Ηλεκτρικές εγκαταστάσεις εμπορικού πλοίου
Ηλεκτρικές εγκαταστάσεις εμπορικού πλοίου
..
(Electrical installations in cargo vessels)
.
..:27708
:
.
2012
............................................................................................................................................... 10
Forward.................................................................................................................................................. 11
.................................................................................................................................................. 12
) ...................................................................................................................................... 14
.1 ................................................................................................................................... 14
.1.1 (..) .................................................................................. 14
.1.2 (..) ...................................................................... 17
.1.3 ............................................. 19
.2 ................................................................................................................... 19
.2.1 , .............................................. 19
.2.2 - ................................................................................................ 20
.2.3 .................................................................................................... 20
.2.4 ............................................................................................................................ 21
.3 ........................................................................... 21
.3.1 ................................................................................................... 22
.3.2 ................................................................................................................................ 23
.3.3 ........................................................................................................... 23
.3.4 ............................................................................................. 24
.3.5 ............................................................................................................. 24
.4 ................................................................ 24
.4.1 .............................................................................. 25
.4.2 ........................................................................... 26
.4.3 .............................................................. 27
.4.4 ............................................................................................................... 28
.4.5 ................ 31
.5 ................................................................................................................. 40
.6 ........................................................................................................................................ 40
. .................................................................................. 41
.1.1 ............................................................................................. 41
.1.2 ................................................................................................................................... 41
.2 .......................................................................................... 42
.2.1 .......................................................................................... 43
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.2.2 ..................................................................................................... 43
.2.3 ......................................................................................................... 43
.2.4 .......................................................................................................... 43
.2.5 ........................ 44
.2.6 ....................................................................................................... 44
.2.7 ........................................................... 45
.2.8 ..................................................................................... 45
.2.9 .................................................................... 45
.2.10 ......................................... 45
.3 .............................................................................................................. 46
.3.1 ......................................................................................... 46
.3.2 ........................................................................................... 46
.3.3 ...................................................................................................... 47
.3.4 .................................................................................................. 48
.3.5 .............................................................................. 48
.3.6 ........................................................ 49
.3.7 ....................................................................................... 49
.3.8 ........................................................................................................... 49
.3.9 , ............................. 50
.3.10 ....................................................................................................... 50
.4 ............................................................................................................. 51
.4.1 .......................................................................................... 51
.4.2 .................................................... 51
.4.3 .................................................................................................... 52
.4.4 ...................................................................................... 53
.4.5 ...................................................................................... 53
.4.6 ............................................................................................................. 54
.4.7 ........................................ 54
.4.8 ......................................................................................................................... 54
.4.9 ................................................................................................ 55
.4.10 .
....................................................................................................................................................... 55
.4.11 ............................................................................. 55
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.4.12 .................................................................................................................... 56
.5 , ................................................ 59
.5.1 ............................................................................................................................ 59
.5.2 . ..................................................................... 59
.5.3 ............................................................................................................ 59
.5.4 .......................................................................................................... 61
.5.5 ...................................................................................................................... 61
.5.6 ...................................................................... 61
.5.7 ......................................................................................................... 62
.5.8 ....................................................................................................................... 63
.6 , .............................................. 64
.6.1 ........................................................................................................ 64
.6.2 ............................................................................................................................. 65
.6.3 ....................................................................................................... 66
.6.4 ......................................................................................... 67
.7 ........................................................................................................................ 67
.7.1 ................................................................................ 67
.7.2 .................................................................................................. 68
.8 ..................................................................... 69
.8.1 .................................................................................................. 69
.8.2 ................................................................................................................. 71
.8.3 ................................................................................................... 71
.8.4 ...................................................................................................................... 71
.9 ....................................................................................................................................... 72
.9.1 ................................................................................................................ 72
.9.2 ................................................................................ 73
.9.3 ........................................................................................................... 73
.9.4 ............................................................................................... 73
.9.5 ......................................................................................................................... 73
.9.6 .............................................................. 74
.9.7 ......................................... 74
.9.8 ....................................................................... 74
.9.9 ....................................................................................................... 76
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.9.10 ........................................................................................... 77
.9.11 ..................................................................... 77
.9.12 ....................................................................................... 77
.9.13 ................................................................................ 78
.9.14 () ................................................... 78
.9.15 ........................................................................................ 79
.9.16 ............................................................ 79
