0,40/2. d =>
3. :

=>

maxd = 45,6 kN

. 1. :
.
sd = 25.(0,40-0,15).(0,40-0,15).4,0 + 45,6.6,0/2 = 143 kN.

2.
Rdu = (0,40. 0,40-0,15.0,15). 0,85.13,3.103+4. 2,0. 10-4.400.103 =1863 k.
3.
: sd

.
. 1.
<

Rdu

.
: sd/ Rdu = 143/1863 =0,08.
35%
(. sd Msd)
c=3,5 s1 > y=2,2
O s ( )
s1/3.5 = (d-x)/x => s1 =3.5 .(0.35-x)/x (1)
s2/3.5 = (x-d1)/x => s2 =3.5 .(x-0,05)/x (2) => sd2 = 2.105. 3.5% .(x-0,05)/x [MPa]
H x :
sd= Rd = Fcd+ Fsd2-Fsd1 = 0,68bxfcd +As2.sd2 -As1.fsd1 (a)=>
143 kN = 0,68.0,40x.13,3 .103 2. 2,0.10 -4. 2.105. 3.5% .(x-0,05)/x - 2. 2,0.10 -4435.103
=> x=0,06 cm < (0,4-0,15)/2=0,125 cm => b=0,40
(2) => s2 =3.5 .(x-0,05)/x =3.5 .(0,06-0,05)/0,06 = 0,6%< y , sd2 = -240.103 kN/m2
(1) => s1/3.5 = (d-x)/x => s1 =3.5 .(0.35-0,06)/0,06 = 17 > y
: Fcd = 0,68.0,40.0,06.13,3.103 = 217 kN
Fsd2 = 2. 2,0.10 -4. 240.103 = 96 kN
Fsd1 = 2. 2,0.10 -4435.103 = 174 kN
Rd = Fcd+ Fsd2-Fsd1 = 217 +96 -174 =140 kN = sd
2. Y
Rdu= Fcd. (h/2-0,4x) + Fsd2. (h/2-d2) + Fsd1. (h/2-d1) = 217.(0,20-0,4.0.06) + 96(0,20-0,05) +
174.(0,20-0,05) =38,2+14,4 +26,1 = 78,7 kNm.
3. Y
[Link]= sd = H.l/2 => 78,7=H.4,0/2 => H = 39,3 kN

sd

. , sd
35% Rdu Rdu.

Msd

12.4 .
.
20cm, 30/60 30/30.
416. g,k=1.00kN/m2, qk=2.00kN/m2.
: C20/25, S500s.

()
.

0.30

5.00
0.30

K4 (30/30)
416

1 30/60

2. 1 3:
()
.

K1 (30/30)
416

2.15

() ,
h= 20cm,
.

K3 (30/30)
416

3 30/60

1. :
() ,

K2 (30/30)
416

2 30/60

0.30

6.60

3.30

()
.
3. 1:
() , ,
.
() , h=60cm, .
()


4 3:
() ,
37cm ,
(
/).
()
, , ,
c=-0.0035 s1=0.015.
5. 1:
() .
() , ,
(30/30 cm) (As1=As2=216).
1.
1()

: d. = 1.35(25x0.20+1.0) +1.5x2.0 = 11.1 kN/m2

:
l = 6.30m
l 3.15m

:

:
: 3,0 m
.
:
sd = d.l2/8 = 11.1x6.32/8 = 54,3 kNm o o

sd = d.l2/2 = 11.1x3,02/2 = 49,9 kNm

:
b = 1.0 m, d= h-c-/2 = h-0.02 [m] ( c=0.015m) =>
d = 0.20-0.02 = 0.18m
C20/25 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3x 103 kN/m2
S500 =>fsd = 500x103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m2
y= 435.103/2.106 = 2.2 %o
( )
[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd
Msd= [Link].(d-0.4x)
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x

(1)
(2)
(3)

=>
=>
=>

435. 103 As1 = 0,68.1,0.x.13,3.103 => x= 48 As1

Msd= 435. 103 As1 . (0.18 - 0.4x)
s1 =3.5% .(0.18-x)/x

(1)
(2)
(3)

Msd = 54,3 kNm

(1) (2) => 54,3 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.18 - 0.4. 48 As1) => As1 = 7,7. 10-4 m2 => 8/7
(1) ) => x= 48 As1 =48.7,7. 10-4 =0,04 m
(3) ) => s1 =0,0035..(0.18-x)/x = 0,0035.(0,18-0,04)/0,04= 12%o > y
Msd = 49,9 kNm
(1) (2) => 49,9 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.18 - 0.4. 48 As1) => As1 = 7,0. 10-4 m2 => 8/8
(1) => x= 48 As1 =0,04 m =>
s1 =0,0035..(0.18-x)/x = 0,0035.(0,18-0,04)/0,04= 12%o > y

K3 (30/30)
416

K2 (30/30)
416

10/

K1 (30/30)
416

K4 (30/30)
416

1 () h
():
d max lo/30 ()
d=0,18 m, max lo = max {1.0x6.30 , 2,4x 3,15} = 7,5 m
()


: 68%o s1 y = 2,2%
s1
1() .
.
mT
2. 1 3
2()

.
Ms
Ms=0
.
1
, ,
1 ,
3 . [ 3
( ) ].

2() :
. 1 ,
3 .
: gd. =1,35. 25. 0,30 . (0,60-0,20) = 4,0 kN/ m
= 36,6 kN/ m
1 : d,. = 11,1.3,30
3 : d,. = 11,1. 6,60/2 = 36,6 kN/ m
1 3: d = 4,0 +36,6 = 40,6 kN/m
1: mT = d,.l2/2 =11,1. 3,152/2 .1,0 = 55,0 kNm/m

Msd, Vsd Tsd .

sd
vsd
Tsd

Msd ( ) 1 :
Msd = 40,6 . 2,152/2 = 93,5 kNm
Msd 3 Msd = 40,6 . 5,32/8 = 141 kNm
Vsd 1 Vsd = 40,6 . 2,15 = 87,5 kN
Vsd 3 Vsd = 40,6 . 5,3/2 = 107,5 kN
sd 1 sd = mT.l = 55,0. 2,15 = 118 kNm
2() :
3 (
) 1

(
)


1
(
).

.
3. 1
3()
2() Msd = -93,5 kNm
: => b = bW= 0,30 m
d= h-d1 = 0,60 - 0,05 = 0,55 m (d1 = c--/2 = 3-1-2/2 = 5 cm)
C20/25 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m2
S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m2
y= 435.103/2.106 = 2.2 %o

( )

[Link] = 0.68b.x. fcd
Msd= [Link].(d-0.4x)

(1) =>
(2) =>

435. 103 As1 = 0,68.0,30.x.13,3.103 => x= 164 As1

93,5= 435. 103 As1 . (0.55 - 0.4 .164 As1 )

(1)
(2)

[s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x
(3)
=>
s1 =3.5% .(0.55-x)/x

( 1 2) s1
( 3) ]
(1) (2) => 93,5 = 435. 103 As1 .(0.55 - 0.4. 164 As1) =>
(2) As1 = 4,3. 10-4 m2 => 412
As2 = 2,2. 10-4 m2 => 212
s2= 0,50As11
(1). 435. 103 s1 = 0,68. 0,30. x. 13,3.103 + 0,50As1. 435. 103 => x= 80As1 (1a)
(2) 93,5 = 0,68. 0,30. x. 13,3.103. (0.55 - 0.4 .80 As1 ) + 0,50As1. 435. 103 (0,55 0,05)
(1) (2) =>
93,5 = 0,68. 0,30. 8As1. 13,3.103. (0.55 - 0.4 .80 As1 ) + 0,50As1. 435. 103 (0,55 0,05)
=> As1= 3,0. 10-4 m2 = 3,0 cm2 As2 =0,5.3,0= 1,5 cm2
(1a) => x= 80. 3,0. 10-4 = 0,025 m
s2 = 3.5% (0,025-0,05)/0,025 = 3% > y = 2,2%o
s1 = 3.5% (0,55-0,025)/0,025 = 70% > y = 2,2%o

2() Vsd = 87,5 kN .
Vsd d Vsd = 87,5 - 40,6 . 0,55 = 63 kN
Vcd = 0
Vsd = VRd3 = Vwd =

