Τεχνοοικονομική Μελέτη Αυτόνομου Υβριδικού Συστήματος Με Φωτοβολταϊκά Και Συμπαραγωγή Υδρογόνου
Τεχνοοικονομική Μελέτη Αυτόνομου Υβριδικού Συστήματος Με Φωτοβολταϊκά Και Συμπαραγωγή Υδρογόνου
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, 2012
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.......................................................................................................................................... i
................................................................................................................................... iii
.................................................................................................................. iv
........................................................................................................................ ix
....................................................................................................................... xi
..................................................................................................................................... xiii
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................ xiv
1. .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1
..........................................................................................................1
1.2
....................................................................................2
1.3
..................................................................................................3
1.4
..............................................................................3
1.5
..................................................................................6
1.6
() .........................................................................8
1.7
..........................................................................................9
1.8
.............................................................12
1.9
......................................................................................................14
1.10
.........................................................................................................16
iv
................................................................................................... 21
2.1
..........................................................................................21
2.2
...............................................................................................23
2.3
...............................................................................27
2.4
...............................................................................28
2.5
..................................................31
2.6
..................................................................34
2.7
2.8
3
2.6.1
.................................................................................... 34
2.6.2
.............................................. 34
2.6.3
................................................................................. 35
...................................................................................................... 36
2.7.1
Gsc .................................................................................. 36
2.7.2
............................................................... 37
2.7.3
................................................................................ 38
2.7.4
......................................................................... 39
2.7.5
............................................................... 40
2.7.6
.................................................. 43
2.7.7
............................................... 45
......................................................................................................46
................................................................................................................................ 49
3.1
..............................................................................................49
3.2
.......................................................................................................51
3.3
...............................................................................................53
3.4
3.3.1
.................................... 53
3.3.2
................................. 55
3.3.3
...................................... 58
............................................................................................. 58
3.4.1
............................................. 59
3.4.2
.................................................... 60
3.4.3
3.5
3.6
.... 63
......................................................................................................64
3.5.1
........................................................................................ 65
3.5.2
............................................................................. 66
3.5.3
...................................................................................................... 67
.................................................................68
3.6.1
.................................................................. 68
3.6.2
backfire ..................................................................................... 69
3.6.3
.................................................... 70
................................... 73
4.1
4.2
() .................................75
4.3
(DC-DC converter)..................................................76
4.4
..............................................................................................................77
4.5
4.4.1
..................................................................................... 78
4.4.2
............................................................................ 80
4.4.3
............................. 81
4.4.4
............................................................................... 84
4.4.5
.......................................................................... 85
4.4.6
................................................................. 87
4.4.7
........................................ 88
4.4.8
....................................................................... 89
4.4.9
....................................................................................................... 91
4.4.10
.............................................. 92
.............................................................................................................93
4.5.1
...................................................................................... 93
4.5.2
() .................................................................................. 94
4.6
(MPPT)............................................96
4.7
...............................................................................97
vi
4.7.1
.......................................................................................... 97
4.7.2
................................................................................. 99
/ ..................... 103
5.1
5.2
........................................................................................................103
5.1.1
.................................................................... 103
5.1.2
.............................................................................. 105
....................................................................107
5.2.1
............................................................................... 107
5.2.2
.................................................................................... 108
5.3
................................................................................109
5.4
Inverter .......................................................................................................110
5.5
............................................................................112
5.5.1
...................................................................... 112
5.5.2
................................................................................... 113
5.5.3
...................................................... 116
5.5.4
...................... 116
5.6
............................................................119
5.7
...122
5.8
5.7.1
..................................................................................... 122
5.7.2
............................................................. 123
5.7.3
................................................ 125
5.7.3.1
................. 126
5.7.3.2
5.7.4
................................................................................... 129
5.7.5
................................................................. 130
5.7.6
............................................................................................... 133
...............................................................................................................134
5.8.1