.9.17 ............................................................................................. 80
.9.18 ................................................................................. 80
.10 ................................................................................... 81
.10.1 .................................................................................................................................. 81
.10.2 .......................................................................................................................... 81
.10.3 ....................................................................................................... 82
.10.4 .................................................................................................................... 82
.10.5 ..................................................................................................................... 82
.11 () ........................................................................................................ 83
.11.1 .................................................................................................................................. 83
.11.2 .......................................................................................................................... 83
.11.3 .......................................................................................................................... 83
.11.4 ............................................... 84
.11.5 ......................................................................................................................... 84
.11.6 ................................................ 85
.11.7 ......................................................................................................... 85
.12 ............................................................................................. 85
.12.1 .................................................................................................................................. 85
.12.2 ................................................................................. 86
.12.3 , ... .............................................................................................. 86
.12.4 ........................................................................................................ 87
.12.5 ..................................................................................................................... 87
.13 .................................................................................................................................. 88
.13.1 .................................................................................................................................. 88
.13.2 .......................................................................................................................... 88
.13.3 ............................................................................................................................... 89
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.13.4 ....................................................................................................... 89
.14 ........................................................................................................... 89
.14.1 .................................................................................................................................. 89
.14.2 ....................................................................................................... 89
.14.3 ........................................................................................................................... 90
.14.4 ............................................................................................................ 90
.15 .................................................................................... 90
.15.1 .......................................................................................................................... 90
.15.2 ...................................................................................................................... 91
.16 ..................................................................... 91
.16.1 .................................................................................................................................. 91
.16.2 ........................................................................ 91
.16.3 ................................................................................................................................... 91
.16.4 .......................................................................................................................... 92
.16.5 ............................................................................................. 92
.16.6 .................................................................................................... 92
.17 ................................................................................ 94
.17.1 .................................................................................................................................. 94
.17.2 ...................................................................................................... 94
.17.3 ................................................................................ 94
.17.4 ......................................................................................................... 98
.17.5 .............................................................................................................................. 99
.17.6 ............................................................................................................................... 99
.18 ............................................................................ 100
.18.1 ..................................................................................... 100
.18.2 ............................................................................................................ 101
.18.3 .................................................................................................................... 103
. ..................................................................................................... 104
.1.1 .................................................................................................................................. 104
.2 ................................................................ 104
.2.1 ................................................................................................ 104
.2.2 ......................................................................................................... 105
.2.3 ..................................................................................................... 106
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.3 ....................................................................................... 106
.3.1 .................................................................................................................................. 106
.3.2 ...................................................... 107
.3.3 .................................................. 108
.3.4 ............................................................. 109
.3.5 ... ........................... 109
.3.6 ................................................................................................... 110
.4 ................................................... 110
.4.1 .................................................................................................................................. 110
.5 , , ................................. 111
.5.1 ......................................................................................................... 111
.5.2 .................................................................................................... 112
.5.3 ...................................................................................................... 112
.5.4 ............................................................... 112
.5.5 ............................................................................................. 112
.6 ...................................................................................................................... 113
.6.1 .................................................................................................................................. 113
.6.2 ........................................................................................................................... 113
.7 , ......................................................................................... 114
.7.1 ...................................................................................................................... 114
.7.2 .................................................................................................................. 115
.7.3 .......................................................................................... 116
.7.4 ............................................................................................. 116
.......................................................................................................................... 117
1. ..................................................................................................................................... 118
1.1 ........................................................................................ 118
1.1.1 .................................................................................................................................. 118
1.1.2 (, ).............................................. 118
1.2 ................................................................................................................. 119
1.3 ................................................................................. 120
2. ........................................................................................................................... 121
2.1 ......................................................................................................................................... 121
2.2 ........................................................................................................................ 121
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.................................................................................................................................... 160
................................................................................................................................... 164
....................................................................................................................................... 176
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, ( bulk carrier ).
