( 6 8)
,
,
2010
. ,
ii
.
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.
1
2
2
3
3
5
19
19
21
25
26
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3 EC6
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
28
29
31
32
34
34
35
37
38
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
42
42
47
49
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
54
54
56
61
6
8
9,
.
6 ( 1996)
1.
63
2.
63
3.
64
4.
64
1-1:
1.
66
1.1
1.2
66
67
67
67
68
68
69
69
70
70
70
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.2.5
1.2.6
1.2.7
1.2.8
1.2.9
ii
1.2.10
1.2.11
70
71
2.
72
3.
74
3.1
74
74
75
75
75
75
76
76
77
77
77
81
83
84
85
86
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
4.
5.
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
3.6.4
82
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
87
87
87
89
90
5.1
5.2
90
5.3
5.4
5.5
(
)
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.5.4
5.5.5
90
91
91
91
91
95
96
98
98
iii
6.
101
6.1
101
101
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
6.3.4
6.3.5
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
6.4.4
,
6.6.1
6.6.2
/
6.6.3
6.6.4
6.6.5
6.7.1
6.7.2
6.7.3
6.7.4
6.8.1
6.8.2
6.9.1
101
104
106
106
106
108
109
109
109
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
111
111
112
114
116
117
118
118
118
119
120
120
120
121
122
122
iv
6.9.2
7.
8.
9.
122
123
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
123
123
123
123
124
124
125
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
125
126
128
129
129
131
131
131
132
9.1
9.2
9.3
132
132
132
132
10.
1-2: -
1.
133
2.
133
3.
134
4.
135
5.
136
6.
136
1996-2: ,
1.
137
2.
137
3.
138
4.
138
1996-3:
1.
139
2.
139
3.
139
4.
139
140
5.
. 1998-1:
9 .
1.
141
1.1
1.2
1.3
141
142
143
2.
143
3.
143
4.
143
5.
144
6.
145
7.
147
8.
147
9.
150
vi
1.
152
2.
152
3.
152
4.
152
5.
153
6.
153
7.
154
8.
156
9.
157
10.
157
11.
157
12.
157
13 .
158
14 .
158
15.
158
16.
161
17.
162
165
vii
viii
1.
1.1
. ,
. :
.
,
.
. ,
.
. , "".
.
, , ...
, , .
().
() .
( ) ""
.
, 20
.
(.
)
.
.
.
: , ,
, .
,
.
,
.
1989. 1995
.
ENV 19961-1 [1],
(CEN), [1].
2011 6,
1-1 [1], ,
.
8 [1],
. 9
.
, ,
.
:
- .
- .
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- .
.
.
1.2
1.2.1
.
.
i ()
ii
iii
.
.
.
.
.
i.
ii. ( )
iii. ( )
. -
.
. ()
.
. ( )
.
.
. ()
. ( ...)
1.2.2
.
.
i.
ii.
.
.
.
.
.
1.2.3
EC6 (. 1.1)
.
. [28]
. [28]
. [28]
. 1.1: EC6
1.3
Developments in Structural Form, R. Mainstone,
1975 [18].
. 1.2: ,
. 1.3: , ,
. 1.4: , Split ,
. 1.5:
. 1.6: , Agrigento,
. 1.7: , Segesta,
. 1.8: , ,
. 1.9: , ,
. 1.10: , ,
. 1.11: S. Lorenzo,
. 1.12: ,
10
. 1.13: ,
11
. 1.14: ,
12
. 1.15: , ,
13
. 1.16: , ,
. 1.17: ,
14
.