...................................................................... 135
5.8.2
.......................................................... 137
vii
5.9
................................................................................................137
5.10
......................................................................................................................140
5.11
........................................................................141
5.12
6
5.11.1
......................................................................... 142
5.11.2
.............................................................................................. 143
5.11.3
....................................................................................... 143
..........................................................................................................143
...................................................................................................... 149
6.1
..................................................................................................................149
6.2
6.3
6.2.1
...................................................... 150
6.2.2
................................................................................. 152
..........................................................................153
6.3.1
................................................... 153
6.3.2
....................................................................... 154
6.3.3
................................................. 155
6.4
...................................................................................156
6.5
...............................................................157
6.5.1
...................................................... 157
6.5.2
..................................................................... 158
6.5.3
................................................ 161
.............................................................................................................................. 164
..................................................................................................................................... 165
................................................................................................................................... 167
viii
ix
2.12
................................................ 44
3.1 ..................................................................................... 61
4.1 ................................................................................................... 76
4.2 .............................................................................................. 81
4.3 - - ...................................................... 85
4.4 cell voltage SOC
Pb-Sb ................................................................................................................. 92
4.5 ............................................................ 97
4.6 ............................................................................... 98
4.7 .................................................................... 100
5.1 ......................................................................................... 104
5.2 kWh ( ) ......................................................... 114
5.3 ..................... 116
5.4
20C ...................................................................................................................................... 121
5.5 ............................................... 125
5.6
.................................................................................................................................... 137
5.7 , ................................ 141
5.8 (kWh) ........................................................................ 144
5.9 ................ 145
6.1
................................................................................................................................ 153
6.2
, .......................... 154
6.3 ................ 156
6.4 ................................................................ 161
6.5 ............................. 162
2.1 .................................................................................. 38
2.2
(Mj/m2) ................................................................................................................................... 45
3.1 ............................................................................... 52
3.2 ........................................ 53
4.1 inverter.................................................................... 74
5.1 ......................... 104
5.2
.......................................................................................................................... 108
5.3 ....................................................... 109
5.4 / ......................... 109
5.5 ............................................................... 110
5.6 Inverter Sunny Island 5048 ....................................................... 111
5.7 ........................................................ 113
5.8 ............................................................... 113
5.9 kWh ( ) ...................................................... 114
5.10 kWh ....................................................................... 115
5.11 kWh (25 ) .......................................................... 115
xi
6.3
electrolyzer
LM-10.000
....................................................................................................... 159
6.4
LM-10.000............................................................................................................................ 159
6.5 ,
..................................................... 160
xii
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xiii
Abstract
Design and modeling of integrated off-grid photovoltaic system with co-production,
storage and use of hydrogen
Thesis submitted to the Department of Production and Management Engineering,
School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece, on April 2012
for the degree
Diploma in Production and Management Engineering (Dip. Eng.)
Supervisor: Assist. Prof. T. Karakatsanis
The aim of this thesis is to design a practical and effective tool for studying and
modeling integrated power systems. The specific system produces energy from
photovoltaic, and some part of this energy, we produce hydrogen. The hydrogen can
serve as an alternative source of energy by dissipating electrical current.
The first chapter refers to what is energy, where it comes from and the current
energy situation in Greece.
The second chapter analyzes the photovoltaic technology, the types of photovoltaic
cells and how they operate.
The third chapter describes the hydrogen, its physical and chemical properties, how
we produce it, how we store it and how we use it.
The forth chapter presents the hybrid photovoltaic system with co-production and use
of hydrogen, and the devices making up.
The fifth chapter is the modelling of the system at a home in the area of Thessaloniki.
The sixth chapter is the economical evaluation of the system and presents the scenario
of using hydrogen in a car.
Keywords:
xiv
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18
[1] el.wikipedia.org/
[2] www.allaboutenergy.gr/Intro11.html
[3]
[4] www.a2green.gr/energProblem.php
[5] kathimerini.gr " " H
: 26-10-07
[6] www.ypan.gr " "
[7] www.rae.gr
[8]http://www.piraeusbank.gr/ecPage.asp?id=300789&lang=1&nt=96&from=links&ti
d=298256&fromsearch=298256&sid=
[9] http://www.retd.gr/index.php?cat=2&page=4&language=gr
[10] www.cres.gr/energy-saving/images/pdf/biomass_guide.pdf
[11] www.pvtech.gr/fotovoltaika-ktiria.html
[12] "
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159/9/11.04.2011
19
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[1] "
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159/9/11.04.2011
[2] http://www.hyperionee.gr/
[3] http://www.solarwatt.com.cy/index.php/el/knowhow.html
[4] http://imarinakiss.webs.com/solar_geometry.pdf
[5]
http://www.telegramm.gr/
"Solar
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48
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.
.
.
,
1.300kg
1.2- 1.6 MPa (12-16 bar) . O (tube storage),
,
,
.
(tube storage trailers).
350 bar
.
(reciprocating compressors) .
11.200 kW
25-30 MPa,
1.950 kg/h. [3]
59
3.4 -
3.4.2 A
.
.
-253 C.
, ,
,
.
.
Linde, Joule
Thompson 3.1. [3]
60
3.1 - [3]
1-2.
2-3.
4.
5.
6.
3,92 kWh/kg,
0,207 kWh/kg.
10kWh/kg. M
, 1 kg
, 119,93 J 33,31 kWh,
30% ,
.
253C. ,
,
. , ,
61
,
- (cryogenic-vessels-containers).
(
)
.
, -
, ()
MYLAR,
.
,
,
-
.
-
3.1
5-100 m3.
.
. H
(ambient
air evaporators)
.
,
,
62
.
. [3]
3.4.3
H ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
.
, .
-
.
,
,
.
(
) ,
,
. ,
63
. [3]
3.5
.
.
,
, .
,
, .
. Sir William Grove ,
1839.
'60, NASA Gemini
Apollo . [4]
3.6 -
64
3.5.1
.
( PEM ).
, ,
.