10
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Forward
Electrical engineering is the sector of science which deals with electric energy and its
applications, in almost every aspect of modern life. As a result, there are many fields of use for
electrical engineering in many and much different subjects. Therefore it is to be expected that the
principles which are followed in electrical installations are differentiated according to the type of each
particular installation. Namely the principles that cover the electrical installation of a building differ
from the ones covering those of a cargo vessel.
This thesis is an attempt in gathering the principles and working methods used, as well as a
study of the electrical installation of a cargo vessel, specifically a bulk carrier.
11
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bulk carrier.
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(Korean
Register-KR, Bureau Veritas- BV , ClassNK ,American Bureau of Shipping-A.B.S, Det Norske VeritasDNV) ,
(SOLAS),
SNAME (Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers) RINA (Royal
Institution of Naval Architects)
(RINA- Registro Italiano Navale).
12
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(bulk carrier) (DWT)
32.000.
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61
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.. 27708
.1 in all service and accommodation alleyways, stairways and exits, personnel lift cars
and personnel lift trunks;
.2 in the machinery spaces and main generating stations including their control
positions;
.3 in all control stations, machinery control rooms, and at each main and emergency
switchboard;
.4 at all stowage positions for firemen's outfits;
.5 at the steering gear;
.6 at the fire pump referred to in paragraph 2.5, at the sprinkler pump, if any, and at
the emergency bilge pump, if any, and at the starting positions of their motors; and
.7 in all cargo pump-rooms of tankers constructed on or after 1 July 2002.
2.3 For a period of 18 h:
.1 the navigation lights and other lights required by the International Regulations for
Preventing Collisions at Sea in force;
.2 on ships constructed on or after 1 February 1995 the VHF radio installation
required by regulation IV/7.1.1 and IV/7.1.2; and, if applicable:
.2.1 the MF radio installation required by regulations IV/9.1.1, IV/9.1.2, IV/10.1.2 and
IV/10.1.3;
.2.2 the ship earth station required by regulation IV/10.1.1; and
.2.3 the MF/HF radio installation required by regulations IV/10.2.1, IV/10.2.2 and
IV/11.1.
2.4 For a period of 18 h:
.1 all internal communication equipment as required in an emergency;
.2 the shipborne navigational equipment as required by regulation V/12;* where
such provision is unreasonable or impracticable the Administration may waive this
requirement for ships of less than 5,000 gross tonnage;
.3 the fire detection and fire alarm system; and
.4 intermittent operation of the daylight signalling lamp, the ship's whistle, the
manually operated call points and all internal signals that are required in an
emergency;
unless such services have an independent supply for the period of 18 h from an accumulator
battery suitably located for use in an emergency.
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2.5 For a period of 18 h one of the fire pumps required by regulation II-2/4.3.1 and 4.3.3 if
dependent upon the emergency generator for its source of power.
2.6.1 For the period of time required by regulation 29.14 the steering gear where it is
required to be so supplied by that regulation.
2.6.2 In a ship engaged regularly in voyages of short duration, the Administration if satisfied
that an adequate standard of safety would be attained may accept a lesser period than the 18 h
period specified in paragraphs 2.2 to 2.5 but not less than 12 h.
3 The emergency source of electrical power may be either a generator or an accumulator
battery, which shall comply with the following:
3.1 Where the emergency source of electrical power is a generator, it shall be:
.1 driven by a suitable prime mover with an independent supply of fuel, having a
flashpoint (closed cup test) of not less than 43C;
.2 started automatically upon failure of the main source of electrical power supply
unless a transitional source of emergency electrical power in accordance with
paragraph 3.1.3 is provided; where the emergency generator is automatically
started, it shall be automatically connected to the emergency switchboard; those
services referred to in paragraph 4 shall then be connected automatically to the
emergency generator; and unless a second independent means of starting the
emergency generator is provided the single source of stored energy shall be
protected to preclude its complete depletion by the automatic starting system; and
.3 provided with a transitional source of emergency electrical power as specified in
paragraph 4 unless an emergency generator is provided capable both of supplying
the services mentioned in that paragraph and of being automatically started and
supplying the required load as quickly as is safe and practicable subject to a
maximum of 45 s.
