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(GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM - G.P.S.)
()
( , ,
) /
.
, 1960,
.
, ,
, .
( )
:
i. .
ii.
.
: ,
, TRANSIT ( NAVSAT NNSS, Navy
Navigation Satellite System) GPS
(Global Positioning System NAVSTAR/NAVigation System with
Time And Ranging),
.
, GPS (NAVSTAR-GPS)
... (Department of Defense/DoD). E
, o :
. : A (constellation) 27
NAVSTAR, 12.600 ( 20200 Km).
1990 6 GPS (Block 1 constellation),
1995 24 (block II) (. 5) 1998 27
(Kramer, 2002, Claudio-Vita-Finz,2002).
47
. :
(monitoring
stations: Hawaii and Kwajalem (Pacific), Ascension Island (Atlantic), Diego Garcia (Indian Ocean)
and Colorado Springs). Shriever
Colorado Springs ... ( Falcon Base/AFB).
. A :
() GPS.
GPS ,
( trilateration),
. (.) (.).
, GPS,
. ,
GPS, , GPS
.
24 ( 3 ), 6
( )
12 .
4 .
48
L (L-band
frequencies/390-1550MHz) L1= 1575,42 MHz (19cm)
L2=1227,6 (24cm) MHz.
(Steede-Terry, 2000).
().
(security) PRN (Pseudo Random Noise),
(Precision
Code/ ). P (Precision Code/10,23 z)
L1 L2
GPS.
L1 , P, () C/A
(Coarse/Acquisition-Code/10,23 z),
. ,
. C/A ,
(
, ...).
, D-
(Data-Code) L1 L2 , ..,
,
. ( .., 1995).
(C/A P) GPS
P, (security
status) (Selective Availability) (.
: GPS).
GPS
17,8 . 27,7 . GPS
100 . 156 .
49
GPS
:
.
( L1 L2 )
.
.
.
, (all-in-view)
9, 10 12
. ,
.
,
LORAN (LOng Range Aid to Navigation)( GPS),
(LORAN-C), DECCA.
,
/ . E
/, LORAN
. , ,
... LORAN
GPS , ... (1976).
, K A (1983)
, ,
...,
, GPS,
- .
1989, GPS ,
. GPS GPS
, , , , ,
.. ( GPS).
(1991)
GPS. , GPS
50
. , GPS .
(USSR) GLONASS (Global Orbiting and Navigation
System) .
To GLONASS (Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema - Global
Orbiting Navigation Satellite System)
. GLONASS 1982 (,
). ( 1995
16 ). 1993, ()
VKS (Volnno Kosmicheski Sily).
To 2001,
GLONASS, 24 ,
3 ( 27), 3 , 8
.
GLONASS NAVSTAR-GPS ,
, (format) .
:
. : GLONASS SGS 85 (Soviet Geodetic System)
GPS WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 84)
. GPS Datum WGS84.
Datum ( ) 87.
. GPS L1, GLONASS
. .
. (degradation)
, ... , GLONASS
, GPS C/A.
H GLONASS 16., GPS 100.,
,
(Selective Availability/on).
GALILEO
1994, (..)
, (Global Navigation Satellite
System/GNSS). , 1999, ..
, GALILEO,
Galileo Galileii (1564-1642), .
.. :
1. H GPS GLONASS,
.
51
2. , ,
.
3. ,
(, , )
.. (ESA/European Space Agency)
. ESA
GalileoSat, 30
, GPS .. GLONASS .
. , 4,2.
16,2. 7,2. 28,5. .
GALILEO, , 16,2.
28,5. .
. (Kramer, 2002).
GALILEO
( ,
).
GPS
GPS :
,
, . GPS
. , ,
3 GPS,
.
, 1/100
1860 ,
. M , GPS
.
A : = x ,
- ,
( ). E ,
, GPS
(DGPS).
52
(nanoseconds),
, . ,
() (quarz clock)
GPS (atomic clock). ()
, ,
(atom),
(oscilations)
9,2
. , (time)
, . ,
, GPS
.
,
:
(bits) (1) (0) (Binary Code), (pattern)
1023 bits. bits
(random) (pseudorandom code).
:
bit
( GPS), GPS
() . GPS
. GPS ,
GPS.
L1 L2, , .
, GPS ,
GPS,
(.. ..) . .
, (skies) .
(.. 23000 km).
, 23000 km (. .6).
.6 M ,
23.000 km. (J. Hurn, 1993)
53
(.. 22000 km).
23000 km 22000 km ,
() (. . 7).
.7 M ( -) ,
. (J. Hurn, 1993)
,
()
(. . 8).
.8 ( ) . (J. Hurn, 1993)
, .
, ,
( )
(x, y, z). .
() GPS
(universal time).
x, y, z, 10 - 15 m, cm
,
GPS, :
54
. C/A , ... .. 1999
2001
( ), ...
C/A.
. (SA/Selective Availability),
...,
,
() 100. GPS
software, , GPS software
.
. .
.
GDoP (Geometric Dilation of Precision/
) (Dana P. & Bruce P.,1990 , Dana P., 1997, E ., 2001).