0.9d
A sw f ywd = 63
s

=>

sw/s = 63/ (0,9. 0,55 .435.103) = 5,2. 10-4 m2 /m = 5,2 cm2/m

2() sd = 118 kNm

t= (30.60)/[2.(30+60)] = 0,10 m

Ak=(0,30-0,10).(0,60-0,10) = 0,10 m2

( =45)
:
Asw / s= Tsd[kNm]
= 118 /(2 .0,10 .435.103) = 12,5. 10-4 m2 /m =12,5 cm2/m
2
[Link][m ].fwd[kN/m2]
:
Al = Tsd [kNm].u = 118 [2.(0,30+0,60)]/(2.0,10. 435 .103) =22,5. 10-4 m-2 =22,5 cm2
[Link] [m2].fsd [kN/m2 ]
: 6 ,
25 cm 12 .
22,5/12 = 1,90 cm2 =>

16

:
Asw/s = 5,2/2 + 12,5 =15,1 cm2 /m (1)

=>

12/8

: ( ) 4,3 + ( ) 22,5/3 = 11,8 cm2 => 616
: ( ) 2,2 + ( ) 22,5/3 = 9,7 cm2 => 516
( )

=> 216+216

616

12/8

616

416

516

516

3()
: : Vsd <VRd2 ( )
A 2() Vsd = 87,5 kN
VRd2= 0,5.[0,7-fck/200)].fcd. bw. 0,9d = 0,5. 0,6. [Link],30. 0,9 . 0,55 = 593 kN >78 k
=> .
: : sd <Rd1 ( )
Rd1 = 0,7(,7-fck/ 200).[Link].t =0,7.0,4.13,3.103.0,10.0,10 = 37,2 kN < sd = 118 kN => H
.
3() 1
:
() () ()

()

()

()

(): , ,

():
.
(): ( ),
d
( ).
.
(): ( )
.
.
(): (
) .

.
():
().
.
4() .
x= d-0,37 m = 0,55-0,37 = 0,18 m.
4()
.
x= c .d/(c+s1) = 3,5. 0.55/(3,5+15)=0,15 m<0,18 m.
4()
.
5() 1
.
sd =11,1. [(6,60.5,60)/4+3,30.2,15]=169 kN.
5() ,
sd
.
(
).

,
Msd
. (

).

12.5

.

.

()
:
q=2 kN/m2

3,0

1
20

1 30/60
3,0

1
20

6,6

4,0
3,0

1
20

1
20

1 30/60

1 30/60

1 30/60
2,0

3,,0

2
20

1
20

3,15

6,6

3,15

:
1: h=20 cm
2: h=20 cm
1: b/h=20/60 cm
:

As1=> 10/10
As1=> 10/10,
As1=> 412, s2=> 212, sw => 8/10

b/h=30/30 cm

As => 414

1 ()
.
:
1. () .
() ( )
( )
2.
1 ,
.
.
:

) ,
.
) 8 cm .
) 8/20 1 8/40.

.
2

1
20

1
P1

1
1
20

3.


.


.

,
.

,
, .

4,0

1 30/60
2,0

6,6

.
1.() .
.
(
).

()
.
. , :
:
.
(. 2)
.
2x3,15 = 6,0 m. O
.

( ). 1
3,15 m
6,30 m 1 . ,

, , , .
:
.
.
,
( ).
,
. (
) 3.
2. :


.
1

.

12.6

30/55 6m , As1,
16
5,95 m 10/12
0,4 m
G
G 0,40 m
, .
412
.: C20/25, S500.
:
1. G
.

l = 6,0 m

2. ( , )
() MRdu,
() VRd2 VRd3
() Rd1, Rd2 Rd3.
3. () (
516) G .
()
G ;
()
2.
() (2),
G q.
1. max sd= MRdu

s1 = 5. 2,0 = 10,0 cm2= 10,0 . 10-4 m-2
d=0,60-0,05= 0,55 m , b=0,30 m
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m2
y= 435.103/2.105 = 2.2 %o

S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m2

E

fsd
40 cm
:
lb= /[Link]/fbd =1,6/4. 435/2,0 = 87 cm.
:
sd.2/4 = fbd.l. => sd = 4fbd.l/ fsd ()
sd = 4.2,0.103.0,40/0,016 = 200.103 kN/m2
MRdu
(1) =>
[Link] = 0.68.b.x. cd
200. 103. 10,0 . 10-4 = 0,68. 0,30. x.13.3. 103 =>x = 0,07 m
=>
MRdu = [Link].(d-0.4x) (2)
MRdu = 200.103. 10,0 . 10-4 .(0,55-0.4.0,07)=104 kNm
(3)
=>
s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x
s1 =3.5% .(0.55-0,07)/0,07 =24 <68
A
sd Rdu =>
d.6,02 /8 104 kNm

=>

(1*)
(2*)
(3*)

d = 23,1 kN/m

2.
:
Vwd = 2. 0,5.10-4. 435. 103. 0,9. 0,55/0,12 = 179 kN
:
Vcd = 1,0/1,5 . 103 . 0,30 . 0,55 = 110 kN
VRd3 VRd2
VRd3 = 110 + 179 = 289 kN
VRd2= 0,[Link]. 0,9d = 0,5. 0,6. 13,3.103 0,30. 0,9. 0,55 =592 kN
(v= 0,7-20/200 =0,60 )
A
VRd3 Vsd => 289 = Vsd x. d = d .6,0/2 - (0,40/2+0,55). d => max d = 128 kN/m
max d = 211 kN/m
VRd2 maxVsd => 592 = Vsd = d .6,0/2 - 0,40/2. d =>
:

=>

maxd = 23,1 kN/m

2. () MRdu
: MRdu = [Link].(d-0.4x) As1 . x
sd.
sd = 4fbd.l/ fsd ()
fsd
1 lb =0,87 m.
()
.

0,87

0,87

[ Rdu Rd3]

() VRd2 , VRd3 Rd1, Rd2 Rd3 .

Rd3 . ,

:

[ VRd2 VRd3 TRd1 TRd2]

H Rd3 sd ,
Rdu .
() G
, ,
sd

lo
.

.

290

() ,
l : l+lo.

30% :
: (l+l) = 0,7./4. sd /fbd => sd = 4fbd.0,7(l+l)/ fsd ()
Rdu Rd3 sd
() , :

()
( ),
Fsd2 Fcd
.
G.
()
2 3.
.
,
.

290

291

1.


,
( , ,
...). ,
.

1.1

,
,
( )
.


().

.




.

1.2
, ,
(
) (
), (
)
( ).


, , .

()
( )
, .

292

1.3

.

,
.

1,5 m

(.. 1 )

.
1

2
2

11

22

1
3

5 5

: : :
:
.
. 1.1 ..

1.4

, .1:

, .

(
,
, . 2.

, .

(
)

.

7 9 m
( ).

15 m,
,

( . 1.4).

. 1.2 ..
.

, . 2(8).

() ,
.
.

, , , ,
. 2().

.

, ,
. 3, .

()

. 1.3

()

() , ..

,
.

( )
. 1.2 ()
() ()

293

1.5

(
)

()
1;50.

4
.

. 3
.

, . 4 ,
.. ,


,
.

.
2

C20/25
S500s

. . 3

..............
..............
...........
......... . 1

. 1.4

. 1.3

: :

. 1 2 3, 1, 2,

()

,
. 3.
:

,
()



,

294

: :

1, ,

,1-2

- ,1 ...

2.

.
: (
.)

2.1




,
.
,

.

1 .


.
( )

.

1.

.
2,
.

2.3

,

.

2.2

()


.

. 1,


.

,
.

, ,
, ,

.
,
.

( ),
.

, .

, ,
.

295

: S :

E,
:

R:
Ru:

,
,

:

,

.

,
,

,

S.
R

,
,
,
.

, .. ,

s.

, ,
, , .

R.

2.4

()
:

.

.

q = 1.5 q,
g = 1.35 g,
c = 1.50 fc /
s = 1.15 fs .

, . u (ultimate) .. MRu
.

2.5

2.6

(
), *

Sd Rdu
(2)
:
Sd Rdu , M Sd M Rdu ,
VSd VRdu , T sd T Rdu

.