3.2 Where the emergency source of electrical power is an accumulator battery it shall be
capable of:
.1 carrying the emergency electrical load without recharging while maintaining the
voltage of the battery throughout the discharge period within 1 2% above or below
its nominal voltage;
.2 automatically connecting to the emergency switchboard in the event of failure of
the main source of electrical power; and
.3 immediately supplying at least those services specified in paragraph 4.
3.3 The following provision in paragraph 3.1.2 shall not apply to ships constructed on or after
1 October 1994:
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Unless a second independent means of starting the emergency generating set is provided,
the single source of stored energy shall be protected to preclude its complete depletion by
the automatic starting system.
3.4 For ships constructed on or after 1 July 1998, where electrical power is necessary to
restore propulsion, the capacity shall be sufficient to restore propulsion to the ship in conjunction
with other machinery, as appropriate, from a dead ship condition within 30 min after blackout.
4 The transitional source of emergency electrical power where required by paragraph 3.1.3
shall consist of an accumulator battery suitably located for use in an emergency which shall operate
without recharging while maintaining the voltage of the battery throughout the discharge period
within 1 2% above or below its nominal voltage and be of sufficient capacity and shall be so arranged
as to supply automatically in the event of failure of either the main or the emergency source of
electrical power for half an hour at least the following services if they depend upon an electrical
source for their operation:
.1 the lighting required by paragraphs 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3.1. For this transitional phase,
the required emergency electric lighting, in respect of the machinery space and
accommodation and service spaces may be provided by permanently fixed,
individual, automatically charged, relay operated accumulator lamps; and
.2 all services required by paragraphs 2.4.1, 2.4.3 and 2.4.4 unless such services have
an independent supply for the period specified from an accumulator battery suitably
located for use in an emergency.
5.1 The emergency switchboard shall be installed as near as is practicable to the emergency
source of electrical power.
5.2 Where the emergency source of electrical power is a generator, the emergency
switchboard shall be located in the same space unless the operation of the emergency switchboard
would thereby be impaired.
5.3 No accumulator battery fitted in accordance with this regulation shall be installed in the
same space as the emergency switchboard. An indicator shall be mounted in a suitable place on the
main switchboard or in the machinery control room to indicate when the batteries constituting
either the emergency source of electrical power or the transitional source of electrical power
referred to in paragraph 3.2 or 4 are being discharged.
5.4 The emergency switchboard shall be supplied during normal operation from the main
switchboard by an interconnector feeder which is to be adequately protected at the main
switchboard against overload and short circuit and which is to be disconnected automatically at the
emergency switchboard upon failure of the main source of electrical power. Where the system is
arranged for feedback operation, the interconnector feeder is also to be protected at the emergency
switchboard at least against short circuit.
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5.5 In order to ensure ready availability of the emergency source of electrical power,
arrangements shall be made where necessary to disconnect automatically non-emergency circuits
from the emergency switchboard to ensure that electrical power shall be available automatically to
the emergency circuits.
6 The emergency generator and its prime mover and any emergency accumulator battery
shall be so designed and arranged as to ensure that they will function at full rated power when the
ship is upright and when inclined at any angle of list up to 22.5 or when inclined up to 10 either in
the fore or aft direction, or is in any combination of angles within those limits.
7 Provision shall be made for the periodic testing of the complete emergency system and
shall include the testing of automatic starting arrangements.