. 1.18: , ,
. 1.19: ,
15
. 1.20:
16
. 1.21:
17
. 1.22: ,
18
1.4
1.4.1
. 1.23: [3]
19
. 1.24:
[19], [20]
. 1.25:
[21]
20
1.4.2
1.1:
[22]
1.2:
[23]
21
1.3:
[24]
1.4:
[1]
( )
(MPa)
2,5
2,5
5,0
10
10,0
0,5
20
20,0
22
. 1.26:
, () Atkinson .. [25], () Khoo Hendry [20]
23
. 1.27:
, Atkinson .. [25]
24
1.4.3
1.5: [26]
(GPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
10.0 11.0
0.8 1.1
15.0 50.0
100.0
40.0
15.0
30.0
60.0
13.0 18.0
10.0 60.0
130.0
35.0
67.0
9.0 11.0
0.4 0.8
15.0 22.0
80.0
25.0
8.0
25.0
43.0
25
1.4.4
1.6: [26]
(KN/m3)
(KN/m3)
( )/
(% )
grad-1
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
26.0 30.4
28.0 30.0
25.5 28.0
29.5 30.0
22.0 23.5
28.0 29.0
26.0 26.5
26.0 26.5
18.0 20.0
18.7 26.9
26.5 28.5
22.0 27.0
24.0 25.0
26.0 30.8
28.5 30.5
25.8 28.3
30.0 31.5
30.0 31.5
28.5 29.5
26.4 26.8
26.4 26.8
26.2 27.5
27.0 28.6
27.0 29.0
26.9 27.2
0.4 3.8
0.5 1.2
0.4 1.8
0.2 0.9
20.0 25.0
0.3 1.1
0.4 2.0
0.4 2.0
20.0 30.0
1.10 31.0
0.5 2.0
1.9 27.3
5.0 12.0
(6.39.0) x 10-6
(4.222.0) x 10-6
(5.012.0) x 10-6
-
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
26.5 30.0
26.4 28.6
25.0 28.0
27.4 28.9
26.7 30.5
27.2 28.8
27.7 29.0
0.4 2.0
0.4 2.1
0.1 1.7
(3.616.0) x 10-6
(9.412.0) x 10-6
. : , . : , . :
26
1.7: [26]
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
(MPa)
54.0422.0
170.0300.0
180.0300.0
250.0400.0
80.0150.0
180.0250.0
150.0300.0
120.0200.0
20.030.0
18.0197.0
80.0180.0
35.0140.0
20.060.0
160.0280.0
56.0350.0
77.0197.0
100.0350.0
(MPa)
(MPa)
10.036.5
14.034.0
10.022.0
15.020.0
15.025.0
8.012.0
15.025.0
13.025.0
12.020.0
2.06.0
3.514.0
5.532.0
6.015.0
5.016.0
2.021.0
4.010.0
4.034.5
9.045.5
9.077.0
42.0105.0
14.025.0
-
(MPa)
4.07.0
2.06.5
2.03.5
1.016.0
5.511.0
21.030.0
-
(GPa)
40.0 57.0
70.0110.0
Poisson
v
0.230.27
0.260.29
10.587.0
13.054.0
50.5102.0
34.067.5
69.0126.5
0.270.30
0.270.30
96.0124.0
0.280.30
0.150.20
.
0.54 1.35
. : ,
. : ,
.:
27
2.
2.1 -
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
,
.
,
" ".
. :
hw:
lw:
n :
p :
:
1,2:
fbc:
fbt:
fmc:
fmt:
fjt:
fjs:
fjso:
fwc:
(wall)
()
(normal)
(parallel)
(brick)
(mortar)
(joint) (tension)
(slip)
(n = 0)
(compression) (
)
n
f wt
: (tension)
p
f wt
:
fws:
fws0:
:
b:
m:
w:
Gw:
w:
(shear)
(n = 0)
Poisson
28
2.2
.
().
(fwc).
,
.
(m < Eb, m > b).
.
(fbc>fmc)
:
fbc > fwc > fmc
Francis [27] , ,
x, z (. 2.1.)
. ,
(. 1.24)
:
f wc
vm vb
= f bc 1 + bc
f bt (1 v b ) + a (1 v m )
(2.1)
: = (tb : ) / (tm : )
= b / Em
vb, vm : Poisson
Francis :
-
- ,
,
- b, vb, Em, vm
( . 2.2):
. (fbc, fbt).
. (fmc).
. ( / : tm/tb).
. (Eb, b, Em, m).
. .
29
. 2.1:
. 2.2:
[3]
:
. ( ).
. (flat jacks).
, ,
.
.
( , ,
: ).
. .
:
f wc = f b c
(MPa)
f wc = 0 . 7 f bc
f mc
[3]
(MPa)
(2.2)
[4]
f wc = f bc ( 4 + 0 . 1f mc ) / (1 2 + 5 ) 2 . 0 (MPa) [4] = /
(2.3)
(2.4)
30
f mc + 0 .4 ( f bc f mc ) (MPa) [4] = tm/tb
(2.5)
6
:
f wc = 1 0 . 8 3
f k = K f b0.7 f m0 .3
(MPa) [1]
(2.6)
: (,
) .