.

:
, M , V T ,
, ,
( . 3).

(1)
**:
S = R Ru
_____________

S Ru

(1)

* :
( S R)
( = ).
**
.
, , S = R ( ) ,
.

296

(2)
:

().

( )
d.

,
,


.
:

2.7


:

2.9

. .
.

.
3 4.

.
. .

.
5 6.

,
.
:

.
.

7.

1.
: M sd ,Vsd, Tsd
7.

2.8


,
,
.

.

297

2.
,

.
8.

3.
.
8 9.

3.


.

3.1

,
, ,
.

. 2
1-2 . 3
1-2
. 1.

. 3.1

,
, ,

.
. 2 1-2 . 3
1-2
.


.
.

. 2 1-2 . 3
1-2
.

q
g.

(..
1/20 ),

.

. 3.2
1-2

. 2
1-2 . 3
1-2
. 1.

. 3.3
1-2

298

.
.

l1 = 5.0 m

. 3.5 1-2
1-2

3.2
-

( , :

l2 = 5.0 m

, ,
.

oo

3.2.1

, ,
( ), 1 2 . 6
7(), .

() ,
. 4,

.


.

[M]

. 3,6 i

. 3.4

()
,
.

()

,
. 2 3,
.
, , ,

.
299

()

. 3.7 ()
() ()

()

, x y:
lx qx
ly qy (qx + qy = q).

(
)

.

(),
. 8(),
,
. .

, l q.
,
. 6,
.
1 , 2
. 7 .

3.2.2
, . 7()
7() ().

( ) .

3.2.3

. 3.9

3.2.4

, 4
. 8 5 . 9, .

ly/lx 2, 6
. 10,

.

(
)
.
qy

qx

()

()

. 3.10
()

. 3.8 ()
()

()
(
.

, . 9,
.

300

3.2.5

3.2.7

, . 11,
.

,


.

3.2.6 -


lx/ly 4


(
).

qy

q
1

qx

3
-

. 3.11

. 3.13

,
. 13.


- -,

2.

. 3.12

301

3.3
3.3.1 1

.

:
:
:

3.3.2 2

, .

: .
: .
: .
, , ,
.
: , 180,
( .
y).

302

3.3.3 3
, .
: 40/40 cm.

3,0

1 30/60

1 30/60

1
1
20

3 ,0

1
20

0
4,0

5/5

1 30/60

30/6025/50
3,,0

3 ,0

1
20

20
4,0

2
20

3 ,1 5

3 ,1 5

30/
602
2,0

1-1 ( ):

2-2 1-2

303

4. ,

3
.

4.1 +

:

.
.

,
.

( )

.

. 4.1 -

().
.

.

, .

V.

:
( )

.
.
( )

. .
(,
, ...)

(, , ..)

. 4.2

.
. M.

4.2

( )
304

.
. .

4.3
G,Q

,
:

()
g,q

,
( 10-30 ).
.

()

,
.
.

,
(.. , ,
, ).
G, g.

()

. 4.3 () ,
() ()

( ),
.
(, ,
, , )
(..
).

.
,
( ).

, .

Q, q.

mT M T .
1
G

4.4

:

()

1-1

( ):
.. .

2
2-2

.
N.
g,G,q,Q (
)
.

()

M T = G.

. 4.4

. ,
V.
mT, MT ( ):

.

..



..
(. .3 4).
T.

305

4.5

, :

.



.

. .
.

( )
.

. 4.5 :
1: ,
1: ,
2:

306

5. ,

5.1 KAI

5.1.1

1 m 2 .

:
d lo / 30

o g

(d = h-0.02m) , lo = .l [m]

h.

lo
( ).

. 1.



.

1 m2

g[kN/m 2] = [kN/m 3] .h[m]

:
h:
:

=2.4

=0.8

=0.6

q ( )

1 m 2

.. ( ),
,
, , ..

=2.4

. 5.1

12 25 cm.

5.1.2

g I B

1 m 2
.
g [kN/m 2] = 25 [kN/m 3] .h [m]

1m

:
h :

q = 2 kN/ m 2

q = 5 kN /m 2

( 6 1 m 2)

1m

d

(. . 2).

25 :

(
50%) .

: d =1,35(25 h + g) + 1,5 q

307

5.2 KAI

5.2.1

-
.

(
)
b = 0,25 m
(
, . .
7).

, .

h
,

l
(
) q
.

,
(
h3), 1/30
.

20 cm
h=60 cm.

5.2.2

1 m
-:
g [ kN/m] = 25 [kN/m 3] .Ac [m 2]
:
b
Ac:

l
()

()

()

1m

. 5.2

(, ).

. 2,
.

1m
:

()
,


.

g[kN/m] = [kN/m 3] h[m]

hT

:
h :

308

l . l / 2:

( )

[. . 2()]
(
) .

= . l . l/2

,
. 2(),


(
).

:
: ,
l :
l /2.
.

.


,


, . 3:
45,

(
)

. 5.3

30
,
(
).

l
.

,
. 3,

.

( ) :
= .. l/2

, . 2.

309

5.3 KAI
5.3.1


.
1

sd
:

(
).

1
()
()

. 5.4

sd = d .

d : ,
:

1 . 4

1 2.

5.3.2

, . 4.

(. . 7.8)
sd
40% Rdu .

, . 4.().

,
.4(),

.

sd ,40 Rdu = 0,40bh.0,85fcd

bh :
bh sd /( 0,40.0,85fcd ) 0,30.0,30 m

310

5.4
5.4.1 1
:

. 5
:

h = 0,20 cm

: qk = 2,0 kN/m2

b/h = 25 / 60 cm
: b/h = 30/30 cm
: 3,0 m

: 3,0 x 2,0 = 6,0 m2

: 9,75 x 6,0 = 58,5 kN/m
:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,30 x 0,30 x 3,0 = 6,6

, .

:
: 3,0x4,0 = 12,0 m2

: 9,75 x 12,0 = 117,0 kN/m

:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,30 x 0,30 x3 ,0 = 6,6

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 = 6,8 kN/m2

qd = 1,5 x 2,0
= 3.0
d =
9,8 kN/m2

1, 4:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 x 0,40= 2,7 kN/m2
1, (3)
9,75 x 2,0
= 19,0
d =
21,7 kN/m2
kN/m 2kN/m 2
2, 3:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 x 0,40= 2,7 kN/m2
1-2 (2-3) 9,75 x 4,0
= 29,3
d =
40.0 kN/m2

1
1
6,0m
1

5.4.2 2

,

.


1.

6
4,0 m

0,4

2,0

d =

9,75 kN/m2

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 x 0,40 = 2,70 kN/m

9,75 x( 2,0 + 0,4 + 2,0) = 42,0
7

4,0 m

2,0

20

20

gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,20 = 6,75 kN/m 2

qd = 1,5 x 2,0
= 3.0

123,6 kN/m
247,2 kN/m

65,1 kN/m
130,2 kN/m

d =

44,70 kN/m

:
: 4,0x4,4/2 = 8,8 m 2
: 9,75 x 8,8
= 85,8 kN
:
gd = 1,35 x 25 x 0,30 x 0,3 x 3,0 = 6,6

4,0 m

. 5.5

311

92,4 kN
184,8 kN

5.5
5.5.1
( )

. ,
.

,

()
, .

5.5.2


-
, , -

: 1,35 1,50.
,

:
1,5 q
1,35 g

.



* .

. , *

, . 6(),

,
(
).

.
,
, ( )

(
).
:
1,50

()

1,00

[Ms }

1,35

()

().

()
. 5.6 ()
()

, . 5 (),
,
1,50
1,35.

. 7,
(
), (
), ,
(
).

312

, . 8:

,
,
.

,
.


.
. 5.7

5.5.4


10%


.

,,
,

(
),

1,5q+1,35g
1,5q+1,0g

,
. 9, :

(
),
,
..).

,
, ,

[]

()

[]

()

. 5.9
()
, () q/g

. 5.8

313

6.
6.1

,

-.

(
)

.

, ()

6.2
6.2.1

. 1:

()
,
,
.

, .

, .

,
.

.

Fc

Ft

.


(
.. ).