Chapter II-2: Construction - Fire protection, fire detection and fire extinction
2.2.2 Number of fire pumps
Ships shall be provided with independently driven fire pumps as follows:
.1 in passenger ships of:
4,000 gross tonnage and upwards
at least three
at least two
at least two
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4.2 A general emergency alarm system complying with the requirements of paragraph 7.2.1 of the
Code shall be provided and shall be used for summoning passengers and crew to muster stations and
to initiate the actions included in the muster list. The system shall be supplemented by either a
public address system complying with the requirements of paragraph 7.2.2 of the Code or other
suitable means of communication. Entertainment sound systems shall automatically be turned off
when the general emergency alarm system is activated.
Regulation 11 Survival craft muster and embarkation arrangements
4. Muster and embarkation stations shall be adequately illuminated by lighting supplied from the
emergency source of electrical power required by regulation II1/42 or II-1/43, as appropriate.
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.2.2
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and between 4,000 kHz and 27,500 kHz. This requirement may be fulfilled by the addition of
this capability in the equipment required by subparagraph. 1.
Regulation 11 Radio equipment: Sea areas A1, A2, A3 and A4
1 In addition to meeting the requirements of regulation 7, ships engaged on voyages in all sea areas
shall be provided with the radio installations and equipment required by regulation 10.2, except that
the equipment required by regulation [Link] shall not be accepted as an alternative to that
required by regulation [Link], which shall always be provided. In addition, ships engaged on
voyages in all sea areas shall comply with the requirements of regulation 10.3.
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.2 be fitted with the equipment or systems required in paragraph 2.1.6 not later than the first
survey* after 1 July 2002, at which time the radio direction-finding apparatus referred to in
V/12(p) of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974 in force prior to 1
July 2002 shall no longer be required; and
.3 be fitted with the system required in paragraph 2.4 not later than the dates specified in
paragraphs2.4.2 and 2.4.3.
2 Shipborne navigational equipment and systems
2.1 All ships, irrespective of size, shall have:
.1 a properly adjusted standard magnetic compass, or other means, independent of any
power supply, to determine the ship's heading and display the reading at the main steering
position;
.2 a pelorus or compass bearing device, or other means, independent of any power supply, to
take bearings over an arc of the horizon of 360;
.3 means of correcting heading and bearings to true at all times;
.4 nautical charts and nautical publications to plan and display the ship's route for the
intended voyage and to plot and monitor positions throughout the voyage; an electronic
chart display and information system (ECDIS) may be accepted as meeting the chart carriage
requirements of this subparagraph;
.5 back-up arrangements to meet the functional requirements of subparagraph .4, if this
function is partly or fully fulfilled by electronic means;*
.6 a receiver for a global navigation satellite system or a terrestrial radio navigation system,
or other means, suitable for use at all times throughout the intended voyage to establish and
update the ship's position by automatic means;
.7 if less than 150 gross tonnage and if practicable, a radar reflector, or other means, to
enable detection by ships navigating by radar at both 9 and 3 GHz;
.8 when the ship's bridge is totally enclosed and unless the Administration determines
otherwise, a sound reception system, or other means, to enable the officer in charge of the
navigational watch to hear sound signals and determine their direction;
.9 a telephone, or other means, to communicate heading information to the emergency
steering position, if provided.
2.2 All ships of 150 gross tonnage and upwards and passenger ships irrespective of size shall, in
addition to the requirements of paragraph 2.1, be fitted with:
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.4 the Administration may exempt ships from the application of the requirements of this
paragraph when such ships will be taken permanently out of service within two years after
the implementation date specified in subparagraphs .2 and .3;
.5 AIS shall:
.1 provide automatically to appropriately equipped shore stations, other ships and
aircraft information, including the ship's identity, type, position, course, speed,
navigational status and other safety-related information;
.2 receive automatically such information from similarly fitted ships;
.3 monitor and track ships; and
.4 exchange data with shore-based facilities;
.6 the requirements of paragraph 2.4.5 shall not be applied to cases where international
agreements, rules or standards provide for the protection of navigational information; and
.7 AIS shall be operated taking into account the guidelines adopted by the Organizations
Ships fitted with AIS shall maintain AIS in operation at all times except where international
agreements, rules or standards provide for the protection of navigational information.
