lwavvng KapauAAidng
Ka®8nyntis 4.1.9.
@MOQTOBOATAIKA =TOIXEIA
KAI EPAPMOTE>
=ANOH 2001 NEPIEXOMENA
41. HAtakr AktivoBoAta.....
2. Exouxela HALaKrg Pewperplag..... non
3. Tono8étnan Kat Mpocavaroatapég Twv
Htakav ZuAAeKtév
4, Owrtopodtaixy Metatpomr tng HAtaktig Evépyetag
oe HAeKtpixt}...
4.1 Eiayuyh a
4.2 OntiKd atvopeva otoUg nytaywyouc,
4.3 H enagh p-n. . 3
4.4 To purtoBoAtaik6 corona enagprig p-n
4.4.4 To WaviKd pwroBorraixd arorye(o.
4.4.2 To pin Wavixd PurtoporraiK6 ororxe
4.4.3 Mapaperpuc} avakuon tav XapaKTpLOTIKGY
Taon¢-Petpatog tou pwroBodtaikod ctorxeiou..
4.4.4 To peta BpaXUKUKAWANC......-. .
4.48 Tlapéyovrag téang Kat napdyovrag WANpTHTAG..
5. KuKAGpata OwropoATalkiay Erorxelwv.......
5.1 To pwropodtaiKd arorxeio Ge GUVErKEG POPTIONE.......
5.2 Owtofodtaika atorxeia oe cetpa........
5.2.1 Qpoia pwtofodtaika atorxeia oe ceIp4...
5.2.2 Atapopetikad pwropodtaiKa otorxeia oe GeIpa,
5.3 Owroodtaika otorxXela Ge NapadAnAn ouvoean,
5.3.1 Opo.a pwtoBodtaixa crorxe(a ge NapaAANAN auvdeon...
5.3.2 Mapopetikd pwtoPodtaika arorxeia oe
TrapaAnin auvdean... .
5.4 Opdder N X M pwtoBodtaixiv atorxetav........
5.5 O @wtofodtaikég GUAAEKTnG GE GUVerIKES ~PopTIaNC.
5.6 Npootacia twv pwtopodtaixiiy ctorxeluv
6. HAeKtpovixtt PUBpton OwtofodtalKkdv ZuotnpATav...
6.1 Etcaywyr
6.2 AutoppuByion,
10
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37
40
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46
54
53
54
54
56
56
58
60
60
63
65
66
70
74
75
76 6.3 Mapadanin puto.
6.4 PUa\ton o oeIpa.... 5
6.5 Pu@utan oe CeIpd He MeKTpoNKaViKH aTLOKOTT
6.6 Autépato avoryya KuKAdpatos...
7. Texvohoyieg katacKeurig pwrofoATaiKav otoixelwv
7.1 Etoaywyt..... cesses
7.2 Mapayryh nupiriou ia quropoaTaixd ororxeta.
7.3 AvantuEn lovoKpuotaAAtkou nupttiou..
7.4 Kom} twv MAaKt5iwyv Tou KPUSTAAALKOU Tupttiou..
7.5 Kataoxeun tng entapiig p =...
7.6 Kataokeuy Tw peTaaAtkav erage.
7.7 Tono8étnon twv ctorxetwv ce nepIBANH......
EIAIKA @EMATA. : .
A. EniBpaan tng tayiimnrag tou avéyou omy Aetroupyia
Twv O/B otoLxelwv.
B. Xpovinr npdobos a71g anoB60E1G Twv O/B oroIxetu..
T. AntoSdoeig Kat XapaKTnpLOTIKa O/B atorxelwy,
A. To 0/8 otorxe(o etepoenagric.
E, Mayideuan tou putdg péaa oto O/B atorxet
ET. O/B otorxeia uyndrig anddoon¢......
Z. Zuykévtpwan tng NAtakyig aktwvoBoniag.
H, Zévéeon tww nAakdv Mave...
BiBAtoypagia
7
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mM
m2
m4
nS
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m8
m3
m8
n24 4. _HAIAKH_AKTINOBOAIA
© HAtog aktivoBodet evépyeta eSc Kat 500 exatoppipta xpdvia Kat 6a
Guvexicet va akTWoRoAcl TOUAAX'GTOV Yla_ak6}1a 50 ekaToLppta Xpova.
H mtaw evépyeia npogpyetat ané mm ouvngn muprvwy Hz. Kase
Seutepddento petatpénovtat ce He nepinou 6 X 101! Kgr Ha, pe anuAcia
HaZag nepinou 4000 Kgr. H yaa aut petatpénerat, ovppwva He thy
e£(awon tou Einstein E = m c2, oe evépyeta ion pe 4 X 1020 J. H evépyeta
aun exnéynerat Kupiwg we MAcKtpopayvntu) aKTivoBoAia [le [Ur KOG
KUpatog PeTaks Twv 0,005 kat 3 ym. Onws paivetat otov nivaKa 1.1, 7
Teptox!] aUTH] Tou @acpatog TE NAEKTPoHayvATKTg — akTIvoBOALag
TeptAapBavet To uTtepub3ec, To opars Kat To uNépuspo THA. To THHhHA
Tou unépubpou LE [KN KUATOS peYaATepa and 1,15 ym A€yetat Kat
Teptoyxy} Tou pakpou uNépuepou.
Divakag 1.1 Ta xpapata kat ta avtiotowxa jrhKn KULaTOG
X pupa Miikog KGyatog (im) Euxvonta (Herz)
Yrepwodeg 0,005-0,39 6,0 X 10°6 - 7,69 X 104
ladeg, 0,40-0,45 7,5 - 6,6 X 104
MmAc. 0,45-0,50 6,6 - 6.0 X 104
Npacwvo 0,50-0,57 6,0 - 5,27 X 104
Kitpwvo 0,57-0,59 5,27 - 5,01X 104
Noptoxani 0,59-0,64 5,01 - 4,92 X 104
0,61-0,70 4,92 - 4,28 X 104
0,70-1,15 4,28 - 2,6 X 104
4,15-3000 2,6 X 10% = 10,1 X 1070
H @acpatiky Katavoury Tou nAtakoU purse (nAtaKii¢ evépyetac)
HetaBaAActat Ka6ig nepvd psa ané my atydcpaipa, Adyw tS
amtoppépnang Kat tng oKéSaane TOU PUTSs aNd Ta aTHOGHaLpIKd aépla
(Op, No K.T.A.), ToUg UBpat}oug Kat Ta atwpotpeva awHatidia, To Moss
TOU PUSS NOU anloppoparat, EEAPTATAL ANS To Spspo Tou KavEt To Puc
néoa oT atHéopalpa Np Praset oTHV eMMPaveta tng yng. OTaVv
avapéperat n évwoia "erpaveta te yng" ewoelrar n emupaveta THE
@dagoag Kat Sxt THE Enpag n onota eypaviter LEYaAeg UpOLETPIKES
Biapopéc. Evag tpdrIog Ya va TepLypayouLE To Spspo auTS, eivat va TIGPOULE To ASYO TOU |uI}KOUG TOU SpdpioU TloU KAvEL TO Pw Ya Va PTdaeL
OTHY EMtpaveta THE YG, TIPOG To GYOG THE aTLSTHaIpaG,.
O Aéyog autég ovopatetat Mala Agpa (Air Mass) ytatl éxet oxéon ye TH
HaZa atpooparpiKod agpa rou Sanepva to Pug Npotod prdset omy
emtipavera tng yng. Eto oxtiya 1.1, ZO eivat to Gyos tng aTHSa~patpag Kat
SO efvat 0 Spdpiog Nou dtaoxiZet To Pug Via va PrdTEL tO oHLElo O
Trdvw oTHY enupaveta tng yng. MaZa Aépa eivat 0 Adyog SO/ZO Tou etvat
{0g Le V/cosz. Otav o HiAtog BploKeTat oe TétoLa Géon wate n Ywvia z va
elvat 70°, réte éxoupe Mata Agpa = 2,92 Kat cupBoAiZoupe pe AM2,92. Av
© HiAog efvat ce ywvia 60° Téte éxoUHE AMZ. H ywvia z peTaBaAAcrat
Kata tM diapKeta tng Nhépac. EEw aKpipid¢ ané Thy atpudaatpa ths yn¢
éxoupe AMO.
H Maa Agpa ae eva onpefo tg Enpag Tou PploKetat ynAdtepa and
THY emtpaveta TH BaAaaaag UTPOAOYiZeTaL we EEG :
AV 1 atpoo@atpuc nicon ato anpElo aUTS elvat (on Le P mbar Tore n
Mata Agpa Sivetat ané :
P44
Ms — (1.1)
4013 “cosz
6rtou 1013 mbar eivat n atpoopatpiKH Micon oTHY enupavera tng B4Aacaag
Eon Fela
HAtog
Opt0 aruoagatoag
Empévera yng
AIR MASS = SO}z0
ExiWa 4.1 Opiapi6g me MaZag Agpa
Ero oxjpa 1.2 gatvetat n Pacpatikr KaTavopry mg évtaong mH
MAtakrig akTivoBoRag avé jovada prVKoUG KUatOS. H eEwreptKH KaTUAN
(Bakekoppévn ypappt) Mapiotaver to @acpa tg évtaone TE NALaKTiC
aktwvoBoNag HEAtg €Ew and THy atySompatpa THs yng (AMO). H Katéotao uti pNopel va Mpoceyyatet and THY akTWoBoAla Evdg HEAaVOG ov)HATOG
Tou BpioKerat ce GepyoKpacia 5800°K. H paqyaTiKr KaTavopN Yla aUTS
To péAav ota Napiotdvetat pe THY KALMAN Tou ypapeTat pe TeAEiEG
Kal TaUAeg. H endpevn KaYNUAN Taptotavet T pacpatud} KaTaVOLT THE
évtaong Tg NAtaktig aktwvoBoAlag oTHY Entupaveta ths yng HE Tov Ho
oro fevi8, (SnAad ya auverKes AM’), yia pia wpa Xwpig cUWwepa, H
TETapTY KALMUAN MaptoTaveL Th PagPATIKA KaTAVOLT oTHY EMupaveta THE
Yng HE Tov HAL 60° ané to Cevid (AM2), La pia pa Xwpig oUWwepa. Eto
oxtiva Sivovrat Kat ot yéoeg TEg THE evTaON tng NAtaKtig akTwoBONag
la Thv Kae rtepintwon, H évtaan TI¢ MAtakrig aktivoBoNag éXet Hovdbeg
Wim? npéxertat Smad Yia MuKvoTNTa LoXUoG.
2600
€ oa AMO 1353 W/m?
~ \ MEAAN EQMA $800k, 1353 w/m?
2 u
® a am aaaent «|
1600
By
gd
55 2 691 wie
28
az
BE 00
&
Z*
2 o8 14 20 26
MHKOE KYMATOZ (um)
Zyiwa 1.2 Evraon me nAtaktig aktwoPoAtag avé ovata prhkoug KLatos
wg CUVapTHAN TOU LhKOUG KULATOG yLa Bta~popec cuvErKEG AM.
Napatnpwvtag tg KapnUAeg AMO Kat AM1 Tou oxXrpatToq 1.2,
Lmopoupe va Bovpe thy enlpacn Tou otpupatog tou S{ovtog oto
unepwides ThrYA TOU Pdopatos. Fa Mapaderypa n évtaon the NAtaKic
aKtwoBoAtag Ya pi}Kog KUpATOg 0,39 jim (6pto uMEpLABOUG - SoU) efvat
€Ew an6 thy atusc~patpa (AMO) fon we 1600 Wim? eve omy enupavera
TMG YN HE Tov HALO GTO Zevi8 etvat (on LE 720 Wim2. Eniong yta prhKog KUparog 0,3 um éxoupe 800 Wim? ya ouveriKes AMO Kat 134 W/m? ya
auvérikes AMI, Eto (to GXNHA ~patverat Kat n anoppsenon akTwoBorusy
HE HEYaAO prKog KUPaTOG aNd ToUg LBpatpous, Ta atHooPaIpiKa agpLa
Kal and Ta alwpoupeva cwyati&ia; Mou BpicKovta omy atTHOopaipa
(kanvéc, ox6vn [Link]).
H andéotacn tou HAtou ané tm yn HETaBaAActat Kata tM SidpKeta tou
EtOUG HE anloTEeAEoHa TH HeTABOAr tng Evragng tng NAtaKrig aKTivoBOALag
kata T™ didpKeta Tou étoug. O [Link] UéGOg dpog tng NALaKiig Evepyetac,
Tlou @pBavet akpiBi €Ew and my atHdopatpa tng ync, ava povdda
XPSVOU Kal avd Hovdda EYBadou enupavetag KABETN wWE MIPOG Thy EUBELa
Tipdontwong, ovopaterat nAtaKr otasepd Kat eivat fon pe
1,35 KWatt/m? .