6.1

314

6.2.2

. 3,


.

,

.

,


.

, . 2:

. 6.3

( ):

(
).

6.2.3

, , . 2,
.

( Gauchy
)
,
( )
() , . 3

( 3)

, . 2,

,

.

6.2.4

(4)

:
(2)

(1)

(2)

. 6.2 (1) (3)

, (2) (4)

315

:
.

:

(
).

:

.

:

.

:


,
,
.

:
..
.

:
..
(

).

, . 4,

:

:

.

; (
)

.

[V]
[V]

[M]
[]

t:
[T][T]

t:

+
[V][V]

[M]
[M]

. 6.4

316

[][T]

6.3
6.3.1

S (steel)
MPa.
:

S220 ( )

S500 ( ).

As1, (A:Area s:
steel)

.

S400.
,

:

(1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3)

..
.
.

(
),
. 5.
As2

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

. 6.6

As2 .

S220

( ), . 6,
Sl (l: longitudinal).

A s1

. 6.5

6mm
30mm.

mm, .. 16.

317

(
, ):

(
).
.. .

.
.
7 cm
( ) 25 cm (
).

Sw (web: )
Sw.
:
,
. 8().
.

( )
( ,
).
()

()

. 6.8 () ()

:
()

3mm
6 mm

() 5 30 mm.

()

. 6.7 ()
()

,
,
.

318

6.3.2

[Link]

.

,
, ,


.



(.. ), (.

).

( )
( )
.

,
. 9(),


,

.

[Link]

.
.

()

()

(
).

(.. )
.

(.. ) .

[Link]

. 6.9 () A
()

,

,
, ,
.

[Link]

,

.

319

. 10

.

H

( )
sd Fsd

d
Fsd. .
d Fsd
()
,
Fb

b..
Fb = b . . .lAB

lb = /4. fsd /fbd

lbnet

lb (4):
lbnet = [Link] .sd /fsd

B Fsd

:
1:

(
)

.6.10

()

Fsd = Fbd => [Link] = bd . . .lAB =>

.2/[Link] = bd...lAB =>
()

()

() bd = fbd (fbd
, b)
(1) (2):
sd = 4/. fbd .lAB
lAB = lbnet = /4. sd / fbd

(4)

( ).

Fbd

/[Link] = [Link]

(3)

2:

.

)
()
. lb
(3):

(1)

. 6.11

, , ,
. 11:

(2)

lAB
, lbnet

sd

,
. s fsy,

(

320

( ).

( ).

( S220)
(
).

6.3.3


:

(
)

.

( , ) .

212

()

316

. 6.11

()

. 6.10
()
()

*
.. .

,
(. ).
,
,
() .

,
. 11, \
.

.
, ,
3cm
1,5 cm .
( 60 70 cm)

321

.

,
).


(
,
)
.

.

.
8 mm ( 6 mm) 12 mm.

7 cm

20 cm,
( 45)

.
.

,

(


).

. 6.12

(

.

, ,
,
,

.

30 cm,
(
)
.

5 10 cm.
:

322

(
).

6.3.4

.
,
. 13 16 1,
2
3,


).

,

,


: ,

.

,

.

()
1

()

[]
s1 314

s1 414

()
s1 416

214

s1 316

114
s2 214

214
s1 314

s2 214

s1 414

()

()
416

316

216
216
116
116

. 6.13 ()
() , ()
() , () ()

323

()

6.3.4
. 3, ,

.
, ,

.
. 13, o ,


.
As1

As1

As1

As1

As2

As2

As1

(
)
l/6
() , l

.

[M s]
As2

As1

As1

,
, ,
,

.


.

As1

As2

. 6.13
o

, . 13,
l/4, l
. .



.
, ,
.

, , ,

.
() , ,
.
324

, ,
l/4 (
) 0,80 m.


()
.
, ,
(
) ()
.

.

( 2)
() ,

,

1m .

.
( .
:
o
:
.

()

()
(
2):
(
),
. 14()

()

( )
,
. 15().

. 6.14

( 2)
( ) ,
, ,
,
1m ()
.
(
)
.
,


,

,

()
, .

.

325

()
, 6.15

()

()

() ()
()

()

. 6.16 ()
()

:
I

(1).

,
.

, .

: 8 16 mm.
:
8 cm (
) 25 cm
( ).

,
, l/4, ,
.


.


,
, . 17.

( ,
20% )
.

. 6.17
. 16 )

(
50% )

.
. 18,

.
.

. 6.18

, . 19.
. 18,

.
.

______________________
*
(. . 4)
.

326

,
,
,

. 6.20

. 20
.

. 21
.

. 6.19 1

2 3

(,
8/30)

&

2cm

.

. 6.21

327

7.

, ,

7.1

Fcd Ftd, ,

.

,
,

(1)




.


.

. 7 1

( )

__________________
1) 1-1 2-2
Ms ,

.
(
) .
.

F
T

T
x

= T.x

. 7 2

F= T

328

. 3()
s .

,
, ( )

.

E, . 5,
(
) .

,
(
),
, . 6.

(
)

.


. 2
. 3() .

,

.



( ) ,



.

, , (


).

. 7. 3

() ()

()

329

7.2




,
.

,

.

7.3
,
(,
) ( ,
)

.

, . ,
.

,

.
:

. 7.4

, ,

.

, , s
,

.
.

,

, ,

,
,
.

,

.

, ,
( 100%),
.

c= 3,5 %0,
.

. 4 (
, , . 6).
s
,
,

330

,

.

.

, ,
(
2):
:

c = 3,5 % 0
< s < 68 % 0

fcd ( ) fsd (
).

:
c =3,5 %0
s =20%0
,

.

c =1,5 %0 s =20%0
.

7.4

:
:
, .
fc ,
fs .

( )

331

(
)
.
:

.

7.5
H MIA KAMTIKH ANTOXH KAI
. 2,


, .

:
Rdu = Fsd .z
:
z : .

7.5.1
..



:

.



() .

(1)

7.5.3 O
,
.
( ),

,

.


,
. 5, ,
.

.


.

, .

7.5.2

(
) ,
. 5, -
.

Fsd1 Fcd, .

. 7.5

sd

.
M Rd .

M Rdu M Rd
.

- . 1

VRd2.

332

VRd2

VRd2
.

Vcd :
:

, (
).

Vcd = VRd1

:

VRd3

H -

. 5 (

) :

( )

<1

VRd1

, .
,
. 6.
1-1


.

Vcd = . VRd1,

H


VRdw.

(. . 1.4 3)
Vcd

.

-
VRd3.
:
VRd3 = VRdw + Vcd
VRd3
.

333

. 7.6 -
(
)

VRd1

1-1.

7.6



.

7.6.1


,
. 7, :

0,9d2/2 (FD )

()
.

0,8x, (Fc )

z = 0,9d
. 7.7

(0.9d/s).Asw

As1 (Fs1)

7.6.2
.1 :
As1
( )
: : b,
: x .

: As2
sw
0.9d/s
(
0,9d)
:
s:
:

: b,
: .
z 2/2, ( ),

:
z : ,
z . : z = 0.9d
: d (design): Fs1 .

334

7.6.3 x
x ,

, . 8, c s d
:

x = d. c / (c + s )

c s
:

.

:

Fcd - Fsd = Nsd

(1)

(2)

:
Fcd :
Fsd

. 7.8

7.6.4 z x

.

(
).
c

, , . 8,
, .

Fc

. 9.

Fc , , :

Fs

Fc = 0,8 [Link]
. 7.9

0,4x.

z :
z = d 0,4x

(3)

335

10 ()(
),
. 10() (
).

,
Fc..

0,85fc

80%
x, 80%
.

x 0,4x

0,85fc

0,8x x

0,80.0,85fc

x
z

()

()

. 7.10

()
()

7.6.5
. 6,
(
, . )

s1 s1
( ).

Fcd , . 11, Fsd2 .