2.5 All ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of
paragraph 2.3, with the exception of paragraphs 2.3.3 and 2.3.5, and the requirements of paragraph
2.4, have
.1 a gyro-compass, or other means, to determine and display their heading by ship borne
nonmagnetic means, being clearly readable by the helmsman at the main steering position.
Thes means shall also transmit heading information for input to the equipment referred in
paragraphs 2.3.2, 2.4 and 2.5.5;
.2 a gyro-compass heading repeater, or other means, to supply heading information visually
at the emergency steering position if provided;
.3 a gyro-compass bearing repeater, or other means, to take bearings, over an arc of the
horizon of 360, using the gyro-compass or other means referred to in subparagraph .1.
However, ships of less than 1,600 gross tonnage shall be fitted with such means as far as
possible;
.4 rudder, propeller, thrust, pitch and operational mode indicators, or other means, to
determine and display rudder angle, propeller revolutions, the force and direction of thrust
and, if applicable, the force and direction of lateral thrust and the pitch and operational
mode, all to be readable from the conning position; and
.5 an automatic tracking aid, or other means, to plot automatically the range and bearing of
other targets to determine collision risk.
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2.6 On all ships of 500 gross tonnage and upwards, failure of one piece of equipment should not
reduce the ship's ability to meet the requirements of paragraphs 2.1.1, 2.1.2 and 2.1.4.
2.7 All ships of 3,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of
paragraph 2.5, have:
.1 a 3 GHz radar or, where considered appropriate by the Administration, a second 9 GHz
radar, or other means, to determine and display the range and bearing of other surface craft,
obstructions, buoys, shorelines and navigational marks to assist in navigation and in collision
avoidance, which are functionally independent of those referred to in paragraph 2.3.2; and
.2 a second automatic tracking aid, or other means, to plot automatically the range and
bearing of other targets to determine collision risk which are functionally independent of those
referred to in paragraph 2.5.5.
2.8 All ships of 10,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of
paragraph 2.7 with the exception of paragraph 2.7.2, have:
.1 an automatic radar plotting aid, or other means, to plot automatically the range and
bearing of at least 20 other targets, connected to a device to indicate speed and distance
through the water, to determine collision risks and simulate a trial maneuver; and
.2 a heading or track control system, or other means, to automatically control and keep to a
heading and/or straight track.
2.9 All ships of 50,000 gross tonnage and upwards shall, in addition to meeting the requirements of
paragraph 2.8, have:
.1 a rate-of-turn indicator, or other means, to determine and display the rate of turn; and
.2 a speed and distance measuring device, or other means, to indicate speed and distance
over the ground in the forward and athwartships direction.
3 When "other means" are permitted under this regulation, such means must be approved by the
Administration in accordance with regulation 18.
4 The navigational equipment and systems referred to in this regulation shall be so installed, tested
and maintained as to minimize malfunction.
5 Navigational equipment and systems offering alternative modes of operation shall indicate the
actual mode of use.
6 Integrated bridge systems* shall be so arranged that failure of one sub-system is brought to the
immediate attention of the officer in charge of the navigational watch by audible and visual alarms
and does not cause failure to any other sub-system. In case of failure in one part of an integrated
navigational system,! it shall be possible to operate each other individual item of equipment or part
of the system separately.
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Rule 21 - Definitions
(a) "Masthead light" means a white light placed over the fore and aft centerline of the vessel showing
an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from
right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel, except that on a vessel of
less than 12 meters in length the masthead light shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore
and aft centerline of the vessel.
(b) "Sidelights" means a green light on the starboard side and a red light on the port side each
showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the
light from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. In a vessel of less than
20 meters in length the sidelights may be combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft
centerline of the vessel, except that on a vessel of less than 12 meters in length the sidelights when
combined in one lantern shall be placed as nearly as practicable to the fore and aft centerline of the
vessel.
(c) "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing an unbroken
light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from
right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the "sternlight" defined in
paragraph (c) of this Rule.
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(e) "All-round light" means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 360
degrees.
(f) "Flashing light" means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 120 flashes or more per
minute.