Kara my dtdpKeta tng nHépag HETaBAaAAETat ouvexisg n Bon TOU MALOU
GTov oupaVd Kat Guvendg n Ywia z TOU GXHPaTog 4.1. H ouvExtic
HetaBoar tg Ywviag z Exel cav anotéAeopa THY GUVEX! HeTABoAr TOU
Spopou nou Stavvet to Pug pésa atHY atudopaipa via va PTaEL CTO
onpieto O, npoxadédvrag érot ouvext HeTAaBOAH tH¢ Evtaong THs NAaKtis
aktwooAlag, nou neptypagetat and thy oxéon :
©(z) = ©, exp [ -c (1/cosz)5] (1.2)
6rtou pe © GuLBoATeTaL n évtao TE NAtaKrg aktwvoRoAlag, Oy eivat n
cEwatpoaparptxr Evtagn Tg NAtaKtig akTWoBoAag, Tou énw éxet HSN
avapepsei AapBavetat (on Le THY NALaKH GTaBepa. CL c Kat s civat
orabepég pe TyiE¢ ¢ = 0,375 Kal s = 0,678.
H évragn mg mAtakrig aktwoBoAlag auEaver 6d0 avEdver To Gyog TOU
cnpetou napartipnong ané my enupdveta tng G4Aaoaac, ylati dco m6
YMG pioKeta to onLEto Tso AyStEPN aTusGpaIpa UMapXEL Ya va
artoppogpriget To NAtaKé Pus. H e&(owon (1.2) LMopet va tporton‘oméet ya
Va GULMEpIAdBet Tov Mapdyovta Tou Uyouc and Tv enupdveta tC
@aaccag
(z,h) = ©, (1- ah) exp [-c (1/cosz)§] + ah ©, (13)
érou O, eivat n eEwatHoo~parpuxr évtaon THg NALaKIig akTWVoBOAag, ot ¢
Kat s eivat otaepés He THIés ¢ = 0,375 Kal s = 0,678, h etvat To Gyos Ge
XUAOUeETPA Kat a = 0,14 yla KAGE XIAtSLETpO Gyouc. H odut} Evtaon tng MAtaKrG aktivoBoAlag (SNA. n OALKH MUKVoTNTA
toXWoc) ia pla Epa, ae évav GuyKEKpILEVO TON, diveTaL and :
1
Dor = [O(z,h)ae nay
°
beet
Grou 0 Xpdvog apxiZet aNd ty avaTod (t=) TOU HALOU Kat TeAEKAVEL HE
THY dom (t=T).
Ero oxtwa 1.3 @atvera n petaBodH tg évtagng ths NAaKri¢
aktwoBodiag oe cUvaptnon He THY Ywvia Uyoug Y TOU OXrHATOG 1.1.
Yreveupierat 611 y + Z = 90°. Zo (to Gxt PatvovTat Kat ot KapNUAES
‘ing HeTaBoArig m¢ Evtaong TE NAaKtig aktWvoBoALag yla Siawpopa Lyn
ané my entpavera tng B4Aagoac.
E€watpos@aipun)
ENTAZH HAIAKHE AKTINOBOAIAE kW/m?
| |
TONIA y (y+z = 90°)
yg 1.3 MeraBoay tg évtaong te Ntaktig aktwoPoNag ce cuvap™nan,
he THY yuvia Uyous Y , Yta Stapopa Lyn aNd thy erupaveta THg 4Aaca. Evag dAAog napdywv nou ennpedter ty évtaon tm¢ nAtaKtic
aKtwoBohiag efvat ot Katpikég GUverKEG Kal KUpiwg OL vepdoetg. Ma va
BecGet n eriSpaon Twv KalpiKuv GUVENKiV yivovTal, Ya Tov K46e TOTO,
HeTpraetg THE EvTaoNE THE NALaKtg aKTIvoBohiag ouvEXwig Kal yla
peyaha xXpoviKd SaotHpata wore va eEaXGouv Ta anapatmra otatioTiKa
oroixeia (TX. Hedog Spoc KaBapiV NHEPw Tov Maptio oT™V =aven,
Héd0g 6pog THg Evtaong Hg NAaKHg akTWoRoMag atig 11 TH. Tov
lavouapto omy Seacadovikn K.A.M.).
Ektég ané thy Gyyeon MALaKr aktwoBoAia rou prdvet ato onpELo
Mapatripnong unapxet Kat n akrwvoBoAla nou POdvEt GTO CMHElo apou
avakhacbet ge Karola GwSpata énwG KTipla, AdPOUG [Link]. KABG KaL Nn
aktwofona Mou MpoepxeTat and To PwTIGLEVo Tyr} TOU UpavoU. Or
aktwofonieg autég ouviotouv tm éhieon aKTwofoda. Ta va
umtodoytadet n Epon aktwoPodia éxouv emwvondel Sd~popa povtéAa
UMIoAoytaLOU ths, Mou Sev Ga avapepboww edu). Pia pia KaBapH yEpa, oe
uverikes AMI n dyipeon aktivoBoAia éxet Evtaon 925 Wim? eves n Eupeon
éxet Evtaon 80 W/m? ,dnAadr AvyStepo ané 10% mg dpHEons
To dpyavo nou xpnoyiortotettat yia THY YETPNAN THE OAK (EUHEONS
Kal Gppeone) évraong tH¢ NAtaKri¢ aktivoBoAlag efvat to Nupavépetpo.
Eva rupavopetpo patverat ato oxtiya 1.4
|
Sly
a
N
Eppa 1.4 Zxnuatik6 Saypapyia evéc Mupavopetpou.
To Mupavopetpo tonobetetrat opt{évtia état wate to Sapaveg
Thto@atpto Nou BploKeTat ato Mdvu [1Epo¢ TOU opyavou, va KAAUNITEL 6hov
Tov oupavd. O atoOntig Bploxetat ato Kévtpo TOU opydvou Kat
anoreAetrat and opdKevtpoug Hadpoug Kat daTIPpOUG KUKRoUG. KabKig ©
HAtog purtiZet To Spyavo Snutoupye(rar Bapopd BepyoKpacuiv peraks
TWV HAUPWY Kal OTIPWY KUKAWY, TOU HeTpATaL and BepHOfetyn MOAKAV
enagiav. AN6 tig Hetpriaetg auTés UTPOAOYZetat_n évTaon THE NAtaKrig
aktvofoniag, To dtapaves nutspaipto pnopet va anoteAettat ané yuan, Onéte aNOKONTel Ta pNKN KULATEG TOU elval Mav and 3pm, H and
xadatia (quartz) ondte anoKOMTet Ta pHHKN KUPaTOG Tou eival Tévwy and
5ym.
Tia thy Hétpnon ts ayn NALaKrig aKTIVoBOALa Xpns\HoNtoLetTat TO
Tupnatdpetpo. Eva Mupndt6petpo gatverar oto oxHya 1.5. To
MuprAoperpo etvat étot avaptnpévo Gore va MapakoAousel Tov HAto OAN
‘my BiapKeta Mg nhépag He THY BoHBeta evdg aUTSpaToU cUoTIHATOG
odtynane. O dEovag tou opyavou okonevet Ndvta To KévTpo TOU HALOU.
To MupnAouetpo HetTpa THY 4pLEGN NALaKr aKTivoBoNa KaBtg Kat éva
TOAG pUKpd TIOGS EupeoNg aKTwoBoAag mou MpogpXetat and Tov
wtiopévo oupavd Tou Pplaxetat Héoa GTO ONTIKG meS{o TOU opyavou
(nepintou 5,79). © atodntipag tou civat spolog je eKetvov Tou
Mupavopérpou Kat n évtan Tg NAtaKiig aktivoBoAlag MipoKUMTet and TI
GeppoKpagieg Nou avantUsovTat aTov atoOntrpa Tou opyavou.
X87? ONTIKO NEAIO
~
SA
SSA
mapaeyro
ATIC QUARZ,
Wp ~, MAYPOAZTIPOE AIEKOE
Me OePMOZeYTH
Da 1.6 Fxnpawixd Saypayipa evdg Mupn\opétpou
Onwe efvat Yuotd 1 NAtaki} evépyeta petapepetat oe YIKPa NaKETa
EVEpYELag TOU OVOPAZoVTAL PwTOVLA. DTOVUKT POH Eivat o apIBLdG THY
@wroviwy Tou Nepvouv K4BeTa ané T™ Hovdda emupaveiag ce éva sec. AV
1 évtacn the MAtaKig akTWwoRoAlag NaptoTaveTa He ©, ToT o aplBHdc
Tw Pwroviav Tou PETapépouv Thy EvEpyeta aUTH UNOpet va UTIOAoYLOTEL
ané ™ oxéon :
bs
® = JNm(E) EdE as)
ES 6rIoU Npp(E) etvat 0 api8Ldg Tu Puroviuv HE evépyeta (on He E. Ta Spa
TOU OAOKANPwHATOg Eb kat Et efvat n [Link] Kat n péylotn evépyeia
Tw PWTOVWW Tw OTIOLWY TO UNKOG KULATOG HETABAAAETAL and To dvw
apo tou umtepuéiSoug (0,005 um) éwg To KaTW dkpo ToU HaKpOU
umépuspou (3000 ym). Av Gewprigoue ott n evépyeta AW Tw
quwrtoviov eivat (on He TM Hon IH Tw evepyeliv Egy, Tote n (1.5)
yiverat :
© = Noh Eay =Neh h Yay (16)
émtou h n ataBepa Tou Planck Kat Vay N fiéon oUXVéTHTa TwY PurTovin.
Av unobéaoupe 6tt HEAtg Ew ano Thy atTHso@alpa tHE YNg n évtaoN,
TMG NAakiig akTIvoBoAag eivat (on Ye THY MAtaKr} GTaBepA Kal StL KABE
QuTOVO HeTapEpet KATA [GOV dpo evépyeia (on HE 1,48 eV Tote n
pwTOiKt} por} 8a etvat :
o 1350
Nph = 5,8X1021 (m2 s)-1 (1.7)
Egy 1448 1,6X10-9
Mivakag 4.2 Napapetpot tou nAtaKow paoparog yia dta~popec Guver}Kes.
© (KW/m2) | Egy (eV) | Npp(m? s)-t Napatnpricets
5,8X1021_ | EEw and my atydopaipa
mg yng
4,4X1021_ | Er4un the BaAaccac,
0 HAtog oro Zevis.
4,3x1021 | Eraeyn thg BaAaccag
0 HAtog 60° and to Cevid
3,9X1021 | Eryn tng BaAacoac,
© HiAlog 70° and to Zevio
4,8xX102! | Fra9un te Badaccag o
Fiatog ato Zevi8, 50%
OXeTIKI uypaata.
3,2X1021 Erov nivaxa 1.2 gaivera n petaBoky me Evtaong te NALaKrIG
akTWoBoNag Kal n PwTOVIKH por ya Stapopeg Teg Tg AM Kal ya
Bapopec cuverjKeg Trou Neptypa@povtat and to Seik™ " w" , 0 oMoiog
Bivet Tov aplOUd Twv ekaToTTOLETPwY Tw UdpatHaV MoU LNopet va
uyportoinsel omy atpéa@atpa. 2. ZTOIXEIA HAIAKHE [EQMETPIAE
H nepiotpop tig yng yUpw and Tov MA Kat n TaUTdXpovn,
TIeploTpOMH Thg YUPW aNd Evav GEova, THOU eivat KEKAUEVOG WE TIPO TO
eminedo nepiotpoprig tng YUP and Tov HAL, EXEL we aNoTEAecHa TH
Biapkr} petaBoAR tg Bang Tou FOU GTO oUPavé. Ero axa 2.1
atvetat éva Saypaypa te tpox'ag Tg yng YUPW aNd Tov HAlo. OL
TéaTEpIG Od THE YN, TOU Palvovtat GTO GX*iLIG, avtaTOIXONY aTHV
caput Kat pavoriapi} tonpep(a (20 Maptiou kat 23 ZerrtepBptou) kat ato
Bepivé kat xE\jEpivd NAtooTaat (21 louviou Kat 22 AcKeBp(oU)..
Bopeiog ok, 20 Mapriou
Eapivt} tonpepia
—~.
no . 22 AexepBplou
” Kequepv6 noataa1o
HAtog se
2
21 louviou .
@epivd nAwootaars + |
23 LenrveyBpiou
Awvorwpive tonpepta
Zytiwa 2.4 Avaypappa tng tpoxas te yng YUpw and Tov Ato.
Bépetog MéAr0g
Tporuxéc, rou Kapxivou
lonpepiveg SS = we i >
Tponikéc Tou Atyéxep ES
Néttog Médoc
20 Mapriou 21 fouviou 23 FenrreuBplou 22 AexeyBplou
Exghpa 2.2 H yn onus ~aiverat an6 tov HAto Kata Tic TéoTEpLG
XapaKtnptotixés nHepounvieg Tou étouG,
10 Ero oytpa 2.2 napiotaverar n yn Snwg auth paiverat ané tov HA
kata tig TésvEptg Napandvw nHepoynvies. To onpeto THs erupavetag TIS
Yng Tou Béxerat KaBera Tig NALaKEg akTiveg ONpeLdVETaL He Eva [LKPS
KUKAo. Kata tig S00 tonpepieg o tonpeptvog SéXerar KABeTa TIg NAtaKEc
axtiveg. Karta to Gepivé nAtootécio Kdbeta BEXETAL TIG akTiveg o
TporiKdg Tou KapKivou Kat To Bépeto nutopaipto BpioKetat ot Eon TOU
KahoKalpiod, ev) KaTa To XeIPEP'VS NAloTTaGLO KaBETA dEXETAL TI
axtiveg 0 Tporiég Tou AtyéKepo Kal TO VéTLO NpLapalpto BpickeTaL om
Léon Tou KahoKatpLod.