. ,
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
(
)
, , .
,
.
.
,
, .
()
, .
(Pt)
.
65
.
.
,
.
:
2H2 4H++4e(-)
(3.6)
:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- 2H2O
(3.7)
:
2H2 + O2 2H2O
(3.8)
0,7 Volts. ( )
, (fuel cell stack). [4]
3.5.2
(PEM)
( , proton exchange
membrane fuel cells , PEM )
, .
.
50 250 kW .
.
. [4]
66
(PAFC)
(DMFC)
. ,
(direct methanol fuel cells, DMFC)
.
.
PEM
. ,
PEM
. [4]
3.5.3
100%
1,16 V .
67
0,7V .
,
,
(fuel cell stack).
.
.
, .
,
( ) (bipolar
plate). .
.
. [4]
3.6
,
( ).
.
, Nikolaus Otto (1832 -1891),
Otto (1864) ( Otto: ),
. [2]
3.6.1
,
,
68
, . ,
,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, CO, CO2
,
. [4]
3.6.2 backfire
(
) ,
,
"backfire". "backfire",
, ,
( ) . ,
.
"backfire" ,
( ) .
, ,
. [2]
69
3.6.3
(
),
:
1. ,
.
2. (%) ..
, .
(.. , , , ...),
% .. , ,
(
),
.
,
,
% .. ,
% .. . ,
, , ( )
,
( ).
,
70
(
) ,
( )
. [2]
71
3
Internet
[1] el.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[3]
http://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/bitstream/123456789/1719/3/avdelidisv_piston.pdf
[4] el.wikipedia.org/wiki/_
[2] . "
" 2007
72
,
.
,
.
73
12VDC
220VAC
2500W
5000W
()
50Hz
A/
2,5A
90%
30Ax8
6kgs
(mm)
380x190x95
4.1 - inverter
Inverter inverter
inverter inverter (modified sine-wave)
inverter (pure / true sine-wave).
,
.
20%
. ,
.
, inverter
,
.
, inverter .
74
(.. ) (
) Watt (.. )
.
,
() Watt . [1]
4.2 (
AC-DC)
,
(, , ).
, .
acdc 4.3.
4.2 -
4.3 -
:
: discman, , walkman, ,
,
video-cameras,
.. 2 .
(220V)
(.. 12V)
.
75
. ..
12V 5V .
, ,
.. (
) .
.
[2]
4.1 -
. ,
.
, / ,
.
76
,
.
.
,
, . [3]
4.4
.
.
.
,
( ) ,
.
(, , ) ( ),
.
( ). ,
,
.
,
,
. :
, . ,
, Volt
,
77
, . (wh) 1
kgr 1 ,
, .
, ( ),
.
.
( ,
, ..) (
, ,
..). [4]
4.4 - 12V
4.4.1
,
, ,
.
78
,
() 20 Ah. ,
.
:
/ 'A (Zn/C): .
.
/ (Zn/Cl): .
.
. .
: , ,
.
- : ,
, .
: ,
, . ,
.
.
.
,
.
. :
- (Ni-Cd):
.
, , , ,
79
..., 4-5 . .
, .
(Pb):
,
.
,
,
.
- (NiMH).
Ni-Cd
.
,
. ,
.
. [5]
4.4.2
. :
1. (). Volt
12V. 110
55 AH
. (+)
. (-).
.
.
2. Volt. () .
24V 12V .
80
(+) (-)
.
. [6]
4.4.3
.
.
,
.
4.2 -
(cell),
4.2.
,
.
81
,
.
(Active Material): To
,
.
.
,
,
(PbO2) (Pb) ,
(H2SO4) .
:
, .
(H2SO4) gel,
(Ni) ().
, , ,
.
(Grid): ,
.
(Sb) (Ca)
.
(Sb < 3%) ,
3 , standby
2,23 V/cell
20 C.
(Plates): ,
,
. , ,
, .
82
,
.
(Separator):
.
,
,
.
(Terminal Poles):
, .
.
- (lead-acid Pb), - (Ni-Cd), , .
, ,
, (- PbCa, - Pb-Sb)
,
.
,
,
:
(4.1)
Pb
(H2SO4).
PbSO4
( Pb2+SO42-). ,
PbO2 (
Pb4+O22-) Pb
83
. ,
, Pb
Pb2+
(4.2)
4
2
Pb Pb ,
(4.3)
2
, Pb
(SO4
. ,
. ,
.
. , , 60Volt
30 2Volt .
4.4.4
. ,
. ( )
12 V
14 - 16 V
(
).
- (Pb/
84
,
.
4.3 - - -
( )
.
,
, .
.
. ( Beaume)
. [7]
4.4.5
(Overcharging), (Over
discharging).
.
85
, ,
.
,
.
, C, .
. , Pb/
, 20%
, 4500 .
40%, .
, , :
,
, :
(4.3)
, .
: (
), 1200,
120.
(depth of discharge DOD)
.
,
.