Rdu = Fcd . (d-0,4x) + (Fsd1 - Fcd ). (d d2) =>

Rdu = Fsd1 . (d-0,4x) + Fcd . (0,4x - d2)

d2 = 0,1d ( d2= 0,05

m d = 0,50 m)
c = 3.5%o
s1=10%o ( ) :
(1) (3): x = 0,25d , 0,4x =0,1d
A (5):

(
:

Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1 = Nsd

Rdu = Fsd1 . (d-0,4x)

0,4x c =3,5% Fsd2

d2

(4)

Fcd

Fcd + Fsd2 = Fsd1 Nsd = 0

Fsd1
s1

(4)

Nsd = 0 ( ) (
):
Rdu = Fcd . (d-0,4x) + Fsd2 . (d d2)

(5)

(5)

.
(5)
Fsd2 (4) :

. 7.11

(4)
Fsd2 Fcd ,
, x ,
. 11, s1 , ,

.

336

7.6.6

. 12 :

As1= 4.2,0 = 8,0 cm2 = 8,0.10-4 m2

As2= 2.1,5 = 3,0

cm2

3,0.10-4

-:

Asw = 2.0,5 cm2

As2 214

As1 416

m2

= 4.0,5 cm2

10cm

As1 416

10cm

Asw/s 8/10

Asw/s

. 7.12

= 4.0,5 cm2

7.6.7
:
: fsd
: 0.85 fcd
: fsdw
: [Link] ,
: = 0,7- fck/200 , fck MPa

.7.13

fcd
( ) 0,85
(
).

fcd
, . 13.

7.6.8

,
.

As1

b.x

fsd
0,85 fcd

M Rdu = Fsd1.(d-0,4x)

Fsd1 = As1. fsd

Fcd = b.0.8x.0,85 fcd

M Rdu = Fsd1.0,9.d*

: (0,9d/s). Asw

fsdw

Vwd = (0,9d/s). [Link] => VRd3 = Vwd +Vcd

[Link]

FD = b. z 2/2. [Link]

b. z 2/2

=>

VRd2 = FD 2/2 =>

VRd2 = 0,5b.0,[Link]

337

* : M Rdu = Fsd1.0,9.d*
s1 > 8%
z= 0,9d
s1

y =2,17%o 10%o 15%o

x/d
z/d

0,65
0,70

0,25 0,20
0,90 0,91

20%o 30%o
0,15
0,92

0,12
0,94

O : x = d. c / (c + s ) z = d 0,4x
c = 3,5 % ( )
s x .
x, ,
(. . 7.6.5).

7.7 OI

,
, , :
t = max { 2.c , Ac/u }
:
c :
Ac :
u:

,
. 3:
=>

Rd1=..fcd .Ak.t .sin.2

, => T Rd2 =[Link]. Ak .fswd cot. / s

=> T Rd3 =[Link] /[Link] .fswd . tan. /u
:
: Asw /Ak
=45.

b.h

Asw

O As

s1= 3.5%o.(x-d)/x (3)

-

VRd2=0,[Link].0,9d ,

Rd1=..[Link] .t .

VRd3= 0,9 d .As /s. fsd + Vcd

TRd2 =[Link] Ak .fswd / s

[Link] = 0.67b.x. fcd (1)

MRdu= [Link].(d-0.4x) (2)

338

TRd3 =[Link]/[Link] .fswl /u

7.8


.,
, (

),

, .
. 14() ,

. 14()
.
Fsd2
Fcd

x
M Msd
()

(1*)

Fcd, , , :
1. x , :
2. z
3. s2, sd2
, , Fsd2
4. s1,
.


,
. 15.

s1

Fsd1
Fsd2

Msd

40%
. ,
S500 s1 = y .

x
Fcd

Nsd

z
s1

()

Fsd1

. 7.14
()
()

(

)

:

Nsd = NRd = Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1 = 0

(1)

=>

,

() .

Fcd = Fsd1 - Fsd2 (1*)

Msd = MRdu= Fcd.(d-0.4x) + Fsd2 .(d-d2) (2)

Nsd = NRd = Fcd + Fsd2 - Fsd1 (1)
Fcd = Nsd + Fsd1 - Fsd2

=>

sd (sd)

B
A

Msd(sd)

(1*)

Msd+Nsd (h/2-d1) = Fcd.(d-0.4x)+Fsd2.(d-d2) (2)

. 7.15

339

8.
8.1



.

H
1
:
beff = bw + lo /10 = 0,25 + 5,0/10 = 0,75 m
:

1
20

bw :
lo:
**

H
, :

0,75
0,20

l= 5,0 m
0,60

:

b = 1,0 m
h = 0,20 m (

).
1m

0,25

H
2
:

Y 1

beff = bw +2. lo /10 = 0,25 +2. 5,0/10 = 1,25 m

0,40/0,40

H
, :

0,40

1,25

2
,
.

0,60

0,25

1 2 - *

.

: beff .

340

*

( ),

, .

, :
bef f = bw +l/10,

lo= 5,0 m
-

bef f =

bw +l /5

bef f
, ,

,
,
.

:

(
)
bef f
(,
, l
.
, (
)
lo = 0,7 l

bef f = l /10,
:

lo :

lo = 2,4 . l

( ).

beff= bw +l /10

lo =0,8.l

beff= bw +l /5

bw
3

341

lo =0,8.l

lo =2,4.l

:
, , V
.

,
,
, .



.

,
.

. 8.1

8.2
h :
.

.

,
()
h.
d = h-c-/2

* ,




( )
.

d = h-c-/2-
( )

h
,
.

x
d .

d.
. .

342

, c
1,5 cm 3 cm
.

:
d = h - 0,05 [m]
d = h - 0,02 [m] .

d.

b : .
,
(bw
).

:

,

.

: ()
*
:

:

. 8.2

8.3

:
*
.

= . - = - (V + V).b. /2

. 8.3

V
[V]
[]

,
. ,
,
.

. 8.4

90% ()
.
(
,

, ..
),
.
343

,
. 4,

(
).
:
( )

.

d
,
d
,
. 32.2.
:

.

. 8.5

8.4

:
[Link] = [Link]

(1) M sd = M Rdu = [Link] .(d-0.4x)

(2)

s1/3.5% = (d-x)/x

(3)

(1) x s (2).
s . s .
(1) x (3) s .
y = fsd/Es 20%.

z
s 1[cm 2 ] = Msd = Msd [kNm] c = 3.5%o s =10%o =>
[Link] 0,9 d .fsd
x= 0,25d z=d-0,4x = 0,9d
[m] [kN/m 2 ]
. . 8.7
sd = Msd [kNm] =>
b. d2 .fcd
[m] [m2 ] [kN/m 2 ]

C20 => fck =20 MPa

fcd= 20/1, 5 MPa=20.103/1, 5 kN/m 2
S400 => fsk = 400 MPa
fsd=400. 103/1,15 MPa
b :

s 1[cm 2 ] = . b[cm].d[cm]. fcd/fsd

:
:
:
sd = ...... , bef /bw= ....... , hf /d =...


Nsd < 0,[Link] :
As1 = ( Msd - Nsd . ys ) / fsd. z + Nsd / fsd
, sd. :
ys: .
*
sd = Msd / b.h .fsd
2

Nsd > 0,[Link] :

, vsd = Nsd / [Link] => . => ,

s [cm 2 ] = . b[cm].h[cm]. fcd/fsd

s1 =As2 =As /2
344

8.5
s/s[cm 2/m ] = [Vsd [kN] - Vcd.[kN]].10
.0,9 d[m].fwd[kN/m 2]
Vcd[kN] = Rd.[ kN/m 2] .k.(1,2 +40 l).bw[m].d[m]
Vcd[kN] = Rd.[ kN/m 2].bw[m].d[m]

:
s :
bw
= As [cm 2 ] /(bw[m].d[m])
k=1,6-d[m] >1,0

maxVsd
, Vsd sd

.

8.6
As / s [cm 2/m] = Tsd[kNm].104
[Link] [m 2].fwd[kN/m 2]

Ak = (b-t).(h-t)
t = max{2c , Ac /u)
u:

Al [cm 2] = Tsd [kNm].104 .u

[Link] [m 2].fsd [kN/m 2 ]

c:

( =45)

8.7 CEB

(CEB: )

..

.
()
:
:
sd =M sd /[Link]
.
:
As = .[Link] /fsd
sd
, .. S400 378 (=400/1,15).
sd .
lim sd. S400 lim sd = 0,33.

345

sd > lim sd, (

) , , ,
..