Exo oxfia 2.3 divovrat ot aXeTiKég OEcEIg Tou MALOU Kal THE yng OTIUG
@atvovrat ané ™ yn.
21 louviou
Bépetog NéAog
20 Maptiou
nog ©) ~_ lonepvg
23 LentepBpiou
Mm
Néttog NéAog
22 AekeBptou
ZxXHWA23 O rAtog drug patverat ané ty yn KATA Tig TéaGEPIG
XapakTnptotixés NLEpoynvies Tou tous.
© HAtog attg 20 Mapriou Bpicketar navw and Tov ianyepivd. Thy
nuepopnvia auTi n Uépa etvat (on He TH VEXTa, ExoupE NAGS} Thy capwvhh
tonpiepia, Emy auvéxeta, Le avapopa to Pépe1o npLa~palpro, 0 AoG
apxicer va aveBatver. H avobog ouvexiZeta Expt Ttg 21 louviou ondte o
HAlog BploKetat Navw and tov tportKs Tou KapKivou. Thy nuepoynvia
uTH To Bépeto nto~paipio éxet T LeYAAUTEPN NLEpa Tou EtoUG. ANS TI¢
22 louviou o HiAtoc apyilet va KateBatvet. H 2%n louviou eivat to Bepivé
NAooTdaw. H K48050g TOU Hou Guvexiferat, Kat oTIG 23 LerrrepBpiou BploKetat Maat Mavw ané Tov ionpeEpwvd. Exoupe Téte Tm PevorwpIvh
tonpepia. H Ka8050g auvexiCerat péxpt Tig 22 AckeuBpiou onéte o HALoG
PeloKetat navy and Tov TporuKd tou AtyoKepo. Thy nHepoynvia aut} to
Ropero nytcpaipio exer TM pUKPSTEPN Nga Tou étouc. ANd ttc 23
AekepBplou 0 HAtog apxifet va aveBaivet. H 22a AcxepBpiou eivat to
XElEPIVd NAOOTa. H dvoSog Tou HAOU oUVvexiCeTaL Kal aTIG 20
Maptiou 0 rAtou Bpioxetat ndAt ndvw ané Tov tonpepwvd. H yuvia 5 tou
oxrHaTog 2.3, MoU [leTaBAAAeTat 6An TH diépketa Tou étoug eivat n yuvia
hetaks tou Btavicpatog HAoU-yng Kat Tou entmMéSou TOU tonHEpLvO Kat
ovopagetat ywvla andéKAtong Tou HAtou. H ywvia 5 petaBaAAeta and
+23,50° (21 louviou) éwg - 23,50° (22 AcxepBpiou). H yetaBoAh t™m¢
ywviag 5 Ue To xXpévo patvetat oto oytiLa 2.4 Kal LE LIKpH Mpoaéyyton,
diverat and :
360(D-81)
8 = 23,44 sin ——— (2.1)
425
20h
ssh
10}
Twvia anéxAtong tou HAtou (
Ge polpeg
1
\
20h
-25 L eae
20Map. 21 low. 22 Eent 22 Aex 20 Map.
Hypa tou xpévou
Zytua.2.4 H petaBodr} tng ywviag anékAtong Tou HALOU HE To Xpsvo.
Napaxdtw @a opicoupe S40 xapaKtnpiaTIKés Ywvieg Tg nALaKrC
yewpetptag.
Tewyparpixé mAdtog (L) evéc ténoU A (tért0¢ etvat éva cnpEo oTV
emtpaveta tng yne), eivat n ywvia nou oxnyarietat and To eninedo Tou tonpepwvod Kat thy eubefa Tou eviivet To KévTpO THE YNS HE Tov TOO
autd, érwe patvetat oto ofa 2.5. Oda ta onpefa me yng MoU
BploKovtat nave otov KUKAO Mou &gpxetat; and Tov tonto A Kat eivat
TlapddAnAog He Tov tonpeptvd, Exouv To (io yewypagiKd MAaToG. To
YeWYpApLKd TAGTOS Eival GeTIKS Ya To Bdpeto NULTPaLpLo KaL apyNTIKS
Via To VOTIO, HETABAAAETaL SnAadr} an +90° Ewe -90°.
Bépetog Médoc
lonpepwveg
Néttog Mérog
Extiua.2.5 Optopdg tou yewypagiKou MAdroug L .
H yn kavet pila mAripn neptotpoer YUpw ané Tov aEova tc Ge 24 wipes,
otpépertat Sndady Kata 15° ge pla Wea. H otpopr aut Sivetar and ™
ywvia dpag (w). Sewpoupe 6tt Kata To NAtaKd HEoMpEpt (0 HAtog oT
ugyioto Uyos) nN Ywvla Gpag efvat pndév. Emmy ouvéxeia KaGe dpa
avtiotorxet oe 15°. H yuvia dpag peTaRadAcTat and 0 Ewe 360°.
Ze Evav Térto A n Bon Tou MALOU GTOV oUPavd Mpocdiopierat and Tic
BYo ywvleg Y Kat a TOU patvovtat ato oyfWa 2.6. H ywvia z nou
ovopaterat ywvia Zevi@ tou HAtou, efvat n ywvia nou oxnparierat and
‘TV KataKépuepn AK Kat Thy euBeta TloU eviivet To KEvTpO TOU ALOU Ue To
omuelo A. H nuteuBefa AN efvat n mpofodr tng eudefag nou evaver to
KEVTpO Tou MALOU He TO GNHE!o A, OTO opiZévtio eninedo nou SepxeTat
an6 Tov Téno A. To enirebo autO civat to eninedo To epantoyievo omy
yun agatpa oto onpeio A. To eninedo auté ovopdterat Kat opiZovtag
Tou ténou A. H ywvia y nou ovopd%era ywvla Gyoug tou rAlou
oxnatiZeta ané my cuéeta mou eviivet to KEVTpO TOU MALOU Le TO A Kat
TAN. Onuc civat wots 2+ y = 90°. H ywvia a oxnpatiZetat ané ty
B eu8ela Boppa - NéToU kat thy AM Kat ovopdtetat yavia agipousiou tou
AAtou.
ot © fs K
NN, A
NN _B
\
A —> A
né&
Eyqia 2.6 Ot ywvies y Kat a Mpocdop(Gouv tm Géon Tou HALou otov
oupavé tou tonou A.
O Mpoadiopisdg tng Géong Tou HALoU TOV cUpAVd evdg TémOU A, ya
Oheg Tig wpeg Kat dAEg TIG Epes TOU XpdvOU cival anapattntog Ya To
OXESLACHS Kat KUPLwg Ya THY ToMOBETHEN Tw NMaKwdVY cUoMPaTWV. O
TipodBtopiapS¢ TE Séon¢ yiveTaL Ye avVaAUTIKG TPSTIO HH HE XprON Tw
Ttakdiv Xaprav. Kat ot 30 tpdnot Ga Neptypagouv NapaKatw.
Ero oyipa 2.7 paivetat n oupama o~patpa tou téniou A. Eto (to oyra
atverat o opifevtag tou témou A, Kat n KaTaképugn cusefa AK.
@atverat ertiong kat o dfovag Bopeiou - Notiou Nédou nou &i;épyeTat and
To A. O a€ovac autég sivat MapdAAnAog Ue Tov MpaypyatiKé dEova th¢
yng. Me dtakeKoupévn ypu napioTaveTat o nAtaKédc BSpdpog otov
oupavd. To onpeio tourig tou nAtaKoU Spdpiou Ye Tov opifovta Bivet to
onpeto avatoAng tou MALOU. Eto (to oxtwa gaivetat n ywvia L nou diver
TO YEWYPAPKd NAATOg Tou Tonou, n ywvia Cevi@ Tou HAIoU z, n Ywvia
yous Tou Aiou Y, n Ywvia anékhiong Tou rAtou 8 Kal n Ywvia ME wpag Ww
Epappdovtag toug Kavéveg Tg cwpatpiKrig TPLYWVOLETPIAg CTO Tpiywvo
KPS nou oynpatiZeta and to onpeio tou Yevi@ K, tov Ato S, Kat To
Bépeto Moko P mg oupanag awatcag eKpedtoufe Tm ywvia z cav
ouvapTon Tuy dAAWW Ywwudy Kat EXOULE :
cosz = cos(90-5) cos (90-L) + sin (90-3) sin (90-L) cosw (2.2) AvtiKasiotuvtag tig tptywvouetpiKés §— guvaptHigeig «eG.
GUUTANPwHATIKES Tous EXoULE :
cosz = sind sinL + cosd cosL cosw (2.3)
apou z + y = 90°n ywvia y Unopet va npoodioptotet and thy (2.3):
siny = sind sinL + cosé cosL cosw (2.4)
yond
Bépetog MéA0c
HitaKég. 5p5y0g :
‘opps
NOTOS Enyelo
Avaroarig
Nétiog MéAog
Xyhua 27 H oupavia opaipa tou ténou A. Me mv z ywwort Kat e@apydzovtag To vopo Twy nyLtOvuN ato TpLywvo
KPS unopotpe va npoadtopigouue Tm Ywvia aZipousiou Tou HAtou :
sinw cosd
sina = - (2.5)
sinz
H (2.5) umopet entong va ypacpet we e&tig; :
sinw cosd
sina = -——_—__ (2.6)
cosy
AN6 tig (2.4) Kat (2.6) uMopel va mpoadtoptoTet n Bon Tou AALOU GTov
oupavé Tou Térou A yia KaBe jidpa Tou XpdvoU Kat KaBe wpa The NUEpac.
YrevéupiCetat ott n ywvia 3 efapratat and my nuépa Tou xXpévou STG
@atvetat and m oxéon (2.1).
Evag 4AAo tpéniog Ya va NpoaBtopictet n GécM TOU ALOU GToV oUpavd
Tou Tériou A yta KaGe [Epa Tou Xpdvou Kat Kae pa TS nuEpag, civat n
XPHION Twv NAtaKdv Xapribv. Evag nAtaKdg Xdptn¢ ya évav TéNO Trou
Bploketat GE YewypagLKS NAdTog L = 40° patvetaL oto cya 2.8.
SUN CHART
sory LaTTUbe. Tron Norn Airinde erga
‘eo
Zyiwa 2.8 O ntaxdg xépmng evc ténou rou BpicKetat ae yewypacplKd
TAATOg 40°,
Etov Xapm onpetdvovtat o Boppdg Kat o Nétog (North, South) ot
KAlakeg értou LetpLouvtat n ywvia Gyoug Tou HALou (Altitude angle) Kat n Ywvla agyiouslou tou Hou (Azimouth angle). Eniong patvera Kat n
KAlyaka dnou PeTpLouvTat ot dpe THE Népag (Hour of Day) ané my Sn
Tpatvt (AM) HEXpL THY 7n anoyeuLaTivy (PM). Erov x4o™m onpetvovrat
Ot MAtaKot Spspor yta Siapopeg nypopnvieg tou xpdvou. fia tic
NhEpopnvieg Nou de onperivovrar o NAtakég Spdi0g [Topet va Bpebet pe
amt MapeHBokn. AV nipénet va BpeBel n Gon Tou ALOU otic 21
OxtwBplou otig 11 TLL. BpicKoULE To ONE! Tog TOU NALaKOU Spsyou
TMG Zing OxrwBplou He THY KAYA nou dive THY wpa tt Ty. To onpeto
Gnpetdvetar oto Oya 2.8. Médtg Npocdoptctet to onpeio, n ywvia
Gyous Kat a%ipoUB{ou Tou rALOU BploKovTaL and Tig avtioToIXes KAipaKEC
Tou Xépm. Emy ouykexpiyévn nepintwon n ywvia attpous(ou tou MAtou
efvat 17° pe apyt to Néto (SrAaBi a = 180 - 17 = 163° pe apy to Boppa
6mWWG oTO OYA 2.6) Kat N Ywvia LOUG TOU ALOU Y etvat {on pe 36°.
Eta oyrwata nou akoAougouv Sivovtar ot MAtaKoi y4pte¢ Ya
Yewyparpixd mrAdTH 32°, 36°, 409 , 44° Kai 48°. Or Xapteg auToL
KaAUntouv dn thy EAAGBa Nou énwc @atveta and to y4ptn Tou
oxfivatog 2.14 nepiéxerat avdyiesa ota yewypapiKd NAdTH Twv 32° Kat
TeAEWiVEL GE TAATOS 42°.
Erov mivaka 2.1 patvovrat cuyKevtpwrikd ta gUUBoAa Kat ot ovopacteg
TwWY YwKY NOU OpioTNKAV GTO KE*PAAAIO aUTS.
B20 LATITUDE,
SUN CHART Tigge"” atitude oie
180" /
Ss phat angle
(Hour of doy
Zyfwa 29 Hrakdg xéptng Via yewypaguKs MAdTog 32° SUN CHART ‘True North
Yon LariTuGe, u alutude angle
16 t—~60/
a
ee
Hour of aay
j 120° wi 22
Zyua2.10 HAtakdg Xdptng yla yewypacpiKd MAATOG 36°.