DOD 80% 15%
. ,
,
DOD .
. [7]
86
4.4.6
,
.
,
.
.
,
,
,
.
, (Pb-Sd). ,
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
.
(Captive Electrolyte LeadAcid Batteries),
. ,
87
, ,
.
( ),
,
. ,
, .
.
.
.
, (gelled electrolyte, AGM)
.
, ,
,
, .
,
, GroEH,
OpzS,
. ,
5OpzS, 5 , OpzS. [7]
4.4.7
(depth of discharge DOD)
.
. ,
88
. DOD
80% 15%
.
,
,
.
(0C). ,
35%
( 60C).
,
(0C).
. ,
.
.
-.
,
,
DOD .
. [7]
4.4.8
(.. / ),
. ,
89
.
24,
, ( 80%
). ,
.
. ,
, Ampere
. 5-10%
.
2-3 ,
!
5.
:
1. 100%
.
!
,
.
2. , .
10
, 20 . ,
,
!
3. ,
! 24-26
, .
,
30C
20C, !
90
4. , ,
,
. , 100
120,
80% 50 .
200 50% 200 .
500 20% ( 100
20% 500) 600 (
,
).
4.4.9
.
( ),
.
. ,
.
.
,
.
SOC - .
,
. , SOC
,
. 4.4 ,
91
SOC
(C/2.5, C/5, C/20)
- (Pb-Sb). [7]
( 4.4)
.
. [7]
4.4.10
(Ah)
SOC , ,
Ah
SOC. ,
Ah Ah, :
92
(4.4)
,
[7] . :
(4.5)
4.5
4.5.1
4.5 -
(/, /, /)
.
.
.
:
1. .
93
2. .
.
3. .
.
4. .
[8]
4.5.2 ()
, (relay)
. ,
, .
1835.
, ,
, .
- (Normally Open,
NO), -' (Normally Closed, NC) (change-over),
.
-
. A
"make".
.
94
-
.
B "break".
() .
.
- -
. C.
. .
-.
( ).
/
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
, "",
. [9]
95
4.6 - ()
DC-DC
,
MPPT .
(20-50kHz),
. MPPT
, [10].
96
4.5 - MPP
4.7
.
4.7.1
, .
:
97
4.6 -
, C1
. 100%
( 57,6V)
Vcontroller 1 C1.
3 4 1 2 .
. C1 2 Volt
55,6 Volt,
.
( 20 bar).
C3. P2
20 bar 20 bar.
98
C3
.
, .
20 bar, , buffer
, .
P2 , P3
. , P3 buffer
, C5,
.
, ,
70% (70% SOC). 70%
SOC .
49,6 Volt.
49,6 Volt Vcontroller 2
, .
49,6 Volt, Vcontroller 2
.
,
. (
1 bar) P5 , (
).
, , 230 Vac.
230 Vac ( + - 10%)
P6 , (5)
(6) (7) .
4.7.2
, ,
.
99
4.7 -
AC
(Fuel Cell Stack). ,
,
, . ,
,
. .
, ,
. , P5 (
1 bar)
.
:
100
500 2500 kW
.
10 35 kW.
&
.
.
:
30- 40%
.
. [11]
101
4
Internet
[1] www.going-green.gr/gi_off_grid.html
[2] http://chaos.c4lab.el.teithe.gr/kioskeridis/Power_Electronics_01_Introduction.pdf
[3]http://chaos.c4lab.el.teithe.gr/kioskeridis/Power_Electronics_07_DC_DC_Nonisol
ated_Converters.pdf
[4] http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[5] www.afis.gr/bataries/eidh.html
[6] www.iqsolarpower.com/batteriespv2.htm
[8] http://www.going-green.gr/gi_off_grid.html
[9] el.wikipedia.org/wiki/
[10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPPT
[7] "
/ "
[11] . . " &
"
2007http://library.tee.gr/digital/kdth/kdth_3460/kdth_3460_stergiopoulos.pdf
102
5.1
, .
.
5.1.1
:
, trackers.
trackers
,
,
.
40%
.
,
.
103
.
,
.
:
2256'40" (
) 4038'21".
: = 31, (5.1).
( ) 70,4 ..
5.1 -
5.1
[1] :
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
57
49
41
33
25
18
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
25
33
41
49
57
64
5.1 -
104
5.1.2
5.1 -
112 ..
, , .
( 5.2) , ,
.
105
5.2 -
( 5.3)
. ,
,
.
106
5.3 -
,
, (,
, , ).
5.2
, .
,
,
.
5.2.1
:
.
,
107
. ,
.
.
.
48V 14.465,5 W .