0.28 0.55.
fb: .
fm: .
2.3
.
().
().
:
. (fjt).
. (fmt).
. (fjso).
n
( f wt
) :
fjt, fmt.
p
( f wt
) :
( . 2.3).
p
n
: f wt
> f wt
.
(non tension material). ,
(, ).
. 2.3:
. () , () [6]
31
2.4
.
() (n)
.
(, n), ( . 2.4). . 2.4,
:
. n ( ) :
(
).
Coulomb:
u = fws = fwso + n
( )
(2.7)
. n ( ) :
. .
. n ( ) : (
).
. n:
fwso > fjt.
(, n)
, ,
.
() ,
, (, n) 0.4 0.7.
,
.
. 2.4: (, n)
32
. 2.5
(, n) .
(, n),
(2.7).
:
fvk = fvk0 + 0.40d min (0.065fb fvlt)
(2.8)
fvk0: (
)
d: (n . 2.4)
fvlt:
. 2.5: (,
n) [6]
33
2.5
(, ). ,
(x, y, p, n, )
(1, 2) () .
,
( ).
(1 > 0, 2 < 0). (.. )
, ,
, ,
.
. 2.6
,
[5].
,
1, 2 (
= 45 : . 2.6).
. 2.6
, ,
.
.
(, ).
2.6
,
:
. .
. .
:
. .
.
( ).
. .
34
:
. .
. ( ).
. .
2.7
. 2.7 (n )
.
(2.9) [3]
(n )
(2.9).
(/u) = (/fwc) = 2(/u) (/u)2
(2.9)
wo = 2 (u/u)
(2.9)
, ,
(2.10),
(b) (m) :
w = E w =
E b E m (1 + a)
t
a = m
aE b + E m
tb
(2.10)
Poisson . :
w = (400 1000) fwc
(2.11)
Ew = K E b
(K = 0.40 0.90 )
(2.11)
w = 0.10 0.20
(2.11)
6,
( 3.4),
, ( ) (.
2.7) = 1000fk.
(-)
.
, ,
( E n << E p ).
.
(G)
( 0.1 0.2E).
. 6 :
G = 0.40E
(2.12)
35
. 2.6:
[5]
36
. 2.7: () (n )
[3], (b) 6[1]
2.8
...
( MAFEA: Masonry Finite Element Analysis) [6].
, .
(, , )
.
.
. 2.8,
"MAFEA"
, ,
.
( . 2.2).
37
. 2.8:
MAFEA [7]
2.9
6
.
. ,
, 6
. ,
,
.
.
2.1 ( kg/cm2)
.
( 50
200, ),
( 4 50). ,
(fwc),
, ,
.
38
2.2 (
kg/cm2) ,
2.3
. ,
.
2.1: ( kg/cm2)
[8]
39
2.2: ,
[9]
40
2.3:
[9]
(, , )
.
41
3.
3.1
.
.
, :
. ( ).
. ( ).
. (chainages) .
3.2
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
. : . 3.1
-
,
.
-
,
( ).
-
.
-
.
. : . 3.1
( ) 0.60m
42
.
( ),
( ).
- ( ) ( )
.
-
.
.
.
-
.
.
-
. ,
,
,
.
. ( : . 3.1
,
(), () 0.40
0.60m . ,
. (
) .
-
.
-
.
.
- .
-
.
43
. : . 3.1
( ),
() ( ).
.
- ,
.
-
.
.
- ,
.
- ,
,
. ,
.
. .
. 3.1:
44
0.8 2.0m , .
()
.
,
.
(.3.2).
,
,
(.3.2,). ,
,
(.3.2,).
:
-
( ),
,
,
.
-
()
.
-
.
:
i. ().
ii. .
iii. (, ).
iv. .
-
.
-
,
" "
.
45
. 3.2:
. 3.2:
46
>45
45
<45
. 3.2:
. 3.2:
3.3
:
. ( ).
-
.
. .
. .
. .
47
. ():
).
. (): ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
.
,
, .
.
.
, , '
(, )
,
, () .
' ,
' .
.
,
.
, ,
20 ,
.
48
3.4 -
() .