SUN CHART
4O°N LATITUDE, tase ongie
Rasruth ange
Eyiwia 211 HAaKég Xaptng via yewyparpiK6 nAdtog 40° SUN CHART
44N LATITUDE
Daiwa212 HArakdg Xaptng yia yewypacptKd MAaTOG 44°
HART a
SBN set ms" jad ene
wey Re / Aman ange
a L " ‘Hour of doy,
21
1a
True South
Zygya 2.13 HALaKég xdpmng via yewypagixd MAaTOg 48° Dyqwa. 2.14 Xaptng tn EAAAdac.
20 Divakac 2.1 Ta oUpBoka twv ywvudiv Kat ot ovopacies Tous.
EuyBoro Ovopacia
Fwvia atyous{ou tou HALoU
Fula dyoug Tou fAtou
Tuvia andkAtong Tou rALou
Fwvia fevid tou rALou
Feu KO TAGTC
Tuwvia ci
le |r |n lore fo
21 3, TONOGETHEZH KAI MPOZANATOAIZMOZ TON HAIAKON
EZYAAEKTOQN
Evag nNakég GUAAEKTHg galveTat oto oxtipa 3.1. O oUAAgKTNG
anoteAcitat and opddeg @wtofodtaixwv otorxelwv. Eva and ta
TpoBAhHaTa oT™V EpapHoy Tov NAaKY oUoTMGTwY eival
TONOGETON Tw GUAAEKTUV ETOL WaT Va eKUETAAAEUOVTa dc0 To
duvatov nepiacdtepo TH Stabéoyin Atak} evépyeta.
Qpsba pwroBorratkciv
ae Erotxetwv
4 @wrtoPoAtaiKd
Lrorxeio
I»
Dywa 3.4 HAakég EuAAgKTS
Ta KUpia yewpeTptka XapakTnpLoTika evdc GUAAEKTH efvat n KAion Tou
Wg MIpog To optZévtto eimtebo Kal O MPOGaVvATOALGP6G Tou. H KAion TOU
OUAAEKTH Teptypaperat and Eva Bavuspa Kaseto oT eMUPavEta Tou
OUAAEKT. Ero oyripa 3.2 palverar évag GUAAEKTHG TU ExEt KAion B WG
Rpog to opiZovtio enineda.H ywvia B ovopdtera ywvla KAlong tou
OUAAEKTH. O Mpogavatohapiég Tou GUAAEKTH SiveTaL ané tm ywvia s. H
ywvia s eivat n SeESotpo~n ywvia nou axnparifetat and tov dova
Boppa-Nétou Kat Thy TpoBOAH GTO opifévtio emnedo Tou diavicyatoc
Tou eivat Ka8etTo OTHV eMpaveta Tou GUAAEKTn. H ywvia s ovowaterat
yevia atipousiou tou auAAgKth 1 ywvla NpocavatoAtcpou
H ywvla npdorttwong Te nAtaktig akTWvoBONag névw oTHy enupavera
evdg oUAAEKTN elvat TIOAU oMpavTUR aTI¢ e~apHoyés Tw NALaKiV
ouompatav. H ywvia npdentwong tg nAlakHg akTwoBoAiag efvat n
Ywvia @ Tou oxtHaTOS 3.2, n Mola oxnPaTifeTaL ané To Savucpa nou
efval Ka8eTo OTHV EMupaverd Tou GUAAEKTH (StavUsHA OC) Kat and To
Btavugpia OS mou Setxvet Mog To KEvtpo Tou FAtoU. Emy nepirrtwon rou © OUAAEKTHG {val _ToMOBeTMpEVOS opitévTia, To Savusya OC civat
KaGeTO oTHY opiZovTia eTUpavera Kat N ywvia @ Eival ton He THY Z.
Opitevnta
Emodvera
Eygiua 3.2 HAaKdg cUAAEKTHS pe KAion B Kat NpogavatoMopE s. Eto (0
OytHa patverat kat n Ywvia MpSanTwENE TH¢ NALaKIIG akrIvoBOAag 8.
Ong palvetar ato oXtiLa 3.3 Ge TéNtOUG [le Stapopenikd YewypagiKd
TAGTOG N MAAK akTWoBoNa TipooTiinter Ye dtapopetixés Yuvieg wc
Tipog Thy KaTaképUpo oTHV EMpaveta MAE YNG-
Dehua 3.3 H ywvla npdontwong me nAtakrig aktivoBoAlag we TIpog THY
KataKépupo omy enupdveta the yng, Via Buo TéTtous Le Sapopetixd
yewypacikd nAatog
23 Ero oxtipa 3.4 @atvovrar Bio Toro pe StapopetiKd yewypaplKd
MAGTOG. O témog B je MAATOG L Kat 0 TOMtog A HE TAATOG (L-B). Erov
Toro A Exe TonoBETNBel opiévtia évag NAtaKég CUAAEKTNG. H Yuva
Mpoontwons TE MALAKIig akTWoROMag Mévw GToV GUAAEKT TOU TérOU A
eivat 8, Evag oudAéxtng He VétIo MposavatoAtops (s=180°) ronoBetetraL
OTov TOno B, Onwe anodeiKvuetat pe artArh yewpetpla, Yta va ripoontintet
1) MAtaKr aktivoBokia otov GUAAEKTN Tou Ténou B pe thy (Sta ywvia Tou
Tipooniintet otov cUAAéKTN Tou TéMoU A, o GUAAEKTHG Mpénet va
Tonoge mel HE KALon B wg TIpOg To opiAvtto eninedo.
Lp
wrnee | 7
Exgiua 3.4 Avo oudAeKtes oe Bapopeniks YewyparpiKd MATOS lou Nave
Toug Mpocriinret n NALaKH akTWoRoAta Ye ty (ta yuvla 8.
To TIp6PAna Nou 6a avtpetwmaTEt Napakdtw Etvat o NPeGBopcp6g
mg Ywvlag npdantwang the nAtakrig aktwvoBoAiag (8), ae éva aUAAgK™
Tlou efvat tonoBetnpévog ve évav TOMO LE YewypagiKd MAGTOg L, pe
onoiadinote KAion (8) Kat onotodrnote mpocavatoMops (s), ya
onoLadrnote dpa te nuépag ortotagdrjnote pEpag Tou étouc. AnAadt} o
Tpocdopicpsg Tg ywviag @ av SoGowv ot Yavies L,B,s, n nuepa Tou éroUG
kat n dpa.
Ong civar yrword to cowrEpIK ywvdpEVO B40 Savuopatwv U Kar V
Tou oxnHatouv ywvia ~ efvat (oo pe :
mu UV=UVcosp (3.14)
A
UV = Ux Vx + Uy Vy + Uz Vz (3.2)
6mou U kat V eivat Ta Hétpa TwW Bo Stavucpatuv Kat Ux,Uy,Uz,Vx,Vy,Vz
eivat ot ouvotwices twv S00 Bavucpdtwy ce _Kaptectavéc
ouvtetaypeves.
Sewpoupe ta povadiaia Savicpata twv davuopdrwy OC Kar OS tou
OxfaTos 3.2, ta onola cULPoATovtat pe OG Kai OS. To eawrepiKd
YwOLEVo Tw BUo povadiatwv Savuoparwy Siverar and :
OS OC = 0S OC cos8 = cosd (3.3)
n
OS OC = OSx OCx + OSy OCy + OSz OCz (3.4)
OQ. cumiatisaeg twv Svo povadtaiwy Savucpatwv efvar :
OSx = sinz cosa
OSy = sinz sina (3.5)
O8z = cosz
kat
OCx = sing coss
Ocy = sing sins (3.6)
Cz = cosB
Ano tig (3.3), (3.4), (3.5) kau (3.6) :
cosé = sinz cosa sinB coss +sinz sina sin8 sins + cosz cos (3.7)
AVTIKABLOTUAVTAG Tig TpLYwVOHETPIKEG GUVAPTTICELG Tw Z Kal a HE TI¢
TpLYWVOLETPIKES CUVaPTHOEIG Tuv 5, L Kal w aNd Toug TUMoUG Tou
Tiponyoupevou Keparatou, n (3.7) yiverat :
cos8 = sind sinL cos + sind cost sinB coss + cosd cosL cos cosw
-cosd sinL sinB coss cosw - cosé sin sins sinw (3.8)
H (3.8) Sivet_m ywvia npdontwong tg nAtaKti¢ aktwoBoNag (8) ya
onoradiinote Aion. (B) Kat mMpocavatokcHd (s) evdg GUAAEKTH TonoGetpEvoU Ge onoLovdHMoTe Téno (L) ya onoLadnote pépa Tou
Erouc (3) Kat ontotadrnote dpa tne nu€pac (w).
Zmv nepintwon nou n enupdveta tou cuAAgKT™ efval KdGET oto
opi{ovtio eninedo (B=90°) n (3.8) yiverar :
cos8 = sind cosl coss - cosé sinL coss cosw - cosé sins sinw (3.9)
Me tov (0 tpdro pMopouv va e€aXBouv and Thy (3.8) EkpPdaEI ya Tov
UTIOAO LOLS tng Ywviag @ Kat Via GAA|g TepINTGEIG STG Ya GUAAEKTH
VOTLOU TipogavaToALGLOU ( s = 180°) K.A.T.
8
4 20 Mapriou
EuhAéx: n
ws | 23 ZentepBoiou
FR
AxtivoBodia lompepwvég
Eyfiua 3.5 ZuAAEKtn voTiou Tipocavatodopou pe ywvia KALong ion pe To
Yewypacpikd MAATOg Tou TértoU nou efvat TontoBetpEVOS.
Ero oyya 3.5 patverar évag GUAAEKTng VoTIOU MpoGavaTOAoHoU nou
Sxet TonOBE TPE! je Kian (on [Le To YEwyPAgLKS MATOg Tou TéTIOU éroU
BploKetat. Emy nepirrtwon auTH n NALaKi akTwWoBoAa npoonintet KéeeTa
OTOV OUAAEKTH KATA THY capi Kat PAWorwpLM toMEpia. Ee GAN ™
StapKera tou Etoug n ywvla npdarrtwong 6a anoKAiver and -22,5° ew
22,50 ané my KaGeto. H tomogémon tou oUAAEKT [E véTIO
MpogavatonioHs Kat yuwla KAiong (on He To yewypagpiKd MAdTOS Tou
TOmtoU civat pla KaAr TonoGEmon , Sev civar dpwg n PEATIOT. AV To
Kptripto tng BeAtioTomoinong eivat_n cuYKEvtpwoN THE HEYAAUTEpNG
Suvantig MoadtTag evépyetac Kata tT StapKeta Tou étoug Téte n BEATION
yuwla KAlong Tou OUAAEKTH Yla MpocavarToAtcpoUg and NA (s=135°) gw
NA (S=225°) efvat 3° Ewe 10° puxpétepn and To yewypaglKs MATOS Tou
Tértou. Me my KAlon auTH n nAtaKi aktwoBoAia npoomintet pe ywvies
KOVTa OT™V K4BeT GTOV GUAAEKTN KATA ToUG BepIVotig Ives, étav n
26 évtaen ™m¢ NAtaKiig aKtivoBoNag eivat peydAn, He anotéAccwa ™m
ouyKEvTpwon HeyaAng noadtnTag evepyetag KaT4 T didpKeta TOU étoUs.
H owvodud} nosémra evépyetag omy Tepintwon auTH efvat n ueytio™
Buvan}, SpwE eves KaTa ToUug BeptvouG LTIveg OUAAEyoVTAL peyadec
TMlogoTnTEG evepystag KATA ToUuG XEILEptvoUS ot GUAAEYSEVES NoddtNTes
e{vat MOAU pKpés Yat 1 NAtaKH aktwoBOACa Kat puke évtaon EXEL KaL
Mpooriintet ue Ywvleg HaKpLa aNd Thy KA8ETN. H ONLOLOP@ia SNAAEH} THC
Toodmrag evépysiag rou GUAAgyetaL Kata TH BldpKeta TOU éToUG eivat
TOA XaUNAH. AUTO éXet Gav anotéAcopa To atoTHHa Mou GUAAE yet,
HeTatpénet, anoGnKevet Kat Sasérer thy NAtakH evépyeta va pny eivat
BéATiaTo and MAcUpac KEGTOUG Kal aTIdd0On¢ dTUE 6a Pavel Ge eTUEVO
ke@adato, Av to KptTtipto tng BeATIGTOTIO(nang elval n HEyom and3oon
Kal To EAGXIGTO KOOTOG TOU GUCTHHATOG, TéTE MIpETeL o GUAASKTNG va
ouAA€yet Kara Tm StapKeta tou gtoug Tm weyaAUtepn duvan} nocétnta
evépyetag He Tm peyaAUtepn SuvaTh opotoopela. Emmy nepintwon aut}
EKTOG ANG To Yewypa~p{Ks NAATOg Tou TénoU NpEnet va ANBOuV UNéYN OL
éoes Kata priva nHEprateg TY Tg NAtaKHg aKTIvoBOALag Kat ot ToTUKES
KA\LaTOAOYIKES GUVEr}KEg Tou enInpEd{ouv Thy NAlopaveta. O uMOAOVICLOS
mg BeATIOMS Ywviag Kong Yia Sapopoug npocavatoAtcpoUg yiverat,
OTHY Tepitwon AUTH, HE Xprion HAPNPATIKAV [oOVTEAwY Kat UOACVOTH.