5.2.2
, (
) , ( 5.2)
19
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
11W
7W
900Wh 24
800W
2400W
800W
1800W
250W
1500W
TV 100W
TV 85W
1650W
2250W
Laptop 300W
DVD 50W
/ 715W
70
+
1360W
[W]
209
14
112,5
800
(/)
3,3
4
8
0,05
(/)
7
7
7
7
2400
800
1800
250
1500
100
85
1650
2250
300
50
715
70
1360
0,13
0,25
0,17
1
0,25
7
5
0,16
0,34
5
3
3
0,25
1
7
3
5
6
7
7
7
5
5
7
7
7
6
7
5.2 -
108
5.2 Excel
5.3 :
3,572 Wh
297,64 KWh
69,45 KWh
9,92 KWh
5.3 -
5.4 .
, .
inverter (91%), ()
.
5.4 - /
5.3
5.5 ,
, .
109
(C)
kPa
(kWh/m2/)
5,5
6,3
9,2
13,5
18,7
23,5
25,8
25,5
21,4
16,3
10,7
6,6
15,3
1,70
2,75
3,79
5,00
7,21
7,22
6,93
6,27
4,85
3,00
1,88
1,41
4,26
1,5
3,3
8,0
14,1
20,6
26,1
28,9
28,3
23,2
15,9
8,2
2,5
15,1
NASA
96,6
96,4
96,3
96,0
69,1
69,1
96,1
96,1
96,3
96,6
96,5
96,6
96,3
NASA
5.5 - ( RETScreen)
, .
, .
NASA,
.
,
, (
). [2]
5.4 Inverter
- : inverter
, 48V.
- :
.
0,47, inverter
14465,5 W * 0,47 = 6798,79 W.
110
- : inverter
, ,
. , 14465,5 W.
- : ,
230V.
To inverter Sunny Island 5048 2
. inverters
,
10 kW.
AC output (loads)
Nominal AC voltage / adjustable
50 Hz, 60 Hz / 45 Hz ... 65 Hz
5000 W / 4000 W
Battery DC input
Battery voltage / range
48 V / 41 V 63 V
Charge control
IUoU process
Efficiency / self-consumption
Max. efficiency
95 %
25 W / 4 W
Protection
DC reverse polarity protection / DC fuse
yes / yes
yes / yes
yes / yes
111
5.5
/
Conergy SC 170 170 W 24V.
.
/ 5.4 :
5.4 - /
/
.
,
.
5.5.1
297,6 kWh
. .
112
,
,
. 5.7
.
kWh
320
314
309
298
290
280
kWh
275
270
287
297
307
322
5.7 -
5.5.2
,
( 5.8) [3]:
0%
( ->
)
&
0%
0,5%
1/
31
8,5 kW
5.8 - [3]
&
(3400) ,
100 kWp.
113
&
, .
8,5 kW
.
5.9.
(kWh)
644
684
945
1.009
1.120
1.215
1.279
1.247
1.167
898
572
556
11.337 kWh
5.2
.
5.2 - kWh ( )
114
. 1% .
25 .
kWh 5.10:
1
2
3
4
5
11.109 6
10.998 7
10.888 8
10.779 9
10.672 10
kWh
kWh
10.565
10.459
10.355
10.251
10.149
11
12
13
14
15
kWh
10.047
10.047
9.847
9.749
9.651
16
17
18
19
20
kWh
9.555
9.459
9.365
9.271
9.178
21
22
23
24
25
kWh
9.086
8.996
8.906
8.817
8.728
5.10 - kWh
(8,5 kW) ,
- .
25 ,
,
. kWh 25
5.11:
kWh
505
537
742
792
880
954
kWh
1.004
979
916
705
449
437
427 kWh.
,
. 5.12
.
115
Inverter
0,98
0,91
0,85
0,76
5.12 - /
25 , 5.13:
kWh
384
408
564
602
668
725
kWh
763
744
696
536
342
342
5.13 - kWh 25
5.5.3 -
. 5.3 ,
1
25 .
5.3 -
5.5.4
/ ,
8,5 KW. 1,575 x 0,826 m 1,30095
116
.. . / 65,05 ..
70,4 .. . 16,3 kg
815 kg. (5.14)
.
8,5 KW
170 W
50
1,575 x 0,826 m
65,05 ..
70,4 ..
16,3 kg
815 kg
1,30095 ..
5.14 - /
48V ( ),
,
( 5.5).
5.5 /
, 10,7 m x 6,3 m.
2 cm
, 4 cm, .
117
, 0,5 m ,
, ,
.
:
:
4,79 A
25 x 4,79 = 119,75 A
. :
. :
5,27 A
25 x 5,27 = 131,75 A
, .
/
70C,
/ (
90C). , datasheet / ,
28,53 V.
2, :
70C:
2 x 28,53 = 57,06 V.
1,2.
:
: 2 x 24 x 1,2 = 57,6 V
STC (Standard Test
Conditions), ,
STC:
:
2 x 35,5 = 71 V
2 x 44,4 = 88,8 V
118
5.6
2V 16 OPzS 2000
2V 2.520 AH 24
. OPzS Solar,
,
. 5.15
.
.