(
).
, ,
1 2 :
:
As1 = [Link] /fsd
:
As2= [Link] /fsd
,
( x 0,25.d). ,
.
x
.
b bef f .
x , .

.

, ,
, bw bef f
(=0 =0) , .
,
( 2 ).
hf
h.
1000 :

hf /h b/bw
1000.

x1000 .
:
s = .beff d .fsd / 1000
sd
:
lim lim sd. O
s1 o s2 :
As1 = [ lim + (sd -lim)/(1-d2 /d) ].[Link] /fsd
As2 = [ (sad - lim)/(1-d2 /d) ] .beff .d .fcd /fsd

346

8.8


( )

( )

: :
/, .. 8/20.

,


.

.
, :
, .. 414.


. .
.
.
( )

.
s (< 20 cm )
4
.
2

(> 25 cm 2)
, .

As 12
.
()

()

. 8. 5 () ,
()

347

As

.. 610.


.





.

( )
: / ..
10/15.

/
.

(
/ ).

8.9



( :
).

.
56.4 56.5.
..

:

: 412 () 210
()

,

1/2 .
: 414 (
).

: 6/20

6/10

: : 8/20,

: l =[Link] = 2.(h -2.d1 ).

( < 16cm ): 8/15

: 8/20

: 6/30 6/20
:
8/30

8/10
l. =h/6 0,5 m

8.10
(
)

( : ).

:
3,0 cm
(
).

As
. 56.4.

(
), (
)
( )


:

(
)
14 mm
8 cm.
As
( As > 12,0 cm 2)
(b > 25 cm)
.
,

S500 S220 ( Asw
fsk ).
.

: 26 mm

348

8.11
, , 6:

. 6(),
.

: :

0,2l

0,20l .

: :

0,2l+d

(
)
0,20l+d ,
. 7() ,

()

( ),
.

()

, , ,

. 8.6

18.12
, , 7:

lbnet
A s2

A s1

A s2

A s1

0,2l + lbnet
.

lbnet :

(. .6.3.2):

. 8.7

:

.

349

lbnet = .(/4). fsd/fb (1)

(1)

9.
1
1 15 cm 1 25/55
. 1 2. : qk = 2 kN/m 2, gk, = 1,0 kN/m 2.
2,0 m g = 2,0 kN/m 2. : C20/25, S500
1

0,40

P1

1,9

6,0
. 1

.2
.

1. h
d lo/30 = 2,4. 1,9 /30 = 0,15 m
h 0,15 +0,02 =0,17m =>
2.
g. = 25 x 0,15 = 3,8 kN/m 2
gk =
1,0
gk =
4,8 kN/m 2

gd = 1,35 x 4,8 = 6,5 kN/m 2

qd = 1,50 x 2,0 = 3,0 kN/m 2
d =
9,5 kN/m 2

3.
max M1 = 9,5.1,92 /2 = 17,1 kN/m
4. s

b = 1.0 [m], d= h-c-/2 = h-0.02 [m] ( c=0.015m) => d = 0.15-0.02 =0.13 m
S500 =>fsd = 500.103/1.15 = 435. 103 kN/m 2

As = Msd/([Link]) = Msd/(0,[Link]) = 17,1/(0,9. 0,13. 435. 103) = 3,4. 10-4 m2

As =3,4 cm2 => 8/15 (3,3 cm2) ( 1m = 100 cm )
[ 18 => As= 0,5 cm 2. 3,4/0,5 = 6,8 /m 100/6,8=15 cm ]

350

: 0,2 . 3,3 = 0,7 cm 2 => 8/30 (1,6 cm 2)

: 8/30

1.
g. = 25. 1,0. 0,25 . 0,55 = 3,7 kN/m
gk =
4,0
gk = 4,8 . 1,9 =
9,1
gk
=
16,8 kN/m

gd = 1,35 . 16,8
= 22,7 kN/m
qd = 1,50 . 2,0.1,9 = 5,7
d =
28,4 kN/m

2 . : max M1 = 28,4. 6,02 /8 = 128 kNm

3. s1

d= h-d1 = 0,55 - 0,05 = 0,50 m d1 = c- - /2 = 3-1-2/2 = 5 cm

As1 = Msd/([Link]) = Msd/(0,[Link]) = 128/(0,9. 0,50. 435. 103) = 6,5 .10-4m2

As1 = 6,5 cm2 => 612
[112 =>1,1 cm2 6,5/1,1 = 6 ]

As2 = 312 (s2= 3,3 cm2)

. . 1

1. :
max Vsd = 28,4. 6,0/2 = 85,2 kN
2.
C20 => fcd = 20.103/1.50 = 13.3. 103 kN/m 2 , = (0,7-fck /200) = (0,7-20/200) = 0,6

: VRd2 max Vsd

VRd2 = 0,5..fcd. bw . 0,9d = 0,5. 0,6. [Link],25. 0,9 . 0,50 = 449 k > 85,2 =>
3.

: VRd3 max Vsd

:

VRd3= VRdw +Vcd = (0,9 d/s). Asw. fsd + Vcd

VRdw: Vcd :
0,9d/s: ( s)
Asw : . Asw ( , Asw
)

maxVsd = VRd3 : . sw /s [m2/m] = maxVsd [kN] Vcd.[kN]

0,9 d[m].fw d[kN/m2]
( : )
( s : )

Y Vcd = 0 : :=2 =>

351

2sw/s = 85,2 / (0,9. 0,5 .435.103) = 4,6. 10-4 m 2 /m = 4,6 cm 2/m (1)
.

1.
To m T sd .. :
m T= 9,5. (1,9+0,25/2) = 19,2 kNm/m
Tsd = m T. L/2 = 19,2. 6,0/2 =57,6 kNm
2.
t = max {2. 3,0 . (0,25. 0,55)/[2.(0,25+0,55)] } = 0,09 m Ak = (0,25-0,09).(0,55-0,09) = 0,07m 2
3.
: Asw/s = 57,6 /(2 .0,07 .435.103) = 9,5. 10-4 m 2 /m = 9,5 cm 2/m
): Asw/s = 4,6/2 + 9,5 = 11,8 cm 2 /m (1) => 12/10
( 8 => As =.82/4= 0,5 cm 2
(1) => 0,5/s=11,8 => s = 0,5/11,8 = 0,04 m .
12 => As =.1,22/4= 1,13 cm 2 => (1) => 1,13/s=11,8 => s = 0,10 m).
4.
: Al = 57,6 [2.(0,25+0,55)]/(2.0,07. 435 .103) =15,0. 10-4 m -2 = 15,0 cm 2
: 6
: 15,0/6 =2,5 cm 2 => 18

: ( ) 6,6 + ( ) 15/3 = 11,3 cm 2 => 616
: ( ) 3,3 + ( ) 15/3 = 8,0 cm 2 => 416
: ( )
218
4.
Rd1 = [Link] .t = 0,4. 13,3. 103. 0.07.0,09= 33,5 < 54=Tsd =>
v= 0,7.(0,7-fck /200) =0,7.(0,7-20/200) = 0,4

352

616

12/10

218

416

1
416

416
218
218

616

- 1 .1

616

- 1 .2

353

. ,
.
1

2
2

1,5
1
20

2
20

2
1

1,5

g = 1.0 kN/m 2
qk = 1,5 kN/m 2
C20/25, S500
: h = 20 cm,
: b/h = 30/60 cm
: b/h =30/30,
E : c = 4 cm

=
2,0

:

4,0

1. :
1.1 1-2.
1.2 1 2.
1.3 1.
1.4 O 1.
1.5 1 ( 2) .
1.6 1.
40 kN.
1.7 1 ( ),
1.8 2.
1.9 1-2 .
1.10 1
1-2
, .
2. :
2.1 1 1-2,.
2.2 1.
2.3 1.
2.4 ,
;
2.5 1 12/20.
2.6 1
4 16 8/10.
2.7 () , () ,
() , () ;
2.8

;
354

2
20 cm,
25/60 30/30.
: g,k =1.00kN/m2 , qk =5.00kN/m2.
C20/25, S500s. 3 cm.
.