Etov mivaka 3.1 palvovtar o. BéATIOTES ywwieg KAong yta Siapopoug
TipocavatoAopoug Ge Bépopes Tonoseaieg om EAAdSA Ya Tig oMtoies
unépxouv dedopéva perpiigeuv tH¢ NAaKTI¢ akTWoBoA(ag. Emmy mavw
ceIpd ot Yuvieg NpocavatoAapos (ywvleg alyousiou) Tu GUAAEKTwV
HeTaBaAAovtat and 180° (Nétiog TipocavatoAtcpéc) ewe 225°
(NotiodutiKés MpocavatoAtopée) eves ot BevtEpN and 180° (NéTIOg
TipogavatoAispég) Ew 135° (NottoavatoAtkdg MpocavatoAopdc). H
BedtiIom yuwla KAlong HeETABAAAETaL CULPeTPKA wWE TpOG To véTIO
MpocavatoAigys értwg patvetat tov nivaka.
Onwg patverat ané tov nivaka n ywvla KAlong Tou cUAAEKTH eivat
Tepiniou 40% eyakutepn and to YewyparpiKd MAatog Tou TéToU SroU
Beloxerat 0 oUAAEKTNG. Me Tov TpéTIo aUTO nN NAtaKH aKTIvoBOAa KaTé
TOUG XEILEPLOUG pWVvEG, OTE n EvTacH THG efval LtKEH, TpooTiMTEL Pe
Ywvieg oxe50v KaGeted, evi) Toug Bepivous prveq, ondte n évtacH tne
eivat HeyaAn, npooninter Maya tov GUAAEKT, Me Tov Tpéno auTé
eFaoparifera n opoiopop@ia tg nocdmtag me evépyctag nou
OUAAEYETaL Kata TH SapKeta Tou Etouc. Eivat npowavég Sti o véTiog
NpogavatoAopdg civat 0 BEATICTOG MPOGaVaTOALL6g TOU GUAAEKTN, Kat
27 Tipénet va entaéyerat étav undpxet n duvatémra (anoucia avtiKeyevuv
TOU oKLéZoUY To GUAAEKTH K.A.T.).
Erov nivaka 3.2 patvovrat ot BEATIOTES ywwieg Klong yLa GUAAEKTEG
VOTIoU MpocavaToAIspOU Ge EAAnviKég TomoBeaieg énou Sev uNdpXoUV
Sedoueva petpHcewv ThE NAaKtig akTWOROALaG. OL UNOAOYoPOL éyway HE
XPrIOn HaGnLaTIKiv LovTéAwv.
Mivakag 3.1 Or BeATIGTES Ywvieg KAiong YLa Stapopoug NpocavatoAtopous
Ge Bapopes tonoGeoteg oTHV EAAdSa yta Tig ono(eg UNapXoUV SeSopEva
HeTpHCEWV hg NALaKtig akTwoBoAiag.
owe | Tmereronencc eran eriseed |
MpocavatoNopée Twv GUAAEKTEV (GE LolpEc)
yuvia s
180 | 185 | 190 | 195 | 200 | 205 | 210 | 215 | 220 | 22!
5
480_| 175 | 170 | 165 | 160 _| 155 _| 150 | 145 | 140 | 135
A@HNA L=37958' 57°_| 57° | 57° | 57° | 57° | 570 | 570 | seo | 55° | 54°
KABAAA L=410 60°_| 60° | 60° | 60° | 60° | 60° | 59° | 59° | Sse | 570 |
XANIA_L=35°30" 529 | 52 | 520 | 520 | 520 | 520 | 520 | 520 | 510 | 500 |
| EMAPTH L=37° 58°_| 58° | 58° | 58° | 5e°_| 58° | 57° | 57° | 56° | 550
AAPIEA,
63°_| 630 | 630 | 63° | 63° | 63° | 620 | 610 | 61 | 590
AFPINIO L=
60°_| 60° | 60° | 60° | 60° | 60°_| 599 | 59° | sae | 570
POAOE L=36°22' 59°_| 599 | 59° | 590 | 58°_| 58°_| 58° | 57° | 57° | S60
MYTIAHNH L=39°06'_| 58°_| 580 | 58° | 58° | Sae_| 58° | 570 | 570 | 560 | 550
ZAKYNOOE L=370438"
Ta tig tonobeateg nou Sev avapepovta otoUg rivaKeg 3.1 Kat 3.2,
lMopouv va yivouv extupHGEIg ya TH BEATIOT ywvia KAlong ané cToLXeia
YetTOviKiay TonoBeatdv.
Eivat MAgov ywword ple Mol6v MpogavaTOAIGHS Kat HE TL KAion NpEret
Va TonoGetouvTaL ot GUAAEKTEG Yla va GUAAgyOUV 60 To Suvatdv
Tepioostepn evépyeta, Npenet dpwc Kat va TonosetoWvTaL ce TéTOLES
Géoeig GoTE va UN oKLaCovtat and oLKOSoLrIWaTa, Sévtpa, Adpouc Kat
GAAa oreped aupata Kata TM didpketa TOU étoUG. Ot NAnpo@opies yta THY
oklacn evég oUAAEKTH Sivovtat ané To NALaKS Mapdéupo mou ~paiverat
OTO Oya 3.6. H Kdtw MAcupA Tou MALaKOU MapaGUpou eivar o MALaKéG
Apdpog Kata Thy 22a AckeyBpiou Kat n Mavw TAcupd o NAtaKdg Spspo¢
kata thy 21 louviou.
28
57° | 7° | 57° | 57° | 56°_| 569 | 55° | 55° _| 540 HivaKag 3.2 Or BéATICTES Ywvieg KONG Yla GUAAEKTES VETLOU
Mipocavatonicpol ge EAAnké Tonoéeaies Grou Sev uNdpXouv dedopsva
HETPHOEWY THg NAtaKriC akTWoRoAiac.
TONO@EZIA BéATiom™ ywwla KMong Tw
OUAAEKTWOV (GE Hoty
2. APAZOE L=38°10'
3. APTOZTOAI L=38°11'
4. XIOE_L=38°24'
5. IEPANETPA L=35°05'
6. HPAKAEIO_L=35021'
7. KANAMATA_L=37002"
8. KOPINOOX L=37957'
9. KYOHPA L=36°57"
40. AHMNOX _L=39°53'
41. MHAOZ_L=36045"
12. NAZOZ_L=37006'
43. MAPOZ _L=37905' 520
14. NATPA_L=38015' 56°
45. NYPFOE L=3704" 58°
46. PEOYMNO _L=359°22' 49°
47. ZAMOE 4 57°
48. EYPOE_L=3702!
19. SHTEIA_L=35013"
20.0EZ/NIKH_L=40°37"
H Geka MAcupa (6G Patvetat and To GUAAEKTN) Eivat ot GécELG TOU
HAtou otig 3 Lu. Ka6’ 6An TH StapKeta Tou EToUG Kat N aploTEpH AEUPA
eivat ot 8éceLg TOU ALOU oTIg 9 TY. KAO’ GAN tT BLapKeta Tou EtoUG. OL
TéoTEPIG KopUPES TOU NALaKOU MapaBUpoU eivat o1 EaELG TOU HALOU OTIC
A: 21 louviou , 3u.u.
B: 21 louviou , Srp.
1: 22 AexepBptou , 3p..
A: 22 AexepBpiou , 9r.p.
29 © Mtaxdg UAAEKTHg Tou oyHaTog 3.6 (nou éxet voto
MpocavatoNoys) oKdtetar and Sévtpa kat KTHIpla Tepirtou and Tig 1 HH.
Wg Tig 2 [.H. aM To NoepBpto wc To SeSpouapto.
Zcpara nou
omtdtouv tov ~~
Zum
and tu.u. ww 2p.
M6 Tov No€LiBpI0 we *
Tov ®eBpoudp.o
Zytua 3.6 HAtaKd napaBupo evdc oUAAEKTH VOTLOU TIpocavaTOALoLOU.
Extég an6 toug akivntoug OUAAEKTEG, ToUG onofoug PeAeTHC|LE wc
TGPaA UNApPXOUV Kat OL OUAAEKTES TOU eival ePodaoPEvor YE KATIOLO
ovata TlapaKoAoUEnONE Tou HAoU. OL GUAAEKTEG auTOL civaL
TEpLTOSTEPO ANOSOTIKOL, djiWE To KdGTOG ayopag Kat TortosémMONE EvdS
TETOLOU GUOTHHATOG efvat onHaVTIKS. Enfang n evépyeta Nou anatet éva
ovoTnHa MapaKoAoUuenong Tou HAtou npénel va napaye{ and to
PuTOBOATaiKS ovoTHHG. Eva GAdo petoveéKtnHa efvat_n CUVTHPNEN Kat ot
BAGBeg Tou cuoTIPaToOg MapaKoAoUEnone.
30 Evag ouAAgktn¢ pTtopet va mapakoAouGel Tov rAtlo pe Touc Efic
TpéTTOUG :
1. Na éXet ataBeps MpocavatoIcHd Kat va otpEpETAL YUP and Tov
AEova Avatodtig-Avong, va petaBadAci Sndadr my KAion tou. Emy
Teptttwon aut MapakoAoubel Tov rALlo avaAoya Le Thy ETtoXt}.
2. Na éxet ota8eph KAlon Kat va otpépetat yUpw and Tov dEova Boppa-
N6TOU, va LeTaBadAct SnAadH Tov MpocavatoAops Tou. Emmy nepintwon
aur Mapakohoubet Tov HALO avdAoya pe Thy Gpa ths nHEpas.
3. Na otpégetat yUpw and tov dEova AvatoArig-Auong kat YUpw and Tov
4€ova Boppd-Nérou, va [leTaBAAAet SnAadH Tv KAon ToU Kat Tov
TpogavatoNopys tou. Emv mepintwon aut} MapakoAouéet Tov HAL
avadoya pe Thy eMOXt} Kat THY «pa THE NHKépac.
31 4, ®QTOBOATAIKH METATPONH THE HAIAKHE ENEPEIAD FE
HAEKTPIKH
4.1 Evcaywyr
H nAtaki evépyeta pmopet va petatpanet dyeca oe NAEKTPLKT (XwpiC
SnAad} | pEToAABNoN GepuKciv Bepyaouiv) pe eKyeTarAcuoy tou
PwTOPOATAIKOU patvopEvou. To PwroBortaikd patvopevo pNopet adpa
Va optotet cay ty eppavion Téong Kal NAEKTPLKOU petpatog ota akpa
Hlag dtataEng (device) navw otnv onoia npoonintet tovifouca
axtwoBoNia. Or Statdkeg nou xpnowonootv tov Ato Gav nny
toviZoucag aktivoBoXiac, Ya va Napayouv Le To PwTOBOATAIKS ~patvépevo
TAON Kat MAEKTPLKS pea Ota dkpa ToUc, ovoLdTovta PwTOBOATAlKd
orotxeta.
Ta @wroBohtaikd otorxe(a avantuxénkav kata tm SeKaetia rou 1950
kuplwg ota epyactiipta tm¢ Bell Telephone Kat mmo RCA. Ta
PwToPorTaika otorxe(a aut Hav n KaAUTEpN MnyH evEpyetag yLa TOUS
Sopupdpoug Kal_XpnoyiortoujOnKav Ge nepwostepoug and 1000
Sopupspouc rou extokeitnKav Kata tig SeKaetieg Tou 1960 kat 1970. Eta
Héoa ig Sexaetiag Tou 1970 apxice n cuoTHLATIKT MpoaTIaGeta Ya THY
KaTaoKeUr PWTOBoATaiKiv oToIXewv yia yrveg xprceic. ANd mv
TetpeAalki Kpion, Tou dpxtce ota péoa Mepinou tng Sexaetiag tou 1970,
HEXpL KGL OMHepa, Ta Tepicodtepa pwroBodtaikd atorxela
katTaoKeudZovtat ya yrtves XprigetG, av Kat Napapgvouv n KUpta Tinyt
evépyetag ya SacthutKés epappoyés.
To pwtoBoAtaikd patvdpievo ynopet va Mapatnpnéel oxeddv oe Kade
emtacp HETAEU UAUKtiv TIoU ExOUV BSta~popeTiKd NACKTPLKA XAPAKTNPLOTIKG,
efvat Spwg MOAG To EvTovo GtoUG npLaywyouc. Ixed6v Aa Ta
PwroBoATaikd otorXeia MoU —XpNOYLoTIOLOUVTaL oTIEpa iva
KatacKevaouéva and mupitio. Eva yiKpd nocosté puwtopodtaikav
oroixeiwy éxouv KaTacKevactet and GaAs, CdS H Kamolov dAAo
NpLaywyd. ANS cd) Kai TIépa dav ava~epetar 6 dpog"pwroBodTaiKd
otorxeio" 6a ewoeitat sti To wrofoAtaikd atorxelo efvat
KaTaoKeUacLEv aNé KaNOLOV npLaywyd.