C24
(Ah)
2V 16 OPzS 2.520
2000 Solar
LA-b
(V)
/
()
12.300
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
220
399
815
/ (kg)
5%
155,8
5.15 -
: (OPzS DIN),
(Sb<3%-Se).
: ()
:
: , Styrene-Acryl-Nitrile (SAN),
.
: SAN,
: , DIN 43530/p.2
/ : M10
. 100 +0,1 bar
: ,
. .
119
: . :
Ah .
60% .
(30%)
. 2 .
4 ,
. 5.4, (DoD)
. 0,9
15C.
120
Ah
, ,
.
.
Ah
266,3
. .
0,3
0,9
(AH)
= 1.972
.
.
.
C24 (Ah)
2.520
5.16 - Ah
48V.
, 24
. ,
30%, Ah : 0,3 x 2.520 = 756 Ah .
5.4 - 20C
121
5.7
,
, , , ,
, .
5.7.1
,
, ,
.
,
.
, 1.279 kWh ( 1
). 41,26 kWh.
, ,
. ,
.
8,5 kW, .
.
,
.
122
5.7.2
.
, ,
.
.
.
.
LM-5000
HGenerators. ,
. LM10.000 5 kW, (
). 5.17:
.
(kW)
H2
(Megajoul/
(ml/min)
hour)
5.000
3,81696
(ml/hour)
LM-
250
2,5
3,8 bar
>99,99%
5000
DC
48V
5.17 -
5.18,
:
(ml/min)
H2
(lit/hour)
2 2
STP
(cubic (kgs/hour)
meter/hour)
LM-5000
300
0,3
0,02688
5.18 -
123
LM-5000 ()
, (SPE),
.
, ,
.
(SPE), , /,
, , ,
, .
.
,
, .
/ , .
. ,
,
.
.
, .
.
124
No.
Item
No.
Item
Water Motor
Safety Valve
Water Tank
Pressure Regulator
Drain Valve
10
Flow Regulator
Hydrogen/Water Separator
11
Pressure Display
Desiccant Cartridge I
12
Solenoid Valve
Desiccant Cartridge II
13
14
Power
5.5 -
5.7 - LM-5000
5.7.3
. ,
125
. ,
(Buffer Storage), electrolyzer.
Buffer .
,
(Final Storage) .
. ,
.
, ,
.
5.8 -
5.7.3.1
,
126
(5.1)
(5.2)
(5.3)
:
Pxbuffer :
H2
:
T
(bar)
mol (mol/hr)
(8,314 J/Kmol)
(K)
Vb :
(buffer) (lt)
Tcr :
()
Pcr :
(Pa)
ae = 0,244
be = 0,026
T = 300 K [4]
127
20 bar
(lit)
(KG)
(kWh)
1.000
1,68
11,5
(lit)
20.000
5.19
128
11,5 kWh
0,57 kWh
10,97 kWh
5.20
1 bar .
1.000 lit (1 bar, 20 C), 0,0838 KG 0,57 kWh
. 10,93 kWh
(. 5.20).
, 5.21
:
buffer (lit)
final
storage
(bar)
300
20.000
20
20
5.21 -
5.7.4
.
.
0505V Soil moisture Equipment.
20 bar 1 hp (0,746 kW).
129
5.7.5
. ,
diesel ,
( ).
,
, .
. ,
, .
,
:
(injectors)
(injectors) ,
. ,
( )
,
. [5]
130
/.
34/1 .
14/1. 5.22
: [6]
Moles N2
= Moles O2 x (79% N2
/ 21% O2 in air)
= 1 mole O2 x (79% N2
/ 21% O2 )
= 3.762 moles N2
moles
= Moles O2 + moles N2
= 1 + 3.762
= 4.762 moles
O2
= 1 mole of O2 x 32 g/mole
= 32 g
N2
= 3.762 moles of N2 x 28
g/mole
= 105.33 g
= O2 + N
(1)
= 32g + 105.33 g
= 137.33 g
H2
= 2 moles H2 x 2 g/mole
=4g
(Air/Fuel)
:
A/F :
= /
= 137.33 g / 4 g
= 34.33:1
A/F :
= (moles) /
(moles)
= 4.762 / 2
= 2.4:1
:
% H2
= (moles) H2/
(2)
= H2 / ( +
H2)
= 2 / (4.762 + 2)
= 29.6%
5.22 - / moles,
131
(), .
,
.
(: http://www.ehow.com/how_7841711_run-gasoline-engine-hydrogen.html)
5 kW
50-60 Hz
320gr/kw/h
220 V
30mbar
5.23 -
5.10 - 5W
,
,
, .
,
, 20 mbar
132
5.7.6
,
, , ,
( 20 bar).
.
,
( ).
.
, .
.
.
.
(
60m) .
(
60m) .
, .
.
5 cm
10 cm .
.
133
.
(Welding Procedure Specification WPS) 288 .
().
440
ISO 544 ,
.
,
, 287-1 .
. [7]
5.8
, ,
/
.
/
... ( )
,
( HD 384)
/ .