. A .
(Dana, 1998).
. GPS.
. ( , , ,
...) (. 9).
. ,
. , (),
, 10. .
, 50%,
5.
.
(multipath
error/
multireflections). ( ) GPS,
(. 9).
.
.9 GPS a () GPS.
(). (Steede Terry, 2001)
55
() GPS,
(Differential GPS/DGPS).
(DIFFERENTIAL GPS/DGPS)
T GPS (DGPS)
GPS, GPS
.
() (principal),
GPS, , .
,
,
.
GPS ,
(
),
. (base station)
/ (GPS Reference Station).
GPS ( GPS),
GPS, rovers
( GPS) (. 10 11).
.10 GPS Magellan (), 3. Garmin (), < 3.
56
.11 GPS ,
( ) (). (J. Hurn, 1993)
,
, ,
GPS.
GPS,
. (post
processing) .
(), (in
real time).
(real time DGPS).
(post processing) ,
GPS, ( GPS) .
, .
GPS.
,
(baseline),
GPS.
, GPS.
57
M GPS.
GPS
laptop PC () .
() (data collectng device)
GPS, .
,
,
(Community base station),
GPS, PC. , PC
, BBS,
(download) ( ) (remote
processing). To PC GPS,
(files) (time-block increments).
GPS Reference Station ( / )
GPS 5.,
() .
, ( ) .
.
->:
/ , -,
: , ,
, , , ().
->- : .
, , .
, .
->:
T,
G.I.S.,
(../Geographical Information Systems-G.I.S), , ,
.
->
, .
58
-> \ .
-> .
-> .
-> (. IVHS/Intelligent Vehicle-Highway Systems).
-> (. ).
-> .
/
, (B,
2000, Kramer, 2002).
GPS/GLONASS
... ( )
1991, , ,
GPS/GLONASS ,
100., (., ..) 150.
().
O ... 10 ,
1995, GPS 24 (
).
,
, 100., 150., .
15 , /
GLONASS 24,
1996 (;) (Kramer, 2002).
M 2 2000,
, (SA) , Bill
Clinton, ..., GPS,
GPS,
(17,8. 27,8. ).
, (Federal
Aviation Administration/FAA) ( ),
- GPS
, GPS,
(Wide Area Augmentation System/WAAS).
SBAS (Satellite Based Augmentation
59
System). WAAS, 2003,
2002 1-2 . 2-3 .
, .
, : ) 25 ,
()
( GPS) 2) (2) (master)
( ) ,
() ,
.
( ).
, (
), GPS,
WAAS.
WAAS, GPS (DGPS), ,
, ,
, GPS .
, . , ,
MSAS (Multifanctional Satellite Augmentation
System). , ()
GPS GLONASS , EGNOS (European Geostationary
Navigation Overlay System). (consortium)
(ESA/European Space Agency),
(EC), ()
(Eurocontrol/European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation, Brussels).
EGNOS 2004.
GALILEO, .
EGNOS 34 (RIMS/Ranging and Integrity
Monitoring Stations) 4 MCCs (Mission Control Centers).
, (urrjon), (Gatwick),
(Langen) (Ciampino), ,
GPS/GLONASS/GALILEO. ,
34 (H. Kramer, 2002).
, , (WAAS,
EGNOS MSAS) .
EGNOS ( GPS GLONASS),
GPS: ) Inmarsat-3 (International Maritime
60
Satellite Organization/London, UK),
)
Artemis ESA, .
EGNOS (2004)
- GPS
, WAAS MSAS,
. , 2-3
(2004), 5
.., INSTANT OLYMPIC.
(coordination) GALILEO.
, , .
, (guards on duty) ,
PDA (Personal Digital Assistance),
. , ,
2004. ,
EGNOS, (real time)
(patrol car).
,
( )
-.
GPS, . ,
, ,
, ()
, GPS ( EGNOS).
EGNOS,
, EGNOS, WAAS, MSAS
, ,
,
GPS.
GPS
. 100.
() GPS
... GPS,
1989, GPS MAGELLAN CORPORATION.
, (degradation)
..,
(Selective Availability Off).
61
. 15.
GPS,
(Differential GPS/DGPS)
,
(Selective Availability On).
. 3-5.
GPS,
DGPS, (coast guards).
. 3.
GPS, DGPS
GPS, ,
WAAS, EGNOS MSAS.
- , 5-15, .
, 3-5.
GPS 50 . (2004), 12 ,
15 . , ,
EGNOS, GPS (DGPS), 3-5.
( ) GPS
/ (base/Reference Stations), GPS
Reference Stations.
62
63
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.
, ; .
.
.
.
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, .
. .
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.
.
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Nimbostratus.
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Altocumulus Altostratus. 20000
Cirrocumulus 30000 Cirrus.
.
.
Cirrus: ,
25000
40000 .
.
,
36 .
64
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.
.
,
.
Cumulonimbus: 1-6
, . .
.
: .
.
.
Altocumulus:
8000 18000 .
.
.
Nimbostratus: .
altostratus .
.
Stratus: cumulus,
.
.
Cumulonimbus:
65
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