(g) "Special flashing light" means a yellow light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of 50 to 70
flashes per minute, placed as far forward and as nearly as practicable on the fore and aft centerline
of the tow and showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of not less than 180 degrees nor
more than 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right ahead to abeam and no more
than 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
A Graphical Representation of Rule 21 & 22 Navigation Lights Arcs and Ranges of Visibility
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The explosive mixtures are allocated into broad bands giving the Temperature Classes shown in Table
below.
Classification of maximum surface temperatures for electrical apparatus
Maximum Surface
Temperature Class
Temperature C
T1
450
T2
300
T3
200
T4
135
T5
100
T6
85
For dust protection using the enclosure methods the surface temperature is limited to a given value
in OC, the T grouping is not used.
Gas Grouping
The gas and vapor mixtures are classified as shown in below. The list shown is only representative as
the possible number of chemical compounds is extensive. The classification shown is that associated
with the IEC and CENELEC harmonized standards.
Gas Grouping for Electrical Apparatus IEC 60079-0
Group
Gas
All underground Coal Mining applications
I
Firedamp (methane)
Industrial methane, propane, gasoline and
IIA
most industrial gases
Ethylene, coke oven gas and other industrial
IIB
gases
Hydrogen, acetylene,
IIC
carbon disulphide
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The apparatus sub-groupings: A, B and C are only applicable to the design and marking of flameproof
and intrinsically safe, energy limited and non incentive apparatus.
First Figure
Second
Figure
165
Figures or
letters
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Protection of persons
Against access to
hazardous parts with:
No protection
Back of hand
Finger
Tool
Wire
Wire
Wire
No protection
Diameter >50mm
Diameter >12,5mm
Diameter >2,5mm
Diameter >1mm
Limited protection against dust
Total protection against dust
Against entrance of water having a harmful
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Additional
letter
(optional)
for use with:
No protection
Vertical dripping
Dripping at a vertical angle of < 15
Rain at a vertical angle of < 60
Splashing
Low pressure water jet
Powerful water jets
Temporary immersion
Permanent immersion
Against ingress of foreign bodies
A
B
C
D
Against access to
hazardous parts with:
Back of hand
Finger
Tool
Wire
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categories which classify the time-current characteristic of each type of fuse. The application
cateogory is a two-digit code.
The first letter is a if the fuse is for short-circuit protection only; an associated device must provide
overload protection.
The first letter is g if the fuse is intended to operate even with currents as low as those that cause it
to blow in one hour. These are considered general-purpose fuses for protection of wires.
The second letter indicates the type of equipment or system to be protected:
D North American time-delay fuses for motor circuits, UL 248 fuses
G General purpose protection of wires and cables
M Motors
N Conductors sized to North American practice, UL 248 fuses
PV Solar photovoltaic arrays as per 60269-6
R, S Rectifiers or semiconductors as per 60269-5
Tr Transformers
Any fuses built to the IEC 60269 standard and carrying the same application category (for example,
gG or aM) will have similar electrical characteristics, time-current characteristics, and power
dissipation as any other, even if the fuses are made in the packages standardized to the earlier
national standards. Fuses of the same application category can be substituted for each other
provided the voltage rating of the circuit does not exceed the fuse rating.
IEC Publication 60092 - Part 350 : Shipboard powercables-General construction and test
requirements
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IEC Publication 60092 - Part 352 : Choice and installation of electrical cables
[Link] cables
The maximum rated voltage (U) considered in this standard for power cables is 15 kV.
In the voltage designation of cables U0 / U / (Um):
U0 is the rated power voltage between conductor and earth or metallic screen for which the
cable is designed;.
U is the rated power frequency voltage between conductors for which the cable is designed;
Um is the maximum value of the highest system voltage which may be sustained under
normal operating conditions at anytime and at any point in the system. It excludes transient
voltage conditions and rapid disconnection of loads.
Um is chosen to be equal to or greater than the highest voltage of the three-phase system. Where
cables are permitted for use on circuits where the nominal system voltage exceeds the rated voltage
of the cables, the nominal system voltage shall not exceed the maximum system voltage (Um) of the
cable.