, EN-IEC 61215
, EN-IEC 61646
/ , IEC 61730-1
/ IEC 60364-7-712 Ed.
1.0 /
.
. [8]
134
5.8.1
,
Class II
( IEC EN 61730).
/ ( )
.
, / ,
.
.
.
by-pass
.
,
.
inverters .
H07RN-F,
, 623.4
HD 22.4 .
.
1,25
25 * 5,27 = 131,7 .
I = 1,25 Isc = 1,25 131,7 = 165 A.
135
5.24 -
70C.
, 0,57.
1x95 292.
70C 0,57 :
292 0,57 = 166 A
.
, . 5.6
.
136
5.6 - ,
, ( 2 ) 50 m.
5.8.2
,
HD384. inverter
2, 2,
. , 2
. inverter
21,7 25% 27,13 .
16 25% 20 .
H07V-K 3x6 mm2.
8 .
5.9
:
137
, .
:
1127-1.1997 13
,
.
,
( , )
,
:
138
/ ,
(
).
/
.
/ .
(, , )
( )
(, , )
(.. )
50 C
(purging)
(..
)
(..
)
139
(Ex-Zones)
5.10
/
,
. ,
, .
.
.
.
120 mm2
.
120mm2 (/, ,
, )
.
3 /
() 2,5, 3,5 ,
:
:
(5.4)
:
R [ m] : . ,
( ) r = 100
m.
leff : . leff = 3 m.
d [m] : . d = 0,0635 m.
140
, 20,45 .
3 ,
6,82 . [8]
5.11
5.7 - ,
(
5.7) :
3 (Vcontrollers)
3 (P2, P3 P5)
141
5.11.1
, , (DC/AC).
, ,
:
C1 : ,
,
. /
, .
() 165 57,6 V,
(SOC
100%). Vcontroller 1.
C2 :
. AC ,
, 230 V AC,
10%. .
C3 :
.
P2.
C4 : ,
(SOC 70%).
inverter SOC 70% . SOC
, starter,
, inverter.
SOC = 70% 49,6 Volts. Vcontroller 3
.
C5 : C5
P3.
142
(SOC)
20C
100%
57,6 Volts
70%
49,6 Volts
40%
44 Volts
5.25 - SOC - Volts
5.11.2
. ,
.
,
( ), .
5.12
, ,
. 5.26
kWh.
(kWh)
324
370
636
711
830
935
1004
977
880
601
265
234
25
(kWh)
185
223
433
494
590
674
729
709
629
408
142
115
(kWh)
255
296
534
603
710
805
866
843
755
504
204
174
5.26 - (kWh)
143
5.8 - (kWh)
electrolyzer
, 2,5 kW. /
8,5 kW, electrolyzer 30%
.
electrolyzer
(), ,
.
2,5 kWh , datasheet
, 1,0603 kWh.
, 43 %.
, , 20,5 %,
.
, 2,8 %
( 5.27 , 5.9).
144
electrolyzer
ectrolyzer
30%
20,5%
2,8 %
43%
5.27 ,
5.9 -
5.28 :
(kWh)
7,1
8,3
15,0
16,9
19,9
22,5
24,2
23,6
21,1
14,1
5,7
4,9
5.28 -
184 kWh,
18 .
electrolyzer,
, electrolyzer.
145
, ,
.
5.29.
electrolyzer
(KG)
(lit 1 atm & 20C)
30,0
34,8
62,8
70,9
83,5
94,7
101,9
99,2
88,8
59,3
24,0
20,5
770,5
0,81
0,94
1,69
1,91
2,25
2,55
2,74
2,67
2,39
1,59
0,65
0,55
20,71
9.630
11.180
20.160
22.770
26.810
30.400
32.700
31.830
28.510
19.030
7.700
6.570
247.280
5.29 - ,
[1] http://www.selasenergy.gr/solar-inclination-monthly.php
[2] "RETScreen" ( http://www.retscreen.net/ )
[3] http://solar.com.gr/
[4] , /
"
146
... ,
" 2008
[5] . "
" 2007
[6]
http://dspace.lib.ntua.gr/bitstream/123456789/1719/3/avdelidisv_piston.pdf
[7]http://www.vardalisgaz.gr/products1.php?wh=1&lang=1&the1id=36&theid=36&o
pen1=36&open2=
[8] " /
" 2010
147
6.1
100% ,
,
( )
100%
.
.
/
2 :
1. (NPV)
2. (BCR)
(LCC Analysis)
/ .
,
. [1]
(6.1)
148
, pv
. C ,
. Mpv
. ,
,
(6.2):
(6.2)
:
i n
.
Rpv,
,
.
, S
. , /
20%
.
. [1]
6.3:
(6.3)
:
r
149
1. : 25
2. : 5,5%
3. 3,6%
4. : 1,83%
1.
Inverters
(,
, ,
, )
2. &
3.