And TV mpéontwon me aktvoBoAag omy emipaveta tou
Pwrofodtaixod [Link], HEXPL THY Mapox! taXUog Ge KdrloLo poprtio
Trou eivat ouvSed|pévo ota Gkpa Tou, pene va LegoAaBrgouv tpEIG
Bepyaoies :
2 1. Ta wtéva npénet va anoppopndodv ané tov nutaywyd, va
adAnkemtSpigouv SnAadi pe Ta NAeKtpévia Tou npLaywyou. Ta nAeKtpévia
Talpvovtag my evépyeta Tuv pwrtoviwy, npénet va HeTapEpeouV and Thy
Taivia oBévoug omy Tava aywyIudmMTag TOU npLaywyou. Kase
MAektpovo Tou petapépeta and TMV tatvia GBvoug omy tava
aywypemnrtag, aprivet oTHV Tawia G8évoug pia om}. Ta NAeKtpévia oTHV
rawvia aywyySmHTag Kat ot onés oTHV TaWia GBEVoUG TwY NHLaywyav
ovopdtovrat popetg Tou NAEKTpiKOU petpatog 1 amAd popetc.
2. Or gopetg nou Snytoupyrienkav ané THY akTwoBoAla pe TH Stepyacia
tng Tponyouevng Tapaypacou npénet va xwptatouv (va anopakpuveouv
dnAadr} ta nAektpovia and tig onéc) ya va jNV avaguvdefouv, Kal va
odnynsouv ora akpa Tou pwroBoAtaikod atorxeiou,
3 Or gopeig npénet va peTapepBouv and Ta akpa TOU GTOLXE{ou GTO
cEWTEPIKO KUKAWLIG Kat Va artodoBouv oto poptio.
To pwroBoAtaiKd atorxeio Tou Xpnoyonoteita nepoadtepo and
KBE GAAO eivat n eta~r p-n, Kat GUTS YLaTi TO LoXUPS NAEKTPOTTATIKS
Tedio Nou UNdpXEL OTH Neplox! THE ENagrg TOU N-TUTIOU NLaywyou pe
Tov p-TUOU, [Ttopet va XwpGEt Tous Popets Trou nLLoUPYoUvTal and TV
aktwofoNa anotpénovtag eto. mv avacuvdeon. To qwtoBodTaiKd
oto1xeio enagprig p-n éxet T HEytoT duvaTy} anddoon Kat Xpneiportotetrar
oxedov navta.
Eva TumiKd pwroBoATaiks otorxelo enaprg p-n waiverar ato oxTHa
4.4. H enapi p-n kataoxeudome Staxovtag npospiEerg n-tunoU (1.x.
®wopopo) oe évav p-TuTOU NyLaywyoU. H Saxuon yivetat pe téTOLov
TpdNlo GoTe N eNagr p-n va SnpLoupyndei EAGXoTA KATH aNd TV
emipaveta TOU nptaywyou (nepinou 0.2 ym). Otav to otoixeto eivat
OTPAHLEVO TpOG Tov HALO, N NALAKH akTWVoBOALa Mipocniintet KaeeTa aTHY
Ena. Ot popeic nou Enptoupyouvtat ané Thy aKtwvoBoNia xwoiZovrat Kat
odnyouvtat and to MAsxtpootatiKd nebio ota dkpa Tou aToIXefou. Ot
onés odnyouvtat omy micw nheupd Kat ta nAeKtpévia aT ELTpSG
TiAcupd. Eav eympdg mAcupd Gewpetrat n mAcupa ané thy onoia
Mpoonintet n aktivoBoAla. H miiow mAcupa efvat evteddc KaAULLEVN and
HETAAAO Tou oxnaTiZet Le Tov NuLaywyd wpLK ETRY Leow THE oTotag
GoxeteEvovtar ot Popeig ato Poptic. H GUAAoYH Tw Popéwv and THY
eympég entpdvera tou oTorxyelou yiverat He AEMTOUG [eTAAAtKoUG
33 aywyoug apata tono@etnpEvoug mou ovopdZovtat SaxtuAa. H emupavera
Tou KahUntouv ta SdktuAa eivat cuvijews To 5% Th GUVOALKTIC
emupavetag mE eLMpSg MAcupGg ya va yMV eLMOSiouv thy
TpooTiintousa aKtivoBoXia va pracet Tov nHLaywys.
AA.
2em
=
PABSOS CuIRAS te :
exa@ns Kat
SaxTuaa, :
Gissd eae <3
Dyua41 Owrofortaixd otorxelo enagrig p-n.
KaGe pwtoportaixd otorxcio enagrig p-n Napayet ata Gkpa Tou Tacn
Tg TaENS Tw 0,5 V Kat peta avadoyo Le Thy erupaved Tou. MoAAd
atorxe(a jMopouv va cuvdeGolv ce ceipd H NapddAnda 4 Kat oe
ouvduacps Twv do auTuv GUvSecHOACYUuY avadoya HE TI¢ amatTiceIG
TNC OUYKEKPIHEVNS Eappoyric.
4.2. Ontixd patvdpeva atoug nytaywyotc.
Ec OQ
E=hv> Eg
Wr o
ev ®
Dyiua 4.2 Atéypapua evepyetakiv rauwusy evdg npraywyoo.
34 Now e&etaotet; n puotnt diepyacia petatpontig tne nAtaxric evépyetac
Ge NAEKTpIK Ge pla enagr p-n, Ba eEsTacTOU NpKiTa pepiKa onTIKd
Patvépieva otoUg NuLaywyous.
Ero oyfwa 4.2 paivetat to Staypaypa evepyeiakiv tawwuiv |evdg
Nylaywyou. Me Ec cupBoAierat n dkpn tg Tatviag aywyiustntag, pe Ev n
@kpn tg Tatviag a@évoug Kat He Eg To evepyeiaKd yéopa. And ta
@wtSvia Nou Tipocnintouy Gtov NuLaywys eketva Tou EXouv evepyeia (on
Hh HeyaAutepn ané Eg eivat tava va dteye(pouv MeKTpdvia and Tv akpn
ng Tatviag GBEvoug oTHY akpN Tg Tatviag aywyyLstHTAG,
®wtoaywyiydstnta civat nm avEnon mo etdiktic MAEKTpUAIC
aywypotntag Tou nptaywyou, Stav aKTwoBoNa KaTaAANANe uxvétntac
Mpoonintet a’ aurév. Av n mpoonintouoa aktivoBoXa napayet doa oe
évav nplaywyd g etn nAextpoviou-onrig ava povdda ypévou Kat dyKou
TOTE N aLENoN TG GUYKEVTpwONS TWY NAEKTpOVIWY Kat Tw OMY SiveTaL
and tig oxésetg :
an=gt, — Ap=a% (4
An kat Ap efvat n auEnon me oUyKEvTpwong Tw MAEKTPOVIWW Kat TwV
omtv avriorowxa Kal Te Kal Th 0 evepydg xpdvog Turg Twv
MAekTpoviwy Kal Tey ontiv avtioTorxa. H LeTaBoAr THe elduaig NAEKTpLKTIC
aywy\pSTTag TOU npLaywyod BiveTaL ané tm oxéon:
Ao = q (He An + Uy Ap) = 49 (He Te + Hh Th) (4.2)
He KAL ty elvat ot eukIynaieg Tw NAEKTpoViWY Kat Tuy oTKiV avTicToLXa
Kat_q To GToLXEUdSEG Poprio (poprio nAeKtpoviou)..
To pwtépeupa civat to peta nou mapdyetat étav pwrifetat évag
nutaywydg Kat Bivetat ané m oxéon
L=q9' (te/T) (4.3)
IL eivat_n ruKxvomta tou @wropedpatos, go OAIKég apieudG Twv
MAektpoviwy Tou rapdyovtat Ge GAov Tov 6yKo ToU npLaywyou ava
deuTepsAeNto Kat T; Eval o xpdvog BtéAeuaNG, SnAady o xXpdvoc Tou
xpera{etar éva nAeKtpdvio ya va Kine and to MAEKTPdSo nou
BeloKetat oto éva dkpo TOU NLLaywYOU oto NAEKTPSEIO TOU BpicKETaL GTO
GARO aKpO. O xpdvog BtéAUONS Bivetat ané Tm axon
35 L
Te (4.4)
be E
L efvat n andotacn petak twv duo NAeKTpodiwy Kat E eivat n évtacn tou
epapHo{spevou nAEKTpLKON MeBlou. H évtacn tou nAeKTpIKOU ned{ou
Biverat and
E=V/- (4.5)
onéte n (4.2) yiverat :
re
tT
(4.6)
be
Onou V eivat n téon rou e~pappécetat ota dpa Tou nHaywyou.
O evepyég xpévog Wurig Tav NAcKtpoviwy elvat peyarutepog and Tov
evepy6 Xpdvo Twig Tw ontiv, Mpayya Trou oMHalver StL ot onég
TaytSevovtat ypryopa ané ta Kévtpa TayiSeuon¢ nou uTdpxouv cTov
THtaywy6 eved Ta MAEKTpSvia "CoUv" apKETS Xpdvo WoTe Va LeTaPepBouV
ANG To Eva MAEKTPOELO GTO AAAO [Le TH BorBeta TOU NAEKTpLKOU TIeBioU. Av
SNAGGH Eva Pwrdvio Snptoupytoct éva Cevyoq NAEKTpoviou-onric, 1 ont
eXet HEYGAN MBavéTMTa va nayiSeuTe and ta Kévtpa nayideuon¢ Tou
UMGpXOUV CTOV NULaYwys, MpoTOU PTACEL GE NAEKTpddi0. AvtiGeta to
MAeKtpOno Exel HeEyGAn TWBavdTMTA Va PTACEL Ge NAEKTPddO Kal va
hetapeptet éEw and Tov nytaywyd. Ta va Stampnéet n nAcKTpUKr
OudeTEpstNTa GTOV npLaywyd USAIG Eva NAEKTPOVIO HETa~EpBEL aNd Tov
THlaywyd oto GETIKd NAckTPSdIO, Eva GAAO NAEKTPOMIO HETAPEpETaL and
TO GPMNTIK NAEKTPSBLO GTOV nyitaywyd. To MAeKTPSMO aUTS eivaL TIOAL
TuGav6 va perapepset ato BeTIKS NAEKTPOSLO XwpIG va TayteuTeL. OndTE
Kat tpito NAeKTpOvilo ETapEpEeTAL aNd To APYNTIKG NAEKTPdEIO GTOV
Thtaywyd Kat n (Bia SadKaoia ouvexiera pexpt va naydeutet to
MAcktpOv0. Eva pwtdvio EnAadH auvTEAE! diote nepioodtepa and éva
Mextpoua va cuppetéxouv omy Snutoupyia @wropetiatoc. To
PawopEvo cuts neptypapetat and tov napdyovta KépSoug G rou
Siverat and m oxéon:
G=1,/T, (4.7)
Avtixa@atuvtag thy (4.7) om (4.3) :
L=qgG (4.8)
36 © napayovtag KépSouc jmopet va augnGel We Ty eAaTTWON TOU Xpevou
BiéAeuONE Kal Le THY aUENoN Tou evepyou XPdvoU Gurig Tw NAEKTpoviwy.
© mapayovtag Képdoug érwe patvetat and my (4.8) amotedci dueco
Beik™m ME and3oang evdg PwroPoAtaikod otoLXeiou.
4.3 Henagr p-n
Onwg xet rd avagepet to pwrofodtaikd arorxelo mou
xpnowororeira neptacdtepo ané Ka8e GAAO eivat To GToLXE!o ENagrig p-
n. To arorxslo auté Ga pehemn@et oTig enéyeves Napaypapoug Kal ota
emopeva KepdAcia Ga pehetnBouv @PwToBoATaika cuoT{pata Tou
AMOTEAOUVTal ANS Eva [LEYAAO apLLS PwrofoATaiKav oToLXeiwy enaghig
p-n. H rrapdypapog auth efvat pia ouvtour Teptypag te Bewplag t¢
enagric p-n.
Dyiua 4.3H enagr p-n kat to diaypaypa evepyctaksv tawusv me
emtagrig ge Katdotacn teoppontac.