Careful consideration shall be given to cables subjected to voltage surges associated with highly
inductive circuits to ensure that they are of a suitable voltage rating.
The choice of standard cables of appropriate voltage designations for particular systems depends
upon the system voltage and the system earthing arrangements
The rated voltage of any cable shall not be lower than the nominal voltage of the circuit for which it
is used. To facilitate the choice of the cable, the values of U recommended for cables to be used in
three-phase systems are listed in Table 1, in which systems are divided into the following three
categories:
Category A
This category comprises those systems in which any phase conductor that comes in contact with
earth or an earth conductor is automatically disconnected from the system.
Category B
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This category comprises those systems that under fault conditions are operated for a short time, not
exceeding 8 h on any single occasion, with one phase earthed. For example, for a 13,8 kV system of
Category A or B, the cable should have a rated voltage not less than 8,7/15 kV.
NOTE In a system where an earth fault is not automatically and promptly eliminated, the increased stresses on the
insulation of cables during the earth fault are likely to affect the life of the cables to a certain degree. If the system is
expected to be operated fairly often with a sustained earth fault, it may be preferable to use cables suitable for Category C.
In any case, for classification as Category B the expected total duration of earth faults in any year is not permitted to exceed
125 h.
Category C
This category comprises all systems that do not fall into Categories A and B.
The nominal system voltages from 1,8/3 kV to 8,7/15 kV shown in Table 1 are generally in
accordance with Series I in IEC 60038. For nominal system voltages intermediate between these
standard voltages and also between 0,6/1 kV and 1,8/3 kV, the cables should be selected with a rated
voltage not less than the next higher standard value. For example: a first earth fault with one phase
earthed causes a 3 higher voltage between the phases and earth during the fault. If the duration of
this earth fault exceeds the times given for Category B, then according to Table 1, for a 6 kV system,
the cable is to have a rated voltage not less than 6/10 kV.
A d.c. voltage to earth of up to a maximum of 1,5 times the a.c. U0 voltage may be used. However,
consideration should be given to the peak value when determining the voltage of d.c. systems
derived from rectifiers, bearing in mind that smoothing does not modify the peak value when the
semiconductors are operating on an open circuit.
Table 1 Choice of cables for a.c. systems
System voltage
Maximum
Nominal voltage
sustained
U (kV)
voltage, Um (kV)
up to 0,25
0,3
1,0
1,2
3,0
3,6
3,0
3,6
6,0
7,2
6,0
7,2
10,0
12,0
10,0
12,0
15,0
17,5
System category
A, B or C
A, B or C
A or B
C
A or B
C
A or B
C
A or B
Single-core or
screened(kV)
0,15/0,25
0,6/1,0
1,8/3,0
0,6/1,0
1,8/3,0
3,6/6,0
3,6/6,0
6,0/10,0
6,0/10,0
8,7/15,0
8,7/15,0
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In some instances for conductor sizes 1,5 mm2 and larger, or when circuits are to be supplied from a
low impedance source, 0,6/1 kV rated cables are specified for use as control or instrumentation
cables.
NOTE The use of 1,0 mm2 is under consideration for 0,6/1 kV applications
175
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ABS, A. (2001). RULES FOR BUILDING AND CLASSING STEEL VESSELS (. PART 4 - CHAPTER 8/
SECTION 3). HOUSTON - USA: ABS.
Convention on the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea. (1972). International
Maritime Organization (IMO).
Electrical installations in ship. (2001). International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC).
Hellenic Register of Shipping( ). (2012). [Link] .
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CLASSIFICATION SOCIETES. (2012). [Link]
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea. (2000). International Maritime Organization
(IMO).
KYOKAI, N. K. (1998). RULES FOR THE SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL SHIPS / PART H :
ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS. TOKYO- JAPAN: CLASS NK.
Rawson, K. J., & TUPPER, E. C. (2004). 2. :
...
, . . . . .
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