()
(8,3)
(16,6)
Inverters (12,5)
()
()
LCC (%)
18.750
10.000
7.000
400
2.000
18.750
10.000
7.000
400
2.000
20,79
11,09
7,76
0,44
2,22
1.700
1.700
1,88
1.500
1.500
1,66
17.300
17.300
19,18
350
80
400
1.750
350
80
400
1.750
0,39
0,09
0,44
1,94
4.300
4.300
4,77
45
50
45
50
0,05
0,06
65.625
65.625
72,76
150
150
2988
2988
3,31
3,31
0,00
10.000
8600
9,54
10.000
7400
8,20
7.000
27.000
5580
21580
6,19
23,93
150
4.
13125
20%
(1+2+3-4)
8341
81.852
6.1 -
6.1,
81.852 .
6.2.2
/ ,
3,6%. ,
6.1:
83.500
83.000
LCC
82.500
82.000
81.500
81.000
80.500
80.000
79.500
79.000
4
4,5
5,5
6,5
6.1 -
, 4%
7%,
83.477 80.010 .
6.3 (NVP)
(),
3.572 KWh 1.190,6 KWh / .
151
6.3.1
,
1.190,6 KWh / 112
.. ( 6.2) [2]:
13%
/
57,86
7,84
0,74
16,96
89,25
37,3
13,88
223,83
21
253
15
268
6.2 -
267,6 / 803 /
.
25 :
(6.4)
NPV. = 15.995
0,0183 25
.
6.3.2
30
,
.
,
152
6.2
,
. 700 50 .
6.2 - ,
6.3.3 (NPV)
,
/ ,
,
,
.
(NPV) :
NPV = PV PV ,
(6.5)
: PV,
.
PV,
.
NPV 0.
153
, 6.5
:
NPV = 15.995 + 81.152
(6.6)
: 15.995
,
81.152 / .
6.6, NPV 0 65.157,
65.157.
,
,
4.654 .
80000
60000
20000
8800
8400
8000
7600
7200
6800
6400
6000
5600
5200
4800
4400
4000
3600
3200
2800
2400
2000
800
1600
-20000
1200
400
40000
-40000
-60000
-80000
(m)
6.3 -
6.4
(BCR),
(PV) F/B
(25 ),
(PV).
:
154
(6.6)
/ ,
, 4.654
, ( 6.7):
(6.7)
,
/ BCR = 1.
6.5
,
,
.
6.1 -
155
6.5.1
,
, (,
). ,
, .
,
. ,
GM, Honda, Toyota, Mercedes Hyundai
,
BMW, Ford Mazda
.
.
,
. , BMW, Mazda,
, (dual fuel)
. Mazda
Wankel RENESIS.
156
LM-10000
(kW)
()
(ml/h)
(ml/min)
(MJ/hour)
10.000
7,63392
1.000
32.300
electrolyzer
30,0
34,8
(KG)
1,61
1,87
(lit 1 atm
& 20C)
19.260
22.350
157
62,8
70,9
83,5
94,7
101,9
99,2
88,8
59,3
24,0
20,5
770,5
3,38
3,81
4,49
5,09
5,48
5,33
4,78
3,19
1,29
1,10
41,42
40.330
45.540
53.620
60.790
65.400
63.660
57.020
38.060
15.410
13.140
494.560
6.4 - LM-10.000
,
.
, .
, 1 kg 2,1 kg
2,8 kg .
6.5, ( KG)
, .
.
,
, 1,80 /lit.
,
, 7 100
.
(KG
)
(KG)
(lit)
(KM)
0,81
0,94
1,69
1,91
2,25
2,55
2,74
2,67
2,39
1,59
0,65
2,26
2,62
4,73
5,34
6,29
7,13
7,67
7,46
6,69
4,46
1,81
3,14
3,64
6,57
7,42
8,74
9,90
10,65
10,37
9,29
6,20
2,51
5,65
6,56
11,83
13,35
15,72
17,83
19,18
18,67
16,72
11,16
4,52
44,82
52,03
93,86
105,99
124,79
141,49
152,21
148,17
132,70
88,58
35,86
158
0,55
20,71
1,54
57,99
2,14
80,57
3,85
145,03
30,58
1.151,07
6.5 - ,
1.151 . , 10.000
. ,
12% ( 6.4).
6.4 -
6.5.3
electrolyzer
LM-10.000 LM-5.000,
40.000
,
, ,
,
, .
159
.
32.300 ,
15.000 . 40.000 700 ,
200 (
buffer). 15.200 .
1,80 /,
0,03,
56 ( 6.5).
6.5 -
6.5 56
.
,
.
.
160
[1] " /
" 2010
[2]
161
/
/ .
, .
/ ,
.
/
, .
/
:
1.
2. (10 kW),
kW .
162
,
.
..
,
.
(
) / .
163
/ .
/
(, , ) .
, , , ,
/ .
(.. ).
.
,
.
164
165
, New Jersey (). (Michael Strizki)
166
2 - Inverters
167
168
169