Eto oxfipa 4.3 patvetat n enagy p-n Kat To Staypapya evepyetakciv
Talvuiv THE EMtagrg Ge KaTACTACH LoppoNag. O pIKPSG aPLELdG Tw
BepuiKd Steyepycvuv MAextpoviwy omy tata aywyomMtag ™m>
Teplox'ig p-TUMOU LETa~pepetal eUKOAG oTHV Tleptoyy} N-TUMTOU EE attiag
37 Tg KaHYNG THY evepyetaKdv TaMiv, H HeTapopA aUTT} Tey NASKTpoviuv
MipokaAet To BEpHLKS petpa Ig. To petpa Ig eivat avadoyo mpoc tov
ApLOLS Tw BEPLIK SteyEpLEVUV NAckTpoviwv oTHV TepLoyt p-TUTOU TOU
Bivetar ané ™m oxéon:
Ne expl-(Ecp - E-)/kT] (4.9)
TOU Np etval o apLEUds Tw BepUtKa Bteyepuevav MAeKtpoviav, No n
EvEpydg TUKVéTMTA GTABLGV OTM TaLvia aywyLSTMEAG, Tn Bep"OKPacia
oe Baspous Kelvin Kat k n otabepa Boltzmann. O deiktng p SnAdvet TNE
oTHY Teptoxt p-tUNOU. EmV n-TUNoU Epox! THs ETI o apLeydg Tay
SepyiKa SteYEpLIEVo NAeKTpoviay oTMV Tatvia aywyyismMTaG eivaL OAL
heyakog kat Bivetat ané ™ axém :
in = Ne exp[-(Ecy - E-)/kT] (4.10)
Ta meKtpévia eivat MOAAG, Sev Eval 6Hws EUKOAO va HeTagepBouV OTHV
p-TUMOU Teployt} EE attlag Tou PPayHatog SuvaLIKOU AE mou eivat (co pe :
AE = Eo, - Et, = Vb (4.11)
nou Vb eivat To evowpaTwyevo SuvapiKd H SuvaytKs Saxuong mM
entagrig. Oca ané ta nAcktpévia auta éxouv apKeTt evepyeia GoTe va
Tiepdgouv ommV p-Neploxr avaouvégovtat pe onég Mou uNdpXoUV oe
apéovia exe’, Aut n HeTapopd twv nNAEKTpoviwy mMpoKaAel to petpa
avactveang Ir nou eivat avadoyo npog thy Nogémra :
Ne exp[-(AE+Ec, - Es)/kT] = Ne exp[-(Ecp - Ec,+Ecy - E-)/kT] =
Ne exp[-(Ecp - Eg)/KT] (4.12)
H (4.9) etvat ion ue thy (4.12). Ankadt oe Kataotacn tcoppontag to pespa
Tou péet ané Thy Neptoyt p-TUNEU peg THY n-TUTIOU Eivat {co He GUTS
Tou péet ané ty n-TWrtoU NIpog THY p-TUTTOU H Ir = Ig.
Av ota dkpa tng enagrig p-n epappootet avactpogn NéAwon V, To
EVEpYELaKS @payya aUEAver Kal yiveTat (oo He AE+qV, ondte ehayiota
MAextpéva —pMtopov va umepnnériouw to wpdyya auTé Ka va
hetapepsouv ané Ty Teployt n-TUMOU oTHV NEploxXH p-TUTOU, HE
anotéAecpa va ndeviZerat oumaatikd to peta avacivéeong Ir. To
38 pevpa Ig dev ennpedfetat and mv avéotpopn MéAwon. To Ig etvat to
AVaoTPO@O peta TH¢ ENagric p-n.
Ay ata akpa tg enagric epappiootet npog ta npdow TéAwon V to
EVEpYELaKS paypa ptKpalver Kat Ta MAektpovia PeTa~épovtaL eUKOAA
ané my meptoxt n-TUNloU GTHV Neploy! p-TUMOU He anoTéAccHa Ty
avon tou pevvatog Ir, To nolo avfavet Kata tov napayovra
exp(qV/kT). To Sepptkd peta Ig dev ernpedteta and my ndAwon.
EneiSr Ir = Ig omy Katéatacn topportiag To pevpa Ir ce cUVerKEG NOG
Ta Mpdow NdAwoNg diveTat and :
Ir = Ig exp(qV/kT) (4.13)
To np6ow petpa Ij eivat n Bapopa Tw BUo peupatwv Ir kat Ig :
Ij = Ir- Ig = lg exp(qV/kT) - Ig = Ig fexp(qV/kT) - 1] (4.14)
To petpa auré efvat yindév étav V = 0, aug aver dtav nV augaver GetKG
(mpog ta npéow néAwon) Kat petiveta Stav n V auEaver apyytiKd
Teivovtag peg THY TU Ig.
if
Zyfwad.4 Xapaxtnptotixh Taon¢-Petatog plag enagrig p-n.
39 Ta petyata twv ondv cupmeppépovtat pe polo TpéNO Kat
MpootiGevtat ota petpata Twv MeKTpoviwy. To OAKS peta Siverat and
tm oxéon :
Is [exp(qV/kT) - 1] (4.15)
Grou To Is eivat To peipa KopecHOU H petpa aK6toUG Tn¢ enagric p-n. H
(4.15) civat n e&fcwon; mg Wawxtg B6Bou. Eto oxtwa 4.4 diverar n
Ypapua| mapdotaon me (4.15) mou ovopdtetat XapaKktnptoTiKr
Téong-Petpatog piag erraprig p-n.
4.4 To pwtoBoAtalkd otorxelo enagtig p-n.
To qwroBodtaixd crorxeto entagrig p-n (nou ané eS Kat mépa 6a
avapéperat anid av pwroRodtaikd atorxelo) efvat pia Bodog enaprig
P-n, n onola dtav puriera napayet nAcKTPLKS peta. To Wwodkvayo
KUKAwpa evdg PwrOBoATaiKod ctorxeiou ~patvetar oto oXHWA 4.5 Kat
anorehettat ané pia Savuxr} i050 enagyig p-n, an pla Myr} pedLatoc,
ané pula avriotaan ce aetpa (Rg) Kat an pla MapadAnAn avtiotacn (Reh).
H avtiotaon R avtinpoownedet to e€wtepiKs Poptio, oto ortolo antod(Bet
(aXU To PwToBoAraikd (0/8) ctorxeKo.
Peuuatos
Eytiua 4.5 To toSuvapo KuKAwua evdg PuToBOAtaiKoU ctorxetou.
Ee éva MOAU KAAS @wTOBOATaIKd cTorXE(0 N Rg etvar Mepinou fon LE
UnBév Kain Reh Tepirtou aneipn, Eva O/B ototxeto Le undeviKr) Rg Kat
GneIph Reh OvOUaTeTa WaviKd O/B otorxelo. Emv nepintwon tou
Wavixod (1 evdg MOAU Kaho ) O/B atotxefou To Woduvayd KUKAWHa
Umopet va amAortotnéet. To anAonoinuévo toodUvapo KUKAupa evég
uTOBOATalkod otorXe(ou patvetat ato CyYHa 4.6. Eto KUKAWHA aUTS Sev
umapxouv ot v0 avtiotaceic.
40 ‘Wavixn Aioéos
‘Ena@ris pin
Dyhua 4.6 To anAonoimpévo woduvapio KUkAWLA evdg PwtoBoATaiKoU
atotxeiou.
To O/B otorxelo napayet peta pdvo étav npoominter ce aut
aktwoBoAia, Stav SnAadH pwtetat. Otav to ctorxelo Se puriferat tte
civat pla Blodog enagrig p-n. Eto oxfya 4.7 patverat n XapaKtnpLaTUKy
Téong-Peupatog evég O/B ctorxetou yta THY nepintwon nou auTS de
puriZerat (kapnUAn a) kat Yt THY Nepirttwon Tou @urtiZetaL (KaLNUAN B).
Eygiwa 4.7 Xapaxmptorikt Taong - Petvatog evdg pwroBodtaikod
otoixeiou dtav to otorxelo Be putieTat (kaLTWUAN a) Kat StaV To
otorxelo pwtifetat (kaymtiAn 8).
Orav ro otorxeio Se pwriferat n XapakTMpLoTIKH ToU elvat ia pe
autiiv tng 5i660u p-n Kat Stépxetat and To to kat 30 TeTapmpSpto Twv
akovav IV. Emy nepintwon aut to otowxefo Aettoupyet av
41 katavahwnig toxvog. Otav to otoixelo putivera n XapaKkmpLoTUKY
hetatoniZetat mpog ta KaTw Kal Mepva and to 4o TetapmpspLo Twv
aFdvav. Ero tetaptmpdpto auté to atorxe(o napayet toXU. Eto ayia 4.8
atverat n Gopa Tou pevpatos kat n MOAUKSTHTa Thg Tdon¢ ata Akpa evéc
9/8 ototxe(ou oto 10, 3o kat 4o tetapTUSpIo. Eivat paveps 6tt GTO to kat
TO 30 To croLxelo KatavaAdiver tox Eve ato 4o apayet.
Tyla 4.8 Oopég twv peupatuv Kat MOAKOMMTES Tuy TéceWN Gta aKa
evég 0/B otorxeiou ota Stapopa Tetapmpdpta Tw aEdveav Taong Kat
4 Peduatos.
Se
a Voc
Eytiua 4.9 Luviiéng napdataan me xapaxmprcructig Téong-Peupatoc
evdg PUTOBOATAIKOU GTOIXE(oU Eagric p-n.
42 To do tetapmpdpto, értou to otorxelo napayet XU, efva auTd rou
evdtapépet and 6An TH XapaKTHpLOTIKH Téon¢-Petatog tou oToIxeE{ou
Tia to Adyo autd n xapaKTnpLOTIKH Taon¢-Petpatog evdg O/B otorxe(ou
Taplotaverat cuvriewg SNwE oto Oya 4.9. Eto cyriya napoTaverat
avteotpapévo pidvo to 4o Tetapmudpto mg XapaKnpLOTIKTIg B TOU
oxtHatog 4.7, 0 d£ovag twy Peupatuv éxet SnAad} avtotpayet yupw
and tov dfova twv Tacewv.
Ey enopevn napaypago Ga efetartet to anAorompévo woSuvapO
KUKAWHA evég PWTOBOATaIKoU ToIXe(oU Kal oT™V pEdendp~EM TO
\ooBtvapo KUKAWHa LE Tig Blo avtoTacetg,
4.4.1 To wWavixs (1 MOAU KAAS) PwTOBOATAlKs atorxeto.
Ong rn avaypepenKe To \oBiaLO KUKAWHA Evdg LaviKOU O/B
otoixeiou paivetat ato oxfia 4.6. Otav to otorxeio gwriverar omy
avtiotaon popriou péet petjia | mou eivat (oo pe ™m Sagopa Twv
peupatuv |, MOU napdyerat ané mv myH peuHaTog Kat Ij TOU
KatavaAdverat omy diode :
Ve L- ij (4.16)
a
I= IL Is [exp(qv/kT) - 1] (4.17)
V etvat n técn ata &kpa; tng Bi63ou.
To O/B ororxelo napayet peta avaAoyo pe Ty eMupdverd Tou. Fa to
Réyo aUTS and cdc) Kat Mpa Ba ewoetrat étt to GtoLXelo MoU eEeTACETaL
Exel emtpaveta fon ye T povéda. To peta I efvat to peipa nou péet gto
KUkAwpa dtav 1 SioSo¢ etvat BpaxuKUKAwpEVN, ONSTE N Tdan ato poptio
efvat yndév kat ovopaterar peda BpaXuKUKAwong. H Léyotn tdon nou
LTtopet va petpnGei ata dxpa Tou otoxeiou, eivat exeivn nou eypaviZerat
Otav To KUKAWHA efvat avoIxTs, étav GnAadH | =O. H taon aun}
ovopdterar tdon avorxtou KUKAGpaToG, cULBoAeTaL YE Vog Kat
Biverat av n (4.17) use! wo npog V pe | = 0
Voe = (KT/q) In [ (IL/ls) + 1] (4.18)
H toXuig omy éE05o Tou atotxetou etvat :
4B P=IV={ IL-lsfexp(qv/kT) - 1} V (4.19)
Tia va Bpedel n taon Mou peyotomotet my tox ef6d0u, n (4.19)
Tapaywyierat we npog V Kat eE\auiverat pe To pndév. Meta ané aura n,
(4.19) yiverat :
exP(QVim/KT) [1+ (QVm/KT)] = (iL/Is) +1 = exp(qVoc/kT) (4.20)
H toxXg efvar peyioTn étav n téon ata akpa Tou aTotxe(ou efvat fon HE
Vee H Tut ME Vin UNOAOYeTaL and Thy (4.20) WE Tm HEBOSO SoKusrG KaL
opaduatog.
To peda nou pevotortotet Ty toxU eESSou GupBoAMeTaL HE Iq Kat
BptoKera and ty (4.20) Kat ty (4.17) av omy tedeutaia Snou V
avtikatactadet 1 Tt Vin:
(qVm/kT) Ie Is
ln = ————_-. (1# +) (4.2)
1+ (qVm/kT) iL
H peéytom toxic omy e080 tou crouxeiou divetat and :
Pmax = Vm ‘in (4.22)
(qVm/kT) IL Vm Is
max = —————— (1+—) (4.23)
1+ (qVm/kT) i
Onwe 8a avadubet ce endpevn mapdypapo ato qoptio petapépetat
hENOT toxtg dtav n avr(ctaon tou poptiou éXet THY TUT R= Vip! Inn
Eav efaoboq evég O/B atotxelou Sewpettar n pnpoota ermpaverd
Tou, Grou npooninter n NALaKi aKTwvoBoAla. H toxig oT efcodo Tou
ororxeiou eivat (on HE Tov OAKS aplOLs Twv PwTOViw Npp Tou
Mpoonintouy oto atotxeio ent tm pon evépyeia Twv pwroviwy Egy. H
pHénoT™ anddooy Nmax EVES O/B atoIXe{0u sival 0 AdYog THE HEYoTNG
toxtog oTHY 4E050 Tou GToLxE!oU, TIpOG TV \oXY OT e{oodO TOU
atorxetou :
Pmax
Tmax = (4.24)
Nph Eav (qVm/KT) IL Vm Is
= - (lt)
[1+ (qVm/kT)] Noh Eav IL
(4.25)
To peta BpaxuKiKAwong eivat névte 1 Meplodstepes TdEEIG eyEB0UG
HeyaAUtepo and To peta oKéroUc pMopet va Angeet (1+ Is/l,) = 1, ondte:
(qVmn/KT) I Vn
= - (4.26)
[1# (qVmv/kT)] Nph Eav
4.4.2, To pn avixd PwroBoaralxd ororxe(o.