3
3

2,00
62

2,00

4 2

2,50

6,25

2,00

A.
1.
g. = 25 . 0,20 = 5,0 kN/m2
1,0
gk =
gk
= 6,0

d = 1,35. 6,0 + 1,5. 5,0 = 15,6 kN/m2

2.
:

2, 3

l = 6,0 m

l = 2,0 m

H 2 .


, . .
:

1:
2, 3:

:
max M 1 = 15,6. 6,02 /8 = 70,2 kN/m,

min M 2 = min M 3 = 15,6. 2,02 /2 = 31,2 kN/m

1. s h
:
b = 1.0 m, d= h-c-/2=20-3-1,0/2 = 16 cm=0.16m,
S500 =>f s d = 500.103 /1.15 = 435.103 kN/m2

355

As = Msd/([Link]) = Msd/(0,[Link]) = Msd/(0,9. 0,16. 435. 103) = Msd/(6,6.104) m2

1: Ms d = 70,2 kNm
As = 70,2.10- 4 /6,6. =11,8. 10- 4 m2 =11,8 cm2 => 12/8
2 3 : Ms d = 31,2 kNm
As = 31,2 .10- 4 /6,6. = 5,1.10- 4 m2 = 5,1cm2 => 8/10

: 1: 0,2.11,8=2,4 cm2 => 8/20
2,3: 0,2.5,1=1,0 cm2 => 8/30
2 : 0,5.5,1= 2,5 cm2 => 8/20
. 1-2-3 4

1. :
1-2-3
[ s ]
2,15m

2,20m

2,15m

[s ]
6,00 m

2. : gd,. = 25. 0,25 . (0,60 0,20) = 2,5 kN/m2

1 , 3:
d, = 15,6 . 6,0/2 = 46,8
2:
gd, = 15,6 . 2,0 = 31,2
: 1 , 3:
2
2 . :

d =2,5+46,8 = 49,3 kN/m2

d =2,5+31,2 = 33,7 kN/m2

1-2-3

2,
, (
). ,
1 2 ( ).
max M1 = max M3 = 49,3. 2,02 /2= 98,6 kNm

: max M4 = 33,7. 6,02 /8 = 153 kNm

3. s

:
d= h-d1 = 0,60 - 0,05 = 0,55 m

d1 = c-- 2 = 3-1-2/2 = 5 cm

:
1-2-3
4

As 1 = 98,6/(435.103 . 0,9 .0,55) = 4,6. 10- 4 m2 =4,6 cm2 => 4 12

As 2 => 212
As 1 = 153/(435.103 . 0,9 .0,55) = 6,9. 10- 4 m2 = 6,9 cm2 => 5 14
As 2 => 314

356

. 1-2-3

Vs d1 , = Vs d3 , = 49,3 . 2,0 = 98,6 kN,

Vs d1 - 2 = Vs d2 - 3 = 33,7.2,20/2 (98,6-98,6)/2,2= 37,0 kN.
O Vs d1 , = 98,6 kN
Vs d d = 49,3 (2,0-0,55) = 71,5 kN
:
VRd2 = 0,5. (0,7-20/200).13,3.103 . 0,25. 0,9. 0,55 = 494 kN > 98,6 kN
:
Vc d = d .bw.d= 1,0/1,5.103 . 0,25.0,55 = 91,7 > Vs d 1 3.
2 Vc d = 0.
1 3 8/20
2:
As w/s = 71,5 / (0,9. 0,55. 435. 103 ) = 3,3. 10- 4 m2 = 3,3 cm2
. 1-2-3
1.
2.
To s d .. 2:
T s d = mT . L/2 = 31,6. 2,2/2 =34,8 kNm
mT = 15,6. (1,9+0,25/2) = 31,6 kNm/m

2.
3.
t=max{2. 3,0 . (0,25. 0,60)/[2.(0,25+0,60)] } = 0,09 m
Ak =(0,25-0,09).(0,60-0,09) = 0,08m2
3.
: As w/s = 34,8/(2 .0,08 .435.103 ) = 5,6. 10- 4 m2 /m = 5,6 cm2 /m
):
8/8
As w/s = 3,3/2 + 5,6 = 7,2 cm2 /m (1) =>
( 8 => As =.82 /4= 0,5 cm2
(1) => 0,5/s=11,3 => s = 0,5/7,1 = 0,08 m )
4.
: Al = 34,8 [2.(0,25+0,60)]/(2.0,08. 435 .103 ) =9,1. 10- 4 m- 2 = 9,1 cm2
: 6
: 9,1/6 =1,5 cm2 => 14

: ( ) 4,4 + ( ) 9,1/3 = 7.4 cm2 => 712
: ( ) 2,2 + ( ) 9,1/3 = 5,2 cm2 => 512
214

: ( )
5.

Rd1 = v.f c [Link].t = 0,4. 13,3. 103 . 0.08.0,09 = 35 < 54=T s d =>
v= 0,7.(0,7-f c k /200) =0,7.(0,7-20/200) = 0,4

357

1,9

3
2

6,25

2,00

2,50

2,00

412
112
214

412

512

8/8
214
212

712

212

212
512
!-2-3
412

512

214

712

212

358

3
.
C16 , S400 , 16 cm
g = 1,5 kN/m 2, q = 6,0 kN/m 2

10,0

5,0

4,0

1
3

5,0

( )
1: lo =0,8 .5,0=4,0 m.
2: lo = 0,8 .4,0=3,2 m.
3 : lo= 1,0 . 4,0 =4,0 m.
d max lo/30 = 4,0 /30 = 0,13 m

g. = 25 x 0,16 = 4,0 kN/m 2

g
= 1,5
g
= 5,5

h=0,13 +0,02 =0,15m

h=0.16m

d = 1,35 x 5,5 + 1,5 x 6,0 = 16,4 kN/m 2

1-2 = (16,4 .5,03 + 16,4 .4,03) /[ 8 (5,0 +4,0)] = -43 kNm

V1--2= 0,5.16,4.5,0 +43,0/5,0 = 49,6 kN
V1-2= 0,5.16,4.4,0 +43,0/4,0= 51,8 kN
1-2 = 43 - (49,6+51,8)/2 .0,20/2 = 37,9 kNm
1-2 = ( 6,4 .5,03 + 5,5 .4,03) / [8 (5,0 +4,0)] = 33,5 kNm
V1 = 0,5.16,4.5,0 -33,5 /5,0= 34,3 kN
V2 = 0,5.5,5.4,0 - 33,5 /4,0= 2,6 kN>0 ,min M2>0
maxM1 = 34,32/ (2.16,4) = 35,6 kNm
1-2 = ( ,5 .5,03 + 16,4 .4,03) / [8 (5,0 +4,0)] = 24,1kNm
V2 = 0,5.16,4.4,0 -24,1 /4,0 = 26,8 kN
359

16,4
1

5,5

V1= 0,5.5,5 .4,0 -24,1 /4,0 = 5,0 kN > 0 min M1>0

maxM2 = 26,82/ (2.16,4) = 21,9 kNm
3

maxM3 = 16,4.4,02 /8 = 32,8 kNm

1 : =35,6 kNm
sd=35,6/(1,0.0,142.16.103/1,5) =0,17
=> =0,19
s =0,19 .100.14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) = 8,17 cm 2
=> 10/9 (8,72)
2
: 8,72 .0,2 = 1,74 cm => 6/16
: 8,72.0,5 = 4,36 cm 2 => 8/11
2 : = 21,9 kNm
sd = 21,9/(1,0.0,142.16.103/1,5)=0,10 => =0,11
s =0,11 .100 .14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) = 4,73cm 2

=>

10/16(4,91)

;: 4,91 . 0,2 = 0,98 cm =>

6/30
2
: 4,91.0,5 = 2,46 cm => 6/11
2

3 : = 32,8 kNm
sd = 32,8/(1,0.0,142.16.103/1,5)=0,16
=> =0,18
s =0,18.100.14 .(16/1,5) / (400/1,15) = 7,74 cm 2
: 7,85 . 0,2 = 1,57cm 2 => 6/18
8/12
: 7,85 .0,5 = 3,92 cm 2 =>

=>

10/10 (7,85)

1-2: =37,9 kNm

sd=37,9/(1,0.0,142.16.103/1,5) = 0,18 => =0,21
9,03
s =0,21.100.14.(16/1,5)/(400/1,15) =
1 : 10/18 = 8,72/2 = 2,86
2 :
19/32= 4,91/2 = 2,46 +
5,32 :
3,71