( . 3.3):
. , , ( )
()
( ).
. (), , ( )
.
. ( )
, ,
.
. , ,
.
() .
, , .
.
" " ,
(. 3.4, 3.5).
, ,
(. 3.3f, 3.5). .
,
.
, , ,
, , . ,
(chainages)
, ,
(. 3.3,b).
,
(. 3.5b).
49
. 3.3: ,
50
.
,
. ,
,
, .
'
, , ,
.
, , ,
.
(. 3.6).
.
( ), ,
(. 3.7).
.
, 8 . 9
:
. : q = 1.5.
. ( ): q = 2.0.
. ( ): q = 2.5.
.
,
.
q
,
.
51
. 3.4:
()
()
. 3.5: () , , ()
52
. 3.6: ,
. 3.7: [28]
53
4.
4.1
,
, ,
( ) .
.
.
4.2
(, )
,
, ,
.
:
. (
'
).
.
.
. ,
.
. ' .
. (
).
. .
:
.
,
, ,
(. 4.1).
.
, (. 4.2b).
54
.
.
, ,
,
(. 4.2).
. 4.1:
. 4.2: (a) , (b)
55
4.3
50 85%
.
.
.
,
, .
(.. 90%),
.
,
.
, :
. (.. /)
:
.
- .
-
(
).
-
.
-
,
.
- '
.
-
,
( -
).
56
-
,
.
. (..
) :
.
- .
-
,
, .
-
(
).
-
( ).
-
.
,
.
. 4.3
.
- () (b)
(
).
- (c)
.
,
(
).
- (d)
,
(
).
57
. 4.3 .
() (b): , (c ): ,
(d):
. 4.4
:
-
(. 4.4).
. ,
= t/2h = t/h,
.
- - ,
(shear wall).
,
:
i. (.
4.4b).
ii.
-
(.4.4c).
iii. (
)
(. 4.4d).
58
. 4.4: -. ()
, (b), (c), (d)
. . 4.5
(chainages).
- ,
b
(bending). ,
. 4.4.
- ,
. ,
.
( ) , '
.
f (flexure),
s (shear).
59
- ,
, ,
f.
. 4.6, :
:
:
F :
:
(. 4.7),
.
.
(.. ),
.
. 4.5:
. 4.6: ,
60
. 4.7
[1] 6: ,
1996-1-1/1995, ..., 1995
[1] 6 NV 1996-1-1/1995, ...,
1995.
[1] 6: - 1-1:
.
1996-1-1, 2006.
[1] 8: - 1: ,
. 1998-1.
[2] UNDP/UNIDO, Manual for building construction under seismic conditions in the
balkan region: Design and Construction of Stone and Brick Masonry Buildings,
UNDP/UNIDO, Project RER 79/015, Vol. 3, Vienna, 1983.
[3] Hendry A., W., Structural Brickwork, J. Wiley and Sons, Mew York, 1981.
[4] , ., , ..., , 1986.
[5] Page, A. W., The biaxial compressive strength of brick masonry, Proc. I.C.E., Part 2, V.
71, P8487, Sept. 1981, 893-906.
[6] .,
, , , 1989.
[7] Stavrakakis, E., Ignatakis, C. and Penelis, G., The Compressive Strength of Masonry. A
Parametric study using a special Finite Element Model, 2nd Int. Symp. on Computer
Methods in Structural Masonry, Swansea, U.K., 1993.
[8] Titaru, C., ,
..., 1978.
61
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
, .,
, , 1969.
..., , ..., , 1978.
..., , ...,
, 1978.
. ,
, ..., , 1978.
. ,
, ..., , 1978.
UNDP/UNIDO, Manual for building construction under seismic conditions in the
balkan region: Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete, stone and brickmasonry buildings, UNDP/UNIDO, Project RER 79/015, Vol. 5, Vienna, 1983.
,
, ..., , 1987.
, .,
( ), ..., , 1998.
, .,
, , , 1997.
Mainstone R., Developments in Structural Form, Penguin Books Ltd, England, 1975.
McNary S.W. and Abrams D.P., Mechanics of Masonry in Compression, Proc. ASCE,
V.111, ST4, Apr. 1985, pp. 857 870.
Kho C.L and Hendry A.W., A Failure Criterion for Brickwork in Axial Compression,
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