Onug vn avapépenke To \OduvaLO KUKAWHA evdg O/B TOLXEloU
alverat oto oxhya 4.5. Emy nepintwon aun} to pupa! eivat ico pe ™m
Dtapopa Twv peupatwv IL , Mou Mapayetat and ty TMyH peULaToS Kat Ij
Tou katavaAdvetat ath dodo kat Sivetat and :
1 ej (4.27)
4
g(V4Rs I) VARs I
1= I, = Is | exp ——— -1]-
kT Reh
V efvat n taom ota aKpa tng 51650u.
To pevwa BpayuKiKAwong oTny Tepintwon auTH dev civat To I_aAAG To
Ig¢ TOU UTIoAOYiCeTat ané Tv (4.28) He V = 0:
GRs lsc Rs lsc
lee = IL Is | exp “Af (4.29)
(4.28)
kT Rsh
H ron avorxtou KUKAGparog divetat and Tv :
Voe = (kT/q) In { (I-/Is) + 1)] (4.30)
elvar SnAadr (Bia pe autHV Tou avixou croixetou. H pEVoT LaXUG Kal N
anéd00n uNoAoyZovtat éTug oTHY NponyoULEVN Napaypago.
45 4.4.3, Mapapetpuci avéduon tay XapakTnptatiKiy Téang-Petpatos Tou
utopoATatKod atorxe(ou.
Ero oxtpa 4.10 @aivera n xapaxtnptotumt Tdong-Petyatog evég
wtoBortaikod atorxefou. Orav V=0 to peta Trafpvet ™ péyioTh TUM,
Trou efvat (on We IL , MpSKELTaL SNAGBH ya To peta BpaxuKLKAwong. Orav
IFO n taon naipvet tm HéyioTH TH, TIOU eivat fon YE THY Tan avorxToU
KUKAGPATOG Vog . Eto Bo oMWa patvovrar kat ot Tse TOU pevpatocs
kat Tg Téang Nou HeyoTonowuv Ty toXE efdou. H TWH THG HEVOTHG
\oxGog e&é5ou diverar and To eYBaddv Tou ypapyooKtacpEvou
opBoywviou, nou ovoudtetat opBoydvio pEyLaTNG LoXUog. And dda ta
opBoycivia Tou éxouv pla KopUEH OTHV aPYN Twv aESvw, pla KOpU@r OTOV
4Eova tw V, ula Kopugr otov dEova tw I Kat thy Tétapm Navw om,
XAPAkTHPLETIKH, To OPGOYLAVIO [le TO HEYLGTO ELBABAV eivat To opBoywvio
HénoTng \XGog. To onpelo tou opBoywviou péyo™E toXUoG mou
Bploketat Tavw ov XapakTnptOTIKH, ovoyatetat onpelo péyiotns
toxtioc.
Enpeto
Meyoms
T= loxiog
Opeoycivio
Meyo™s
loxtog,
(Pm)
v
Noe
Eygua 4.10 Xapaxmprotixt) Taong-Pevpatog evdg pwroBodtaixod
oTorxe{ou. To ypappooKtacpevo opBoyivio eivat To opBoyusmo HEYoTNG
Loxuog.
TéouEpic Tapauetpot KaBopiouv ty NAEKTpIKH GUUMEPKPOPA evéc
1B ororxetou
a. Havtlotaon oe aeipa Rs.
B. H mrapaAAnAn avtiotaan Rep.
y. Hévtacn mg nAtaxtig aktwvoRohiag,
5. H BeppoKpacia.
46 Ot Bo MpGtEG Mapapetpor ovopatovtar eowrepiKéG Kal OL Sv0
TeheuTaleg efwtepixéc, OL emSpaceig twv napapétpuy aurdv omy
XapaktTnptoTiKr) Taon¢-Pevpatog 6a avaAuéouv napakatw.
a. H avttotaon ce ceipa eivat to a8poipa Tw eft¢ ent pépouc
avtiotagewy, ot ontoieg paivovtat oto oxta 4.11:
a1. Tng avtiotaong tng WHLKHS enagric omy Miow MAcupa Tou oTotxeiou
Rt.
a2. Tng avtioraong R2 Tou nylaywyou p-TUriou Mou anoteAet Tm Baon
Tou aTorxe{ou.
a3. Tng avtiotaong @UAAou (sheet resistance) R3 T¢ Meptoyrig n-TUrtoU.
a4. Thg avtiotaong Twv wiki enapdy Twv SaKTUAWy oT ELTPSG
mAcupa Tou oroxeiou, R4.
a5. Twv avnotdcewy RS Kat R6, Twv SakTUAWY Kal tng Badong Tw
SaKtWAwv avrtotorxa.
1 mo onavtuKés and Tig Napandvw emgpoug avtiotacerg civat_n RI
kat R3.
Eyfua 4.41 Avaduon tg avtictaons oe ceipd Ry evds pwtoBoATaiKod
otorxetou.
Onug gaiverat oto oxpa 4.12, n aE Tg avtiataons oe cEIpa
Ry Heldvet TV KAion Twv XapaKTnpETIKwY Taonc-Petuatog evég O/B
ototxeiou. H adénon me avtiotagng and 0,25 oe 2,5 2 be peKivet to
PEvLA BpaXUKUKAwong Kat THY TAON aVOLXTOU KUKAWHaTOG, Mewiver SpwG
47 Spactixa To eyBadsv tou opBoywviou yEyiotns toxWog, Kat puoLKd THY
Lox oT éEobo TOU aToryeiou (LeLdvEt BMAGBH TA ly KAL Vi).
t
2.10
Peta (A)
0.05
Taon (V)
Zygwa 4.12 Enipaon me avriotaong oF ceipd Ry oTIg XapakmpioTiKés
Taong-Petipatog evég PutOBOATaIKod otoLXetou.
os
Rsh (Q)
210)
€
2.08
° 02 oa
Taom (V)
Zyhua 4.13 EniSpacn me napadAnhng avtfotaong Rep OTIS
Xapaktnpiotixés Taon¢-Petiatog evdg pwrtofodtaiKou otorxelou.
43 B. H mapaAAnAn avtiotaon Rep o@eiAetat oto petitia Biapporig THE
enagric p-n Kat eEaptatat kupiwe and th pé8050 KatacKeure Tne. H TUT
ng efvat yeuKa uyndr. Onws @atvetat oto oyrpa 4.13, n aEnon tg
TapaAAnAng avtictaong Reh auedvet tv Kon Tw XapakTnpLOTIKGY
Taon¢-Petipatog evég /B atoixetou. H atEnan mg avtiotaong and 20
ce 200 A Sev avEdvet To pevpia BpayuKUKAwang Kat auEdvet thy Téon
AVOIXTOU KUKAGHATOG KATA HEPIKA EkaTOTTa TOU Volt. AuEdvet SpWG
BpactiKd To cpiBaBsv Tou opoywviou jeytoTE toXUog, Kat PUTIKA THY
LoXG oTHV EEoSO tou atorxelou (avEAvet BAGBY Ta lyy Kat Ven)»
Y.-H emipaon te gvtaong m¢ mAtaxtig aktwofoAlag otic
Xapakmptotixés Taon¢-Pevpatog evdg O/B atorxetou epatvetat oto
oxtpa 4.14.
Tpayun
im
50 eM wen
loxtog,
150
128
Lo kW/m?
= 100
<
8 2
75 kW/m
= 07s =
&
0.50 kW/m?
0.80
0.25 kW/m?
025
° ar ery a3 oe 05 08 or
Taon (V)
Eyghua 4.14 H enipaon tg évtaong me NAtaktig akTwvoBodiag ong
Xapaktnpiaotixés Taone-Petpatog evdg pwrtoBortaikod otorxe!ou.
H aui&on; tng évtaong tg NAtaktig akTwoBoAiag auEdver To peipa
BpaxuKUkAwang, THY Téon avOIXtOU KUKAGHATOG Kat TO eYiBaSév tou
opBoyaviou pEnaTHG toXUOS. H YPaLHH Mou oxNHarierat and ta onHela
heyom toX¥og ya Tig Stépopeg Teg tHE EvTaGNg TE NAaKric aktwvoBoAiag ovopatetar Ypappr UeyioTHg tXGog Kat efvat pla oXedOv
eubeia ypappr. H ypaput pEeyoTne toXUog civat oxedév Ka8ETN oTOV
€ova tw tacewy. H Tdon avolxToU KUKAwWHaTOG aLEAvEL Kata 0,05 V
Otav n MAtaKr akTwoBoA(a auE Aver ané 0,25 kW/m? oe 1,50 kW/m2 . H
adEnon Tou pevpatog PpaxUKUkAwong eivat mo peyaAn KaBagG aUTO
augavet and 0,25 oe 1,50 A dtav n Mtak} aktwoBoAla augavet and 0,25
kWim2 oe 1,50 kW/m2. H toxic e&6d0u auEavet SpaotiKd pe TV alENon
mg Evtaon¢ TE NAtaKtig akTwoBohiag,
5. To pwrépeupa aukaverat chéywota Stav aug vera n BepyoKpacta. H
a¥ENon au} opetAeTat THY EAGTTWON TOU EvEpYELaKOU xAcHaTOg Eg Tou
nptaywyov. To peta Kopecpod auEdvet eKGetiKa He Tv avEnon tT
GeppoKpactag (oxéan (4.9)). H auEnon Tou pevuatog KopeoHOU NpoKaAet
AoyapLOyURT] petwon tg Taong avorxTod KUKAWHaTog (oxéon (4.18). Eav
anorékeopa Tw TponyoULEVay nN Tdom avorxtoU KUKAdplaTog
eAATTGVETAL YpappIKa Stav avEavet n EepyoKpacia. Edattdveral KATA
2mVICP . H edattwon ME Téong avorxtod KUKAGYATOS EXEL Gav
anoréAeopa Tm pelwon tng toxtog eESdou Kat Kata oUVETELa Tm etwon
MG aNddoong Tou oTorxe(ou. H toXtG cAaTTuveTat KATA 0,35%/C%, H
eni®paon mg GepyoKpagiag amV anddoon evéc O/B cTorXE(ou and Si Kat
evég and GaAs, oe cuvériKes AMI,5 @alvetat oto oxta 4.15.
20)
n (%)
300 400 600 600
T(K)
Zyfua 4.15 H eniSpacn tg SepyoKpactag omy andBocn eveg
pwroBoATaikou atorXe(ou aToLXEIou ané Si Kat evdg and GaAs, Ge
ouverikes AMIS .
30 4.4.4 To petiva BpayuKixAwong.
To petpa BpaxuKikkwong IL evog O/B cTotxe{ou etvat avaAoyo Le Tov
ApLELS Tw Ceuywiv NAeKTpoviwy-ondv MoU apayovTal, étav Navw oto
orotxelo mpooriinet nAaK axtwoBoAia. To peta BpaxuKUKAwong
LMopet va unoAoyiotet ané Thy axéon :
IL=q (Apt8udg pwroviwy rou Npoomintouy ato GtoIXelo pe E>Eg) X
(M@avémta va nv avakAagret to pwrdvio) X (Mavetnta va
anopowpngel ané to atotxeio) X (AnéBocn auAAoyrC) (4.31)
H anddoon cuAAoyrig civat o Aéyog TOU apiBHOU Tuy ~opéwv rou
@TAVOUV to Popio TIpog Tov APLBLS TwV PopEwY Trou Sn}LoUPyoUVTaL and
Ta PwTSvia TOU aNopoprONkav ano To aTorxEKo,
H (4.31) pe yprion cupBérwy ypaperat :
IL=@Nph (FR) (1-4) Noo (4.32)
onou:
Noh Elvat 0 api6ydg Tw pwroviwy ye E>Eg (api6y./cm? s)
R_ eivat o ouvteAcotiic avaKhaong
a eivat 0 owrtedeotiig anoppépnang (cm)
1 efvat to naxog Tou ato1xefou (cm)
Neo etVat n arté3ogn auAAOYHG
Onwg avapépenke ce Nponyoupevo KepaAato o apispdg Twv Pwtovian
Tou Mpoonintouv ce éva O/B ototye(o cEaptatar ané my nupa tou
érouc, ané mv dpa tg nHépag Kal aNd Tig KalpiKég CUVerKes, Eto
OXfiHG 4.16 gaiverat o apOydg Tw PwtoVviwy MoU anoppopévTal and To
aroxelo Katw and Bé~popeg oUVEriKES, WE GuVapTRON Tou evepyetaKoU
XAspaTOg Tou nuLaywyou.
O owrteheottig avakhaong evdg nutaywyou divetat ané tmv oxéon :
= 61%
~ +p
To 8 civat o defktng SidBAaong Kat uNoAoyiZetat an To evepyeraKd
Xdoya pe Thy oxXéon :
(4.33)
Eg 84 = 173 (4.34)
st Tia anodoruxt anoppdenon to néyog | Tou atorxeiou Mpéret va eivat
Tepinou (60 He To avtioTpope ToU cUVTEAcOTH arloppo~pNENG SNAadr
1= a7 . Q owvteheotéc anoppdpnang otoug nuaywyoug Kupaivovtat
am 108 sug 104 cm-1 kat erropévwg 10-8