360

=>10/20(3,93)

4.
:

C16, S400

Gd=100 kN

MT=20 kNm

Gd=50 kN

1,0 m

Gd=50 kN/m
0,6
2,0

5,0

0,5

2,0
0,25

300

200
[M]

300
200
100
50
242

150
[V]

10
10

[T]

d = h-0,05 = 0,60 -0,05 = 0,55 m

fcd= 16 .103 /1,5 =10,7.103 kN/m 2
fsd = 400 .103/1,15 = 347,8 .103 kN/m 2

sd = Msd [kNm] = 0,0012 . sd /b

b . d2 .fcd
s [cm 2 ] = . b[cm].d[cm]. fcd/fsd = 1,69 . .b

: = 152 kNm
: MA = -0,9 x 300 = -270 kNm
: MB = -0,9 x200 = -180 kNm

361

M =+152 kNm

-270 kNm

-180 kNm

b= 1.00 m
sd = 0,046
hf /d=10/55=0,18
bef f /bw=100/25=4 }
= 42/1000

b=0,25 m
sd= 0,33

b = 0,25
sd= 0,22

=0,46

= 0,21

As = 7,0 cm 2

As = 19,2 cm 2

416 (8,04 cm 2 )

As = 11,0 cm 2

620 (18,8 cm 2 )

z = 0,9 d

: s [m 2 ] = Msd [kNm]____
0.9. d[m]. fsd [MPa]. 103
:

s = 152/(0,9.0,55.348.1000) = 7,1. 10-4m 2 = 7,1 cm 2 => 416

s = 270/(0,9.0,55.348.1000) = 7,1. 10-4m 2 = 19,1 cm 2 => 620

s = 180/(0,9.0,55.348.1000) = 7,1. 10-4m 2 = 11,1 cm 2 => 420

1.
- wmin = 0,0016, s= 200 mm } = 6/20
- 8/20 : l =[Link] = 2 (0,6-2 .0,05 ) = 1,0 m
2.
x : x = 0,20 + 0,55 = 0,75 m
Vsd x :
V = x .q = 0,75 . 50 =37,5

Vsd = 212,5-37,5 =175 kN
3. T
sw/s [cm2/m] =

[Vsd [kN] Vcd.[kN] ]. 10

.0,9 d[m].fwd[kN/m 2]
( : )
( s : )
362

420 (12,5 cm 2 )

Vcd = VRd1[kN] = Rd.[ kN/m 2] .k.(1,2 +40 l).bw[m].d[m]

k=1,6-d[m] >1,0
= As [cm 2 ] /(bw[m].d[m])
3
2
Rd =0,22 . 10 kN/m
k= 1,6 - 0,55 = 1,05 m bw = 0,25 m
l =As /(bw.d ) =8,04/(25.55 ) =0,007
VRd1 = 0,22 .1000 .1,05 . (1,2 + 40.0,007).0,25 .0,55= 45 kN

d= 0,55m

=> = 2
s/s = ( Vsd - 45 )/ (2.0,9. 0,55 .220 .103/1,15 ) = 6,9cm2/m

As /s[cm 2/m] = Tsd[kNm].104
[Link] [m 2].fwd[kN/m 2]
Ak =(b-t).(d-t)
t=max{2c , Ac /u]
u :

c :

Al [cm2] = Tsd [kNm].10 .u

[Link] [m 2].fsd [kN/m 2 ]
4

t= max{2.3,0, (25.60)/[2.(25+60)] } = 8,8cm = 0,088 m
Ak = (0,25-0,088).(0,60-0088) = 0,088 m 2 u = 2.( 25+60) = 170 cm. = 1,7 m.

: Asw/s = 10.104/(2 .0,088 .220.103/1,15) = 3,15cm 2/m
( ) : Asw /s = 6,9 +3,2 = 10,1 cm 2 /m, =>

10/8

:
: Asw /s = 1,5 (6/20) + 3,2 = 4,7 cm 2/m => 8 /9 (4,8 )
: Vsd = 20. 4,8+45 = 141 kN
Vsd > 141 kN 10/8

Vsd < 141 kN 8/9

:
Al = 10.104.[2.(25+60)]/(2.0,088.400 .103/1,15) =3,0 cm 3
: 6
3,0/6 =0,5 cm 2 => 8

=> 68

: : 8,04 : 3,0/3 =1,0 cm 2
: 9,04 cm 2 , . => 418
: :8,04 .1/3 =2,7 cm 2
: 2,7+1,0 = 4,7 => 314

363

5.

- -

, ,
.
1.

sd < lim ( )

d=0,55 m.
A hf /d =0,18
sd=150/(1,0.d2.16.103 / 1,5) = lim =0,212
=>
, : , S400
sd =270/(0,25.d2.16.103 /1,5) =0,33
2.

, bef f / bw = 4 } => lim = 0,212

d= 0,26 m

lim = 0,33
=>
d= 0,54 m

Vsd =VRd2

Vsd = 175 kN
(v= 0,7-16/200 =0,62 )
VRd2= 0,[Link].0,9d = 0,4.0,62.16.1000/1,5.0,9d =>
=>
Vsd =175 kN
3.

d=0,24 m

sd=TRd1

Tsd = 10 kNm
d=0,55 t = max{2.3 ,(25.60)/[2.(25+60)] } = 8,8cm = 0,088 m
Ak =(0,25-0,088).(0,60-0088) = 0,088 m 2 v=0,70.(0,70-16/200
TRd1=[Link] .t = Tsd =>
2.0,43.16.1000/1,5.(0,25-0,088).(d-0,088).0,088 = 10 kNm = > d = 0,15 m
4.

(sd/TRd1 + Vsd/VRd2)2 =1

10/[2.0,43.16.1000/1,5.(0,25-0,088).
(d-0,088).0,088]+175/[0,4.0,62.16.1000/1,5.0,9d= =1
d

364

=>

d = 0,42 m
d= 0,54 m =>

h = 0,60 m

6.
- -
, ,
8. 9.
1. K

As= 416 = 8,04 cm2

=As .fsd/([Link])= 0,042

=> sd=0,05
hf /d =0,18 bef f /bw =4
2
sd = Rd = MRd/(b.d .fcd) => MRd = 0,05.1,0.0,55.0,55.16.1000/1,5 =161 kNm
Msd=gd.8,02 /8 + (MA+MB)/2 ,

MA =- 100.2,0-gd.2,02/2 =- [Link]-200
MB = - 50.2,0-gd.2,02/2 =- [Link]-100

MsdAB = [Link]-150 kNm

Msd =MRd
=> [Link]-150 = 161

=>

gd =52 kN/m

, s= 620 =18,9 cm2

=As .fsd/([Link])= 0,046
Rd=0,34 => MRd = 270 kNm
=> 0,9 ( [Link]+200) = 270
=>
MA = MRd

gd=50 kN/m

2.

E : VRD3 = VSD

: 10/9
As ' /s =6,9 cm 2/m Vcd = 0,22 . 1000 .1,05 . (1,2 + 40 . 0,007) .0,25 .0,55 = 45 kN
s /s = ( VRd3- 45 )/ (2.0,9. 0,55 .220 .103/1,15 ) = ( VRd3 - 45 ) /20 => s /s = (VRd3 - 45) /20 VRd3 =
20. s/s + 45
s /s = ( VRd3- 45)/20 = 6,9cm 2/m => VRd3 = 175 kN
x : x = 0,20 + 0,55 = 0,75 m
Vsd x : V = 0,75 .gd k
: Vsd = Vsd - 0,75 gd= 100 + gd. 2,0 - 0,75 gd = 100 +1,25gd VRD3 = VSD =>
=>
gd = 50 kN/m
175 = 100 +1,25gd
E VRd2 = Vsd
VRd2= 0,[Link].0,9d = 0,4.0,62.16.102/1,5.0,9.0,55 =175 kN (v= 0,7-16/200 =0,62 )
: Vsd = 100 + gd. 2,0
175 = 100 + gd. 2,0

=>

gd = 37,5 kN/m

: gd = 37,5 kN/m

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